Full text of "An American dictionary of the English language: intended to exhibit, I. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. II. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of analogy. III. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations. To which are prefixed, an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of Western Asia and of Europe, and a concise grammar of the English language"

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AN 

AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE: 

INTENDED  TO  EXHIBIT, 

1.  The  origin,  affinities  and  primahy  signification  of  English  words,  as  far  as  thev  have  been  ascertained. 

II.    The  genuine  orthography  and  pronunciation  of  words,  according  to  general   usage,  or  to  just  principles  or  ANALOOV. 

III.  Accubate  and  discriminating  definitions,  with  numerous  authorities  and  illustrations. 

TO  WHICH  ARE  PREFIXED, 

AN  INTRODUCTORY  DISSERTATION 

ON  THE 

ORIGIN,  HISTORY  AND  CONNECTION  OF  THE  " — 

LANGUAGES  OF  WESTERN  ASIA  AND  OF  EUROPE, 

AND  A  CONCISE  GRAMMAR 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


BY  NOAH  WEBSTER,  LL.  D. 

IN  TWO  VOL.IJ3IES. 
VOL.  II. 

He  that  wishes  to  be  counted  among  the  benefactoi-a  of  posterity,  must  add,  by  his  own  toil,  to  the  acquisitions  of  his  ancestors. — Rambler. 

NEW  YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  S.  CONVERSE. 

PRINTEP  BY  HKZEKIAII  HOWE — NEW  HAVEN. 

1838. 


\6on     '^\^^.^^<^-^ 

DISTRICT  OF  CONNECTICUT,  ss. 

y      ^         3e  it  REMEMBEReD,  That  Oil  the  fourteenth  day  of  April,  in  the  fifty-second  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Rj»  fS*    Noah  Webster,  of  the  said  District,  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  Book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Author,  in  the  words 

following;,  to  wit : 
"An  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  ;  intended  to  exhibit,  I.  The  origin,  affinities,  and  primary  signification  of  English  words,  as  far 
as  they  have  been  ascertained.  II.  The  genuine  orthography  and  pronunciation  of  words,  according  to  general  usage,  or  to  just  principles  of  analogy. 
III.  Accurate  and  discriminating  definitions,  with  numerous  authorities  and  illustrations.  To  which  are  prefixed,  an  introductory  dissertation  on  the  ori- 
gin, history  and  connection  of  the  languages  of  Western  Asia  and  of  Europe,  and  a  concise  Grammar  of  the  English  language.  By  Noah  Webster,  LL.  D. 
In  two  volumes." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled,  "  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts 
and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned." — And  also  to  the  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  supplementary  to 
an  act,  entitled  'An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copieF 
during  the  times  therein  mentioned,'  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

CHAS.  A.  INGERSOLL,  Clerk  of  the  Distnet  of  Connecticut. 
A  true  copy  of  Record,  examined  and  sealed  by  me, 

CHAS.  A.  INGERSOLL,  aerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut 
April  14th,  1828. 


AN 


AMERICAN  DICTIONARY 


OF  THE 


ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


J  A  C 

J.  This   litter  has  been  added  to  tlic  En 
Klisli  Alphabet  in  modern  days  ;  the  letter 
I  being  written  formerly  in  words  where 
J    is  now  used.     It  seems  to  have  had  the 
sound  of  y,  in  many   words,  as  it  still  has 
in  the  German.     The   English   sound   of 
this   letter  iriay   be   expressed  by  dih,  or 
tdzh,  a  compound    sound   coinciding   ex 
actly  with  that  of  ff,  in  genius  ;  the  French 
j,  Willi  the  articulation  d  jireceding  it.      It 
is  the  tenth  letter  of  the  Englisli  Alpha 
bet. 

JAB'BER,  r.  i.  [D.  gabbcren,  or  Fr.  jaboter. 
Class  Gb.] 

To  talk  rapidly  or  indistinctly;  to  chatter; 
to  |)rate.  Sicift 

JAB'IJER,  n.  Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  ut- 
terance of  words.  Sunft. 

JAB'BERER,  ti.  One  that  talks  rapidly, 
indistinctly  or  unintelligibly. 

JABBERING,  ppr.  I'rating  ;  talking  rap- 
idly and  ct>nfusedly. 

JAB'BERMENT,  n.  Idle  prate.     Obs. 

Milton 

JAB'IRU,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  crane 
kind. 

The  Jabiru  is  the  .Mydfria  Americana.  It 
resembles  the  stork.  Cuvier. 

JACAMAR,  n.  A  kind  of  fowls  arranged 
by  Linne  under  the  genus  Alcedo  ;  but 
their  toes  are  differently  placed,  and  their 
food  consists  of  insects.  They  arc  about 
the  size  of  a  lark.  Numerous  species  are 
described.  Encyc. 

The  Jacamars  arc  arranged  in  a  separate 
genus,  (lalbula,  and  along  with  the  wood- 
peckers in  the  order  of  climbers.     Cuvier. 

JA'CENT,  a.  [L.  jacens,  jaceo,  to  lie.]  Lying 
at  length.  Jf'o'tlon. 

JA'CINTII,  )i.  [a  different  orthography  of 
Hyacinth.] 

1.  A  genus  of  ])lants.  [Sec  Hyacinth.] 

2.  A  species  of  pellucid  gems.  [See  Hya- 
cinth.]    Rev.  xxi. 

Vol.  II. 


J  A  C 

JACK,  n.  [zekv,  in  Ethiopia,  is  the  pronoun 

he,  or  she.] 

1.  A  nickname  or  diminutive  of  John,  used 
as  a  general  term  of  contem[)t  for  any 
saucy  or  |)altry  tVllow.  Johnson. 

9.  The  name  of  an  instrument  that  supplies 
the  place  of  a  boy;  an  instrument  to  pull 
off  boots.  Halts. 

3.  An  engine  to  tiun  a  spit;  as  a  kitchen 
jack;  a  smoke jact. 

4.  A  yoimg  pike.  Mortimer. 
3.  A  coat  of  mail.  [Sp.  zaco,  xaquetn.] 

Hay  ward. 
G.  A  |)itchcr  of  waxed  lether.  Vryden. 

A  small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a  mark  to 
the  bowlers. 
8.  I'art  of  a  musical  instrument  called  a  vir- 
ginal. Bacon. 
f).  The  male  of  certain  animals,  as  of  the 
ass.      [Arm.  ozach,  a  husband.] 

,'lrbuthnot. 

10.  A  horse  or  wooden  frame  on  which 
wood  or  timber  is  sawed.  Ainsworth.l 

11.  In  sea-language,  a  flag,  ensign  or  colors,! 
displayed  from  a  staff  on  the  end  of  a  bo  w-j 
sprit.  "  Mar.  Did.' 

12.  In  Yorkshire,  half  a  pint.  Grose.  A 
quarter  of  a  pint.  Pcggi. 

Jack  at  nil  trades,  a  person  who  can  turn 
his  hand  to  any  kind  of  business. 

Jack  by  the  hedge,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erjs- 
imum,  that  grows  under  hedges. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

Jack  in  a  box,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Heruan- 
dia. 

2.  A  large  wooden  male  screw,  turning  in  a 
female  one.  Mar.  Diet. 

Jack  n-ith  a  hniltrn,  an  ignis  fatuus,  a  me- 
teor that  appears  in  low  moist  lands. 

Jack  of  the  clock-house,  a  little  man  that 
strikes  the  quarters  in  a  clock. 

JACK'ALENT,  n.  [Jack  in  lent,  a  poor 
starved  fellow.] 

A  simple  sheepish  fellow.  Shak. 

1 


J  A  C 


JACK'ANAPE.S  »i.  [jack  and  ape.]  A 
monkey ;  an  ape. 

2.  A  coxcomb ;  on  impertinent  fellow. 

A  young  upsUiilJackanapefi.  Arbuthnot. 

JACK'ASS,  Ji.  The  male  of  the  ass. 

JACK -BLOCK,  n.  A  block  attached  to 
the  top-gallant-tie  of  a  ship,  to  sway  up 
or  to  strike  the  yard.  Mar.  Did. 

JACK'BOOTS,  n.  [See  No.  5.  supra.] 
Boots  that  serve  as  armor  for  the  legs. 

Spectator. 

JACK'D.\W,  n.  [jack  axiA  daw.]  A  fowl  of 
the  genus  Corvus,  thievisli  and  mischiev- 
ous to  the  farmer^  -  Encyc. 

JACK'FLAG,  n.  A  flag  hoisted  at  the  sprit- 
sail  top-mast-head.  Encyc. 

JACK  PUDDING,  n.  [jack  and  pudding.] 
A  merry  Andrew  ;  a  bufibou  ;  a  zany. 

Gay. 

JACK'SSIITII,  n.  A  smith  who  makes 
jacks  for  the  chimney. 

JACKAL,  n.  [Sp.  chacal ;  Turk,  chical.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  resembhng 
a  dog  and  a  fox  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Af- 
rica. It  preys  on  poultry  and  other  small 
animals.  It  is  the  Cani*  aiireia  of  Linne. 
Encyc.     Cyc. 

JACK'ET,  n.  [Sp.  xaqueta,  a  short  loose 
coat;  zaco,  a  short  jacket;  xaquetilla,  a. 
jacket ;  Fr.  jaqudte  ;  Basque,  jaraya.]  A 
short  close  garment  worn  by  males,  ex- 
tending downwards  to  the  hips  ;  a  short 
coat. 

JACK  ETED,  a.  Wearing  a  jacket. 

JACOBIN,  ".  [So  named  from  the  place  of 
meeting,  which  was  the  monastery  of  the 
monks  calleil  Jacobines.] 

iThe  Jacobins,  in  France,  during  the  late  rev- 
olution, were  a  society  of  violent  revolu- 
tionists, who  held  secret  meetings  in 
which  measures  were  concerted  to  direct 
the  proceedings  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly. Hence,  a  Jacobin  is  the  member  of  a 
cliib,  or  other  person,  who  opposes  gov- 


J  A  D 


J  A  L 


JAN 


ernment  in  a  secret  and  unlawful  manner, 
or  by  violent  means;  a  turbulent  dema- 
gogue. 

JAC'OBINE,  n.  A  monk  of  the  order  of 
Dominicans. 

2.  A  pigeon  with  a  high  tuft.         Ainsworth. 

.IA€OBIN'I€,        )       Resembling  the  Jaco- 

JACOJUN'ICAL,  S  "'  l>i'is  of  France  ;  tur- 
bulent ;  discontented  with  government ; 
holding  democratic  principles. 

.lACOBINISM,    n.     Jacobinic   principles; 
unreasonable  or  violent  opposition   to  le- 
gitimate government;  an  attempt  to  over 
throw  or   change   government   by  secret 
cabals  or  irregular  means;  popular  turbu 
lence. 

JA€'OBINIZE,  V.  t.  To  taint  with  Jacobin 
ism.  Burke. 

JACOBITE,  )!.  [from  Jncobits,  James.]  A 
j>artizan  or  adherent  of  James  II.  king  of 
England,  after  he  abdicated  the  throne, 
ancl  of  his  descendants;  of  course,  an  op- 
poser  of  the  revolution  in  1(388,  in  favor  of 
William  and  Mary.  BoUngbrohe. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  christians  in  Syria  and 
Mesopotamia,  who  hold  tljat  Jesus  Christ 
had  but  one  nature.  Enajc.     Cyc 

JA€'OBITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  partizans 
of  James  II. 

JA€'OBITISM,  n.  The  principles  of  the 
partizans  of  James  II.  Mason 

JACOB'S-LADDER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Polemonimii.  Favi.  of  Plants. 

JACOB'S-ST'AFF,  n.  A  pilgrim's  staff 

2.  A  staff  concealing  a  dagger. 

^.  A  cross  staff;  a  kind  of  astrolabe. 

Johnson. 

JACOBUS,  n.  [Jacohus,  James.]  A  gold 
coin,  value  twenty-five  shillings  sterling, 
struck  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 

UEstrange. 

JA€ONET',  n.  A  kind  of  coarse  muslin. 

JAC'TANCY,  n.  [L.  jactantia.]  A  boasting. 
[JVbt  used.] 

JACTITATION,  n.  [L.  j'/c/iVo,  jndo.  It 
ought  rather  to  he  jactation,  h.  jadatio.] 

1.  A  tossing  of  the  body  ;  restlessness. 

Harvey 

2.  A  term  in  the  canon  law  for  a  false  pre- 
tension to  marriage  ;  vain  boasting. 

Johnson. 

JA€'ULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  jaculor.]  To  dart 

JACULA  TION,  n.    The  action  of  darting, 

throwing  orlanching, as  missive  weapons 

Milton. 
JA€'ULATOR,    n.    The   shooting    fish,   a 

species  of  Cha^todon. 
JACULATORY,  a.    Darting   or  throwing 
out  suddenly,    or  suddenly  thrown   out 
lUterefl  in  short  sentences.       [See  Ejacu 
lutory.] 
JADE,  n.   [of  unknown  origin.  Qu.  Sp.jad 

ear,  to  jiant.] 
I.  A  mean  or  poor  horse;  a  tired  horse ;  a 
worthless  nag. 

Tircil  as  a  jade  in  overloajen  cart.      Sidney 

'i.  A  mean  woman  ;    a  word   of  contempt, 

noting  sometimes  age,  but  generally  vice. 

Johnson. 
She  shines  the  first  of  battered  jades. 

Swift 
;f.  A  young  woman  ;  in  irony  or  slight  con- 
tempt. Jhldison 
JADE,  n.    A  mineral  called  also  nephrite  or 
nephritic  stone,  remarkable  for  its  hard 


ness  and  tenacity,  of  a  color  tnore  or  lessj 
green,  and  of  a  resinous  or  oily  asi)ect 
when  polished.  It  is  fusible  into  a  glass 
or  enamel.  Cleaveland  divides  jade  into 
three  subsf>ccies,  nephrite,  saiissurite.  and 
axestone.  It  is  fimnd  in  detached  masses 
or  inhering  in  rocks. 

ff'erner.    Jameson.     Cleaveland. 
JADE,  t'.  <.    To  tire  ;   to  fatigue  ;    to  weary 
with  hard  service  ;  as,  to  jade  a  horse. 
To  weary  witli    attention  or  study  ;    to 
tire. 

The  mind  once  jaded  by  an  attempt  above 
its  power,  is  very  hardly  brought  to  e.xert  its 
force  again.  Locke 

3.  To  harass ;  to  crush.  Shak 

4.  To  tire  or  wear  out  in  mean  offices ;  as  a 
jaded  groom.  Shak. 

5.  To  ride  ;  to  rule  with  tyranny 
I  do  not  now  fool  myself,  to  let  imagination 

jade  me.  Shak 

JADE,    V.  i.    To   become    weary  ;    to   lose 

spirit ;  to  sink. 

They   arc    promising  in    the  beginning,    but 

they  fail  and  jade  and  tire  in  the  prosecution. 

South 
JA'DED,   pp.    Tired ;    wearied  ;    fatigued  ; 

harassed. 
JA'DERY,  n.    The  tricks  of  a  jade 

Beau7n. 
JA'DIIVG,  ppr.    Tiring  ;    wearying ;  haras 

sing. 

JA'DISH,  0.  Villous;  bad,  like  a  jade. 
2.  Unchaste.  UEstrange. 

JAG,  )(.  [Sp.  ^aga,  a  load,   packed  on  the 

back  part  of  a  carriage.    Qu.]     A  smal 

load.  JVeiv-England 

JAGG,  V.  t.    [perhaps  G.  zacken,  a  tooth,  a 

prong,    to   indent ;      Sw.    iagg,    a  sharp 

])oint.] 
To  notch  ;  to  cut  into  notches  or  teeth  like 

those  of  a  saw. 
JAGG,  I       A  tooth  of  a  saw  ;  a  denticula- 
JAG,     ^       tion.    In  botany,  a  cleft  or  divis 

ion.  Martyn. 

JAG'GED,  pp.  Notched  ;   uneven. 
2.  a.  Having   notches  or  teeth;  cleft;  divi 

ded  ;  laciniate  ;  as  jagged  leaves. 
JAG'GEDNESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  den- 
ticulated ;  unevenness. 
JAG'GING,   ppr.    Notchin; 

teeth  ;  dividing. 
JAG  GY,  a.  Set  with  teeth 

uneven. 
JAGUAR',  n.  The  American  tiger,  or  once 

of  Bra.sil,   belonging  to  the  genus  Felis, 

Cyc. 
JAH,  )!.  Jehovah. 
JAIL,  n.  [Fr.  geole  ;  Arm.  geol  or  jot ;  Sp. 

jaula,   a  cage,  a  cell.     Sometimes  written 

very  improperly  gaol,  and  as  improperly 

pronounced  golc.] 
A  prison  ;  a  building  or  place   for  the  con 

fmejiient  of  persons  arrested   for  debt  or 

for  crime,  and  held  in  the  custody  of  tlie 

sheriff. 
JA'ILBIRD,  ».    A  prisoner;    one  who  has 

been  confined  in  prison. 
JA'ILER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  prison. 
JA'ILFEVER,  n.    A  contagious  and   fatal 

fever  generated  in  jails  and  other  places 

crowded  with  peoiile. 
JAKES,    n.    [Ciu.  L.  jacio,  to   throw.]      A 

house  of  office  or  back-house;  a  ])rivy 

Swift. 
JAL'AP,  n.    [Von.  jalapa ;  Fr.  jalap  :   Sp 


xatapa  ;  so  called  from  Xalapa,  a  province 
in  Mexico,  w  hence  it  is  imported.] 

The  root  of  a  plant,  a  species  of  Convol- 
viilus.  It  is  brought  in  thin  transverse 
slices,  and  also  whole,  of  an  oval  shape, 
hard,  solid  and  heavy.  It  has  little  or  no 
taste  or  smell,  but  is  much  used  in  pow- 
der as  a  cathartic.  Cyc. 

JAM,  n.    A  conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with 

i     sugar  and  water. 

2.  A  kind  of  frock  for  children. 

IJAM,    It.  t.    [Russ. 
press.] 


Peacham 
cutting   into 

denticulated 
Addison. 


a  press;  jmu,  to 


To  press;  to  crowd  ;  to  wedge  in. 

2.  In  England,  to  tread  hard  or  make  firm 
by  treading,  as  land  by  cattle.  Grose. 

JAM,      ?  ^   Among  the  lead  miners  of  Men- 

JAMB,  \  ■  dip,  a  thick  bed  of  stone  which 
hinders  them  when  pursuing  the  veins  of 
o''e-  Cyc. 

JAMB,  n.  jam.  [Fr.  jambe,  a  Xeg;  jambes 
deforce,  a  corbel  or  pier;  It.  gamba,  a  leg; 
gambo,  a  stem  or  stalk.] 

In  architecture,  a.  supporter ;  the  side-piece 
or  post  of  a  door  ;  the  side-piece  of  a  fire- 
place. 

JA3IBEE',  7!.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a 
fashionable  cane.  Tutler. 

JAM'BEUX,  n.  [supra.]  Armor  for  the 
legs.     Obs.  Drydtn. 

JANE,  n.  A  coin  of  Genoa.  Spenser. 

2.  A  kind  of  fustian. 

JAN'GLE,  V.  i.  [G.  zanken.]  To  quarrel 
in  words ;  to  altercate ;  to  bicker ;  to 
wrangle.  Shak. 

JAN'GLE^,  ti.  t.  To  cause  to  sound  untuna- 
bly  or  discordantly. 

—E'er  monkish  rhymes 
Ha(]  jangl'd  their  fantastic  chimes.        Prior. 

JAN'GLER,  n.    A  wrangling,  noisy  fellow. 

JAN'GLING, /);»'.  Wrangling;  quarreling; 
soimdinu  discordantly. 

JAN'GLING,  n.  A  noisy  dispute  ;  a  wrang- 
ling. 

JANTPOR,  n.  [L.]  A  door-keeper  ;  a  por- 
ter. Warton. 

J.\NIZ.\'R1AN,  ?i.  Pertaining  to  the  Janiza- 
ries, or  tlii'ir  government.  Burke. 

JAN'IZARY,  n.  [T'ur\\\sh,  yeniskeri ;  yeni 
and  askari,  new  troops.     Eton.] 

A  soldier  of  the  Tmkish  foot  guards.  Tlie 
Janizaries  were  a  body  of  infantry,  and 
reputed  the  Graml  Seignor's  guards. 
Tlicy  became  turbulent,  and  ri.-ing  in  arms 
against  the  Sultan,  were  attacked,  defeat- 
ed and  destroyed  in  Constantinople,  in 
June  182(5. 

JAN'NOCK,  n.  Oat-brcad.     [Local.] 

JAN'S ENISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Jansen 
in  regard  to  free  will  and  grace. 

JAN'SENIST,  »!.  A  follower  of  Jansen, 
bishop  of  Ypres,  in  Flanders. 

J'ANT,  I',  t.  [In  Fr.  jnnte  is  the  felly  of  a 
wheel,  and  the  original  root  signified 
probably  to  extend  or  to  run,  to  ramble.] 

To  ramble  here  and  there ;  to  make  an  e.\- 
cmsion.  Shak. 

JWNT,  II.  An  excursion;  a  ramble;  a  short 
jdiMiicy.  .'\Iilton, 

J'ANTIl.Y,  m/f.  [from  janty.]  Briskly  :  air- 
ily ;  p:iyly. 

|J"ANT1NESS,  n.    Airiness;  flutter;  brisk- 

I     ness. 

IJ'ANTY,  a.  Airy;  showy;   fluttering;  fin- 

I     ical.  Ilobbes. 


JAR 


J  A  S 


J  A  AV 


JAN'UARY,  n.  [Ir.  fponhhar  or  gionvar  ; 
Rus3.  f^eiivar ;  Kr.  jiinvkr  ;  It.  f^ninaio  ; 
S[).  CHtro;  Port.  janei7-o  ;  LJaHuuriui.  Il 
is  eviileiit  tioiii  the  Irisli  arnl  Russian 
words,  that  tlio  first  syllable  ofjanuari/,  is 
froni  the  root  of  L.  gmo,  to  beget,  Kng. 
to  bef^n,  Sax.  aginnan.  Var  is  said  to 
bi;;iiity  a  revolution.  Januari/  then  signi- 
fies the  beginning,  or  first  niontli.  Janua 
is  probably  tVoin  the  same  root.] 

The  first  niotitli  of  the  year,  according  to 
the  present  computation.  At  the  founda- 
tion of  Rome,  March  was  considered  the 
first  mouth.  January  ami  February  were 
introduccMl  by  Numa  I'ompilins.        Unci/c. 

JAPAN',  Jt.  [from  the  country  in  Asia,  so 
called.] 

This  name  is  given  to  work  varnished  and 
figured  in  the  manner  practiced  by  the 
natives  of  Japan.  Encyc.     Ci/c. 

JAPAN-KARTIl,  n.  Cateclm,  a  combina- 
tion of  gummy  and  resinous  matter,  ob- 
tained from  the  juice  of  a  species  of  palm 
tree.  J\'icliotsoii. 

Japan-earth  or  catechu,  is  obtained  by  de- 
coction and  c'vaporation  from  a  species  of 
Mitjiosa.  It  consists  chiefly  of  tannin 
combined  with  a  peculiar  species  of  ex- 
tractive. Thomson. 

JAI'AN',  V.  I.  To  varnish  in  the  manner  of 
the  Japanese. 

2.  To  black  and  gloss,  as  in  blacking  shoes 
or  boots.  Cm/. 

JAP.ANE'SR,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japan  or  its 
iidiabitants. 

JAPANE'SE,  n.  A  native  of  Japan  ;  or  the 
language  of  the  inhabitants. 

JAPAN'NED,  pp.  Varnished  in  a  particular 
maimer. 

JAPAN'NER.  n.  One  who  varnishes  in  the 
maimer  of  the  Japanese,  or  one  skilled  in 
the  art. 

2.  A  shoe-blacker.  Pope. 

JAPAN'.XIXG,  ppr.  Varnishing  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  Japanese;  giving  a  glossy 
black  surface. 

JAPAN'NING,  Ji.  The  art  of  varnishing 
and  drawing  figures  on  wood  or  other 
material,  in  the  manner  practiced  by  the 
Japanese.  Enrijr. 

JAPE,  V.  i.  [Ice.  geipn.]  To  jest.     Obn. 

Chaucer. 

JAPE,  I'.  ^  [Sax.  jo-ea/>,  deceitful.]  To  cheat. 
Oh.i.  Chaucer. 

JAPE,  )i.  .\jest;   a  trick.     Obs.      Chaucer. 

JA'PER,  JI.   A  jester.     Oh.i. 

J,\P1IET'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japheth,  the 
eldest  son  of  Noah  ;  as  the  Japhdic  na- 
tions, wliidi  people  the  North  of  Asia  and 
all  Europe;  ja/j/ied'c  languages. 

JAP'II,  )i.  A  bird  of  Brasil  that  suspends  its 
nest. 

JWR.  V.  i.  To  strike  together  with  a  short 
rattle  or  tremulous  sound ;  to  strike  un- 
tunably  or  harshly  ;  to  strike  discordant- 
ly ;  as  a  jarring  sound. 

.\  string  may  jar  in  the  best  master's  hand. 
RoseommiDi. 

2.  To  clash ;  to  interfere ;  to  act  in  opposi- 
tion ;  to  be  inconsistent. 

For  orders  and  degrees 
Jar  not  « illi  lihertv,  but  well  consist. 

Milton. 

3.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute  ;  to  clash  in  words. 

Dn)den. 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly  ;  to  repeat  the  "same 
sound.  Shak. 


J"AR,  V.  I.  To  shake  ;  to  cause  to  tremble  ;  to 
cause  a  short  tremulous  motion  in  a  thing. 

JWR,  n.  A  rattling  vibration  ol' sound  ;  a 
shake;  as  a  trembling ^ar.  Holder. 

2.  .\  harsh  sound  ;  discord. 

3.  Clash  of  interest  or  opinions ;  collision ; 
discord ;  debate. 

And  yet  his  peace  is  but  continual  jar. 

Spenser. 

4.  The  state  of  a  door  half  open,  or  ready 
to  move  and  strike  the  post.  Swijl. 

5.  Repetition  of  the  noise  made  by  the  pen- 
dulum of  a  clock.  Shak. 

JAR,  n.  [S\y.  jarra,  jarro ;  Port,  id.;  It. 
g^i  a  rro.] 

A    vessel    with    a   large    belly     and    broad 

mouth,  made  of  earth  or  glass ;  as  a  jar 

of  honey.  Dn/aen. 

We  say,  anelectrical  battery  of  ninejor*. 

2.  .\  certain  measure;  as  ajar  of  oil. 

JAR.\RA€A,  n.  A  species  of  serpent  in 
America,  seldom  exceeding  18  inches  in 
length,  having  prominent  veins  on  its  head, 
and  of  a  dusky  brownish  color,  variegated 
with  red  and  black  spots.  It  is  very  poi- 
sonous. Ci/c, 

J-ARBLE,  >       ^    To  bemire.    [jVot  in  use.] 

JAV'EL,     ^        ■  Spenser. 

JARDES,  n.  [Fr.]  Callous  tumors  on  the 
legs  of  a  liorse,  below  the  bend  of  the 
ham  on  the  outside.  Far.  Diet. 

J'ARGJiE,  V.  i.  To  emit  a  harsh  or  shrill 
sound.     [JVot  in  use.]  lip.  Hall. 

J'ARGON,  n.  [Fr.  jargon;  It.  grrgo,  ger- 
gone  ;  Sp.  ler^a,  jargon,  and  coarse  frieze, 
serge.] 

1.  Confused,  unintelligible  talk  or  language  ;! 
gabble  ;  gibberish  ;  cant. 

All  jargon  of  the  schools.  Prior. 

2.  A  mineral,  usually  of  a  gray  or  greonisli 
white  color,  iii  small  irregular  grains,  or 
crystalized  in  (luadrangnlur  prisms  sur 
mounted  with  pyramids, or  in  octahedrons 
consisting  of  double  rpiadraiigular  prisms. 
[See   Zircon.]  Kirwan. 

JARGONELLE,  n.  jargoncl'.  A  species  of 
pear: 

JAKGON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mineral 
jargon. 

J'ARREI),  /)/).   [frr>m  jar.]  Shaken. 

J'ARRING, /)/<r.  Shaking;  making  a  harsh 
sound  ;  discordant. 

T'ARRING,  H.  A  shaking;  discord;  dis- 
pute; collision.  Burnet. 

JAS'II.VWK,  n.  .\  young  hawk.    ^1insworlh.\ 

J.VS'MIN,      }       [Fr.  jasmin  ;    Sp.  jazmin  ;' 

JASMINE,  <"'lt.  gelsomino.     The  Ar.  is 


«.*»Lj.     I'  's  sometimes  written  in  Eng-j 

lish  jessamine.] 

\  plant  r.f  the  genus  Jasminum,  bearing  beau- 
tiful (lowers.  There  are  several  si)ecies. 
The  common  white  jasmin  is  a  climbing 
^shrub,  rising  on  supports  1.'5  or  20  feet 
high.  The  name  is  also  given  to  several, 
plants  of  different  genera  :  as  the  .1rahian\ 
Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Nyctanthes ;  the 
bastard  Ja.'jmin,  uf  the  genus  Cestmm, 
ami  also  <.f  the  genus  Lyciiim  ;  the  Per- 
sian Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Syringa ;  the 
red  Jasmin,  of  the  genus  Plumeria  ;  thel 
scarlet  and  yitlow  Jasmin,  of  the  genus 
Biirnonia,  &c.  Encyc: 

JAS'PACHATE,  ?i.  A  name  anciently  giv-' 
en  to  some  varieties  of  agate  jasper. 

Ci/c. 


JASPER,  (1.    [Fr.  jaspc ;    L.   iaspis ;    Gr. 

MKJrtij ;  It.  diaspro ;  Ar.  4_jiii j ;  Hcb.  nSC.] 

A  mineral  of  the  siliceous  kind,  and  of  sev- 
eral varieties.  It  is  less  liard  than  flint  or 
even  liiaii  common  ipiart/.,  but  gives  fire 
with  steel.  It  is  entirely  opake,  or  some- 
times feebly  translucent  at  the  edges,  and 
it  presents  almost  every  variety  of  color. 
Its  varieties  arc  common  jasper,  striped 
jasper,  Egyptian  jasper,  &:c.  It  admits 
of  an  elegant  polish,  and  is  used  for  vases, 
seals,  snufl'-bo.xes,  &c. 

Clcaveland.     Kirtcan. 

Jasper  is  a  subspecies  of  rhomboidal  quartz, 
of  five  kinds.  Egyptian,  striped,  porcelain, 
common,  and  agate  jasper.  Jameson. 

JASPEK.VTEU.  a.  Mi.xed  with  ja.sper : 
containing  particles  of  jasper;  as  jaspera- 
ted  agate.  Fourcroy. 

JASPIDE'.VN,  a.  Like  jasper;  consisting 
of  jasper,  or  partaking  of  jasper. 

Kirwan. 

J'ASPONVX,  n.  The  purest  horn-colored 
onyx,  witli  beautiful  green  zones,  compo- 
sed of  genuine  matter  of  the  finest  jas- 
pers. Encye. 

JAl  NCE,  t'.  t.  [Fr.  jancer.]  To  bustle  ;  to 
jaunt.     Obs.  Shak. 

JAUNDICE,  n.j'andis.  [Pr.  jaunisse,  from 
jaune,  yellow.] 

.•V  disease  which  is  characterized  by  a  suf- 
fusion of  bile  over  the  coats  of  the  eye 
and  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  by 
which  they  are  tinged  with  a  yellow  color. 
Hence  its  name. 

JAUNDICED,  a.  j'a7idised.  Aflected  with 
ihe  jaundice  ;  suffused  with  a  yellow  col- 
or ;  as  a  jaundiced  eye. 

2.  Prejudiced ;  seeing  with  discolored  or- 
gans. 

JAUNT.  [See  Jant.] 

JAV  EL,  V.  t.  To  bemire  ;  aud  as  a  noun,  a 
wandering  or  dirty  fellow.      06s. 

Spenser. 

J.VV'ELIN,  JI.  [Vr.  jai-eline  ;  h.  giartlloUo  ; 
Sp.  jabalina,  the  female  of  the  wild  boar, 
and  a  javelin,  fromjabati,  a  wild  boar.] 

A  sort  of  spear  about  five  feet  and  a  half 
long,  the  shaft  of  which  was  of  wood,  but 
pointed  w  ith  steel  ;  used  by  horse  or  foot. 
Every  Roman  soWier  carried  seven  jav- 
elins. 

JAW,  ;!.  [Fr.  joKf,  the  cheek.  It  coincides 
in  origin  with  chaic,  chew,  .■\rm.  joaga,  to 
chew  ;  javed  or  gaved,  a  jaw.  In  old  au- 
thors, jaw  is  written  chaw.  It  belongs  to 
Class  Cg.     See  Chatc  and  Chew.] 

1.  The  bones  of  the  mouth  in  which  the 
teeth  are  fixed.  They  resemble  a  horse 
shoe.  In  most  animals,  tlie  under  jaw 
only  is  movable. 

2.  The  mouth. 

3.  In  viUgar  Innguage,  scolding,  wrangling, 
abusive  clamor. 

J.AW,  r.  I.  To  scold  ;  to  clamor.    [Vulgar.] 

JAW,  I'.  (.  To  abuse  by  scolding.  [Vul- 
gar.] 

JAW  ED,  a.  Denoting  the  appearance  of 
the  jaws.  Skelton. 

J.\W'F.\LL,  n.  Ijaic  and  fall.]  Depression 

ns"      '     ".      "  . 

.V.  Griffith. 


jaw; 


of  the 
spirits. 
JAW'FALLEN, 

dejected. 


juratively,    depression   of 
.V.         ~ 
Depressed    in  spirits; 


J  E  A 


J  E  H 


J  E  R 


JAWN,  V.  i.  To  yawn.  [JVot  in  use.  See 
Yattm.] 

JAW'Y,  a.  Relating  to  the  jaws.      Gayton. 

JAY,  »i.  [Fr.  geai ;  Sp.  guyo.]  A  bird,  the 
Corvus  glaudarius.  Encyc. 

JAYET.  [See  Jet.] 

JA'ZEL,  n.  A  gem  of  an  azure  blue  color. 
[Qu.  S|).  azul,  corrupted.] 

.JEALOUS,  a.  jel'us.  [Fr.jaloux ;  ll.  geloso. 
The  Spanish  use  zeloso  from  zeto,  zeal; 
but  tlie  Italian  word  seems  to  be  of  dis- 
tinct origin  from  zeal,  and  to  belong  to 
Class  Gl.] 

1.  Suspicious;  a])prehensive  of  rivalship ; 
uneasy  through  fear  that  another  has 
withdrawn  or  may  withdraw  from  one 
the  affections  of  a  person  he  loves,  or  en- 
joy some  good  which  he  desires  to  obtain  ; 
followed  by  of,  and  applied  both  to  the  ob- 
ject of  love  and  to  the  rival.  Wc  say,  a 
young  man  is  jealous  of  the  woman  he 
loves,  or  jealous  of  his  rival.  A  man  is 
jealous  of  his  wife,  and   the  wife  of  her 

husband. 

2.  Suspicious  that  we  do  not  enjoy  the  affec- 
tion or  respect  of  others,  or  that  another 
is  more  loved  and  respected  than  our- 
selves. 

.^.  Emulous;  full  of  competition.       Drydcn. 

4.  Solicitous  to  defend  tlie  honor  of;  con- 
cerned for  the  character  of 

I  have  been  very  Jealous  (or  the  Lord  God 
of  hosts.     1  Kings  xix. 

5.  Suspiciously  vigilant  ;  anxiously  careful 
and  concerned  for. 

I  am  jealous  over  yoji  with  a  godly  jealousy. 
2  Cor.  xi. 

6.  Suspiciously  fearful. 

'Tis  doing   wrong   creates   such  doubts    as 

these, 
Renders  us  jealous  and  destroys  our  peace. 

Waller 

JEALOUSLY,  adv.  jel'usly.  With  jealousy 
or  suspicion  ;  eniulously  ;  with  suspicious 
fear,  vigilance  or  caution. 

JEALOUSNESS,  n.  jel'usness.  The  state 
of  being  jealous  ;  suspicion  ;  suspicious 
vigilance.  King  Charles. 

JEALOUSY,  Ji.  jel'usy.  [Vi.  jalousie ;  It. 
gelosia.] 

1.  That  passion  or  peculiar  uneasiness  which 
arises  from  the  fear  tliat  a  rival  may  rob  us 
of  the  affection  of  one  whom  we  love,  or 
the  suspicion  that  he  has  already  done  it 
or  it  is  the  uneasiness  which  arises  from 
the  fear  that  another  does  or  will  enjoy 
some  advantage  which  we  desire  for  om- 
.selves.  A  man's  jea/oitsi/ is  excited  by  the 
attentions  of  a  rival  to  his  favorite  laily 
A  woman's  jealousy  is  roused  by  her  bus 
band's  attentions  to  another  woman.  Tlie 
candidate  for  office  manifests  a  jealousy 
of  others  who  seek  tlie  same  office.  The 
jealousy  of  a  student  is  awakened  by  the 
apprehension  that  his  fellow  will  bear 
away  the  palm  of  praise.  In  short,  jecd- 
ousy  is  awakene<l  by  whatever  may  exalt 
others,  or  give  them  jjleasurcs  and  advan- 
tages which  we  desire  for  omsolves.  Jeal- 
ousy is  nearly  allied  to  envy,  for  jealousy, 
before  a  good  is  lust  by  ourselves,  is  con- 
verted into  envy,  after  it  is  obtained  by 
other.s. 

Jealousy  is  the  apprehension  of  superiority. 

Shenstoue. 


Whoever  had  qualities  to  alarm  our  jealous;/ 
had  excellence  to  deserve  our  fondness. 

Bambler. 

2.  Suspicious  fear  or  apprehension. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Suspicious  caution  or  vigilance ;  an  earn 
est  concern  or  solicitude  for   the   welfare 
or  honor  of  others.     Such  was  Paul's  god- 
ly jealousy  for  the  Corinthians 

4.  Indignation.  God's  jealousy  signifies  his 
concern  for  his  own  character  and  gov- 
ernment, with  a  holy  indignation  against 
those  who  violate  his  laws,  and  offend 
against  his  majesty.     Ps.  Ixxix 

JEARS,  J!.  In  sea-language,  an  assemblage 
of  tackles  by  which  the  lower  yards  of  a 
ship  are  hoisted  or  lowered.  Hoisting  is 
called  swaying,  and  lowering  is  called 
striking.  This  word  is  sometimes  writ- 
ten geers  or  gears.  [See  Gear.]    Mar.  Diet 

JEAT,  71.  A  fossil  of  a  tine  black  color.  [See 
Jet] 

JEER,  V.  i.  [G.  scheren,  to  rail  at,  to  jeer, 
to  shear,  to  shave,  D.  schceren,  Dan. 
skierer,  Sw.  skara,  Gr.  xeipw,  without 
prefix.  These  all  seem  to  be  of  one  family, 
Class  Gr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  rub,  or  to  cut  by  rubbing ;  ami  we  use 
rub  in  a  like  sense;  a  dry  rub,  is  a  keen, 
cutting,  sarcastic  remark.] 

To  utter  severe,  sarcastic  reflections  ;  to 
scoff";  to  deride  ;  to  flout;  to  make  a  mock 
of;  as,  to  jeer  at  one  in  sport.  Herbert. 

JEER,  I'.  /.  To  treat  with  scoffs  or  derision. 

Howell. 

JEER,  n.  Railing  language;  scoff;  taunt; 
biting  jest;  flout;  jibe;  mockery;  deri- 
sion ;  ridicule  with  scorn. 

Midas  exposed  to  all  their  ;ef is. 

Had  lost  his  art,  and  kept  iiis  ears.         Swift. 

JEE'RED,  pp.  Railed  at;  derided. 

JEE'RER,  )i.  A  scoffer;  a  railer  ;  a  scorn- 
er ;  a  mocker. 

JEERING,  ppr.  Scoffing;  mocking  ;  deri- 
ding. 

JEERING,  n.  Derision. 

JEE'RL\GLY,  adv.  With  raillery  ;  scorn- 
fully; contemptuously;  in  mockery. 

Derham. 

JEF'FERSONITE,  n.    A   mineral  occur 
ring  in  crystaline  masses,  of  a  dark  olive 
green  color  passing  into  brown,  found  im- 
bedded in  Franklinite  and  garnet,  in  New 
Jei-sey.  Phillips.\ 

JEG'GET,  n.  A  kind  of  sausage.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Ainsworth. 

JEHO'VAH,  n.  The  Scripture  name  of  the 


JEJU'NE,  a.  [L.  jejunus,  empty,  dry.] 

1.  Wanting;  empty;  vacant.  JBacon. 

2.  Hungry  ;  not  saturated. 

3.  Dry  ;  barren ;  wanting  interesting  mat- 
ter ;  as  a.  jejune  narrative. 

JEJU'NENESS,  n.  Poverty ;  barrenness  ; 
particularly,  want  of  interesting  matter  ; 
a  deficiency  of  matter  that  can  engage  the 
attention  and  gratify  the  mind  ;  as  the 
jejuneness  of  style  or  narrative.  [Jejunity 
is  not  used.] 

JEL'LIED,  a.  [SeeJe%and  Gelly.]  Brought 
to  the  consistence  of  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  n.  [Sp.jalea,  from  L.  gelo,  to  con- 
geal.    See  Gelly.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fruit,  boiled  with 
sugar. 

2.  Something  viscous  or  glutinous  ;  some- 
thing of  the  consistency  of  jelly  ;  a  trans- 
parent sizy  substance,  obtained  from  ani- 
mal substances  by  decoction  ;  portable 
soup. 

JEL'LYBAG,  n.  A  bag  through  which  jel- 
ly is  di-stilled. 

JENTTE,  n.  A  diff'erent  orthography  of 
yenile,  which  see. 

JEN'NET,  (I.  A  small  Spanish  horse,  prop- 
erly genet. 

JEN'NETING,  n.  [said  to  be  corrupted 
from  juncting,  an  apple  ripe  in  June,  or  at 
St.  Jean.]     A  species  of  early  apple. 

Mortimer. 

TEN'NY,  n.  A  machine  for  spinning,  moved 
by  water  or  steam  and  used  in  manufac- 
tories. 

JENT'LING,  n.  A  fish,  the  blue  chub, 
found  in  the  Danube. 

JEOFAIL,  n.jeffail.  [Fr.  j'ai/ai«i,  I  have 
failed.] 

An  oversight  in  pleading  or  other  proceed- 
ing at  law  ;  or  the  acknowledgment  of  a 
mistake.  Blackstone. 

JEOPARD,  r.  t.  jep'ard.  [See  Jeopardy.] 
To  hazard  ;  to  put  in  danger  ;  to  expose 
to  loss  or  injury. 

Zebulon  and  Naphlali  were  a  people  that 
jeoparded  their  lives  (o  the  death  in  the  high 
places  of  the  field.     Judges  v. 

JEOPARDEU,  n.  jep'arder.  One  who  puts 
to  hazaril. 

JEOPARDIZE,  V.  t.  jep'ardize.  To  expose 
to  loss  or  injury  ;  to  jeopard.  [This  is  a 
modern  word,  used  by  respectable  writers 
in  America,  but  synonymous  with  jeopard 
and  therefore  useless.] 

JEOPARDOUS,  a.  jep'ardous.  Exposed  to 
danger;  perilous;  hazardous. 


Supreme  Being,  Heb.  ninv     If,  as  is  sup-  jeOPARDOUSLY,  adv.  jep'ardously.  With 


posed,  this  name  is  from  the  Hebrew  sub 
stantive  verb,  the  word  denotes  the  Per-! 
MANF.NT  Being,  as  the  primary  .sense  of 
the  substantive  verb  in  all  languages,  is 
to  be  fixed,  to  stand,  to  remain  or  abide. 
This  is  a  name  peculiarly  appropriate  to 
the  eternal  Sjnrit,  the  unchangeable  God, 
who  describes  himself  thus,  I  am  that  I 
AM.  Ex.  iii. 
JEHO'VIST,  n.  Among  critics,  one  who 
maintains  that  the  vowel-|)oints  annexed 
to  the  word  Jeliovali  in  Hebrew,  arc  the 
proi)iU-  vowels  of  the  word  and  ex|)ress 
the  true  pronunciation.  The  Jrhovists  are 
opposed  to  the  Monisis,  who  hold  that 
the  points  annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah, 
are  the  vowels  of  the  word  Adonai. 

Encyc. 


risk  or  dajiger. 

JEOPARDY,  n.  jep'ardy.  [The  origin  of 
this  word  is  not  settled.  Some  authors 
suppose  it  to  be  Fr.  j'ai  perdu,  I  have 
lost,  or  jeu  perdu,  a  lost  game.  Tyrwhitt 
supposes  it  to  be  jeu  ptirti,  an  even  game, 
or  game  in  which  the  chances  are  even. 
"Si  nous  Ics  voyons  a  jeu  parti."  If  we 
see  them  at  an  even  game.  Froissarl,  vol. 
i.  c.  234.  But  jeopardy  may  be  corrupted 
from  the  G.  gefahr,  danger,  hazard  ;  gt- 
/rt/irrffji,  to  hazard,  to  jeopard.    See  Fare.] 

Exposure  to  <leath,  loss  or  iiijtn'y  ;  hazard  ; 
danger ;  ])(;ril. 

Tliey   were   filled    with   water  and   were  in 
jeiijiardii.      Luke  viii. 

JERBOA,  Ji.  A  quadruped  having  very 
short  fore  legs. 


J  E  S 


JET 


J  1  B 


JERK,  V.  t.  [This  is  probably  the  Ch.  Ileb. 
pT,  to  reach,  to  spit,  that  is,  to  throw  ont 
with  a  sudden  effort.  Sax.  hra;can,herca. 
If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin  or  affinities. 
It  seems  to  be  a  different  ortliography  of 
yerk.] 

1.  To  thrust  out;  to  thrust  witli  a  sudden 
effort ;  to  give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust 
or  ]>ush  ;  as,  to  jerk  one  under  the  ribs;  to 
jerk  one  with  llic  elbow. 

2.  To  throw  with  a  quick,  smart  motion ; 
as,  to  jerk  a  stone.  VVe  apjily  this  word  to 
express  the  mode  of  throwing  to  a  httle 
distance  by  drawing  the  arm  back  of  tlie 
body,  and  thrusting  it  forward  against  the 
side  or  hip,  which  stops  the  arm  suddenly. 

JERK,  V.  I.  To  accost  eagerly.  [M'ot  in 
use.}  Dryden 

JERK,  n.  A  short  sudden  thrust,  push  oi 
twitch  ;  a  striking  against  something  with 
a  short  quick  motion  ;  as  a  jerk  of  the  el 
bow. 

His  jade  gave  him  a  jerk.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  sudden  spring. 

Lobsters  swim  by  jerks.  Grew. 

JERK'IN,  n.  A  jacket;  a  short  coat;  a 
close  waistcoat.  Shak.     South. 

2.  A  kind  of  liawk.  Ainsworlh. 

JER'SEY,  n.    [from  the   ieland  so  called.] 

1.  Fine  yarn  of  wool.  Johnson.' 

2.  The  finest  of  wool  separated  from  the 
rest ;  combed  wool.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

JERUSALElM  ARTICHOKE,  n.  A  plant, 
a  species  of  Helianthus  or  Sunflower. 

JESS,  n.  Short  straps  of  lether  tied  round 
the  legs  of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held 
on  the  fist.  Hanmer. 

2.  A  ribin  that  hangs  down  from  a  garland 
or  crown  in  falconry.  Encyc. 

JES'SAMIN,n.  A  genus  of  plants  and  their 
flowers.     [See  Jasmin.] 

JES'SE,  n.  A  large  brass  candlestick 
branched  into  many  sconces,  hanging 
down  in  the  middle  of  a  church  or  choir. 

Cowel. 

JESS'ED,  a.  Having  jesses  on;  a  term  in 
heraldry. 

JEST,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port.  cAi«fe,  a  witty  say- 
ing, a  jest  or  joke  ;  chistoso,  gay,  face- 
tious ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  gestio.] 

1.  A  joke  ;  something  ludicrous  uttered  and 
meant  only  to  excite  laughter.  Rehgion 
should  never  be  the  subject  oijesl. 

2.  The  object  of  laughter  or  sport ;  a  laugh- 
ing stock. 

Then  let  me  be  your  jest,  I  deserve  it.  ! 

Shak.[ 
In  jest,  for  mere  sport  or  diversion;  not 
in  truth  and  reality  ;  not  in  earnest. 

— And  given  in  earnest  what  I  begged  in  jest. \ 

Shak. 

3.  A  mask. 

4.  A  deed  ;  an  action.     Obs. 

JEST,  V.  i.  To  divert  or  make  merry  by 
words  or  actions  ;  to  joke. 

Jest  not  with  a  rude  man,  lest  thy  ancestors 
be  disgraced.  Ecclus. 

2.  To  utter  in  sport';  to  say  what  is  not  true, 
merely  for  diversion. 

3.  To  play  a  part  in  a  mask.  Shak. 
JESTER,  n.    A   person  given   to  jesting. 

sportive  talk  and  rnerry  pranks. 

— He  rambled  up  and  down 
With  shaUov;  jesters.  Shak. 

2.  One  given  to  sarcasm. 

Now,  as  a.  jester,  I  accost  you.  Swift. 


3.  A  buffoon ;  a  merry-andrew,  a  person 
formerly  retained  by  princes  to  make  sport 
for  them. 

JEST'ING,  ppr.  Joking;  talking  for  diver- 
sion or  merriment. 

JEST'ING,  n.  A  joking  ;  concise  wit ;  wit 
that  consists  in  a  trope  or  verbal  figure,  in 
a  metaphorical  sense  of  words,  or  in  a 
double  sense  of  the  same  word,  or  in 
siiuilitude  of  sound  in  different  words. 

Encyc. 

JEST'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  jocose  manner; 
not  in  earnest.  Herbert. 

JESTTNG-STOCK,  n.  A  laughing  stock  ; 
a  butt  of  ridicule.  Googe. 

JES'UIT,  n.  s  as  :.  One  of  the  society  of 
Jesus,  so  called,  founded  by  Ignatius  Loy-j 
ola  ;  a  society  remarkable  for  their  cun- 
ning in  propagating  their  princi|ilcs. 

JES'UITED,  a.  Conforming  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Jesuits.  H'hite. 

JES'UITESS,  n.  A  female  Jesuit  in  princi- 
ple. £p.  Hall. 

JESUIT'I€,        I      Pfertaining  to  the  Jesuits 

JESUIT'ICAL,  I  "■  or  their  principles  and 
arts. 

2.  Designing;  cunning;  deceitful;  prevari- 
cating. 

JESUIT'I€ALLY,  adi:  Craftily. 

JES'UITISM,  71.  The  art.s  i)rinci|ilcs  and 
practices  of  the  Jesuits. 

2.  Cimning  ;  deceit;  hypocrisy;  prevarica- 
tion ;  deceptive  practices  to  effect  a  pur- 
pose. 

JES'UITS'BARK,  77.  Peruvian  bark  ;  the 
bark  of  the  Cinchona,  a  tree  of  Peru. 

JET,  n.  [D.  git;  Fr.  jayd  ;  L.  gagatcs. 
A  solid,  dry,  black,  inflannuable  fossil  sub- 
stance, harder  than  asphalt,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish,  and  glossy  in  its  fracture, 
which  is  conchoidal  or  undulating.  It  is 
fotuid  not  in  strata  or  continued  masses 
but  in  unconnected  heaps.  It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  buttons,  mourning  jewels.  Sic. 
JVicholson.  Encyc. 
Jet  is  regarded  as  a  variety  of  lignite,  or 
coal  originating  in  wood. 

Haily.     Cleaveland. 

JET,  7!.  [Fr.  jet,  It.  gctto,  n  cast;  probably 
from  L.  jactus,  whence  Fi'.  jetter.  It.  get- 
tare,  to  throw.] 

1.  A  spout,  spouting  or  shooting  of  water  ; 
a  jet  rf'  eau. 

2.  A  yard.  Thisser.  Drift;  scope.  [JVot  in  use 
or  local.] 

|JET,  V.  i.  [See  the  Noun.]  To  shoot  for 
ward  ;  to  shoot  out ;  to  project ;  to  jul ;  to 
intrude.  Shak 

2.  To  strut ;  to  throw  or  toss  the  body  in 
haughtiness.  Shak 

3.  To  jerk ;  to  jolt ;  to  be  shaken. 

fViseman. 

[This  orthography   is   rarely  used.     See 

Jut.] 
JETTEAU,    n.  jet'to.     [Fr.  jet   d'eati.]     A 

throw  or  spout  of  water.  .'hldison. 

JET'SAM,  i  [Fr.  jetter,  to  throw.]  In 
JET'SON,  >  71.  law  and  commerce,  proper- 
JET'TISON,  )       ly,  the  throwing  of  goods' 

overboard  in  order  to  lighten  a  ship  in  a' 

tempest  for  her  preservation.     The  word 

may  however  be  used  for   the  goods  thus; 

thrown  away,  or  adverbially. 

Jetsam  is  where  goods  are  cast  into  the  sea, 

and  there  sink  and  remain  under  water; //of- 


sum,  is  where  they  continue  swimming  ;  ligan 
is  where  they  are  sunk  in  the  sea,  but  tied  to  a 
cork  or  buoy.  Park.     Blackstone. 

JET'TEE,  71.  A  projection  in  a  building. 

JET'TY,  v.i.  To  jut. 

JET'TY,  n.  A  small  pier  or  projection  into 
a  river  for  narrowing  it  and  raising  the 
water  above  that  place.  Cyc. 

JET'TY,  a.  Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet. 

Prior.     Pope. 

JET'TYHEAD,  n.  The  projecting  part  of 
a  wharf;  tlie  front  of  a  wharf  whose  side 
forms  one  of  the  cheeks  of  a  dock. 

Mar.  Did. 

JEW,  77.  [a  contraction  of  Judas  or  Judah.] 
A  Hebrew  or  Israelite. 

JEVV'EL,  n.  [It.  g-ioi'(j,  joy,  mirth,  a  jewel; 
gioiello,  a.  jewel ;  Vr.joyau;  Sp.  joya,juy- 
el ;  a.  juwel ;  D.  juweel.  It  is  from  the 
root  otjoy.     Low  L.  jocale.     Class  Cg.] 

1.  An  ornament  worn  by  ladies,  usually  con- 
sisting of  a  precious  stone,  or  set  with  one 
or  more  ;  a  pendant  worn  in  the  ear. 

2.  A  precious  stone.  Shak. 
J.  A  name  expressive  of  fondness.     A  moth- 
er calls  her  child,  her  jewel. 

JEWEL,  V.  t.  To  dress  or  adorn  with  jew- 
els. B.  Jonson. 

JEWEL-HOUSE,    >       The  place   where 

JEWEL-OFFICE,  ^  "the  royal  ornaments 
arc  reposited.  Shak. 

JEWEL-LIKE,  a.  Brilliant  as  a  jewel. 

Sliak. 

JEWELED,  pp.  Adorned  with  jewels. 

JEW'ELER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals 
in  jewels  and  other  ornaments. 

JEW'ELING,  ppr.  Adorning  with  jewels. 

JEWELRY,  n.  Jewels  in  general. 

JEW'ESS,  77.  A  Hebrew  woman.  Acts 
xxiv. 

JEW'ISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews  or  He- 
brews.    Tit.  i. 

JEWISIILY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
Jews.  Donne. 

JEWISHNESS,  n.  The  rites  of  the  Jews. 

Martin. 

JEWRY,  71.  Judea  ;  also,  a  district  inhab- 
ited by  Jews,  whence  the  name  of  a  street 
in  London.  Chaucer. 

JEWS-EAR,  77.  The  name  of  a  species  of 
Fungus,  the  Pcziza  auricula,  bearing  some 
resemblance  to  the  human  ear. 

Johnson.     Lee. 

JEWS-FRANKINCENSE,  71.  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Styrax. 

JEWS-HARP,  n.  [Jew  and  haip.]  An  in- 
strument of  music  shaped  like  a  harp, 
which,  placed  between  the  teeth  and  by 
means  of  a  spring  struck  by  the  finger, 
gives  a  sound  which  is  modulated  by  "the 
breath  into  soft  melody.  It  is  called  also 
Jews-trump. 

JEWS-MALLOW,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
(^orchorus. 

JEWS-PITCH,  77.  Asphaltum,  which  see. 

JEWS-STONE,  77.  Theclavatedspineofa 
very  large  egg-shaped  sea  urchin  petrified. 
It  is  a  regular  figure,  oblong  and  rounded, 
about  three  quarters  of  an  mch  in  length, 
and  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Its  color  is 
a  pale  dusky  gray,  with  a  tinge  of  dusky 
red.  Hill. 

JEZ'EBEL,  7!.  An  impudent,  daring,  vi- 
tious  woman.  Spectator. 

JIB,  n.  The  foremost  sail  of  a  ship,  being  a 
large  stay-sail  extended  from  the  outer 


JOB 


J  O  C 


J  O  I 


eiiil  of  the  jib-boom  towards  the  fui  n-top- 
inast-lieail.'  In  sloops,  it  is  on  the  bow- 
sprit, and  extends  towards  the  lower  mast- 
head. Mar.  Did 

JIB-BOOM,  n.  A  spar  which  is  run  out 
from  the  extremity  of  the  bowsprit,  anil 
whicli  serves  as  a  oontiniiation  of  it.  Be- 
yond this  is  sometimes  extended  the  Jti/ing- 
jib-boom. 

JIBOY'A,  n.  An  American  serpent  of  the 
largest  kind. 

JIG,  n.  [It.^>a;  Fr.  gigue.  .  See  Gig'.]  A 
kind  of  li<;lit  dance,  or  a  tune  or  air. 

2.  A  balladr  B.  Jonson. 

JIG,  !'.  r.  To  dance  a  ji<;. 

JIG'GER,  n.  In  sea-language,  a  machine 
consisting  of  a  rope  about  live  feet  long, 
with  a  block  at  one  end  and  a  sheave  at 
the  other,  used  to  hold  on  the  cable  when 
it  is  heaved  into  the  ship,  by  the  revolution 
of  the  windlass.  Mar.  Did. 

JIG'GISH,  a.  Suitable  to  a  jig. 

JIG'MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  plays 
jitry.  Shak. 

2.  A  ballad  maker.  Dekkcr. 

JIGPIN,  n.  A  pin  used  by  miners  to  hold 
the  turn-beams,  and  prevent  them  from 
turning.  Cyc 

JILL,  »i.  A  young  woman  ;  in  contempt 
[See  GUI.] 

JILL-FLIRT,  n.  A  light  wanton  woman. 

Guardian. 

JILT,  n.    [of  uncertain  etymology.]  A  wo 
man  who  gives  her  lover  hopes  and  capri- 
ciously disappoints   him  ;  a  woman   who 
trifles  with  her  lover.  Otway. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt  for  a  woman. 

Pope. 

JILT,  V.  t.  To  encourage  a  lover  and  then 
frustrate  his  hopes;  to  trick  in  love;  to 
give  hopes  to  a  lover  and  then  reject  him. 

Dryden. 

JILT,  V.  i.  To  play  the  jilt;  to  practice  de- 
ception in  love  and  discard  lovers. 

Congrem. 

JIM'MERS,  n.  Jointed  hinges.  Bailey. 

JINGLE,  V.  i.  [au.  Ch.  anc" 

little  bell ;  or  Persian 
tie  brass  ball  or  bell. 


Syr.  Jl,  xjt 
^  j  •     zank,  a  lit- 

It  may  be  allied  to 
jangle.] 
To  sound  with  a  fine  sharp  rattle  ;   to  clink  ; 

asjingting  chains  or  bells. 
JIN'GLE,  !!.  t.  To  cause   to   give  a  sharp 
sound,  as  a  little  bell   or  as  pieces  of  me- 
tal. 

The  bells  she  j'mgled,  and  the  whistle  blew. 

Pope. 
JIN'GLE,  11.  A  rattling   or  clinking  sound, 
as  of  little  bells  or  pieces  of  metal. 

2.  Alitile  bell  or  rattle. 

3.  Correspondence  of  sound  in  rhymes. 

Dnjucn. 

JIN'GLING,  ppr.  Giving  a  sharp  fine  rat 
tling  sound,  as  a  little  bell  or  as  pieces  of 
metal 

JIP'PO,  n.  {Vr.  jupe.l  A  waistcoat  or  kin<l 
of  stays  for  females. 

JOB,  n.  [of  unknown  origin,  but  perhaps 
allied  to  chop,  primarily  to  strike  or  drive.] 

1.  A  pieci!  of  work;  any  thing  to  be  done, 
whether  of  more  or  less  im|)ortance.  The 
carpenter  or  niason  undertakes  to  build  a 
house  by  thejoi.  The  erection  of  West- 
ofinster  bridge   was  a  heavy  job ;  and  it 


was  a  great  job  to  erect  Central  wharf,  in 
Boston.     The  mechanic  has  many  small 
jobs  on  hand. 
A    lucrative   business  ;    an    undertaking! 
with  a  view  to  profit.  1 

No  cheek  is  known  to   blush  nor  heart   to' 

throb, 
Save  when  they  lose  a  question  or  a  job. 

Pope. 

■i.  A  sudden  stab  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
[This  seems  to  be  nearly  the  original 
sense.] 

To  do  the  job  for  one,  to  kill  him. 

lOB,  V.  I.  To  strike  or  stab  with  a  sharp  in- 
strument. UEstrange. 

2.  To  drive  in  a  sharp  pointed  instrument. 

Moxon. 

JOB,  V.  I.  To  deal  in  the  public  stocks ;  to 
buy  and  sell  as  a  broker. 

The  juJge  shall  /oi),  the  bishop  bite  the  town, 
And  mighty  dukes  pack  cards  for  hall"  a  crown. 

Pope. 

JOB'BER,  n.  One  who  does  small  jobs. 
|2.  A  dealer  in  the  public   stocks  or  funds  ; 
usually  called  a  stock-jobber.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  engages  in  a  low,  lucrative  af- 
fair. 

JOB'BERNOWL,  «.  [said  to  be  from  Flem- 
ish jo65e,  dull,  and  Sa.v.  knol,  head  or  top.] 

A  loggerhead  ;  a  blockhead.  [A  low  word.] 

Hudibras.i 

JOB'S-TEARS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Coi.'C. 

JOCK'EY,  n.  [said  to  be  from  Jockey,  a  di- 
minutive of  Jack,  John  ;  primarily,  a  boy 
that  rides  horses.] 

1.  A  man  that  ridos  horses  in  a  race. 

.dddison. 

A  dealer  in  horses  ;  one  who  makes  it  his 
business  to  buy  and  sell  horses  for  gain. 
Ilence, 

3.  A  cheat ;  one  who  deceives  or  takes  un- 
due advantage  in  trade. 

JOCK'EY,  V.  t.  To  cheat ;  to  trick  ;  to  de- 
ceive in  trade. 

2.  To  jostle  bv  riding  against  one.    Johnson. 
JOCK'EYSIIIP,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 

riding  horses.  Cowper. 

JOCO'SE,  a.  [L.  jocosiis,  fromjoci(.5,  aJoAc] 
I.  Given  to  jokes  and  jesting;  merry;  wag- 
gish ;  iised  of  persons. 
Containing  a  joke  ;  sportive  ;  merry  ;  as 


JOCUND,  a.  [L.  jocundus,  from  jocus,  a 
joke.]  Merry  ;  gay  ;  airy  ;  lively  ;  sport- 
ive. 

Rural  sports  uni  jocund  strains.  Prior. 

JOCUND' IT  Y,      I  ^  State  of  being  merry  ; 

lOC'UNDNESS,  S"-gayety. 

JOCUNDLY,  adv.  Merrily";  gayly. 

JOG,  V.  t.  [Qu.  W.  gogi,  to  shake,  or  D. 
sc?ioWe?i,  to  jolt  or  shake,  which  seems  to 
be  the  Fr.  choquer,  Eng.  .ihock,  shake.] 

To  push  or  shake  with  the  elbow  or  hand  ; 
to  give  notice  or  excite  attention  by  a 
slight  i)ush. 

Sudden  I  jogged  Ulysses.  Pope. 

JOG,  v.i.  To  move  by  jogs  or  small  shocks, 
like  those  of  a  slow  trot. 

So  huu^  his  destiny,  never  to  rot, 
Wliile  he  might  still  jo^  on,  and  keep  his  trot. 

.^^dton. 

2.  To  walk  or  travel  idly,  heavily  or  slowly. 
Thus  they  jog-  on,  still  tricking,  never  thriving. 

Bryden. 

JOG,  n.  A  push  ;  a  slight  shake;  a  shake  or 
push  intended  to  give  notice  or  awaken  at- 
tention.    AVhen  your  friend  falls  asleep  at 
church,  give  him  a.  jog. 
A  ruh  ;  a  small  stop  ;  obstruction. 

Glanville. 

JOG'GER,  n.  One  who  walks  or  moves 
heavily  and  slowly. 

2.  One  who  gives  a  sudden  push. 

JOGGING,  ppr.  Pushing  slightly. 

.fOG'GING,  ?!.  A  slight  push  or  shake. 

JOG'GLE,  I'.  «.  [from  jog.]  To  shake  shght- 
Iv  ;  to  give  a  sudden  but  slight  push. 

JO'G'GLED,  pp.  Slightlv  shaken. 

JOG'GUNG.  ppr.  Shaking  slightlv. 

JOHANNES,  n.  [John,  latinized."]  A  Por- 
tuguese gold  coin  of  the  value  of  eight 
dollars  ;  contracted  often  into  joe;  as  ajoe, 
or  half-Joe.  It  is  named  from  the  figure 
of  king  John,  which  it  bears. 

JOHN'APPLE,  n.  A  sort  of  apple,  good  for 
spring  use,  when  other  fruit  is  spent. 

.Mortimer. 

JOIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.joindre  ;  It.  giugnere  ;  from 
h.  jungo,  jtingere  ;  jungo  for  jugo  ;  Sp. 
and  PovLJuntar,  to  join;  h.jngum;  Eng. 
yoke  :  Gr.  ^1705  and  ffuyo^,  a  yoke,  and  a 
pair ;  fvyou,  to  yoke  ;  Jfi^tv.ui,  to  join  ;  Ch. 


U'ntt. 
sport   or 
Broome. 
The   quality    of  being 
merriment.   [Jocosity  is 

Partakiii" 


jocose  or  comical  airs. 
JOCO'SELY,    adv.    In  jest ;    for 

game ;  waggishly. 
iJOeO'SENESS,  n. 

jocose ;  waggery  ; 

not  used.] 
JOCO-SE'RIOUS,    a.    Partaking  of  mirti 

and  seriousness.  Green. 

JOCULAR,  a.  [L.  jocularis,  from  jocu. 

joke.] 

1.  Jocose  ;  waggish  ;  merry  ;  given  to  jest- 
ing ;  used  of  persons. 

2.  Containing  jokes  ;  sportive  ;  not  serious  ; 
as  FLJocular  expression  or  style. 

JOCULAR'ITY,  n.  Merriment  ;  jesting. 

Brown 
JOCULARLY,    ff(/i'.    In  je.st ;  for  sport  01 
mirth.  Bp.  Lavington 

JO€'ULARY,  n.  Jocular.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Ash.     Bncon. 
JOCULATOR,  Ji.    [L.]  A  jester  ;  a  dri 

a  minstrel.  Strutt. 

JOCULATORY,  a.  Droll :  merrily  saii' 


iv;  Syr. 


^01   zug;  .\r.     ,lj     to    join, 

to  couple,  to  marry,  to  pair;  Etli.  H(D1 
zog,  a  pair,  as  in  Arabic.  It  signifies  also 
in  Syriac,  to  rage,  to  cry  out ;  showing  that 
the  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  stretch, 
to  e.vtend,  precisely  as  in  span.] 
I.  To  .set  or  bring  one  thing  in  contiguity 
with  another. 

Woe  to  thorn  that  join  house  to  house,  that 
lay  ticid  to  field.  Is.  "v. 

To  couple;  to  connect ;  to   combine;  as, 
to  join  ideas.  Locke. 

To  unite  in  league  or  marriage. 

Now  Jehoshapbat  bail  rielie*  and  honor  in 
abundance, andjomfiiallinily  with  Aliab.  2  Ch. 
xviii. 

Wlial  Cod  h.\th  joined  together,   lei  not  man 
put  asunder.   Matt.  xi\. 
To  associate. 

Go  near  and  join  thysell"  to  thi-*  clruiot.  .Acts 
viii. 
To  imile  in  any  act. 

I'by  lunetul  voice  with  numbers  join. 

Dri/den. 


■i. 


J  O  1 


J  O  K 


JOS 


B.  To  unite  in  concord. 

But  that  ye  be  \>ii{ucl\y  joined  together  in  the 
same  mind,  and  in  the  same  judgment.  1  Cor.  i 

The  phrase,  to  join  battle,  is  probably  ellip 
tical,  for  join  in  battle ;  or  it  is  borrow- 
ed frotn  tlie  Latin,  committere  pralium,  to 
send  together  tlie  battle. 

In  general,  join  signifies  to  unite  two  entire 
tilings  without  breach  or  intermixture,  by 
contact  or  contiguity,  either  temporary  or 
permanent.  It  ditters  from  connect,  which 
signifies  properly,  to  unite  by  an  interme- 
diate substance.  But  join,  unite,  and  con- 
ned are  often  used  synonymously. 

JOIN,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  ;  to  adhere.  Tlie 
place  where  two  bones  of  the  body  Join, 
is  called  a  joint  or  articulation. 

2.  To  be  contiguous,  close  or  in  contact ;  as 
when  two  houses  join. 

3.  To  unite  with  in  marriage,  league,  con- 
federacy, partnership  or  society.  Russia 
and  Austria  j'oinerf  in  oppcsition  to  Buona- 
parte's anibitiiuis  views.  Men  join  in 
great  undertukmgs,  and  in  companies  for 
trade  or  manufacture.  They  j'oin  in  en- 
tertainments and  amusements.  They j'oin 
in  benevolent  associations.  It  is  often  fol 
lowed  by  iDilh. 

Any  otiier  njay  join  with  liim  that  is  injured, 
and  assist  him  in  recovering  satisfaction. 

Locke 

Should  we  again  break  thy  commandments 

and  join  in  affiniiy  with  the  people  of  these 

abominations  ?    Kzia  ix. 

JOIN'DER,  n.  A  joining;  as  a.  joinder  in 
demurrer.  Blackstone. 

JOIN'ED,  pp.  Added;  united;  set  or  fas 
tened  together;  associated;  confederated. 

JOIN'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
construct  things  hy  joining  pieces  of  wood 
but  appropriately  aud  usually,  a  raechan 
ic  who  does  the  wood-work  in  the  cover 
ing  and  finishing  of  buildings.  This  is 
the  true  and  original  tense  of  the  word  in 
Great  Britain  and  in  New  England.  This 
person  is  called  in  New  York,  a  carpenter. 
[See  Carpenter.] 

JOIN'ERY,   n.    The  art  of  fitting  and  join 
ing  pieces  of  timber  in  the  construction  of 
utensils  or  parts   of  a  building,  so  as  to 
form  one  entire  piece. 

.fOIN'HAND,  n.  Writing  in  which  letters 
are  joined  in  words  ;  as  distinguished 
from  writing  in  single  letters.        .iddison. 

JOIN'ING,  ppr.  Adding;  making  contigu- 
ous ;  miiting ;  confederating. 

JOINT,  n.  [Fr.  joint;  Sp.  junta,  juntura:  ll 
giuntura  ;  h.junctura.     See  Join.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things. 

2.  In  nnatomy,  the  joining  of  two  or  more 
bones  ;  an  articulation  ;  as  the  elbow,  the 
knee,  or  the  knuckle. 

3.  .\  knot ;  the  union  of  two  parts  of  a  ])lant ; 
or  the  space  between  two  joints;  an  in- 
tcrnode ;  as  the  joint  of  a  cane,  or  of  a 
stalk  of  maiz. 

4.  A  hinge ;  a  juncture  of  parts  which  ad- 
mits of  motion. 

5.  The  place  where  two  pieces  of  timber  are 
united. 

6.  In  joineiy,  straight  lines  are  called  a  joint, 
when  two  jiieces  of  wood  are  planed. 

Jl/oxon. 

7.  One  of  the  limbs  of  an  animal  cut  up  by 
the  butcher. 


Out  of  joint,  luxated  ;  dislocated  ;  as  when 
the  head  of  a  bone  is  displaced  from 
its  socket.  Hence  figuratively,  confused; 
disordered  ;  misplaced. 

JOINT,  a.  Sliared  by  two  or  more  :  as  joint 
properly. 

2.  United  in  ihe  same  profession  ;  having 
an  interest  in  the  same  thing ;  as  a  joint- 
lieir  or  heiress. 

3.  United;  combined;  acting  in  concert ;  as 
a  joint  force  ;  joint  efibrts  ;  joint  vigor. 

JOINT,  V.  t.  To  form  with  joints  or  articu- 
lations; usedmostly  in  the  participle  ;  as  the! 
fingers  are  jointed ;  a  cane  has  a  jointed 
stalk. 

2.  To  form  many  parts  into  one ;  as  jointed 
wood.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cut  or  divide  into  joints  or  quarters. 

Dryden. 

JOINT'ED,  pp.  Formed  with  articulations, 
as  the  stem  of  a  plant. 

2.  Separated  into  joints  or  cpiarters. 

JOINT'ER,  n.  A  long  plane,  a  joiner's 
utensil. 

JOINT'-HEIR,  n.  [joint  and  heir.]  An  heir 
having  a  joint  interest  with  another.  Rom. 
viii. 

JOINT'LY,  adv.  Together  ;  unitedly  ;  in 
concert  ;  with  cooperation. 

2.  With  union  of  interest ;  as,  to  be  jointly 
concerned  in  a  voyage. 

JOINT'RESS,  n.  A  woman  who  has  a  joint- 
ure. Blackstone. 

JOINT'STOOL,  n.  A  stool  consisting  of 
l»arts  inserted  in  each  oilier.  South. 

JOINT-TEN' ANCY,  n.    [j'oin/ and  tenant.] 
A  tenure  of  estate  by  unity  of  interest,  ti 
lie,  time  and  possession.  Blackstone. 

JOINT-TEN'ANT,  n.  [joint  and  tenant.] 
One  who  holds  an  estate  by  joint-tenancy. 

JOINT'URE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  estate  in  lands  or 
tenements,  settled  on  a  woman  in  consid- 
eration of  marriage,  and  which  she  is  to 
enjoy  after  her  husband's  decease. 

Blackstone. 

JOINT'URE,  V.  t.  To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

Cowley. 

JOINT'URED,  pp.  Endowed  with  a  joint 
ure. 

JOIST,  n.  [Scot,  g'eist  or  gest.  Q.u.Tr. gesir, 
to  lie.] 

A  small  piece  of  timber,  such  as  is  framed 
into  the  gilders  and  summers  of  a  build- 
ing to  support  a  floor.  Encyc. 

JOIST,  V.  t.  To  fit  in  joists;  to  lay  joists. 

JOKE,  n.  [L.j'ocui  ;  Dan.  g'ieA,  a  joke  ;  g'ifA 
ker,  to  joke  ;  Sw.  ghcka,  to  ridicule  ;  G. 
schdkcm.] 

1.  A  jest;  something  said  for  the  sake  of  ex- 
citing a  laugh  ;  something  witty  or  sport 
ive  ;  raillery.     A  jealous  person  will  rarely 
bear  a  joke. 

2.  An  illusion;  something  not  real,  or  to  no 
purpose. 

Inclose  whole  downs  in  walls,  "tis  all  a  joke.' 

Pope. 
In  joke,   in  jest ;  for  the  sake  of  raising  a 

laugh  ;  not  in  earnest. 
JOKE,  V.  i.  [h.jocor.]  To  jest ;  to  be  merry 

in  words  or  actions. 
JOKE,   V.  t.  To  rally;  to  cast  jokes  at ;  to 

make  merry  with. 
JO'KER,  n.  A  jester  ;  a  merry  fellow. 

Dennis: 
JO'KING,  ppr.  Jesting :  making  merry  with. 


JOLE,  n.  [sometimes  written  jV,u7;  Sax. 
j  rto/e,  the  jaw  or  cheek;  Ir.  gial.  (iu.  Arm. 
j     chagell,  contracted.] 

1.  The  cheek  ;  used  in  the  phrase,  cheek  by 
\    jole,   that    is,  with   the   cheeks  together, 

close,  tite  a  tete.  Dryden. 

2.  The  head  of  a  fish.  Pope. 
JOLE,    V.  t.    To    strike    the   head   against 

anything:  to  clash  with  violence.     [Act 

used.]  Slmk. 

JOL'LILY,  adv.    [See  Jolly.]   With  noisy 

mirth  ;  with  a  disposition  to  noisy  mirth. 

Dryden. 

JOLLIMENT,  n.  lAIirtli ;  merriment.  Obs. 

Spenser. 
JOL  LINESS,  ?  jj  [froinjoHi/.]  Noisy  mirth  ; 
JOL'LITY,       5"'gayety;  merriment ;  fes- 
tivity. 

All  w  as  now  turned  to  jollity  and  game. 

Milton. 
2.  Elevation  of  spirit;  gayety. 

He  with  a  proud  jollity  commanded  him  to 
leave  that  quarrel  for  him  who  was  only  wor- 
thy to  enter  into  it.  Sidney. 

[This  word  in  America  is  not  now  applied  to 
respectable  company.] 

JOLLY,  a.  [Fr.jo/i,  pretty  ;  It.  giulivo,  joy- 
ful, merry.  Qu.  Sax.  geola,  gehol,  a  feast, 
the  yule,  or  feast  of  the  nativity.] 

1.  Merry;  gay ;  lively  ;  full  of  life  and  mirth  ; 
jovial.  It  expresses  more  life  and  noise 
than  cheerful ;  as  a  jolly  troop  of  hunts- 
men. Shak. 

[It  is  seldom  applied  in  colloquial  usage 
to  respectable  comjiany.  We  rarely  say 
of  respectable  persons,  they  are  jolly.  It 
is  applied  to  the  young  and  the  vulgar.] 

2.  Expressing  mirth  or  inspiring  it. 
And  with  his  jo//y  pipe  delights  the  groves. 

Prior. 
The   coachman  is   swelled  into  jolly  dimen- 
sions by  frequent  potations  of  malt  liquors. 

Irving. 
Exciting  mirth  and  gayety;  as  jolly  May. 

j  Dryden. 

\4.  Like  one  in  high  health  ;  pretty.      South. 

JOLLY-BOAT,  n.  A  small  boat  belonging 

j     to  a  ship.     [Sw.  jutle,  a  yawl.] 

jJOLT,  I',  i.  To  shake  with  short  abrupt  ris- 
ings and  fallings  ;  as  a  carriage  inoving  on 

I      rough  ground.     The  carriage  j"o/t«. 

iJOLT,  1'.  t.  To  shake  with  sudden  jerk.s,  as 
in  a  carriage  on  rough  ground,  or  on  a  high 

j  trotting  horse;  as  the  horse  or  carriage 
jolts  the  rider. 

iJOLT,  n.  A  shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden 
jerk,  as  in  a  carriage.  Swijl. 

JOI.TER,  n.  He  or  that  which  jolts. 

jJOLTHEAD,  n.    A  greathead  ;  a  dunce  ;  a 

I     blockhead.  Shak. 

JOLTING,  ppr.  Giving  sudden  jerks  or 
shakes. 

JON  UUIL,n.  [Fr.  jonquille;  ll. giunchiglia ; 
giunco,  L.jiuicus,  a  rush,  and  It.  giglio,  a 
lily.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  rush  leafed 
daffodil.] 

|A  plant  of  the  genus  Narcissus  or  daffodil, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers,  of  various  col- 
ors, yellow  and  white.  Encyc 

JOR'DEN,  n.  A  vessel  for  chamber  uses. 

Sipifl. 

JO'SO,  n.  A  small  fish  of  the  gudgeon  kind. 

JOSTLE,  r.t.jos'l.  [Fr.  jouter,  forjouster  ; 
It.  giostrare  ;  Sp.  justar.  Written  also  j'us- 
tle.]     To  run  against ;  to  push. 


J  o  u 


JOY 


J  U  B 


JOS'TLED,p;).  Run  against ;  pushed.  We 
say,  a  thing  isj'osWeiiout  of  its  place. 

JOSTLING,  ppr.  Running  against ;  push- 
ing. 

JOS'TLING,  n.  A  running  against ;  a  crowd 
iiig. 

JOT,  n.  [Gr.  mta,  Cli.  Heb.  yod,  Syr.  yudh 
tlie  name  of  the  letter  '  or  J.] 

An  iota;  a  point;  a  tittle;  the  least  quan- 
tity assiguahlo. 

Till  heaven  and  earth  pass,  one  jot  or  one  tit- 
tle shall  in  no  wise  pass  from  the  law  till  al 
shall  be  fulfilled.  Matt.  v. 

A  man  may  read  much,  and  acquire  not  dtjot 
of  knowledge,  or  be    a  jot  the   wiser. 

Anon. 

JOT,  V.  f.  To  set  down  ;  to  make  a  memo- 
randum of. 

JOTTING,  n.  A  memorandum.  Todd. 

JdU IS'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Jollity ;  merriment. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

JOURNAL,  n.  jur'nal.  [Fr.  journal  ;  It. 
^i'orH«/e,  from  giorno,  a  day  ;  Corn,  jurna  ; 
W.  dim-nod  ;  lu.  diurnum.  This  was  orig- 
inally an  adjective,  signifying  daily,  as  in 
Spenser  and  Shakspeare  ;  but  the  adject- 
ive is  obsolete.] 

1.  A  diary;  an  account  of  daily  transactions 
and  events  ;  or  the  book  containing  such 
account. 

2.  Among  merchants,  a  book  in  which  every 
particular  article  or  charge  is  fairly  enter- 
ed from  the  waste  hook  or  blotter. 

3.  In  navigation,  a  daily  register  of  the  ship's 
course  and  distance,  the  winds,  weather, 
and  other  occurrences. 

4.  A  paper  published  daily,  or  other  news- 
paper; also,  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamph- 
let published  at  stated  times,  containing  an 
account  of  inventions,  discoveries  and  im- 
provements in  arts  and  sciences ;  as  the 
Journal  de  Savans;  the  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence. 

30VRNAL1ST,  n.jur'nalist.  The  writer  of 
a  journal  or  diarv. 

JOURNALIZE,  i'.  t.  jur'nalize.  To  enter  in 
a  journal. 

JOURNEY,  n.jur'mi.  \¥r.journie,  a  day  or 
day's  work ;  It.  giornata,  a  day;  Sp.Jor- 
nada,  a  journey,  or  travel  of  a  day  ;  It. 
giorno,  a  day,  from  L.  diurmis,  dies.] 

1.  The  travel  of  a  d.ay.     Obs.  Milton. 

9.  Travel  by  land  to  any  distance  and  for 
any  time,  indefinitely  ;  as  a  journey  from 
London  to  Paris,  or  to  Rome  ;  a  journey  to 
visit  a  brother;  a  week's  /o»nie_i/,-  we 
made  two  journeys  to  Philadelpliia. 

3.  Passage  from  one  place  to  another  ;  as  a 
long  Joumei/ from  the  upper  regions. 

Burnet. 

4.  It  may  sometimes  include  a  passing  by 
water. 

JOURNEY,  V.  i.  jur'ny.  To  travel  fronj 
place  to  place  ;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  dis- 
tance. 

Abrarn  journeyed,  going  on  still  towards  the 
south.  Gen.  xii. 

JOURNEYING,  ppr.  Traveling  ;  passing 
from  place  to  place. 

JOUR'NEYING,  n.  A  traveling  or  passing 
from  one  ]ihice  to  another ;  as  the  jour- 
neijings  of  the  children  of  Israel. 

JOU'R'NEYMAN,  n.  [journey  and  man.] 
Strictly,  a  man  hired  to  work  by  the  day. 
but  in  fact,  any  mechanic  who  is  hired  to 
work  for    another    in    liis    employment. 


whether  by  the  month,  year  or  other  term. 
It  is  applied  only  to  mechanics  in  their 
own  occupations. 
JOUR'NEY-WoRK,n.  Work  done  for  hire 
by  a  mechanic  in  his  proper  occupation 
[Tliis  word  is  never  applied  to  farming.] 
JOUST.     [See  Just.] 

JOVE,  n.  [L.  Jouii,  gen.  oi  Jupiter,  Gr.  ?£V5.] 
1.  The  name  of  the  Supreme  Deity  among 

the  Romans. 
2   The  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  a.-ik  of  yonder  argent  fields  above 
Why  Jove's  satellites  are  less  than  Jove.' 

Pope. 

3.  The  air  or  atmosphere,  or  the  god  of  the 
air. 

And  Jove  descends  in  showers  of  kindly  rain 

Dry  den 

JO'VIAL,  a.  [from  Jove,  supra.]  Under  the 
influence  of  Jupiter,  the  planet. 
— The  fixed  stars  astrologic.illy  differenced  by 
the  planets,  and  esteemed  Martial  or  Jovial  ac- 
cording to  tlie  colors  whereby  they  answer  these 
planets.  Brown 

JO'VIAL,  o.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  jU  ;  It.  gioviale ; 
probably  from  the  root  of  giovane,  young, 
or  from  that  of  joy.  If  it  is  from  Jove,  it 
must  be  from  the  sense  of  airy  or  fresh.] 

1.  Gay;  merry;  airy;  joyous;  jolly;  as  a 
jovial  youth  ;  a.  jovial  throng. 

2.  Expressive  of  mirth  and  hilarity. 
His  odes  are  some  of  them  panegyrical,  oth- 
ers moral,  the  rest  ate  jovial  or  bacchanalian. 

Zlryden. 

JO'VIALIST,  n.  One  who  lives  a  jovial  life. 

Hall. 
JO'VIALLY,    adv.     Merrily;    gayly ;  with 

noisy  mirth. 
JO'VIALNESS,  n.  Noisy  mirth  ;  gaycty. 
lOWL,  n.  The  cheek.     [See  Jole.] 
JOWL'ER,  n.  The  name  of  a  hunting  dog. 
beagle  or  other  dog.  Dryden. 

TOW'TER,  »i.  A  fish  driver.  C'arew. 

JOY,  n.  [Fr.  Jote;  It.  gioia  ;  Arm.  joa,  con- 
tracted; G.Jattc/i:e)!,  to  shout ;  D.juichen, 
to  rejoice  ;  Sp.gozo;  Port.  id.  This  word 
belongs  to  the  Class  Cg,  and  its  radical 
sense  is  probably,  to  shout,  or  to  leap,  or 
to  play  or  sport,  and  allied  perhaps  to  joke 
and  juggle.] 
1.  The  passion  or  emotion  excited  by  the  ac- 
quisition or  expectation  of  good  ;  that  ex- 
citement of  ]deasurable  feelings  which  is 
caused  by  success,  good  fortune,  the  grat- 
ification of  desire  or  some  good  possessed, 
or  by  a  rational  prospect  of  |.ossessing 
what  we  love  or  desire  ;  gladness;  exult- 
ation ;  exhilaration  of  spirits. 

Joy  is  a  delight  of  the  mind,  from  the  con- 
sideration of  the  present  or  assured  approaching 
possession  of  a  good.  Locke. 

— Peace, 
Bring  heavenly  balm  to  heal  my  countiy'? 

wounds, 
Joy  to  my  soul  and  liansporl  to  my  lay. 

v.  Humphrey. 

3.  Gayety;  mirth;  festivity. 

The  roofs  with  ;'<)!/ resound.  Dryden. 

3.  Happiness;  felicity. 

Her   heavenly  form  beheld,  all  wished    lior 
joy.  Dryden. 

4.  A  glorious  and  trimii])hant  stale. 

— Who  for  the  joy  that  w  as  set  before  him,  en- 
dured the  cross.    Heb.  \n. 

,->.  The  cause  of  joy  or  happiness. 

For  ye  are  our  glory  andjo^i/.   1  Tlicss.  ii. 

0.  A  term  of  fondness;  the  cause  of  joy. 
JOY,  r.  i.  To  rejoice  ;  to  be  glad  ;  to  exult. 


I  will  joy  in  the  God  of  my  salvation.    Hah. 
iii. 
JOY,  V.  t.  To  give  joy  to  ;  to  congratulate : 
to  entertain  kindly. 

2.  To  gladden ;  to  exhilarate. 

My  sold  was  joyed  in  vain.  Pope. 

3.  [Fr._;o!H>.]  To  enjoy;  to  have  or  possess 
with  pleasure,  or  to  have  plea.sure  in  the 
possession  of     [Little  used.     See  Enjoy.] 

Milton.     Druden. 
JOY'ANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  joiant.]    Gayety  : 
festivity.     Obs.  Spenser. 

JOyEJ), pp.  Gladdened;  enjoyed. 
JOY'FUL,  a.    Full  of  joy;    very  glad;  ex- 
ulting. 

My  .soul  shall  he  joyful  in  my  God.     Is.  Ixi. 
Rarely,  it  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy.    _ 
Sad  for  their  loss,  hut  joyful  o/our  life". 

Pope. 
JOY'FULLY,  adv.  With  joy;  gladly. 
Never  did  men  more  joyfully  obey. 

Dryden. 
JOY'FULNESS,  n.    Great  gladness;  jo)^ 

Dent,  xxviii. 
JOY'LESS,   o.    Destitute  of  joy;  wanting 
joy. 

With  downcast  eyes  the  joyless  victor  sat. 

Dryden. 
Rarely  followed  by  of;   as  joyless  of  the 
grove.  Dryden. 

2.  Giving  no  joy  or  pleasure. 

A  joyless,  dismal,  black  and  sorrowful  issue. 

Shak. 
JOY'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  joy.  Milton. 
JOY'LESSNESS,  n.  State  of'being  joyless. 

Donne. 
JOY'OUS,  a.    [Fr.  joycur.]      Glad;    gay: 
merry ;  joyful. 
Joyous  the  birds  ;  fresh  gales  and  gentle  airs 
Whispered  it.  Milton. 

2.  Giving  joy. 

They,  all  as  glad  as  birds  o[juyous  prime — 

Spenser. 
It  has  of,  before  the  cause  of  joy. 

Am]  joyous  of  our  conquest  early  won. 

I>ryd(n 
JOY'OUSLY,  adv.  With  joy  or  gladness. 
JOY'OUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  joy- 
ous. 
JUB,  n.  A  bottle  or  vessel.     Obs.     Chaucer. 
JUBILANT,  a.  [\..jubilans.     See  Jubilee.] 
Uttering   songs   of    triumph  ;     rejoicing ; 
shouting  with  joy. 

While  the  bright  pomp  ascended  jubilant. 

Milton. 
JUBILATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  jubilatio. 
See  Jubilee.]  The  act  of  declaring  tri- 
Minph. 
JUBILEE,  n.  [Fr.jubile;  h.jubilum,  from 
jubilo,  to  shout  for  joy;  Sp.  juhileo ;  It. 
giubbileo ;  lleh.  Ss'  or  Ssv,  the  blast  of  a 
trumpet,  coinciding  with  Eiig.  bawl,  peal, 
h.pcllo.] 

1.  Among  the  Jews,  every  fiftieth  year,  be- 
ing the  year  following  the  revolution  of 
seven  weeks  of  years,  at  wliicli  time  all 
the  slaves  were  libcMiitcd,  and  all  lands 
which  had  been  nlicn.-ited  during  the 
whole  period,  reverted  to  their  former 
ownirs.  This  was  a  time  of  great  rejoic- 
ing.    Hence, 

2.  A  season  of  great  public  joy  and  festivity. 

Milton. 

3.  .\  church  siilemnity  or  ceremony  celebra- 
ted at  Rome,  in  which  the  jjope  grunts 
]ilenary  indulgence  to  sinners,  or  to  as 
many  as  visit  thechurchcsof  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  at  Rome.  Encyc. 


J  U  D 


J  U  D 


J  U  D 


JUeUND'ITY,  n.    [L.jucunrfttaa,  fromju- 

cundus,  sweet,  pleasant.] 
Pleasantness ;  agreeableness.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
Pertaining  to  the  Jews. 

Milner. 

adv.      After    tlie  Jewish 

Milton. 


JUDAIC, 


JUDA'ICAL,  I  " 
JUDA'lCALLY, 

manner 


JU'DAISM,  n.  [Fr.  judaismc,  from  Judah, 
whence  Jew.] 

1.  The  rehgious  doctrines  and  rites  of  the 
Jews,  as  enjoined  in  the  laws  of  Moses, 
Judaism  was  a  temporary  dispensation. 

2.  Conformity  to  the  Jewish  rites  and  cere- 
monies. Encyc. 

idU'DAIZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.judaiser,  from  Judah.] 
To  conform  to  the  rehgious  doctrines  and 
rites  of  the  Jews. 

They — prevailed  on  the  Galatians  to  jiidaize 
so  far  as  to  observe  the  rites  of  Moses  in  vari- 
ous instances.  Jifibier. 

JU'D.\IZER,  n.  One  who  conforms  to  the 
religion  of  the  Jews.  Macknight. 

JU'DAIZING,  ppr.  Conforming  to  the  doc 
trines  and  rites  of  the  Jews. 

JU'DAS-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cercis. 

JUD'DOCK,  Ji.  A  small  snipe,  called  also 
Jack-snipe. 

JUDGE,  n.  [Fr.  juge;  Sp.juez;  Port,  juiz 
It.  giudice  ;  h.  judex,  supposed  to  lie  com 
pounded  of  jus,  law  or  right,  an(l  dico,  to 
pronounce.     "  Ilinc  juder,  quod  jus  dicat 
accepta  potestate."     f'arro.] 

1.  A  civil  officer  who  is  invested  with  au- 
thority to  hear  and  determine  causes, 
civil  or  criminal,  between  parties,  accord 
ing  to  his  commission  ;  as  the  judges  of 
the  king's  bench,  or  of  the  common  pleas  ; 
judges  of  the  supi-eme  court,  of  district 
courts,  or  of  a  county  court.  Tiie  judge 
of  a  court  of  equity  is  called  a  chancellor. 

2.  The  Supreme  Being. 

Shall  not  the  judge  of  all  the  earth  do  right 
Geu.  xviii. 

3.  One  who  presides  in  a  court  of  judica- 
ture. 

4.  One  who  has  skill  to  decide  on  the  merits 
of  a  question,  or  on  the  value  of  any  thing: 
one  who  can  discern  truth  and  propriety. 

A  man  who  is  no  judge  of  law,  may  be  a  good 
judge  of  poetrv  or  eloquence,  or  of  the  merits 
of  a  painting.   "  Dryden 

In  the  history  of  Israel,  a  chief  magistrate 
with  civil  and  military  powers.  The  Is- 
raelites were  governed  by  judges  more 
than  three  hundred  years,  and  the  history 
of  their  transactions  is  called  the  book  of 
Judges. 

,  A  juryman  or  juror.  In  criminal  suits, 
the  jurors  are  judges  of  the  law  as  well  as 
of  the  fact. 

JUDGE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  juger  ;  L.  judico  ;  It. 
giudicare  ;  Sp.juzgar.] 

).  To  compare  facts  or  ideas,  and  perceive 
their  agreement  or  disagreement,  and  thus 
to  distinguish  truth  from  falsehood. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance.  John 
vii. 

3.  To  form  an  opinion  ;  to  bring  to  issue  the 
reasoning  or  deliberations  of  the  inind 

If  I  did  not  know  the  originals,  I  should  not 
be  able  to  judge,  by  the  copies,  which  was  Vir- 
gil and  which  Ovid.  Dryden 

3.  To  hear  and  determine,  as  in  causes  on 
trial ;   to  pass  sentence.     He  was  present 

Vol.  II. 


5. 


C. 


on  the  bench,  but  could  not  judge  in  the 
case. 

The  Lord  judge  between  tliee  and  me.  Gen. 
xvi. 

4.  To  discern  ;  to  distinguish ;  to  consider 
accurately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an 
oj)inion  or  conclusion. 

Judge  in  yourselves  ;  is  it  comely  that  a  wo- 
man pray  unto  God  uncovered  ?      1  Cor.  xi. 
JUDGE,  I',  t.  To  hear  and  determine  a  case ; 
to  examine  and  decide. 

Chaos  shaM  judge  the  strife.  Milton 

2.  To  try  ;  to  examine  and  pass  sentence  on 
Take  yc  him   and  judge   him  according  to 

your  law.     John  xviii. 

God  shall  judge  the  righteous  and  the  wick 
ed.     Eccles.  iii. 

3.  Rightly  to  understand  and  discern. 
He  drat  is   spiritual,  judncth  all  things.     1 

Cor.  ii. 

To  censure  rashly  ;  to  jiass  severe  sen- 
tence. 

Judge  not,  that  ye  be  not  judged.    Matt.vii. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  to  think  ;  to  reckon. 
If  ye  have  judged  me  to   be  faithful  to  the 

Lord —     Acts  xvi. 

6.  To  rule  or  govern. 
The  Lord  shall /ui/ge  his  people.     Heb.  x. 

7.  To  doom  to  punishment ;  to  punish. 
I  will  judge    thee   according   to  thy  ways. 

Ezck.  vii. 
JUDG'ED,  pp.  Heard  and  determined ;  tried 
judicially  ;  sentenced  ;  censured  ;  doomed 
JUDG'ER,   n.    One  who  judges  or  passes 

SGlltCnCB* 

JUDGESHIP,  71.  judj'ship.  The  office  of  a 
judge. 

JUD(>'ING,  ppr.  Hearing  and  determining 
forming  an  opinion  ;  dooming. 

JUDG'MENT,  n.  [Fr.jugement.]  The  act 
of  judging  ;  the  act  or  process  of  the 
mind  in  comparing  its  ideas,  to  find  their 
agreement  or  disagreement,  and  to  ascer- 
tain truth  ;  or  the  process  of  examining 
facts  and  arguments,  to  ascertain  propriety 
and  justice  ;  or  the  process  of  examining 
the  relations  between  one  proposition  and 
another.  Locke.     Encyc.     Johnson. 

2.  The  facidty  of  the  mind  by  which  man  is 
enabled  to  compare  ideas  and  ascertain 
the  relations  of  terms  and  propositions ; 
as  a  man  of  clear_;■l«/g•Hi^n<orsoundJl«/g■- 
?nc)l/.  The  judgment  may  be  biased  by 
prejudice.  Judgment  supplies  the  want  of 
certain  knowledge. 

The  determination  of  the  mind,  formed 
from  comparing  the  relations  of  ideas,  or 
the  comparison  of  facts  and  arguments 
In  the  formation  of  our  judgments,  we 
should  be  careful  to  weigh  and  compare 
all  the  facts  connected  with  the  subject. 

4.  In /aif,  the  sentence  or  doompronoimced 
in  any  cause,  civil  or  criminal,  by  the  judge 
or  court  by  which  it  is  tried.  Judgment 
may  be  rendered  on  demurrer,  on  a  ver- 
dict, on  a  confession  or  default,  or  on  a 
non-suit.  Judgment,  though  pronounced 
by  the  judge  or  court,  is  properly  the  de- 
termination or  sentence  of  the  law.  A 
pardon  may  be  pleaded  in  arrest  ot judg- 
ment. 

5.  The  right  or  power  of  passing  sentence. 

Shak. 

6.  Determination ;  decision. 
Let  reason  govern  us  in  the  formation  of  our 

judgment  of  things  proposed  to  our  inquiry 

7.  Opinion ;  notion. 

2 


She,  in  my  judgment,  was  as  fair  as  you. 

Shak. 

8.  In  Scripture,  the  spirit  of  wisdom  and  pru- 
dence, enabling  a  person  to  discern  right 
and  wrong,  good  and  evil. 

Give  the  king  thy  judgments,  0  God.  Fs. 
Ixxii. 

9.  A  remarkable  punishment ;  an  extraor- 
dinary calamity  inflicted  by  God  on  sin- 
ners. 

Judgments  are  prepared  for  scorners.  Prov. 
xix.     Is.  xxvi. 

10.  The  spiritual  government  of  the  world. 
The  Father  haUi  conmiitted  a.\\  judgtnent  to 

tlie  .Son.     John  v. 

11.  The  righteous  statutes  and  command- 
ments of  God  are  called  his  judgments. 
Ps.  cxix. 

12.  The  docti-ines  of  the  gospel,  or  God's 
word.     Matt.  xii. 

13.  Justice  and  equity.     Luke  xi.     Is.  i. 

14.  The  decrees  and  purposes  of  God  con- 
cerning nations.     Rom.  xi. 

15.  A  court  or  tribunal.     Matt.  v. 
1(J.  Controversies,  or  decisions  of  controver- 
sies.    1  Cor.  vi. 

17.  The  gospel,  or  kingdom  of  grace.  Matt, 
xii. 

18.  The  final  trial  of  the  human  race,  when 
God  will  decide  the  fate  of  every  individ- 
ual, and  award  sentence  according  to  jus- 
tice. 

For  God  shall  bring  every  work  into  judg- 
ment, with  every  secret  tiling,  whether  it  be 
good,  or  whether  it  be  evil.     Eccles.  xii. 

Judgment  of  God.  Formerly  this  term  was 
applied  to  extraordinary  trials  [of  secret 
crimes,  as  by  arms  and  single  combat,  by 
ordeal,  or  hot  plowshares,  &c.;  it  being 
imagined  that  God  would  work  miracles 
to  vindicate  innocence. 

JUDGMENT-DAY,  n.  The  last  day,  or  day 
when  final  judgment  will  be  pronounced 
on  the  subjects  of  God's  moral  govern- 
ment. 

JUDti'MENT-HALL,  n.  The  hall  where 
courts  are  held. 

JUDg'MENT-SEAT,  n.  The  seat  or  bench 
on  which  judges  sit  in  court. 

2.  A  court ;  a  tribunal. 

We  shall  all  stand  before  the  judgment-seat 
of  Christ.     Rom.  xiv. 

JU'DICVTIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  judge. 

Hammond. 

JUDICATORY,  a.  Dispensing  justice. 

JU'Dl€.\TORY,  7!.  [L.  judicalorium.]  A 
court  of  justice  :  a  tribunal.  Atterbury. 

2.  Distribution  of  justice.  Clarendon. 

JUDICATURE,  n.    [Fr.]     The   power  of 

I  distributing  justice  by  legal  trial  and  deter- 
mination. .\  court  o[ judicature  is  a  court 
invested  with  powers  to  administer  justice 
between  man  and  man. 

l2.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  judicatory.       South. 

JUDI'CIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  courts  of  jus- 
tice ;  as  judicial  power. 

2.  Practiced  in  the  distribution  of  jtistice ;  as 
judicial  proceedings. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  court  of  justice  ;  as  a 
judicial  determination. 

4.  Issued  by  a  court  under  its  seal ;  as  a  ju- 
dicial writ. 

5.  Inflicted,  as  a  pen.ilty  or  in  judgment;  as 
judicial  hardness  of  heart ;  a  judicial  pun- 
ishment. 

JUDI'CIALLY,  adv.  In  the  forms  of  legal 
justice  ;  as  a  sentence  JitdtctaHy  declared. 


JUG 


JUL 


J  U  N 


2.  By  way  of  penalty  or  judgment;  as,  to  be 

judicially  punished. 
JUDI"CIARY,  n.  [Vt.  judiciaire  ;  h.jiidicia 

rius.] 

1.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.         Boyle. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  courts  of  judicature  or 
legal  tribunals. 

JUDI"CIARY,  n.  That  branch  of  govern- 
ment which  is  concerned  in  the  trial  and 
determination  of  controversies  between 
parties,  and  of  criminal  prosecutions;  the 
system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a  govern- 
ment. An  independent  judiciary  is  tlie 
lirmest  bulwark  of  freedom. 

United  States. 

JUDI"CIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  judicicux ;  It.  giudi- 
cioso.] 

1.  According  to  sound  judgment :  wise  ; 
prudent;  rational;  adapted  to  obtain  a 
good  end  by  the  best  means  ;  used  of  things. 
Nothing  is  more  important  to  success  in 
the  world  than  a  judicious  application  of 
time,  unless  it  may  be  n  judicious  expend- 
iture of  money. 

9.  Acting  according  to  sound  judgment; 
possessing  sound  judgment ;  wise  ;  direct- 
ed by  reason  and  wisdom;  used  of  per- 
sons ;  as  a  judiciotts  magistrate  ;  a  judi- 
cious historian. 

JUDr'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  good  judg- 
ment ;  with  discretion  or  wisdom  ;  skill- 
fully. 

Longinus  has  judiciously  preferred  the  sub- 
lime genius  that  sometimes  ens,  to  (he  mid- 
dling or  indifl'erent  one,  which  makes  few  faults, 
but  seldom  rises  to  excellence.  Dryden 

JUDr'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  act- 
ing or  being  according  to  sound  judg- 
ment. 

.TUG,  n.  [Junius  mentions  the  Danish  jugge 
an  urn  or  water-pot,  and  the  Sax.  has  ceac, 
Low  L.  caucus.     Qu.] 

A  vessel,  usually  earthen,  with  a  swelling 
belly  and  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holdii 
and  conveying  liquors.  Swift. 

.TUG'GLE,  V.  i.  [D.  guichelen  or  goochelen  ; 
G.  gaukeln  ;  It.  giocolare  ;  Dan.  gogler, 
to  juggle  ;  giekker,  to  joke  ;  Sw.  g&ck,  a 
jestc  r  ;  ghcka,  to  mock,  to  make  sjiort ;  L. 
jocular,  to  jest,  from  Jocus,  a  joke  ;  jocor,  to 
joke,  which  coincides  with  the  Sp.  and 
Port,  jugar,  to  play,  to  sport ;  Fr.  jouer, 
contracted.  It  is  certain  that  joke  and 
jocular,  and  probable  that  jot/,  are  from  the 
same  root  as  juggle ;  perhaps  Ch.  IHI 
hukk,  or  chuk,  to  laugh,  to  play,  to  sport. 
Class  Gk.  No.  18.] 

1.  To  play  tricks  by  slight  of  hand  ;  to  amuse 
and  make  sport  by  tricks,  which  make  a 
false  show  of  extraordinary  powers. 

3.  To  practice  artifice  or  imposture. 

Be  these  juggling  fiends  no  more  bcUcveil. 

ahak. 

.TUG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  deceive  by  trick  or  arti- 
fice. 
Is't  possible  the  spells  of  France  shoyMjuggle 
Men  into  such  strange  mockeries  ?  Shak 

.TUG'GLE,  n.  A  trick  by  legerdemain. 

2.  An  imposture  ;  a  deception.         Tillolson. 
.TUG'(jL1''R,    ".     [ii\t.  juglar  ;  Fr.  jongleur; 

It.  g'wcfitalore  ;  U.  guickehrr.] 
1.  One  who  practices  or  exhibits  tricks  by 
•slight  of  hand;  oni'  who  makes  sport  by 
tricks  of  cxtraorilinary  (hvtcrily,  by  wliicji 
the  sjicctatur  is  deceived.  Jugglers  are 
jmnishable  by  law. 


2.  A  cheat;  a  deceiver;  a  trickish  fellow. 

Shak. 

JUG'GLING,  ppr.  Playing  tricks  by  slight 
of  hand  ;  deceiving. 

JUG'GLING,  71.  The  act  or  practice  of  ex- 
hibiting tricks  of  legerdemain. 

JUG'GLINGLY,  adv.  In  a  deceptive  man- 
ner. 

JU'GULAR,  a.  [I.,  jugulum,  the  neck,  either 
from  jugum,  a  yoke,  or  from  its  radical 
sense,  to  extend,  to  join.     See  Join.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ueck  or  throat ;  as  the  Ju- 
gular  vein. 

JU'GULAR,  )i.  A  large  vein  of  the  neck. 

JUICE,?       .         [D.ju>/«;Fr.jW.  Thereg- 

JUSE,    I  "■  J"*<^-  ular  orthography  isjuse.] 

The  sap  of  vegetables  ;  the  fluid  part  of  ani- 
mal substances.  Encyc. 

JUICE,  V.  t.  To  moisten. 

JUICELESS,  a.  ju'seless.  Destitute  of 
juice  ;  dry  ;  without  moisture.  More. 

JUICINESS,  n.  ju'stJiess.  The  state  of 
abounding  with  juice;  succulence  in 
plants. 

JUICY,  a.  ju'sy.  Abounding  with  juice; 
moist ;  succulent.  Bacon. 

JUISE,  ?!.  [L.jws.]  Judgment ;  justice.  Obs. 

Goiver. 


JU'JUB,     j 
JUJUBE,  I 


"•  [L.  zizyphum;  Pers, 


■o>*>:^J' 


The  name  of  a  ]ilant  and  of  its  fruit,  whicl 
is  pulpy  and  resembles  a  small  plum.  The 
plant  is  arranged  under  the  genus  Rham- 
nus.  The  fruit  was  formerly  used  in  pec- 
toral decoctions,  but  it  is  now  in  little  repu- 
tation. Encyc.     Miller. 

iVKF,,v.i.  [Fr.jucher.]  To  perch.  [.Yot 
used.] 

c    -     J 
JU'LEP,  n.    [Ar.  ^,^^  julabon  ;  Pers.  id.; 

Fr.  julep;  It.  giulebbo.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  composed  of  some 
proper  liquor  and  a  sirup  of  sugar,  of  ex 
temporaneous  preparation,  serving  as  a 
vehicle  to  other  forms  of  medicine. 

Encyc.     (^uincy. 

JU'LIAN,  a.  Noting  the  old  account  of  the 
year,  as  regulated  by  Julius  Cesar,  which 
continued  to  be  used  till  1752,  when  the 
Gregorian  year,  or  new  style,  was  adopted. 

Julian  Jllps,  called  also  Carnian,  between 
Venetia  and  Noricum.  U'Anville. 

JU'LIS,  n.  A  small  fish  with  a  green  back. 

JU'LUS,  )!.  [Gr.  toti^os,  a  handful  or  bundle.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  catkin  or  ament,  a  species 
of  caly.x  or  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
chaffy  scales  arranged  along  a  stalk,  as  in 
hazle,  birch,  willow,  &c.  Martyn. 

A  genus  of  multiped  insects,  of  the  order 
of  Apters,  of  a  semi-cylindrical  fiuni,  with 
moniliforni  antennre,  and  two  articulatec 
palpi.  Encyc. 

JULY',  n.  The  seventh  month  of  the  year, 
during  which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo. 
It  is  so  called  from  Julius,  the  surname  ol 
Caius  Cesar,  who  was  born  in  this  month. 
Before  that  time,  this  niotith  was  called 
({uintilis,  or  the  fifth  month,  according  to 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  in  which  March 
was  the  first  month  of  the  year. 

JULY-FLOWER,  n.  The  name  of  certain 
species  of  plants.  The  clove  Julyfiower  is 
of  the  genus  Dianthus;   the  queen's  July- 


Jioxcer  of  the   genus   Hesperis ;     and  the 

stock  July-fower  of  (he  genus  Cheiranthus. 

[See  Cillyftower.]  Lee. 

JU'31ART,  7!.  [Fr.]    The  offspring  of  a  bull 

and  a  mare.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  I'. /.  [Chaucer,  j'omire.]     To  mix 

in  a  confused  mass  ;   to  put  or  throw  to- 
gether without  order.     It  is  often  followed 

by  together. 

One  may  observe  how  apt  that  is  to  jumble 

together  passages  of  Scripture.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  II.  i.  To  meet,  mix  or  unite  in  a 
onfused  manner.  Su-ift. 

JUM'BLE,?!.  Confused  mixture, mass  or  col- 

ectiou  without  order.  Swift. 

JVM' BLED,  pp.  Mixed  or  collected  in  aeon-' 

fused  mass. 
JUM'BLEMENT,    n.     Confused    mixture. 

[JVot  in  use.] 
JUM'BLER,   a.    One  who  mixes  things  in 

confusion. 
JUM'BLING,  ppr.   Putting  or  mixing  in  a 

confused  mass. 
JU'MENT,    n.    [Fr.   from  L.  jumentum,   a 

beast.] 

.K  beast  of  burden.     [J^ot  used.]  Brown. 

JUMP,  ti.  !.    [Qu.  the  root  of  It.  zamptWare, 

to  spring.] 

1.  To  leap ;  to  skip  ;  to  spring.  Applied  to 
men,  it  signifies  to  spring  upwards  or  for- 
wards with  both  feet,  in  distinction  from 
hop,  which  signifies  to  spring  with  one 
foot.  A  n^Ci)t  jumps  over  a  ditch  ;  a  beast 
jumps  over  a  fence.  A  man  jumps  upon  a. 
horse  ;  a  goat  jumps  from  rock  to  rock. 

2.  To  spring  over  any  thing ;  to  pass  to  at 
a  leap. 

Here,  upon  this  bank  and  shelve  of  time, 
We'd  jump  the  life  to  come.  Shak. 

We  see  a  liulc,  presume  a  great  deal,  and  so 
jump  to  the  conclusion.  Spectator. 

3.  To  bound  ;  to  pass  from  object  to  object; 
to  jolt. 

The  noise  of  the  rattling  of  the  wheels,  and 
of  the  prancing  horses,  and  of  the  jumping 
chariots.     Nahum  iii. 

4.  To  agree  ;  totally;  to  coincide. 
In  some  sort  it^'uin^s  with  my  humor. 

Shak. 
[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  vulgar,  and 
in  America,  I  think,  is  confined  to  the  sin- 
gle phrase,  to  jump  in  judgment.] 

JUMP,  )'.  t.  To  jiass  by  a  leaji ;  to  pass  over 
eagerly  or  hastily  ;  as,  to  jump  a  stream. 
[But  over  is  understood.] 

JUMP,  n.  The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  a 
sjiring;  a  bound. 

2.  A  lucky  chance.  Shak. 

JUMP,  n.  [Fr.  jupe;  It.  giubba.]  .\  kind  of 
loose  or  limber  stays  or  waistcoat,  worn 
bv  females. 

JUMP,  «rfi'.  Exactly;  nicely.     Obs. 

Hooker. 

TUMP'ER,  «.  One  who  jumps. 

TUMP'JNG,  ppr.  Leaping;  springing; 
bounding. 

JU.\C'ATE,  >i.  [It.  o-iimca/a, cream  cheese; 
Fr.  jonchie  de  crane,  a  kind  of  cream 
<rheese  servctl  in  a  fr.-iil  of  given  rushes, 
and  for  that  reason  so  called,  or  bccau.so 
made  in  a  frail  or  basket  of  rushes;  L. 
junnis,  a  rush.] 

1.  A  cheese-cake;  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  of 
curds  and  sugar.  John.toi;. 

2.  .\nv  kind  cd" <lf  licate  food.  .Milton. 


'■i.  A  furtive  or  private  entertaiiimenu     [It 
is  now  written  juntc/.] 


J  U  N 


J  U  R 


JUS 


.lUNe'OUS,  o.  [L.junceits  or  juncoaus,  from 

juncus,  a  rush.] 
Full  of  biilruslies.     [Lillle  used.] 
JUNCTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  jurtdio,  from 

jungo,  to  join.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  joining;  as  the 
junction  of  two  armies  or  detachments. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition  ;  combination. 

3.  The  place  or  |X)int  of  union. 
JUNCTURE,  n.  [L.junctura  ;  Sp.juntura; 

ll.  giunhira  ;  from  L.  jitrigo,  to  join.] 

1.  A  joining;  union;  amity;  as  the  juncture 
of  hearts.     [Little  used.]         King  Charles. 

2.  A  union  of  two  bodies  ;  a  seam  ;  particu- 
larly, a  joint  or  articulation.  Encyr. 

3.  The  line  or  point  at  which  two  bodies 
are  joined.  Boyle. 

4.  A  point  of  time ;  particularly,  a  point 
rendered  critical  or  important  by  a  con- 
currence of  circumstances.  Addison. 

JUNE,  n.  [L  Junius  ;  Fr.  juin  ;  It.  giugno 
Sp.  junio.] 

The  sixth  month  of  the  year,  when  the  sun 
enters  the  sign  Cancer. 

JUN'GLE,  )i.  [Hindoo.]  In  Hiudoostan,  a 
thick  wood  of  small  trees  or  shrubs. 

Asiat.  Res. 

JUN'GLY,  a.  Consisting  of  jungles ;  a- 
bounding  with  jungles.  Ibm. 

JU'NIOR,  a.  [L.  irom  juvenis,  young  ;  quasi, 
juvenior.] 

Younger;  not  as  old  as  another;  as  a  ju- 
nior partner  in  a  company.  It  is  applied 
to  distinguish  the  younger  of  two  persons 
bearing  the  same  name  in  one  family  or 
town,  and  opposed  to  elder ;  as  John  Doe 
iu7nor. 

JU'NIOR,  n.  A  person  younger  than  an- 
other. 

The  fools,  my  juniors  by  a  year —        Swift 

JUNIOR'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  junior. 

Bullokar. 

JU'NIPER,  n.  [L.  juniperus  ;  It.  ginepro  ; 
Fr.  gcnei're  ;  Sp.  enebro.] 

A  tree  or  shrub  bearing  berries  of  a  bluish 
color,  of  a  warm,  pungent,  sweet  taste, 
yielding  when  fresh,  by  expression,  a 
rich,  sweet,  aromatic  juice.  They  are 
useful  carminatives  and  stomachics.  The 
wood  of  the  tree  is  of  a  reddish  color,  hard 
and  durable,  and  is  used  in  c.ibinet  work 
and  veneering.  The  oil  of  juniper  mixed 
with  that  of  nuts  makes  an  excellent  var- 
nish ;  and  the  resin  powdered  is  used  un 
der  the  name  of  pounce.  Encyc. 

JUNK,  J!.  [L.  juncus,  It.  giunco,  Sp.  junco 
Fr.  jonc,  a  bulrush,  of  which  ropes  were 
made  in  early  ages.] 

1.  Pieces  of  old  cable  or  old  cordage,  used 
for  making  points,  gaskets,  mats,  &:c.,  and 
when  untwisted  and  picked  to  pieces,  it 
forms  oakum  forfilhngthe  seams  of  ships. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  ship  used  in  China ;  a  Chinese 
vessel.     [An  eastern  ivord.] 

JUNK'ET,  71.  [See  Juncate.]  A  sweetmeat. 

Skak. 
2.  A  stolen  entertainment. 
JUNK'ET,  V.  i.  To  feast  in  secret ;  to  make 
an  entertainment  by  stealth.  Swijl. 

2.  To  feast. 

Job's  children ^unAeJeii  and  feasted  together 
often.  South. 

JUN'TO,  n.  [Sp.  junta,  a  meeting  or  coun 
j-il,  frora  L.  junctus,  joined  ;  It.  giunto.] 


I.  Primarily,  a  select  council  or  assembly, 
which  deliberates  in  secret  on  any  affair 
of  government.  In  a  good  sense,  it  is  not 
used  in  English  ;  but  hence, 

[2.  A  cabal ;  a  meeting  or  collection  of  men 
condjined  for  secret  deliberation  and  in- 
trigue for  party  pm-poses  ;  a  faction  ;  as  a 
junto  of  ministers.  Gulliver. 

JU'PITER,  n.  [L.  the  air  or  heavens: 
Join's  paler.] 

1.  The  supreme  deity  among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans. 

2.  One  of  the  superior  planets,  remarkable 
for  its  brightness.  Its  diameter  is  about 
eighty-nine  thousand  miles  ;  its  distance 
from  the  sun,  four  hundred  and  ninety 
millions  of  miles,  and  its  revolution  round 
the  sun  a  little  less  than  twelve  years. 

JUPPON,  n.  [Fr.jupon ;  ll.  giubbone.]  A 
short  close  coat.  Dryden. 

JU'RAT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  juratus,  sworn, 
from  juro,  to  swear.] 

In  England,  a  magistrate  in  some  corpora- 
tions ;  an  alderman,  or  an  assistant  to  a 
bailiff.  Encyc. 

JU'RATORY,  n.  [Fr.  juraloire,  from  L. 
juro,  to  swear.] 

Comprising  an  oath ;  as  juratory  caution. 
[Little  used.]  Ayliffe. 

JURID'l€AL,  a.  [h.  juridicus  ;  jus,  juris, 
law,  and  dico,  to  pronounce.] 

1.  Acting  in  the  distribution  of  justice  ;  per- 
taining to  a  judge. 

2.  Used  in  courts  of  law  or  tribunals  of  jus- 
tice. Hale. 

JURID'ICALLY,  adv.  According  to  forms 
of  law,  or  proceedings  in  tribunals  of  jus 
tice  ;  with  legal  authority. 

JURISeON'SULT,  n.  [h.  juris  consuUus ; 
jus  and  consultus,  consulo,  to  consult.] 

Among  the  Romans,  a  man  learned  in  the 
law  ;  a  counselor  at  law  ;  a  master  of  Ro- 
man jurisprudence,  who  was  consulted  on 
the  interpretation  of  the  laws.  Encyc 

JURISDICTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.jurisdic- 
tio  ;  jus,  juris,  law,  and  dictio,  from  dico, 
to  pronounce  ;  It.  giuridizione ;  Sp.  juris- 
diccione ;  Von.  jurisdifam.] 

1.  The  legal  power  or  authority  of  doing 
justice  in  cases  of  complaint;  the  power 
of  executing  the  laws  and  distributing  jus- 
tice. Thus  we  speak  of  certain  suits  or 
actions,  or  the  cognizance  of  certain 
crimes  being  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
court,  that  is,  within  the  limits  of  their 
authority  or  commission.  Inferior  courts 
have  jurisdiction  of  debt  and  trespass,  or 
of  smaller  offenses;  the  supreme  courts 
have  jurisdiction  of  treason,  murder,  and 
other  high  crimes.  Jurisdiction  is  secular 
or  ecclesiastical. 

2.  Power  of  governing  or  legislating.  The 
legislature  of  one  state  can  e.xercise  no 
jurisdiction  in   another. 

3.  The  power  or  right  of  exercising  author- 
ity. Nations  claim  exclusive  jurisdiction 
on  the  sea,  to  the  extent  of  a  marine 
league  from  the  main  land  or  shore. 

4.  The  limit  within  which  power  may  be 
exercised. 

Jurisdiction,  in  its  most  general  sense,  is  the 
power  to  make,  declare  or  apply  the  law  ; 
when   confined   to  the  judiciary   depart 
ment,  it  is  what  we  denominate  the  judi 
cial power,  the  right  of  administering  jus- 


tice through  the  laws,  by  the  means 
which  the  laws  have  provided  for  that 
pin-pose.  Jurisdiction,  is  limited  (o  place 
or  territory,  to  persons,  or  to  particular 
sid)jects.  Du  Ponceau. 

JURISDICTIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ju- 
risdiction ;  us  jurisdictional  rights. 

JURISDICTIVE,  a.  Having  jurisdiction. 

Milton. 

JURISPR.U'DENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  juris- 
prudentia ;  jus,  law,  and  prudentia,  sci- 
ence.] 

The  science  of  law;  the  knowiedge  of  the 
laws,  customs  and  rights  of  men  in  a 
state  or  community,  necessary  for  the  due 
administration  of  justice.  'V\w  study  of 
jurisprudence,  next  to  that  nl' theology,  is 
the  most  important  and  useful  to  men. 

JURISPRUDENT,  a.   Understanding  law. 

yVest. 

JURISPRUDENTIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ju- 
risprudence. Ward. 

JU'RIST,  n.  [Fr.,/un's/t;  It.  glurista  ;  S\7. 
jurista;  frotn  h.  jus,  juris,  law.] 

1.  A  man  who  professes  the  science  of  law  : 
one  versed  in  the  law,  or  more  particu- 
larly, in  the  civil  law  ;  a  civilian.     Bacon. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  law  of  nations,  or  who 
writes  on  the  subject. 

JUROR,  n.  [L.  jurafor ;  or  rather  juro,  to 
swear.] 

One  that  serves  on  a  jury  ;  one  sworn  to 
deliver  the  truth  on  the  evidence  given 
him  concerning  any  matter  in  question  or 
on  trial. 

JU'RY,  n.  [Fr.  jure,  sworn,  L.  juro,  to 
swear.] 

A  number  of  freeholders,  selected  in  the 
tiianner  prescribed  by  law,empanneled  and 
sworn  to  inquire  into  and  try  any  matter 
of  fact,  and  to  declare  the  truth  on  the 
evidence  given  them  in  the  case.  Grand 
juries  consist  usually  of  twenty  four  free- 
holders at  least,  and  are  summoned  to  try 
matters  alledged  in  indictments.  Petty 
juries,  consisting  usually  of  twelve  men, 
attend  courts  to  try  matters  of  fact  in  civil 
causes,  and  to  decide  both  the  law  and 
the  fact  in  criminal  prosecutions.  The 
decision  of  a  petty  jury  is  called  a  ver- 
dict. 

JU'RYMAN,  n.  One  who  is  empanneled  on 
a  jury,  or  who  serves  as  a  juror. 

JU'RYM'AST,  n.  A  mast  erected  in  a  ship 
to  supply  the  place  of  one  carried  away 
in  a  tempest  or  an  engagement,  &c.  Tho 
most  probable  origin  of  the  word  ji'ry,  in 
this  compound,  is  that  pro])Osed  by  Thom- 
son, viz.  from  the  Fr.  jour,  day,  quasi, 
jourc,  temporary,  or  from  L.  juvare,  to 
assist. 

JUST,  a.  [Fr.  juste ;  Sp.  justo  ;  It.  giusto  ; 
L.  Justus.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
straight  or  close,  from  the  sense  of  set- 
ting, erecting,  or  extending.] 

1.  Regular;  orderly;  due;  suitable. 

When  all 
The  war  shall  stand  ranged  in  its  jus/  array. 

./Iddison. 

2.  Exactly  proportioned ;  proper. 
Pleascth  your  lordship 

To  meet  his  grace,  just  disbince   'tween  our 
armies  ?  Shak. 

3.  Full ;  complete  to  the  common  standard. 

He  was  a  comely  personage,  a  little  above 
just  sti'.ture.  £acon. 


JUS 


JUS 


JUT 


4.  Full ;  true  ;  a  sense  allied  to  the  preced- 
ing, or  the  same. 

^So  thai  once  the   skirinisli  was  like  to  have 
come  to  a  just  battle.  Kiwlles 

5.  In  a  morcii  sense,  upright ;  honest;  having 
principles  of  rectitude  ;  or  conforming  ex- 
actly to  the  laws,  and  to  principles  of  rec- 
titude in  social  conduct ;  equitahle  in  the 
distribution  of  justice  ;  as  a  jusl  judge. 

C.  In  an  evangelical  sense,  righteous ;  reli- 
gious ;  influenced  by  a  regard  to  the  laws 
of  God ;  or  living  in  e.xact  conformity  to 
the  divine  will. 

There  is  not  a  just  man  on  earth,  that  doeth 
good,  and  sinneth  not.     Eccles.  vii. 

7.  Conformed  to  rules  of  justice ;  doing  equal 
justice. 

Jusl  balances, /i(s<  weights,  a  just  ephahand 
a  just  hin  shall  ye  have.     Lev.  xi.x. 

8.  Conformed  to  truth  ;  exact ;  proper ;  ac- 
curate ;  as  just  thoughts ;  just  e.xpressions ; 
just  images  or  representations;  a  just 
description;  a.  just  inference. 

9.  True  ;  founded  in  truth  and  fact ;  as  a.  jusl 
charge  or  accusation. 

10.  Innocent;  blameless;  without  guilt. 

How  should  man  be /»s(  with  God?  Job  ix. 

11.  Equitable;  due;  merited;  as  a  just  rec- 
ompense or  reward. 

— WTiose  damnation  is  just.     Rom.  iii. 

12.  True  to  promises;  faithful;  as  jusl  to 
one's  word  or  engagements. 

13.  Impartial ;  allowing  what  is  due  ;  giving 
fair  representation  of  character,  merit  or 
demerit. 

.lUST,  ade.  Close  or  closely ;  near  or  near- 
ly, in  place.  He  stood  just  by  the  speak- 
er, and  heard  what  he  said.  He  stood 
just  at  the  entrance  of  the  city. 

9.  Near  or  nearly  in  time;  almost.  Just  at 
that  moment  he  arose  and  fled. 

3.  Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  accurately.  They  re- 
main jusl  of  the  same  opinion. 

"Tis   with   our  judgments   as   our  watches  ; 

none 
Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own. 

Pope. 

4.  Merely ;  barely ;  exactly. 

— And  having  just  enough,  not  covet  more. 

Dryden. 

5.  Narrowly.  He  just  escaped  without  in- 
jury. 

.TUST,  )i.  [Fr.  jouste,  now  joule ;  Sp.jusla; 
Port.  id. ;  It.  giostra  ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  jostle  or  justle.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  push.] 

A  mock  encounter  on  horseback  ;  a  combat 
for  sport  or  for  exercise,  in  which  the 
combatants  pushed  with  lances  and 
swords,  man  to  man,  in  mock  fight ;  a 
tilt ;   one  of  the  exercises  at  tournaments. 

Encyc. 

JUST,  V.  i.  [Fr.  jouter ;  Sp.  and  Port,  jiis- 
iar ;  It.  giostrarc.] 

1.  To  engage  in  mock  fight  on  horseback. 

2.  To  push;  to  drive;  to  justle. 
JUriT'lCE,  n.  [Fr. ;    ^p.  justicia;  \t.  gius- 

tizia  ;  from  1,.  jastitia,  from  ji«s(m.9,  just.] 
2.  The  virtue  which  consists  in  giving  to 
every  one  what  is  his  due  ;  practical  con 
formity  to  tlie  laws  and  to  principles  of 
rectitude  in  the  dealings  of  men  with 
each  other;  honesty;  integrity  in  com- 
merce or  mutual  intercourse.  Justice  is 
dist;-'huti.vc  or  commutative.  Dislnbulive 
justice  belongs  to    magistrates  or  rulers, 


6. 


and  consists  in  distributing  to  every  man 
that  right  or  equity  which  the  laws  and 
the  principles  of  equity  require;  or  in  de- 
ciding controversies  according  to  the  laws 
and  to  principles  of  equity.  Commutative 
justice  consists  in  fair  dealing  in  trade 
and  mutual  intercourse  between  man  and 
man. 

2.  Impartiality ;  equal  distribution  of  right 
in  expressing  opinions ;  fair  representa- 
tion of  facts  respecting  merit  or  demerit. 
In  criticisms,  narrations,  history  or  dis- 
course, it  is  a  duty  to  do  justice  to  every 

I     man,  whether  friend  or  foe. 

3.  Equity ;  agreeableness  to  right ;  as,  he 
proved  the  justice  of  his  claim.  This 
should,   in  strictness,  be  just7iess. 

4.  Vindictive  retribution  ;    merited    punish 
ment.     Sooner  or  later,  justice  overtakes 
the  criminal. 

Right;  application  of  equity.  His  artn 
will  do  h'lm  justice. 

[Low  L.  jusliciarius.]  A  person  commis- 
sioned to  hold  courts,  or  to  try  and  decide 
controversies  and  administer  justice  to 
individuals ;  as  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  or  of  the  common  pleas, 
in  England ;  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  in  the  United  States,  &c. 
and  justices  of  the  peace. 

JUST'ICE,  V.  t.  To  administer  justice. 
[Little  vsed.]  Bacon. 

JUST'ICEABLE,  a.  Liable  to  account  in  a 
court  of  justice.  [Little  used.]      Hayward. 

JUST'ICER,  n.  An  administrator  of  justice. 
[Litlle  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 

JUST'ICESHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  a  justice.  Swift. 

JUSTF'CIARY,  }        [L.  jusliciarius.]     An 

JUSTI"CIAR,  S  administrator  of  just- 
ice. Burke. 

2.  A  chief  justice.  Blackslone. 

3.  One  that  boasts  of  the  justice  of  his  own 
act.  [N'ol  used.]  Dering. 

JUSTIFIABLE,  a.  [from  justify.]  That 
may  be  proved  to  be  just ;  that  may  be 
vindicated  on  principles  of  law,  reason, 
rectitude  or  propriety  ;  defensible  ;  vindi- 
cable.  No  breach  of  law  or  moral  obli- 
gation is  justifable.  The  execution  of  a 
malefactor  in  pursuance  of  a  sentence  of 
court,  is  justifable  homicide. 

JUST'IFIABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  justifiable  ;  rectitude;  possibility  of 
being  defended  or  vindicated. 

King  Charles. 

JUSTIFIABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
admits  of  vindication  or  justification ; 
rightly. 

JUSTIFICA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  justifer, 
to  justify.] 

1.  The  act  of  justifying;  a  showing  to  be 
just  or  conformable  to  law,  rectitude  or 
propriety  ;  vindication  ;  defense.  The 
court  listened  to  the  evidence  and  argu- 
ments in  justif  cation  of  the  prisoner's  con- 
duct. Our  disobedience  to  God's  com- 
mands admits  no  justification. 

2.  Absolution. 
1  hope,  lor  my  lnot]wt's  justification,  he  wrote 

this  but  as  an  essay  of  my  virtue.  Shak. 

In  law,  the  showing  of  a  sufficient  reason 


j 

la  _ 

in  comt  why  a  defendant  diil  what  he  is 
called   to  answer.      Pleas   in  ju.sl  If  cation 
nnist  set  forth  some  special  matter. 
4.  In  theology,  remission  of  sin  anil  absolu- 


tion from  guilt  and  punishment ;  or  an 
act  of  free  grace  by  which  God  pardons 
the  sinner  and  accepts  him  as  righteous, 
on  account  of  the  atonement  of  Christ. 

JUSTIF'ICATIVE,  a.  Justifying;  that  has 
power  to  justify. 

JUSTIFl€A'TOR,  n.  One  who  justifies. 
[Little  used.] 

JUST'IFiER,  n.  One  who  justifies;  one 
who  vindicates,  supports  or  defends. 

2.  He  who  pardons  and  absolves  from  guilt 
and  punishment. 

That  he  might  be  just,  and  the  justifier  of 
him  who  believeth  in  Jesus.  Rom  iii 

JUST'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  justifer;  Sp.  justif  car; 
It.  giustif  care ;  L.  Justus,  just,  and  facia, 
to  make.] 

1  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just,  or  conform- 
able to  law,  right,  justice,  propriety  or 
duty;  to  defend  or  maintain;  to  vindi- 
cate as  right.  We  cannot  justify  disobe- 
dience or  ingratitude  to  our  Maker.  We 
cannot  justify  insult  or  incivility  to  our 
fellow  men.  Intemperance,  lewdness,  pro- 
faneness  and  dueling  are  in  no  case  to  be 
justified. 

2.  In  theology,  to  pardon  and  clear  from 
guilt ;  to  absolve  or  acquit  from  guilt  and 
merited  punishment,  and  to  accept  as 
righteous  on  account  of  the  merits  of  the 
Savior,  or  by  the  application  of  Christ's 
atonement  to  the  ofl^ender.  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  cause  another  to  ap|)ear  comparatively 
righteous,  or  less  guilty  than  one's  self. 
Ezek.  .xvi. 

4.  To  judge  rightly  of 
Wisdom  is  ju.'itified  by  her  children.     Matt. 

xi. 

5.  To  accept  as  just  and  treat  witfal  favor. 
James  ii. 

JUST'IFY,  V.  i.  In  printing,  to  agree  ;  to 
suit ;  to  conform  exactly  ;  to  form  an  even 
surface  or  true  line  with  something  else. 
Types  of  different  sizes  will  not  justify 
with  each  other. 

JUS'TLE,  V.  i.  jus'l.  [See  JosUe  and  Just.] 
To  run  against;  to  encounter;  to  strike 
against ;  to  clasli. 

The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  streets ;  they 
shall  ju^^tle  one  against  anolher  in  the  broad 
ways.     Nah.  ii. 

JUS'TLE,  v.  t.  jus'l.  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to 
force  by  rushing  against ;  counnonly  fol- 
lowed by  off  or  out;  as,  to  justle  a  thing 
off  the  table,  or  out  of  its  place. 

JUST'LY,  adv.  [from  ju.'it.]  In  conformily 
to  law,  justice  or  propriety  ;  by  right.  The 
offender  is  justly  condemned.  The  hero 
is  justly  rewarded,  applauded  or  hon- 
ored. 

2.  According  to  truth  and  facts.  His  char- 
acter \s  justly  described. 

3.  Honestly  ;  fairly  ;  with  integrity  ;  as,  to 
do  justly.     Mir.  vi. 

4.  Properly  ;  accurately  ;  exactly. 
Their  feet  assi>t  their  hands,  and  justly  beat 

the  ground.  Drydcn. 

JUST'NESS,  n.  Accuracy  ;  exactness  ;  as 
the  Ji(.!U!f.?s  of  proportions. 

2.  Conformity  to  truth  ;  as  the  justness  of  a 
description  or  rcpn'senlaliDn. 

3.  Justice;  reasonableness;  c(piity;  as  the 
justness  of  a  cause  or  of  a  demand.  [Just- 
ness is  properly  applied  to  things,  and 
justice  to  persons;  but  the  distinction  is 
not  always  observed.] 

JUT,  t;.  i.    [a  dillercnt  spelling  of  je/.]     To 


K  A  L 


K  E  C 


K  E  E 


shoot  forward ;  to  project  beyond  the 
main  hody  ;  as  the  jutting  part  of  a  build- 
in!,'.    A  point  of  land >/«  into  the  sea. 

JUT,  n.  A  shooting  forward ;    a  projection. 

JUT'TING,  o;>r.  Shooting  out;  projectnig. 

JUT'TY,  V.  t.  To  jut.     [yVot  used.]      Shak. 

JUT'TY,  n.  A  projection  in  a  building  ;  also, 
a  pier  or  mole. 

JUT-WINDOW,  n.  A  window  that  projects 
from  the  lino  of  a  building. 


JUVENILE,  a.  [L.  juvenilis,  tiom  juvenis, 
young.]  _ 

1.  Young ;  youthful ;  as  juvenile  years  or 
age.  I 

2.  Pertaining  or  suited  to  youth;  as  juvenile 
sports. 

JUVENILITY,  n.  Youthfulness;  youthful 
age.  Glanvilte. 

2.  Light  and  careless  manner ;  the  manners 
or  customs  of  youth.  Gtanville 


JUXTAPOS'ITED,  a.  [L.jwria,  near,  and 
posited.]  Placed  near ;  adjacent  or  con- 
tiguous. .Macquer. 

JUXTAPOSITION,  n.  [L.  juxta,  near, 
and  position.] 

A  placing  or  being  placed  in  nearness  or 
contiguity  ;  as  the  parts  of  a  substance  or 
of  a  composition.  The  connection  of 
words  is  sometimes  to  be  ascertained  by 
juxtaposition. 


K. 


K,  the  eleventh  letter  of  the  English  Al- 
phabet, is  borrowed  from  the  Greeks,  be- 
ing the  same  character  as  the  Greek 
kappa,  answering  to  the  oriental  kaph. 
It  represents  a  close  articulation,  formed 
by  pressing  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  upper  part  of  the  mouth,  with  a  de- 
pression of  the  lower  jaw  and  opening  of 
the  tooth.  It  is  usually  denominated  a 
guttural,  but  is  nuire  properly  a  palatal 
Bcfoix-  all  the  vowels,  it  has  one  invariable 
aouud,  corresponding  with  that  of  c,  be 
fore  a,  o  and  «,  as  in  keel,  ken.  In  mono- 
syllables, it  is  used  after  c,  as  in  crack, 
check,  deck,  being  necessary  to  exhibit  a 
correct  pronunciation  In  the  derivatives, 
cracked,  checked,  decked,  cracking,  for  with 
out  it,  c,  before  the  vowels  e  and  i,  would 
be  sounded  like  «. 

Formerly,  k  was  added  to  c,  in  certain 
words  of  Latin  origin,  as  In  mnsick,  pub- 
lick,  7-epublick.  But  in  modern  i)ractice.  A- 
is  very  properly  omitted,  being  entirely 
superfluous,  and  the  more  properly,  as  it 
is  never  written  in  the  derivatives,  music- 
al, publication,  republican.  It  is  retained 
in  traffick,  as  In  monosyllables,  on  account 
of  the  prommciatiou  of  the  derivatives, 
trafficked,  trafficking. 

K  is  silent  before  n,  as  in  know,  knife,  knee. 

As  a  numeral,  K  stands  for  250 ;  and  with 
a  stroke  over  it,  thus,  K,  for  250,000. 

This  character  was  not  used  by  the  ancient 
Romans,  and  rarely  in  the  later  ages  of 
their  empire.  In  the  place  of  A:,  they  used 
c,  as  In  clino,  for  the  Greek  x'f.uu.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  this  Greek  letter  is 
sometimes  represented  by  h.     [See  H.] 

KAALING,  n.  A  bird,  a  species  of  starling, 
found  in  China. 

KAB'BOS,jj.  A  fish  of  a  biovvn  color,  with- 
out scales. 

KALE,  ?i.  [h.  caulis ;  'W .  cawl.]  Sea-cale, 
an  esculent  plant  of  the  genus  Crambe. 

KAL'ENDAR,  n.  [See  Calendar.] 

KA'LI,   n.    [Ar.    t?Xj»     the  ashes   of  the 


Salicornia,  from    ^i,,    kalai,  to  fry.] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Salsola,  or  glass-wort, 
the  ashes  of  which  are  used  in  making 
glass.     Hence  alkali,  which  see. 

KA'LIF,  n.  [See  Calif.] 


KAL'MIA,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  ever- 
green shrubs,  natives  of  N.  America,  call- 
ed laurel,  ivy-bush,  cahco-bush,  &c. 
KAM,  a.  [W.  cam.]  Crooked.  [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 
KAN,  i  In  Persia,  an  officer  answering 
KAUN,  >  n.  to  a  governor  in  Europe  or 
KHAN,  )       America.    Among  the  Tartars, 

a  chief  or  prince.  [See  Khan.] 
IKANGAROO',  n.  A  singular  animal  found 
!  In  New  Holland,  resembling  In  some  res 
pects  the  oi>ossum.  It  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Didelphis.  It  has  a  small  head,  neck 
and  shoulders,  the  body  Increasing  In 
thickness  to  the  rump.  The  fore  legs  are 
very  short,  useless  In  walking,  but  used 
for  diggitig  or  bringing  food  to  the  mouth. 
The  hind  legs,  which  are  long,  are  used  in 
moving,  particularly  in  leaping.  Encyc. 
KA'OLIN,  )!.  A  species  of  earth  or  variety 
of  clay,  used  as  one  of  the  two  ingredients 
in  the  oriental  porcelain.  The  other  in- 
gredient Is  called  in  China  petunse.  Its 
color  is  white,  with  a  shade  of  gray,  yel 
low  or  red.  Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

KAR'AGANE,  n.  A  species  of  gray  fox 
found  in  the  Russian  empire.  Tooke. 

KARPH'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  xo^^oj,  straw,  and 

>.i9o5,  a  stone.] 
A   mineral   recently   discovered.     It  has  a 
fibrous  structure  and  a  yellow  color. 

ff'emer.     Cleaveland. 

KA'TA,  n.   In  Syria,  a  fowl  of  the  grous 

kind. 
KAW,   V.  i.    [from  the  sound.]    To  cry  as  a 

raven,  crow  or  rook.  Locke. 

KAW,  n.   The  cry  of  the  raven,  crow  or 

ook.  Dryden. 

KAWN,  n.  In  Turkey,  a  public  inn. 

KAYLE,   n.    [Fr.  qnille,  a  nine-pin,  a  keel.] 

1.  A  nine-pin,  a  kettle-pin  ;  sometimes  writ- 
ten keel.  Sidney.     Careiv. 

2.  A  kind  of  play  in  Scotland,  In  which  nine 
holes  ranged  In  threes,  are  made  in  the 
ground,  and  an  iron  ball  rolled  in  among 
them.  Johnson. 

KECK,  I'.  J.  [G.  kiiken.]  To  heave  the  stom- 
ach ;  to  reach,  as  In  an  eftbrt  to  vomit. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon.     Stoifl. 

KECK,  (I.  A  reaching  or  heaving  of  the 
stomach.  Cheyne. 

KECK'LE,  V.  t.  [Qu.  G.  kugeln,  to  roll.]! 
To  wind  old  rope  round  a  cable  to  pre-[ 
serve  its  surface  from  being  fretted,  or  tol 
wind  iron  chains  round  a  cable  to  defend 


It  from  the  friction  of  a  rocky  bottom,  or 
from  the  ice.  Mar.  Diet. 

KECK'SY,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  cigue,  L.  cicuta.  It 
is  said  to  be  commonly  pronounced  kex.] 

Hemlock  ;  a  hollow.jointed  plant.  [.\"ot  tised 
in  America.]  Sliak. 

KECK'Y,  a.  Resembling  a  kex. 

2.  An  Indian  scepter.  Grew. 

KEDtiE,  n.  [allied  probably  to  cag  and  keg.] 
A  small  anchor,  used  to  keep  a  ship  steady 
when  riding  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and  par- 
ticularly at  the  turn  of  the  tide,  to  keep  her 
clear  of  iier  bower  anchor,  also  to  remove 
her  from  one  part  of  a  harbor  to  another, 
being  carried  out  In  a  boat  and  let  go,  as 
in  warping  or  kedglng.  [Sometimes  writ- 
ten kedger.]  Mar.  Did. 

KEDGE,  V.  t.  To  warp,  as  a  ship  ;  to  move 
by  means  of  a  kedge,  as  in  a  river. 

KED'LACK,  n.  X  weed  that  grows  among 
wheat  and  rye  ;  charlock.  [/  believe  not 
used  in  America.]  Tnsser.     Johnson. 

KEE,  pbi.  of  coio.  [Local  in  England  and 
not  used  in  America.]  Gay. 

KEECH,  n.  A  mass  or  lump.     [JVb<  in  ««.] 

Percy. 

KEEL,  n.  [Sax.cffi/e;  G.  and  D.  Ke / ;  Dan. 
kiil,kiol ;  Russ.  Ai7  ;  Sw.  khl ;  Fr.  quitte; 
Sp.  quilla  ;  Port,  quilha.  The  word.  In  dif- 
ferent languages,  signifies  a  keel,  a  pin, 
kayle,  and  a  quilt ;  probably  from  extend- 

ioR-] 

1.  The  principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending 
from  stem  to  stern  at  the  bottom,  and  sup- 
porting the  whole  frame.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  low  flat-bottomed  vessel,  used  in  the 
river  Tyno,  to  convey  coals  from  Newcas- 
tle for  loading  the  colliers. 

3.  In  botany,  the  lower  petal  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous corol,  inclosing  the  stamens  and 
pistil.  Martyn. 

False  keel,  a  strong  thick  piece  of  timber, 
bolted  to  the  bottom  of  the  keel,  to  pre- 
serve It  from  injury. 

On  an  even  keel,  in  a  level  or  horizontal  po- 
sition. 

KEEL,  i".  /.  [Sax.  calan.]    To  cool.     Ohs. 

Goicer. 

KEEL,  V.  t.  To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navi- 
gate. J.  Barlow. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  keel ;  to  show  the  bottom. 

Shak. 

To  keel  the  pot,  in  Ireland,  to  scum  it. 

Shak. 

KEE'LAgE,  n.  Duty  paid  for  a  sliip  enter- 
ing Hartlepool,  Eng. 


K  E  E 


K  E  E 


K  E  E 


KEE'LED,  a.  In  botany,  caiinated ;  having 
a  longitudinal  ])roniini'nce   on  tlie  back 
as  a  keeled  leaf,  ca  lyx  or  nectary.     Martyn. 

KEE'LFAT,  n.  [Sax.  calan,  to  cool,  and 
fat,  vat.] 

A  cooler;  a  vessel  in  wliicli  liquor  is  set  for 
cooling.     [jVut  used.] 

KEE'LIIAUL,  V.  t.  [D.  kielhaalen  ;  keel  and 
haul.] 

To  haul  under  the  keel  of  a  ship.  Keel- 
hauling is  a  punishment  inflicted  in  the 
Dutch  navy  for  certain  offenses.  The  of- 
fender is  suspended  by  a  rope  from  one 
yard  arm,  with  weights  on  his  legs,  and  a 
rope  fastened  to  him,  leading  under  the 
ship's  bottom  to  the  opposite  yard  arm 
and  being  let  fall  into  the  water,  he  is 
drawn  under  the  ship's  bottom  and  raised 
on  the  other  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEE'LING,  n.  A  kind  of  small  cod,  of 
which  stock  fish  is  made. 

KEELSON,  n.  kel'son.  A  piece  of  timber  in 
a  ship,  laid  on  the  middle  of  the  floor  tim 
liers  over  the  keel,  fastened  with  long 
bolts  and  clinched,  and  thus  binding  the 
floor  timbers  to  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEN,  a.  [Sax.  cene ;  G.  kiihn ;  D.  koen ; 
properly,  bold,  stout,  eager,  daring,  from 
shooting  forward.     Class  Gn.] 

1.  Eager ;  vehement ;  as  hungry  curs  too 
keen  at  the  sport.  Toiler. 

The  sheep  were  so  keen  on  the  acorns — 

L'Estrange 

2.  Eager ;  sharp  ;  as  a  keen  ajjpetite. 

3.  Sharp  ;  having  a  very  fine  edge ;  as  a 
keen  razor,  or  a  razor  with  a  keeti  edge. 
We  say  a  keen  edge,  but  a  sharp  point. 

4.  Piercing  ;  penetrating  ;    severe  ;    apjjlied 
■     to  cold  or  to  wind ;  as  a  keen  wind ;  the 

cold  is  very  keen. 

5.  Bitter  ;  piercing  ;  acrimonious ;  as  keen 
satire  or  sarcasm. 

Good  father  cardinal,   cry  thou  amen. 
To  my  k^en  curses.  Shak. 

KEEN,  V.  t.  To  sharpen.     [Unusual] 

Thomson. 
KEE'NLY,  adv.  Eagerly;  vehemently. 
2.  Sharply  ;  severely  ;  bitterly. 
KEE'NNESS,  n.  Eagerness;  vehemence; 
as  the  keenness  of  hunger. 

2.  Sharpness  ;  fineness  of  edge  ;  as  the  keen- 
ness of  a  razor. 

3.  The  quality  of  piercing;  rigor;  sharp- 
ness ;  as  the  keenness  of  the  air  or  of  cold. 

4.  Asperity;  acrimony  ;  bitterness  ;  as  the 
keenness  of  satire,  invective  or  sarcasm. 

5.  Acuteness ;  sharpness ;  as  the  keenness  of 
wit. 

KEEP,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  kept.  [Sax.  cepan, 
Syr.  |.^3  kaba,  Eth.  O  +  fl  akab,  to 
keep.  Class  Gb.  No.  68.  85.  The  word 
coincides  in  elements  with  have,  L.  haheo, 
and  capio,  but  I  think  the  radical  sense  to 
be  dirtt^rcnt.] 

1.  To  hold ;  to  retain  in  one's  power  or  pos 
.session ;  not  to  lose  or  part  with  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  house  or  a  farm ;  to  keep  any  thing 
in  the  memory,  mind  or  heart. 

2.  To  have  in  custody  for  security  or  pres- 
ervation. 

Tlie  crown  of  Stephanus,  first  king  of  Hun- 
gary, was  always  kept  in  the  castle  of  Vice- 
grade.  Knolles 

3.  To  preserve ;  to  retain. 

The  Lord  God,  merciful  and  gracious,  keep- 
ing mercy  for  thousands —  Ex.  sxxiv. 


To  preserve  from  falling  or  from  danger ; 
to  protect;  to  guard  or  sustain. 

And  behold,   I  am  with  thee,  and  will  keep 
thee.    Gen.  xxviii.    Luke  iv. 
To  hold  or  restrain  from  departme ;  to 
detain. 

— That  I  may  know  what  keeps  me  here  with 
you.  Dryden. 

C.  To  tend  ;  to  have  the  care  of. 

And  the  Lord  God  took  the  man  and  put  him 
in  the  garden  of  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it. 
Gen.  ii. 

To  tend  ;  to  feed  ;  to  pasture  ;  as,  to  keep 
a  flock  of  sheep  or  a  herd  of  cattle  in  a 
yard  or  in  a  field.  He  keeps  his  horses  on 
oats  or  on  hay. 

To  preserve  in  any  tenor  or  state.  Keep 
a  stiff" rain. 

Jieep  the  constitution  sound.  Addison 

9.  To  regard  ;  to  attend  to. 

While  the  stars  and  course  of  heaven  I  keep — 

Dryden . 

10.  To  hold  in  any  state  ;  as,  to  keep  in  or- 
der. 

IL  To  continue  any  state,  course  or  action  ; 
as,  to  keep  silence ;  to  keep  the  same  road 
or  the  same  pace ;  to  keep  reading  or  talk- 
ing ;  to  keep  a  given  distance. 

12.  To  practice  ;  to  do  or  perform  ;  to  obey; 
to  observe  in  practice  ;  not  to  neglect  or 
violate ;  as,  to  keep  the  laws,  statutes  or 
commandments  of  God.  Scripture 

13.  To  fulfill ;  to  perform ;  as,  to  keep  one's 
word,  protnise  or  covenant. 

14.  To  practice  ;  to  use  habitually ;  as,  to 
keep  bad  hours.  Pope 

15.  To  copy  carefully. 
Her  servant's  eyes  were  fix'd  upon  her  face. 
And  as  she  moved   or  turned,  her  motions 

viewed, 
Her  measures  kejit,  and  step  by  step  pursued. 

Vryden. 
IG.  To  observe  or  solemnize. 

Ye  shall  keep  it  a  feast  to  the  Lord.    Ex.  xii. 

17.  To  board ;  to  maintain ;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  of  life.  The  men  are  kepi  at  a 
moderate  price  per  week. 

18.  To  have  in  the  house ;  to  entertain  ;  as, 
to  keep  lodgers. 

10.  To  maintain  ;  not  to  intermit ;  as,tokeep 
watch  or  guard. 

20.  To  hold  in  one's  own  bosom  ;  to  confine 
to  one's  own  knowledge  ;  not  to  disclose 
or  communicate  to  others  ;  not  to  betray  ; 
as,  to  keep  a  secret ;  to  keep  one's  own 
counsel. 

21.  To  have  in  pay;  as,  to  keep  a  servant. 
To  keep  back,  to  reserve  ;  to  withhold ;  not  to 

disclose  or  commmiicate. 

I  will  keep  nothing  fiac/r  from  you.  Jer.  xlii. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  prevent  from  advancing. 
Keep  back  thy  servant  also  from  presumptu- 
ous sins.  Ps.  .\ix. 

3.  To  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  to  deliver. 
Acts  V. 

To  keep  company  with,  to  frequent  the  soci 
ety  of;  to  associate  with.     Let  youth  keep 
company  iinth  the  wise  and  good. 

2.  To  accompany ;  to  go  with ;  as,  to  keep 
company  with  one  on  a  journey  or  voyage 

To  keep  down,  to  prevent  from  rising  ;  not  to 

lift  or  suflfer  to  be  raised. 
To  keep  in,  to  prevent  from  escape ;  to  hold 

in  confinement. 

3.  To  conceal ;  not  to  tell  or  disclose. 
3.  To  restrain  ;  to  curb.  Locke. 
To  keep  off,  to  hinder  from  approadi  or  at 

tack  :  as,  to  keep  off  an  enemy  or  an  evil. 


To  keep  under,  to  restrain  ;  to  hold  in  sub- 
jection ;  as,  to  keep  under  an  antagonist  or 
a  conquered  country ;  to  keep  under  the 
appetites  and  passions. 

To  keep  up,  to  maintain  ;  to  prevent  from 
falling  or  diminution  ;  as,  to  keep  up  the 
price  of  goods  ;  to  keep  up  one's  credit. 

2.  To  maintain ;  to  continue  ;  to  hinder  from 
ceasing. 

In  joy,  that  which  keeps  up  the  action  is  the 
desire  to  continue  it.  Locke. 

To  keep  out,  to  hinder  from  entering  or  tak- 
ing possession. 

To  keep  bed,  to  remain  in  bed  without  rising : 
to  be  confined  to  one's  bed. 

To  keep  house,  to  maintain  a  family  state. 
His  income  enables  him  to  keep  house. 

2.  To  remain  in  the  house ;  to  be  confined. 
His  feeble  health  obliges  him  to  keep 
hojise. 

To  keep  from,  to  restrain  ;  to  prevent  ap- 
proach. 

To  keep  a  school,  to  maintain  or  support  it  : 
as,  the  town  or  its  inhabitants  keep  ten 
ichoots  ;  more  properly,  to  govern  and  in- 
struct or  teach  a  school,  as  a  preceptor. 

KEEP,  V.  i.  To  remain  in  any  state;  as, 
to  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  keep  aloft ;  to  keep 
near ;  to  keep  in  the  house  ;  to  keep  before 
or  behind  ;  to  keep  in  favor  ;  to  keep  out  of 
company,  or  out  of  reach. 

2.  To  last ;  to  endure  ;  not  to  perish  or  be 
impaireil.  Seek  for  winter's  use  apples 
that  will  keep. 

If  the  malt  is  not  thoroughly  dried,   the  ale  it 
makes  will  not  keep.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lodge ;  to  dwell ;  to  reside  for  a  time. 
Knock  at  the  study,  where,  they  say,  he  keeps. 

Shak. 

To  keep  to,  to  adhere  strictly;  not  to  neglect 
or  deviate  from ;  as,  to  keep  to  old  cus- 
toms ;  to  keep  to  a  rule  ;  to  keep  to  one's  word 
or  promise. 

To  keep  on,  to  go  forward  ;  to  proceed ;  to 
continue  to  advance.  Dryden. 

To  keep  up,  to  remain  unsubdued  ;  or  not  to 
be  confined  to  one's  bed. 

In  popular  language,  this  word  signifies  to 
continue  ;  to  repeat  continually  ;  not  to 
cease. 

KEEP,)!.  Custody;  guard.     [Little  used.] 

Dryden. 

2.  Colloquially,  case  ;  condition  ;  as  in  good 
keep.  English. 

3.  Guardianship;  restraint.     [Little    used.] 

Jlscham. 

4.  A  place  of  confinement  ;  in  old  castles, 
the  dungeon. 

KEEPER,  >!.  One  who  keeps;  one  that 
holds  or  has  possession  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  who  retains  in  custody  ;  one  who  has 
the  care  of  a  prison  and  the  custody  of 
l)risoners. 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a  park  or  other 
inclosure,  or  the  custody  of  beasts  ;  as  the 
keeper  of  a  |)ark,  a  pound,  or  of  sheep. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care,  custody  or  super- 
intendence of  any  thing. 

In  Great  Rritain,  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
is  a  lord  by  his  ofllce,  and  one  of  the  privy 
council.  All  royal  grants, conmiissions  and 
charters  pass  through  his  hands.  He  is 
constituted  lord-keeper  by  the  delivery  of 
the  great  seal.  The  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal  is  also  a  lord  by  his  office,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council. 


REN 


K  E  R 


K  E  V 


KEE'PERSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  keei)er. 
[Little  used.]  Carew. 

KEE'PING,  ppr.  Holding  ;  restraining  ; 
preserving  ;  guarding  ;  protecting  ;  per- 
forming. 

KEE'PING,  n.  A  holding  ;  restraint ;  cus- 
tody ;  guard ;  preservation. 

2.  Feed  ;  fodder.  The  cattle  have  good 
keepine. 

3.  In  painting,  a  representation  of  objects  in 
the  manner  they  appear  to  the  eye  at  dif- 
ferent distances  from  it. 

KEE'PSAKE,n.  Any  thing  kept,  or  given  to 
be  kept  for  the  sake  of  the  giver  ;  a  token 
of  friendship. 

KEF'FEKIL,  n.  A  stone,  white  or  yellow, 
which  hardens  in  the  fire,  and  of  which 
Turkey  pipes  are  made.  JSi'icholson. 

KEG,  ji.  [Fr.  caque.]  A  small  cask  or  bar- 
rel ;  written  more  correctly  cag. 

KELL,  n.  A  sort  of  pottage.  [jVot  used  in 
Jlmerica.]  ./linsworth. 

KELL,  n.  The  caul  or  omentum.  [See 
Caul,  the  usual  orthography  of  the  word.] 

jyiseman. 

2.  The  chrysalis  of  the  caterpillar.    B.  Jonson. 

KELP,  n.  [Ar.  and  Pers.]  The  calcined  ash- 
es of  sea  weed,  used  in  the  manufactu 
of  glass.     This  is  a  dark  colored  alkaline 
substance,  which,  in  a  furnace,  vitrifies  and 
becomes  transparent.  Encyc. 

KELP'Y,  n.  An  imaginary  spirit  of  the  wa 
ters,  in  the  form  of  a  hoise.     [Local  and 
vulgar.] 

KEL'SON.     [See  Keelson.] 

KELT'ER,  n.  [Dan.  kilter,  to  gird,  to  truss 
up  ;  kitte,  a  folding.] 

The  (jhrase,  he  is  not  in  kelter,  signifies,  he  is 
not  in  a  proper  dress  or  equipage,  or  not 
in  readiness. 

KEMB,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cemban,  to  comb]  To 
comb,  which  see.  Kemb  is  an  obsolete  or- 
thography. B.  Jonson.     Dri/dcn. 

KERI'ELIN,  n.  [Qu.Gr.  xftjw);7.ioi',  furniture.] 
A  tub ;  a  brewer's  vessel.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

KEN,  V.  t.  [W.  ceniaw,  to  see;  ctiniaw,  to 
take  a  view,  to  perceive  ;  which  Owen  de- 
duces from  can,  coin,  clear,  bright,  fair, 
white,  and  sii;ht,  brightness,  and  this  coin- 
cides with  L.  canus,  white,  caneo,  to  be 
white,  and  this  with  L.  cano,  to  sing,  canto 
Eng.  to  cant,  to  chant.  These  coincide  in 
elements  with  G.  kennen,  to  know,  erken- 
ntn,  to  see,  know,  discern ;  D.  kennen. 
Sw.  kunna,  Dan.  kiender,  to  know,  to  be 
able  ;  Sa.\.  connan,  cunnan,  Goth,  kunnan, 
to  know.  In  Sa.x.  cennan  is  to  bear,  L. 
gigno,  Gr.  ytmau.  The  radical  sense  is  to 
strain,  extend,  reach.  In  Sans,  kanna  is 
an  eye.     See  Can.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance  ;  to  descry. 

Wc  ken  them  fioni  alUr.  Jlddison. 

3.  To  know  ;  to  understand.   Obs.  Shak.  Gay. 

[This  verb  is  used  chiejly  in  poetry.] 
KEN,  V.  i.  To  look  round.  Burton. 

KEN,  n.  View;  reach  of  sight. 

Coasting  they  kciit  the  land  within  tlieir  AeH. 

Dryden. 

KEN'DAL-GREEN,  n.  A  species  of  green 

cloth  made  of  kriulal.  Shak. 

KEN'NEL,  n.  [Vr.chenil ;  h.canile  ;    from 

L.  canis,  a  dog.] 

1.  A  house  or  cot  fur  dogs,  or  for  a  pack  of 
hounds. 

2.  A  pack  of  hounds  or  their  cry.        Encyc. 


3.  The  hole  of  a  fox  or  other  beast ;  a  haunt. 
KEN'NEL,  n.  [U.canale;  Fr.  canal ;  Eng. 
channel.] 

1.  The  water-coinse  of  a  street ;  a  little  ca- 
nal or  channel. 

2.  A  |)uddle. 
KEN'NEL,  I',  t.  To  lodge ;  to  lie  ;  to  dwell ; 

as  a  dog  or  a  fox. 

The  (log  kenneled  in  a  hollow  tree. 

L'Estrange. 

To  keep  or  confine  in  a 

TaUer. 

View  ;  sight.  Bacon. 

[VV.   cant,  a  hundred  ;   L, 


V.  I. 


,  n. 
n. 


KEN'NEL, 

kennel. 
KENNING 
KEN'TLE, 

centum.] 

In  commerce,  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight; 
as  a  kentk  of  fish.  [It  is  written  and  pro 
nounced  also  quintal.] 

KENT'LEDtiE,  ?!.  In  seamen's  language, 
pigs  of  iron  for  ballast  laid  on  the  floor  of 
a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  keep. 

KERB-STONE,  KIRB-STONE.  [See 
Curb-stone.] 

KERCHIEF,  n.  [contracted  from  cover- 
chief;  E'r.  coMiviV,  to  cover,  and  chef,  the 
head.     Chaitcer.] 

1.  A  head  dress ;  a  cloth  to  cover  the  head. 

Shak. 
A  cloth  used  in  dress.  Hayward. 

The  word  is  now  seldom  used,  except  in  its 
compound,  handkerchief,  and  sometimes 
neckerchief. 

KER'CHIEFED,  >        Dressed  ;     hooded  ; 

KER'CHIEFT,     (,"■    covered.  MUton 

KERF,  ?!.  [Sax.  cyrf;  ceorfan,  cearfan,  to 
cut,  Eng.  to  carve  ;  D.  kerf,  a  notch  ;  ker- 
vcn,to  cut;  G.  kerb,kerben,  Ir.  cearb.] 

The  cut  of  an  ax,  a  saw,  or  other  instru- 
ment ;  the  notch  or  slit  made  in  wood  by 
cutting. 


KERM'ES,  n.  [Ar. 


kiriniran,  coc- 


cus  baphica.     Castelt.] 

In  zoology,  an  insect  produced  in  the  ex- 
crescences of  a  species  of  small  oak,  or  the 
body  of  an  insect  transformed  into  a  grain, 
berry,  or  husk.  This  body  is  full  of  red 
dish  juice,  which  is  used  in  dyeing  red. 
Hence  the  word  cri'mTO/i.  Enci/c. 

KERM'ES-MINERAL,  n.  A  mineral  siih 
stance,  so  called  from  its  color.  It  is  a 
precipitate  of  antimony,  obtained  by  fu- 
sion with  a  fixed  alkali  and  subsequent  so 
luticn  in  boiling  water,  or  by  simple  ebul- 
lition. JVicholson.     Encyc. 

KERN,  n.  An  Irish  footman  or  foot-soldier. 

Spenser. 

2.  In  English  laws,  an  idle  person  or  vaga 
bond.  Encyc. 

iKERN,  n.    A  hand-mill  consisting  of  two 

I     stones,  one  of  which  is  turned  by  the  hand  ; 

I     usually  written  gwfrn,  which  see. 

2.  A  churn.     Obs. 

iKERN,  r.  i.  [G.  and  D.  kern,  a  kernel ;  G. 

I     kei-ticn,  to  ciudle.] 

11.  To  harden,  as  corn  in  ripening.       Carew. 

2.  To  take  the  form  of  corns  ;  to  granulate. 

I  Crete. 

KERN'-BABY,    n.   [corn-baby.]    An  image 

I     dressed    with    corn,   and   carried   before 

I     reapers  to  their  liarvest-home. 

KP^RN'EL,  n.  [Sax.  cyrnel,  a  little  corn 
grain  or  nut ;  G.  and  D.  kern  ;  Fr.  cer- 
neau  ;  W.  ciraren,  a  gland,  a  kernel.] 


i.  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the 
shell  of  a  nut.  .Wore. 

2.  Any  thing  included  in  a  shell,  husk  or  in- 
tegument ;  a  grain  or  corn  ;  as  a  kernel  of 
wheat  or  oats. 

3.  The  seed  of  pulpy  fruit ;  as  the  kernel  of 
an  apple.  Bacon. 

The  central   part  of  any  thing;  a  small 
mass  around  which  other  matter  is  con 
creted  ;  a  nucleus.  Jlrbuthnot. 

5.  A  hard  concretion  in  the  flesh. 

KERNEL,  t'.  i.  To  harden  or  ripen  into 
kernels  ;  as  the  seeds  of  plauts. 

KERN'ELLY,  a.  Full  of  kernels ;  resem- 
bling kernels. 

KERSEY,  n.  [\i.  kerzaai;  Fr.carisct;  Sp. 
carisea.] 

A  species  of  coarse  woolen  clolh;  a  coarse 
stuff  made  chiefly  in  Kent  and  Devon- 
shire in  England.  Encyc. 

KERVE,  r.  t.  To  carve.     [Xot  used.] 

jKERV'ER,  n.  A  carver.     IA'o(  used.] 

KE'SAR,  n.  [from  Cesar!]  .^n  emperor. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

KESTREL,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Falco, 
or  hawk  kind  ;  called  also  stannel  and 
iirindhover.  It  builds  in  hollow  oaks,  and 
feeds  on  quails  and  other  small  birds. 

Encyc. 

KETCH,  71.  [Fr.  quaiche ;  G.  and  D.  kits.] 
A  vessel  with  two  masts,  a  main  and  miz- 
cii-mast,  usually  from  JOO  to  250  tons  bur- 
den. Ketches  are  generally  used  as  yachts 
or  as  bomb-vessels.  The  latter  are  called 
bomb-ketches.  Mar.  Did. 

KETCHUP,  n.  A  sauce.     [See  Catchup.] 

KET'TLE,  n.  [Sax.  cell,  cetel  or  cylel;  G. 
kessel ;  D.  kefel  ;  Dan.  kedel  ;  S\v.  kitttl ; 
Russ.  kotel.] 

A  vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  with  a  wide 
mouth,  usually  without  a  cover,  used  for 
heating  and  boiling  water  or  other  liquor. 

Among  the  Tartars,  a  kettle  represents  a 
family,  or  as  many  as  feed  from  one  ket- 
tle. 

Among  Me  Dtitch,  a  battery  of  mortars  simk 
in  the  earth,  is  called  a  kettle.  Encyc. 

KET'TLE-DRLM,  n.  An  instrument  of 
martial  music,  composed  of  two  basins  of 
copper  or  brass,  rounded  at  the  bottoni 
and  covered  with  vellum  or  goat-skin. 

E/icyc. 

KET'TLE-DRUMMER,  n.  The  man  who 
beats  the  kettle-drum. 

KET"rLE-PINS,  ;i.  Ninepins;  skittles. 
iKEV  'EL,    ?!.   In   ships,  a  i)iece   of  timber 
serving  to  belay  the  slieets  or  great  ropes 
by  which  the  bottoms  of  the  fore-sail  and 
main-sail  are  extended.  Mar.  Dirt. 

|KEX,  n.  Hemlock;  the  stem  of  the  teasel; 
a  dry  stalk.     [See  Kecksy.] 

KEY,  n.  ke.  [Sa.\.  ca-g.]  In  a  general  sense, 
a  fastener;  that  which  fastens;  as  apiece 
of  wood  in  the  frame  of  a  builditig,  or  in  a 
chain,  &c. 

2.  An  instrun/cnt  for  shutting  or  opening  a 
lock,  by  pushing  the  bolt  one  way  or  the 
other.  Keys  are  of  various  forms,  and 
fitted  to  the  wards  of  the  locks  to  wliicb 
they  belong. 

3.  -An  instrument  by  which  something  is 
screwed  or  turned  ;  as  the  key  of  a  watch 
or  other  chronometer. 

4.  The  stone  which  hinds  an  arch.  [See 
Key-stone.] 


K  I  C 


K  I  D 


K  I  L 


5.  In  an  organ  or  harpsichord,  the  key,  or  fin 
ger  key  is  a  little  lever  or  piece  in  the  fore 
jiart  by  which  the  instrument  is  played  on 
by  the  fingers. 

0.  In  music,  the  key,  or  key  note,  is  the  fun- 
damental note  or  tone,  to  which  the  whole 
piece  is  accommodated,  and  with  which  it 
usually  begins  and  always  ends.  There 
are  two  keys,  one  of  the  major,  and  one  of 
the  minor  mode.  Key  sometimes  signifie; 
a  scale  or  system  of  intervals.     Rousseau. 

7.  An  index,  or  that  which  serves  to  explain 
a  cypher.     Hence, 

8.  That  which  serves  to  explain  any  thing 
difficult  to  be  understood. 

9.  In  the  Romish  church,  ecclesiastical  juris 
diction,  or  the  ])Ower  of  the  pope ;  or  the 
power  of  excommunicating  or  absolving. 

Encyc. 

10.  A  ledge  or  lay  of  rocks  near  the  surtace 
of  the  water. 

11.  The  husk  containing  the  seed  of  an  ash. 

Evelyn. 

KEY,  n.  [Jr.  ceigh;  D.  kaai ;  G.  kai ;  Fr. 
quai ;  Arm.  qae.  The  word  is  probably 
contracted  from  the  root  of  the  preceding 
word,  signifying,  to  hold,  make  fast,  re- 
strain.    Class  Cg.] 

A  bank  or  wharf  built  on  the  side  of  a  river 
or  harbor,  for  the  convenience  of  loading 
and  unloading  ships,  and  securing  them  in 
their  stations.  Hence  keys  are  furnished 
with  posts,  rings,  cranes,  capstans,  &c. 
It  is  sometimes  written  quay.  Encyc. 

KE'YAgE,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
key  or  quay. 

KE'Y-eOLD,  a.  Lifeless.     [ATotinvse.] 

KE'YED,  a.  Furnished  with  keys ;  as  a 
keyed  insU'ument. 

2.  Set  to  a  key,  as  a  tune. 

KE'YIIOLE,  71.  A  hole  or  aperture  in  a 
door  or  lock,  for  receiving  a  key. 

KE'YSTONE,  n.  The  stone  on  the  top  or 
middle  of  an  arch  or  vaidt,  which  being 
wider  at  the  top  than  at  the  bottom,  enters 
like  a  wedge  and  binds  the  work;  proper- 
ly, the  fastening-stone. 

KHAN,  n.  kaun.  In  Wsi'a,  a  governor;  a 
king ;  a  prince  ;  a  chief.  In  Persia,  the 
word  denotes  the  governor  of  a  province; 
among  the  Tartars,  it  is  equivalent  to 
king  or  prince.  Eton. 

2.  An  inn. 

KHANATE,  n.  kaun'ate.  The  dominion  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  khan.  Tooke. 

KIBE,  n.  [This  word  has  the  elements  of 
chajp,  gap,  gape.    Class  Gb.  No.  7.     Per- 

haps  it  is  of  Persian  origin,     •  .v^i  ^^ 

kafidan,  to  crack,  to  split.     Qu.  Dan.  kiebe. 

the  chops.] 
A  chap  or  crack  in  the  flesh  occasioned  by 

cold  ;    an  ulcerated  chilblain  ;    as  in   the 

heels. 
KI'BED,  a.  Chapped  ;   cracked  with  cold 

affected  with  chilblains  ;  as  kibed  heels. 

Darwin. 
KI'BY,  a.  Affected  with  kibes. 
KICK,  V.  t.  [W.  ciciaw,  from  etc,  the  foot. 


Owen.     Pers. 


^- 


a  kicking.] 


To  strike  with  the  foot ;  as,  a  horse  kicks  a 
servant ;  a  man  kicks  a  dog. 


KICK,  V.  i.  To  practice  striking  with  the  foot 

or  feet ;  as  a  horse  accustomed  to  kick. 
2.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  or  feet   with  vio- 
lence,  either   in   wantonness,   resistance, 
anger  or  contempt ;  to  manifest  opposition. 

Wherefore  kick  ye  at  my  sacrifice  ?     1  Sam. 
ii. 

Jeshurun  waxed  fat  anJ  kicked.    Deut.  xxxii. 

It  is  hai'd  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  goads. 
Acts  ix. 

KICK,  n.  A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet ;  a 

striking  or  thrust  of  the  foot. 
KICK'ED,  pp.  Struck  with  the  foot  or  feet. 
KICK'ER,  n.  One  that  kicks. 
KICK'ING,    ppr.    Striking  with  the  foot; 

thrusting  out  the  foot  with  violence. 
KICK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  the 

foot,  or  of  yerking  the  foot  with  violence. 

What  cannot  be  effected  by  kicking,  may 

sometimes  be  done  by  coaxing. 
KICK'SHAW,  n.  [corrupted  from  Fr.  gweZ- 

que  chose,  something.] 

1.  Something  fantastical  or  uncommon,  or 
something  that  has  no  particular  name. 

2.  A  dish  so  changed  by  cooking,  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  known.  Johyiso7i. 

KICK'SilOE,  »!.  A  dancer,  in  contempt ;  a 

caperer  ;  a  buffoon.     [A  word   used  only 

by  Milton.] 
KID,  n.  [Dan.  kid ; Sw. kid,kidling ;  W. cidus, 

a  goat,  cidysen,  a  young  goat ;  L.  hadus  ; 

vulgar  Gr.  yiSa;  Sans,  ada  ;  Turk. getsi; 

Heb.   Ch.  nj  ;  Syr.  i*,.^v  ''•  '^i*^'  i    Russ. 
kidayu,  to  throw,  to  bring  forth  young.] 

1.  A  young  goat. 

2.  A  faggot;  a  bundle  of  heath  and  furze. 

Eng. 

KID,  V.  t.  or  i.  To  bring  forth  a  young  goat. 

2.  To  make  into  a  bundle,  as  faggots.    Eng. 

KID,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cythan.]  To  show,  discover 
or  make  known.     Obs.  Gower. 

KID'DER,  n.  [Sw.  kyta,  to  truck.]  An  en- 
grosser of  corn,  or  one  who  carries  corn, 
provisions  and  merchandize  about  the 
country  for  sale.  Eiig. 

KID'DLE,  ti.  A  kind  of  wear  in  a  river  for 

catching  fish  ;  corruptly  pronounced  kitlle. 

Mag.  Chartn. 

KID'DOW,  n.  A  web-footed  fowl,  called  al- 
so guillemot,  sea-hen,  or  skout. 

Chambers. 

KID'LING,  n.  [Sw.]  A  young  kid. 

Browne. 

KID'NAP,  V.  t.  [G.  kinderdieh ;  D.  kinder- 
dief,  child-thief  Kid  is  usually  supposed 
to  be  contracted  frotn  kind,  a  child,  in 
which  case,  nap  may  be  the  oriental  33J, 
to  steal.     See  Knab.] 

To  steal  a  human  being,  man,  woman  or 
child  ;  or  to  seize  and  forcibly  carry  away 
any  person  whatever  from  his  own  coun- 
try or  state  into  another.  Encyc. 

Kip'NAPPED,  pp.  Stolen  or  forcibly  car- 
ried away  ;  as  a  human  being. 

KID'NAPPER,  n.  One  who  steals  or  forci 
bly  carries  away  a  human  being ;  a  man 
stealer. 

KID'NAPPING,  ppr.  Stealing  or  forcibly 
carrying  away  human  beings. 

KID'NAPPING,  n.  The  act  of  stealing,  or 
forcible  abduction  of  a  human  being  fron 
his  own  country  or  state.  This  crime  was 
capital  by  the  Jewish  law,  and  in  modern 
times  is  highly  penal. 


KIDNEY,  n.  [I  have  not  found  this  word 
in  any  other  language.] 

1.  The  kidneys  are  two  oblong  flattened 
bodies,  extending  from  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  ribs  to  the  fourth  lumbar  verte- 
bra, behind  the  intestines.  Their  use  is  to 
separate  the  urine  from  the  blood. 

Parr.     Quincy. 

2.  Sort;  kind.  [Jl  ludicroits  use  of  the  word.] 
^    ,  Shak. 

3.  A  cant  term  for  a  waiting  servant. 

TaUer. 

KIDNEY-BEAN,  n.  A  sort  of  bean  so  na- 
med from  its  resemblance  to  the  kidney. 
It  is  of  the  genus  Phaseolus. 

KIDNEY-FORM  ,     }  „  Having  the  form 

KID'NE  Y-SHAPED,  ]  "•  or  shape  of  a  kid- 
^^y-  Kirwan. 

KIDNEY-VETCH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Anthyllis. 

KIDNEY- WORT,  ji.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Saxifraga. 

KIF'FEKILL,    >  „    A  mineral,  the  meer- 

KEF'FEKILL,  S       schaum,  which  see. 

KIL,  n.  A  Dutch  word,  signifying  a  channel 
or  bed  of  a  river,  and  hence  a  stream. 

KIL'DERKIN,  n.  [Qu.  D.  kinderkin.]  A 
small  barrel ;  a  liquid  measure  containing 
two  firkins,  or  16  or  18  gallons.        Encyc. 

KILL,  I',  t.  [The  Dutch  has  keel,  the  throat, 
and  keelen,  to  cut  the  throat,  to  kill.  In 
Russ.  kolyu  is  to  stab.  But  this  word 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  cwell<in,  to  kill, 
to  quell,  that  is,  to  beat  down,  to  lay  ;  and 
if  so,  it  may  be  connected  witJi  D.  kwellen, 
G.  qualen,  Sw.  qualia,  Dan.  quceler,  to  tor- 
ment, but  in  Danish  to  .stifle,  choke  or 
quell.  This  affinity  is  rendered  probable 
by  the  seamen's  phrase,  to  kill  the  wind, 
that  is,  to  allay  or  destroy  it.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life,  animal  or  vegetable,  in 
any  manner  or  by  atiy  means.  To  kill  an 
animal  or  a  plant,  is  to  put  an  end  to  the 
vital  functions,  either  by  destroying  or  es- 
sentially injuring  the  organs  necessary  to 
life,  or  by  causing  them  to  cease  from  ac- 
tion. An  animal  may  be  killed  by  the 
sword  or  by  poison,  by  disease  or  by  suf- 
focation. A  strong  solution  of  salt  will 
kill  plants. 

2.  To  butcher :  to  slaughter  for  food  ;  as,  to 
kill  an  ox. 

3.  To  quell  ;  to  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still ; 
as,  in  seamen's  language,  a  shower  of 
rain  kills  the  wind. 

KIL'LAS,  n.  An  argillaceous  stone  of  a 
pale  gray  or  greenish  gray,  of  a  lamellar 
or  coarsely  granular  texture,  found  in 
Cornwall,  England.  JVicholson. 

KILL'DEE,  n.  A  small  bird  in  America,  sp 
called  from  its  voice  or  note  ;  a  species  of 
plover. 

KILL'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  life  ;  quelled  ; 
calmed. 

KILLER,  n.  One  who  deprives  of  life;  he 
or  that  which  kills. 

KILL'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  life  ;  quell- 
ing. 

KIL'LINITE,  n.  A  mineral,  a  variety  of 
spodumene,  found  at  Killeney,  in  Ireland. 

Taylor. 

KIL'LOW,  n.  An  earth  of  a  blackish  or 
deep  blue  color.  Jl'oodirard. 

KILN,  Jl.  kil.  ISux.  cyln,  from  n//fHc,  a  fur- 
nace or  kitchen ;  t.  culina  ;  W.  cyt  and 
cylyu.] 


KIN 


K  I  N 


K  1  N 


1.  A  large  stove  or  oven  ;  a  fabric  of  brick 
or  stone  which  may  be  heated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  liardening,  burning  or  drying  any 
tiling  ;  as  a  kiln  for  baking  or  hardening 
earthen  vessels  ;  a  kiln  for  drying  grain 
or  nictil. 

2.  A  pile  of  l)rick  constructed  for  burning  or 
hanleninf; ;  called  also  a  brick-kiln. 

KIL'N-DRIEU,  pp.  Dried  in  a  kiln. 

KlL'N-DRy,  i'.  t.  kil-dnj.  To  dry  in  a  kiln  ; 
as,  to  kiln-dru  meal  or  grain. 

KlL'N-DR'ilNfi,  ppr.   Drying  in  a  kiln. 

KIL'OGRAM,  V.  [V<:  kilogramme  ;  Gr.l 
;^i>.iot,  a  thousand, and  ypau^ia.    See  Gram.] 

In  the  new  system  of  French  weights  and 
measures,  a  thousand  grams.  According! 
to  Lunier,  the  kilogram  is  equal  in  weight, 
to  a  cubic  decimeter  of  water,  or  two 
pounds,  five  drams  and  a  half. 

KIL'OLITER,  »i.  [Vr.  kilolitre ;  Gr.  a:AK>c,' 
a  thousand,  and  xirpa,  u  Greek  measure. 
See  Liter.] 

In  the  new  French  nioasuies,  a  thojisand  li- 
ters; or  2CJ  tiailoiis  and  44,231  cubic  in- 
ches. Aeconliiig  to  Lunier,  it  is  nearly 
equal  to  a  tun  of  wine  of  Bourdoaiix. 

KILOM'KTKli,  n.  [Fr.  kilometre  ;  Gr. 
ZO.1.01.,  a  lllou^und,  aud  /ufrpoi',  u  meter.] 

In  the  French  system  of  measures,  a  thou- 
sand meters  ;  the  meter  being  the  unit  of 
bnear  measure.  The  kilometer  is  nearly 
equal  to  a  quarter  of  a  French  league. 

Z,«jiiVr. 

KIT.T,  n.  A  kind  of  short  petticoat  worn  by| 
the  highlauders  of  Scotland. 

KILT,  pp.  Killed.     Ohs. 

KIM'IJO,       I        [probablv  from  the  Celtic 

KIM'BOW,  ^  "•  cam,  crooked.  Tlie  Italian 
sghembo,  crooked,  awry,  is  from  the  same 
source.] 

Crooked  ;  arched  ;  bent ;  as  a  kimbo  handle. 

Drydeti. 

To  set  the  arms  a  kimhn,  is  to  set  the  hands 
on  the  hips,  with  the  elbows  projecting! 
outward.  j 

KIN,  n.  [Sax.  n/»,  rynn,  or  ciitd,  gerynd,\ 
kind,  geiuis,  race,  relation  ;  Ir.  cine ;  G.i 
Atnrf,  a  child  ;  D.  kind  ;  W.  cenal,  ccnaut ; 
L.genvs;    Gr.  •yf^05 ;  connected   with  L. 

figno,  geno,  Gr.  yiro/toi.      Class  Gn.  No. 
9.     See  Begin.] 

1.  Relation,  properly  by  consanguinity  or 
blood,  but  perhaps  sometimes  used  for  re- 
lation by  affinity  or  marriage. 

This  nitin  is  of  kin  to  me. 

Bacon.     Drydin. 

2.  Relatives  ;  kindred  ;  persons  of  the  same 
race. 

— The  father,  mother  and  the  kin  beside. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  relation  ;  a  relative.  Davies. 

4.  The  same  generical  class ;  a  thing  rela- 
ted. 

And  the  car-deafening  voice  of  th'  oracle. 
Kin  to  Jove's  thunder.  Shak. 

5.  As  a  termination,  kin  is  used  as  a  dimin- 
utive, denoting  small,  from  the  sense  of 
cWW;  as  in  manikin,  a  little  man  ;  Tom- 
kin,  Jf'ilkin,  Pipkin. 

KIN,  a.  Of  the  same  nature  ;  kindred  ;  con- 
gpma].  Chaucer.', 

KIN'ATE,  ».  .\  salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
kinic  acid  with  a  base.  "  Jjre.\ 

KIND,   n.     [Sax.  cyn,  or  cynn.     See  Kin.] 

1.  Race  ;  genus ;  generic  class ;    as  in  mon-| 

Vol.  II. 


kind  or  humantinrf.  In  technical  lan- 
guage, kind  answers  to  genits. 

2.  Sort,  in  a  sense  more  loose  than  gciuis; 
as,  there  are  several  kinds  of  eloquence 
and  of  style,  many  kinds  of  music,  many 
kinds  of  govermnent,  various  kinds  of  ar- 
chitecliue  or  of  painting,  various  kinds  of 
soil,  &c 

■3.  Particular  nature  ;  as  laws  most  perfect 
in  their  kind.  Baker. 

4.  Natural  state;  produce  or  commodity,  as 
distinguished  from  money ;  as  taxes  paid 
in  kind. 

5.  Nature;  natural  propensity  or  determina- 
tion. 

Some  of  you,  on  pure  instinct  of  nature 
Arc  led  by  kind  I'  admire  your  fellow  creature. 

Dryden 

6.  Manner ;  way.     [Lillle  vsed.]  Bacon. 

7.  Sort.  He  spoke  with  a  kind  of  scorn  or 
contempt. 

KIND,  a.  [W.  and  Arm.  c«n,  kind,  favora- 
ble, attractive.  In  Ir.  ceann,  is  aflection. 
This  word  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  the  preceding,  but  in  sense  it  coin- 
cides best  with  the  Teutonic  gunstig,  fa- 
vorable, kind,  from  G.  gonnen,  to  be  glad 
or  pleased,  to  love  to  see,  to  favor,  D. 
gunnen,  to  grant  or  vouchsafe.] 

1.  Disposed    to   do  good   to  others,  and  to 


make  them  happy  by  granting  their  re- 
quests, supplying    their  wauls   or   assist 
ing  them  in  distress;    having  tenderness 
or  goodness  of  nature  ;    benevolent ;   be 
nignant. 

God  is  kind  to  the  unthankful,  and  to   the 
evil.     Luke  vi. 

Be  ye  kind  one   to  another,  tender-hearted 
Eph.  iv. 

Proceeding  from  tenderness  or  goodness 

of  heart  ;    benc\oleut;    as  a  Aiwrf  act ;    a 

kind  return  of  fa\or.s. 
KIND'ED,  a.  Begotten.     Obs.     [See  AVii.] 

Spenser. 
KIN'DLE,   V.  /.     [VV.  cynneu;  h.  accendo ; 

from  the  root  oi  candeo,  caneo,  to  be  light 

or  white,  to  shine.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire ;  to  cause  to  burn  willi 
flame  ;  to  light ;  as,  to  kindle  a  fire. 

2.  To  inflame,  as  the  passions;  to  e.xasper- 
ate  ;  to  rouse ;  to  provoke  ;  to  excite  to  ac- 
tion; to  heat;  to  lire  ;  to  animate;  as,  to 
kindle  anger  or  wrath  ;  to  kindle  resent- 
ment ;  to  kindle  the  flame  of  love,  or  love 
into  a  flame. 

So  is  a  contentious   woman  to  kindle  strife 
Prov.  sxvi. 

To  bring  forth.  [Sax.  cennan.]  [jVotused.] 

ShakJ 
KIN'DLE,   V.  i.   To  take  fire  ;    to  begin  to! 

biirn  vyith  flame.     Fuel  and  lire  well  laid 

will  kindle  without  a  bellows. 
2.  To  begin  to  rage,  or  be  violently  excited ; 

to  be  roused  or  exasperated. 

It  shall  kindle  in  the  thickets  of  the  forest 
Is.  ix. 

KINDLED,  pp.  Set  on  fire  ;  inflamed ;  ex- 
cited into  action. 

KIN'DLER,  n.  He  or  that  which  kindles  or 
.sets  on  fire. 

KiNDLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  kindness;  un- 
iiaU'ral.  Shak. 

KINDLINESS,  n.  Aflection;  affectionate 
disposition ;  benignity. 

2.  Natural  disposition.  Milfoil. 

3 


KIN'DLING, p/jr.  Setting  on  fire;  causing 
to  burn  with  llame  ;   exciting  into  action. 

KINDLY,  o.  [See  Aznrf,  the  noun.]  Ilomo- 
gcneal;  congenial;  kindred;  of  the  same 
nature.  This  Johnson  supposes  to  be  the 
original  sense ;  hut  it  is  also  used  as  a  de- 
rivative of  the  adjective,  in  the  sense  of 

2.  Mild  ;  bland  ;  softening  ;  as  kiyidly  show- 
<"••«■  Prior. 

KINDLY,  adv.  With  good  will ;  with  a  dis- 
position to  make  others  haiijiv  or  to  oblige ; 
benevolently  ;  favorably.  Let  the  poor°be 
treated  kindly. 

Ke  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another,  with 
brotherly  love —     Rom.  xii. 

And  he  comforted  ihcni,  and  spake  kindlu 
unto  tliem.     Gen.  1. 

KINDNESS,  n.   [from  kind,  the  adjective.] 

1.  Good  will :  benevolence  ;  that  temper  or 
disposition  which  delights  in  contributing 
to  the  hapjiiness  of  others,  which  is  exer- 
cised cheerfully  in  gratilying  their  wishes, 
supplying  their  wants  oi"  alleviatiufr  their 
distresses;  benignity  of  nature.  Kindness 
ever  accompanies  love. 

There  is  no  man  whose  kindness  we  may  not 
sometime  want,  or  by  whose  malice  we  may 
not  sometime  suffer.  Rambler. 

Act  of  good  will ;  beneficence;  any  act  of 
benevolence  which  promotes  the  "happi- 
ness or  welfare  of  others.  Charity,  hos- 
pitahty,  attentions  to  the  wants  of  others, 
&c.,  are  deemed  acts  of  kindness,  or  kind- 
nesses.    Acts  xxviii. 

KIK'DRED,  n.  [from  kin,  kind;  Sax. 
cynren  ;  \V.  cenal,  cenedyl.] 

I.  Relation  by  birth  ;  cnnsanguinity. 

Like  her,  of  equal  kindred  to  the  throne. 

Dryden. 
Relation  by  marriage;  affinity. 
Relatives  by   blood   or   marriage,    more 
properly  the" former. 

1  hou  shalt  njo  unto  my  country  and  to  my 
kindred.     Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  Relation  ;  suit ;  connection  in  kind. 

Shak. 

KIN'DRED,  a.  Related;  congenial;  of  the 
like  nature  or  properties ;  as  kindred  souls  ; 
kindred  skies.  Dryden. 

KINE,  plu.  of  cow  ;  D.  koeyen.  But  coics, 
the  regular  iilural,  is  now  iii  general  use. 

KING,  n.  [Sax.  cyng,  cynig,  or  cyning ;  G. 
kcimg;  D.  koning;  iiw.  koniing,  kiing ; 
Dan.  kongc;  W.  cihi,  achief,  a  leader,  one 
that  attracts  or  draws.  If  the  Welsh  word 
is  the  same  or  of  the  same  family,  it  proves 
that  the  primary  sense  is  a  leader,  a  guide, 
or  one  who  goes  before,  for  the  radical 
sense  of  the  verb  must  be  to  draic.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  the  Ir.  cean, 
head,  and  with  the  oriental  khan, or  kaun. 
The  primary  seuse  is  probably  a  head,  a 
leader.] 

1.  The  chief  or  sovereign  of  a  nation;  a 
man  invested  with  supreme  authority  over 
a  nation,  tribe  or  country  ;  a  monarch. 
Kings  are  absolute  monarchs,  when  they 
possess  the  powers  of  government  with- 
out control,  or  the  entire  sovereignty  over 
a  nation  ;  they  arc  limited  monarchs^  when 
their  power  is  restrained  by  fixed  laws; 
and  they  are  absolute,  when  they  possess 
the  whole  legislative,  judicial,  and  execu- 
tive power,  or  when  tlie  legislative  or  ju- 
dicial powers,  or  both,  are  vested  in  other 
bodies  of  men.  Kings  are  hereditary  sove- 
reigns, when  they  hold  the  powers  of  gov- 


K  I  N 


K  I  S 


K  N  A 


Pi-ninenl  by  right  of  birth  or  inheritance, 
and  elective,  when  raised  to  the  throne  by 
choice. 

Kin^s  will  be  tyrants  from  policy,  when  sub- 
jects are  rebels  from  principle.  Burke. 

2.  A  sovereign  ;  a  prince ;  a  ruler.  Christ 
is  called  the  king  of  liis  church.     Ps.  iu 

3.  A  card  having  the  picture  of  a  king  ;  as 
the  king  of  diamonds. 

4.  Tlie  cliief  piece  in  thegaine  of  chess. 
King  at  arms,  an  officer  in  England  of  great 

antiquity,  and  formerly  of  great  authority, 
wliose  business  is  to  direct  the  heralds, 
preside  at  their  cha])ters,  and  have  the 
jurisdiction  of  armory.  There  are  three 
kings  at  arms,  viz.  garter,  clarencieux, 
i\nd  norroy.  The  latter  [northroy]  offi- 
ciates north  of  the  Trent.  Encyc. 

KING,  V.  t.  In  ludicrous  language,  to  supply 
with  a  king,  or  to  make  royal ;  to  raise  to 
royalty.  Shak. 

KING'APPLE,  71.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called. 

KING'S  BENCH,  n.  A  high  court  or  tribu- 
nal in  England;  so  called  because  the  king 
used  to  si^  there  in  person.  It  is  the  su- 
preme court  of  common  law,  consisting  of 
a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices. 

Blackstone. 

KINGBIRD,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Para- 
disea  ;  also,  a  species  of  the  genus  Musci- 
capa,  so  called  from  its  courage  in  attack- 
ing larger  fowls. 

KING'€R>AFT,  n.  The  craft  of  kings;  the 
act  of  governing  ;  iisitally  in  a  bad  sense. 

KING'€UP,  n.  A  flower,  crowfoot.       Gay. 

KING'S-EVIL,  n.  A  disease  of  the  scrofu- 
lous kind. 

K'ING  FISHER,  w.  A  fowl  of  the  genus 
Alcedo. 

KING'S-SPEAR,  ?i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Asphodelus. 

KING'STONE,  n.  A  fish.  Ainsworth. 

KING'DOM,  H.  [king  and  dom,  jurisdic- 
tion.] 

I.  The  territory  or  country  subject  to  a  king ; 
an  undivided  territory  under  the  domin- 
ion of  a  king  or  monarch.  The  foreign 
possessions  of  a  king  are  not  usually  inclu- 
ded in  the  term  kingdom.  Thus  we  speak 
of  the  kingdom  of  England,  of  France  or 
of  Spain,  without  including  the  East  or 
West  Indies. 

3.  The  inhabitants  or  population  subject  to 
a  king.     The  whole  kingdom  was  alarmed. 

3.-  In  natural  history,  a  division  ;  as  the  ani- 
mal, vegetable  and  mineral  kingdoms. 

4.  A  region  ;  a  tract ;  the  place  where  any 
thing  prevails  and  holds  sway ;  as  the 
watery  kingdom.  Shak. 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  government  or  universal 
dominion  of  God.  1  Chron.  x.xix.  Ps. 
cxlv. 

6.  The  power  of  supreme  administration. 
1  Sam.  xviii. 

7.  A  princely  nation  or  state. 

Ve  shall  be  unto  me  a  kingdom  of  priests. 
Ex.  xix. 

8.  Heaven.     Matt.  xxvi. 

9.  State  of  glory  in  heaven.     Matt.  r. 

10.  The  reign  of  the  Messiah.     Matt.  iii. 

II.  Government;  rule:  supreme  adminis 
tration. 

KING'DOMED,  a.   Proud  of  royalty. 

Shak. 


KING'IIOOD,  ji.    State  of  being  a  king. 

Obs.  Gower. 

KING'LESS,  a.  Having  no  king.      Byron. 
KING'LIKE,  a.  Likeakiiig. 
KING'LING,  n.  A  httle  king. 
KING'LY,  a.  Belonging  to  a  king;  suitable 

to  a  king  ;  as  a  kingly  couch.  Shak. 

2.  Royal ;  sovereign ;  niouarcbical ;  as  a 
kingly  government. 

3.  Noble  ;  august ;  splendid  j  becoming  a 
king  ;  as  kingly  magnificence. 

KING'LY,  adv.  With  an  air  of  royalty  ;  with 
a  superior  dignity. 
Low  bow'd  the  rest  ;  he,  kingly,  did  but  nod. 

Pope 

KING'SHIP,  n.  Royalty;  the  state,  office 
or  dignity  of  a  king.  King  Charles. 

KIN'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  cinchona;  as 
the  kinic  acid.  Ure. 

KINK,  n.  [Svv.  kink,  D.  kink,  a  bend  or 
turn.     Qu.  L.  cingo.] 

The  twist  of  a  rope  or  thread,  occasioned  by 
a  spontaneous  winding  of  the  rope  or 
thread  when  doubled,  that  is,  by  an  effort 
of  hard  twisted  ropes  or  threads  to  un- 
twist, they  wind  about  each  other. 

KINK,  V.  i.  To  wind  into  a  kink;  to  twist 
spontaneously. 

KINK'HAUST,  n.  The  chincough.  [JVot 
tcsed.] 

KI'NO,  )!.  An  astringent  resin  obtained 
from  an  African  tree.  Hooper. 

&'iHa  consists  of  tannin  and  extractive. 

Ure. 

KINS'FOLK,  ».  [kin  and  folk.]  Relations 
kindred ;  persons  of  the  same  family 
06,9. 

KINS'MAN,  n.  [kin  and  man.]  A  man  of 
the  same  race  or  family  ;  one  related  by 
blood.  Dryden. 

KINS'WoMAN,  Ji.  A  female  relation. 

Dennis. 

KI1"PER,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  salmon, 
when  unfit  to  be  taken,  and  to  the  time 
when  they  are  so  considered.  Eng. 

KIRK,  n.  kurk.  [Sax.  cyrc  or  ciric ;  Gr. 
xiiptaxj;,  from  xvptoj,  lord.] 

In  Scotland,  a  church.  This  is  the  same 
word  as  church,  differently  written  and 
pronounced.     [See  Church.] 

KIRK'MAN,  n.  One  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land. 

KIR'TLE,;Ji.  ker'tl.  [Sa.x.cyrtel ;Sw.  kiortel] 

1.  An  upper  garment ;  a  gown  ;  a  petticoat ; 
a  short  jacket  ;  a  mantle. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  A  rpiantity  of  flax,  about  a  hundred 
pounds.  Encyc. 

[I  know  not  that  this   word  is  used  in 

Jlmeiica.] 
KIR'TLED,  a.  Wearing  a  kirtle. 
KISS,   V.  t.    [Sax.  cyssan;   G.  kilsstn;   D. 

kuschen  ;  Sw.  kyssa  ;  Uan.  kysser.] 

1.  To  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  To  treat  with  fondness  ;  to  caress. 
The  hearts  of  princes  kiss  obedience. 

Shah. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 

When  the  sweet  wind   did   gently  kiss  the 
trees.  Sliak. 

KISS,  71.  A  salute  given  with  the  lips;  a  com- 
mon token  of  aflection. 
KISS'ED,  pp.  Saluted  with  a  kiss. 
KISS'ER,  71.  One  that  kisses. 
KISS'ING,  p2""-  Saluting  with  the  lips. 


KISS'ING-€C»MFIT,  n.  Perfumed  sugar- 
plums to  sweeten  the  breath.  Shak^ 

KISS'ING-€RUST,  n.  In  cookery,  the  crust 
of  a  loaf  that  touches  another. 

iKIST,  n.  A  chest.     [JVbi  used.] 

•KIT,  n.  [D.  kit.]     A  large  bottle.      Skinner. 

i2.  A  small  fiddle.  Grew. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish- tub,  and  a  milk-pail. 

Entick. 
[I  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in 
America.] 

KIT'-CAT,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  club  in 
London,  to  which  Addison  and  Steele  be- 
longed ;  so  called  from  Christopher  Cat,  a 
pastry  cook,  who  served  the  club  with 
mutton  pies ;  applied  also  to  a  portrait 
three  fourths  less  than  a  half  length,  pla- 
ced in  the  club-room.  Todd. 

KITCH'EN.  71.  [Sax.  cycene  ;  G.  kiiche  ;  D. 
keuken  ;  Sw.  kok;  Dan.  kokke  ;  W.  cegin; 
It.  cucina  ;  L.  coquina ;  Sp.  cocina  ;  from 
the  root  of  L.  coquo,  to  cook.] 

1.  A  cook-room ;  the  room  of  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  cookery. 

A  fat  kitchen  makes  a  lean  will.       Franklin  ■ 

2.  In  ships,  the  galley  or  caboose. 

3.  A  utensil  for  roasting  meat ;  as  a  tin 
kitchen. 

KITCH'EN-GARDEN,  n.  "A  garden  or 
piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  rais- 
ing of  vegetables  for  the  table. 

KITCHEN-MAID,  n.  A  female  servant 
whose  business  is  to  clean  the  kitchen  and 
utensils  of  cookery,  or  in  general,  to  do  the 
work  of  a  kitchen. 

KITCHEN-STUFF,  n.  Fat  collected  from 
pots  and  dripping  pans.  Donne. 

KITCHEN-WENCH,  77.  The  woman  who 
cleans  the  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery. 

KITCH'EN- WORK,  7!.  Work  done  in  the 
kitchen  ;  as  cookery,  washing,  &.c. 

KITE,  71.  [Sax.  cyta.]  A  rapacious  fowl  of 
the  genus  Falco  or  hawk,  remarkable  fo? 
gliding  through  the  air  without  frequently 
moving  its  wings  ;  hence  called  glide. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach,  denoting  rapacity. 

Shak. 

3.  A  light  frame  of  wood  and  paper  con- 
structed for  flying  in  the  air  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  boys. 

KITE,  71.  In  the  north  of  England,  the  belly. 
KI'TEFQOT,  71.  A  sort  of  tobacco,  so  called. 
KI'TESFOOT,  71.  A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

KITH,  71.  [Sax.  cyththe.]  Acquaintance.  06*. 

Gower. 
KIT'LING,  71.  [h.calulus.]    A  whelp;  the 

vonnw  of  a  beast.  B.  Jonson. 

KiT'TEN,  71.    kifn.    [D.  katje.]     A  young 

cat,  or  the  young  of  the  cat. 
KIT'TEN,  r."i.  kit'n.  To  bring  forth  young, 

as  a  cat. 
KIT'TIWAKE,   71.    A  fowl  of  the  genus 

Larus,  or  gull  kind. 
KIT'TLE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  citelan.]     To  tickle. 

LYot  used.]  Sherwood. 

KLICK,    V.  i.    [a  different  orthography  or 

diminutive  of  clack.] 

1.  To  make  a  .<malJ,  sharp  sound  by  striking 
two  things  together. 

2.  In  Scotland,  to  jjilfer,  by  taking  with  a 
snatch. 

KLICK,  71.    A  stroke  or  blow.  [A  word  in 

vulgar  tisc] 

KNAB,  V.  t.  nab.  [D.  knapptn  ;  G.  id.]     To 

bite  ;   to  gnaw  ;    to  nibble.  [This  word! 


K  N  A 


K  N  E 


K  N  I 


may  belong  to  tlic  root  of  nibble,  and  it 
properly  signifies  to  catch  or  seize  sud- 
denly with  the  teeth.]  UEstrange.^ 
KNAB'BLE,  v.  u  To  bite  or  nibble.  [.Voij 
used.]  Brown. 
KNACK,  n.  nak.  A  little  machine ;  a  petty 
contrivance;  a  toy. 

A  knack,  a  toy,  a  trick,  a  baby's  cap. 

Shak. 

2.  A  readiness;  habitual  facility  of  perform- 
ance ;  dexterity ;  adroitness. 

My  author  has  a  great  knack  at  remarks. 

Atterbury. 
The  Dean  was  famous  in  his  time. 
And  had  a  kind  of  knack  at  rliyme.       Swift. 

3.  A  nice  trick. 

For  how  'should  equal  colors  do  the  knack  7 
Cameleons  who  can  paint  in  wliite  and  black  ? 

Pope. 
KNACK,   V.  i.    nak.    [G.   knacken ;    Dan. 

knager.] 

To  crack ;    to  make   a  sharp  abrupt  noise 

[LUlleuscd.]  Johnwn. 

KNACK'ER,  n.  nak'er.   A  maker  of  knacks, 

toys  or  small  work.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  rope-maker,  or  collar-maker,     [j^ot  in 

use.]  ^ilinsworth.     Entick. 

KN.\G,  n.    nag.    [Dan.  knag,  Sw.  knagg,  a 

knot  in  wood,  Ir.  cnag,  \V.  cnicc.] 

1.  A  knot  in  wood,  or  a  protuberant  knot ;  a 
wart. 

2.  A  peg  for  hanging  things  on. 

3.  The  shoot  of  a  deer's  horns. 
KXAG'GY,     n.    nag'gy.    Knotty;    full   of 

knots;  rough  with  knots;  hence,  rough  in 

temper. 
KNAP,  n.  nap.  [Sax.cnwp,  W.  cnop,  abut- 

ton,  a  knob,  D.  knop.] 
A  protuberance  ;    a  swelling.     [Little  used. 

See  Knob.]  Bacon 

KNAP,  V.  t.  nap.  [D.  knappen.     See  Knab.] 

1.  To  bite;  to  bite  off;  to  break  short.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  More. 

2.  To  strike   with  a  sharp  noise.      [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

KNAP,  V.  i.    nap.    To  make  a  short,  sharp 

sound.  jriseman. 

KNAP'BOTTLE,  n.  nap'bottle.  A  plant. 
KNAP'PISH,  a.  nap'pish.  Snappish.     [See 

Snap.] 
KNAP'PLE,  V.  i.  nap' pie.  To  break  off  with 

an  abrupt  .sharp  noise. 
KNAP'SACK,  n.  nap' sack.  [G.  knappsack ; 

D.  knapzak,  from  knappen,  to  eat.] 
A  soldier's  bag,  carried  on  his  back,  and  con 

taining  necessaries  of  food  and  clothing. 

It  may  be  of  lether  or  coarse  cloth. 
KNAP'WEED,  n.  nap' weed.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Centaurea,  so  called  probably  from 

knap,  a  button.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

KN'AR,   n.    n'ar.    [G.  knor  or  knorren  :  D. 

knor.]     A  knot  in  wood.  Dryden. 

KN'ARLED,  a.  Knotted.  [See  Gnarled.] 
KN'ARRY,  a.  Knotty.  Chaucer. 

ICN.WE,  n.    nave.    [Sax.  cnapa  or  cnafa,  a 

boy ;    G.  knabe ;    D.  knaap  ;    Dan.  knab  ; 

originally,  a  boy  or  young  man,    then 

servant,  and  lastly  a  rogue.] 

1.  A  boy  ;  a  man-child.     06s. 

2.  A  servant.     04s.  Dryden. 

3.  A  false  deceitful  fellow;  a  dishonest  man 
or  boy. 

In  defiance  of  demonstration,  knaves  will  con- 
tinue to  proselyte  fools.  .iines 

4.  A  card  with  a  soldier  painted  on  it. 

Hudibras. 


KNA'VERY,  n.  na'vety.  Dishonesty ;  de- 
ception in  traffick  ;  trick  ;  petty  villainy  ; 
fraud.  Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  Mischievous  tricks  or  ])ractices. 

KNAVISH,  a.  na'vish.  Dishonest; 
lent ;  as  a  knainsh  fellow,  or  a 
trick  or  transaction. 

2.  Waggish ;  mischievous. 
Cupid  is  a  knavish  lad. 
Thus  to  make  poor  females  mad. 


fraud  u- 
knavish 


Shak. 


KNA'VISIILY,  7iavishly.  Dishonestly; 
fraudulently. 

2.  Waggishly ;  mischievously. 
KNA'VISHNESS,     n.    na'vishness.      The 

quality  or  habit  of  knavery  ;  dishonesty. 

KNAW'EL,  n.    naw'el.  A  species  of  plant. 

KNEAD,  r.t.  nead.  [Sax.  cnmdan ;  G.  kne- 
tcn  ;  D.  kneeden ;  Dan.  kneder ;  Sw.  knS.- 
da.] 

To  work  and  press  ingredients  into  a  mass, 
usually  with  the  hands ;  particularly,  to 
work  into  a  well  mixed  mass  the  materi- 
als of  bread,  cake  or  paste ;  as,  to  knead 
dough. 

The  cake  she  kneaded  was  the  savory  meat. 

Prior. 

KNE'ADED,  pp.  ne'aded.  Worked  and 
pressed  together. 

KNE'ADING,  ppr.  ne'ading.  Working  and 
mixing  into  a  well  mixed  mass. 

KNEADING-TROUGH,  n.  ne'ading-trauf. 
A  trough  or  tray  in  which  dough  is  work 
ed  and  mixed. 

IKNEB'ELITE,  n.  neb'elite.  [from  Von 
Knebel.] 

A  mineral  of  a  gray  color,  spotted  with  dirty 
white,  brownish  green,  or  green. 

Phillips. 

KNEE,  n.  nee.  [Sax.  cneotv ;  G.  knie;  D. 
knie  ;  Sw.  kna  ;  Dan.  Ana: ;  Fr.  g-e?!ou  ;  It 
ginocchio  ;  L.  genu  ;  Gr.  yon  ;  Sans,  janu 
As  the  same  word  in  Saxon  signifies  gen- 
eration, it  appears  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  ywofuu,  geno,  and  to  signify  a  shoot  or 
protuberance.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  articulation  of  the  thigh 
and  leg  bones. 

3.  In  ship-building,  a  piece  of  timber  some- 
what in  the  shape  of  the  human  knee 
when  bent,  having  two  branches  or  arms, 
and  used  to  connect  the  beams  of  a  ship 
with  her  sides  or  timbers.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNEE,  v.t.  nee.  To  supplicate  by  kneeling. 

[^rot  used.]  Shak. 

KNEE-eRQOKING,  o.  nee'crooking.    Ob 

sequious.  Shcik. 

KNEED,  a.    need.    Having  knees;    as  j?i 

kneed,  out-kneed. 

2.  In  botany,  geniculated ;  forming  an  ob- 
tuse angle  at  the  joints,  like  the  knee 
when  a  little  bent ;  as  knecd-grass. 

Martyn. 
KNEE-DEEP,  a.  nee'-deep.    Rising  to  the 

knees  ;  as  water  or  snow  knee-deep. 
2.  Sunk  to  the  knees ;  as  wading  in  water 

nr  mire  knee-deep. 
KNEE-lIIGH,a.  nee-hi.  Rising  to  the  knees; 

as  water  knee-high. 
KNEE'llOLLY,   n.    nee'holly.    A  plant  of| 

the  genus  Ruscus. 
KNEE'HOLM,  n.  nee'home.  Kneeholly. 
KNEE'PAN,  n.  nee'pan.    The  round  bone 

on  the  fore  part  of  the  knee. 
KNEEL,  r.  i.  neel.    [D.  knielen ;  Dan.  knce- 

ler;     Fr.   ageuouiller,   from    genouil,    the 

knee.] 


To  bend  the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees : 
sometimes  with  down. 

.■Vs  soon  as  you  are  dressed,  kneel  doten  and 
say  the  Lord's  prayer.  Taylor. 

KNEE  LER,  n.  nee'ler.  One  who  kneels  or 
worships  by  kneeling. 

KNEE'LING,  ppr.  nee'ling.  Falling  on  the 
knees. 

KNEE'TRIBUTE,  n.  nee'tribule.  Tribute 
paid  by  kneeling ;  worship  or  obeisance 
by  genuflection.  Milton. 

KNELL,  n.  nell.  [Sax.  cnyll ;  cnyllan,  to 
beat  or  knock ;  W.  cnul,  a  passing  bell; 
G.  knalleyi,  to  clap  or  crack;  Sw.knalla  ; 
Dan.  gneller,  to  bawl.] 

Properly,  the  stroke  of  a  bell ;  hence,  the 
sound  caused  by  striking  a  bell ;  appro- 
priately and  perhaps  exclusively,  the 
sound  of  a  bell  rung  at  a  funeral  ;  a  toll- 
ing. 

KNEW,  pret.  of  know. 

KNIFE,  n.  nife;  plu.  knives;  nives.  [Sax. 
cnif;  Dan.  kniv ;  Sw.  knif;  Fr.  ganif  or 
canif.  This'  word  seems  to  have  a  con- 
nection with  the  D.  knippen,  Sw.  knipa,  to 
clip  or  pinch,  to  nip ;  Dan.  kniber,  G. 
kneifen,  AY.  cneiriaw,  to  clip,  to  shear.  Its 
primary  sense  then  is  an  instrument  that 
nips  off,  or  cuts  off  with  a  stroke.] 

1,  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  sharp  edge. 
Knives  are  of  various  shapes  and  sizes, 
adapted  to  tlieir  respective  uses  ;  as  table 
knives;  carving  k7iives  or  carvers;  pen- 
knivcs,  &c. 

2.  A  sword  or  dagger.  Spenser. 
KNIGHT,    n.     nite.    [Sax.  cniht,  cneohi,  a 

boy,  a  servant,  Ir.  cniocbt,  G.  knecht,  D. 
knegt,  Sw.  knecht,  Dan.  knegt.] 

1.  Originally,  a  knight  was  a  youth,  and 
jouug  men  being  employed  as  servants, 
hence  it  came  to  signify  a  servant.  But 
among  our  warlike  ancestors,  the  word 
was  particularly  applied  to  a  young  man 
after  he  was  admitted  to  the  privilege  of 
bearing  arms.  The  admission  to  this 
privilege  was  a  ceremony  of  great  impor- 
tance, and  was  the  origin  of  the  institu- 
tion of  knighthood.  Hence,  in  feudal 
times,  a  knight  was  a  man  admitted  to 
military  rank  by  a  certain  ceremony. 
This  privilege  was  conferred  on  youths  of 
family  and  fortune,  and  hence  sprung  the 
honorable  title  of  knight,  in  modern  usage. 
A  knight  has  the  title  of  Sir. 

Encyc.     Johnson. 

2.  A  pupil  or  follower.      *  Shak. 

3.  A  champion.  Drayton. 
Knight  of  the  post,  a  knight   dubbed  at  the 

whipping  post  or  pillory  ;  a  hireling  wit- 
ness. Johnson. 

Knight  of  the  shire,  in  England,  one  of  the 
representatives  of  a  county  in  parliament, 
originally  a  knight,  but  now  any  gentle- 
man having  an  estate  in  land  of  six  hun- 
dred pounds  a  year  is  qualified.     Johnson. 

KNIGHT,  I',  t.  nite.  To  dub  or  create  a 
knight,  which  is  done  by  the  king  who 
gives  the  person  kneeling  a  blow  with  a 
sword,  and  says,  rise,  Sir.  Johnson. 

KNIGHT-ERRANT,  n.  [knight  and  L. 
errans,  erro,  to  wander.] 

.\  wandering  knight ;  a  knight  who  traveled 
in  search  of  adventures,  for  the  purpose 
of  exhibiting  mihtary  skill,  prowess  and 
generosity. 


K  N  O 


K  N  O 


K  N  O 


KNIGIIT-ER  RANTRY,  ;i.  Tlio  practice 
of  wamlerijig  iii  qriesi  of  adventures;  the 
manners  of  wandering   knights. 

KNIGHT-HEADS,  n.  In  ships,  bollard  tim- 
bers, two  pieces  of  timber  rising  just  with- 
in the  stem,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bow- 
sprit to  secure  its  inner  end ;  also,  two 
strong  frames  of  timber  which  inclose  and 
support  the  ends  of  the  windlass. 

Mar.  Diet. 

KNIGHTHOOD,  n.  The  character  or  dig- 
nity of  a  knight. 

9.  A  military  order,  honor,  or  degree  of  an 
cient   nobility,  conferred   as  a  reward  of 
valor  or  merit.     It  is  of  four  kinds,  mili- 
tary, regular,  honorary,  and  social. 

Encijc 

KNIGHTLLVESS,  n.    Duties  of  a  knight 

■Spenser. 

KNIGHTLY,    a.    Pertaining  to   a  knight 
becoming  a  knight ;  as  a  knighHy  combat 

Sidney. 

KNIGHT-M'ARSHAL,  n.  An  officer  in 
the  household  of  the  British  king,  who 
has  cognizance  of  transgressions  within 
the  king's  household  and  verge,  and  of 
contracts  made  there.  Encyc 

KNIGHT-SERVICE,  n.  In  English  feudal 
law,  a  tenure  of  lands  held  by  knights  on 
condition  of  performing  military  service, 
every  possessor  of  a  knight's  fee,  or  estate 
originally  of  twenty  pounds  annual  value, 
being  obliged  to  attend  the  king  in  his 
wars. 

KNIT,  V.  t.  nit.  pret.  and  pp.  knit  or  knit 
led.  [Sax.  cnijUan  ;  Sw.  knyta  ;  Dan.  knyt 
ter;  probably  L.  nodo,  whence  nodus,  Eng. 
knot.] 

! .  To  unite,  as  threads  by  needles  ;  to  con- 
nect in  a  kind  of  net-work  ;  as,  to  knit  a 
stocking. 

2.  To  imitc  closely  ;  as,  let  our  hearts  be 
knit  together  in  love. 

3.  To  join  or  cause  to  grow  together. 

Nature  cannot  kriit  the  bones,  while  t)ie 
parts  aie  under  a  discliarge.  Wiseman 

4.  To  tie  ;  to  fasten. 

And  he  saw  heaven  openc.l,  and  a  certain 
vessel  descendina;  to  him,  as  it  were  a  great 
sheet  knit  at  the  lour  corners.     Acts  x. 

5.  To  draw  together;  to  contract;  as,  to 
knit  the  brows. 

KNIT,  V.  i.  nit.  To  unite  or  interweave  by 

needles. 
2.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  grow  together.  Bio 
ken  bones  will  in  time  knit  and  become 
sound. 

KNIT,  n.  nit.  Union  by  knitting ;  texture. 
[Little  userf.] 

KNIT'TABLE,  a.  nit'table.  That  may  be 
knit. 

KNIT'TER,  71.  nit'ler.  One  that  knits. 

KNIT'TING,  ppr.  nil'ting.  Uniting  by  nee- 
dles ;  forming  texture;  uniting  in  growth. 

KNIT'TING,  n.  Junction.  IVotton. 

KNIT'TING-NEEDLE,  n.  nit' ting-needle. 
A  long  needle  usually  made  of  wire,  used 
for  knitting  threads  into  stockings,  gar- 
ters, &c. 

KNIT'TLE,  n.  nil' I.  [from  knit.]  A  string 
that  gathers  or  draws  together  a  purse. 

3.  A  small  line  used  in  ships  to  sling  ham- 
mocs.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNOB,  n.  nob.  [Sax.  cncep  ;  G.  knopf;  D. 
kiwop ;  Sw.  knopp ;  Dan.  knop,knub,  knap  ; 


VV.   cnwh,  cnwpa.     The  word  signifies  a 

button,  a  top,  a  bunch.] 
A  hard  i)rotnberance  ;    a   hard   swelling  or 

rising  ;  a  bunch  ;  as  a  knob  in  the  flesh  or 

on  a  bone.  Ray. 

KNOB'BED,  a.  nob'bed-  Containing  knobs; 

full  of  knobs. 
KNOB'BINESS,  n.  nob'biness.  [from  knob 

by-] 
The  qiuility  of  having  knobs,  or  of  being  full 

of  protuberances. 
KNOB'BY,  a.  nob'by.  Full  of  knobs  or  hard 

protuberances ;  hard. 
KNOCK,  v.i.  nok.  [Sax.  cnueian  ;  W.  cno- 

eiaw ;  Sw.  knaeka?] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick 
or  heavy  ;  as,  to  knock  with  a  club  or  with 
the  fist ;  to  knock  at  the  door.  We  never 
use  this  word  to  express  beating  with  a 
■small  stick  or  whip. 

2.  To  drive  or  be  driven  against;  to  strike 
against ;  to  clash  ;  as  when  one  heavy' 
body  knocks  against  another. 

To  knock  under,  to  yield;  to  submit;  to  ac-l 
knowledge  to  be  conquered  ;  an  expres- 
sion borrowed  from  the  practice  of  A:;iocA:- 
ing  under  the  table,  when  conquered. 

Johnson. 

KNOCK,  V.  f.  nok.  To  strike ;  to  drive 
against ;  as,  to  knock  the  head  against  a 
jiost. 

2.  To  strike  a  door  for  admittance ;  to  rap. 

To  knock  down,  to  strike  down  ;  to  fell ;  to 
prostrate  by  a  blow  or  by  blows;  as,  to 
knock  down  an  ox. 

To  knock  oat,  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows  ;  as,  to  knock  out  the  brains. 

To  knock  up,  to  arouse  by  knocking.  In 
popular  use,  to  beat  out ;  to  fatigue  till 
unable  to  do  more. 

To  knock  off,  to  force  off  by  beating.  At 
auctions,  to  assign  to  a  bidder  by  a  blow 
on  the  counter. 

To  knock  on  the  head,  to  kill  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows. 

KNOCK,  n.  nok.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke  with 
something  thick  or  heavy. 

2.  A  stroke  on  a  door,  intended  as  a  re- 
quest for  admittance  ;  a  rap. 

KNOCK'ER,  n.  nok'cr.    One   that  knocks. 

2.  An  instrument  or  kind  of  hammer,  fas- 
tened to  a  door  to  be  used  in  seeking  for 
admittance. 

KNOCK'ING, /)/?)•.  nok'ing.  Beating;  stri- 
king. 

KNOCK'ING,  n.  nok'ing.  A  beating ;  a 
rap. 

KNOLL,  V.  t.  noil.  [Sax.  cnyllan,  to  beat  or 
strike.     See  Knell.] 

To  ring  a  bell,  usually  for  a  funeral.     Shak. 

KNOLL,  V.  i.  noil.  To  sound,  as  a  bell. 

Shak. 

[This  word,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

KNOLL,  n.  noil.  [Sax.  enoll;  Sw.  kyiyl, 
knot;  W.  cnoL] 

The  top  or  crown  of  a  hill;  but  more  gen- 
erally, a  little  round  hill  or  mount;  a  small 
elevation  of  earth. 

KNOI',  n.  nop.  [a  different  spelling  of  knap 
or  710&.] 

A  knob  ;  a  tufled  top  ;  a  bud  ;  a  bunch  ;  a 
button. 

KNOP'I'ED,  a.  nop'ped.  Having  knops  or 
knobs;  fastened  as  wilit  buttons. 


KNOT,  n.  not.  [Sax.  enotta;  G.  knolen;  D. 
kTtot ;  Hw.  knota  ;  Dan.  knude  :  L.  nodus; 
probably  connected  with  knit,  but  perhaps 
from  swelling  or  gathering.] 

1.  The  complication  of  threads  made  by 
knitting ;  a  tie ;  union  of  cords  by  inter- 
weaving ;  as  a  knot  dilricult  to  be  untied. 

Any  figure,  the  lines  of  which  frequently 
intersect  each  other;  as  a  knot  in  garden- 
ing. 

In  beds  and  curious  knots.  JHUton. 

A  bond  of  association  or  union ;  as  the 
nuptial  knot. 

4.  The  part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots. 

5.  The  protuberant  joint  of  a  plant. 

Matiyn. 

A  cluster ;  a  collection  ;  a  group ;  as  a 
knot  of  ladies  ;  a  knot  of  figures  in  paint- 
ing. 

7.  Difficulty  ;  intricacy ;  something  not  eas- 
sily  solved.  South. 

8.  Any  intrigue  or  diflicult  perjilexity  of  af- 
fairs. Dryden. 

9.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Triuga. 

10.  An  epaulet. 

11.  In  seamen's  language,  a  division  of  the 
logline,  which  answers  to  half  a  minute,  as 
a  mile  does  to  an  hour,  or  it  is  the  hun- 
dred and  twentieth  part  of  a  mile.  Hence, 
when  a  ship  goes  eight  miles  an  hour,  she 
is  said  to  go  eight  knots.  Mar.  Diet. 

KNOT,  V.  t.  not.  To  complicate  or  tie  in  a 
knot  or  knots  ;  to  form  a  knot. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  perplex. 
.3.  To  unite  closely.  Bacon. 
KNOT,  V.  i.   not.   To  form  knots  or  joints, 

as  in  plants. 

2.  To  knit  knots  for  fringe. 

KNOT15ERRY,  n.  nofberry.  A  plant  of 
the  gciiiis  Rubus. 

KNOT'GRASS,  n.  nol'grass.  The  name  of 
several  species  of  plants,  so  denominated 
from  the  joints  of  the  stem.  The  common 
knotgrass  is  the  Polygonum  aviculare. 

KNOT'LESS,  a.  not'less.  Free  from  knots; 
without  knots.  Martyn. 

KNOT'TED,  a.  noVted.  Full  of  knots  ;  ha- 
ving knots  ;  as  the  knotted  oak.      Dryden. 

2.  Having  intersecting  figures.  Shak. 

KNOT'TINESS,  n.  not'tiness.  [from   knot- 

«.'/■] 

Fullness  ot  knots;  the  quality  of   having 
many  knots  or  swellings. 
Ditficulty  of  solution  ;  Uitricacv. 
KNOT'TY,  a.  not'ty.  Full  of  knots;  having 
many  knots  ;  as  knotty  timber. 

2.  Hani;  rugged;  as  a  foioHiy  head.      JRoice. 

3.  Diflicult ;  intric.ite  ;  perplexed  ;  as  a  knot- 
ty question   or  point. 

KNOUT,  ji.  nout.  .\  punishment  in  Russia, 
inflicted  with  a  whip. 

KNOW,  V.  t.  no.  pret.  knew;  pp.  known. 
[Sax.  cnawan ;  Russ.  znnyu,  with  a  pre- 
fix. This  is  probably  from  the  same  ori- 
ginal !is  the  L.  nosco,  co<(nosco,  Gr.  jivaaxa, 
although  much  variect  in  orthography. 
.Vosfo  makes  novi,  which,  with  />•  or  c  pre- 
fi.xed,  gnovi  or  cnori,  would  coincide  with 
knoiD,  knew.  So  L.  cresco,  crcvi,  coincides 
with  grow,  grew.  The  radical  sense  of 
knowing  is  generally  to  take,  receive,  or 
bold.] 

1.  To  perceive  with  certainty ;  to  under- 
stand clearly  ;  to  have  a  clear  and  certain 
perception  of  truth,  fact,  or  any  thing  that 
actually  exists.      To  ^iioio   a   thing   pre- 


K  N  O 


K  O  i\ 


K  Y  A 


eludes  all  doiilit  or  uncertainty  of  its  e.\-| 
istence.  We  know  what  we  see  with  our] 
eyes,  or  perceive  Ijy  other  senses.  We 
know  that  fire  and  water  are  different  sub- 
stances. We  know  that  truth  and  false- 
hood ex])ressj  ideas  incompatible  with 
each  other.  We  knoiv  that  a  circle  is 
not  a  square.  We  do  not  know  the  truth 
of  reports,  nor  can  we  always  knoiu  what 
to  believe. 

2.  To  be  informed  of;  to  be  taught.  It  is 
not  unusual  for  us  to  say  we  know  things 
from  information,  when  we  rely  on  the 
veracity  of  the  informer. 

3.  To  distinguish  ;  as,  to  know  one  man 
from  another.  We  know  a  fixed  star  from 
aplanet  by  its  twinkling. 

4.  To  recognize  by  recollection,  remem- 
brance, representation  or  description.  We 
do  not  always  know  a  person  after  a  long 
absence.  We  sometimes  know  a  man  by 
having  seen  liis  portrait,  or  having  heard 
him  described. 

5.  To  be  no  stranger  to ;  to  be  familiar. 
This  man  is  well  known  to  us. 

6.  In  Scripture,  to  have  sexual  commerce 
with.     Gen.  iv. 

7.  To  approve. 

The  Lord  knoweth  the  way  of  the  rigliteous 
Ps.  i. 

8.  To  learn.     Prov.  i. 

9.  To  acknowledge  with  due  respect.  1 
Thess.  v. 

10.  To  choose ;  to  favor  or  take  an  interest 
in.     Amos  iii. 

11.  To  commit ;  to  have. 

He  hath  made  him  to  be  .sin  lor  us,  who 
knew  no  sin.     2  Cor. 

12.  To  have  full  assurance  of;  to  have  sat- 
isfactory evidence  of  any  thing,  though 
short  of  certainty. 

KNOW,  IV  J.  710.  To  have  clear  and  certain 
perception ;  not  to  be  doubtful ;  some- 
times with  of. 

If  any  man  will  do  his  will,  he  shall  know  of 
the  doctrine,  whether  it  be  of  God,  or  whether! 
speak  of  myself.     John  vii. 

2.  To  be  informed. 

Sir  John  must  not  know  of  it.  Shak. 

3.  To    take   cognizance   of;   to  examine. 

Kiiow  of  your  vouth — examine  well  your 
blood.  ■  Shak 

KNOWABLE,  a.  no'able.  That  may  be 
known;  tliat  may  be  discovered,  under- 
stood or  ascertained.         Locke.    Bentley. 

KNOWER,  !i.  no'ei:  One  who  knows. 

KNOWING,  ppr.  no'ing.  Having  clear  and 
certain  perception  of. 

2.  a.  Skillful ;  well  informed  ;  well  instruct- 
ed;  as  a  knowing  man. 

The  knowing  and  intelligent  part  of  the 
world.  South. 

3.  Conscious;  intelligent. 

A  knowing  prudent  cause.  Blaekmore. 

KNOWING,  71.  7io'{?i^.  Knowledge.   Shak. 
KNOWINGLY,  adv.  no'ingly.  With  knowl- 
edge.   He  would  not  knou<ing!ij  offend. 


KNOWL'ED6E,  n.  nol'lej.  [Chaucer. 
knowleching,  from  knowleche,  to  acluiowl- 
edge.     Ciu.  the  sense  oi' lech.} 

1.  A  clear  and  certain  perception  of  that 
which  exists,  or  of  truth  and  fact ;  the 
perception  of  the  coiuiection  and  agree- 
ment, or  disagreement  and  i-epugnancy  of 
our  ideas.  Encyc.     Locke. 

We  can  have  no  knowledge  of  that 
which  does  not  exist.  God  has  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  all  his  works.  Human 
knowledge  is  very  limited,  and  is  mostly 
gained  by  observation  and  experience. 

2.  Learning  ;  illumination   of  mind. 

Ignorance  is  the  curse  of  God, 
Knowledge   the  wing   wherewith  we   Hy  to 
heaven.  Shak 

3.  Skill ;  as  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 

4.  Acquaintance  with  any  fact  or  person.  1 
have  no  knowledge  of  the  man  or  thing. 

5.  Cognizance  ;  notice.     Iluth  ii. 
t!.  Information  ;  jiowtu-  of  knowing.  Sidney 
7.  Sexual   intercourse.      But  it  is   usual   to 

prefix  carnal;  as  carnal  knowledge. 

KNOWLEDGE,  for  acknowledge  or  avow. 
is  not  used.  Bacon. 

KNUB,  )  ,,  ,    nub,       I  To  beat  ;    to 

KNUli'BLE,^^-'-  nub'ble.  I  strike  with 
the  knuckle.     [jYot  used.] 

KNUCK'LE,  n.  nuk'l.  [Sa.x.  cnucl ;  G.  knO- 
chel ;  D.  kneukel ;  W.  cmtc,  a  joint  or  junc- 
tion ;  cnuciaw,  to  join,  to  couple.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  finger,  particularly  when 
protuberant  by  the  closing  of  the  fingers. 

i.  The  knee  joint  of  a  calf;  as  a  knuckle  of| 
veal. 

3.  The  joint  of  a  plant.     [jVb<  used.] 

Bacon. 

KNUCK'LE,  V.  i.  nuk'l.  To  yield  ;  to  sub- 
mit in  contest  to  an  antagonist. 

KNUCK'LED,  a.  Jointed.  Bacon. 

KNUFF,  7!.  nuff.  A  lout ;  a  clown.  [jVol 
used] 

KNUR,        )       nur,      ([G.  knoiren,  a  knot, 

KNURLE,  5  "•  nurle.  J    a  knag,  a  guar.] 

A  knot ;   a  hard  sidjstance.  Woodward. 

KNURL'ED,  a.  nurl'ed.   Full  of  knots. 

KNUR'LY,  a.  nur'ly.  [from  knur.]  Full 
of  knots ;  hard.  This  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  gnarly. 

KNUR'RY,  a.  nur'ry.  Full  of  knots. 

KOB.\,  71.  An  antelope,  with  horns  close  at 
the  base. 

KO'KOB,  71.  A  venomous  serpent  of  Amer- 
ica. 

KOL'LYRITE,  7!.  [Gr.  xoXKvptof.]  A  variety 
of  clay  whose  color  is  pure  white,  or  witii 
a  shade  of  gray,  red  or  yellow. 

Cleaveland. 

KOM'MANIC,  71.  The  crested  lark  of  Ger- 
many. 

KON'ILITE,  71.  [Gr.  xovos,  dust,  and  %.i9os, 
a  stone.] 

\  mineral  in  the  form  of  a  loose  powder, 
consisting  chiefly  of  silex,  and  remarkably 
fusible.  Phillips. 


KONITE.     [See   Cotiitc] 

KO'PECK,  n.  A  Russian  coin,  about  tlic 

value  of  a  cent. 
KO'RAN,  7!.  pronounced  by  oriental  schol- 

ars  korawn.     [Ar.     •  \ ^'i    from    \    'j   to 
read,  to  call,  to  teach.] 

The  Mohammedan  book  of  faith  ;  the  alko- 
ran. 

KO'RET,  71.  A  delicious  fish  of  the  East 
Indies. 

KO'RIN,  71.  An  antelope  with  slender  smooth 
horns. 

KOUPH  OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  xoi^oj,  light,  and 
^eos,  stone.] 

A  mineral,  regarded  as  a  variety  of  prehn- 
ite.  It  occurs  in  minute  rhonihDidal 
plates,  of  a  greenish  or  yellowish  white, 
translucid,  glistening  and  pearly.  It  is 
found  in  the  Pyrenees.  Cteaveiund. 

KRAAL,  71.  In  the  southern  part  of  Aiiica. 

I  among  the  Hottentots,  a  village;  a  collec- 
tion (5f  huts. 

JKRAG,  71.  A  species  of  argillaceous  earth. 

jKR-iVKEN,  n.    A  supjiosed  enormous  sea 

I     animal.  Guthrie. 

jKRU'KA,  n.  A  bird  of  Russia  and  Sweden, 

I     resembling  a  hedge  sparrow.         Pennant. 

jKU'Fl€,  a.  The  Kufic  letters  were  the  an- 
cient letters  of  the  .Vrahic,  so  called  from 
Kufa,  on  the  Euphrates. 

KU'MISS,  71.  A  liquor  or  <lrink  made  from 
mare's  milk  fermented  and  distilled  ;  milk- 
spirit,  used  hy  the  Tartars.  Tooke. 

KU'RIL,  71.  A  bird,  the  black  petrel. 

Pennant. 

KURIL'IAN,  a.  The  Kurilian  isles  are  a 
chain  in  the  Pacific,  extending  from  the 
southern  extremiiy  of  Kamschatka  to 
Jesso. 

KY,  71.  Kine.  [JVbt  in  use] 

KY'ANITE,  n.  [G.  %a7ii7,  Werner ;  from 
the  Gr.  xiuio;,  sky-colored.  It  is  written 
also  cyanite,  hut  most  iniprnjierl}-,  if  pro- 
nounced kyanite.  Kyanite  is  doubtless  the 
preferable  orthography.] 

A  mineral  found  both  massive  and  in  regu- 
lar crystals.  It  is  frequently  in  broad  or 
compressed  six-sided  prisms,  with  bases  a 
little  inclined  ;  or  this  crystal  may  be 
viewed  as  a  four-sided  prisiii,  truncated  on 
two  of  its  lateral  edges,  diagonally  oppo- 
site. Its  prevailing  color  is  blue,  whence 
its  name,  but  varying  from  a  fine  Prussian 
blue  to  sky-blue,  or  bluish  white.  It  oc- 
curs also  of  various  shades  of  green,  and 
even  gray,  or  white  and  reddish.  It  is  in- 
fusible by  the  common  blowpipe.  Thi.^i 
mineral  is  called  by  Haiiy  and  Brongniart, 
disthcnc,  and  by  Saussure,  sappare. 

Cleaveland. 

KYAN'OfiEN,  71.  [Gr.  xi«iw,  blue,  and 
ysiioo,  to  beget.] 

Carbureted  azote  ;  the  compound  base  of 
prussic  acid,  called  also  prxissine. 


LAB 


LAB 


LAB 


li,  the  twelfth  lettei-  of  the  EngUsh  Alpha- 
bet, is  usually  denominated  a  semi-vowel, 
or  a  liquid.  It  represents  an  imperfect 
articulation,  formed  by  placing  the  tip  of* 
the  tongue  against  the  gum  that  incloses 
the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth  ;  but  the  sides 
of  the  tongue  not  being  in  close  contact 
with  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  the  breath  of 
course  not  being  entirely  intercepted,  this 
articulation  is  attended  with  an  imfjerfect 
sound.  The  shape  of  the  letter  is  evi- 
dently borrowed  from  that  of  the  oriental 
lamed,  or  loinad,  nearly  coinciding   with 

the  Samaritan  Z. 

L  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like, 
canal.  At  the  end  of  monosyllables,  it  is 
often  doubled,  as  in  fall,  full,  tell,  bell ;  but 
not  after  diphthongs  and  digraphs  ;  foul, 
fool,  prowl,  ^rowl,  foal,  &c.  being  written 
with  a  single  I. 

With  some  nations,  I  and  r  are  commutable ; 
as  in  Greek,  Xi^iiov,  L.  lilium ;  It.  scoria,  an 
escort,  Sp.  Port,  escolta.  Indeed,  l  and  r 
are  letters  of  the  same  organ. 

By  some  nations  of  Celtic  origin,  I,  at  the 
beginning  of  words,  is  aspirated  and 
doubled  in  writing,  as  in  the  W.  lied,  L 
lahis  ;  Han,  a  lawn  ;  llawr,  a  foor ;  Sp. 
llamar,  L.  clamo. 

In  some  words,  I  is  mute,  as  in  half,  calf, 
walk,  talk,  chalk. 

In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  I  is 
sometimes  preceded  by  h,  and  aspirated, 
as  in  hlaf  loaf;  hladan,  to  lade  or  load ; 
kiot,  lot ;  hlinian,  lUeonian,  to  lean,  Gr. 
xxivu,  L.  clino.  In  the  latter  word,  the 
Saxon  h  represents  the  Greek  x  and  Latin 
f,  as  it  does  in  many  other  words. 

In  English  words,  the  terminating  syllable 
le  is  unaccented,  the  e  is  silent,  and  7  has  a 
feeble  sound ;  as  in  able,  eagle,  pronoun- 
ced abl,  eagl. 

As  a  numeral,  L  denotes  50,  and  with  a 
dash,  Li  50,000.  As  an  abbreviation,  in 
Latin,  it  stands  for  Lucius ;  and  L.L.S. 
for  a  sesterce,  or  two  libree  and  a  half. 

Encyc. 

LA,  eiclam.  [perhaps  corrupted  from  look, 
but  this  is  doubtful.] 

Look  ;  see  ;  behold.  Shak. 

LA,  in  music,  the  syllabic  by  which  Guido 
denotes  the  last  sound  of  each  hexachord. 

Encyc. 

LAB,  n.  A  great  talker ;  a  blabber.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LAB'ADIST,  ji.  The  Labadists  were  follow- 
ers of  Jean  de  Labadie,  who  lived  in  the 
17th  century.  They  held  that  God  can 
and  docs  deceive  men,  that  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath  is  a  matter  of  indifference, 
and  other  peculiar  or  heretical  opinions. 

Encuc. 

LABDANUM.     [See  Ladanum.] 


LABEFACTION,  n.   [L.   labefactio,  from 

labefacio  ;    labo,  to    totter,    and  facio,  to 

make.] 
A  weakening  or   loosening ;  a  failing ;  de 

cay  ;  downfall ;  ruin. 
LAB'EFY,  V.  t.  To  weaken  or  impair.  [JVo< 

used.'l  Did. 

LA'BEL,  n.  [W.  llah,  a  strip  ;  labcd,  a  label.] 

1.  A  narrow  slip  of  silk,  paper  or  parch- 
ment, containing  a  name  or  title,  and  af- 
fi.xed  to  any  thing,  denoting  its  contents. 
Such  are  the  labels  afSxed  to  the  vessels 
of  an  apothecary.  Labels  also  are  affixed 
to  deeds  or  writings  to  hold  the  appended 
seal.  Harris. 

2.  Any  paper  annexed  to  a  will  by  way  of 
addition  ;  as  a  codicil.  Encyc. 

•3.  In  heraldry,  a  fillet  usually  placed  in  the 
middle,  along  the  chief  of  the  coat,  with- 
out touching  its  extremities.  It  is  adorned 
with  pendants,  and  used  on  the  arms  of 
the  eldest  son,  to  distinguish  him  from  the 
younger  sons,  while  the  father  is  living. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  long  thin  brass  rule,  with  a  small  sight 
at  one  end,  and  a  center-hole  at  the  other, 
commonly  used  with  a  tangent  line  on  the 
edge  of  a  circumferentor,  to  take  altitudes, 
&c.  Encyc. 

LA'BEL,  V.  t.  To  affix  a  label  to. 

LA'BELED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  label 

h.\'BELlNG,ppr.  Distinguishing  by  a  label. 

LA'BENT,  a.  [L.  labcns.]  Sliding  ;  gliding 

Did. 

L.\'BIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  labium,  a  lip.  See 
Lip.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lips ;  formed  by  the  lips ; 
as  a  labial  articulation.  Thus  b,  p,  and  m 
are  labial  articulations,  and  oo,  Fr.  ou,  It. 
u,  is  a  labial  vowel. 

LA'BIAL,  n.  A  letter  or  character  repre- 
senting an  articulation  of  the  lips;  as  b,f, 
m,  p,  V. 

LA'BIATE,      )         [from   L.  labium,   lip. 

LA'BIATED,  ^  "'  In  botany,  a  labiate  co 
rol  is  irregular,  nionopetalous,  with  two 
lips,  or  nionopetalous,  consisting  of  a  nar- 
row tube  with  a  wide  mouth,  divided  into 
two  or  more  segments  arranged  in  two 
opposite  divisions  or  lips.  A  labiate  flow- 
er has  a  labiate  corol.         Martyn.     Encyc. 

LA'BILE,  a.  [Low  L.  tahilis.]  Liable  to  err, 
full  or  apostatize.     [jVot  used.]         Cheyne. 

LABIODENT'AL,  a.  [labium,  a  lip,  and 
dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  pronoiuiced  by  the  cooperation  of 
the  lips  and  teeth;  as^and  v.  Holder. 

LA'BOR,  n.  [L.  labor,  from  labo,  to  fail.] 
Exertion  of  muscular  strength,  or  bodily 
exertion  which  occasions  weariness;  par- 
ticularly, the  exertion  of  the  limbs  in  oc- 
cupations by  wliicli  subsistence  is  obtain- 
eil,  as  in  agriculture  and  manufactures,  in 
distinction  from  exertions  of  strength  in 


play  or  amusements,  which  are  denomi- 
nated exercise,  rather  than  labor.  Toil- 
some work;  pains;  travail;  any  bodily 
exertion  which  is  attended  with  fatigue. 
After  the  labors  of  the  day,  the  farmer  re- 
tires, and  rest  is  sweet.  Moderate  labor 
contributes  to  health. 

What  is  obtained  by  labor,  vpill  of  right  be  the 
property  of  him  by  whose  labor  it  is  gained. 

Rambler. 
Intellectual  exertion  ;  appHcation  of  the 
mind  which  occasions  weariness;  as  the 
labor  of  compiling  and  writing  a  history. 
Exertion  of  mental  powers,  united  with 
bodily  employment ;  as  the  labors  of  the 
apostles  in  propagating  Christianity. 

4.  AVork  done,  or  to  be  done  ;  that  which  re- 
quires wearisome  exertion. 

Being  a  labor  of  so  great  difficulty,  the  exact 
performance  thereof  we  may  rather  wish  than 
look  for.  Hooker. 

o.  Heroic  achievment;  as  the  taior*  of  Her- 
cules. 

G.  Travail ;  the  pangs  and  efforts  of  child- 
birth. 

7.  The  evils  of  life;  trials;  persecution,  &c. 
They  rest  from  their  labors —    Rev.  xiv. 

LA'BOR,  V.  i.  [L.  laboro.]  To  exert  muscu- 
lar strength  ;  to  act  or  move  with  painful 
effort,  |)articularly  in  servile  occupations; 
to  work  ;  to  toil. 

Six  days  shall   thou  labor,  and  do   all   tlij 
work —     Ex.  XX. 

2.  To  exert  one's  powers  of  body  or  mind, 
or  both,  in  the  prosecution  of  any  design  ; 
to  strive  ;  to  take  pains. 

Labor  not  for  the  meat  which  perisheth. 
John  VI. 

5.  To  toil  ;  to  be  burdened. 
Come  unto  me  all  ye    that   labor,  and  are 

heavy  laden,  and  I  will  give  you  rest.  Matt.  xi. 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty. 
The  stone  that  tabors  up  the  hill. 

Glanville. 

5.  To  move  irregularly  with  little  progress  ; 
to  pitch  and  roll  heavily  ;  as  a  ship  in  a 
turbulent  sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

G.  To  be  in  distress  ;  to  be  pressed. 

— As   sounding   cymbals    aid    the    laborino; 
moon.  Dryden. 

7.  To  bo  in  travail;  to  suffer  the  pangs  of 
childbirth. 

8.  To  journey  or  march. 
Make   not    all  the  people   to  labor    thiUicr. 

Josh.  vii. 

9.  To  perform  the  duties  of  the  pastoral  of- 
fice.   1  Tim.  v. 

10.  To  perform  christian  offices. 
To  labor  under,  to    be   alllicted  with;  to  be 

biu(kiic<l  or  distressed   with;  as,  to  labor 
undir  a  disease  or  an  allliclion. 
L.'V'BOK,  V.  I.  To  work  at ;  to  till ;  to  culti- 
vate. 

Tlio  most  excellent  Kinds  are  lying  fallow,  or 
only  labored  liy  cliildren.  "       Tooke. 

2.  To  prosecute  with  dfort ;  to  urge  ;  as,  to 
labor  a.  point  or  argument. 


LAB 


LAC 


LAC 


S.  To  form  or  fabricate  with  exertion  ;  as,  to 
labor  arms  for  Troy.  Dnjden 

4.  To  beat;  to  belabor.  [The  latter  ivord  is 
generally  used.]  Dryden. 

5.  To  form  with  toil  and  care ;  as  a  labored 
com|)oi>ition. 

LA'BORANT,  n.  A  chimist.     [Not  used.] 

Boyle. 
LAB'ORATORY,  n.  [Fr.  laboratoire,  from 
labor.] 

1.  A  iiouse  or  place  where  operations  and 
experiments  in  chimistry,  pharmacy,  pyro- 
techny,  &c.,  are  performed. 

2.  A  place  where  arms  are  manufactured  or 
repaired,  or  fire-works  prepared ;  as  the 
laboratory  in  Springfield,  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

3.  A  place  where  work  is  performed,  or  any 
thing  is  prepared  for  use.  Hence  the 
stomach  is  called  the  grand  laboratory  of 
the  human  body  ;  the  liver,  the  laboratory 
of  the  bile. 

LA'BORED,p;).  Tilled;  cultivated;  formed 
with  labor. 

LA'lJORER,  n.  One  who  labors  in  a  toil- 
some occupation ;  a  man  who  does  work 
that  requires  little  skill,  as  distinguished 
from  an  artisan. 

LA'BORING,  ppr.  Exerting  muscular 
strength  or  intellectual  ])ower;  toiling; 
moving  with  [laiu  or  with  difficulty ;  cul- 
tivating. 

2.  A  laboring  inan,  or  laborer,  is  often  used 
for  a  man  who  performs  work  that  re- 
quires no  apprenticeship  or  professional 
skill,  in  distinction  from  an  artisan  ;  but 
this  restricted  sense  is  not  always  observ- 
ed. A  hard  laboring  man,  is  one  accus- 
tomed to  hard  labor. 

LABO'RIOUS,  a.  [h.  laboriosus ;  Fr.  labo- 
rieux.] 

1.  Using  exertion  ;  employing  labor;  dili- 
gent in  work  or  service  ;  assiduous;  used 
of  persons  ;  as  a  laborious  husbandman  or 
mechanic  ;  a  laborious  minister  or  pastor. 

2.  Requiring  labor  ;  toilsome  ;  tiresome ;  not 
easy  ;  as  laborious  duties  or  services. 

3.  Requiring  labor,  exertion,  perseverance 
or  sacrifices. 

Dost  tliou  love  watchings,  abstinence  or  toil, 
laborious   virtues    all  ?     Learn   tliese    from 
Cato.  Addison. 

LABO'RIOUSLY,  adv.  With  labor,  toil  or 
difficultv.  Pope. 

LABO'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing laborious,  or  attended  with  toil ;  toil- 
someness ;  difficulty. 
2.  Diligence ;  assiduity. 
LA'BORLESS,  a.   Not  laborious. 

Brerewood. 

LA'BORSOME,  a.  Made  with  great  labor 

and  diligence.     [JVot  in  use.]  Sandys, 

LABURN'UM,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cy- 

tisus. 
LAB'YRINTU,    n.    [L.    labyrintlms ;     Gr. 
?.a8v|JU'0os.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  an  edifice  or  place 
full  of  intricacies,  or  formed  with  winding 
passages,  which  rendered  it  difficult  to  find 
the  way  from  the  interior  to  the  entrance. 
The  most  remarkable  of  these  edifices' 
mentioned,  are  the  Egyptian  and  the  Cre-j 
tan  labyrinths.  Encyc.     Ltmpriere. 

2.  A  maze  ;  an  inexplicable  difficulty. 

3.  Formerly,  an  ornamental  maze  or  wilder- 
ness in  gardens.  Spmser.\ 


4.  A  cavity  in  the  ear.  Quincy. 

LABYRINTH'IAN,  a.  Winding;  intricate 
perplexed.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA€,  n.  [Sp.  laca  ;  G.  lack  ;  Dan.  D.  lak ; 
said  to  be  from  the  Arabic] 

Gum-lac,  so  called,  but  improperly,  not  be- 
ing a  gum,  but  a  resin.  It  is  deposited  on 
difl'erent  s|)ecies  of  trees  in  the  East  In 
dies,  by  an  insect  called  Chermes  lacca. 
Stick  lac  is  the  substance  in  its  natural 
state,  encrusting  small  twigs.  When 
broken  oflf  and  boiled  in  water,  it  loses 
its  red  color,  and  is  called  seed  lac.  When 
melted  and  reduced  to  a  thin  crust,  it  is 
called  shell  lac.  United  with  ivory  black 
or  vermilion,  it  forms  black  and  red  seal- 
ing iva.i:  A  solution  with  borax,  colored 
by  lampblack,  constitutes  Indian  ink.  Lac 
dissolved  in  alcohol  or  other  menstrua,  by 
difl^erent  methods  of  preparation,  consti- 
tutes various  kinds  of  varnishes  and  lack- 
ers. Thomson. 

LAC'CIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  lac,  or  produced 
from  it ;  as  laccic  acid. 

LACE,  n.  [Sp.  lazo,  a  tie  or  knot,  Fr.  lacet, 
It.  laccio,  L.  laqueus.] 

1.  A  work  composed  of  threads  interwoven  in- 
to a  net,  and  worked  on  a  pillow  w  ith  spin- 
dles or  pins.  Fine  laces  are  manufactured 
in  France,  Italy  and  England. 

2.  A  string  ;  a  cord.  Spenser. 

3.  A  snare  ;  a  gin.  Fairfax. 

4.  A  plaited  string  with  which  females  fas- 
ten their  clothes. 

Doll  ne'er  was  called  to  cut  her  lace.      Swift. 
LACE,  V.  i.  To  fasten  with  a  string  through 
eyelet  holes. 

When  Jenny's  stays  are  newly  laced — 

Prior. 
2.  To  adorn  with  lace  ;  as  cloth   laced  with 
silver.  Shak. 

3.,  To  embellish  with  variegations  or  stripes. 
Look,  love,  what  envious  streaks 
Do  lace  the  severing  clouds  in  yonder  east. 

Shak. 
4.  To    beat;  to  lash  ;    [probably    to    make 
stripes  on.] 

I'll  lace  your  coat  for  ye.  V Estrange. 

LA'CE-BARK,  n.  A  shrub  in  the  W.  in- 
dies, the  Daphne  lagetto,   so   called  from 
the  texture  of  its  inner  bark. 
LA'CED,  pp.  Fastened  with  lace  or  a  string ; 

also,  tricked  oflf  with  lace. 
Laced  coffee,  coflTee  with  spirits  in  it. 

Addison. 

LA'CEMAN,  n.  A  man  who  deals  in  lace. 

Mdison. 
LA'CEWoMAN,  n.  A  woman   who  makes 

or  sells  lace. 
LAC'EIRABLE,    a.    [See   Lacerate.]    That 
may  be  torn.  Harvey. 

LACERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  lacero,  to  tear.]  To 
tear;  to  lend  ;  to  separate  a  substance  by 
violence  or  tearing ;  as,  to  lacerate  the 
flesh.  It  is  applied  chiefly  to  the  flesh,  or 
figuratively  to  the  heart.  But  sometimes 
it  is  applied  to  the  political  or  civil  divi- 
sions in  a  state. 
LACERATE,  ) 
LACERATED,  ^PP 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  edge  variously  cut 
into  irregular  segments ;  as  a  lacerated  leaf. 

Martyn. 

IjLACERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tearing  or 
1     rending;  the  breach  made  by  rending. 
;[  Arkuthnot. 


.  or  a.  Rent ;  torn. 


LAC  ERATIVE,   a.    Tearing ;  having  the 
I    power  to  tear;  as /aceroiiVe  humors. 
I  Harvey. 

LACERTINE,  a.  [L.  lacertus.]  Like  a  liz- 
I     ard.  Joum.  of  Science. 

LACER  TL'S,  n.  The  girroc,  a   fish  of  the 

gar-fish  kind  ;  also,  the  lizard-fish. 
I  Did.  JVat.  Hist.     Cyc. 

LACIIE,      )       [Norm.    Fr.    lachesse,   from 
jLACH'ES,  5    '  lache;  L.  laxus,  lax,  slow.] 
I     In  laiv,  neglect ;  negligence. 
LACII'RYMABLE,  a.  Lamentable. 
I  Morley. 

jLA€H'RYMAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lachryma, 
I     a  tear.] 

1.  Generating   or   secreting    tears  ;   as   the 
I     lachrymal  gland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tears  ;  conveying  tears. 
LACII'RYMARY,  a.  Containing  tears. 

Jlddison. 

LACIIRYMA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  shed- 
ding tears. 

LAell'RYMATORY,  n.  [Fr.lachrymatoire.] 
A  vessel  found  in  sepulchers  of  the  an- 
cients, in  which  it  has  been  supposed  the 
tears  of  a  deceased  person's  friends  were 
collected  and  preserved  with  the  ashes 
and  itrn.  It  was  a  small  glass  or  bottle 
like  a  phial.  Encyc. 

L.A'CING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  string  ; 
adorned  or  trimmed  with  lace. 

LACIN'IATE,     I        [L.    lacinia,  a  hem.] 

LACIN'IATED,  I  "'    Adorned  with  fringes. 

,2.  In  botany,  jagged.  Martyn. 

LACK,  V.  t.  [D.  keg,  em[)ty  ;  lecgen,  to  emp- 
ty ;  Dan.  lak,  a  fault  ;/aAA:er,  to  decline  or 
wear  away  ;  Goth,  nfligan,  to  lack  or  fail ; 
L.  deliquium,  which  seems  to  be  connect- 
ed with  linquo,  to  leave,  to  faint,  and  w  ith 
liquo,  to  melt,  liquid,  &c.] 

1.  To  want;  to  be  destitute  of;  not  to  have 
or  possess. 

If  any  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  it  of 
God —     James  i. 

2.  To  blame.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
LACK,  V.  i.  To  be  in  want. 

The  young  lions  do  tack  and   sulfer  hunger. 

I      Ps.  xxxiv. 

2.  To  be  wanting. 

Perhaps  there  shall  lack  five  of  the  fifty  right- 
eous.    Gen.  xviii. 

LACK,  n.  Want  ;  destitution  ;  need  ;  fail- 
ure. 

Ho   that  gathered  little,  had  no  lack.     Ex. 
xvi. 

Lack  of  rupees  is  one  hundred  thousand  ru- 
pees, which  at  55  cents  each,  amount  to 
fifty  five  thousand  dollars,  or  at  2s.  (jd. 
sterling,  to  £12,500. 

LACK-A-DA  Y,  txclam.  of  sorrow  or  regret ; 
alas. 

LACK'BRAIN,  n.  One  that  wants  brains, 
or  is  deficient  in  understandinff.         Shak. 

LACK'ER,     }        [Fr.   laque.]     A    kind   of 

LACQUER,  \  "•  varnish.  The  basis  of 
lackers  is  a  solution  of  the  substance  call- 
ed seed-lac  or  shell-lac,  in  spirit  of  wine  or 
alcohol.  Varnishes  applied  to  metals  im- 
prove their  color  and  preserve  them  from 
tarnishing.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

Lackers  consist  of  different  resins  in  a  state 
of  solution,  of  which  the  most  common 
are  mastick,  sandarach,  lac,  benzoin,  co- 
pal, amber,  and  asphalt.  The  uiei.strua 
are  either  expressed  or  essential  oils,  or 
spirit  of  wme.  .VwioZjou- 


LAC 


LAD 


LAD 


LACK'ER,  V.  t.  To  varnish;  to  smear  over 
with  lacker,  for  tlie  purpose  of  improving 
color  or  preserving  from  tarnishing  and 
decay. 

LACK'ERED,  pp.  Covered  with  lacker; 
varnished. 

L.'\CK'EY,    n.    [Fr.   laquais ;    Sp.  lacayo ; 

Port,  lacaio;  U.  laccM  ;  Eth.    AATl   lak, 

to  send,  whence  OA^  lake,  a  servant ; 
L.  lego,  to  send.  From  this  root  is  the 
Shemitic  "[xSd,  a  messenger.] 
An  attending  servant ;  a  footboy  or  foot- 
man. AddisDn. 
LACK'EY,  V.  t.  To  attend  servilely. 

Milton. 
LACK'EY,  V.  i.  To  act  as  foothoy  ;  to  pay 
servile  attendance. 

Oft  have  I  servants  seen  on  horses  riJe, 
The  free  and  noble  lackey  by  their  side. 

Sandys. 

LACK'LL\EN,  a.  Wanting  shirts.     [Little 

used.]  Shak. 

LACK'LUSTER,    a.     NVanting    luster  or 

briglitness.  Shak. 

LACON'le,        }      [Fr.  Inconique ;  L.  lacon- 

LA€ON'l€AL,  I  "'  icus  ;  from   Laconia  or 

Lacones,  the  Spartans.] 

1,  Short;  hrief;  pithy;  sententious;  ex- 
pressing much  in  few  words,  after  the 
maimer  of  the  Spartans ;  as  a  laconic 
phrase.  Pope. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Sparta  or  Lacedemonia. 

Trans,  of  Pausanias.     D'Anvilk 
L.\CON'leALLY,  adv.  Briefly;  concisely; 

as  a  sentiment  laconically  expressed. 
LA€ON'ICS,    n.     A   hook    of   Pausanias, 

which  treats  of  Lacedemonia. 
LA'CONISM,      I      [L.  ;a<-o?usm««.]  A  con- 
LACON'ICISM,  \  "-cise  style. 
2.  A  hiief  sententious  [ilirasc  or  expression 
LAC'TAOE,    n.   The  produce   of  animals 

yielding  milk.  Shuckford. 

LACTANT,  a.  [L.   lactans,   from  lacto^  to 

give  suck  ;  lac,   milk.]     Suckhng  ;   giving 

suck.     [Little  Mscrf.] 
LA€'TARY,  a.    [L.  laciarius,  from  lacto ; 

lac,  milk.] 
Milky;  full  of  white  juice  like  milk.    [Litlh 

used.]  Broum. 

LAC'TARY,    n.    [L.   lactarius.]    A    dairy- 
house. 
LACTATE,  n.  In  ehimislry,  a  salt  formed 

by  the  lactic  acid,  or   acid  of  milk,  with  a 

base.  Fourcroy. 

LACTA'TION,  n.  [L.  laclo,  to  give  suck.] 

The  act  of  giving  suck ;  or   tlie  time  of 

suckling.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LACTEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  milk. 
2.  Conveying  chyle  ;  as  a  lacteal  vessel. 
LACTEAL,  n.  A  vessel  or  slender  tube  of 

animal  bodies,  for  conveying  chyle  from 

the  intestines  to  the  common  reservatory. 

Enn/c. 
LACTEOUS,  a.  [L.  Jarfcu*,  from /ac,  mi  Ik.  ^ 
L  Milky  ;  resemblmg  milk.  Brown. 

2.  LactenI ;  conveying  chyle;  as   a.  lacleous 

vessel.  Bentley. 

LACTES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  laclescens,  lacte's 

CO,  from  lacto ;  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Tendency  to  milk ;  milkiness  or  milky 
color.  Boyle. 

2.  In  botany,  milkiness  ;  the  liquor  whic' 
flows  abunilantly  from  a  plant,  when 
wounded  ;  commonly  white,  but  some- 
limes  yellow  or  red.  .Martyn. 


LA€TES'CENT,  a.  Producing  milk  or 
white  juice.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Abounding  with  a  thick  colored  juice. 

Encyc. 

LA€'TIC,  0.  Pertaining  to  milk,  or  procu- 
red from  sour  milk  or  whey  ;  as  the  lactic 
acid.  Fourcroy. 

LA€TIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  ?ac,  milk,  and/f?-o, 
to  bear.] 

1.  Bearing  or  conveying  milk  or  white  juice  ; 
as  a  lactiferous  duct.  Boyle. 

2.  Producing  a  thick  colored  juice  ;  as  a 
plant.  Encyc 

LA€'UNAR,    n.    [L.]    An   arched   roof  or 

ceiling. 
LA€U'NOUS,  \      [L.  lacunosus,  from  lacu 
LA€UNO'SE,  \  "•  na,  a  ditch  or  hollow.] 
Furrowed  or  pitted.      A  lacunose   leaf  has 
the  disk  depressed  between  the  veins. 

Martyn 
LAD,  n.  [W.  llawd,  a  lad  ;  and  Sax.  Icod,  G. 
leutc,  Russ.  lead,  people,  are  probably  from 
the  same  root  ;  Ir.  lath,  a  youth,  D.  loot, 
a  shoot  ;  lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  nV,  to  pro 
create   or  bear    young;  Eth.  (DArh   Ar. 


JsJ  , 


young 
walada,  id.     Class  Ld.  No  29.]     A 


young  man  or  boy  ;  a  stripling.         Locke. 

LAD'ANUM,  n.  [said  to  bo  Arabic]  The 
resiuous  juice  which  exsudes  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Cistus  ladanifera,  a  shrub 
which  grows  in  Arabia,  Candia,and  other 
parts  of  the  Archipelago.  It  is  collected 
with  a  kind  of  rake,  with  lether  thongs 
attached  to  it,  with  which  the  shrubs  are 
brushed.  Tlie  best  sort  is  in  dark-color- 
ed black  masses,  of  the  consistence  of  a 
soft  plaster.  The  other  sort  is  in  long  rolls 
coiled  up,  harder  than  the  tbrmer,  and  of 
a  paler  color.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  exter- 
nal apjilications.  Encyc.     Parr. 

LAD'DER,  n.  [Sax.  Madder  ;  D.  ladder  or 
ledcr ;  G.  leiler,  a  ladder,  a  leader,  a  guide  ; 
leiten,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  frame  of  wood,  consisting  of  two  side- 
jiieces,  connected  by  rounds  inserted  in 
them  at  suitable  distances,  aud  thus  form- 
ing steps,  by  which  persons  may  ascend 
a  building,  &c. 

2.  That  by  which  a  jjcrson  ascends  or  rises ; 
means  of  ascending  ;  as  a  ladder  made  of 
cords.  Shak. 

Lowliness  is  young  ambition's  ladder. 

Shak. 

3.  Gradual  rise ;  elevation. 

Mounting  fast  towards  (he  (op  of  (lie  ladder 
ecclesiastical.  Swift 

LADE,  V.  t.  jiret.  laded ;  pp.  laded,  laden. 
[Sax.  ladan  and  hladan  ;  G.  laden  ;  D. 
laaden  ;  Sw.  ladda  ;  Dan.  ladder;  Russ 
Mad,  a  load  or  cargo  ;  kladu,  to  put,  to 
lay,  to  make,  build  or  foimd,  to  lay  egg; 
to  give,  to  suppose,  &c.  Here  we  observe 
that  to  load  or  lade  is  to  throw,  that  is,  to 
jiut  on  or  in,  for  to  send,  thrust,  throw,  is 
the  sense  of  laying  eggs.  Now  this  is  pre- 
cisely the  radical  signification  of  the  words 
loud,  lad,  W.  llawd,  clod,  L.  plaudo.  Sec] 

L  To  load ;  to  put  on  or  in,  as  a  burden  or 
freight.  We /«(/e  a  ship  with  cotton.  W( 
lade  a  horse  or  other  beast  with  corn. 

And  they  laded  their  asses  with  (he  corn  and 
depar(ed  thence.     (Jen.  xlii. 

2.  To   dip ;  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a  fluid, 


with  a  ladle  or  dipper  ;  as,  to  lade  water 
out  of  a  tub  or  into  a  cistern. 

.3.  To  draw  water.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

LADE,  n.  Tlie  mouth  of  a  river.     Obs. 

Gibson. 

LA'DED,  }  Loaded  ;    charged   with   a 

LA'DEN,  I  PP-  burden  or  freight. 

2.  a.  Oppressed ;  burdened. 

LA'DING,  ppr.  Loading  ;  charging  with  a 
burden  or  freight;  throwing  or  dipping 
out. 

LA'DING,  n.  That  which  constitutes  a  load 
or  cargo  ;  freight ;  burden  ;  as  the  lading 
of  a  ship.     Acts  xxvii. 

LAD'KIN,  n.  A  little  lad  ;  a  youth.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

LA'DLE,  n.  [Sax.  hlwdle,  from  hladan,  su- 
pra.] 

1.  An  utensil  somewhat  like  a  dish,  with  a 
long  handle,  used  for  throwing  or  dipping 
out  liquor  from  a  vessel. 

2.  The  receptacle  of  a  mill  wheel,  which  re- 
ceives the  water  which  moves  it. 

3.  In  gunnery,  an  instrument  for  drawing  the 
charge  of  a  cannon.  Mar.  Did. 

LA'DLE-FUL,  n.  The  quantity  contained  in 
a  ladle.  Stcifl. 

LA'DY,  n.  [Sax.  hlafdig,  hlcefdiga,  Idcefd'ia. 
The  first  syllable  of  this  word  occurs  in 
hlaford,  lord,  and  this  is  supposed  to  be 
hlnf  a  loaf,  and  the  words  to  signify  bread- 
givers.  But  this  is  doubtful ;  the  meaning 
(if  the  last  syllable  not  being  ascertained  in 
either  word.] 

1.  A  woman  of  distinction.  Originally,  the 
title  of  lady  was  given  to  the  daughters  of 
earls  and  others  in  high  rank,  but  by  cus- 
tom, the  title  belongs  to  any  woman  of 
genteel  education. 

2.  A  word  of  complaisance ;  used  of  women. 

Guardian. 

3.  Mistress ;  the  female  who  presides  or  has 
authority  over  a  manor  or  a  family. 

r"  4  DY-BIK?'  1      ^  *"'^"  ^'^^  vaginopen- 
I  A/nv  r-nw   i-n.nous   or    sheath-winged 

la'Ey:fl^T'J  '"-'^'-  """'J- 

A  coleopterous  insect  of  the  genus  Coc- 
cinella.  Linne. 

LADY'S  RED-STRAW,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Galium. 

LADY'S  BOWSER,  ?i.  .\  plant  of  the  genus 
Clematis. 

LADY'S  €OMB,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Scandix. 

LADY'S  CUSHION,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus SaxifraL'a. 

LADY'S  FINGER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Anthvllis. 

LADY'S  MANTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Alchcmilla. 

LADY'S  SE.'VL,  n.  A  jilant  of  the  genus 
Tamils. 

LADY'S  SLIPPER,  n.  A  jilant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cv|)ripcdimn. 

LADY'S  SMOCK,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
("aniaminc. 

LADY'S  TRACES,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Opluys. 

LA'DY-DAY,  n.  The  day  of  (he  annuncia- 
tion of  the  holy  virgin,  March  25th. 

LA'DY-LIKE,  a.  Like  a  lady  in  manners  ; 
genteel  ;  well  bicd. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate.  Dryden. 

LA'DYSHIP,  H.  The  tide  of  a  lady. 

Shak.    Dryden. 


L  A  K 


LAM 


LAM 


LAG,  a,  [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  ofl 
slack,  slow,  slvggish,laiiginsh,  lovg;  Goth. 
laggs  ;  W.  llag,  llac  ;  Gr.  ra/yyivu,  Xoyyojui 
Class  Lg.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  Coming  after  or  behind  ;  slow  ;  sluggish  ; 
tai-dy.  Shak. 

%  Last ;  long  delayed  ;  as  the  lug  end.  Shak. 

[This  adjective  is  not  now  in  use.] 
LAG,  n.  The  lowest  class ;  the  rump ;  the 
fag  end. 

2.  He  that  comes  behind.     Wot  in  useJ] 

Shak. 

LAG,  t'.  i.  [VV.  llag,  llac,  slack,  loose  :  Goth. 
laggs,  long;  Eng.  to Jlag,  and Jlacceo,  la7i- 
gueo,  to  languish,  &c.  The  sense  is  to 
extend  or  draw  out,  or  to  become  lax  or 
loose.     Class  Lg.] 

To  walk  or  move  slowly  ;  to  loiter  ;  to  stay 
behind. 

I  shall  not  lag  behind.  Milton 

LAG'GARD,  n.  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  backward 
{Not  used.l  Collins. 

LAG'GER,  a.  A  loiterer;  an  idler;  one 
who  moves  slowly  and  falls  behind. 

LAG'GING,  ppr.  Loitering  ;  moving  slow- 
ly and  falling  behind. 

Tlie  Duise  went  lagging  after  with  the  child 

Dryden 

LAGOON,'  )      [It.  Sp.  laguna,  from  the  root 

LAGU'NE,  \  "■  of /«*c.]  A  fen,  moor,  marsh, 
shallow  pond  or  lake  ;  as  the  lagunes  of 
Venice.  Roy.     Smollct. 

LA'IC,        }      [Il.laico,laicale,l''T.laique,Sp. 

LA'ICAL,  \  '  laycal,  D.  kek,  L.  laicus,  from 
Gr.  %aixos,  from  tjio;,  people.  The  Greek 
>.aos  is  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

Belonging  to  the  laity  or  people,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  clergy. 

LA'lC,  n.  A  layman.  Bp.  Morton. 

LAID,  pret.  and  pp.  of  lay  ;  so  written  for  lay 
ed. 

LAIN,  pp.  of  lie.  Lien  would  be  a  more 
regular  orthography,  but  lain  is  generally 
used. 

LAIR,  «.  [G.  lager,  from  the  root  of  lay,  L- 
lonis.] 

1.  A  place  of  rest;  the  bed  or  conch  of  a 
boar  or  wild  beast.  Milton.     Dryden 

2.  Pasture  ;  the  ground.  Spenser. 
LAIRD,  n.  [contracted   from  Sax.  hlaford, 

lord.] 
In  the   Scots  dialect,  a  lord  ;  the  proprietor 

of  a  manor.  Cteaveland. 

LA'ITY,  n.   [Gr.   tMo^,   jieople.     See  Laic] 

1.  The  people,  as  distinguished  from  the 
clergy  ;  the  body  of  the  people  not  in  or- 
ders. Swi/1. 

2.  The  state  of  a  layman,  or  of  not  being  in 
orders.     \JVot  used.]  .lyliffe. 

LAKE,  V.  I.  [Sw.  leka  ;  Dan.  leger  ;  Goth 
laikon.] 

To  play  ;  to  sport.  J\'orth  of  England.  This 
is  play.  Sax.  plegan,  without  a  prefix. 

1,AKE,  n.  [G.  lache,  a  puddle  ;  Fr.  lac ;  L 
lacus;  Sp.  It.  lago  ;  Sax.  luh ;  Scot,  loch  ; 
Ir.  longh  ;  Ice.  lavgh.  A  lake  is  a  stanti 
of  water,  from  tlie  root  of  lay.  Hence  L. 
lagena,  Eng.  Jlagon,  and  Sp.  laguna,  la- 
goon.] 

1.  A  large  and  extensive  collection  of  water 
contained  in  a  cavity  or  hollow  of  the 
earth.  It  differs  from  a  pond  in  size,  tlic 
latter  being  a  collection  of  small  extent 
but  sometimes  n  cnllection  of  water  i.«  call- 
ed a  pond  or  a  lake  indifferently.  North 
America  contains  some  of  the  lai'gest  lakes 

Vol.  11. 


on  the  globe,  particularly   the  takes  On- 
tario, Erie,  Huron,  Michigan  and  Superior. 

2.  A  middle  color  between  ullraniarine  and 
vermilion,  made  of  cochineal.         Dryden. 

LA'KY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lake  or  lakes. 

Sherwood. 

LAMA,  n.  The  sovereign  jjontiff,  or  rather 
the  god  of  the  Asiatic  Tartars.         Encyc. 

2.  A  small  species  of  camel,  the  Camelus 
lama  of  South  America. 

LAM'ANTIN,  }        A  species  of  the  walrus 

LAM'ENTIN,  ^  "'  or  sea-cow,  the  Triche 
cliusmanatLis.  Encyc. 

LAMB,  n  lam.  [Goth,  and  Sax.  lamb ;  D 
Dau.  lam  ;  G.lamm;  Hw.lamh.  The  let- 
ter b  is  casual  and  useless.  I  suspect  the 
word  to  signify  a  shoot,  as  in  other  cases 
of  the  young  of  animals,  from  a  root  which 
is  retained  in  the  Welsh  llamu,  to  bound, 
to  skip.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  sheep  kind. 

2.  The  Lamb  of  God,  in  Scripture,  the  Sav- 
ior .Tesus  Christ,  who  was  typified  by  the 
paschal  lamb. 

liehold  llie  lamb  of  God,  who  taketh  away 

the  sill  of  the  world.     John  i. 
LAMB,  r.  t.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  sheep. 
LAM'BATIVE,  a.    [L.  lambo,  to  lick ;  W. 

Ilaib,  lleibiau;  to  la]).] 
Taken  by  licking.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

LAM'BATIVE,   >i.    a    medicine   taken   l)y 

licking  with  the  tongue.  ff'iseman. 

LAM'BENT,  a.  [L.  lambens,  lambo,  to  lick.] 

Playing  about  ;  loucliing  lightly  ;  gliding 

over  ;  as  a  lambent  flame.  Dryden. 

LAMBKIN,  n.  lam'kin.     A  small  lamb. 

Gay. 
LAMBLIKE,   a.  lam'like.      Like   a   lamb 

gentle  ;  humble  ;  meek ;  as  a  lamblike  tern 

per. 
LAMDOID'AL,  a.  [Gr.  xaf<Sa,  the  name  of 

the  letter  A,   and  stSoj,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  the  Greek  A,  the  English  L; 

as  the  lamdoidal  suture.  Sharp 

LAME,  o.  [Sax.  lame  nv  Inma  ;  G.  lahm  ;  D. 

Dan.  lam  ;  Sw.  lahm.     It  is  probably  alli- 
ed to  limp.] 

1.  Cripplecl  or  disabled  in  a  limb,  or  other- 
wise injured  so  as  to  be  unsound  and  im- 
])air<'d  in  strength  ;  as  a  lame  arm  or  leg 
or  a  person  lame  in  one  leg. 

2.  Imperfect  ;  not  satisfactory  ;  as  a  lame 
excuse.  Swift 

3.  Hobbling  ;  not  smooth  ;  as  numbers  in 
verse.  Dryden 

LAME,  D.  <.   To  make  lame;  to  cripple  or 

disable  ;  to  render  imperfect  and  unsound  ; 

as,  to  lame  an  arm  or  a  leg.  Dryden 

LAM'EL,  «.    [L.lamella;  W.  Ilavyn.     See 

Lamin.]  A  thin  plate  or  scale  of  any  thing. 
LAM'ELLAR,  a.  [from  lamel.]     Disposed 

in  thin  plates  or  scales. 
LAM'ELLARLY,    adv.    In  thin   plates  or 

scales. 

LAM'ELLATE,     >         Formed     in     thin 
LAM'ELLATED,  ^    ""  plates  or  scales,   or 

covered  with  them. 
LAMELLIF  EROIS,  a.    [L.   lamella   and 

fero,  to  ])roduce.] 
Producing  plates;   an  epithet   of  polypiers 

presenting  lamellar  stars,  or  waved  fur- 
rows garnished  with  plates. 

Diet.  A'al.  fl?>/. 
LAM'ELLIFOR3I,  a.    [L.  lamella,  a  plate, 

and  form.]     Having  the  furni  of  a  |)late. 
Journ.  of  Science 


LA'MELY,  adv.  [See  Lame.]  Like  a  cripple  ; 
with  impaired  strength  ;  in  a  halting 
manner  ;  as,  to  walk  lamely. 

2.  Imperfectly;  without  a  complete  exhibi- 
tion of  parts ;  as  a  figure  lamely  drawn  : 
a  scene  lamely  described. 

3.  Weakly;  poorly;  unsteadily  ;  feebly. 
LA'MENESS,  n.  An  imjiaired  state  of  the 

body  or  limbs;  loss  of  natural  soundness 
and  strength  by  a  wound  or  by  disease  ; 
particularly  applied  to  the  limlis,  and  im- 
plying a  total  or  partial  inability ;  as  the 
to))ie»ic.?sof  the  leg  or  arm. 
2.  Imperfection  ;  weakness  ;  as  the  lameness 

of  an  argument  or  of  a  description. 
LAMENT',  V.  i.  [L.  lamentor.]     To  mourn  ; 
to  grieve ;  to  weep  or  wail ;  to  express  sor- 
row. 
Jererniah  lamented  for  Josiah.  2  Chron.  xxxv. 
2.  To  regret  deeply;  to  feel  sorrow. 
LAMENT',  V.  t.  To  bewail;  to  mourn  for; 
to  bemoan  ;  to  deplore. 

One  laughed  at  follies,  one  lamented  crimes. 

Dryden . 
LAMENT',?!,  [h. lamentum.]    Grief orsor- 
row  expressed  in  ronii>laints  or  cries;   la- 
mentation; a  weeiting. 
Torment,  and  loud  lament,  and  furious  rage. 

Milton. 
[This   noun  is   ttsed  chiefly  or  solely  in 
poelnj.] 
LAM'ENTABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lumentub- 
ilis.] 

1.  To  be  lamented  ;  deserving  sorrow;  as  a 
lamentable  declension  of  morals. 

2.  Mournful ;  adapted  to  awaken  grief;  as  a 
lamentable  tune. 

3.  Expressing  sorrow  ;  as  latnentable  cries. 

4.  Miserable;  pitiful;  low;  poor;  in  a  sense 
rather  ludicrous.     [Little  used.] 

Slillingfleet. 

LAM'ENTABLY,   adv.    Mournfully;   with 

expressions  or  tokens  of  sorrow.      Sidney. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow.  Shak. 

3.  Pitifully ;  despicably. 

LAMENTA'TION,  n.  [l..lamentalio.]  Ex- 
pression of  sorrow;  cries  of  grief;  the  act 
of  bewailing. 

In  Rama  was  there  a  \oice  heard,  lainenta- 
lion  and  weeping.     Matt.  ii. 

2.  In  the  plural,  a  book  of  Scripture,  contain- 
i     ing  the  lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 
!LAMENT'ED,;j/>.  Bewailed;  mourned  for. 
jLAMENT'ER,  n.  One  who  mourns, or  cries 

out  with  sorrow. 
JLAMENTIN.     [See  La^nantin.] 

LAMENT'ING,/(pr.  Bewailing;  mourning; 
j     weeping. 

iLAMENT'lNG,   n.  A  mourning;  lamenta- 
I     tion. 

LAMIA,  n.    [L.]     A  hag;  a  witch  ;    a  de- 
1     mon. 

LAMIN,     )       [L.latnina;  W. Ilavyn, from 
;LAM'INA,  S       extending,  W.  Ilav.] 

1.  A  thin  plate  or  scale  ;  a  layer  or  coat  lying 
over  another ;  applied  to  the  plates  of 
minerals,  bones,  &c.  Encyc. 

2.  A  bone,  or  part  of  a  bone,  resembling  a 
thin  plate,  such  as  the  cribriform  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone.  Parr. 

3.  The  lap  of  the  ear.  Parr. 

4.  The  border,  or  the  upper,  broad  or  spread- 
ing part  of  the  petal,  in  a  polvj>etalous 
corol.  "  Marlyn. 

LAM'INABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed 
into  thin  plates.  Kirwan. 


LAM 


LAN 


LAN 


LAM'INAR,  a.  In  plates;  consisting  of  thin 

plates  or  layers. 
LAM'INATE,     )       Plated;    consisting  of 
LAM'INATED,  J  "'  plates,  scales  or  layers, 

one  over  another. 
LAMM,  V.  t.  To  beat.     [JVot  in  vse.] 

Beawn. 
LAM'MAS,     n.      [Sax.    hlammwsse,    from 

hlafinivsse,    loaf-mass,  bread-feast,  or  feast 

of  first  fruits.    Lye.] 
The  first  day  of  August.  Bacon 

LAMP,    n.     [Fr.   lampe ;    L.   lampas;    Gr. 

Aa^rtaj,   from  y.ttjurtu,  to  shine  ;    Heb.  and 

Ch.TS'?.     Qu.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  containing  oil  to  be  burned 
by  means  of  a  wick;  or  a  light,  a  burning 
wick  inserted  in  a  vessel  of  oil.     Hence, 

2.  Figuratively,  a  light  of  any  kind.  The 
inoon  is  called  the  lamp  of  heaven. 

Thy  gentle  eyes  send  forth  a  quickening  spirit, 
To  feed  the  dying  lamp  of  life  within  me. 

Howe. 

Lamp  of  safety,  or  safety  lamp,  a  lamp  for 
lighting  coal  mines,  without  exposing 
workmen  to  the  explosion  of  inflammable 
air.  Davy. 

LAM'PAS,  71.  [Fr.]  A  lump  of  flesh  oftlie 
size  of  a  nut,  in  the  roof  of  a  horse's  mouth, 
and  rising  above  the  teeth.  Far.  Diet. 

LAMP'BLACK,  n.  [lamp  and  black  ;  bcin^ 
originally  made  by  means  of  a  lamp  or 
torch.] 

A  fine  soot  formed  by  the  condensation  of 
the  smoke  of  burning  pitch  or  resinous 
substances,  in  a  chimney  terminating  in  a 
cone  of  cloth.  Fourcroy. 

LAMP'IATE,  »!.  A  compound  salt,  compo- 
sed of  lampic  acid  and  a  base.  lire. 

LAMP'IC,  a.  The  lampic  acid  is  obtained 
by  the  combustion  of  ether  by  means  of  a 
latnp.  Ure. 

LAMP'ING,  a.  [It.  lampante.]  Shining; 
sparkling.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

LAMPOON',  n.  [Qu.  Old  Fr.  tamper.] 
A  personal  satire  in  writing  ;  abuse;  cen- 
sure written  to  reproach  and  vex  rather 
than  to  reform. 

Johnson.     Dryden.     Pope. 

LAMPOON',  t'.  t.  To  abuse  with  personal 
censure  ;  to  reproach  iu  written  satire. 

LAMPOON'ER,   n.    One  who  abuses  with 

personal  satire ;  the  writer  of  a  lampoon. 

The  squibs  arc  those  who  arc  called  libelers, 

lampooners^  and  pamphleteers.  Tatter. 

LAMPOON'ING,  ppr.  Abusing  with  per- 
sonal satire. 

LAMPOON'RY,  n.  Abuse. 

LAM'PREY,  71.    [Fr.  lamproic  ;  Sax.  lamp- 
neda  ;    G.  lamprele  ;     D.  lamprei  :     Dan. 
lampret ;   Sp.  and  Port,  laiiiprta;    It.  lam- 
preda ;     W.   Ueiproi; ;     Arm.   lamprt-enn 
In  Ann.  lamprn  signifies  to  slip  or  glide. 
In  ^Velsh   lleipiau',  is  to  lick  or  lap,  and 
Iteipran;  U>  make   flabby.     If  m  is  casual, 
which  is  probable,  the  Armnric  lampra  for 
lapra,  coinciiles  with  L.  labor,  to  slip,  and 
most  probably  the  animal  is  named  from 
.tlippiiijr.     If  however,  the  sense  is  token 
from  lirkinfr  ihc,  nu-ks,  as  Camden  suppn 
.ses,  it  accords  with  the  sense  of  the  tech- 
nical name  of  the  gcnns  ^e(ro)iii/:on,  the 
rock-surticr.] 
A  genus  of  anguilliform  fishes,  resembling  the 
eel,  and  niiiviiig  in  water  by  winding,  like 
the  serpent  on  land.     Tliia  fish  has  .seven 
spiracles  ou  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  a 


fistula  or  a|ierture  on  the  top  of  the  head 
but  no  pectoral  or  ventral  fins.  The  ma- 
rine or  sea  lamprey  is  sometimes  found  so 
large  as  to  weigh  four  or  five  pound.s. 

Encyc. 
Lamprei  and  lampron.     [See  Lamprey.] 
LA'NATE,     }        [L.   lanatus,   from    lana, 
LAN'ATED,  \  "■    wool.]     Wooly.     In   bot- 
any, covered  with  a  substance  like  curled 
hairs;  as  a  lanaled  leaf  or  stem. 
LANCE,   71.    fans.    [L.  lancea  ;    Fr.  lance  ; 
Sp.  lanza  ;    It.  lancia  ;   G.  lanze  ;    D.  Sw 
lans;   Dan.    lantse ;     Slav,   lanzha ;     Gr 
^oyxrj.      This  word  probably   belongs   to 
Class  Lg,  and  is  named  from  shooting, 
sending.] 
A  sjiear,  an  oflfensive   weapon  in   form  of 
a  half  pike,   used    by   the  ancients    and 
thrown  by  the  hand.     It  consisted  of  the 
shaft  or  handle,  the  wings  and  the  dart. 

Encyc. 
LANCE,  V.  t.    [Arm.  lancza,  to  shoot,  to 

vomit.] 
i.  To  pierce  with  a  lance  or  with  a  sharp 
pointed  instrument. 
— Seized  die  due  victim,  and  with  fury  lanc'd 
Her  back.  Dryden 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut ;  to  open  with  a  lancet 

as,  to  lance  a  veiii  or  an  abscess. 
LANCELY,  a.  I'ansly.   Suitable  to  a  lance. 

Sidney. 

In  botany,  tapering  to- 

^s.  Res. 


LAN'CEOLAR,  a. 

wards  each  end. 
LANCEOLATE, 
LAN'CEOLATED, 


Shaped  like  a  lance 


oblong  and  gradual 
ly  tapering  towanl  each  extremity  ;  spear- 
shaped  ;  as  a  lanceolate  leaf.  Martyn 

LANCEPESA'DE,  ii.  [It.  lancia-spezzata 
a  ilemi-lance-iiian,  a  light  horseman.]  An 
officer  under  the  cor])oral.  J.  Hall. 

L'ANCER,  71.  One  who  lances;  one  who 
carries  a  lance. 

L*ANCET,  71.  [Fi:luncetle,rrom  lance.]  A 
surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed  and 
two-edged  ;  used  in  venesection,  and  in 
opening  tumors,  abscesses,  &c.        Encyc. 

2.  A  pointed  window.  H'arton. 

L'ANCH,  I',  t.  [from  lance,  Fr.  lancer.]     To 
throw,  as  a  lance ;  to  dart;  to  let  fly. 
See  whose  arm  can  lanch  the  surer  bolt. 

Dryden.     Lee. 

2.  To  move,  or  cause  to  slide  from  the  land 
into  the  water  ;  as,  to  latich  a  ship. 

L>x\NCH,  t'.  i'.  To  dart  or  fly  off;  to  push 
oft";  as,  to  lunch  into  the  wide  workl ;  to 
lanch  into  a  wide  field  of  discussion. 

L"AN('H,  n.  The.  sliding  or  movement  of  a 
ship  liom  the  land  into  the  water, on  ways 
prepared  for  the  |)inpose. 

2.  A  kind  nf  boat,  longer,  lower,  and  more 
flat-bottomed  than  a  long  boat. 

Mar.  Did. 

LAND,  71.  [Gnth.  Sax.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  laiid. 
I  suppose  this  to  be  the  W.  llan,  a  clear 
place   or    area,    and    the   same  as  laivn  ; 
Cantabrian,    Innda,    a    plain   or    field.    It. 
Sp.    landn.     The  final  d  is  probably   ad 
ventilious.     The  primary  sense  is  a  lay  or 
spread.     Class  Ln.] 
1.  Earth,  or  the  solid  matter  which  consti 
tutcs  the  fixed  ]iart  of  the  surface  of  the 
globe,  in  distimtion  from  the  sea  or  other 
waters,  which  constitute  the  fluid  or  mova- 
ble poit.     Uciice  we  say,  the  globe  is  ter 


raqueous,  consisting  of  land  and  water. 
The  seaman  in  a  long  voyage  longs  to  see 
land. 

2.  Any  portion  of  the  sohd,  superficial  part 
of  the  globe,  whether  a  kingdom  or  coun- 
try, or  a  particular  region.  The  United 
States  is  denominated  the  land  of  freedom. 

Go,  view  the  land,  even  Jericho.     Josh.  ii. 

3.  Any  small  portion  of  the  superficial  part 
of  the  earth  or  ground.  We  speak  of  the 
quantity  oftand  in  a  manor.  Five  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  is  a  large  farm. 

4.  Ground  ;  soil,  or  the  superficial  part  of  the 
earth  in  respect  to  its  nature  or  quality  ; 
as  good  land;  poor  land;  moist  or  dry 
land. 

5.  Real  estate.  A  traitor  forfeits  all  his  lands 
and  tenements. 

6.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country  or  region  ; 
a  nation  or  people. 

These  answers  in  the  silent  night  received. 
The  king  himself  divulged,  the  layid  believed. 

Dryden. 

7.  The  ground  left  unplowed  between  fur- 
rows, is  by  some  of  our  farmers  called  a 
land. 

To  make  the  land,  )    In   seaman's   language, 

To  make  land,  ^  is  to  discover  land  from 
sea,  as  the  ship  ajiproaches  it. 

To  shut  in  the  land,  to  lose  sight  of  the  land 
left,  by  the  intervention  of  a  point  or  prom- 
ontory. 

To  set  the  land,  to  see  by  the  compass  how 
it  bears  from  the  ship. 

LAND,  71.  [Sax.  hland  or  htond.]  Urine  ; 
whence  the  old  expression,  land  dam,  to 
kill.     Obs.  Shak. 

LAND,  V.  t.  To  set  on  shore;  to  disembark; 
to  debark  ;  as,  to  land  troops  from  a  ship 
or  boat ;  to  land  goods. 

LAND,  I',  i.  To  go  on  shore  from  a  ship  or 
boat ;  to  disembark. 

LAN'DAU,  n.  A  kind  of  coach  or  carriage 
whose  top  may  be  opened  and  thrown 
back ;  so  called  from  a  town  in  Germany. 

LAND'-BREEZE,  n.  [land  and  breeze.]  A 
current  of  air  setting  from  the  land  to- 
wards the  sea. 

LAND'ED,  pp.  Disembarked ;  set  on  shore 
from  a  shi])  or  boat. 

2.  a.  Having  an  estate  in  land;  as  a  landed 
gentleman. 

The  house  of  commons  must  consist,  for  the 
most  part,  o(  landed  men.  Mdison. 

3.  Consisting  in  real  estate  or  land  ;  as 
landed  security  ;  landed  property.  The 
landed  interest  of  a  nation  is  the  interest 
consisting  in  land ;  but  the  word  is  used 
also  for  the  owners  of  that  interest,  the 
])roprietors  of  land. 

LAND'FALL,  n.  [land  and  fall.]  A  sud- 
den translation  f>f  property  in  land  by  the 
death  of  a  rich  man.  Johnson. 

In  seamen's  langnage,  the  first  land  dis- 
covered after  a  voyage.  Mar.  Did. 

LAND'FLQQD.it.  ■  (land  und  food.]  An 
overflowing  of  land  by  water;  an  inun- 
dati(Ui.  Properly,  a  flood  from  the  land 
from  the  swelling  of  rivers  ;  but  I  am  not 
sure  that  il  is  always  used  in  this  sense. 

LAND'-FORCE,»i.  [land  uiu\ force]  A  mil- 
itary force,  army  or  troops  srr\  ing  on  land, 
as  distinguished  from  a  naval  force. 

LAND'GRAVE,  71.  [G. /(ni4-m/;  h.  land- 
raaf.  Graf  or  graaf  is  au  call  or  count. 


LAN 


LAN 


LAN 


Sax.  gerffa,  a  companion  or  count.  It  is 
contracted  into  reeve,  as  in  sheriff,  or  shire- 
reeve.] 
In  Cennany,  a  count  or  earl ;  or  an  officer 
nearly  corresjionding  to  the  earl  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  count  of  France.  It  is  now 
a  title  of  certain  princes  who  possess  es- 
tates   or  territories  called  landgrnviates 

Encyc. 

LANDGRA'VIATE,  n.  The  territory  held 
by  a  landgrave,  or  his  office,  jurisdiction 
or  authority.  Encyc. 

LAND'HOLDER,  u.  A  holder,  owner  or 
proprietor  of  land. 

LAND'ING,  ppr.  Setting  on  shore ;  coming 
on  shore. 

LAND'ING,  I       A  place  on   the 

LAND'ING-PLACE,  I  "•  shore  of  the  sea 
or  of  a  lake,  or  on  the  bank  of  a  river, 
where  persons  land  or  come  on  shore,  or 
where  goods  are  .set  on  shore. 

LAND'JOBBER,  71.  A  man  who  makes  a 
business  ol' buying  Ijiiid  on  speculation,  or 
of  buying  and  selling  for  the  profit  of  bar- 
gains, or  who  buys  and  sells  for  others. 

LAND'LADY,  n.  [See  Landlord.]  A  wo- 
man who  has  tenants  holding  from  her. 

Johnson 

2.  The  mistress  of  an  inn.  Sicijl. 

LAND'LE.SS,  a.  Destitute  of  land  ;  having 
no  property  in  land.  Shak. 

LAND'LOCk,  V.  t.  [land  and  lock.]  To  in 
close  or  encompass  by  laml. 

LAND'LOCKED,  pp.  Encompassed  by 
land,  so  that  no  point  of  the  compass  is 
open  to  the  sea.  Encyc. 

LAND'LOPER,  n.  [See  Leop  and /nter/o- 
per.] 

A  landman  ;  literally,  a  land  runner  ;  a  term 
of  reproach  among  seamen  to  designate  a 
man  who  passes  his  life  on  land. 

LAND'LORD,  n.  [Sax.  land-hlnford,  lord  of 
the  land.  Tint  in  German  lehen-herr,  D. 
leen-herr,  is  lord  of  the  loan  or  fief  Per- 
haps the  Sa.xon  is  so  written  by  mistake, 
or  the  word  may  have  been  corrupted.] 

1.  The  lord  of  a  manor  or  of  land  ;  the  own- 
er of  land  who  has  tenants  under  him. 

Johnson. 

2.  The  master  of  an  inn  or  tavern. 

Mdison. 

LAND'IMAN,  n.  A  man  who  serves  on  land  ; 
opposed  to  seaman. 

LAND'MARK,  n.  [land  and  mark.]  A 
mark  to  desig-nate  the  boimdary  of  land  ; 
any  mark  or  fixed  object ;  as  a  marked 
tree,  a  stone,  a  ditch,  or  a  heap  of  stones, 
by  which  the  limits  of  a  farm,  a  town  or 
other  portion  of  territory  may  be  known 
and  preserved. 

Thou  shalt  not  remove  thy  neighbor's  land- 
mark.   Deut.  xix. 

2.  In  navigation,  any  elevated  object  on 
land  that  serves  as  a  guide  to  seamen. 

LAND'-OFFICE,  n  In  Me  United  States,  an 
office  m  which  the  sales  of  new  land  are 
registered,  and  warrants  issued  for  the  lo- 
cation of  land,  and  other  business  respect- 
ing unsettled  land  is  transacted. 

LAND'SCAPE,  n.  [D.  landschup  :  G.  land 
schafl;  Dan.  landskab ;  Sw.  landskap 
land  and  skape.] 

1.  A  portion  of  land  or  territory  which  the 
eye  can  comprehend  in  a  single  view,  in- 
cluding mountains,  rivers,  lakes,  and  what- 
ever the  land  contains. 


— Wliilst  the  lanilscape  round  it  meaiiureg,      I 

Russet  lawns  and  fallows  gray, 

Where  the  nibbling  flocks  do  stray.      Jl/i//OH. 

2.  A  picture,  exhibiting  the  form  of  a  district 
of  country,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  orl 
a  particular  extent  of  land  and  the  objects: 
it  contains,  or  its  various  scciiery. 

Mdison.     Pope.] 

3.  The  view  or  prospect  of  a  district  of 
country. 

LAND'SLIP,?!.  Aportion  of  ahillormoun- 
tain,  which  slips  or  slides  down ;  or  the 
sliding  down  of  a  considerable  tract  of 
land  from  a  mountain.  Landslips  are  not 
unfrerpient  in  Swisserland.         Goldsmith^ 

LAND'SMAN,  n.  In  seaman's  language,  a, 
sailor  on  board  a  ship,  who  has  not  before 
been  at  sea. 

LAND'STREIGHT,  n.  A  narrow  slip  of 
land.     [jYot  used.]  Mountague. 

LAND'-TAX,  n.  A  tax  assessed  on  land 
and  bnildiiigs. 

LAND'-TURN,  n.  A  land  breeze.       Encyc. 

LAND- WAITER,  n.  An  officer  of  the  cus- 
toms, whose  duty  is  to  wait  or  attend  on 
the  landing  of  goods,  and  to  examine,! 
weigh  or  measure,  and  take  an  account  of 
them.  Encyc.: 

LANDWARD,  adv.  Toward  the  land.         | 

Sandys.' 

LAND'-WIND,  n.  A  wind  blowing  from  the! 
land.  I 

LAND'- WORKER,  n.  One  who  tills  the 
ground.  Pownall., 

LANE,  n.  [D.  laan,  a  lane,  a  walk.  Class 
Ln.]  I 

1.  A  narrow  way  or  passage,  or  a  privatCj 
passage,  as  distinguished  from  a  public! 
road  or  highway.  A  lane  may  be  open  to! 
all  passengers,  or  it  may  be  inclosed  and 
appropriated  to  a  man's  private  use.  In! 
the  U.  States,  the  word  is  used  chiefly  in] 
the  country,  and  answers  in  a  degree,  to 
an  alley  in  a  city.  It  has  sometimes  been 
used  for  alley.  In  London,  the  word  lane 
is  added  to  the  names  of  streets  ;  as  chan- 
cery lane. 

2.  A  passage  between  lines  of  men,  or  peo- 
ple standing  on  each  side.  Bacon. 

LAN'GRAgE,  }       Langrel  shot  or  langrage} 
LAN'GREL,     J    '  is  a  particular   kind   of 

shot  used  at  sea  for  tearing  sails  and  rig-! 

ging,  and  thus  disabling  an  enemy's  ship.' 

It  consists  of  bolts,  nails  and  other  pieces! 

of  iron  fastened  together.  Mar.  Diet. 


LANGTERALOO',  n.  A  game  at  cards. 

Tatler) 

LAN'GUAtiE,  7^  [Fr.  langage:  &p.  lengua} 
lenguage  ;  Port,  linguagem  ;  It.  linguag-\ 
gio  :  .Arm.  langaich  ;  from  L.  lingua,  the! 
tongue,  and  speech.  It  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  lingo,  to  lick ;  the  n  is  evi-l 
dently  casual,  for  ligula,  in  Latin,  is  a  little 
tongue,  and  this  signifies  also  a  strap  or 
lace,  as  if  the  primary  sense  were  to  ex- 
tend.] 

I.  Human  speech ;  the  expression  of  ideas 
by  words  or  significant  articulate  sounds,! 
for  the  comnumication  of  thoughts.  Lan-\ 
guage  consists  in  the  oral  utterance  of 
sounds,  which  usage  has  made  the  repre- 
sentatives of  ideas.  When  two  or  morej 
persons  customarily  anne.x  the  same 
sounds  to  the  same  ideas,  the  expression! 
of  these  sounds  by  one  person  communi- 
cates bis  ideas  to  another.     This  is  the  pri-' 


mary  sense  of  language,  the  use  of  which 
is  to  comnumicate  the  thoughts  of  one 
per.son  to  another  through  the  organs  of 
hearing.  Articulate  simnds  are  repre- 
sented by  letters,  marks  or  characters 
which  form  words.  Hence  language  con- 
sists also  in 

2.  Words  duly  arranged  in  sentences,  writ- 
ten, printed  or  engraved,  and  exhibited  to 
the  eye. 

3.  The  speech  or  expression  of  ideas  pecul- 
iar to  a  particular  nation.  Men  had  orig- 
inally one  and  the  same  language,  but 
the  tribes  or  families  of  men,  since  their 
dispersion,  have  distinct  languages. 

Style;  tuanner  of  expression. 
Others  (oT  language  all  their  care  express. 

Pope. 
The  inarticulate  sounds  by  which  irra- 
tional animals  express  their  feelings  and 
wants.  Each  species  of  animals  has  pe- 
culiar sounds,  which  are  uttered  instinct- 
ively, and  are  understood  by  its  own  spe- 
cies, and  its  own  species  only. 

6.  Any  manner  of  expressing  tlioughts. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  language  of  the  eye, 
alanguage  very  expressive  and  intelligible. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  speech. 
Dan.  iii. 

LAN'GUAgED,  a.  Having  a  language  ;  as 

many-languaged  nations.  Pope. 

LAN'GUAGE-MASTER,    71.     One  whose 

profession  is  to  teach  languages. 

Spectator. 
LAN'GUET,  n.  [Fr.  hnguette.]     Any  thing 

in  the  shape  of  the  tongue.  [jYot  English.] 

Johnson. 
LAN'GUID,  a.  [L.  languidus,  from  langueo, 

to  droop  or  flag.     See  Languish.] 

1.  Flagging;  drooping;  hence,  feeble;  weak; 
heavy  ;  dull ;  indisposed  to  exertion.  The 
body  is  languid  after  excessive  action, 
which  exhausts  its  powers. 

2.  Slow ;  as  languid  motion. 

3.  Dull ;  heartless  ;  without  animation. 
And  fire  their  languid  soul  with  Cato's  virtue. 

.Addison. 

LANGUIDLY,  adv.  Weakly  ;  feebly  ; 
slowly.  Boyle. 

LAN'GUIDNESS,  7!.  Weakness  from  ex- 
haustion of  strength  ;  feebleness ;  dull- 
ness ;  languor. 

2.  Slowness. 
LAN'GUISH,    V.  i.    [Fr.   languir,  languis- 

sant ;  Arm.  languigza  ;  It.  languire  ;  L. 
langueo,  lachinisso ;  Gr.  Tjv/yivu,  to  flag, 
to  lag.  This  word  is  of  the  family  of  W. 
llac,  slack,  loose  ;  tlaciaw,  to  slacken,  to 
relax.  L.  laxo,  larus,  flacceo,  and  Goth. 
laggs,  long,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 
1.  To  lose  strength  or  animation  ;  to  be  or 
become  dull,  feeble  or  spiritless;  to  pine; 
to  be  or  to  grow  heavy.  We  larigiiish 
under  disease  or  after  excessive  exertion. 
She  that  hath  borne  seven  languisheth.  Jer. 

XV. 

To  wither;   to  fade ;  to  lose  the  vegeta- 
ting power. 
For  the  fields  of  Heshbon  languish.     Is.  svi. 

3.  To  grow  dull ;  to  be  no  longer  active  and 
vigorous.  The  war  languished  for  want 
of  supphes.  Commerce,  agriculture,  man- 
ufactures languish,  not  for  want  of  inonev, 
but  for  want  of  good  markets. 


LAN 


LAP 


LAP 


4.  To  pine  or  sink  under  sorrow  or  any  con- 
tinued passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes 
for  the  loss  of  lier  lover. 

Therefore  shall  the  land  mourn,  and  every 
one  that  dwelleth  therein  shall  languish.  Ho- 
sea  iv. 

5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as 
with  the  head  reclined  and  a  pecidiar  cast 
of  the  eye.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUISH,    V.  t.    To  cause   to  drooj)  or 

pine.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

LAN'GUISH,  n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft 

and  tender  look  or  appearance. 

And  the  blue  languish  of  soft  Allia's  eye. 

Pope 
LAN'GUISIIER,   n.    One  who  languishes 

or  pines. 
LAN'GUISIIING,  ppr.  Becoming  or  beinj 

feeble  ;  losing   strength  ;  pining  ;   wither 

ing ;  fading. 
2.  a.  Having   a  languid   appearance ;    as  a 

tanguishins;  eye. 
LAN'GUISHINGLY,  adv.  Weakly ;  feebly ; 

dully ;  slowly. 
2.  With  tender  softness. 
LAN'GUISHMENT,  n.   The  state  of  pin-' 

ing.  Spenser.'. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head' 

reclined.  Dryden.] 

LAN'GUOR,  »i.  [L.  languor;  Ft.  langueur.]\ 

1.  Feebleness  ;  dullness  ;  heaviness  ;  lassi- 
tude of  body ;  that  state  of  the  body 
which  is  induced  by  exhaustion  of 
strength,  as  by  disease,  by  e.xtraordinary 
exertion,  by  fhe  relaxing  effect  of  heat,  or 
by  weakness  from  any  cause. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  faculty;  list- 
lessness.  IFatts. 

3.  Softness;  laxity. 

To  isles  of  fragrance,  lily-silvered  vales, 
Diffusing  languor  in  the  parting  gales. 

Dunciad 

LAN'GUOROUS,  a.  Tedious ;  melancholy, 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LAN'GURE,    V.  I.    To  languish.     [JVot  in 

vse.]  Chaucer. 

LANIARD,    J!,     lan'yard.     [Fr.  laniere,  a 

straj).] 
A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line,  used  for  fasten 
ing  something  in  ships,  as  the  laniards  of 
the  gun-ports,  of  the  buoy,  of  the  cathook, 
&c.,  but  especially  used  to  extend  the 
shrouds  and  stays  of  the  masts,  by  their 
conwnunication  with  the  dead  eyes,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 
LA'NIATE,  I'.  /.    [L.  lanio.]      To  tear   in 

pieces.     [Little  used.] 
LANIA'TION,  n.  A  tearing  in  pieces.  [Lit- 

LAMF'EROUS,  a.  [L.lamfer;  /ana,  wool, 
and /f CO,  to  produce.]  Bearing  or  produ- 
cing wool. 

LAN'H-'ICE,  n.  [L.  lanijicium ;  lana,  wool, 
aiid/uao,  to  make.] 

Manufacture  of  wool.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon 

LANIG'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laniger;  lana,  wool,' 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing 
wool. 

LANK,  n.  [Sax.  hlnnca  ;  Gr.  Xayapo; ;  prob- 
ably alli('(l  lofhink,  and  W.  Uac,  slack,  lax  ;: 
llaciaw,  to  slacken  ;  (J.  schlank.] 

1.  Loose  or  lax  and  easily  yielding  to  ]>res- 
surc  ;  not  distended  ;  not  siilT  or  firm  by 
distension  ;  not  plump  ;  as  a  lank  bladder 
or  purse. 


The   clergy's  bags 
Are  lank  and  lean   with   thy  extortions. 

Shak.l 

2.  Thin  ;  slender ;  meager ;  not  full  and 
firm  ;  as  a  lank  body. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  Languish.] 

Mitton. 

LANK'LY,  adv.  Thinly ;  loosely ;  laxly. 

LANK'NESS,  n.  Laxity  ;  flabbiness  ;  lean- 
ness ;  slenderness. 

LANK'Y,  n.  Lank.  [Vulgar.] 

LAN'NER,  I      [fr.lanier; 'L.laniarius 

LAN'NERET,  l"-lanius,  a  butcher.]  A 
species  of  hawk. 

LANS'QUENET,  n.  [lance  and  knecht,  a 
boy,  a  knight.] 

1.  A  common  foot  soldier. 

2.  A  game  at  cards.  Johnson.     Encyc. 
LAN'TERN,  n.    [Fr.  lanterne  ;    L.  laterna  ; 

G.  lateme  ;  D.  lantaarn  ;  Sp.  lintema.] 
1.  A  case  or  vessel  made  of  tin  perforated 
with  many  holes,  or  of  some  transpai'cnt 
substance,  as  glass,  horn,  or  oiled  paper  ; 
used  for  carrying  a  candle  or  other  light 
in  the  open  air,  or  into  stables,  &c. 

Locke. 
A  dark  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  open 
ing,  which  may  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal 
the  light. 

3.  A  light-house  or  light  to  direct  the  course 
of  ships.  Addison. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  little  dome  raised  over 
the  roof  of  a  building  to  give  light,  and 
to  serve  as  a  crowning  to  the  fabric. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  square  cage  of  carpentry  placed  over 
the  ridge  of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between 
two  rows  of  shops,  to  illuminate  them. 

Encyc. 
Magic  lantern,  an  optical  machine  by  which 

])ainted  images  are  re))resented  so  much 

magnified  as  to  appear  like  the  effect  of 

magic. 
LAN'TERN-FLV,  ii.  An  insect  of  the   ge 

uus  Kulgora.  Encyc, 

LAN'TERN-JAWS,  n.  A  thin  visage. 

Spectator. 
LANU'(jINOUS,  a.    [L.  lanuginosus,  from 

lanugo,  down,  from  lana,  wool.] 
Downy ;   covered  with   down,   or  fine  soft 

hair. 
LAODICE'AN,   a.    Like  the  christians  of 

Laodicea;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
LAODICE'ANISM,   n.    Lukewarmncss  in 

religion.  E.  Stiles. 

LAP,  n.  [Sax.   loeppc  ;  G.  lappen ;  D.  Dan. 

lap ;  Sw.  lapj).     This  word  seems  to  be   a 

different  orthography  of  Jlap.] 

1.  The  loose  part  of  a  coat ;  the  lower  part 
of  a  garment  that  plays  loosely.       Swift 

2.  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees 
when  a  person  sits  down  ;  hence,  the 
knees  in  this  position. 

Men  expect  that  happiness   should  drop  into 
their  laps.  Tillotson 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or 
on  ;  as,  to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boards,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over 
another. 

2.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 
I  lapped  a  slender  thread  about  the  paper. 

jYcu'ton 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 
Her  garment   spreads,  and   laps  hhn   in  the 

folda.  Dryden. 


LAP,  V.  i.  To  be  spread  or  laid ;  to  be  turn- 
ed over. 

The  upper  wings  are  opacous  ;  at  their  hind- 
er ends  where  they  lap  over,  transparent  like  the 
wing  of  a  fly.  Grew. 

LAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lappian  ;  D.  labben  ;  Arm. 
lappa;  Fr.  taper;  Dan.  laber ;  W.llepiato, 
lleibiaw  ;  Gr.  Xa«ru.  If  ?n  is  casual  in  L. 
lambo,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the  same 
word.     Class  Lb.  No.  22.] 

To  take  up  hquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ; 
to  feed  or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  the  liver  Nilus'  side  being 
thirsty,  lap  hastily  as  they  run  along  the  shore. 

Digby. 
And  the   number  of  them  that  lapped  were 
three  hundred  men.     Judg.  vii. 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue  ;  to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  laps  milk. 

Shak. 

LAP'DOG,  n.  A  small  dog  fondled  in  the 
"a  p.  Dryden. 

LAP'FULL,  n.  As  much  as  the  lap  can 
contain.    2  Kings  iv. 

LAP'ICIDE,  n.  A  stone-cutter.    [M'ot  used.] 

Did. 

LAPIDA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lapidarius,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.]  Stony ;  consisting  of 
stones. 

LAP'IDARY,  n.  [Fr.  lapidaire ;  L.  lapida- 
rius,  lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  An  artificer  who  cuts  precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and 
kinds  of  gems  or  precious  stones.    Encyc. 

LAP'IDARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
cutting  stones.  The  lapidary  style  de- 
notes that  which  is  proper  for  monumental 
and  other  inscriptions.  Encyc. 

LAPIDATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lapido.]  To  stone. 
[Xot  used.] 

LAPIDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  stoning  a 
person  to  death.  Hcdl. 

LAPID'EOUS,  a.  [L.  lapideus.]  Stony;  of 
the  nature  of  stone  ;  as  lapideous  matter. 
[Little  used.]  Ray. 

LAPIDES'CENCE,  n.  [h.  lapidesco,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  The  processor  becoming  stone;  a  hard- 
ening into  a  stony  substance. 

2.  A  stony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAPIDES'CENT,  a.    Growing  or  turning 

to  stone ;  that  has  the  quality  of  petrify- 
ing bodies.  Encyc. 

LAPIDES'CENT,  n.  Any  substance  which 
has  the  qualitj'  of  petrifying  a  body,  or 
converting  it  to  stone. 

LAPIDIF'IC,  a.  [L.  tapis,  a  stone,  and  Ja- 
cio,  to  make.]  Forming  or  converting  in- 
to stone. 

LAPIDIFIeA'TION,  n.  The  operation  of 
forming  or  converting  into  a  stony  sub- 
stance, by  means  of  a  liquid  charged  with 
earthy  particles  in  solution,  which  crys- 
talize  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing free  stone,  pudding  stone,  &c. 

Diet.  J\'at.  HisK 

LAPID'IFY^,  r.  t.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and 
facin,  to  form.]  To  form  into  stone. 

LAPID'IF'?,  V.  i.  To  turn  into  stone;  tc 
become  stone. 

L.VP'IDIST,  n.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones^ 
[See  Lapidary.] 

LAPIS,  in  Latin,  a  stone.     Hence, 

Lapis  Bonnniensis,  the  Bolognian  stone. 

Lapis  Hepaticus,  liver  stone. 


LAP 


L  A  R 


L  A  R 


Lapis  Laztdi,    azure  stone,  an   aluminous|,LAPS'ING,  ;)pr.  Gliding;  flowing  j  fuiling;,  I 


mineral,  of  a  rich  blue  color,  resembling 
the  blue  carbonate  of  copper.  [See  La- 
zuli.] 

Lapis  Li/dius,  touch-stone ;  basanite  ;  a  va- 
riety of  siliceous  slate. 

LAP'PEl),  pp.  [See  Lap.]  Turned  or  fold- 
ed over. 

LAP  PER,  n.  One  that  laps;  one  that 
wraps  or  folds. 

2.  One  that  lakes  up  with    his  tongue. 

LAP'PET,  n.  [dim.  of  lap.]  A  part  of  a 
sarnient  or  dress  that  hangs  loose, 

Swijl. 

LAP'PING,  ppr.  Wrapping  ;  folding  ;  lay 
ing  on. 

2.  Licking ;  taking  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue, 

LAPSE,  n.  laps.  [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to 
slide,  to  fall.     Class  Lb.] 

I 

course ;  as  the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;  the 
lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapse  to  indolence  is  soft  and  imperccp 
tiblc,  but  the   return  to  diligence  is  difficult. 

Rambler 

3.  A  slip  ;  an  error ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  in 
duty ;  a  slight  deviation  from  truth  or  rec- 
titude. 

This  Scripture  may  be  usefully  applied  as  a 
caution  to  guard  against  those  lapses  and  fail 
ings  to  which  our  infirmities  daily  expose  us. 

Bogirs. 

So  we  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  eccksia-Hical  law,  the  slip  or  omission  of 
a  patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice, 
within  six  months  after  it  becomes  void. 
In  this  case,  the  benefice  is  said  to  be  laps- 
ed, or  in  lapse.  Encyc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  V.  I.  laps.  To  glide  ;  to  pass  slowly, 

silently  or  by  degrees. 

This  disposition  to  shorten  our  words  by  re- 
trenching the  vowels,  is  nothing  else  but  a  ten- 
dency to  lapse  into  the  barbarity  of  fliose  north- 
ern nations  from  which  we  descended.  Swift. 
'2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail 
in  duty ;  to  deviate  from  rectitude ;  to 
commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  in  fullness 

Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Shak. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency 
or  mistake. 

Homer,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and 
Thersites,  has  lapsed  into  the  burlesque  char- 
acter, .iddison. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  an- 
other, by  the  omission  or  negligence  of 
the  patron. 

If  the  archbishop  shall  not  fill  it  up  within  six 

months  ensuing,  it  lapses  to  the  king,     -iyliffe 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from 
truth,  faith  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
His  lapsed  powers.  Mdton. 

LAPS'ED,  pp.  Fallen ;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of 
the  patron  ;  as  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  laps 
td  legacy  is  one  which  falls  to  the  heirs 
through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as  when 
the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator 
LAP'SIDED,  a.  [lap  3.ui  side.]  Having  one 
side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet 


falling  to  one  person  through  the  omission 
of  another. 
LAP'WING,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Trin 

ga ;  the  tewit. 

LAP'WORK,  ?i.    Work  in  which  one  part  ^ 
laps  over  another.  Grew. 

L'Ail,  n.  plu.  lares.  [L.]  A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

L'ARBOARD,    n.    [Board,  hard,  is  a  side  ; 

but  I  know  not  the  meaning  o\'lar.    The 

[     Dutch   use    hakboord,  and  the   Germans 

backbord.'\ 

The  left  hand  side  of  a  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  with  liis  face  to  the  head  ;  opposed 
to  starboard. 

L'ARBOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left  hand 
side  of  a  ship  ;  as  the  larboard  quarter. 

L'ARCENV,  n.  [Fr.  larciii;  Norm,  larciin; 
Arm.  laeroncy,  or  laxroncy,  contracted  from 
L.  latrocinium,  from  the  Celtic;  W.  lladyr, 
theft  ;  lladron,  thieves  ;  Sp.  ladron ;  It. 
ladro,  ladrone.] 

Theft;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away 
the  goods  or  property  of  another  feloni 
ously.  Larceny  is  of  two  kinds ;  simple 
larceny,  or  theft,  not  accompanied  with 
any  atrocions  circumstance  ;  and  mixed  or 
compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  the 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or 
person,  as  in  burglary  or  robbery.  The 
stealing  of  any  thing  below  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  is  called  petty  larceny ;  above 
that  value,  it  is  called  grand  larceny. 

Blackstone 

L*.\RCH,  Ji.  [X^.larix ;  Sp.alerce;  It.larice; 
G.  Icrchenbaum  ;  D.  lorkenboom.] 

The  common  name  of  a  division  of  the  ge 
nus  Pinus,   species  of  which  are  natives 
of  America,  as  well  as  of  Europe. 

LWRD,  n.  [Fr.  lard  ;  L.  lardum,  laridum  ; 
It.  and  Sp.  lardo  ;  Arm.  lardl.  Qu.  W. 
liar,  that  spreads  or  drops,  soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and 
separated   from  the  flesh. 

!2.  Bacon;  the  flesh  of  swine.  Dryden. 

LARD,  I'.  ^  [Fr. /nrrfer;  Arm.  ?arrfa.J  To 
stuft' with  bacon  or  pork. 

Tlie  larded    thighs  on  loaded  altars  laid. 

Dryden 
To  fatten :  to  enrich. 

Now   Falstaff  sweats  to  death, 
And  lards  the  lean  earth.  Shak. 

To  mix  with  sometliing  by  way  of  im- 
provement. 

— Let  no  alien  interpose. 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hungry  Epsom  prose. 

Dryden 

L'.\RD,  r.  {.  To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

L.ARDA'CEOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  lard 
consisting  of  lard.  Coxe 

L'ARDED,  pp.  Stuffed  with  bacon ;  fat- 
tened ;  mi.\ed. 

L'ARDER,  n.  A  room  where  meat  is  kept 
or  salted.  Bacon. 

L'ARDRY,  n.  A  larder.     [JVot  tised.] 

L'.'VRgE,  a.  larj.  [Fr.  large;  Sp.  Port.  It 
largo  ;  Arm.  larg  ;  L.  largus.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  to  spread,  stretch  or  distend, 
to  diffuse,  hence  to  loosen,  to  relax ;  Sp. 
largar,  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rope 
Class  Lr.  It  seems  to  be  connected  will, 
Gr.  ^ovpo;,  wide,  copious,  and  perhaps 
with  floor,  W.  llawr,  and  with  llaicer. 
much,  many.  In  Ba.sque,  larria,  is  gross, 
and  larritu,  to  grow.] 


Big  ;  of  great  size ;  bulky ;  as  a  large 
body  ;  a  large  horse  or  ox ;  a  large  moun- 
tain ;  a  large  tree  ;  a  large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;   extensive ;    as    a  large   field    or 
plain;  a  large  extent  of  territory. 
Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many 
iidiabitants  ;  as  a  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant ;  plentiful ;  ample  ;  as  a  large 
supply  of  provisions. 

a.  Copious ;  diffusive. 

I  might  he  very  large  on  the  importance  and 
advantages  of  education.  Felton. 

G.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  wind  is  large 
when  it  crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course 
in  a  favorable  direction,  particularly  on 
the  beam  or  quarter.  Encyc. 

7.  Wide;  consisting  of  much  water;  as  a 
large  river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as  a  large 
donation. 

M  large,  without  restraint  or  confinement ; 

'     as,  to  go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 

2.  Diffusely;  fully;   in   the  full  extent;  as, 

to  discourse  on  a  subject  at  large. 
L'ARGE,  71.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal 

to  four  breves.  Busby. 

LARGEHE'ARTEDXESS,   n.    Largeness 

of  heart;  liberahty.     [JYot  iised.] 
\  Bp.  Reyitolds. 

LARGELY,  adv.  Widely;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously  ;  diffu-sely  ;  amply.  The  sub- 
I    ject  was  largely  discussed. 

3.  Liberally;  bountifully. 

— How  he  lives  and  eats  ; 
How  largely  gives.  Dryden. 

4.  Abundantly. 
They  their  fill  of  love  and  love's  disport 
Took  largely.  .Milton. 

L'ARGENESS,   n.   Bigness;  bulk;  magni- 
tude ;  as  the  largeness  of  an  animal. 
2.  Greatness  ;  comprehension  ;  as  the  large- 
1     ness  of  mind  or  of  capacity. 
i.3.  Extent  ;    extensiveness  ;  as  largeness  of 
I     views. 

4.  Extension;  amplitude;  liberahty;  as  the 
i     largeness  of  a.n  ofkr ;  largeness  of  heart. 
j  Hooker,     fl'aller. 

5.  Widcness;  extent;  as  the  largeness  of  a 
I     river. 

L'ARgESS,  ?!.  [Fr.  largesse;  L.  largitio ; 
\     from  largus,  large.] 

\.\.  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  be- 
]     stowed.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

L'ARgISH,  a.  Somewhat  large.  [Unusual.] 
I  Cavallo. 

ILARGO,^  }    [It.]  Musical  terms,  di- 

L.\RGHET  TO,  ^  reeling  to  slow  inove- 
I  menl.  Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than 
I  grave,  and  two  degrees  quicker  than  ada- 
I    gio.  Did. 

L'.ARK,  71.   [Sax.  lafere,  lauerce ;  Scot,  la- 

rerok,  lauerok  ;    G.   lerche  ;    D.   leeuwrik ; 


Dan.  lerke ;  Sw.  larka  ;  Id.  lava,  toova. 
As  the  Latin  alauda  coincides  with  laudo, 
Eng.  loud,  so  the  first  sjllable  of  lark,  laf, 
lau,  lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover, 
to  praise,  to  sing  or  cry  out.  But  I  know 
not  the  sense  of  the  word.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Alauda,  distinguished 
for  its  singing. 

LARKER,^n.  A  catcher  of  larks.  Did. 

L'ARKLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  lark  in 
nmnners. 

L  ARK'S-HEEL,  n.  .\  QoTifec^aa^d  Indian 


LAN 


LAP 


LAP 


4.  To  pine  or  sink  under  sorrow  or  any  con- 
tinued passion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes 
lor  the  loss  of  lier  lover. 

Therefore  shall  tlie  land  mourn,  and  every 
one  that  dwelleth  therein  shall  languish.  Ho- 
sea  iv. 

5.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as 
with  the  head  reclined  and  a  peculiar  cast 
of  the  eye.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUISH,  t'.  /.  To  cause  to  droop  or 
pine.     [Little  wsfd.]  Shak. 

LAN'GUISH,  n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft 
and  tender  look  or  appearance. 

And  the  blue  languish  of  soft  AUia's  eye. 

Pope 
LAN'GUISHER,   n.    One  who  languishes 

or  pines. 
LAN'GUISIIING,  ppr.  Becoming  or  being 

feeble  ;  losing   strength  ;  pining  ;   wither 

ing ;  fading. 
2.  a.  Having   a  languid  appearance ;    as  a 

tans:uishiiig  eye. 
LAN'GUISIIINGLY,  adv.  Weakly ;  feebly ; 

dully ;  slowly. 
2.  With  tender  softness. 
LAN'GUISHMENT,  n.   The  state  of  pin 

ing.  Spenser. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head 

reclined.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUOR,  n.  [h.  languor;  Fr.langueur.] 

1.  Feebleness  ;  dullness  ;  heaviness  ;  lassi- 
tude of  body ;  that  state  of  the  body 
wliich  is  induced  by  exhaustion  of 
strength,  as  by  disease,  by  extraordinary 
exertion,  by  fhe  relaxing  effect  of  lieat,  or 
by  weakness  from  any  cause. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  faculty,  list- 
lessness.  IFalts. 

3.  Softness ;  laxity. 

To  isles  of  fragrance,  lily-silvered  vales, 
Diffusing  languor  in  the  parting  gales. 

DunciaJ. 

LAN'GUOROUS,  a.  Tedious ;  melancholy. 

06s.  Spenser. 

LAN'GURE,    V.  (.    To  languish.     [jVot  in 

itse.]  Chaucer. 

LANIARD,    n.     lan'yard.     [Fr.   laniere,   a 

strap.] 
A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line,  used  for  fasten 
ing  something  in  ships,  as  the  laniards  of 
the  gun-ports,  of  the  buoy,  of  the  cathook, 
&c.,  but  especially  used  to  extend  the 
shrouds  and  stays  of  the  masts,  by  their 
connnunication  with  the  dead  eyes,  &c. 

Mar.  Did. 
LA'NIATE,  V.  t.    [L.   lanio.]      To  tear   in 

pieces.     [Little  iised.] 
LANIA'TION,  n.  A  tearing  in  pieces.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 
LANIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.lanifer;  iana,  wool, 
and  fero,  to  produce.]    Bearing  or  produ- 
cing wool. 
LAN'H''ICE,  n.  [h.  lanijicium ;  lana,  wool, 

and/ario,  to  make.] 
Manufacture  of  wool.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
LANI(i'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laniger ;  lana,  wool, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing 
wool. 
LANK,  o.  [Sax.  hlnnca  ;  Gr.  'Kayapo;  \  prob- 
ably allied  U)  flank,  and  W.  Itac,  slack,  lax  ; 
llaciaw,  to  sla'ckcn  ;  G.  scldnnk.] 
1.  Loose  or  lax  and  easily  yielding  to  ])res- 
sure  ;  not  distended  ;  not  stiff  or  firm  by 
distension  ;  not  plump  ;  as  a  lank  bladder 
or  purse. 


The  clergy *3  bags 
Are  lank  and  lean   with   thy  extortions. 

Shak. 

2.  Thin  ;  slender ;  meager ;  not  full  and 
firm  ;  as  a  lank  body. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  Languish.] 

Milton. 

LANK'LY,  adv.  Thinly ;  loosely  ;  laxly. 

LANK'NESS,  n.  Laxity  ;  flabbiness  ;  lean- 
ness ;  slenderness. 

LANK'Y,  «.  Lank.  [Vulgar.] 

LAN'NER,  )      [Fr.lanier; 'L.laniarius, 

LAN'NERET,  l"-lanius,  a  butcher.]  A 
species  of  hawk. 

LANS'QUENET,  n.  [lance  and  kneckt,  a 
boy,  a  knight.] 

1.  A  common  foot  soldier. 

2.  A  game  at  cards.  Johnson.    Encyc. 
LAN'TERN,  n.    [Fr.  lanterne  ;    L.  laterna  ; 

G.  lalerne  ;  D.  lantaarn  ;  Sp.  linterna.] 

1.  A  case  or  vessel  made  of  tin  perforated 
with  many  holes,  or  of  some  transparent 
substance,  as  glass,  horn,  or  oiled  paper  ; 
used  for  carrying  a  candle  or  other  light 
in  the  open  air,  or  into  stables,  Sec- 
Locke. 

A  dark  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  open- 
ing, which  may  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal 
the  light. 

2.  A  light-house  or  light  to  direct  the  course 
of  sliijis.  Addison. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  little  dome  raised  over 
the  roof  of  a  building  to  give  light,  and 
to  serve  as  a  crowning  to  the  fabric. 

Encyc. 

4.  A  square  cage  of  carpentry  placed  over 
the  ridge  of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between 
two  rows  of  shops,  to  illuminate  them. 

Encyc 
Magic  lantern,  an  optical  machine  by  wliich 

painted  images  are  represented  so  much 

magnified  as  to  appear  like  the  effect  of 

maffic. 
LAN'TERN-FLY,  n.  An  insect  of  the   ge- 
nus Fulgora.  Encyc, 
LAN'TERN-JAWS,  )i.  A  thin  visage. 

Spectator. 
LANU'GlNOUS,  a.    [L.  lanuginosus,  from 

lanugo,  down,  from  lana,  wool.] 
Downy;   covered  with  down,   or  fine  soft 

hair. 
LAODICE'AN,   a.    Like  the  christians  of] 

Laodicea  ;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
LAODICE'ANISIVI,    n.    LiUiewarmness  m 

religion.  E.  Stiles. 

L.\P,  n.  [Sax.   l(eppe  ;  G.  lappen ;  D.  Dan. 

lap  ;  Sw.  lapp.     This  woril  seems  to  be   a 

different  orthography  of  Jlap.] 
L  The  loose  part  of  a  coat;  the  lower  part 

of  a  garment  that  plays  loosely.       Swi/l. 
2.  The  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the  knees 

when  a   person  sits   down  ;     hence,    the 

knees  in  this  position. 

Men  expect  that  happiness   should  drop  into 
their  laps.  Tillolson 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or 
on  ;  as,  to  lap  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  lap  boards,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over 
another. 

2.  To  wrap  or  twist  round. 
I  lapped  a  slender  thread  about  the  paper. 

jVcwton 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 
Her  garment   spreads,  and   laps  him   in  llic 

folds.  Dryden 


LAP,  V.  i.  To  be  spread  or  laid ;  to  be  turn- 
ed over. 

The  upper  wings  are  opacous  ;  at  their  hind- 
er ends  where  they  lap  over,  transparent  like  the 
wing  of  a  ily.  Grew. 

LAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lappian  ;  D.  labben  ;  Arm. 
lappa;  Fr.  taper;  Oaii.  laber ;  W.llepiaw, 
lleibiaw  ;  Gr.  Tjiittu.  If  m  is  casual  in  L. 
lanho,  as  it  probably  is,  this  is  the  same 
word.  Class  Lb.  No.  22.] 
To  take  up  liquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ; 
to  feed  or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  the  river  Nilus'  side  being 
tliirsty,  lap  hastily  as  they  run  along  the  shore. 

Digby. 
And  the   number  of  them  that  lapped  were 
three  hundred  men.     Judg.  vii. 

LAP,  V.  t.  To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the 

tongue  ;  to  lick  up  ;  as,  a  cat  laps  milk. 

Shak. 
LAP'DOG,  n.  A  small  dog  fondled  in  the 

lap.  Dryden. 

LAP'FULL,  n.    As  much   as  the   lap  can 

contain.     2  Kings  iv. 
LAP'ICIDE,  n.  A  stone-cutter.    [M'otused.] 

Diet. 
LAPIDA'RIOUS,   a.    [L.  lapidanus,  from 

lapis,   a    stone.]       Stony ;    consisting    of 

stones. 
LAP'IDARY,  n.    [Fr.  lapidaire ;  L.  lapidor- 

rius,  lapis,  a  stone.] 
\.  An  artificer  who  cuts  precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones. 

3.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the  nature  and 
kinds  of  gems  or  precious  stones.    Encyc. 

LAP'IDARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
cutting  stones.  The  lapidary  style  de- 
notes that  which  is  proper  for  monumental 
and  other  inscriptions.  Encyc. 

LAPIDATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lapido.]  To  stone. 
JSTot  uspu  I 

L.^PIDA'TION,  )!.  The  act  of  stoning  a 
person  to  death.  Hall. 

LAPID'EOUS,  a.  [L.  lapideus.]  Stony ;  of 
the  nature  of  stone  ;  as  lapideous  matter. 
[Eittle  used.]  Ray. 

LAPIDES'CENCE,  n.  [h.  lapidesco,  from 
lapis,  a  stone.] 

1.  The  process  of  becoming  stone;  a  hard- 
ening into  a  stony  substance. 

2.  A  stony  concretion.  Brown. 
LAPIDES'CENT,  a.    Growing  or  turning 

to  stone ;  that  has  the  quality  of  petrify- 
inc  bodies.  Encyc. 

LAPIDES'CENT,  n.  Any  substance  which 
has  the  quality  of  petrifying  a  body,  or 
converting  it  to  stone. 

LAPIDIF'IC,  a.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and  fa- 
cia, to  make.]  Forming  or  converting  in- 
to stone. 

LAPIDIFl€A'TION,  n.  The  operation  of 
forming  or  converting  into  a  stony  sub- 
stance, by  means  of  a  liquid  charged  with 
earthy  particles  in  solution,  which  crys- 
talize  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing free  stone,  pudding  stone,  &c. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

LAPID'IFY,  !'.  /.  [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and 
focln,  to  form.]  To  form  into  stone. 

LAPID'IFY,  v.  i.  To  turn  into  stone;  to. 
become  stone. 

L.\P'ID1ST,  n.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones.^ 
[Si'C  Lapidary.] 

LAPIS,  in  Latin,  a  stone.     Hence, 

Lapis  Bononiensis,  the  Bolognian  stone^ 

Lapis  HepaticuSj  liver  stone. 


LAP 


L  A  R 


L  A  R 


Lapis  Lazuli,  azuro  stone,  an  aluminous 
mineral,  of  a  rich  blue  color,  resembling 
the  bhic  carbonate  of  copper.  [See  La- 
zuli.] 

Lapis  Liidius,  touch-stone ;  basanite  ;  a  va- 
riety of  siliceous  slate. 

LAI"!' ED,  pp.  [See  Lap.]  Turned  or  fold- 
ed over. 

LAP'PER,  n.  One  that  laps;  one  that 
wraps  or  folds. 

2.  One  that  takes  up  with   his  tongue. 

LAP'PET,  n.  [dim.  of  lap.]  A  part  of  a 
garment  or  dress  that  hangs  loose. 

Sieijl. 

LAP'PING,  ppr.  Wrapping  ;  folding  ;  lay- 
ing on. 

2.  Licking ;  taking  into  the  mouth  with  the 
tongue. 

LAPSE,  n.  laps.  [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,  to 
slide,  to  fall.     Class  Lb.] 

1.  A  sliding,  gliding   or   flowing ;  a  sm( 
course ;  as   the  lapse  of  a  stream  ;    the 
lapse  of  time. 

2.  A  falling  or  passing. 

The  lapse  la  indolence  is  soft  and  impercep- 
tible, but  the  return  to  diligence  is  difficult. 

Sambler 

3.  A  slip  ;  an  error  ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  in 
duty ;  a  slight  deviation  from  truth  or  rec 
titudo. 

This  Scripture  may  be  usefully  applied  as  a 
caution  to  guard  against  those  lapses  and  fail- 
ings to  which  our  infiimities  daily  expose  us. 

Rogers. 

So  wo  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  laic,  the  slip  or  omission  of 
a  patron  to  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice, 
within  six  months  after  it  becomes  void. 
In  this  case,  the  benefice  is  said  to  be  laps- 
ed, or  in  lapse.  Encyc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  v.i.  laps.  To  glide;  to  pass  slowly, 

sdently  or  by  degrees. 

This  disposition  to  shorten  our  words  by  re- 
trenching the  vowels,  is  nothing  else  but  a  ten- 
dency to  lapse  into  the  barbarity  of  fliose  north 
em  nations  from  which  we  descended.     Swift 

2.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail 
in  duty ;  to  deviate  from  rectitude ;  to 
commit  a  fault. 

To  lapse  in  fullness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Shak. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency 
or  mistake. 

Homer,  in  his  characters  of  Vulcan  and 
Thersites,  has  lapsed  into  the  burlesque  char 
actor.  Mdison. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  an 
other,  by   the  omission  or  negligence  of 
the  patron. 

If  the  arclibishop  shall  not  iiU  it  up  within  six 
monlbs  ensuing,  it  lapses  to  the  king.     Ayliffe 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from 
truth,  faith  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
His  lapsed  powers.  Arjton. 

LAPS'ED,  pp.  Fallen;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of 
the  patron  ;  as  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  laps 
ed  legacy  is  one  which  falls  to  the  heirs 
through  the  failure  of  the  legatee,  as  when 
the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator. 

LAP'SIDED,  a.  [lap  and  side.]  Having  one 
side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

.Vor.  Diet. 


LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Gliding  ;  flowing  ;  failing; 
falling  to  one  person  through  the  omission 
of  another. 

LAP'WiNG,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Trin- 
ga;  the  tewit. 

LAP'WORK,  n.  Work  in  which  one  pari 
laps  over  another.  Grew. 

L'AR,  n.  plu.  lares.  [L.]  A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

L'ARBOARD,  n.  [Board,  bord,  is  a  side  ; 
but  I  know  not  the  meaning  ol'lar.  The 
Dutch  use  bakboord,  and  the  Germans 
backbord.'] 

The  left  hand  side  of  a  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  with  liis  face  to  the  head  ;  opposed 
to  starboard. 

L'ARBOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left  hand 
side  of  a  ship  ;  as  the  larboard  quarter. 

L'ARCENY,  n.  [Fr.larcin;  Norm,  larcim 
Arm.  laeroncij,  or  lazroncy,  contracted  from 
L.  latrocinium,  from  the  Celtic ;  W.  lladyr, 
theft;   lladron,    thieves;    Sp.  ladron;    It. 
ladro,  ladrone.] 

Theft;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away 
the  goods  or  property  of  another  feloni 
ously.  Larceny  is  of  two  kinds;  simple 
larceny,  or  theit,  not  accompanied  witli 
any  atrocioas  circumstance  ;  and  mixed  or 
compound  larceny,  which  includes  in  it  the 
aggravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or 
person,  as  in  burglary  or  robbery.  The 
stealing  of  any  thing  below  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  is  called  petty  larceny ;  above 
that  value,  it  is  called  grand  larceny. 

Blackstone. 
ARCH,  »i.  [h.larix  ;  Sp.  a/ecce;  \l.larice; 
G.  lerchenhaum  ;  D.  lorkenboom.] 

The  common  name  of  a  division  of  the  ge- 
nus Pinus,  species  of  which  are  natives 
of  America,  as  well  as  of  Europe. 

L*ARD,  n.  [Fr.  lard  ;  L.  lardum,  laridum  ; 
It.  and  Sp.  lardo ;  Arm.  lardl.  Qu.  W. 
lldr,  that  spreads  or  drops,  soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  melted  and 
separated   from  the  flesh. 

2.  Bacon  ;  the  flesh  of  swine.  Dryden 
L'ARD,  v. /.    [?r.  larder;  Arm.  larda.\     To 

stufl'with  bacon  or  pork. 

The  larded   thiglis  on  loaded  altars  laid. 

Dryden 

2.  To  latten  :  to  enrich. 

Now  Falstaff  sweats  to  death, 
And  lards  the  lean  earth.  Shak 

3.  To  mix  with  sometliing  by  way  of  im- 
provement. 

— Let  no  alien  interpose, 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hungry  Epsom  prose. 

Dryden. 

L'ARD,  V.  i.  To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LARDA'CEOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  lard  ; 
consisting  of  lard.  Coxe. 

L'ARDED,  pp.  Stuffed  with  bacon ;  fat 
tened  ;  mixed. 

L'ARDER,  n.  A  room  where  tneat  is  kept 
or  salted.  Bacon. 

L'ARDRY,  n.  A  larder.     [Xol  used.] 

L'AR6E,  a.  larj.  [Fr.  large ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
largo  ;  Arm.  larg  ;  L.  largus.  The  jirinia- 
ry  sense  is  to  spread,  stretch  or  distend, 
to  difliiise,  hence  to  loosen,  to  relax ;  Sp. 
largar,  to  loosen,  to  slacken,  as  a  rope 
Class  Lr.  It  seems  to  be  connected  will 
Gr.  ^avpos,  wide,  copious,  and  perhaps 
with  Jloor,  W.  llaivr,  and  with  llawer 
much,  many.  In  Basque,  larria,  is  gross, 
and  lairitu,  to  grow.] 


1.  Big;  of  great  size;  bulky;  as  a  large 
bofly  ;  a  large  horse  or  ox ;  a  large  moun- 
tain ;  a  large  tree  ;  a  large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;  extensive ;  as  a  large  field  or 
plain  ;  a  large  extent  of  territory. 

.3.  Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many 
inhabitants;  as  u.  large  city  or  town. 

4.  Abundant  ;  plentiful ;  ample  ;  as  a  large 
supply  of  provisions. 

5.  Copious ;  diffusive. 
I  might  be  very  large  on  tlie  importance  and 

advantages  of  education.  Felton. 

6.  In  seamen's  language,  the  wind  is  large 
when  it  crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course 
in  a  favorable  direction,  particularly  on 
the  beam  or  quarter.  Encyc. 

7.  Wide ;  consisting  of  much  water ;  as  a 
large  river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as  a  large 
donation. 

At  large,  without  restraint  or  confinement ; 

as,  to  go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 
2.  Difflisely ;  fully;   in   the  full  extent;  as, 
!     to  discourse  on  a  subject  at  large. 
L'ARgE,  71.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal 
!     to  four  breves.  Busby. 

,LAR6EHE'ARTEDNESS,   n.    Largeness 

of  heart;  liberahty.     [j^ol  used.] 

Bp.  Reynolds. 
LARGELY,  adv.  Widely;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously  ;  diflfusely  ;  amply.  The  sub- 
ject was  largely  discussed. 

3.  Liberally;  bountifully. 
— How  he  lives  and  eats  ; 

How  largely  gives.  Dryden. 

4.  Abundantly. 
They  their  fill  of  love  and  love's  disport 
Took  largely.  '.Milton. 

L'ARtiENESS,  n.  Bigness ;  bulk  ;  magni- 
tude ;  as  the  largeness  of  an  animal. 

2.  Greatness  ;  comprehension  ;  as  the  large- 
ness of  mind  or  of  capacity. 

3.  Extent  ;  extensiveness  ;  as  largeness  of 
views. 

4.  Extension  ;  amplitude  ;  liberahty  ;  as  the 
largeness  of  an  offer;  largeness  of  heart. 

Hooker.      Il'allcr. 

5.  Wideness ;  extent ;  as  the  largeness  of  a 
river. 

L'ARgESS,  n.  [Fr.  largesse ;  L.  largitio ; 
from  largus,  large.] 

A  present ;  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  be- 
stowed. Bacon.     Dryden. 

L^ARgISH,  a.  Somewhat  large.  [Unusual.] 

Cavallo. 

L'ARGO,  I    [It.]  xMusical  terms,  di- 

LARGHET'TO,  S  reeling  to  slow  move- 
ment. Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than 
grave,  and  two  degrees  quicker  than  ada- 
gio.  Did. 

L'ARK,  n.  [Sax.  la/ere,  lauerce;  Scot,  la- 
verok,  lauerok  ;  G.  lerche  ;  D.  leeuwrik ; 
Dan.  lerke ;  Sw.  larka ;  Icl.  lava,  loova. 
As  the  Latin  alauda  coincides  with  laudo, 
Eng.  loud,  so  the  first  syllable  of  lark,  laf, 
lau,  lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  lover, 
to  praise,  to  sing  or  cry  out.  But  I  know 
not  the  sense  of  the  word.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Alauda,  distinguished 
for  its  singing. 

L'ARKER,  n.  A  catcher  of  larks.  Did. 

L'ARKLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  lark  in 
manners. 

L'ARK'S-HEEL,  n.  A  floweriaUed  Indian 


LAS 


L  ARKSPUR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Del- 
phinium. 
LARMIER,  n.   [Fr.  from  larme,  a  tear  or 

The °ffai  jutting  part  of  a  cornice ;  literally, 

the  dropper  ;  the  eave  or  drip  of  a  house 

LAR'UM,  n.  [G.  lam,  bustle,  noise ;  Dan 

id]  -  _  fa 

Alarm ;  a  noise  giving  notice  of  danger,  [bee 

Mann,  which  is  generally  used.] 

L'ARVA,  ?       [L-  larva,  a  mask ;  tew.  larj ; 

L'ARVE,  S"'   Dan.G.  to-ue.] 

An  insect  in  the  caterpillar  state ;  eruca ;  tlxe 

state    of  an   insect    when  the   animal  is 

masked,   and  before   it   has    attained  its 

winged  or  perfect  state  ;  the  first  stage  in 

the  metamorphoses   of  insects,  preceding 

the  chrysalis  and  perfect  insect.       Linne. 

LARVATED,  a.  Masked  ;  clothed  as  with 

a  mask. 
LARYN'GEAN,  a.  [See  Larynx.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  larynx. 
LARYNGOT'OMY,    n.    [larynx    and    Or 

ttuvu,  to  cut.]  . 

The  operation  of  cutting  the  larynx  or  wind 
pipe  ;  the  making  of  an  incision  into  the 
larynx  for  assisting  respiration  when  ob- 
structed,   or    removing    foreign    bodies;] 
bronchotomy  ;  tracheotomy. 

Coxe.     Quincy. 

LAR'YNX,  n.  [Gr.  >.apiiyt]  In  anatomy,  the 

upper  part  of  the  windpipe  or  trachea,  a 

cartilaginous  cavity,  which  modulates  the 

voice  in  speaking  and  singing.         Quincy. 

LAS'CAR,   n.  In   the  East  Indies,  a  native 

seaman,  or  a  gunner. 
LASCIVIENCY,  LASCIVIENT.    [jXot  us- 
ed.   See  the  next  words.] 
LASCIVIOUS,   a.  [Fr.  tascif;  It.  Sp.  las- 
civo;  from  L.  lascivus,  from  laius,  laxo,  to 
relax,  to  loosen.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  Loose;  wanton;  lewd;  lustful;  astasciv- 
ious  men ;  lascivious  desires  ;  lascivious 
eyes.  Milton. 

2.  Soft;  wanton;  luxurious. 

He  capers  nimbly  In  a  lady's  chamber, 
To  the  lascivious  pleasing  of  a  lute.       Shak 
LASCIVIOUSLY,  adv.  Loosely  ;  wanton- 
ly ;  lewdly. 
LASCIV'IOUSNESS,  n.  Looseness;  irreg- 
ular indulgence  of  animal  desires ;  wan- 
tonness :  lustfulne.ss. 

Who,  being  past  feeling,  have  given  them 
selves  over  to  lasciviousness.    Eph.  iv. 
2.  Tendency  to  excite  lust,  and  promote  ir 
regular  indulgences. 

The  reason  pretended  by  Augustus  was,  the 
lasciviousness  of  his  Elegies  and  his  Art  of 
Love.  Dryden. 

LASH,  n.  [This  may  be  the  same  word  as 
leash,  Fr.  laisse,  or  it  may  be  allied  to  tlie 
G.  lasche,  a  slap,  laschen,  to  lash  or  slap, 
and  both  may  be  from  one  root.] 
The  thong  or  braided  cord  of  a  whip, 
I  observed  that  your  whip  wanted  a  lash  to  it. 

Jlddison 

A  leash  or  string. 

A  stroke  with  a  whip,  or  any  thing  pliant 
and    tough.     The   culprit    was   whipped 
thirty  nine  lashes. 
4.  A  stroke  of  satire;  a  sarcasm;  an  expres- 
sion or  retort  that  cuts  or  gives  pain. 

The  moral  is  a  task  at  the  vanity  of  arrogating 
that  to  ourselves  which  succeeds  well. 

L'Estrange 

LASH,  V.  t.    To  strike  with  a  lash  or  any 

thing  pliant ;  to  whip  or  scourge. 


LAS 

We  lash  the  pupil  and  defraud  the  ward.        i 

I>ryden.\ 

To  throw  up  with  a  sudden  jerk.  | 

He  falls  ;  and  lashing  up  his  heels,  his  rider 

throws.  Dryden. 

.3.  To  beat,  as  with  something  loose ;  to  dash 


1. 


2. 
3. 


against. 

And  big  waves  lash  the  frighted  shores- 
Prior 

4.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  se- 
cure or  fasten  by  a  string  ;  as,  to  lash  any 
thing  to  a  mast  or  to  a  yard ;  to  lash  a 
trunk  on  a  coach. 

5.  To  satirize ;  to  censure  with  severity  ;  as, 
to  lash  vice. 

LASH,  V.  i.  To  ply  the  whip  ;  to  strike  at. 
To  laugh  at  follies,  or  to  lash  at  vice. 

"  Dryden. 

To  lash  out,  is  to  be  extravagant  or  unruly. 

Feliham. 
LASH'ED,  pp.  Struck  with  a  lash;  whip- 
ped ;  tied  ;  made  fast  by  a  rope. 
2.  Ill  botany,  ciliate  ;  fringed.  Lee. 

LASHER,  n.  One  that  whips  or  lashes. 
LASH'ER,    I      A  piece  of  rope  for  binding 
LASH'ING,  S  "'or making  fast  one  thing  to| 
another.  -Mar,  Diet. 

LASH'ING,  n.  Extravagance ;  unruhness. 

South. 
LASS,  n.  [Qu.  from  laddess,  as  Hickes  sug- 
gests.] Tjt-;- 
A  young  woman  ;  a  girl.                      Philips. 
LAS'SITUDE,  n.   [Fr.  from   L.  lassitudo, 
from  lassus,  and  this  from  laius,  laxo,  to 
relax.] 

Weakness;  dullness;  heaviness;  wean 
ness ;  languor  of  body  or  mind,  proceed- 
ing from  exhaustion  of  strength  by  exces- 
sive labor  or  action,  or  other  means. 
Among  physicians,  lassitude  is  a  morbid 
sensation  or  languor  which  often  precedes 
disease,  in  which  case  it  proceeds  from  an 
impaired  or  diseased  action  of  the  organs. 
L'ASSLORN,  a.  Forsaken  by  his  lass  or 
mistress.  Shak. 

L'AST,  a.  [contracted  from  latest;  Sax.last, 
from  latost ;  G.  letzt ;  D.  laatst,  from  Inat, 
late.  Qu.  is  the  Gr.  Tioiofloj  from  the  same 
root  ?     See  Late  and  Let.] 

1.  That  comes  after  all  the  others  ;  the  lat 
est ;  applied  to  time  ;  as  the  last  hour  of  the 
day  ;  the  last  day  of  the  year. 

2.  That  follows  all  the  others ;  that  is  be- 
hind all  the  others  in  place;  hindmost;  as, 
this  was  the  last  man  that  entered  the 
church. 

3.  Beyond  which  there  is  no  more. 
Here,  last  of  Britons,  let  your  names  be  read. 

Pope. 

4.  Next  before  the  present ;  as  the  last  week ; 
the  last  year. 

Utmost. 

Their  last  endeavors  bend. 


2. 


importance. 


Dryden 


Ellicott 


T'  outshine  each  other. 
It  is  an  object  of  the  las 

6.  Lowest ;  meanest. 
Antilochus 
Takes  the  last  prize.  Pope 

At  last,  at  the  last,  at  the  end  ;  in  the  conclu 

but  he 


sion. 

Gad,   a  troop  shall   overcome  him 
shall  overcome  at  the  last.   Gen.  xlix. 
To  the  last,  to  the  end ;  till  the  conclusion. 
And  blunder  on  in  business  to  the  last. 

Pope. 


LAT 

In  the  phrases,  "you  are  the  last  man  I 
should  consult,"  "  this  is  the  last  place  in 
which  I  should  expect  to  find  you,"  the 
wordlast  implies  improbability  ;  this  is  the 
most  improbable  place,  and  therefore  I 
should  resort  to  it  last. 
L'AST,  adv.  The  last  time ;  the  time  before 
the  present.  I  saw  him  last  at  New  York. 
2.  In  conclusion  ;  finally. 

Pleased   with   his  idol,  he  commends,   ad- 
mires. 
Adores;  and  last,  the  thing  adored  desires. 

Dryden. 
L^AST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lastan,  Icestan.    This  verb 
seems  to  be  from  the   adjective  last,  the 
primary   seuse    of   which    is   continued, 
drawn  out.     See  Let.] 
1.  To  continue  in  time ;  to  endure ;  to  re- 
main in  existence.     Our  government  can- 
not last  long  unless  administered  by  hon- 
est men. 
J.  To  continue  unimpaired;  not  to  decay  or 
perish.     Select  for  winter  the  best  apples 
to  last.     This  color  will  last. 
3.  To  hold'  out ;  to  continue  unconsumed. 
The  captain  knew  he  had  not  water  on 
board  to  last  a  week. 
L>AST,   n.   [Sax.  hlmste;  G.   Sw.  D.   Dan. 
last ;  Russ.   laste  ;   Fr.   lest ;   Arm.   lastr ; 
\V.  llwylh.     See  Load.] 
A  load ;  hence,  a  certain  weight  or  measure. 
A  last  of  codfish,  white  herrings,  meal,  and 
ashes,  is  twelve  barrels  ;  a  last  of  corn  is 
ten  quarters  or   eighty   bushels ;    of  gun- 
powder, twenty  four  barrels  ;  of  red  her- 
rings, twenty  cades  ;  of  hides,  twelve  doz- 
en ;  of  lether,  twenty  dickers ;  of  pitch  and 
tar,  fourteen    barrels ;    of  wool,    twelve 
sacks ;  of  flax  or  fethers,  1700  lbs. 

Encye. 
L'AST,  n.    [Sax.  laste,  Iceste ;  G.  leisten ;  D. 

leest ;  Dan.  last ;  Sw.  liist.] 
A  mold  or  form  of  the  human  foot,  made  of 
wood,  on  which  shoes  are  formed. 
The  cobler  is  not  to  go  beyond  his  last. 

L'Estrange 

L'ASTA6E,  n.    [Fr.  lestage.    See  Last,  a 
load.] 

1.  A  duty  paid  for  freight  or  transportation. 
[jVot  used  in  the  U.  States.] 

2.  Ballast.     [JVot  used.] 

3.  The  lading  of  a  ship.     [.Vol  used.] 
L'ASTERY,  n.  A  red  color.     [Xot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
L'ASTING,  ppr.  Continuing  in   time  ;  en- 
during ;  remaining. 
2.  a.  Durable  ;   of  long   continuance  ;  that 
may  continue  or  endure  ;  as  a  tasting  good 
or  evil ;  a  lasting  color. 
LASTINGLY,  adv.  Durably  ;  with  contin- 
uance. 
LASTINGNESS,  n.  Durability  ;  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  long  continuance. 

Sidney. 

LASTLY,  adv.  In  the  last  place. 

2.  In  the  conclusion  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

LATCH,   n.    [Fr.    loquet ;    Ann.    licqed  or 

clicqed,   coinciding    with    L.  ligula,  from 

ligo,  to  tie,  and  with   English  lock.  Sax. 

lacan,  to  catch.     The  G.  klinke,  D.  klink, 

coincide  with   Fr.  cknche,  which,  if  n  is 

casual,  are  the  Ann.  clicqed,  Eiig.to  clinch. 

The  same  word  in  W.  is  elided,  a  latch, 

and   the   It.     larcio,    a  snare,  L.   laqueus, 

from  which  we  have  lace,  may  belong  to 

the  same  root.    The  primary  sense  of  the 


L  A   1' 


L  A  T 


L  A  T 


root  is  to  catcli,  to  close,  stop  or  make 
fast.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  iron  or  wood  used  to  fas- 
ten a  door.  Gay. 

2.  A  small  line  like  a  loop,  used  to  lace  the 
bonnets  to  the  courses,  or  the  drabblers  to 
the  boiuets.  Diet. 

LATCH,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  latch ;  to 
fasten.  Locke. 

2.  [Fr.  kcher.]    To  smear.     [Ab<  used.] 

Shak. 

LATCH'ET,  n.  [from  latch,  Fr.  lacet.]  The 
string  that  fastens  a  shoe.    Mark  i. 

LATE,  a.  [Sax.  Uct,  lat ;  Goth,  lata  ;  D. 
laat ;  Sw.  lat ;  Dan.  lad,  idle,  lazy  ;  Goth. 
latyan.  Sax.  lalian,  to  delay  or  retard. 
This  word  is  from  the  root  of  let,  the  sense 
of  which  is  to  draw  out,  extend  or  pro- 
long, hence  to  be  slow  or  late.  See 
Let.  This  adjective  has  regular  termina- 
tions of  the  comparative  and  superlative 
degrees,  later,  latest,  hut  it  has  also  latter, 
and  latest  is  often  contracted  into  last.] 

1.  Coming  after  the  usual  time;  slow;  tar- 
dy ;  long  delayed  ;  as  a  late  spring  ;  a  late 
summer.  The  crops  or  harvest  will  be 
late. 

'■I.  Far  advanced  towards  the  end  or  close  ; 
as  a  laic  hour  <if  the  day.  He  began  at  a 
lale  period  of  his  life. 

3.  Last,  or  recently  in  any  place,  office  or 
character;  as  the  late  ministry;  the  late 
administration. 

4.  Existing  not  long  ago,  but  now  decayed 
or  departed  ;  as  the  late  bishop  of  Lon- 
don. 

5.  Not  long  past ;  happening  not  long  ago 
recent ;  as  the  late  rains.  We  have  receiv- 
ed late  intelligence. 

LATE,  adv.  After  the  usual  time,  or  the 
time  appointed;  after  delay;  as,  he  arriv 
e<l  lale. 

2.  After  the  proper  or  usual  season.  This 
year  the  fruits  ripen  late. 

3.  Not  long  ago  ;  lately. 

And  round  tlicm  throng 

With  leaps  and  bounds  the  late  imprisou'd 

young.  Pope. 

4.  Far  in  the  night,  day,  week,  or  other  par 
ticular  period;  as,  to  lie  a-bed  late;  to  sit 
up  late  at  night. 

Of  late,  lately,  in  time  not  long  past,  or  near 
the  present.  Tiie  practice  is  of  late  un- 
common. 

Too  late,  after  the  proper  time  ;  not  in  due 
time.  We  arrived  too  late  to  see  the  pro 
cession. 

LA'TED,  a.  Belated ;  being  too  lale.  [jYot 
used.]  Shak. 

LAT'EEN,  a.  A  lateen  sail  is  a  triangular 
sail,  extended  by  a  lateen  yard,  which  is 
slung  about  one  quarter  the  distance  from 
the  lower  end,  which  is  brought  down  at 
the  tack,  while  the  other  end  is  elevated 
at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees;  used  in 
xebecs,  polacres  and  setees,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. Mar.  Diet 

LA'TEEY,  adv.  Not  long  ago;  recently. 
We  called  on  a  gentleman  who  has  lately 
arrived  from  Italv. 

LA'TENCY,  n.  [See  Latent.]  The  state  of 
being  concealed  ;  abstruseness.         Paley. 

LA'TENESS,  ?i.  The  state  of  being  tardy, 
or  of  coming  after  the  usual  time;  as  the 
lateness  of  spring  or  of  harvest. 

2.  Time  far  advanced  in  any  particular  pe- 


riod ;  as  lateness  of  the  day  or  night ;  late- 
ness in  the  season  ;  lateness  in  hfe. 

3.  The  state  of  being  out  of  time,  or  after 
the  appointed  time ;  as  the  lateness  of  one's 
arrival. 

LA'TENT,  a.  [L.  Mens,  laleo ;  Gr.  ?.>j«c.<, 
xa^9al■w,•  Heb.  OkS,  to  cover,  or  rather  Ch. 
NdS,  to  hide  or  be  hid.  Class  Ld.  No.  1 
11.] 

Hid  ;  concealed  ;  secret ;  not  seen  ;  not  vis- 
ible or  apparent.  We  speak  ol' latent  mo 
tivcs;  latent  reasons;  2a(en<  springs  of  ac 
tion. 

Latent  heat,  is  heat  in  combination,  in  dis 
tinction  from  sensible  heat ;  the  portion  of 
heat  which  disappears,  when  abody  chang 
es  its  form  from  the  solid  to  the  fluid,  or 
from  the  fluid  to  the  aeriform  state. 

Black. 

LA'TER,  a.  [comp.  deg.  of  late.]  Posterior  ; 
subsequent. 

LAT'ERAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  lateralis,  from 
latus,  a  side,  and  broad,  Gr.  n'/^atvi;  coin- 
ciding with  W.  lied,  tlyd,  breadth,  and 
probably  with  Hug.  fat,  W.  plad  or  llez,  or 
both.  The  primary  sense  of  these  words 
is  to  extend,  as  in  late,  let.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  side;  as  the /aieroZ  view 
of  an  object. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  side ;  as  the  lateral 
branches  of  a  tree  ;  lateral  shoots. 

LATERAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  having 
distinct  sides.     [J\i~ot  used.]  Brown 

LAT'ERALLY,  adv.  By  the  side;  side- 
ways. Holder. 

2.  Li  the  direction  of  the  side. 

LAT'ERAN,  n.  One  of  the  churches  at 
Rome.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been 
derived  from  that  of  a  man.  Kncyc 

A  latere,  [L.]  A  legate  a  latere,  is  a  pope's  le- 
gate or  envoy,  so  called  because  sent  from 
his  side,  from  among  his  favorites  and 
counselors. 

LA'TERED,  a.  Delayed.     06s.       Chaucer. 

LATERIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  side,  and 
;    folium,  leaf] 

In  botany,  growing  on   the  side  of  a  leaf  at 
I     the  base  ;  as  a  laterifolious  flower. 
I  Lee.     .Martyn. 

jLATERP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  lateiitius,  from 
I  later,  a  brick.]  Like  bricks ;  of  the  color 
I     of  bricks.  Med.  Repos. 

\Lateritious  sediment,  a  sediment  in  urine  re- 
I  senibling  brick  dust,  observed  after  the 
1  crises  of  fevers,  and  at  the  termination  of 
I     gouty  paroxysms.  Parr. 

L'ATII,  n.  [W.  claivd,  a  thin  board,  or  lluth, 

a  rod  ;    Fr.  latle ;   Sp.  latas,  plu.;  G.  lalte  ; 

D.  Int.] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  board  or  slip  of  wood 
nailed  to  the  rafters  of  a  building  to  sup- 
port the  tiles  or  covering. 

2.  A  thin  narrow  slip  of  wood  nailed  to  the 
studs,  to  support  the  plastering. 

L'ATH,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  line  with  laths. 

Mortimer. 

LV\TH,  n.  [Sax.  leth.  The  signification  of 
this  word  is  not  clearly  ascertained.  It 
may  be  from  Sax.  lathian,  to  call  together, 
and  signify  primarily,  a  meeting  or  assem- 
bly.    See  H'apenktae.] 

In  some  parts  of  England,  a  part  or  division 
of  a  county.  Spenser,  Spelman  and 
Blackstone  do  not  agree  in  their  accounts 
of  the  lath;   but  according  to  the  laws  of 


Edward  the  Confessor,  the  lath,  in  some 
counties,  answered  to  the  Irithing  or  third 
part  of  a  county  in  others.  IVilkins. 

LATHE,  71.  [Qu.  lath,  supra,  or  W.  lalhrv. 
to  make  smooth.] 

:\n  engine  by  which  instruments  of  wood, 
ivory,  metals  and  other  materials,  are  turn- 
ed and  cut  into  a  smooth  round  form. 

LATH'ER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  tethrian,  to  lather,  to 
anoint.  Qu.  W.  llathru,  to  make  smooth, 
or  llithraiv,  to  glide  ;  Uilhrig,  slippery,  or 
llyth, soft  ;  llyzu,tr>  spread.] 

iTo  tbrni  a  foam  with  watc'r  and  soap ;  to 
become  froth,  or  frothy  matter. 

LATH'ER,  V.  t.  To  spread  over  with  the 
loam  of  soap.  * 

LATH'ER,  n.  Foam  or  froth  made  by  soap 
moistened  with  water. 

2.  Foam  or  froth  from  profuse  sweat,  as  of 
a  horse. 

L^ATIIY,  a.  Tbiu  as  a  lath  ;  long  and  slen- 
der. Todd. 

L'ATHY,  a.  [W.  Uelh,  llyth.]  Flabby; 
weak.  .Vtw  England. 

LATIB'L'LIZE,  v.  i.  [L.  latibidum,  a  hiding 
place.] 

To  retire  into  a  den,  burrow  or  cavity,  and 
tie  dormant  in  winter;  to  retreat  and  liehitl. 
The  tortoise  latibulizes  in  October. 

iS'Aato's  Zool. 

LAT'IeLAVE,  »!.  [L.  laticlavium ;  latus, 
broad,  and  clavus,  a  stud.] 

An  ornament  of  dress  worn  by  Roman  sena- 
tors. It  is  supposed  lo  have  been  abroad 
stripe  of  purple  on  the  fore  part  of  the  tu- 
nic, set  with  knobs  or  studs.  Kncyc. 

LAT'IN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Latins,  a  peo- 
ple of  Latium,  in  Italy;  Roman;  as  the 
Latin  language, 

Latin  church,  the  western  church  ;  the 
christian  church  in  Italy,  France,  Spain 
and  other  countries  where  the  Latin  lan- 
guage was  introduced,  as  distinct  from 
the  Greek  or  eastern  church.  Encyc. 

LAT'IN,  n.  The  language  of  the  ancient 
Romans. 

2.  An  exercise  in  schools,  consisting  in  turn- 
ing English  into  Latin.  Ascham. 

LAT'INISM,  If.  A  Latin  idiom  ;  a  mode  of 
speech  peculiar  to  the  Latins.        Addison. 

LAT'INIST,  »i.  One  skilled  in  Latin. 

LATIN'ITY,  ?i.  Purity  of  the  Latin  style  or 
idiom  :  the  Latin  tongue. 

LAT'INiZE,  I',  t.  To  give  to  foreign  words 
Latin  terminations  and  make  thcni  Latin. 

ff'atts. 

LAT'INIZE,  V.  i.  To  use  words  or  phrases 
borrowed  from  the  Latin.  Dryden. 

LATIROS  TROUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  broad,  and 
rostrum,  beak.]  Having  a  broad  beak,  as 
a  fowl.  Brown. 

LA'TISH,   a.  [from  late.]     Somewhat  late. 

LAT'lTANCV,  n.  [L.  lalitan.^,  lalilo,  to  lie 
hid,  from  lateo.     See  Latent.] 

The  state  of  lying  concealed ;  the  srate  of 
lurking.  lirown. 

LAT'ITANT,  a.  Lurking  ;  lying  hid  ;  con- 
cealed. Boyle. 
[These   words  are   rarely  used.      See 
Latent.] 

LAT' IT  AT,  ji.  [L.  he  lurks.]  A  writ  by 
which  a  person  is  sunmioncd  into  the 
king's  bench  to  answer,  as  supposing  he 
lies  concealed.  Blackstone. 

LAT'lTUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  latitudo, 
breadth ;  latus,  broad  ;  W.  llyd,  breadth.] 


L  A  T 


L  A  U 


L  A  U 


1.  Breadth ;  width  ;  extent  from  side  to  side. 

H'otton. 

2.  Room ;  space.  Locke. 

[In  the  foregoing  sc7ises,  little  used.] 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  star  north 
or  south  of  the  echptic. 

4.  In  geography,  tlie  distance  of  any  place 
on  the  globe,  north  or  south  of  the  equa- 
tor. Boston  is  situated  in  the  forty  third 
degree  of  north  latitude. 

5.  Extent  of  meaning  or  construction ;  in- 
definite acceptation.  The  words  will  not 
bear  tliis  latitude  of  construction. 

0.  Extent  of  deviation  from  a  settled  point ; 
freedom  from  rules  or  limits  ;  laxity. 

In  human  actions,  there  are  no  degrees  and 
precise  natural  limits  described,  but  a  latitude 
is  indulged.  Faylor 

7.  Extent. 

1  pretend  not  to  treat  of  them  in  their  full 
latitude.  Locke. 

LATITU'DINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  latitude  ; 
in  the  direction  of  latitude.  Gregory. 

LATITUDINA'RIAN,  a.  [Fr.  latituditiaire.] 
Not  restrained  ;  not  confined  by  precise 
limits;  free;  thinking  or  acting  at  large  ; 
as  lalflndinarian  opinions  or  doctrines. 

LATITUDINA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  is  mod- 
erate in  his  notions,  or  not  restrained  by 
precise  settlerl  linjits  in  opinion  ;  one  who 
indulges  freedom  in  thinking. 

2.  In  theology,  one  who  departs  in  opinion 
from  the  strict  principles  of  orthodoxy  ;  or 
one  who  indulges  a  latitude  of  thinking 
and  interpretation  ;  a  moderate  man. 

LATITUDINA'RIANISM,  n.  Freedom  or 
liberality  of  opinion,  particularly  in  theol- 
ogy. Ch.  Obs. 

2.  Indifference  to  religion.  ff.  Jones. 

LA'TRANT,  a.  [L.  latro,  to  hark.]  Bark- 
ing. Ticketl. 

LA'TRATE,  v.  i.  To  bark  as  a  dog.     [JVot 

LATRA'TION,  n.  A  barking.     [ATot  used.] 

LA'TRIA,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  J^rpaa.]  The 
highest  kind  of  worship,  or  that  paid  to 
God;  distinguished  by  the  catholics  from 
didia,  or  the  inferior  worship  paid  to 
saints.  Encyc. 

LATRO'BITE,  n.  [from  Latrobe.]  A  newly 
described  mineral  of  a  pale  pink  red  color, 
massive  or  crystalized,  from  an  isle  near 
the  Labrador  coast.  Phillips. 

LAT'ROCINY,  n.  [L.  latrocinium.]  Theft ; 
larceny.     [JVbf  in  use.] 

LAT'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  leton  or  lailon;  D. 
latoen  ;  Arm.  laton.]  Iron  plate  covered 
with  tin.  Encyc. 

LAT'TEN-BRASS,  n.  Plates  of  milled 
brass  reduced  to  different  thicknesse.'--,  ac- 
cording to  the  uses  they  are  intendeil  for. 

Encyc. 

LAT'TER,  o.  [an  irregular  comparative  of 
late.] 

1.  Coming  or  happening  after  something 
else  ;  opposed  to  former  ;  as  the  former 
and  latter  rain  ;  former  or  tatter  harvest. 

2.  Mentioned  the  last  of  two. 

The  difr*Mcncc  between  reason  and  revela- 
tion— and  in  what  sense  the  latter  is  superior. 

Watts. 

3.  Modern  ;  lately  done  or  past;  as  in  these 
latter  ages. 

LAT'TERLY,  adv.  Of  late ;  in  time  not 
Jong  past;  lately.  Richardson. 


LAT'TERMATH,  n.    The  latter  mowing ; 

that  which  is  mowed  after  a  former  mow- 
ing. 
LAT'TICE,  n.    [Fr.  latlis,  a  covering  ofl 

laths,  from  latte,  a  lath  ;    W.  cledrwy,  from 

cledyr,  aboard,  shingle  or  rail.] 
Any  work  of  wood  or  iron,  made  by  crossing 

laths,    rods  or  bars,   and   forming   open 

squares  like  net-work;   as  the  lattice  of  a 

window. 

The  mother  of  .Sisera  looked  out  at  a  window, 

and  cried  through  the  lattice.    Judg.  v. 
LAT'TICE,  a.   Consisting  of  cross  pieces ; 

as  lattice  work. 
2.  Furnished  with  lattice  work  ;   as  a  lattice 

window. 
LAT'TICE,  V.  t.   To  form  with  cross  bars, 

and  open  work. 
2.  To  furnish  with  a  lattice. 
LAT'TICED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  lattice. 
LAUD,   )!.    [L.  laus,  laitdis ;    W.clod;   Ir. 

cloth ;  allied  to  Gr.  x%hu,  xi-to^.     This  is 

from  the  same  root  as  Eng.  loud,  G.  laut, 

and  the  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  utter 

soimd,  to  cry  out.     See  Loud.] 
1.  Praise  ;  commendation  ;   an  extolhng  in 

words ;  honorable  mention.    [Little  used.] 


2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  con- 
sists in  praise.  Bacon. 

•3.  Music  or  singing  in  honor  of  any  one. 

LAUD,  V.  t.  [L.  laudo.]  To  praise  in  words 
alone,  or  with  words  and  singing ;  to  cele- 
brate. Bentley 

LAUD'ABLE,  a.  [L.  laudabilis.]  Praise- 
worthy ;  commendable  ;  as  laudable  mo- 
tives ;  laudable  actions. 

9  Healthy  ;  salubrious  ;  as  laudable  juices 
of  the  body.  Arbuthnot. 

.3.  Healthy  ;  well  digested  ;  as  laudable  pus 

LAUD'ABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  de- 
serving praise  ;  praiseworthiness  ;  as  the 
laudableness  of  designs,  purposes,  motives 
or  actions.  [Laudability,  in  a  like  sense- 
has  been  used,  but  rarely.] 

L.\l'D'ABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  deserving 
praise. 

LAUD'ANUM,  n.  [from  L.  laudo,  to  praise.] 
Opium  dissolved  in  spirit  or  wine  ;  tincture 
of  opium.  Coxe. 

LAUD'ATIVE,  n.  [L.  laudativus.]  A  paneg- 
yric ;  an  eulogy.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 

LAUD'ATORY,  a.  Containing  praise ;  tend- 
ing to  praise. 

LAUD'ATORY,  ?i.  That  which  contains 
praise.  Milton. 

LAUD'ER,  n.  One  who  praises. 

LAUGH,   V.  i.    I'aff.    [Sax.   hlihan;    Goth. 
hlahyan  ;  G.  lachen ;  D.  lachgen  ;  Sw.  le 
Dan.  leer;   Heb.  and  Ch.  Ji?S,  laag.  Class 
Lg.  No.  17.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  and  exhibit  the  fea- 
tures which  are  characteristic  of  mirth  in 
the  human  species.  Violent  laughter  is 
accompanied  with  a  shaking  of  the  sides, 
and  all  laughter  expels  breath  from  the 
lungs.  Bacon. 

2.  In  poetry,  to  be  gay ;  to  appear  gay,  cheer- 
ful, pleasant,  lively  or  brilliant. 

Tlien  laughs  the  childish  year  with  flow'rets 
crown'd.  Dryden 

And  o'er  tho  foaming  bowl,  the  laughing 
wine.  Pope. 

To  laugh  at,  to  ridicule  ;  to  treat  with  some 
degree  of  contempt. 


No  fool  to  laugh  at,  which  he  valued  more. 

Pope. 
To  laugh  to  scorn,  to  deride ;    to  treat  with 

mockery,  contempt  and  scorn.     Neh.  ii, 
LAUGH,  n.  taff.    An  expression  of  mirth 
pecuhar  to  the  human  species. 
But  feigns  a  laugh,  to  see  me  search  around. 
And  by  that  laugh  the  willing  fair  is  found. 

Pope. 

LAUGHABLE,  a.  Vaffable.  That  may  justly 

excite  laughter  ;    as  a  laughable  story  ;    a 

laughable  scene. 

LAUGHER,   n.    Vaffer.    One   who  laughs, 

or  is  fond  of  merriment. 

The  laughers  are  a  majority.  Pope. 

LAUGHING,     ppr.     laffing.      Expressing 

mirth  in  a  particular  manner. 
LAUGHINGLY,  adv.  laffingly.  In  a  merry 
way ;  with  laughter. 

LAUGHING-STOCK,  n.  An  object  of  ridi- 
cule; a  butt  of  sport.  Spenser.    Shak. 

LAUGHTER,  n.  I'affter.  Convulsive  merri- 
ment;  an  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to 
man,  consisting  in  a  peculiar  noise  and 
configuration  of  features,  with  a  shaking 
of  the  sides  and  expulsion  of  breath. 
I  said  odavghter,  it  is  mad.     Eccles.  ii. 

LAUGH-WORTHY,  a.  Deserving  to  be 
laughed  at.  B.  Jonson. 

LAU'MONITE,  n.  Efflorescent  zeolite  ;  so 
called  from  Laumont,  its  discoverer.  It  is 
found  in  laminated  masses,  in  groups  of 
prismatic  crystals  or  prismatic  distinct  con- 
cretions. Exposed  to  the  air,  it  disinte- 
grates. Cltaveland. 

LAUNCH.  [See  Lanch,  the  more  correct 
orthography.] 

LAUND,  n.  A  lawn.     [Ml  used.] 

Chaucer. 

LAUNDER,  n.  I'ander.  [from  L.  lavo,  to 
wash.] 

A  washer-woman  ;  also,  a  long  and  hollow 
trough,  used  by  miners  to  receive  the 
powdered  ore  from  tlie  box  where  it  is 
beaten.  Encyc. 

LAUNDER,  V.  t.  Vander.  To  wash  ;  to  wet. 

Sha}(. 

LAIJNDERER,  n.  I'anderer.  A  man  who 
follows  the  business  of  washing  clothes. 

Butler. 

LAUNDRESS,  n.  Vandress.  [Fr.  lavandiere  : 
Sp.  lavandera  ;  It.  lavandaia  ;  from  L.  lavo, 
Sp.  lavar,  to  wash.] 

A  washer-woman  ;  a  female  whose  employ- 
ment is  to  wash  clothes. 

LAUNDRESS,  v.  i.  Vandress.  [supra.]  To 
practice  washing.  Blount. 

LAUNDRY,    n.     iandry.      [Sp.  lavadero.] 

1.  A  washing.  Bacon. 

The  place   or  room  where   clothes  are 
washed. 

LAU'REATE,  a.  [L.  laitreaius,  from  laurea, 
a  laurel.] 

Decked  or  invested  with  laurel;  as  laureate 
hearse.  Milton. 

Soft  on  hcr  lap  licr  laureate  son  reclines. 

Pope. 

Poet  laureate,  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  of 
the  king's  hou.sehold,  whose  business  is  to 
compose  an  ode  annually  for  the  king's 
birtli  day,  and  for  the  new  year.  It  is 
said  this  title  was  first  given  him  in  the 
time  of  Edward  IV,  Encyc. 


LAV 


L  A  AV 


LAW 


LAU'REATE,  v.  t.  To  honor  with  a  degree; 
in  ihe  university,  and  a  present  of  a  wreath 
of  laurel.  Warton. 

LAU'REATED,/)p.  Honored  wiih  a  degree 
and  a  laurel  wreath. 

LAUREA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  conferring 
a  degree  in  tlie  university,  together  with 
a  wreath  of  laurel ;  an  honor  bestowed 
on  those  who  excelled  in  writing  verse 
This  was  an  ancient  practice  at  Oxford, 
from  which  probably  originated  the  de- 
nomination of  poet  laureate.  It'arton 

LAU'REL,  M.  [L.  laurus  ;  It.  lauro  ;  Fr 
laurier;  Sp.  laurel;  Port,  launiro  ;  W. 
llonvyz,  llonvi/zen,  laurel  wood,  from  the 
root  of  llatvr,  a  floor,  llor,  that  spreads  ; 
Dan.  laur-b(tr-tree  ;  GJorbeer,  the  laurel  or 
bay-berry.  Laur  coincides  in  elements 
\v\lUJlowcr,Jloreo.] 

The  bay-tree  or  Lauru.s,  a  genus  of  jilants 
of  several  species.  Encyc. 

LAU'RELED,  a.  Crowned  or  decorated 
with  laurel,  or  with  a  laurel  wreath  ;  lau- 
reate. 

LAURIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  laurus  and  /era, 
to  hear.]     Producing  or  bringing  laurel. 

LAU'Rl'STIN,  n.  [L.  laurusllmi.s.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Viburniui),  an  evergreen 
shrub  or  tree,  whose  flowers  are  said  to 
continue  through  the  winter. 

LAUS'KRAIT,  n.  [G.  lausekraut,  louse- 
plant.]     A  i)lant  of  the  genus  Delphinium. 

LAU'TU,  n.  A  baud  of  cotton,  twisted  and 
worn  on  the  iicad  of  the  Incaof  Peru,  as  a 
badge  of  royalty.  J.  Barlow. 

L'AVA,  ?!.  [probably  from  flowing,  and 
from  the  root  of  L.  fluo,  or  lavo ;  It.  laua 
a  stream,  now  lava^ 

1.  A  mass  or  stream  of  melted  minerals  or 
stony  m.itter  which  bursts  or  is  thrown 
from  the  mouth  or  sides  of  a  volcano,  and 
is  sometimes  ejected  in  such  quantities  as 
to  overwhelm  cities.  Catana,  at  the  foot 
of  Etna,  has  often  been  destroyed  by  it, 
and  in  178-3,  a  vast  tract  of  land  in  Iceland 
was  overspread  by  an  eruption  of  lava 
from  mount  Ilecla. 

2.  The  same  matter  when  cool  and  har- 
dened. 

LAVA'TION,  )!.  [L. /ai'a/to,  from/«ro.]  A 
washing  or  cleansing.  Hakeicill. 

LAVATORY,  n.  [See  Lave.]  A  place  for 
washing. 

2.  A  wash  or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

3.  A  place  where  gold  is  obtained  by  wash 
ing.  Encyc. 

LAVE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  laver;  S]).lavar;  It. lavare; 

L.  laro ;  Gr.  ^oiu  ;   Sans,   allava  ;  proba- 
bly contracted  from  logo  or  laugo.] 
To    wash  ;    to    bathe ;    a   word  tised  chiejly 

in  poetry  or  rhetoric.  Milton.     Dryden. 

LAVE,  V.  i.  To  bathe  ;  to  wash  one's  self. 

Pope. 
LAVE,  t'.  t.   [Fr.   lever.]     To  throw  up  or 

out ;  to  lade  out.     [Kol  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
LA'VE-EARED,  a.   Having  large  pendant 

ears.     [JVot  in  use.]  "  Bp.  Halt. 

LAVEE'R,  V.  <.  [Fr.  louvoyer  or  louvier ;  D. 

laveercn.]     In  seamen's  language,  to  tack; 

to   sail  back  and   forth.      [I  believe  this 

■word  is  not  in  common  use.] 
LAVENDER,  n.   [L.  lavendula.]     A  plant,' 

or  a  genus  of  aromatic  plants,  Lavandula.! 
LA'VER,  Ji.  [Fr.  Invoir,  from  laver,  to  lave.]| 

A  vessel  for  washine  ;  a  larce  bason  :  inl 

Vol.  II. 


scripture  history,  a    bason  i)laccd  in  the 

court  of  the  Jew  ish  tabernacle,  where  the 

officiating  priests  washed  their  hands  and 

feet  and  the  entrails  of  victims.         Encyc. 

LAVEROCK.     [See  Lark.] 

LA'VING,  ppr.  '\Vashing  ;  bathing. 

LAVISH,  a.  [I  know  not  fioni  wliat  source 

we  have  received  this  word.     It  coincides 

in  elements  with  L.  liber,  free,  liberal,  and 

L.  laro,  to  wash.] 

1.  Prodigal  ;  expending  or  bestowing  with 
profusion  ;  profuse,  lie  was  lavish  of  ex- 
pense ;  lavish  of  praise  ;  lavish  of  encomi- 
ums ;  tavi.ih  of  censure  ;  lavish  of  blood 
and  trea.sure. 

2.  AV^isteful  ;  expending  without  necessity; 
liberal  to  a  fault.  Dryden. 

3.  Wild  ;  unrestrained. 

Curbing  his  lavish  sijiiit.  Shak. 

LAVISH,  V.  t.  To  expend  or  bestow  with 
profusion  ;  as,  to  lavish  praise  or  encomi- 
ums. 

2.  To  waste ;  to  expend  without  necessity 
or  use;  to  squander;  as,  to  lavish  money 
on  vices  and  amusements. 

LAVISHED,  pp.  Expended  profusely ; 
wasted. 

LAV'ISHER,?!.  A  prodigal;  a  profuse  per- 
son. 

LAVISHING,  ppr.  Expending  or  laying 
out  with  ])rofusion  ;  wasting. 

LAVISHLV,  adv.  With  profuse  expense; 
prodigally  ;  wastefuUy.       Dryden.     Pope. 

LAVISHNESS,  n.  Profusion  ;  protUgality. 

Spenser. 

LAVOL'TA,  n.  [It.  la  voltn,  the  turn.]  An| 
old  dance  in  which  was  much  turning  and 
capering.  Shak. 

LAVV,  n.  [Sax.  laga,  lage,  lag,  or  lah;  Sw. 
tag;  Dan.  lov  ;  It.  legge ;  Sp.  ley ;  Fr.  loi 
L.  lex  ;  from  the  root  of  lay.  Sax.  lecgan 
Goth,  lagyan.  See  Lay.  A  law  is  that 
xvhich  is  laid,  set  or  fixed,  like  statute,  con- 
stitution, from  L.  statuo.] 

1.  A  rule,  particularly  an  established  or  per- 
manent rule,  prescribed  by  the  supreme 
power  of  a  state  to  its  subjects,  Tor  regulat 
ing  their  actions,  particularly  their  social 
actions.  Laws  are  imperative  or  manda 
tory,  commanding  what  shall  be  done  ; 
prohibitory,  restraining  from  what  is  to  be 
forborn  ;  or  permissive,  declaring  what 
may  be  done  without  incurring  a  penally. 
The  laics  which  enjoin  the  duties  of  piety 
and  tiiorality,  are  prescribed  by  God  and 
found  in  the  Scriptures. 

Law  is  beneficence  acting  by  rule.      Burke 

2.  Municipal  law,  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct 
prescribed  by  the  supreme  power  of  a 
state,  commanding  what  its  subjects  are  to 
do,  and  prohibiting  what  they  are  to  for- 
bear ;  a  statute. 

Municipal  or  civil  laws  are  estabhshed 
by  the  decrees,  edicts  or  ordinances  of 
absolute  princes,  as  emperors  and  kings, 
or  by  the  formal  acts  of  the  legislatures  of 
free  states.  Law  therefore  is  sometimes 
equivalent  to  decree,  edict,  or  ordinance. 

3.  Laiv  of  nature,  is  a  rule  of  conduct  arising 
out  of  the  natural  relations  of  human  be- 
ings established  by  the  Creator,  and  exist- 
ing prior  to  any  positive  precept.  Thus  it 
is  a  laui  of  nature,  that  one  man  should 
not  injure  another,  and  murder  and  fraud 
would  be  crimes,  independent  of  any  pro- 
hibition from  a  supreme  power. 

O 


4.  Laws  qf  animal  nature,  the  inherent  prin- 
ciples by  which  the  economy  and  func- 
tions of  animal  bodies  are  performed, 
such  as  respiration,  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  digestion,  nutrition,  various  secre- 
tions, &c. 

5.  Laws  of  vegetation,  the  principles  by 
which  plants'  arc  produced,  and  their 
growth  carried  on  till  they  arrive  to  per- 
fection. 

G.  Physical  laivs,  01  laws  of  nature.  The  inva- 
riable tendency  or  determination  of  any 
species  of  matter  to  a  particular  form  with 
definite  properties,  and  the  determination 
of  a  body  to  certain  motions,  changes, 
and  relations,  which  uniformly  take  place 
in  the  same  circumstances,  is  called  a 
physical  law.  These  tendencies  or  deter- 
minations, whether  oallcd  laws  or  afiec- 
tions  of  matter,  have  been  established  by 
the  Creator,  and  are,  with  a  peculiar  feli- 
city of  expression,  denominated  in  Scrip- 
ture, ordinances  of  heaven. 

7.  Laws  of  nations,  the  rules  tliat  regulate 
the  mutual  intercourse  of  nations  or  states. 
These  riUes  depend  on  natural  law,  or  the 
principles  of  justice  W'hich  spring  from 
the  social  state  ;  or  they  are  founded  on 
customs,  compacts,  treaties,  leagues  and 
agreements  between  independent  commu- 
nities. 

By  tlie  taw  of  nations,  we  are  to  under- 
stand that  code  of  public  instruction,  which 
defines  the  ri^lits  and  prescribes  the  duties  of 
nations,  in  their  intercourse  with  each  other. 

ITmt. 

8.  Moral  law,  a  law  which  prescribes  to  men 
their  religious  and  social  duties,  in  other 
words,  their  duties  to  God  and  to  each 
other.  The  moral  law  is  summarily  con- 
tained in  the  decalogue  or  ten  command- 
ments, written  by  the  finger  of  God  on 
two  tables  of  stone,  and  dehvered  to  Moses 
on  mount  Sinai.     Ex.  xx. 

'9.  Ecclesiastical  law,  a  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed for  the  government  of  a  church  ; 
otherwise  called  canon  law. 

10.  JVritten  law,  a  law  or  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed or  enacted  by  a  sovereign,  and 
promulgated  and  recorded  in  writing;  a 
written  statute,  ordinance,  edict  or  de- 
cree. 

11.  Umvritten.  or  common  law,  a  rule  of  ac- 
tion which  derives  its  authority  from  long 
usage,  or  established  custom,  which  has 
been  immcmorially  received  and  recogni- 
zed by  judicial  tribunals.  As  this  law  can 
be  traced  to  no  positive  statutes,  its  rules 
or  principles  are  to  be  found  only  in  the 
records  of  courts,  and  in  the  reports  of 
judicial  decisions. 

12.  By-law,  a  law  of  a  city,  town  or  private 
corporation.     [See  By.] 

13.  Mosaic  laiv,  the  institutions  of  Moses,  or 
the  code  of  laws  prescribed  to  the  Jews, 
as  distinguished  from  the  gospel. 

14.  Ceremonial  law,  the  Mosaic  institutions 
which  prescribe  the  external  rites  and 
ceremonies  to  be  observed  by  the  Jews, 
as  distinct  from  the  moral  precepts,  which 
are  of  perpetual  obligation. 

15.  A  rule  of  direction;  a  directory;  as  rea- 
son and  natural  conscience. 

Tliese,  having  not  the  taw,  are  a  law  to 
themselves.    Rom.  ii. 


LAW 


LAW 


LAY 


IG.  That  which  governs  or  has  a  tendency 
to  rule  ;  that  wliich  has  tlic  power  of  con- 
trolling. 

But  I  see  another  law  in  my  members  war 
ring  against  the  law  of  my  mind,  and  bringing 
me  into  captivity  to  the  law  of  sin  which  is  in 
my  members.     Rom.  7. 

17.  The  word  of  God  ;  tlie  doctrines  and 
precepts  of  God,  or  his  revealed  will. 

But  his  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  and 
in  his  law  doth  he  meditate  day  and  night. 
Ps.  i. 

18.  The  Old  Testament. 

Is  it  not  written  in  your  law,  I  said,  ye  are 
gods .'  John  X. 

19.  The  institutions  of  Moses,  as  distinct 
from  the  other  parts  of  the  Old  Testament ; 
as  the  laio  and  the  prophets. 

20.  A  rule  or  axiom  of  science  or  art;  set- 
tled principle  ;  as  the  laws  of  versification 
or  poetry. 

21.  Law  martial,  or  martiallaw,  the  rules  or- 
dained for  the  government  of  an  army  or 
military  force. 

22.  Maii'iie  laivs,  rules  for  the  regulation  of 
navigation,  and  the  commercial  inter- 
course of  nations. 

23.  Commercial  law,  latv-merchant,  the  sys- 
tem of  rules  by  which  trade  and  commer- 
cial intercourse  are  regulated  between 
merchants. 

24.  Judicial  process;  prosecution  of  right 
in  courts  of  law. 

Tom  Touchy  is  a  fellow  famous  for  taking 
the  law  of  every  body.  Spectator. 

Hence  the  phrase,  to  go  to  law,  to  pros- 
ecute ;  to  seek  redress  in  a  legal  tribunal. 

25.  Jurisprudence  ;  as  in  the  title,  Doctor  of 
Laws. 

26.  In  general,  law  is  a  rule  of  action  pre- 
scribed for  the  government  of  rational 
beings  or  moral  agents,  to  which  rule  they 
are  bound  to  yield  obedience,  in  default  of] 
which  they  are  exposed  to  punishment ; 
or  law  is  a  settled  mode  or  course  of  ac- 
tion or  operation  in  irrational  beings  and 
in  inanimate  bodies. 

Civil  law,  criminal  laiv.  [See  Civil  and  Crim- 
inal.} 
Laws  of  honor.  [See  Honor.] 
Law  language,  the  language  used  in  legal 
writings  and  forms,  particularly  the  Nor- 
inan  dialect  or  Old  French,  which  was 
used  in  judicial  proceedings  from  the  days 
of  William  the  conqueror  to  the  36th  year 
of  Edward  III. 
Wager  of  law,  a  species  of  trial  formerly  used 
in  England,  in  which  the  defendant  gave 
security  that  he  would,  on  a  certain  day, 
make  his  law,  that  is,  he  would  make  oath 
that  he  owed  nothing  to  the  plaintiff",  and 
would  produce  eleven  of  his  neighbors  as 
compurgators,  who  shotdd  swear  that 
they  believed  in  their  consciences  that  he 
had  sworn  the  truth.  Blackslone. 

LAW'-BREAKER,  n.  One  who  violates 
the  law.  Milton, 

LAW-DAY,  n.   A  day  of  open  court. 

Shah. 
2.  A  leet  or  sheriff's  tourn. 
LAW'FUL,  a.  Agrec.-ihle  to  law ;  conform- 
able to  law  ;  allowed  by  law  ;  legal ;  legit 
imate.  That  is  deemed  laiiful  which  no 
law  forbids,  but  nmny  things  arc  lairftil 
which  arc  ngt  expedient. 


2.  Constituted  by  law ;  rightful ;  as  the  law 

fill  owner  of  lands. 
LAWFULLY,  adv.  Legally  ;  in  accordance 

with  law ;    without   violating   law.     We 

may  lawfully   do   what  the-   laws  do  not 

forbid. 
LAWFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

conformable  to  law ;   legality.     The  law 

fulness  of  an  action  does  not  always  prove 

its  propriety  or  expedience. 
LAWGIVER,  71.  [law  and  give.]  One  who 

makes  or  enacts  a  law ;  a  legislator. 

Slirifl 
LAWGIVING,    a.     Making    or    enacting 

laws ;  legislative.  frailer. 

LA  WING,  n.  Expeditation  ;  the  act  of  cut 

ting  off  the  claws  and  balls  of  the  fore  feet 

of  mastiffs  to  prevent  them  from  running 

after  deer.  Blackslone. 

LAW'LESS,  a.   Not  subject  to  law  ;  unre 

strained  by  law  ;  as  a  laioless  tyrant ;  law 

less  men. 

2.  Contrary  to  law;  illegal;  unauthorized; 
as  a  laivlcss  claim. 

He  needs  no  indirect  nor  lawless  course. 

Shak 

3.  Not  subject  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  na 
ture ;  uncontrolled. 

He,  meteor-like,  flames  lawless  through  the 

void.  Pope. 

LAWLESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  coitrary 

to  law.  Shak. 

LAWLESSNESS,  n.   The  quality  or  state 

of  being  unrestrained  by  law  ;  disorder. 

Spenser. 
LAW'-MAKER,  n.  One  who  enacts  or  or- 
dains    laws ;    a   legislator ;    a    lawgiver 
Lawmakers  shoidd  not  be  law-breakers, 

.idagc 
LAW-MONGER,  ?;.    A  low  dealer  in  law 
a  pettifogger.  Milton. 

L.\WN,  71.  [W.  llan,  an  open,  clear  place. 
It  is  the  same  woi-d  as  land,  with  an  ap- 
propriate signification,  and  coincides  with 
plain,  planus,  Ir.  cluain.] 
An  open  space  between  woods,  or  a  plain 
in  a  park  or  adjoining  a  noble  seat. 
Betwixt    them    lawns  or  level  downs,  and 

flocks 
Grazing  the  tender  herbs,  were  interspers'd. 

Milton. 
LAWN,    n.    [Fr.  linon,  from  lin,   flax,   L. 

linum.] 
A  sort  of  fine  linen.     Its  use  in  the  sleeves 
of  bishops,  explains  the  following  line. 

A  saint  in  crape  is  twice  a  saint  in  lawn. 

Pope. 

LAWN,  a.  Jlade  of  lawn. 

LAWN'Y,  a.  Level,  as  a  plain  ;  like  a  lawn. 

2.  Made  of  lawn.  Bp.  Hall. 

LAWSCIT,  Ji.  [See  Suit.]  A  suit  in  law 
for  the  recovery  of  a  supposed  right ;  a 
process  in  law  instituted  by  a  party  to 
com]>el  another  to  do  him  justice. 

LAW'YER,  n.  [that  is,  lawei;  contracted 
from  law-wcr,  law-man.] 

One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of 
law  ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  institute 
suits  in  courts  of  law,  and  to  prosecute  or 
defend  the  cause  of  clients.  This  is  a 
general  term,  comprehending  attorneys 
coimselors,  solicitors,  barristers,  Serjeants 
and  advocates. 

LAW  YER-LIKE.  a.  Like  a  real  lawyer 

LAW'Yl'RI.V,  a.  Judicial.  MiUon. 


LAX,  a.  [L.  laxus ;  Sp.  laso  ;  It.  lasso  ;  Fr. 
lache,  for  lasche.] 

1.  Loose;  flabby;  soft;  not  tense,  firm  or 
rigid  ;  as  lax  flesh  ;  a  lax  fiber. 

2.  Slack  ;  not  tight  or  tense  ;  as  a  lax  cord. 

3.  Not  firmly  united  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as 
gravel  and  the  like  laxer  matter. 

Woodward. 

4.  Not  rigidly  exact ;  as  a  lax  moral  dis- 
course. .    Baker. 

5.  Not  strict ;  as  lax  morals. 

6.  Loose  in  the  bowels ;  having  too  frequent 
discharges. 

LAX,  JI.  A  looseness;  diarrhoea. 

2.  A  species  of  fish  or  salmon.    [Sax.  Icex.] 

[JVot  in  use.] 
LAXA'TION,  n.    [L.  laxalio.]    The  act  of 

loosening  or  slackening;  or  the  state  of 

being  loose  or  slackened. 
LAX'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  laxatif,  from  L.  laxo.] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  loosening 

or  opening  the  bowels,  and  relieving  from 

constipation. 
LAX'ATIVE,  n.   A  medicine  that  relaxes 

the  bowels  and  relieves  from  costiveness ; 

a  gentle  purgative.  Coxe. 

LAX'ATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
laxing. 

LAX'ITY,  n.  [L.  laxitas.]  Looseness  ; 
slackness;  the  opposite  of  tenseness  or 
tension. 

2.  Looseness  of  texture.  Bentley. 

3.  Want  of  exactness  or  precision ;  as  laxity 
of  expression. 

4.  Looseness;  defect  of  exactness;  as  laxity 
of  morals. 

5.  Looseness,  as  of  the  bowels ;  the  oppo- 
site of  costiveness. 

(i.  Openness  ;  not  closeness. 

LAX'LY,  adv.  Loosely  ;  without  exactness. 

iJees. 

LAX'NESS,  n.  Looseness;  softness;  flab- 
biness  ;  as  the  laxness  of  flesh  or  of  mus- 
cles. 

2.  Laxity;  the  opposite  of /ensi'o)!. 

3.  Looseness,  as  of  morals  or  discipline. 

4.  Loosenes.s,  as  of  the  bowels. 

5.  Slackness,  as  of  a  cord. 

LAY,  pret.  of  lie.  The  estate  lay  in  the 
county  of  Hartford. 

When  Ahab  heard  these  words,  lie  rent  his 
clothes,  and  put  sackcloth  upon  his  head,  and 
fasted  and  lay  in  sackcloth.     1  Kings  xxi. 

LAY,  V.  t  pret.  and  pp.  laid.  [Sax.  lecgan, 
legan  ;  D.  leggen  ;  G.  legeji ;  Sw.  l&gga  ; 
Dan.  Ugger  ;  Russ.  loju  ;  L.  loco,  whence 
locus,  W.  lie,  place,  Eng.  ley  or  lea ;  W. 
lleau,  to  lay.  Hence  Fi-.  lieu.  Arm.  lech,  a 
place ;  Ir.  legadli.  Arm.  lacqaal,  to  lay. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  send  or  throw ; 
hence  this  word  is  the  L.  lego,  legare,  dif- 
ferently np])lied  ;  Gr.  Xcynuai.,  to  lie  down  ; 

Eth.  AATl  lak,  to  send,  whence  lackey. 
Class  Lg.  No  I.  and  21.  It  coincides  with 
lodge  and  with  lie.] 
1.  Literally,  to  throw  down  ;  hence,  to  put 
or  place  ;  applied  to  things  broad  or  long, 
and  in  this  respect  diflering  from  set. 
We  lay  a  book  on  the  table,  \vhen  we 
place  it  on  its  side,  but  we  set  it  on  the 
end.  We  lay  the  foundation  of  a  house, 
but  we  set  a  building  on  its  fjundatioii. 

He  hiiil  his  robe  fir  ni  him.     Jonah  iii. 

Soft  on  the  flowery  herb  1  found  nie  laid. 

Miltov. 


LAY 


LAY 


LAY 


A  stone  was  brought  and  laid  on  the  mouth  of 
the  den.     Dan.  vi. 

2.  To  beat  down  ;  to  prostrate.  Violent 
winds  witli  raiii  lay  corn  and  grass. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  and  keep  from  rising.  A 
shower  lays  tlie  dust. 

4.  To  place  in  order ;  to  dispose  with  regu- 
larity in  building ;  as,  to  lay  bricks  or 
stones  in  constructing  walls. 

5.  To  spread  on  a  surface ;  as,  to  lay  plas- 
ter or  paint. 

6.  To  spread  or  set ;  as,  to  lay  snares. 

7.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  still ;  to  allay. 

After  a  tempest,  when  the  winds  are  laid. 

Waller. 

8.  To  quiet ;  to  still ;  to  restrain  from  walk- 
ing ;  as,  to  lay  the  rievil.  L'Estiange. 

9.  To  spread  and  set  in  order ;  to  prepare 
as,  to  lay  a  table  for  dinner. 

10.  To  place  in  the  eartli  for  growth. 

The   cliief  time  of  laying  gilliflowers,  is  in 
July.  Mortimer. 

11.  To  place  at  hazard  ;  to  wage  ;  to  stake  ; 
as,  to  lay  a  crown  or  an  eagle  ;  to  lay  a 
wager. 

12.  To  bring  forth ;  to  exclude  ;  as,  to  lay 
eggs. 

13.  To  add  ;  to  join. 

Wo  to   them  that  join   house  to  house,  that 
lay  field  to  ticld.     Is.  v. 

14.  To  put ;  to  apply. 

She  layeth  her   hand  to  the  spindle.     Prov. 
xxxi. 

15.  To  assess ;  to  charge  ;  to  impose  ;  as,  to 
lay  a  tax  on  land  ;  to  lay  a  duty  on  salt. 

16.  To  charge  ;  to  impute ;  as,  to  lay  blame 
on  one  ;  to  lay  want  of  prudence  to  one's 
charge. 

17.  To  impose,  as  evil,  burden,  or  punish 
ment. 

The  Lord  hath  laid  on  him  the  iniquity  of  us 
all.     Is.  liii. 

18.  To  enjoin  as  a  duty ;  as,  to  lay  com 
mands  on  one. 

19.  To  e.vhibit ;  to  present  or  offer ;  as,  to 
lay  an  indictment  in  a  particular  county. 

90.  To  prostrate  ;   to  slay. 

The  leaders  first 
He  laid  along.  DryJen. 

21.  To  depress  and  lose  sight  of,  by  sailing 
or  departing  from  ;  as,  to  lay  the  land ;  a 
seamaii's  phrase. 

22.  To  station  ;  to  set ;  as,  to  lay  an  am 
bush. 

23.  To  contrive  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  plan. 

To  lay  a  cable,  to  twist  or  unite  the  strands. 
To  lay  apart,  to  put  away  ;  to  reject. 

Lay  apart  all  filthiness.     James  i. 
To  lay  aside,  to  put  off  or  away  ;  not  to  re- 
tain. 

Let  us  lay  aside  every  weight,  and  the  sin 
that  dotli  so  easily  beset  us.     Meb.  xii. 
2.  To  discontinue ;  as,  to  lay  aside   the  use 

of  any  thing. 
To  lay  away,  to  reposit  in  store  ;  to  put  aside 

for  preservation. 
To  lay  before,  to  exhibit;  to  show;  to  pre- 
sent to  view.     The   papers  are  laid  before 
Congress. 
To  lay  by,  to  reserve  for  future  use. 

Let  every  one  of  you  lay  by  him  in  store,  as 
God  hatli  prospered  him.     1  Cor.  x\i. 
2.  To  put  away  ;  to  dismiss. 

Let  brave   spirits  not  be  laid  by,  as  persons 

unnecessary  for  the  time.  Bacoji 

■3.  To  put  off. 


And  she  arose  and  went  aw:\j ,   and  laid  by 
her  veil.     Gen.  xxxviii. 

To  lay  down,  to  deposit,  as  a  pledge,  equiva 
lent  or  satistiiction  ;  to  resign.  I 

I  lay  down  my  hfe  fur  the  sheep.     John  x. 
To  give  up ;  to  resign ;  to  quit  or   relin- 
quish ;   as,  to  lay  down  an  ollice  or  com- 
mission. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  surrender  the  use  of;  as,  tO| 
lay  down  one's  arms. 

4.  To  offer  or  advance  ;  as,  to  lay  down  a 
proposition  or  principle.  Addison.] 

To  lay  one's  self  down,  to  commit  to  repose. 

I  will  both  lay  me  down  in  peace  and  sleep — 

Ps.  iv. 

To  lay  hold  of,  to  seize ;  to  catch.  To  lay 
hold  on,  is  used  in  a  like  sense.         Locke 

To  lay  in,  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  provide 
previously.  Addison. 

To  lay  on,  to  apply  with  force ;  to  inflict ; 
as,  to  lay  on  blows. 

To  lay  open,  to  open  ;  to  make  bare  ;  to  un- 
cover ;  also,  to  show  ;  to  e.xpose  ;  to  re- 
veal ;  as,  to  lay  open  the  designs  of  an  en- 
emy. 

To  lay  over,  to  spread  over ;  to  incrust ;  to 
cover  the  surface  ;  as,  to  lay  over  with 
gold  or  silver. 

To  lay  out,  to  expend  ;  as,  to  lay  out  money, 
or  sums  of  money. 

2.  To  display  ;  to  discover. 
He   takes   occasion  to  lay  out  bigotry  and 

false  confidence  in  all  its  colors.        Atterbury. 
Obs. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  dispose  in  order  the  several 
parts  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  garden. 

4.  To  dress  in  grave  clothes  and  place  in  a 
decent  posture  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  corpse. 
Shakspeare  uses  to  lay  forth, 

5.  To  exert ;  as,  to  lay  out  all  one's  strength. 
So  with  the  recii)rocal  pronoun,  to  lay 
one's  self  out,  is  to  e.xert  strength. 

To  lay  to,  to  charge  upon  ;  to  impute. 

Sidney. 
'2.  To  apply  with  vigor.  7\isser. 

3.  To  attack  or  harass.     Obs.  Knolles. 

4.  To  check  the  motion  of  a  ship,  and  cause 
her  to  be  stationary. 

To  lay  together,  to  collect ;  to  bring  to  one 
place  ;  also,  to  bring  into  one  view. 

To  lay  to  heart,  to  permit  to  affect  greatly. 

To  lay  under,  to  subject  to ;  as,  to  lay  one 
under  restraint  or  obligation. 

To  lay  up,  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  reposit 
for  future  use. 

Lay  up  for  yourselves  treasures  in  heaven. 
Matt.  vi. 

2.  To  confine  to  the  bed  or  chamber.  He  is 
laid  up  with  the  gout. 

To  lay  siege,  to  besiege  ;  to  encompass  with 
an  army. 

To  lay  wait,  to  station  for  private  attack  ;  to 
lay  in  ambush  for. 

To  lay  the  course,  in  sailing,  is  to  sail  to- 
wards the  port  intended,  without  gibing. 

To  lay  waste,  to  destroy;  to  desolate  ;  to  de- 
prive of  inhabitants,  improvements  and 
productions. 

To  lay  the  land,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 
cause  the  land  ajiparently  to  sink  or  ap- 
pear lower,  by  sailing  from  it ;  the  dis- 
tance diminishing  the  elevation. 

LAY,  I',  i.  To  bring  or  produce  eggs. 

Hens  will  greedily   eat  the  herb  that  will 
make  them  lay  tlie  better.  Mortimer. 


2.  To  contrive;  to  forma  scheme.  [Unu- 
sual.] 

To  lay  about,  to  strike  or  throw  the  arms  on 
all  sides;  to  act  with  vigor. 

Spenser.     South. 

To  lay  at,  to  strike  or  to  endeavor  to  strike. 

The  sword  of  him  that  layeth  at  him  cannot 
hold.     Job  xli. 

To  lay  in  for,  to  make  overtures  for  ;  to  en- 
gage or  secure  the  possession  of. 

I  have  laid  in  for  these.  Drydeu. 

To  lay  on,  to  strike  ;  to  beat ;  to  deal  blows 

incessantly  and  with  vehemence. 
2.  To  act  with  vehemence;  used  of  expenses. 

Shak. 
To  lay  out,  to  purpose ;  to  intend.     He  lays 

out  to  make  a  journey. 
2.  To  take  measures. 

I  made  strict  inquiry   wherever  I  came,  and 
laid  out  for  intelligence  of  all  places. 

tVoodward. 
To  lay  upon,  to  importune.     Obs. 
LAY,  n.  That  which  lies  or  is  laid  ;  a  row  ; 
a  stratutli ;  a  layer  ;  one   rank  in  a  series 
reckoned  upward  ;  as  a  lay  of  wood. 

A  viol  should  have  a  lay  of  wire-strings  be- 
low. Bacon. 

2.  A  bet  ;  a  wager.     [Little  used.]     Graunl. 

3.  Station  ;  rank.     [.Vol  used.] 

LAY,  n.  [Sax.  leag,  leah,  lege ;  W.  lie  ;  Russ. 
lug  ;  L.  locus ;  Fr.  lieu.  See  Lay,  the 
verb.  The  words  which  signify ^facf,  are 
from  verbs  which  express  seltitig  or  lay- 
ing. It  is  written  also  ley,  and  lea,  but  less 
properly.] 

A  meadow  ;  a  plain  or  plat  of  grass  land. 
A  tuft  of  daisies  on  a  flowery  lay.      Vrydcn. 
The  lowing  herd  wind  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Gray. 

LAY,  n.  [Sax.  legh  or  ley;  Gr.  >.t;xiu,  to 
sound.  It  might  also  be  deduced  from 
G.  lied,  a  song  ;  D.  id. ;  Sax.  leoih  ;  Scot. 
leid,  lede,  or  luid ;  Ir.  lyidh ;  Gael,  laoidh ; 
from  the  root  of  loud,  L.  laudo,  plaudo, 
Sax.  hlydan.] 

A  song  ;  as  a  loud  or  soft  lay ;  immortal 
lays.  Sfienser.     .Milton. 

[It  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 

LAY,  a.  [Fr.  lai,  L.  laicus.  It.  laico,  Sp. 
lego,  a  layman  ;  Gr.  ^atxoj,  from  ^oj, 
people.] 

Pertaining  to  the  laity  or  people,  as  distinct 
from  the  clergy  ;  not  clerical ;  as  a  lay 
person  ;  a  lay  preacher;  a  lay  brother. 

LAY-CLERK,  n.  A  vocal  officiate  in  a  ca- 
thedral. Busby. 

LA'YER,  n.  la'er.  [from  lay,  the  verb.]  A 
stratum  ;  a  bed  ;  a  body  spread  over  an- 
other ;  as  a  te^cr  of  clay  or  of  sand. 

2.  A  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  not  detached 
from  the  stock,  laid  under  ground  for 
growth  or  propagation.  Encye. 

3.  A  hen  that  lays  eggs.  Mortimer. 
LA'YING,  ppr.  Putting;  placing  ;  applying; 

ini|>uting :  wagering. 
LA' YLAND,  n.  Land  lying  untilled  ;  fallow 
ground.     [Local.] 

L.\'YM.\N,  n.  la'man.  [lay  and  man.]  A 
man  who  is  not  a  clergyman  ;  one  of  the 
laity  or  people,  distinct  from  the  clergy. 

Dryden.    Sicifl. 

3.  An  image  used  by  painters  in  contriving 
attitudes.  Dryden. 

3.  A  lay -clerk. 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


LA'YSTALL,  n.  [Imj  and  stall.]  A  heap  of 
dung,  or  a  place  where  dung  is  laid. 

Jlsh. 

LA'ZAR,  n.  [from  Lazarus;  Sp.  kaaro.] 
A  person  infected  with  nauseous  and  pes- 
tilential disease.  Sliak.    Drijdtn. 

LAZARET',       \      [Sp.  lazarelo ;    It.  laz- 

LAZARETTO,  I  "'  zeretto;Fi: lazaret;  from 
Lazants.] 

A  public  building,  hospital  or  pest-house  for 
the  reception  of  diseased  persons,  particu 
larly  for   those  affected  with   contagious 
distempers. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE,  n.  A  lazaretto ;  also,  a 
hospital  for  quarantine. 

LA'ZAR-LIKE,  )        Full  of  sores  ;    lep- 

LA'ZARLY,  ^  "•  rous.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA'ZARWoRT,  i      Laserpitiuni,a  genus  of 

LA'SERWORT,  ^"'plants  of  several  spe- 
cies, natives  of  Germany,  Italy,  France, 
&c. 

LAZE,  V.  i.   To  live  in  idleness.     [  Vulgar.] 

LAZE,  V.  t.  To  waste   in  sloth.     [  Vulgar.] 

LA'ZILY,  adv.  [from  lazy.]  In  a  heavy, 
sluggish  manner  ;  sluggishl}'. 

Whether  he  lazily  and  fistlcssly  dreams  away 
his  time.  Locke. 

LA'ZINESS,  71.  [from  lazy.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  lazy  ;  indisposition  to  ac- 
tion or  exertion  ;  indolence  ;  sluggishness ; 
heaviness  in  motion  ;  habitual  sloth.  La- 
ziness differs  from  idleness  ;  the  latter  be- 
ing a  mere  defect  or  cessation  of  action, 
but  laziness  is  sloth,  with  natural  or  ha- 
bitual disinclination  to  action. 

Laziness  travels  so  slowly,  that  poverty  soon 
overtakes  liim.  Franklin. 

2.  Slowness ;  tardiness. 

LA'ZING,  a.  Spending  time  in  sluggish  in- 
action. UEslrange. 
[This  is  an  ill-formed,  ijielcganl  ivord.] 

LAZ'ULI.  Lapis  Lazuli  is  a  mineral  of  a 
fine,  azure  blue  color,  usually  amorphous, 
or  in  rounded  masses  of  a  moderate  size. 
It  is  often  marked  by  yellow  spots  or  veins 
of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  is  much  valued 
for  ornamental  work.  It  is  distinguislied 
from  lazulite,  by  the  intenseness  of  its  co- 
lor.    [Qu.  Ar.  azul.]  Cleaveland. 

LAZ'ULITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  light,  indi- 
go blue  color,  occurring  in  small  masses, 
or  crystalized  in  oblique  four-sided  prisms 

Cleaveland. 

LA'ZY,  a.  [G.  lass,lassig;  W.llesg.  The 
Fr.  Idche  is  from  L.  la.cus,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  this  is  of  the  same  family.] 

\.  Disinclined  to   action  or  exertion;  natu 
rally  or  habitually  slothful;  sluggish;  in- 
dolent ;  averse  to  labor  ;  heavy  in  motion 
Wicked  meu  will  ever  live  like   rogiies,  and 
not  fall  to  work,  but  be  lazy  and  spend  victuals 

JSacon 

2.  Slow  ;  moving  slowly  or  apparently  with 

labor;  as  a  lazy  stream. 

The  nii^lit-owi's /azy  flight.  SImk. 

LD,  stands  for  lord. 

LEA,  I      [See  Lay.]    A  meadow  or  plain. 
LEY,  S    '  The  Welsh  write  He,   but  as  thij 

word  is  from  the  root  of  lay,  the  latter  is 

the  Miorc  correct  orthography. 
LEACH,  V.  I.  [Sw.  laka,  to  fail  in  drops,  to 

distill ;  laka,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  lekker,  to  drop, 

to  leak.     See  Leak.     Pcihaps  L.   li.r  may 

be  from  the  same  root.] 
To  wash,  as  ashes,  by  percolation,   or  caus 

ing  water  to  pass  through  tliem,  and  thus 


to  separate  from  them  the  alkali.  The 
water  thus  charged  with  alkali,  is  called 
lye.  ^  j 

LEACH,  ji.  A  quantity  of  wood  ashes, 
through  which  water  passes,  and  thus  im- 
bibes the  alkali. 

LE'ACH-TUI5,  n.  A  wooden  vessel  or  tub 
in  which  ashes  are  leached.  It  is  some- 
times written  leteh-tub. 

LEAD,  n.  led.  [Sax.  Iwd ;  G.loth;  B.lood; 
Dan.  Sw.  lod ;  Russ.  lot,  probably  a  mass, 
like  clod.] 

A  metal  of  a  dull  white  color,  with  a  cast  of 
blue.     It  is  the  least  elastic  and  sonorous 
of  all  the  metals,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is 
soft  and  easily  fusible.     It   is  found  na- 
tive in  small  masses,  but  generally  mine 
ralized  by  sulphur,  and  sometimes  by  oth 
er  substances.      Lead  fused  in  a  strong 
heat,   throws   off  vapors  which   are  un 
wholesome. 

2.  A  plummet  or  mass  of  lead,  used  in  sound- 
ing at  sea. 

•J.  Leads,  a  flat  roof  covered  with  lead. 

Shak.     Bacon. 

Ifliite  lead,  the  oxyd  of  lead,  ground  with  one 
third  part  of  chalk.  Fourcroy. 

LEAD,  V.  t.  led.  To  cover  with  lead  ;  to  fit 
with  lead. 

LEAD,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  led.  [Sax.  la;dan  ; 
G.  leilen ;  D.  leiden  ;  Sw.  leda  ;  Dan.  leder ; 
probably  to  draw,  to  strain,  or  extend.] 

1.  To  guide  by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  lead  a  child. 
It  often  includes  the  sense  of  drawing  as 
well  as  of  directing. 

2.  To  guide  or  conduct  hy  showing  the  way 
to  direct ;  as,  the  Israelites   were  led  by  a 
pillar  of  a  cloud  by  day,  and  by  a  pillar  of 
fire  by  night. 

3.  To  conduct  to  any  place. 
He  leadeth  me  beside  the  still  waters.     Ps 

xxiii. 

4.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  commander,  im- 
plying authority  ;  to  direct  and  govern  ;  as, 
a  general  leads  his  troo|)S  to  battle  and  to 
victory. 

Christ  took  not  on  him  flesh  and  blood,  that 
he  might  conquer  and  rule  nations,  lead  armies — 

South. 

5.  To  precede ;  to  introduce  by  going  first. 
As  Hesperus  thit  leads  the  sua  his  way. 

Fairfa.t 

G.  To  guide  ;  to  show  the  method  of  attain 
ing  an  object.     Self-examination  may  lead 
us  to  a  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  entice  ;  to  allure.  The  love 
of  pleasure  leads  men  into  vires  which  de- 
grade and  impoverish  them. 

8.  To  induce  ;  to  prevail  on;  to  influence. 
He  was  (biven  by  the  necessities  of  the  times 

more  than  led  by  bis  own  disposition  to  any 
ligor  of  actions.  JC.  Charles. 

9.  To  pass  ;  to  spend,  that  is,  to  draw  out ; 
as,  to  lead  a  life  of  gayety,  or  a  solitary 
life. 

That  we  may  lead  a  quiet  and  peaceable  life 
in  all  godliness  and  honesty.     1  Titn.  ii. 

To  lead  astray,  to  guide  in  a  wrong  way  or 
into  error  ;  to  seduce  from  truth  or  recti- 
tude. 

To  lead  captive,  to  carry  into  captivity. 

LE.\D,  i\  i.  To  go  before  and  show  the  way. 
I  will  lead  on  softly.     (J.-n.  xxxiii. 

2.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  connnander. 
Let  the  troo^is  follow,  w  here  their  general 
leads. 


3.  To  draw  ;  to  have  a  tendency  to.  Ga- 
ming leads  to  other  vices. 

4.  To  exercise  dominion.  Spenser. 
To  lead  off  or  out,  to  go  first ;  to  begin. 

Cumberland. 
LEAD,    n.    Precedence ;    a   going    before ; 

guidance.     Let  the  general  take  the  lead. 

[A  colloquial  word  in  reputable  use.] 
LEADEN,  a.  led'n.  [from  lead.]    Blade   of 

lead  ;  as  a  leaden  ball. 

2.  Heavy  ;  indisposed  to  action.  Shak. 

3.  Heavy  ;  dull.  Shak. 
LEADEN-HEARTED,    a.    Stupid  ;  desti- 
tute of  feeling.                                 Thomson. 

LEADEN-HEELED,  a.  Moving  slowly. 

Ford. 
LEADEN-STEPPING,  a.  Moving  slowly. 

Milton. 
LE'ADER,  n.    One  that  leads  or  conducts; 
a  guide  ;  a  conductor. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander  ;  a  captain. 

3.  One  who  goes  first. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  party  or  faction ;  as  the 
leader  of  the  whigs  or  of  the  tories ;  a  lead- 
er of  the  Jacobins. 

5.  A  performer  who  leads  a  band  or  choir  in 
music. 

LE,'AT)ING, ppr.  Guiding  ;  conducting  ;  pre- 
ceding ;  drawing;   alluring;  passing  life. 

2.  a.  Chief;  principal ;  capital ;  most  influ- 
ential ;  as  a  leading  motive  ;  a  leading  man 
in  a  Jiart)'. 

3.  Showing  the  way  by  going  first. 

He  left  his  mother   a  countess  by   patent, 
which  was  a  new  leading  example —     Wotton. 

LE'ADING,  n.  Guidance  ;  the  act  of  con- 
ducting ;  direction.  Shak.     Spenser. 

LEADING-STRINGS,  n.  Strings  by  which 
children  are  supported  when  beginning  to 
walk.  Dryden. 

To  be  in  leading  strings,  to  be  in  a  state  of 
infancy  or  dependence,  or  in  pupilage  un- 
der the  guidance  of  others. 

LE'ADMAN,  n.  One  who  begins  or  leads  a 
dance.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

LEADWORT,  n.  led'wort.  Plumbago,  a 
genus  of  plants. 

LEADY,  (/.  led'dy.  Of  the  color  of  lead. 

LEAF,  r).  ]>hi.  leaves.  [Sax.  leafe ;  D.  loof; 
G.laub;  i~\\.  lof;  Dan.  liiv :  Goth,  lau/.] 

1.  In  botany,  leaves  are  organs  of  fierspira- 
tion  and  inhalation  in  |>lants.  They  us- 
ually shoot  from  the  sides  of  the  stems  and 
branches,  but  sometimes  from  the  root ; 
sometimes  they  are  sessile  ;  more  generally 
supported  by  petioles.  They  are  of  vari- 
ous forms,  flat,  extended,  hiiear,  cylindric, 
&c. 

2.  The  thin,  extended  part  of  a  flower;  a 
petal. 

3.  A  part  of  a  book  containing  two  pages. 

4.  The  side  of  a  double  door.     1  Kings  vi. 

.5.  Something  resembling  a  leaf  in  thinness 
and  extension ;  a  very  thin  plate  ;  as  gold 
leaf. 

6.  The  movable  side  of  a  table. 

LE.\F,  V.  i.  To  shoot  out  leaves ;  to  pro- 
duce leaves.     The  Uixslcafin  May. 

LE'AFAGE,  n.  Abundance  of  leaves. 

LE'AFED,  pp.  Having  leaves. 

LE'AI'^LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves;  as  a 
leafless  tree.  Pope. 

LE'AKLET,  n.  A  little  leaf 

2.  In  botany,  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  com- 
pound leaf;  a  foliole. 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


LE'AF-STALK,  n.   The    petiole   or  stalki 

whicli  supports  a  leal".  Martyn.l 

LE'AFY,  a.    Full  of  leaves ;    as  the  leafy 

forest.  Dryden. 

LEAGUE,  n.  ke^.  [Fr.  ligue ;  It.  lega ;  Sp. 

ligii ;  from  L.  tigo,  to  hind.] 
All  alliance  or  confederacy  between  princes 
or  states  for  their  mutual  aid  or  defense  ; 
a  national  contract  or  compact.    A  league 
may  be  offensive  or  defensive,  or  both, 
is  offensive,  when   the  contracting  parties 
agree  to  unite  in  attacking  a  connnon  en 
emy  ;  defensive,  when  the  parties  agree  to 
act  in   concert  in  defending  each   other 
against  an  enemy. 
2.  A  combination  or  union  of  two  or  more 
parties  for   the    purpose  of   maintaining 
friendship  and  promoting  their  mutual  in- 
terest, or  for  executing  any  design  in  con- 
cert. 

AnJ  let  there  be 
'Twixl  us  and  them  no  league,  nor  amity. 

Venham 
LEAGUE,  V.  i.  leeg.  To  unite,  as  princes  or 
states  in  a   contract  of  amity  for  mutual 
aid  or   defense ;  to   confederate.     Russia 
and  Austria  leagued  to  oppose  the  ambi- 
tion of  Buona|>arte. 
2.  To  unite  or  confederate,  as  private  per- 
sons for  mutual  aid. 
LEAGUE,  ji.    keg.    [of  Celtic  origin.     W. 
llec,  a  flat  stone,  whence  Low  L.  kuca,  Sp. 
legua,  It.  kga,   Fr.  lieue,  Ir.  kux;.     It  ap 
pears  from   the   Welsh,  that  this  word  is 
from  the  root  of /ai/.] 
\.  Originally,  a  stone  erected  on   the  public 
roads,  at  certain  distances,  in  the  manner 
of  the  modern  mile-stones.     Hence, 
2.  The  distance  between  two  stones.     WitI 
the  English  and  Americans,  a  league  is  the 
length  of  three  miles  ;  but  this  measure  is 
used  chiefly   at   sea.     The  league  on  the 
continent    of   Europe,  is    very  different 
among  different  nations.     The  Dutch  and 
Gerniau  league  contaius  four  geographical 
miles.  Encyc. 

LE'AGUED,  pp.  lee'ged.  United  in  mutual 

compact ;  confederated. 
LEAGUER,  )!.  ke'ger.  One  who  unites  in 
a  league  ;  a  confederate.  Ena/c. 

LE'AGUER,    n.    [D.  beleggeren.     See   Be- 
leaguer.^ 
Siege ;  investment  of  a  town  or  fort  by  an 
army.     [Litlle  used.]  Shak. 

LEAK,  n.  [D.  lek,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ;  kkken, 
to  leak,  to  drop,  to  sleek  or  make  smooth ; 
Jcftter,  dainty,  delicate,  nice,  delicious;  G 
leek,  a  leak,  and  leaky  ;  kcken,  to  leak,  to 
drop  out,  to  jump,  to  tick  ;  kcker,  dainty, 
delicious,  lickerish  ;  Sw.  laka,  to  distill  or 
drop,  and  laka,  to  leak  ;  Dan.  kk,  leaky  ; 
lekke,  a  leak ;  lekkefad,  a  dripping  pan 
lekker,  to  leak,  to  drop  ;  tekker,  dainty,  del- 
icate, nice,  lickerish ;  Sax.  hlece,  leaky.  If 
the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  it  may  be 
the  Gr.  >.axif,  a  fissure  or  crevice,  from 
>.)jxfu,  Dor.  xaxiu,  to  crack,  to  sound,  or  to 
burst  with  sound,  coinciding  with  L.  lacero 
and  loquor,  and  perhaps  Eng.  clack.  It 
seems  that  lickerish  is  from  the  root  of| 
leak,  and  signifies  properly  watery.] 

1.  A  crack,  crevice,  fissure  or  hole  in  a  ves- 
sel, that  admits  water,  or  permits  a  fluid 
to  escape. 

2.  The  oozing  or  passing  of  water  or  other 
fluid  or  liquor  through  a  crack,  fissure  or 


aperture  in  a   vessel,  either  into  it,  as  into 
a  ship,  or  out  of  it,  as  out  of  a  cask. 

To  spring  a  leak,  is  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to 
let  in  water ;  to  begin  to  let  in  water. 

LEAK,  a.  Leaky.     [JVot  in  use.]      Spenser. 

LEAK,  V.  i.  To  let  water  or  other  liquor  in 
to  or  out  of  a  vessel,  through  a  hole  or 
crevice  in  the  vessel.  A  ship  leaks,  when 
she  admits  water  through  her  scams  or  an 
aperture  in  her  bottom  or  sides,  into  the 
hull.  A  pail  or  a  cask  leaks,  when  it  ad- 
mits liquor  to  pass  out  through  a  hole  or 
crevice. 

To  leak  out,  to  find  vent ;  to  escape  privately 
from  confinement  or  secresy  ;  as  a  fact  or 

i     report. 

LE'AKAUE,  n.  A  leaking;  or  the  quantity 

1     of  a  liquor  that  enters  or  issues  by  leak 

!     ing- 

2.  An  allowance,  in  commerce,  of  a  certain 
j  rate  per  cent,  for  the  leaking  of  casks,  or 
!  the  waste  of  liquors  by  leaking. 
LEAKY,  a.  That  admits  water  or  other 
I     liquor  to   pass   in  or  out  ;  as  a  leaky  ves 

sel ;  a  leaky  ship  or  barrel. 
2.  Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling  ;  not  close. 

L'Eslrange 
LE'AMER,  n.  A  dog  ;  a  kind  of  hound. 
LEAN,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hlinian,  hteoman,  to  lean  ; 
Union,  to  recline  ;  G.  lelincn ;  1).  leunen  ; 
Dan.  Icener  :  Sw.  tana  sig  ;  Ir.  ctaonaim  ; 
Russ.  klonyu ;  Gr.  xxinn ;  L.  clino.  Class 
Ln.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  deviate  or  move  from  a  straight  or 
perpendicular  line  ;  or  to  be  in  a  position 
thus  deviating.  We  say,  a  column  leans 
to  the  north  or  to  the  cast ;  it  leans  to  the 
right  or  left. 

2.  To  incline  or  propend  ;  to  tend  toward. 
They  delight  rather  to  lea7i  to  their  old  cus- 
toms—  Spenser. 

Trust  in  the   Lord  with  all  thine  heart,  and 
lea?i  not  to  thine  own  understanding.    Prov.  iii 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  so  as  to  rest  on  some 
thing;  as,  to  lean  against  a  wall  or  a  pil 
lar  ;  to  lean  on  the  arm  of  another. 

^.  To  bend  ;  to  be  in  a  bending  posture. 
LEAN,  v.t.  To  incline;  to  cause  to  lean. 

Shak. 
2.  To  conceal.     [Ice.  luna.]     [jVot  in  use. 

Ray. 

LEAN,  a.  [Sax.  tene  or  hlcene;  D.  Dan.  G. 

klein,  small,  lean  ;  Sw.  klen ;  allied  perhaps 

to  L.  lenis,  and  Eng.  slender.] 

1.  Wanting   flesh ;    meager ;  not   fat ;  as   a 
I     lean  body  ;  a  lean  inan  or  animal. 

2.  Not  rich  ;    destitute   of  good   qualities 
!    bare  ;  barren ;  as  lean  earth. 

3.  Low  ;    poor  ;    in   opposition   to   rich    or 
I    great;  as  a /ea)!  action.     [Unusual.] 

4.  Barren  of  thought  ;  destitute  of  that 
which  improves  or  entertains  ;  jejune  ;  as 
a  lean  discourse  or  dissertation. 

LEAN,  »!.  That  part  of  flesh  which  consists 

of  muscle  without  the  fat.  Farquhar. 

LE'ANLY,   adv.   Meagerly  ;  without  fat  or 

plumpness. 
LE'ANNESS,  n.  Destitution  of  fat ;  want 

of  flesh  ;  thinness  of  body  ;  meagernsss  ; 

applied  to  animals. 
2.  Want  of  matter  ;  poverty;  emptiness;  as 

the /fairness  of  a  purse.  Shak. 

■i.  In  Scripture,  want  of  grace  and  spiritual 

comfort. 

He  sent  leanness  into  their  soul.    Pg.  cvi. 


LE'ANY,  a.  Alert;  brisk;  active.  [Ao<  j/i 
use.]  Spenser. 

LEAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hleapan,  Goth.  Maupan, 
to  leap  ;  G.  laufen ;  I),  loopen,  Sw.  lopa, 
Dan. /oier,  to  run,  to  pass  rapidly,  to  flow, 
slip  or  glide  ;  W.  tluf,  a.  leap.  From  these 
significations,  it  may  be  inferred  that  this 
word  belongs  to  the  family  of  L.  Mor, 
pcriiaps  lleb.  Cli.  Svr.  Sam.  Eth.  cibn. 
Class  Lb.  No.  30.  Qu.  L.  lupus,  a  wolf, 
the  leaper.] 

1.  To  spring  or  rise  from  the  ground  with 
both  feet,  as  man,  or  with  all  the  feet,  as 
other  animals  ;  to  junq) ;  to  vault ;  as,  a 
man  leaps  over  a  fence,  or  leaps  upon  a 
horse. 

.\  man  leapetli  better  with  weights  in  his 
hands  than  without.  Bacon. 

2.  To  spring  or  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to  leap 
from  a  horse. 

To  rush  with  violence. 

And  the  man  in  whom  the  evil  spirit  was, 
leaped  on  them  and  overcame  them —  Acts 
xix. 

4.  To  spring  ;  to  bound  ;  to  skip  ;  as,  to  leap 
for  joy. 

5.  To  fly  ;  to  start.     Job  xli. 

He  parted  frowning  from  me,  as  if  ruin 
Leaped  from  his  eyes.  Shak. 

[Our  common  people  retain  the  Saxon 
aspirate  of  this  word  in  the  phrase,  to  clip 
it,  to  run  fast.] 

LEAP,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  by  leaping  ;  to 
spring  or  boimd  tiom  one  side  to  the  oth- 
er ;  as,  to  leap  a  wall,  a  gate  or  a  gulf;  to 
leap  a  stream.  [But  the  phrase  is  ellipti- 
cal, and  over  is  understood.] 

2.  To  compress ;  as  the  male  of  certain 
beasts.  Dryden. 

LEAP,  n.  A  jump;  aspriug;  abound;  act 
of  leaping. 

2.  Space  passed  by  leaping. 

3.  A  sudden  transition  or  passing.  Suri/l. 

4.  The  space  that  may  be  jj.assed  at  a  hound. 
'Tis  the  coBveuieut  leap  I  mean  to  try. 

Drydtn. 

5.  Einbrace  of  animals.  Dryden. 
C.  Hazard,  or  effect  of  leaping.  Shak. 
7.  A  basket ;  a  weel   for  fish.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Wickliffe.     Sherwood. 

LE'APER,  n.  One  that  leaps.  A  horse  is 
called  a  good  leaper. 

LEAP-FROG,  n.  A  play  of  children,  in 
which  they  imitate  the  leap  of  frogs. 

Shak. 

LE'APING,  ppr.  Jumping ;  springing  ; 
bounding  ;  skij)i)ing. 

LE'APINGLY,  adv.  By  leaps. 

LE'AP-Y'EAR,  71.  Bissextile,  a  year  con- 
taiinng  36(J  days ;  every  fourth  year,  which 
leaps  over  a  day  more  than  a  common 
year.  Thus  in  common  years,  if  the  first 
day  of  March  is  on  Monday,  the  present 
year,  it  will,  the  next  year,  fall  on  Tues- 
day, but  in  leap-year  it  will  leap  to  Wed- 
nesday ;  for  leap-year  contains  a  day  more 
than  a  connnon  year,  a  day  being  added 
to  the  month  of  February.  Brown. 

LE.\RN,  !•.  /.  lern.  [Sax.  kornian ;  G.  krn- 
en ;  D.  leeren  ;  Dan.  licrer  ;  Sw.  lira. 
The  latter  coincides  with  tlie  Sax.  laran, 
to  teach,  the  same  word  having  both  sig- 
nifica^^ons,  to  teach  and  to  learn.  In  pop- 
ular use,  learn  still  has  both  senses.] 


LEA 


LEA 


LEA 


1.  To  gain  knowledge  of;  to  acquire  knowl- 
edge or  ideas  of  something  before  un- 
known. We  learn  the  use  of  letters,  the 
meaning  of  words  and  the  principles  of 
science.  We  learn  things  by  instruction, 
by  study,  and  by  experience  and  observa 
tion.  It  is  much  easier  to  learn  what  is 
right,  than  to  unlearn  what  is  wrong. 

Now  learn  a.  parable  of  the  fig-tree.     Matt. 

X3UV. 

9.  To  acquire  skill  in  any  thing  ;  to  gain  by 
practice  a  faculty  of  performing ;  as,  to 
learn  to  play  on  a  flute  or  an  organ. 

The  chief  art   of  learning  is  to  attempt  but 
little  at  a  time.  Locke. 

3.  To  teach  ;   to   communicate  the   knowl- 
edge of  something  before  unknown. 
Hast  thou  not  learned  me  how 
To  make  perfumes  .'  Shak. 

[This  use  of  learn  is  found  in  respecta- 
ble writers,  but  is  now  deemed  inelegant 
as  well  as  improper.] 
LEARN,  V.  i.  lern.  To  gain  or  receive 
knowledge  ;  to  receive  instruction  ;  to 
take  pattern  ;  with  of. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of  me  ; 
for  I  am  meek  and  lowly — .     Matt.  xi. 

2.  To  receive  information  or  intelligence. 
LE.\RNED,  /  lern'ed,     }   Obtained    as 
LEARNT,     S  ^^' lernt.        S   knowledge  or 

information. 
LEARNED,  a.  lern'ed.  Versed  in  literature 
and  science  ;  as  a  learned  man. 

2.  Skillful  ;  well  acquainted  with  arts  ; 
knowing;  with  i/t ;  as  learned  in  martial 
arts. 

3.  Containing  learning  ;  as  a  learned  treatise 
or  publication.  Coxe. 

4.  Versed  in  scholastic,  as  distinct  from  other 
knowledge. 

Men  of  much  reading  are  greatly  learned,  but 
may  be  little  knowing.  Locke 

The  learned,  learned  men  ;  men  of  erudition  ; 
literati. 

LEARNEDLY,  adv.  lern'edl;/.  With  learn 
ing  or  erudition  ;  with  skill ;  as,  to  discuss 
a  question  learnedly. 

Every  co.'scomb  swears  as  learnedly  as  they 

Sivijl 

LEARNER,  n.  lern'er.  A  person  who  is 
gaining  knowledge  from  instruction,  from 
reading  or  study,  or  by  other  means  ;  one 
who  is  in  the  rudiments  of  any  science  or 
art. 

LEARNING,  ;);)r.  lern'ing.  Gaining  knowl- 
edge by  instruction  or  reading,  by  study, 
by  experience  or  observation ;  acquiriu 
skill  by  practice. 

LE.'VRNING,  n.  lern'ing.  The  knowledge 
of  principles  or  facts  received  by  instruc 
tion  or  study  ;  acquired  knowledge  or 
ideas  in  any  branch  of  science  or  litera 
ture  ;  erudition  ;  literature  ;  science.  The 
Scaligers  were  men  of  great  learning. 
[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.] 

2.  Knowledge  acquired  by  experience,  ex- 
periment or  observation. 

3.  Skill  in  any  thing  good  or  bad.       Hooker. 
LE'ASABLE,  «.  Tliat  may  be  leased. 

Sherwood. 
LEASE,  11.  [Fr.  laisser.  See  the  Verb.] 
1.  A  demise  or  letting  of  lands,  tenements 
or  hereditaments  to  another  for  life,  for  a 
term  of  years,  or  at  will,  fur  a  rent  or  com- 
pensation reserved  ;  also,  the  contract  for 
such  lotting.  Kncyc. 


2.  Any  tenure  by  grant  or  permission. 
Our  high  placed  Macbeth 

Shall  live  the  lease  of  nature.  Shak. 

LEASE,  v.t.  [Fr.  laisser;  a  different  orthog- 
raphy of  Eng.  let.     See  Let.] 

To  let ;  to  demise ;  to  grant  the  temporary 
possession  of  lands,  tenements  or  heredit- 
aments to  another  for  a  rent  reserved. 
A  leased  to  B  his  land  in  Dale  for  the  an- 
nual rent  of  a  pepper  corn. 

LEASE,  V.  i.  leez.  [Sax.  lesan,  to  collect,  al- 
so to  free,  to  liberate,  to  redeem  ;  D.  lee- 
zen ;  G.  lesen,  to  gather,  to  cull,  to  sift,  al- 
so to  read,  like  L.  lego;  Dan.  User,  Sw. 
lasa,  to  read.] 

To  glean  ;  to  gather  what  harvest  men  have 
left.     Obs.  Dryden. 

LE'ASED,  pp.  Demised  or  let,  as  lands  or 
tenements. 

LE'ASEHOLD,a.  Held  by  lease;  &s  a  lease- 
hold tenement.  Swift. 

LE'ASER,  n.  A  gleaner ;  a  gatherer  after 
reapers. 

LEASH,  n.  [Fr.  laisse,  lesse  ;  D.  letse.  Qu. 
It.  laccio,  L.  laqueus.] 

1.  A  thong  of  lether,  or  long  line  by  which  a 
falconer  holds  his  hawk,  or  a  courser  his 
dog.  Shak. 

Among  sportsmen,  a  brace  and  a  half 
tierce;  three;  three  creatures  of  any  kind 
especially  greyhounds,  foxes,  bucks  and 
hares.  Shak.     Dennis. 

3.  A  band  wherewith  to  tie  any  thing. 

Boyli 

LEASH,  r.  t.  To  bind  ;  to  hold  by  a  string. 

Shak. 

LE'ASING,  Ji.  s  as  :.  [Sax.  leasunge,  from 
lease,  leasa,  false.] 

Falsehood;  lies.     [Obsolete  or  nearly  so.] 

LE'ASOW,  n.  [Sax.  Iwswe.]  A  pasture. 
Obs.  Wickliffe. 

LEAST,  a.  [superl.  of  Sax.  Ices,  less,  con- 
tracted from  lasest.  It  cannot  be  regu- 
larly formed  from  little.] 

Smallest;  little  beyond  others,  either  in  size 
or  degree  ;  as  the  least  insect ;  the  least 
mercy. 

Least  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to 
which  it  refers.  "I  am  the  least  of  the 
apostles,"  that  is,  the  least  apostle  of  all 
the  apostles.    1  Cor.  xv. 

LEAST,  adv.  In  the  smallest  or  lowest  de- 
gree ;  in  a  degree  below  all  others ;  as,  to 
reward  those  who  least  deserve  it. 

Jit  least,  }    to  say  no  more  ;  not  to  de- 

.flt  the  least,    ^    mand  or  affirm  more  than  is 

barely  sufficient ;    at   the  lowest  degree. 

If  he  has  not  incurred   a  penalty,  he  at 

least  deserves  censure. 

He  who  tempts,  though  vain,  at  least  asperses 

The  tempted  with  dishonor.  Milton. 

3.  To  say  no  more.  Let  useful  observations 
be  at  least  a  part  of  your  conversation. 

The  least,  in  the  smallest  degree.  His  fac 
ulties  are  not  in  the  least  impaired. 

At  leastwise,  in  the  sense  of  at  least,  is  obso 
lete. 

LE'ASY,  a.  s  as  z.  Thin  ;  flimsy.  It  is  usu 
ally  pronounced  sleazy.  Ascham. 

LEAT,  n.  [Sax.  Icet,  dtixit.]  A  trench  to  con 
duct  water  to  or  from  a  mill. 

[Sax.   lether;  G.  T).  leder 
Sw.   llider ;    Dan.    liether  ; 
Arm.  lezr ;  It.  leather.     The  most  correct 
orthography  is  lether.] 


LEATH'ER,  \ 
LETH'ER,     S ' 


LETH'ER-WINGED 


1.  The  skin  of  an  animal  dressed  and  pre- 
pared for  use. 

2.  Dressed  hides  in  general. 

3.  Skin  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 
LEATH'ER,  }         Lethern  ;   consisting  of 
LETH'ER,     i    "•    lether ;  as  a  ic<;.er  glove. 
LEATH'ER-€OAT,   n.    An   apple   with  a 

tough  coat  or  rind.  Shak. 

LEATHER-DRESSER,  n.  One  who  dress- 
es lether ;  one  who  prepares  hides  for  use. 

Pope. 
LEATH'ER-JACKET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Pa- 
cific ocean.  Cook. 
LEATHER-MOUTHED,  a. 

By   leather-mouthed  fish,   I   mean   such  as 
have  their  teeth  in  their  throat,  as  the  chub. 

Walton. 
LEATH'ERN,  \      Made  of  lether  ;  consist- 
LETH'ERN,     J  "•  ingof  lether;  asa WAerre 
purse  ;  a  lethern  girdle. 

LEATHER-SELLER,  }      A  seller  or  deal- 

LETH'ER-SELLER,     \  ""  er  in  lether. 

LEATHER-WINGED,  }  „    Having  wings 

like  lether. 

Spenser. 

LEATHERY,    \    „     Resembhng    lether; 

LETH'ERY,       \    °-     tough.  Grew. 

LEAVE,  n.  [Sax.  leaf,  lefe,  from  leafan,  le- 
fan,  lyfan,  to  permit,  to  grant,  to  trust,  to 
believe ;  G.  erlaub,  D.  oorlof  verlof  leave, 
furlow ;  Sax.  leofan,  to  live,  and  to  leave.] 

1.  Permission  ;  allowance  ;  license  ;  liberty 
granted  by  which  restraint  or  illegality  is 
removed. 

No  friend  has  leave  to  bear  away  the  dead. 

Dryden. 
David  earnestly  asked  leave  of  me.     1  Sam. 

XX. 

2.  Farewell ;  adieu ;  ceremony  of  departure  ; 
a  formal  parting  offrien<ls;  used  chiefly 
in  the  phrase  to  take  leave.  Acts  xviii. 

LEAVE,  V.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  left.  [Sax.  Icefan, 
to  leave  ;  lefan,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  lefe, 
leave  ;  lefan,  to  live;  leofan,  to  leave,  to 
live  ;  kofa,  leave,  permission,  licence  ;  ly- 
fan, to  permit,  also  to  live.  But  live  is  al- 
so written  liban,  liblimi,  with  b,  which 
leave  is  not.  Belifan,  to  remain  or  be  left; 
alyfan,  to  permit ;  gc-lafan,  to  leave,  to  per- 
mit, to  believe  :  ge-leaf  leave,  license,  as- 
sent, consent,  faith  or  belief;  ge-/f /an,  to  be- 
lieve, to  think  or  suppose,  to  permit,  to  live ; 
ge-leofan,  id.  ;  gc-lyfan,  to  believe,  to  trust ; 
ge-lyj'ed,  permitted  or  allowed,  believed, 
lawlul.  also  alive,  having  life  ;  leaf  loved  ; 
lufa,  love,  also  belief;  leofic,  faithful ; 
lujlic,  willingly,  lubentcr ;  lufic,  lovely. 
The  German  has /face  in  urlaub,  a  furlow, 
and  helitf  in  glaube  ;  live  in  leben  ;  and 
love  in  Hebe,  lieben,  the  Latin  libet,  lubet. 
Gr.  >.Eirtu.  Dan.  lever,  Sw.  lefva,  to  live. 
These  are  a  sntall  part  of  the  affinities 
of  this  word.  The  Germans  and  Dutch 
express  the  sense  of  leave,  by  lassen, 
teu/e?!,  which  is  our  let,  Fr.  laisser;  and 
let  in  English  has  the  sense  both  of  permit 
and  of  hinder.  The  most  prominent  sig- 
nifications nt'  leave,  are  to  stop  or  forbear, 
and  to  withdraw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  or  depart  from  ;  to  quit  for 
a  longer  or  shorter  time  indefinitely,  or 
t'nr  perprtnity.  We  left  Cowes  on  oin-  re- 
turn to  the  (Jnitcd  States,  May  10,  1825. 
We  leave  home  for  a  day  or  a  year.     The 


LEA 


L  E  C 


LEE 


fever  leaves  the  patient  daily  at  a  certain 
hour.  The  secretary  has  left  the  business 
of  his  office  witli  his  first  clerk. 

A  man  shall  have  his  father  and  his  mother, 
and  cleave  to  his  wife.  Gen.  ii. 

2.  To  forsake ;  to  desert  ;  to  abandon ;  to 
relinquish. 

We  have  left  all  and  followed  thee.    Mark  X. 

3.  To  suffer  to  remain ;  not  to  take  or  re- 
move. 

Let  no  man  leave  of  it  till  (he  morning.    Ex 
xvi. 

4.  To  have  remaining  at  death  ;  as,  to  leave 
a  good  name. 

5.  To  commit  or  trust  to,  as  a  deposit ;  or  to 
suffer  to  remain.  I  lejl  the  papers  in  the 
care  of  the  consul. 

C.  To  bequeath  ;  to  give  by  will.  The  de- 
ceased has  lejl  liis  lands  to  his  sons,  but 
he  has  lejl  a  legacy  to  his  only  daughter 

7.  To  permit  without  interposition.  Of  this, 
he  leaves  the  reader  to  judge. 

8.  To  cease  to  do ;  to  desist  from  ;  to  for- 
bear. 

Let  us  return,  lest  my  fothcr  leave  caring  for 
the  asses  and  take  thought  for  us.  1  Sam.  \x. 

9.  To  refer ;  to  commit  for  decision. 

To  be  left  to  one''s  self,  to  he  deserted  or  for 
saken  ;  to  bo  permitted  to  follow  one's 
own  opinions  or  desires. 

To  leave  off,  to  desist  frotn;  to  forbear;  as, 
to  leave  off  work  at  six  o'clock. 

To  leave  off,  to  cease  wearing ;  as,  to  leave  off 
a  garment. 

2.  To  forsake  ;  as,  to  leave  off  an  old  ac- 
quaintance. Arhuihnot. 

To  leave  out,  to  omit ;  as,  to  leave  out  a  word 
or  name  in  writing. 

LEAVE,  V.  i.  To  cease ;  to  desist. 

He   began"  at    the  eldest    and  left   at   the 
youngest.  Gen.  xliv. 

7\)  leave  off,  to  cease  ;  to  desist ;  to  stop. 

But  when  you  find  that  vigorous  heat  abate, 
Leave  off,  and  for  another  .summons  wait. 

Hoscommon. 

LEAVE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  lever.]  To   raise.      [JVot 

used.]  Spenser. 

LE'AVED,  a.   [from  leaf;  but  ?eff/crf  would 

be  preferable.] 

1.  Furnished  with  foliage  or  leaves. 

2.  Having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or 
folds  ;  as  a  two-lcared  gate. 

LEAVEN,  n.  lev'n.  [Fr.  levain,  domlcver,  to 
raise,  L.  levo,  Eng.  to  lifl.] 

1.  A  mass  of  sour  dough,  which,  mixed  with 
a  larger  quantity  of  dough  or  paste,  pro- 
duces fermentation  in  it  and  renders  it 
light.  During  the  seven  days  of  the  pass- 
over,  no  leaven  was  permitted  to  be  in  the 
houses  of  the  Jews.    Ex.  xii. 

2.  Any  thing  which  makes  a  general  change 
in  the  mass.  It  generally  means  some- 
thing which  corrupts  or  depraves  that 
with  which  it  is  mixed. 

Beware  of  the  leaven  of  the  Pharisees  and  of 
the  Sadducees.   Matt.  x\\. 

LEAVEN,  V.  t.  Icv'n.  To  excite  ferinenta 

tion  in  ;  to  raise  and  make  light,  as  dough 

or  paste. 

A  little  leaven  leaveneth  the  whole  lump.    1 

Cor.  v. 
2.  To  taint ;  to  imbue.  Prior. 

LEAVENED, pp.  lev'ened. Raisedand made 

light  by  fermentation. 
LEAVENING,;);))-,  kv'ening.  Making  light 

by  fermentation. 


LEAVENING,  n.  lev'ening.  That  wliicl 
leavens  or  makes  light.  Bacon. 

LEAVENOUS,  a.  lev'enous.  Containing 
leaven  ;  tainted.  Milton. 

LE'AVER,  )i.  [from  leave.]  One  who  leaves 
or  relinquishes  ;   one  who  forsakes. 

Shak. 

LEAVES,  ?!. /)/u.  of  leaf 

LE'AVING,  jTpr.  Quitting;  withdrawing 
from  ;  relinquishing ;  suflering  to  remain  ; 
ceasing ;  desisting  from. 

LE'AVINGS,  n.plu.  Things  left  ;  remnant ; 
relics. 

The  leavings  of  Pharsalia.  Addison 

2.  Refuse;  oftal.  Sunfl. 

LE'AVV,   a.    [from  leaf]    Full   of  leaves 
covered  with  leaves.  [An  improper  Word  ; 
it  ought  to  be  leafy.]  Sidney.     Shak 

LECH,  for  liek.     Obs.     [See  Lick.] 

LECH'ER,  n.  [It.  leceo,  gluttony,  lechery ; 
leccare,  to  lick  ;  leceardo,  greedy  ;  G.  lecken ; 
D.  likker.  See  lick,  leak  and  lickerish.  But 
in  Saxon  leger-scipe  is  lewdness,  from  Ic- 
ger,  a  layer,  or  a  lying  down  ;  Ucgan,  to 
lay  ;  ligan,  to  lie.     See  Lubricity.] 

A  man  given  to  lewdness ;  one  addicted,  in 
an  exorbitant  degree,  to  the  indulgence  of 
the  animal  apjietite,  and  an  illicit  com- 
merce vvitii  females. 

LE("H'ER,  v.i.  To  practice  lewdness;  to 
indulge  lust.  B.  Jonson 

LECH'EROUS,  a.  Addicted  to  lewdness; 
prone  to  indulge  lust;  lustful ;  lewd. 

Derham. 

2.  Provoking  lust.  Chaucer. 

LECH'EROUSLY,  adv.  Lustfully;  lewdly. 

LECH'EROUSNESS,  n.  Lust,  or  strong 
propensity  to  indulge  the  sexual  appe- 
tite. 

LECII'ERY,  n.  Lewdness;  free  indulgence 
of  lust ;  practice  of  indulging  the  animal 
appetite.  Shak. 

LECTION,  ?i.  [L.  lectio,  from  lego,  to  read, 
Ir.  teighim,  leagham,  Gr.  ^.tyu,  Fr.  lire.] 

1.  A  reading. 

2.  A  difference  or  variety  in  copies  of  a  man- 
uscript or  book.  Walls. 

3.  A  lesson  or  portion  of  Scripture  read  in 
divine  service. 

LEC'TIONARY,  n.  The  Romish  service- 
book,  containing  portions  of  Scripture. 

LECTURE,  n.  [Fr.  lecture,  from  L.  lectura, 
from  lego,  to  road.] 

1.  A  discourse  read  or  pronounced  on  any 
subject ;  usually,  a  formal  or  methodical 
discourse,  intended  for  instruction ;  as  a 
lecture  on  morals,  philosophy,  rhetoric,  or 
theology. 

2.  A  reading  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  reading  ; 
as  in  the  lecture  of  Holy  Scripture.  [Liltle 
used.]  Brown. 

3.  A  magisterial  reprimand ;  a  formal  re- 
proof. Addison. 

4.  A  recitation  ;  rehearsal  of  a  lesson. 

Eng.  Univ. 

LECTURE,  r.  i.  To  read  or  deliver  a  form- 
al discourse. 

2.  To  practice  reading  lectures  for  instruc- 
tion. We  say,  the  professor  lectures  on 
geometry,  or  on  chiniistry. 

LECTURE,  v.  t.  To  instruct  by  discourses. 

2.  To  instruct  dogmatically  or  authorita- 
tively ;  to  rejirove  ;  as,  to  lecture  one  for 
his  faults. 


LECTURER,  n.  One  who  reads  or  pro- 
nounces lectures;  a  professor  or  an  in- 
structor who  delivers  formal  discourses 
for  the  instruction  of  others. 

2.  A  preacher  in  a  church,  hired  by  the  par- 
ish to  assist  the  rector,  vicar  or  curate. 

Johnson. 

LE€'TURESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  lec- 
turer. Swift. 

LECTURING,  ppr.  Reading  or  delivering 
a  discourse  ;  reproving. 

LE€'TURN,  )!.  A  reading  desk.  [jVol  in 
iise.]  Chaucer. 

LED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  lead. 

LED'EN,  n.  [Sax.  lyden.]  Language ;  true 
meaning.     Obs.  Chaucer.     Spenser. 

LEDGE,  n.  [Sax.  le^er,  a  layer;  D.  leggen, 
to  lay.  Sax.  lecgan.] 

1.  A  stratum,  layer  or  row. 
The  lowest  ledge  or  row  should  be  merely  of 

stone.  IVotlon. 

2.  A  ridge  ;  a  prominent  row  ;  as  a  ledge  of 
rocks. 

3.  A  prominent  part;  a  regular  part  rising 
or  projecting  beyond  the  rest.  Sivift. 

4.  A  small  molding. 

5.  A  small  piece  of  timber  placed  athwart 
ships,  under  the  deck  between  the  beams. 

a.  A  long  ridge  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of 
the  sea.  .Mar.  Did. 

LEDci'ER,  n.  The  principal  book  of  ac- 
counts among  merchants;  the  book  into 
which  the  accounts  of  the  journal  are  car- 
ried in  a  summary  form.     [See  Leger.] 

LEE,  )i.  ])hi.  Ices.  [Vr.  lie.]  Dregs;  sedi- 
ment.    [See  Lees.] 

LEE,  n.  [Sw.  te;  Dan.  te.  In  Sax.  hleo. 
Meow,  is  a  bower  or  shelter ;  Scot,  le, 
calm,  sheltered ;  Ice.  We,  D.  ly,  lee,  and 
luw,  sheltered  from  the  wind  ;  W.  clyd, 
sheltering,  warm  ;  Sp.  lua,  lee.] 

Literally,  a  calm  or  sheltered  place,  a  place 
defended  from  the  wind  ;  hence,  that  part 
of  the  hemisphere  towards  which  the 
wind  blows,  as  opposed  to  that  from 
which  it  proceeds. 

Under  the  lee,  denotes  properly,  in  the  part 
defended  from  the  wind. 

Under  the  lee  of  the  land,  is  properly,  near  the 
shore  which  breaks  the  force  of  the  wind. 

Under  the  lee  of  a  ship,  on  the  side  opposite 
to  that  on  w  hich  the  wind  blows. 

LEE,  V.  !.  To  lie.     [.\"ot  used.    See  Lie.] 

Chaucer, 

LEE'-BOARD,  n.  A  frame  of  plank  affixed 
to  the  side  of  a  flat-bottomed  vessel,  to 
prevent  it  from  falling  to  leeward  when 
close-hauled. 

LEE'-GAgE,  n.  A  greater  distance  from 
the  point  whence  the  wind  blows,  than 
another  vessel  has. 

LEE'-LURCH,  n.  A  sudden  and  violent  roll 
of  a  ship  to  leeward  in  a  high  sea. 

LEE'-SHORE,  n.  The  .«hore  under  the  lee 
of  a  ship,  or  that  towards  which  the  wind 
blows. 

LEE'-SIDE,  )!.  The  side  of  a  ship  or  boat 
farthest  from  the  point  whence  llie  wind 
blows  ;  opposed  to  the  weather-side. 

LEE'-TIDE,  n.  A  tide  running  in  the  same 
direction  that  the  wiinl  blows.  A  tide  un- 
der the  lee,  is  a  stream  in  an  opposite  di- 
rection to  the  wind. 

LEE'WARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  part  to- 
wards whicli  tiie  wind  blows ;  as  a  ice- 
uiard  ship. 


LEE 


LEG 


LEG 


LEE'WARD,  adv.  Towards  the  lee,  or  that 
part  towards  which  the  wind  blows  ;  op- 
posed to  vnndumrd ;  as  fall  to  leeward. 

LEE'VVAY,  n.  The  lateral  movement  of  a 
ship  to  the  leeward  of  her  course,  or  the 
angle  which  the  line  of  her  way  makes 
with  her  keel,  when  she  is  close-hauled. 

Mar.  Diet 

LEECH,  n.  [Goth,  leikeis,  Sax.  tec,  a  host  or 
innkeeper,  a  physician  ;  Dan.  liege ;  la- 
ger, to  heal ;  Sw.  lUcia,  to  heal  ;  lakiare,  a 
physician  ;  Ir.  liagh  ;  Riiss.  liakar.] 

A  physician  ;  a  professor  of  the  art  of  heal- 
ing. Spenser.     Dryden.     Gay. 
[This  word,  in  the  United  States,  is  near- 
ly or  wholly  obsolete.  Even  coio  leech  is  not 
used.] 

2.  [Sax.  keccan,  to  seize.]  A  blood-sucker : 
an  animal  of  the  genus  Hirudo,  a  species 
of  aquatic  worm,  whicli  is  u.sed  in  the 
medical  art  for  topical  bleeding.  One 
large  species  of  this  animal  is  called  horse- 
leech. 

3.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  border  or  edge 
of  a  sail,  whicli  is  sloping  or  perpendicular  ; 
as  the  fore-kech,  the  after-leech,  &c. 

LEE'CII-€RAFT,  n.    The  art  of  healing 

'•    Obs.  Davies 

LEE'CII-LINE,  n.  Leech-lines  are  ropes 
fastened  to  the  middle  of  the  leeches  of 
the  nia ill-sail  and  fore-sail,  serving  to  truss 
them  up  to  the  yards. 

LEE'CH-ROl'E,  n.  That  part  of  the  bolt- 
rope  to  which  the  skirt  or  border  of  a  sail 
is  sewed.  Mar.  Diet. 

LEEF,  a.  Kind  ;  fond  ;  ])leasing ;  willing. 
Obs.     [See  Lief.]  Spenser. 

LEEK,  n.  [Sax.  leac  ;  G.  lanch  ;  D.  look ; 
Sw.  li}k  ;  Dan.  log.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Alliun;,  with  a  bulbous 
root.     Numb.  xi. 

LEE'LITE,  71.  A  mineral,  so  called  from 
Dr.  Lee,  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
It  is  described  as  a  siliceous  stone,  and 
by  some  mineralogists  considered  to  be  a 
hydrate  of  silica.  Phillips. 

LEER,  V.  i.  [D.  gluurcn,  begluuren.]  To 
look  obliquely  ;  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a 
look  from  a  corner,  either  in  contempt 
defiance  or  frowning,  or  for  a  sly  look. 

Swift 

2.  To  look  with  a  forced  countenance. 

Dryden 

LEER,  V.  t.  To  allure  with  smiles.    Dryden. 

LEER,  ?i.    [Sax.  hleare,  hleor,  the   cheek.] 

1.  The  cheek.     Obs. 

2.  Corai)lexion  ;  hue  ;  face.     Obs.        Shak. 

3.  An  oblique  view. 

— With  jealous  leer  malign 
Eyed  them  askance.  MiUon. 

4.  An  affected  cast  of  countenance. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  concede  with  civil 

leer.  Pope 

LEER,   a.     [Sax.     gelar.]       Empty  ;    also 

trifling  ;  frivolous.     Obs.  B.  Jonson 

LEE'RING,  ppr.  Looking  obliquely;  cast- 
ing a  look  askance. 
LEE'RINGLY,  adr.  With  an  arch  oblique 

look  or  smile. 
LEES,  n.    [Fr.  He  ;   Arm.  ly  ;   probably  a 

contracted  word.     It  is  used  in  the  plural 

only.] 
The  grosser  parts  of  any  liquor  which  have 

settled  on  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  ;  dregs 

sediment ;  as  the  lees  of  wine. 


LEESE,  V.  i.  To  lose.    Obs.     [See  Lose.] 

B.  Jonson 

LEESE,  V.  t.  [L.  la:sus.]     To  hurt.     Obs. 

Jf'ickliffe. 

LEET,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  a  court.     The 
coxirl-leel     or  view   of  frankpledge,  is    a 
court  of  record  held  once  a  year  and  not 
oftener,  within  a  particular  hundred,  lord 
ship  or  manor,  before  the  steward  of  the 
leet.     Its  original  intent  was  to  view  the 
frankpledges   or  freemen  within  the  liber 
ty,  to  preserve  the  peace,  and  punish  cer- 
tain minute  offenses.    All  freeholders  with 
in  the   precinct  are  obliged  to  attend  this 
court.  Blackstone. 

The  court-leet  is  for  the  most  part  super 
seded  by  the  county  court. 

LEET-ALE,  n.  A  feast  or  merry  making  in 
the  time  of  leet.  Enff. 

LEFT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  leave. 

LEFT,  a.  [L.  lo:vus  ;  Gr.  xoioj,  Hesych. 
xa^oj  ;  probably  from  the  root  of  leave 
Gr.  ■Kiirtio,  and  properly  weak,  deficient. 
Applied  to  the  hand  or  arm,  it  denotes  the 
weak  arm,  as  opposed  to  the  right,  the 
strong  or  dextrous.  Hence  the  ancient 
idea  of  sinister,  unfortunate,  attached  to 
the  left  arm  or  side.] 

1.  Denoting  the  part  opposed  to  the  right  of 
the  body  ;  as  the  left  hand,  arm  or  side 
Hence,  the  noun  being  omitted,  we  say, 
on  the  left,  that  is,  on  the  left  side  or 
wing,  as  of  an  army. 

3.  The  left  bank  of  a  river,  is  that  which  is 
on  the  left  hand  of  a  person  whose  face  is 
towards  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

LEFT-HAND'ED,  a.  Having  the  left  hand 
or  arm  more  strong  and  dextrous  thai 
the  right ;  using  the  left  hand  and  arm 
with  more  dexterity  than  the  right. 

2.  Unlucky  ;  inauspicious  ;  unseasonable. 
Obs.  B.  Jonson 

LEFT-HAND'EDNESS,  n.  Habitual  use 
of  the  left  hand,  or  rather  the  ability  to 
use  the  left  hand  with  more  ease  and 
strength  than  the  right. 

LEFT-HAND'INESS,  n.  Awkwardness. 

Chesterfield. 

LEG,  n.  [Dan.  lag;  It.  lacca.]  The  limb 
of  an  animal,  used  in  supporting  the  body 
and  ill  walking  and  running  ;  properly, 
that  part  of  the  limb  from  the  knee  to  the 
foot,  but  in  a  more  general  sense,  the 
whole  limb,  including  the  thigh,  the  leg 
and  the  foot. 

2.  The  long  or  slender  support  of  any  thin 
as  the  leg  of  a  table. 

To  make  a  hg,  to  bow  ;  a  phrase  introduced 
probably  by  the  practice  of  drawing  the 
right  leg  backward.     [Little  used.] 

Locke.     Swift.. 

To  stand  on  one's  oion  legs,  to  support  one's 
self;  to  trust  to  one's  own  strength  or  ef 
forts  without  aid. 

LEG'ACY,  n  [Sp.  legado  ;  Fr.  legs ;  L.  le 
gatiim,  from  lego,  to  send,   to  bequeath; 

.-   ^  £ 
Eth.  A  ATI  lak,    Ar.    ^'^\     alaka,     to 

send.     Class  Lg.  No.  1.] 
A  bequest ;   a  ])articular   thing,   or  certaii 
sum  of  money  given  by  last  will  or  testa 
ment. 

Good  oovmsel  is  the  best  legacy  a  father  can 
leave  to  his  child.  L.  Estrange. 


LEG'ACY-IIUNTER,  n.  One  who  flatters 

and  courts  for  legacies. 
LE'GAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  legalis,  from  lex, 

legis,  law.] 

1.  According  to  law  ;  in  conformity  with 
law ;  as  a  legal  standard  or  test ;  a  legal 
procedure. 

2.  Lawful;  permitted  by  law;  as  a  legal 
trade.  Any  thing  is  legal  which  the  laws 
do  not  forbid. 

3.  According  to  the  law  of  works,  as  distin- 
guished from  free  grace  ;  or  resting  on 
works  for  salvation.  Scott.    Milton. 

4.  Pertaining  to  law  ;  created  by  law. 

The    exception  must  be  confined  to   legal 
crimes.  Paley. 

So  we  use  the  phrase,  criminal  law. 

LEGAL'ITY,  n.  Lawt'ulness  ;  conformity 
to  law. 

2.  In  theology,  a  reliance  on  works  for  salva- 
tion. Scott. 

LEGALIZE,  ji.<.  To  make  lawful:  to  ren- 
der conformable  to  law  ;  to  authorize. 
What  can  legalize  revenge? 

2.  To  sanction  ;  to  give  the  authority  of  law 
to  that  which  is  done  without  law  or  au- 
thority. Irregular  proceedings  may  be 
legalized  by  a  subsequent  act  of  the  legis- 
lature. 

LE'GALLY,  adv.  Lawfully;  according  to 
to  law;  in  a  manner  permitted  by  law. 

LEG'ATARY,  n.  [Fr.  legataire  ;  L.  legata- 
rius,  from  lego,  to  bequeath.] 

A  legatee  ;  one  to  whom  a  legacy  is  be- 
queathed. 

[But  legatee  is  generally  used.] 

LEG'ATE,  n.  [Fr.  legal ;  L.  legatus,  from 
lego,  to  send.  See  Lackey.]  An  embas- 
sador ;  but  especially, 

2.  The  pope's  embassador  to  a  foreign 
prince  or  state  ;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent 
as  the  pope's  representative  or  commiss- 
ioner to  a  sovereign  prince.  Legates  are 
of  three  kinds  ;  legates  a  latere,  or  counsel- 
ors and  assistants  of  his  holiness,  legates 
de  latere,  who  are  not  cardinals,  and  legates 
b;/  ojice.  Encyc. 

LEGATEE',  n.  [L.  lego,  to  send.]  One 
to   whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 

Surift. 

LEG'ATESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  legate. 

LEG'ATINE,  a.  Pertaicing  to  a  legate  ;  as 
legaline  power.  Shak. 

2.  ]\tade  by  or  proceeding  from  a  legate  ;  as 
a  legaline  constitution.  Ayliffe. 

LEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  legatio,  from  lego,  to 
send.]  An  embassy  ;  a  deputation  ;  prop- 
erly a  sending,  but  generally,  the  person 
or  persons  sent  as  envoys  or  embassadors 
to  a  foreign  court.  Bacon. 

LEGATOR,  n.  [L.]  A  testator ;  one  who  be- 
queaths a  legacy.     [Little  nsed.]     Dryden. 

LEGE,  V.  t.  To  allege  ;  to  lighten.  [JVot 
in  tise.]  Chaiccer. 

LEg'END,  )!.  [It.  Icggenda  ;  L.  legenda, 
from  lego,  to  read  ;  originally,  in  the 
Romish  church,  a  book  of  service  or  les- 
sons to  be  read  in  worship.] 

1.  A  chronicle  or  register  of  the  lives  of 
saints,  foriiicrly  read  at  matins  and  at  the 
refectories  of  religious  houses.     Hence, 

2.  An  idle  or  ridiculous  story  told  respecting 
saints.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  memorial  or  relation.  Johnson. 
I.  An  incredible,  unauthentic  narrative. 

Blackmorc. 


LEG 


L.  E  G 


L  E  M 


5.  An  inscription,  particularly  on  medals 
and  on  coins.  Addison. 

LEg'END,  v.  t.  To  tell  or  narrate,  as  a  le- 
gend. Hall. 

LEg'ENDARY,  a.  Consisting  of  legends  ; 
fabulous  ;  strange. 

LE6'ENDARY,  n.  A  book  of  legends ;  a 
relator  of  legends.  Sheldon. 

LEG'ER,  n.  [0.  Irggtn,  to  lie.  Sax.  hcgan.] 
Any  tiling  that  lies  in  a  place  ;  that  which 
rests  or  remains  ;  sometimes  used  as 
noun,  but  more  frequently  as  an  adjective, 
as  a  leger  ambassador,  that  is,  resident 
but  the  word  is  now  obsolete,  except  in 
particular  phrases. 

A  kger-litie,  in  niMsic,  a  line  added  to  the 
staff  of  live  lines,  when  more  lines  than 
five  are  wanted,  for  designating  notes  as- 
cending or  descending. 

A  leger-hook,  or  /fg-er,  a  book  that  lies  in  the 
counting  house,  the  book  into  which 
merchants  carry  a  summary  of  the  ac 
counts  of  the  journal  ;  usually  written 
ledger. 

LE6'EIIDEMAIN,   m.    [Fr.  leger,   It.  leg 
giero,   light,  slight,  and   Fr.  de  main,  of] 
hand.     See  I/ight.] 

Slight  of  hand  ;  a  deceptive  performance 
which  depends  on  dexterity  of  hand  ;  a 
trick  performed  with  such  art  and  adroit- 
ness, that  the  manner  or  art  eludes  obser- 
vation. The  word  is  sometimes  used  ad- 
jectively  ;  as  a  legerdemain  trick. 

LEgER'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  legerete.]  Lightness  ; 
nimbleness.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

LEG'GED,  a.  [from  leg.]  Having  legs  ; 
used  in  composition ;  as  a  two-legged  ani- 
mal. 

LEG'GIN,  n.  [from  leg.]  A  cover  for  the 
leg ;  a  garment  that  incloses  the  leg. 

Mackenzie. 

LEGIBIL'ITY,  ji.  Legibleness  ;  thequahty 
or  state  of  being  legible. 

LE6'IBLE,  a.  [L.  legibilis,  from  lego,  to 
read.] 

1.  That  may  be  read  ;  consisting  of  letters  or 
figures  that  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
eye ;  as  a  fair,  legible  manuscript. 

2.  That  may  be  discovered  or  understood  by 
apparent  marks  or  indications.  The 
thoughts  of  men  are  often  legible  in  their 
countenances. 

LEG'IBLENESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 

being  legible. 
LEg'IBLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  may 

be  read  ;  as  a  manuscript  legibly  written. 
LE'GION,  n.  [L.  legio,  from  lego,  to  collect.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  body  of  infantry 
consisting  of  dirtbrent  numbers  of  men  at 
different  periods,  from  three  to  five  thou- 
sand. Each  legion  was  divided  into  ten 
cohorts,  each  cohort  into  ten  companies, 
and  each  company  into  two  centuries. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  military  force  ;  military  bands.      Shak. 

3.  A  great  number. 

Wieie  one  sin  has  entered,  legions  will  force 

their  way  tlitough  the  same  breach.         Rogers. 

My  name  is  legion,  for  we  are  many.  Mark  v. 

LE'filONARY,  a.  Relating  to  a  legion  or 

to  legions. 
3.  Consisting  of  a  legion  or  of  legions;  as  a 

legionary  ibrce. 
3.  Contaiiiing  a  great  number ;  as  a  legion- 
ari)  body  of  errors.  Broivn 

Vol.  II. 


LEGIONARY,  n.   One  of  a  legion. 

Milton 

LEG'ISLATE,  v.  i.  [L.  lex,  legis,  law,  and 
firo,  latum,  to  give,  ])uss  or  enact.] 

To  make  or  enact  a  law  or  laws.  It  is  a 
question  whether  it  is  expedient  to  legis 
tale  at  present  on  the  subject.  Let  us  not 
legislate,  when  we  have  no  power  to  en 
force  our  laws. 

LEGISLATION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  pas.s- 

ing  a  law  or  laws;   the  enacting  of  laws. 

Pythagoras  JoincJ  legislation  to  his  phlloso 

phv-  Littleton. 

LE6'ISLATiyE,  a.  [Fv.  tegislatif.]  Giv- 
ing or  enacting  law.s  ;  as  a  legislative  body. 

2.  Capable  of  enacting  laws ;  as  legislative 
po^ver. 

Pertaining  to  the  enacting  of  laws  ;  suita- 
ble to  laws ;  as  the  legislative  style. 
Done  by  enacting  ;  as  a  legislative  act. 

[JVote.  In  this  word,  and  in  legislator, 
legislatri.T,  legislature,  the  accent  is  nearly 
equal  on  the  first  and  third  .syllables,  anil 
rt,  in  the  third,  has  its  first  or  long  sound.] 

LEgISLA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  lawgiver;  one 
who  makes  laws  for  a  state  or  community. 
This  word  is  limited  in  its  use  to  a  su- 
preme lawgiver,  the  lawgiver  of  a  sove 
reign  state  or  kingdom,  and  is  not  applied 
to  men  that  make  the  by-laws  of  a  subor- 
dinate corporation. 

LEgISLA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  ofiice  of  a  le- 
slator.     [JVot  in  use.]  Halifax. 

LEtilSLA'TRESS,  ?   ,      A    female    who 

LEGISLA'TRIX,      J  "■    makes  laws 

Tooke. 

LEGISLATURE,  n.  [Sp.legislatura.-\  The 
body  of  men  in  a  state  or  kingdom,  invest- 
ed with  power  to  make  and  repeal  laws ; 
the  supreme  power  of  a  state.  The  legis- 
lature  of  Great  Britain  consists  of  the  house 
of  lords  and  the  house  of  commons  with 
the  king,  whose  sanction  is  necessary  to 
every  bill  before  it  becomes  a  law.  The 
legislatures  of  most  of  the  states  in  Ameri- 
ca, consist  of  two  houses  or  branches,  but 
the  sanction  of  the  governor  is  required 
to  give  their  acts  the  force  of  law,  or  a 
concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  two 
houses,  after  he  has  declined  and  assigned 
his  objections. 

LE'tJIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  laws. 

Marston. 

LEgIT'IMACY,  ji.  [from  legitimate.]  Law- 
fulness of  birth  ;  opposed  to  bastardy. 

Ayliffe. 

2.  Genuinoiess  ;  opposed  to  spmiousness. 
The  tegilimaey  of  his  conclusions  is  not  to 
be  questioned. 

LEGITIMATE,  a.  [Fr.  legiH^e ;  L.  legiti- 

I     7IIUS ;  from  ler,  law.] 

]1.  Lawfully  begotten  or  born  ;  born  in  wed- 
lock; as  legitimate  heirs  or  children. 


2.  Genuine ;  real ;  proceeding  from  a  pure 
source ;  not  false  or  spurious ;  as  legiti 
male  arguments  or  inferences. 

LEGITIMATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  legit imer ;  Sp 
legilimar;  It.  legillimare.] 

1.  To  make  lawful. 

2.  To  render  legitimate ;  to  ronununicate 
the  rights  of  a  legitimate  child  to  one  that 
is  illegitimate  ;  to  invest  with  the  rights  of 


a  lawful  heir. 
LEgIT'IMATELY,    adv. 

cording  to  law. 
2.  Genuinely  ;  not  falsely. 

6" 


'iyliff^. 

Lawfully  ;    ac- 
Dryden. 


LE(iIT'IMATENESS,  n.  Legality;  law- 
fulness ;  genuineness. 

LEGITIMATION,?;.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  ren- 
dering legitimate,  or  of  investing  an  ille- 
gitimate child  with  the  rights  of  one  born 
in  wedlock. 

2.  Lawful  birth.     [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

LEG'UME,     }       [L.  legumen  ;  Fr.  legume ; 

LEGU'MEN,  \  "•  probably  from  L.  lego,  to 
collect,  and  t^ignifying  that  which  collects, 
or  holds,  or  a  collection.] 

In  botany,  a  pericarp  or  seed-vessel,  of  two 
valves,  in  which  the  seeds  arc  fixed  to  one 
suture  only.  In  the  latter  circumstance  it 
differs  from  a  siliqua,  in  which  the  seed.s 
are  attached  to  both  sutures.  In  popular 
use,  a  legume  is  called  a  pod,  or  a  cod  ;  as 
a  pea-pod,  or  peas-cod.  Marlyn. 

2.  In  the  plural,  pulse,  peas,  beans,  &c. 

LEGU'MINOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  pulse; 
consisting  of  pulse.  Leguminous  plants 
are  such  as  have  a  legume  for  a  pericarp, 
as  peas  and  beans. 

LEIS'URABLE,  a.  s  as  :.  [See  Leisure.] 
Vacant  of  employment ;  not  occupied  ;  as 
leisuraUe  hours.     [Lillle  used.]         Brown. 

LEIS'URABLY,  adv.  At  leisure  ;  without 
hurry.     [Little  used.]  Hooker. 

LEISURE,  71.  lezh'ur  or  lee'xhiu:  [Ft.loisir. 
This  is  doubtless  from  the  same  root  as 
Sw.  and  Dan.  Wig-,  void,  empty,  vacant, 
free,  eased  ;  Sw.  ledighet,  Dan.  ledighed, 
leisure.] 

1.  Freedom  from  occupation  or  business ; 
vacant  time ;  time  free  from  einployment. 

The  desire  of  leisure  is  much  more  natural 
tlian  of  business  and  care.  Temple. 

i  shall  leave  with  iiim  that  rebuke  to  be  con- 
sidered at  his  leisure.  Locke. 

2.  Convenience  of  time. 

He  sigh'd,and  had  no  leisure  more  to  say. 
lA'ot  used.']  Dryden. 

LEIS'URELY,   a.     Done  at  leisure ;    not 
hasty  ;    deliberate  ;    slow  ;    as  a  leisurely 
walk  or  march  ;    a  leisurely  survey  of  life. 
LEIS'URELY,  adv.  Not  in  haste  or  hurry; 
slowly  ;  at  leisure ;  deliberately. 

We  descended  very  leisurely,  my  fiiend  being 
careful  to  count  the  steps.  ..iddison. 

LE'MAN,  n.  [probably  contracted  from  lif- 
man,  leveman ;  Sax.  leaf,  loved,  and  man. 
See  Love  and  Lief.] 

\  sweetheart ;  a  gallant,  or  a  mistress.     Ohs. 
Chaucer.     Spenser.     Sliak. 

LEME,  n.  [Sax.  leoma.]  A  ray  of  light. 
[.\"ot  in  use/]  Chaucer. 

LEME,  II.  J.  To  shine.     Obs. 

LEM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ^i.ujia,  from  TjinSavo,  to 
receive.] 

In  mathematics,  a  previous  proposition  prov- 
ed, or  a  proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  in  the  demonstra- 
tion of  some  other  proposition.  It  is  there- 
lore  a  received  truth.  Day. 

LEM'MING, )       A  species  of  animal  be- 

LE'MING,  J  "■  longing  to  the  genus  Mus ; 
a  kind  of  rat,  in  the  north  of  Europe,  which 
sometimes  migrates  from  north  to  south  in 
immense  numbers.  Encyc. 

Lemnian  earth,  or  sphragide,  from  the  isle  of 
Lemnos,  in  the  Egean  sea,  a  kind  of  as- 
tringent medicinal  earth,  of  a  fatty  con- 
sistence and  reddish  color,  used  "in  the 
same  cases  as  bole.  It  has  the  external 
appearance  of  clay,  with  a  smooth  sur- 
face resembling  agate,  especially  in  recent 


L  E  N 


L  E  N 


L  E  N 


fractures.      It  removes    impurities    like 
soap.  Encyc.     JVicholson 

LEM'NISCATE,  ?i.    [L.  leviniscus,  a  ribin 
lemtmcahis,  adorned  with  ribins.]  A  curve 
in  the  form  of  the  figure  8. 

LEIM'ON,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  Hmon;  It.  limone. 
This  word  is  found  in  the  Arabic  of  Avi- 
cenna,  and  in  the  Amharic  dialect  of  Ethio- 
pia, we  find  lime  or  lome,  the  same  word.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Citrus,  which  grows  in  warm  climates. 
This  fruit  furnishes  a  cooling  acid  juice, 
which  forms  an  ingredient  in  some  of  oiu- 
most  delicious  liquors. 

2.  Lemon  or  lemon  tree,  the  tree  tliat  produces 
lemons. 

LEMONA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  limonade ;  Sp.  Hmon 
ada ;  from  Hmon.] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  lemon  juice  mixed 
with  water  and  sweetened. 

LE'MUR,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  quadrupeds, 
the  Makis,  natives  of  Africa  and  the  East 
Indies. 

LE'MURES,  n.  [L.]  Hobgoblins;  evil  spir- 
its.    [JVot  English.] 

LEND,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  lent.  [Sax.  leenan ; 
Sw.  lana ;  Dan.  laaner ;  G.  leihen ;  D. 
leenen.  Lend  is  a  corrupt  orthography  of 
leri,  or  loan,  or  derived  from  it.    See  Loan.] 

1.  To  grant  to  another  for  temporary  use, 
on  the  express  or  implied  condition  that 
the  thing  shall  be  returned ;  as,  to  lend  a 
book ;  or 

2.  To  grant  a  thing  to  be  used,  on  the  con- 
dition that  its  equivalent  in  kind  shall  be 
returned ;  as,  to  lend  a  sum  of  money,  or  a 
loaf  of  bread. 

3.  To  afford;  to  grant;  to  furnish,  in  gen- 
eral ;  as,  to  lend  assistance ;  to  lend  an  ear 
to  a  discourse. 

Cato,  lend  me  for  a  while  thy  patience. 

Jlddiso7i. 

4.  To  grant  for  temporary  use,  on  condition 
of  receiving  a  compensation  at  certain  pe- 
riods for  the  use  of  the  thing,  and  an  ulti- 
m.ate  return  of  the  thing,  or  its  full  value. 
Thus  money  is  lent  on  condition  of  receiv- 
ing interest  for  the  use,  and  of  having  the 
principal  sum  returned  at  the  stipulated 
titne.     Lend  is  correlative  to  borrow. 

5.  To  permit  to  use  for  another's  benefit.  A 
lent  bis  name  to  obtain  money  from  the 
bank. 

fi.  To  let  for  hire  or  compensation  ;  as,  to 
lend  a  horse  or  gig.  [This  sense  is  used 
by  Paley,  and  probably  may  be  common  in 
England.  But  in  the  United  States,  I  be- 
lieve, the  word  is  never  thus  used,  except 
in  reference  to  money.  We  lend  money 
upon  interest,  but  never  lend  a  coach  or 
horse  for  a  compensation.  We  use  let.] 
LEND'ABLE,  a.  That  tnay  be  lent. 

Sherwood. 
LENDER,  n.  One  who  lends. 

The  borrower  is  servant  to  the  lender.   Piov. 

xxii. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  trade  of  putting  money 

to  interest.  Bacon.     Dnjden. 

LEND'ING,  ppr.    Granting  for  temporary 

use.     [See  Lend.] 
LEND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  loaning. 
2.  That  which  is  lent  or  furnished.        Shak. 
LENDS,  n.  [Sax.]  Loins.     [JVot  in  use.] 

H'ickliffe. 

LENGTH,  n.  [Sax.  lenglhe,  from  leng,  long ; 

D.  lengte.] 


1.  The  extent  of  any  thing  material  from  end 
to  end  ;  the  longest  line  which  can  be 
drawn  through  a  body,  parallel  to  its 
sides;  as  the  length  of  a  church  or  of  a 
ship  ;  the  length  of  a  rope  or  line. 

2.  Extent ;  extension. 
StretcliM  at  his  length  he  spurns  the  swarthy 

ground.  Dryden. 

3.  A  certain  extent ;  a  portion  of  space  ; 
with  a  plural. 

Large  lengths  of  seas  and  shores —         Shak 

4.  Space  of  time  ;  duration,  indefinitely  ;  as 
a  great  length  of  time.  What  length  of 
time  will  this  enterprise  require  for  its  ac- 
complishment ? 

5.  Long  duration. 
May  lieaven,  great  monarch,  still  augment 

your  bliss. 
With  length  of  days,  and  every  day  like  tliis. 

Dryden 

6.  Reach  or  extent ;  as,  to  pursue  a  subject 
to  a  great  length. 

7.  Extent ;  as  the  length  of  a  discourse,  es- 
say, or  argument. 

8.  Distance. 
He  had  marched  to   the  length  of  Exeter. 

[  fiiHsiiaZ  and  inelegant.]  Clarendon. 

At  length,  at  or  in  the  full  extent.  Let  the 
name  be  inserted  at  length. 

2.  At  last;  at  the  end  or  conclusion. 

Dryden. 

LENGTH,  V.  t.  To  extend.     [jVot  used.] 
LENGTH'EN,  v.  t.   length'n.  To  extend  in 

length;  to  njake  longer;   to  elongate;  as, 

to  lengthen  a  line. 

3.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  time ;  to  pro- 
tract ;  to  continue  in  duration ;  as,  to 
lengthen  life.  The  days  lengthen  from  De- 
cember to  June. 

3.  To  extend  ;  as,  to  lengthen  a  discourse  or 
a  dissertation. 

4.  To  draw  out  in  pronunciation ;  as,  to 
lengthen  a  sound  or  a  syllable.  This  verb 
is  often  followed  by  out,  which  may  be 
sometimes  en)i)hatical,  but  in  general  is 
useless. 

What  if  I  please  to  lengthen  out  liis  date  .' 

Dryden. 
LENGTH'EN,  v.  i.    To   grow  longer ;   to 
extend  in  length.     A    hempen   rope  con- 
tracts   when    wet,    and   lengthens    when 
dry. 
LENGTH'ENED,  pp.  Made  longer  ;  drawn 

out  in  length  ;  continued  in  duration. 
LENGTH'ENING,  ppr.    Making   longer; 

extending  in  length  or  in  duration. 
LENGTH'ENING,    n.   Continuation ;  pro 

traction.     Dan.  iv. 
LENGTHFUL,    a.     Of   great    length   in 
measure.  Pope 

LENGTH'WISE,  adv.    In  the  direction  of 

the  length  ;  in  a  longitudinal  direction 
LENGTH'Y,  a.  Being  long  or  moderately 
long;  not  short;  not  brief ;  applied  mostly 
to  moral  subjects,  as  to  discourses,  writings, 
arguments,  proceedings,  &c. ;  as  alengthy 
sermon  ;  a  lengthy  dissertation  ;  a  lengthy 
detail. 

Lengthy  periods. 

H'ashingloti's  Letter  to  Plater. 
No  ministerial  act  in  France,  in  matters  of 
judicial  cot^nizancc,  is  done  without  a  procefi 
verbal,  in  which  the  facts  are  stated  amidst  a 
great  deal  of  lengthy  formality,  with  a  degree 
of  mimitenrss,  highly  profitable  to  the  verbali- 
zing otlicers  and  to  the  revenue. 

.1m.  Keoicw,  .1p.  Oct.  1811. 


P.  S.  Murray  has  sent  or  will  send  a  doabfe 
copy  of  the  Bride  and  Giaour;  in  the  last  one, 
some  lengthy  additions  ;  pray  accept  them,  ac- 
cording to  old  customs — 

Lord  Byron's  Letter  to  Dr.  Clarke. 
Dec.  13,  1813. 
Chalmers'  Political  Annals,  in  treating  of  South 
Carolina — is  by  no  means  as  lengthy  as  Mr. 
Hewitt's  History. 

Zhrayton's  View  of  South  Carolina. 
LE'NIENT,  o.  [L.  leniens,  from  lenio,  lenis, 

soft,  mild ;    Ai.   ^y  laina,  to  be  soft,  or 

smooth.  Class  Ln.  No  4.  The  primary 
sense  probably  is  smooth,  or  to  make 
smooth,  and  blandus  may  be  of  the  same 
family.] 

1.  Softening;  mitigating;  assuasive. 
Time,  that  on  all  things  lays  his  lenient  hand. 
Yet  tames  not  this.  Pope. 
Sometimes  with  of;   as  lenient  of  grief 

Milton. 

2.  Laxative ;  emollient. 

Oils  relax  the  fibers,  are  /enien(,  balsamic — 

..Srbuthnol. 

LE'NIENT,  n.  That  which  soflens  or  as- 
suages; an  emollient.  Wiseman. 

LEN'IFY,  It.  t.  To  assuage ;  to  soften ;  to 
mitigate.     [Little  icsed.] 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

LEN'IMENT,  n.  An  assuasive.  [Mot 
itsed.] 

LEN'ITIVE,  a.  [h.knitivo;Fr.lenitif ;  from 
L.  letiio,  to  soften.] 

Having  the  quality  of  softening  or  mitiga- 
ting, as  pain  or  acrimony  ;  assuasive  ; 
emollient.  Bacon.     Arhuthnol. 

LEN'ITIVE,  n.  A  medicine  or  application 
that  has  the  quality  of  easing  pain ;  that 
which  softens  or  mitigates. 

2.  A  palliative ;  that  which  abates  passion. 

South. 

LENITY,  n.  [L.  lenitas,  from  lenis,  mild, 
soft.] 

Mildness  of  temper  ;  softness  ;  tenderness  ; 
mercy.  Young  offenders  may  be  treated 
witli  lenity.  It  is  ojjposed  to  severity  and 
rigor. 

LENS,  n.  plu.  lenses.  [L  lens,  a  lentil.]  A 
transparent  substance,  usually  glass,  so 
formed  that  rays  of  light  passing  through 
it  are  made  to  change  their  direction,  and 
to  magnify  or  diminish  objects  at  a  cer- 
tain distance.  Lenses  are  double-convex, 
or  convex  on  both  sides;  double-concave, 
or  concave  on  both  sides ;  plano-convex, 
or  plano-concave,  that  is,  with  one  side 
plane,  and  the  other  convex  or  concave  ; 
or  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the 
other :  the  latter  is  called  a  7neniscus. 

Enajc. 

LENT,  pp.  of  lend. 

LENT,  ?!.  [Sax.  lencten,  spring,  lent,  from 
leng,  long  ;  lenegan,  to  lengthen  ;  so  call- 
ed from  the  lengthening  of  the  days.] 

The  quadragesimal  fast,  or  fast  of  forty  days, 
observed  by  the  christian  church  before 
Easter,  the  festival  of  our  Savior's  resur- 
rection. It  begins  at  Ash- Wednesday,  and 
continues  till  Easter. 

LENT'EN,  a.    Pertaining  to  lent ;   used  in 

lent;  sparing;  as  nlenten  entertainment; 

a  lenten  sallad.  Shak. 

LENTICULAR,  a.    [L.  lenlicularis,    froiu 

lens,  supra.] 
1.  Resembling  a  lentil. 


L  E  P 


L  E  S 


L  E  S 


2.  Having  the  form  of  a  lens ;  lenliform 

LENTIC'ULARLY,  adv.  In  the  majiner  of 
a  lens  ;  with  a  curve. 

LENTIC'ULITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell. 

LENT'IFORM,  a.  [L.  lens  and  forma, 
form.]     Of  the  form  of  a  lens. 

LENTIci'INOUS,  a.  [L.  lentigo,  a  freckle, 
from  L.  lens.]  Freckly;  scurfy;  furfura- 
ceous. 

LENTI'GO,  n.  A  freckly  eruption  on  the  skin 

LENTIL,  n.  [Fr.  lentille,  from  L.  lens.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Ervum.  It  is  an  an 
nual  jilant,  rising  with  weak  stalks  ahout 
18  inches.  The  seeds,  which  are  contain 
ed  in  a  pod,  are  round,  flat,  and  a  little 
convex  in  the  middle.  It  is  cultivated  for 
fodder,  and  for  its  seeds.  Encyc. 

LEN'TISK,       I        [Fr.  lentisque ;  It.  lentis- 

LENTIS'CUS,  S  "■  chio;  Sp.  lentisco ;  L. 
lentiscus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Pistacia,  the  mastich- 
tree,  a  native  of  Arabia,  Persia,  Syria,  and 
the  south  of  Europe.  The  wood  is  of  a 
pale  brown,  resinous  and  fragrant.  [See 
Mastich.] 

LENT'ITUDE,  n.  [h.lenlus,  slow.]  Slow- 
ness.    UVol  used.]  Diet. 

LENT'NER,  «.  A  kind  of  hawk.       ff'alton. 

LENT'OR,  n.  [L.  from  lentiis,  slow,  tough, 
clammy ;  Fr.  lerUeur.] 

1.  Tenacity;  viscousuess.  Bacon. 

2.  Slowness  ;  delay  ;  sluggishness. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  Siziness  ;  thickness  of  fluids;  viscidity;  a 
term  vsed  in  the  humoral  pathology. 

Coie.     Quincy. 

LENT'OUS,  a.  [L.  lentus,  slow,  thick".] 
Viscid  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious.  Brown 

LEN'ZINITE,  n.  [from  Lenzius,  a  German 
mineralogist.] 

A  mineral  of  two  kinds,  the  opaline  and  ar 
gillaceous  ;  a  variety  of  clay,  occurring 
usually  in  small  masses  of  the  size  of  a 
nut.  Cleaveland.     Phillips 

LEO,  n.  [L.]  The  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of 
the  zodiac. 

LE'ONINE,  a.  [L.  leoninus,  from  leo,  lion.] 
Belonging  to  a  lion  ;  resembhng  a  lion,  or 
partaking  of  his  qualities ;  as  leonine 
fierceness  or  rapacity. 

lieonine  verses,  so  named  from  Leo,  the  in 
ventor,  are  those,  the  end  of  which  rhymes 
with  the  middle  ;  as, 

Gloria  factorum  temcre  conceditur  horum 

Johnson. 

LE'ONINELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  r; 
lion.  Harris. 

LEOPARD,  n.  lep'ard.  [L.  leo,  lion,  and 
pardus,  pard,  Gr.  «ap5o5,  from  Ileb.  Tis 
to  separate,  that  is,  spotted,  broken  into 
spots.] 

A  rapacious  quadruped  of  the  genus  Felis. 
It  difters  from  the  panther  and  the  once 
in  the  beauty  of  its  color,  which  is  of  a 
lively  yellow,  with  smaller  spots  than 
those  of  the  two  latter,  and  disposed  in 
groups.  It  is  larger  than  the  once  andj 
less  than  the  panther.  This  animal  is 
found  in  Africa  and  Asia,  and  so  rapacious 
as  to  spare  neither  man  nor  beast.     Encyc. 

LEOP'ARD'S-BANE,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Doronieuni.  The  German  Ltopard's- 
hane  is  of  the  genus  Arnica.  Lee. 

LEP'ER,  n.  [L.  lepra,  leprosy,  Fr.  lepre, 
Ir.  lohhar,  Gr.  Unfa.]  A  person  affected 
with   leprosy. 


LEP'ID,  a.  [L.  lepidus.]  Pleasant ;  jocose. 
[Little  \Lsed.] 

LEP'IDOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  !ifrtt;,  a  scale.]  A 
mineral  found  in  scaly  masses,  ordinarily 
of  a  violet  or  lilac  color;   allied  to  mica. 

Diet. 

Lepidolite  is  of  a  peach-blossom  red  color, 
sometimes  gray ;  massive  and  in  small 
concretions.  On  account  of  its  beautiful 
color,  it  has  been  cut  into  snuff-boxes.  It 
is  sometimes  called  lilatitc. 

Jameson,     lire 

LEP'IDOPTER,      I      [Gr.  ?.(;ti;,   a   scale 

LEPIDOP'TERA,  \  "and  rtrtpo.-,  a  wing. 
The   Lepidopters   are  an   order  of  insects 
having    four    wings    covered    with   fine 
scales,  like  powder,  as  the  butterfly. 

LEPIDOP'TERAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  Lepidopters. 

LEP'ORINE,  a.  [h.leporinus,  from  lepus,  a 
hare.     Qu.  the  Teutonic  leap,  to  run.] 

Pertaining  to  a  hare  ;  having  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  the  hare.  Johnson. 

LEPROS'ITY,  n.  Squamousness.  [Little 
used.]  Bacon. 

LEP'ROSY,  »i.  [See  Leper.]  A  foul  cutane 
ous  disease,  appearing  in  dry,  white,  thin 
scurfy  scabs,  attended  with  violent  itch- 
ing. It  sometimes  covers  the  whole  body, 
rarely  the  face.  One  species  of  it  is  call- 
ed elephantiasis.  Encyc. 

The  term  leprosy  is  applied  to  two  very  dis- 
tinct diseases,  the  scaly  and  the  tubercu- 
lated,  or  the  proper  leprosy  and  the  ele- 
phantiasis. The  former  is  characterized 
by  smooth  laminated  scales,  sometimes 
livid,  but  usually  whitish  ;  in  the  latter,  the 
skin  is  thickened,  livid  and  tuberculated. 
It  is  called  the  black  leprosy,  but  this  term 
is  also  applied  to  the  livid  variety  of  the 
scaly  leprosy.  Good. 

LEP'ROUS,  ft.    [Fr.   lepreux.     See  Leper.] 

Infected  with  leprosy ;  covered  with  white 
scales. 

His  hand  was  leprous  as  snow.     Ex.  W. 

LEP'ROUSLY,  arfr.  In  an  infectious  degree 

LERE,  )i.  Learning  ;  lesson  ;  lore.     dbs. 

Spenser. 

LERE,  t'.  t.  To  learn  ;  to  teach.     06*. 

Chaucer, 
n.  le'zhun.  [L.  Icesio,  from  Icedo, 


LESION, 

to  hurt. 
A  hurtinsr 


hurt ;  wound  ;   injury.         Rush. 

LESS,  for  unless.     [JVot  in  tise.] 

LESS,  a  terminating  syllable  of  many 
nouns  and  some  adjectives,  is  the  Sax. 
leas,  Goth,  laus,  belonging  to  the  verb 
lysan,  lausyan,  to  loose,  free,  separate. 
Hence  it  is  a  privative  word,  denoting 
destitution  ;  as  a  uilless  man,  a  man  desti 
tute  of  wit ;  childless,  without  children 
fatherless ;  faithless  ;  pennyless ;  lawless,  &c. 

LESS,  a.  [Sax.  Ices ;  perhaps  allied  to  Dan. 
User,  to  abate,  to  lessen,  to  relieve,  to  ease 
Less  has  the  sense  of  the  comparative  de- 
gree of  Utile.] 

Smaller ;  not  so  large  or  great ;  as  a  less 
quantity  or  number;  ahorse  of  less  size 
or  value.  We  are  all  destined  to  suffer 
affliction  in  a  greater  or  less  degree. 

LESS,  adv.    Not  so  much ;  in  a  smaller  or 
lower  degree  ;  as  less  bright  or  loud  ;  less 
beautiful ;  less  obliging ;  less  careful.     Th( 
less  a  man  praises  himself,  the  more  dis 
posed  are  others  to  praise  him. 

LESS,  «.  Not  so  much. 


They  gathered  some  more,  some  less.    Ex. 
xvi. 
2.  An  inferior. 

The  less  is  blessed  by  the  better.     Heb.  vii. 
LESS,  V.  t.  To  make  less.     [AoJ  in  use.] 

II-,-,  Gower 

LESSEE',  n.  [from  lease.]  The  person  to 
whom  a  lease  is  given,  or  who  takes  an 
estate  by  lease.  Blackslone. 

LESS'EN,  V.  t.  les'n.  [from  less.]  To  make 
less;  to  diminish:  to  reduce  in  bulk,  size, 
quantity,  number  or  amount;  to  make 
smaller;  as,  to  lessen  a  kingdom  or  its 
])opulation. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  state  orcpialiiy; 
as,  awkward  manners  tond  to  lessen  our 
respect  for  men  of  merit. 

3.  To  degrade  ;  to  reduce  in  dignity. 

St.  Paul  chose  to  magnify  his  ollicc,  when  ill 
men  conspired  to  lessen  it.  Jllterburi/. 

LESS'EN,  V.  i.  les'71.  To  become  less  ;  to 
shrink ;  to  contract  in  bulk,  quantity, 
number  or  amount ;  to  be  diminished. 
The  apparent  magnitude  of  objects  lessens 
as  we  recede  from  them. 

2.  To  become  less  in  degree,  quahty  or  in- 
tensity ;  to  decrease.  The  strength  of  the 
body,  and  the  vivacity  of  the  temper  usu- 
ally lessen  as  we  advance  in  age. 

LESS'ENED,  pp.  Made  smaller;  diminish- 
ed. 

LESSENING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  bulk, 
amount  or  degree  ;  degrading. 

LESSER,  a.  [Sa.x.  Iccssa,  lasse,  from  Ices. 
This  word  is  a  corruption  ;  but  too  well 
established  to  he  discarded.] 

Less ;  smaller.  Authors  always  write  the 
Lesser  Asia. 

By   the  same  reason,  may  a  man  in  a  slate 

of  nature,   punish  the   lesser  breaches   of  that 

law.  Locke. 

God  made  the  lesser  light  to  rule  the  night. 

Gen.  i. 

LES'SON,  n.  les'n.  [This  word  we  proba- 
bly have  received  from  the  Fr.  lecon,  L. 
lectio,  from  lego,  to  read,  Fr.  lire,  'lisant ; 
Sp.  leccion  ;  It.  lezione  ;  Sw.  lexa  ;  anil 
not  from  the  D.  leezen,  G.  lesen,  to  read.] 

1.  Any  thing  read  or  recited  to  a  teacher  by 
a  pupil  or  learner  for  improvement ;  or 
such  a  portion  of  a  book  as  a  pupil  learns 
and  repeats  at  one  time.  The  instructor 
is  pleased  when  his  pupils  recite  their 
lessons  with  accuracy  and  promptness. 

2.  A  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine 
service.     Thus  endeth  the  first  lesson. 

3.  A  portion  of  a  book  or  manuscript  as- 
signed by  a  preceptor  to  a  pupil  to  be 
learnt,  or  for  an  exercise  ;  something  to 
he  learnt.     Give  him  his  lesson. 

4.  Precept ;    doctrine  or  notion  inculcated. 

Be  not  jealous  over  the  wife  of  thy  bosom, 
and  teach  her  not  an  evil  lesson  against  thy- 
''clf-  Ecclus. 

5.  Severe  lecture ;  reproof;  rebuke. 

She  would  give  her  a  lesson  for  walking  so 
late.  Sidney. 

G.  Tune  written  for  an  instrument.  Davies. 
7.  Instruction  or  truth,  taught  by  experience. 
The  lessons  which  sickness  imparts,  she 
leaves  to  be  practiced  when  health  is  es- 
tablished. 


LES'SON,  V.  t.  les'n.  To  teach  ;  to  instruct. 
Children  should  be  lessoned  into  a  contempt 
and  detestation  of  this  rice.  V Estrange. 

LES'SONED,  pp.    Taught;  instructed." 
LES'SONING,  ppr.  Teaching. 


-h. 


LET 


LET 


LET 


LESSOR,  n.  [from  lease.]  One  who  leases; 
tlie  person  who  lets  to  farm,  or  gives  a 
lease.  Blackstone. 

LEST,  con.  [from  the  Sax.  leas,  Goth,  laus, 
loose,  separate.  In  Saxon  it  was  prece- 
ded by  the,  the  leas,  that  less,  tliat  not,  ne 
forte.  Hence  it  denotes  a  loosing  or  sepa 
ration,  and  hence  it  comes  to  express  pre 
vention.]    That  not ;  for  fear  that. 

Ye  shall  not  cat  of  it,  neither  shall  ye  touch 
it,  lest  ye  die.     Gen.  iii. 

The  phrase  may  be  thus  explained.  Ye 
sliall  not  touch  it ;  that  separated  or  dis- 
missed, ye  die.  That  here  refers  to  the 
preceding  command  or  sentence ;  that 
being  removed  or  not  observed,  the  fact 
being  not  so,  ye  will  die. 

Sin  no  more,  lest  a  worse  thing  come  to 
thee.     John  v. 

Sin  no  more;  that  fact  not  taking  place,  a 
worse  thing  will  happen  to  thee. 

LET,  V.  I.  pret.  and  pp.  let.  Letted  is  obso 
lete.  [Sax.  Ionian,  letan,  Goth,  letan,  to 
permit,  to  hinder,  to  dismiss  or  send 
away,  to  let  go,  to  leave,  to  admit,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  dissemble,  to  retard, 
to  be  late  or  slow,  to  dally  or  trifle,  to 
lease  or  let  out ;  letan  aweg,  to  let  away, 
to  throw;  W.  ??»:,  hinderance  ;  lluziaw,  to 
hinder ;  D.  laaten,  to  permit,  to  suffer,  to 
give,  to  leave,  to  loose,  to  put,  to  stow ; 
G.  lassen,  to  let,  to  permit,  grant,  allow, 
suffer ;  verlassen,  to  forsake  ;  unleiiassen, 
to  cease,  to  forbear ;  Sw.  llda,  to  permit ; 
Dan.  lader,  to  let,  permit,  allow,  grant, 
suffer,  give  leave.  I5ut  in  the  four  latter 
dialects,  there  is  another  verb,  which  cor- 
responds with  let  in  some  of  its  significa- 
tions ;  D.  b/dai,  G.  leiden,  Sw.  lida,  Dan. 
lidei;  to  suffer,  endure,  undergo,  to  per- 
mit. With  this  verb  corresponds  the  En- 
glish late,  D.  laat,  Sw.  lat,  Dan.  lad,  sloth- 
ful, lazy ;  and  the  G.  lass,  feeble,  lazy,  co- 
incides with  lassen,  supra,  and  this  may  be 
the  Eng.  lazy.  To  /((  oitt,  like  L.  elocarc,  is 
to  lease,  Fr.  laisser.  Let  is  the  Fr.  laisser, 
in  a  different  dialect.  By  the  German 
and  Welsh  it  appears  that  the  last  radi- 
cal may  have  originally  been  th,  Is  or  tz, 
or  other  compound.  See  Class  Ld.  No. 
2.  15.  19.  2.3.  32.  and  Class  Ls.No.  30.] 

1.  To  permit;  to  allow;  to  suffer;  to  give 
leave  or  power  by  a  positive  act,  or  neg- 
atively, to  withhold  restraint ;  not  to  pre- 
vent. A  leaky  ship  lets  water  enter  into 
the  hold.  Let  is  followed  by  the  infinitive 
without  the  sign  to. 

Pharaoh  said,  I  vpill  let  you  go.     Ex.  viii. 

When  the  ship  was  caught  and  could  not 
bear  up  into  the  wind,  we  let  her  drive.  Acts 
xxvii. 

2.  To  lease ;  to  grant  possession  and  use  for 
a  compensation  ;    as,  to  let  to  farm  ;  to  let 
an  estate  for  a  year ;  to  let  a  room  to  lod 
gers ;  often  followed  by  out,  as,  to  let  out 
a  farm;  but  the  use  of  out  is  unnecessary. 

3.  To  suffer ;  to  permit ;  with  the  usual 
sign  of  the  infinitive. 

There's  a  letter  for  you.  Sir,  if  your  name  he 
Horatio,  as  I  am  let  to  know  it  is.    [JVoi  used,"] 

Shak. 

4.  Ill  the  imperative  mode,  let  has  the  follow- 
ing uses.  Followed  by  the  first  and  third 
persons,  it  expresses  desire  or  wish ; 
hence  it  is  used  in  prayer  and  entreaty  to 
superiors,  and  to  those  who  have  us  in 


their  power;  as,  let  me  not  wander  from 
thy  commandments.     Ps.  cxix 

Followed  by  the  first  person  plural,  let 
expresses  exhortation  or  entreaty ;  as, 
rise,  let  tis  go. 

Followed  by  the  third  person,  it  implies 
permission  or  command  addressed  to  an 
inferior.  Let  him  go,  let  them  remain,  are 
commands  addressed  to  the  second  per- 
son. Let  thou,  or  let  ye,  that  is,  do  thou 
or  you  permit  him  to  go 

Sometimes  let  is  used  to  express  a  com- 
mand or  injunction  to  a  third  person 
When  the  signal  is  given  to  engage,  let 
every  man  do  his  duty. 

When  applied  to  things  not  rational,  it 
implies  allowance  or  concession. 

O'er  golden  sands  let  rich  Pactolus  flow. 

Pojte 
5.  To  retard  ;  to  hinder ;  to  impede  ;  to  in- 
terpose obstructions.    2  Thess.  2. 

[This  sense  is  now  obsolete,  or  nearly 
,so.l 
To  Ift  alone,  to  leave  ;  to  suffer  to  remain 
without  intermeddling ;  as,  let  alone  this 
idle  project ;  let  me  alone. 
To  let  doicn,  to  permit  to  sink  or  fall ;  to 
lower. 

She  let  them  down  by  a  cord  through  the 
window.     Josh.  ii. 

To  let  loose,  to  free  from  restraint;  to  per- 
mit to  wander  at  large. 

To  let  in  or  into,  to  permit  or  suffer  to  en- 
ter ;  to  admit.  Open  the  door, /e<  in  my 
friend.  We  are  not  let  into  the  secrets  of 
the  cabinet. 

To  let  blood,  to  open  a  vein  and  suffer  the 
blood  to  flow  out. 

To  let  out,  to  suffer  to  escape :  also,  to  lease 
or  let  to  hire. 

To  let  off,  to  discharge,  to  let  fly,  as  an  ar- 
row ;  or  cause  te  explode,  as  a  gun. 

LET,  ('.  i.  To  forbeur.     Obs.  Bacon. 

LET,  n.  A  retarding  ;  hinderance  ;  obsta- 
cle ;  impediment;  delay.  [Obsolete,  un- 
less in  some  lechnleal  phrases.] 

LET,  a  termination  of  diminutives ;  as  ham- 
let, a  little  house;  rivulet,  a  small  stream. 
[Sax.  lyt,  small,  less,  lew.     See  Little.] 

LE'THAL,  a.  [L.  lethalis,  mortal,  from  Gr. 
^.i^ej;,  oblivion.]     Deadly;  mortal;  fatal. 

Richardson. 

LETHAL'ITY,  n.  Mortality.  Mins. 

LETHAR'(iI€,        )        [h.  lethargicus ;   Fr. 

LETHAR  (ilCAL,  ^        lethargi<iue.]      Pre- 
ternaturally   inclined 
dull ;  he.ivy. 

LETHAR'tiicALLY, 
sleepiness. 

LETHAR'GlCALNESS,  ?         Prcternatiir 

LETHAR'GleNESS,  S  a'  "r  morbid 
sleepiness  or  drowsiness.     More.     Herbert. 

LETH'ARgIED,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  asleep  ;  en- 
tranced. Shak. 

LETH'ARtiY,  n.  [L.  lethargia ;  Gr.  %r;6af,- 
yiu,;  ?i);0i7,  oblivion,   and  apyoi,  idle.] 

L  Preternatural  sleepiness;  morbid  drow- 
siness ;  continued  or  profound  sleep,  from 
which  a  person  can  scarcely  be  awaked, 
and  if  awaked,  remains  stupid. 

2.  Dullness ;  inaction  ;  inattention. 

Europe  lay  then  under  a  deep  lethargy. 

MIcrbury. 

LETH'ARgY,  v.  t.  To  make  lethargic  or 
dull.  Churchill. 


to 


adi 


sleep;    drowsy 
.'Irhuthnol. 
Li  a   morbid 


LE'THE,  n.  le'thee.  [Gr.  jljjSi;,  forgetfulnesi  : 
^rfiu,  L.  lateo,  to  be  hid.]  Oblivion;  a 
draught  of  oblivion.  Milton. 

LETHE'AN,  a.  Inducing  forgetfulness  or 
oblivion.  Lempriere.      As.  Res. 

LETHIF'EROUS,  a.[  L.  lethum,  death,  and 
fero,  to  bring.] 

Deadly  ;  mortal ;  bringing  death  or  destruc- 
tion. Robinson. 

LET'TER,  n.  [from  let.]  One  who  permits. 

2.  One  who  retards  or  hinders. 

3.  One  who  gives  vent ;  as  a  blood-/cHer. 
LET'TER,   n.    [Fr.   lettre ;    It.  lettera;    L. 

litera ;  W.  llythyr.] 

1.  A  mark  or  character,  written,  printed, 
engraved  or  painted  ;  used  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  sound,  or  of  anjarticulation 
of  the  human  organs  of  speech.  By 
sounds,  and  articulations  or  closures  of  the 
organs,  are  formed  syllables  and  words. 
Hence  a  letter  is  the  first  element  of 
written  language,  as  a  simple  sound  is  the 
first  element  of  spoken  language  or  speech. 
As  sounds  are  audible  and  communicate 
ideas  to  others  by  the  ear,  so  letters  are 
visible  representatives  of  sounds,  and  com- 
municate the  thoughts  of  others  by  means 
of  the  eye. 

2.  A  written  or  printed  message  ;  an  epistle  ; 
a  communication  made  by  visible  charac- 
ters fiom  one  person  to  another  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

The  style  of  letters  ought  to  be  free,  easy 
and  natural.  Walsh. 

3.  The  verbal  expression ;  the  literal  mean- 
ing. 

W  e  must  observe  the  letter  of  the  law,  with- 
out doing  violence  to  the  reason  of  the  law, 
and  the  intentions  of  the  lawgiver.         Taylor. 

4.  Type  ;  a  character  formed  of  metal  or 
wood,  usually  of  metal,  and  used  in 
printing  books. 

5.  Letters,  in  the  plural,  learning ;  erudi- 
tion ;  as  a  man  of  letters. 

Dead  letter,  a  writing  or  precept,  which  is 
without  authority  or  force.  The  best  law 
may  become  a  dead  letter. 

Letter  of  attorney,  a  writing  by  which  one 
person  authorizes  another  to  act  in  his 
stead. 

Letter  of  marque,  a  private  ship  commission- 
ed or  authorized  by  a  government  to 
make  reprisals  on  the  ships  of  another 
state.     [See  Manjue.] 

Letters  pateiit,  or  overt,  open,  a  writing  exe- 
cuted and  scaled,  by  which  power  and 
authority  are  granted  to  a  person  to  do 
some  act,  or  enjoy  some  right ;  as  letters 
patent  under  the  seal  of  England. 

LET'TER,  1'./.  To  impress  or  form  letters 
on  ;  as,  to  Utter  a  book  ;  a  book  gilt  and 
lettered. 

LET'TER-€ASE,  n.  A  case  or  book  to  put 
letters  in. 

LET'TERED,  jip.  Stamped  with  letters. 

LET'TERED,  a.  Literate  ;  educated  ;  vers- 
ed in  literature  or  science.  Collier. 

2.  Belonging  to  learning;  suiting  letters. 

LET'TER-FOUXDER,  n.  One  who  casts 
letters  :  a  type-founder. 

LET'TERING,  ppr.  Impressing  or  form- 
ing letters  on  ;  as  lettering  a  book  Oii  the 
cover. 

LETTERLESS,  a.  Illiterate  ;  unlettered  ; 
not  learned.  Jf'aterland. 


LEV 


LEV 


LEV 


LET'TER-PRESS,  n.  [leller  anJ  press.] 
Print ;  iottcis  anil  words  impressed  on 
paper  or  other  material  by  types. 

LETTUCE,  n.  Id'lis.  [Vr.laitue;  It.  lattu- 
gn  ;  Sp.  kchtiga  ;  Ann.  laciuzen  ;  O.  lat- 
lich ;  J),  latum ;  from  L.  lactuca,  according 
to  Varro,  from  lac,  milk.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  the  Lactuca,  of  many 
species,  some  of  which  are  used  as  sal- 
lade. 

LEU'CIN,      \      [Gr.  Uvxoq,  white.]    A  pe- 

LEU'CINE,  ^  culiar  white  pulverulent 
substance  obtained  from  beef-fibers,  treat- 
ed with  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterwards 
with  alcohol. 

Braconnet.     JVebster's  Manual. 

LEU'CITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^tvxo{,  white.]  A  stony 
substance,  so  called  from  its  whiteness, 
found  among  volcanic  productions  in  Ita- 
ly, in  crystals,  or  in  irregular  masses  ;  for- 
merly called  crystals  of  white  shorl,  or 
white  granite  or  granilite. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
HaOy  calls  this  mineral,  amphigene.      li 
is  called  by  some  writers  leucolite,  and  by 
others,  dodecahedral  zeolite. 

LEUeO-ETlIIOP'lC,  a.  [Gr.  7^x05,  white, 
and  aiQio^,  black.] 

White  and  black  ;  designating  a  white  ani- 
mal of  a  black  species,  or  the  albino. 

Lawrence. 

LEUeOPIILEG'MACY,  n.  [Gr.  J^fvxoj,' 
white,  anil  ^^.ty^a,  phlegm.] 

A  dropsical  habit  of  body,  or  the  commence-j 
ment  of  anasarca ;  paleness,  with  viscidi 
juices  and  cold  sweats. 

Coze.     Parr.     Arhuthnot 

LEU€OPHLEGMAT  I€,  a.  Having  a  drop- 
sical habit  of  body  with  a  white  bloated 
skin. 

LEU€0'THIOP,  n.  [See  Leuco-ethiopic] 
An  albino ;  a  white  man  of  a  black  race. 

LEUTHRITE,  ».  [from  Lcuthra,  in  Sax- 
ony.] 

A  substance  that  appears  to  be  a  recomposed 
rock,  of  a  loose  texture,  gritty  and  harsh 
to  the  touch.  Its  color  is  a  grayish  white,! 
tinged  here  and  there  with  an  ocherous 
brown.  It  includes  small  fragments  ofj 
mica.  Phillips. 

LE'VANT,  a.  [Fr.  levant,  rising,  from  lever, 
L.  levo.] 

Eastern;  ilenoting  the  part  of  the  hemis- 
phere where  the  sun  rises. 

Forth  rush  the  levant  and  the  ponent  winds. 

Milton. 

LEVANT',  n.  [It.  levante,  the  East,  supra.] 
Properly,  a  country  to  the  eastward  ;  but' 
appropriately,  the  countries  of  Turkey, 
Syria,  Asia  3Iinor,  Greece,  Egypt,  «St'c.' 
which  are  washed  by  the  Mediterranean! 
and  its  contiguous  waters. 

LEVANTINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Levant. 

D'Aiville. 

2.  Designating  a  particular  kind  of  silk 
cloth. 

LEVANTINE,  ;;.  A  particular  kind  of  silk 
cloth. 

LEVA'TOR,  n.  [L.  from  levo,  to  raise.]  In 
anatomy,  a  muscle  that  serves  to  raise  some 
part,  as  the  lip  or  the  eyehd. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument  used  to  raise  a  de 
pressed  part  of  the  skull.  Wiseman. 

LEVE,  for  believe.     Obs.  Gower 


LEVEE,  »!.  [Fr.  from  lever,  to  raise,  L. 
levo.] 

1.  The  time  of  rising. 

2.  The  concourse  of  persons  who  visit  a' 
prince  or  great  personage  in  the  morning. 

Johnson. 

3.  A  bank  or  causey,  particularly  along  a 
river  to  prevent  inundation ;  as  the  levees 
along  the  Mississippi. 

LEV'EL,  a.  [Sax.  Icefe,  id. ;  W.  llyvn,  smooth, 
even,  level,  sleek,  slippery  ;  llyvelu,  to  level, 
to  render  uniform,  to  devise,  inveut,  guess ; 
llyvnu,  to  make  smooth.  This  seems  to 
be  connected  with  Uyvu,  to  lick.  So  like. 
D.  gclyk,  G.  gleich,  is  smooth,  even,  level, 
equal,  coinciding  with  Eng.  sleek.  The 
L.  libella,  libra,  belong  to  this  root ;  It 
livella.] 

1.  Horizontal ;  coinciding  with  the  plane  of 
the  horizon.  To  be  perfectly  level  is  to  be 
exactly  horizontal. 

2.  Even ;  flat ;  not  having  one  part  higher 
than  another;  not  ascending  or  descend 
ing  ;  as  a  level  plain  or  field  ;  level  ground 
a  level  floor  or  pavement.  In  common 
usage,  level  is  often  applied  to  surfaces 
that  arc  not  perfectly  horizontal,  but 
which  have  no  inequalities  of  magnitude, 

Even  with   any   thing  else  ;  of  the  same 
highth ;  on  the  same  line  or  plane. 

4.  Equal  in  rank  or  degree ;  having  no  de 
gree  of  superiority. 

Be  level  in  preferments,  and  yon  will  soon  be 
as  level  in  your  learning.  Bentley 

LEV'EL,  V.  t.  To  make  horizontal. 
2.  To  make  even ;  to  reduce  or  remove  in- 
equalities of  surface   in  any  thing;  as,  to 
level  a  road  or  walk. 

To  reduce  or  bring  to  the   same  highth 
with  something  else. 

And   tlieir   proud   structures   level  with   the 
ground.  Sandys 

4.  To  lay  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface 
or  plain. 

He  levels  mountains,  and  he  raises  plains. 

Di'ydert. 
To  reduce  to  equality  of  condition,  state 
or  degree ;  as,  to  level  all  ranks  and  deJ 
grees  of  men.  I 

To  point,  in  taking  aim ;  to  elevate  or  de-' 
press  so  as  to  direct  a  missile  weapon  to 
an  object ;  to  aim  ;  as,  to  /feci  a  cannon  or 
nuisket. 
.  To  aim  ;  to  direct ;  as  severe  remarks 
leveled  at  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age. 

8.  To  suit ;  to  proportion  ;  as,  to  level  obser- 
vations to  the  capacity  of  children. 

LEV'EL,  V.  i.  To  accord  ;  to  agree  ;  to  suit.l 
[Little  used.]  Shak: 

2.  To  aim  at ;  to  point  a  gun  or  an  arrow  to' 
the  mark. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  to  direct  the  view  or  purpose.' 
The  ^"lory  ot'  tjod  and  the  ^ood  of  his  church 

ought  to  be  the  mark  at  which  we  level. 

Hooker 

To  be  aimed  ;  to  be  in  the  same  direction 
with  the  mark. 

He  raised  it  till  he  IcveI'd  right.  Butler. 

5.  To  aim ;  to  make  attempts. 
Ambitious  York  did  level  at  thy  crown. 

Shak 

6.  To  conjecture ;  to  attempt  to  guess.  [JVot 
tised.]  Shak. 

LEV'EL,  n.  A  horizontal  line,  or  a  plane ; 
a  surface  without  inequalities.*  Hale. 


ti. 


Rate  ;  standard  :  usual  elevation  ;  cus^ 
tomary  highth  ;  as  the  ordinary  level  of  the 
world. 

Equal  elevation  with  something  else  ;  a 
state  of  equality. 

Hroridencc,  for  the   most  part,  sets  us  on  a 
level.  Spectator. 

The  line  of  direction  in  which  a  missile 
weapon  is  aimeil. 

Au  instrument  in  mechanics  by  which  to 
find  or  draw  a  horizontal  line,  as  in  set- 
ting buildings,  or  in  making  canals  and 
drains.  The  instruments  for  these  pur- 
poses are  various;  as  the  air  levd,  the  car- 
IKjnter's  level,  the  mason's  level,  and  the 
guimer's  level. 
C>.  Rule  ;  plan  ;  scheme  :  bon-owed  from  the 
mechanic's  level. 

Be  tlie  fair  level  of  thy  actions  laid —     Prior. 
LEVELED,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  plane;  made 

even. 
2.  Reduced   to   an  equal  state,  condition  or 

rank. 
.3.  Reduced  to  an  equality  with   something 
else. 

4.  Elevated  or  depressed  to  a  right  line  to- 
wards something;  pointed  to  an  object; 
directed  to  a  mark. 

5.  Suited  ;  proportioned. 
LEVELER,  71.  One  that  levels  or  makes 

even. 

2.  One  that  destroys  or  attempts  to  destroy 
distinctions,  and  reduce  to  equalitv. 

LEVELING,  ppr.  Making  level  or"cven. 

2.  Reducing  to  an  equality  of  condition. 

LEVELING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 
finding  a  horizontal  line,  or  of  ascertain- 
ing the  different  elevations  of  objects  011 
the  surface  of  the  earth  :  in  other  words, 
the  difference  in  the  distance  of  objects 
from  the  center  of  the  earth.  Encyc. 

LEV'ELNESS,  n.  Evenness;  equality  of 
surface. 

2.  Equalitv  with  something  else. 

LEVEN.  "[See  Uaven.] 

LEVEN,  n.  [Sax.  hlijian.]  Lightning. 
Obs.  Chaucer, 

LEVER,  n.  [Fr.  levier;  It.  leva;  from  k- 
ver,  levare,  L.  levo,  to  raise.] 

In  tnechanics,  a  bar  of  metal,  wood,  or  other 
substance,  turning  on  a  support  called  the 
fulcrum  or  prop.  Its  arms  are  equal,  as 
in  the  balance  ;  or  unequal,  as  in  steelyards. 
It  is  one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  and  i.s 
of  three  kinds,  viz.  1.  When  the  ful- 
crum is  between  the  weight  and  the  pow- 
er, as  in  the  handspike,  crowbar,  itc.  2. 
When  the  weight  is  between  the  jiower 
and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  rowing  a  boat.  3. 
When  the  power  is  between  the  weight 
and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  raising  a  ladder  from 
the  ground,  by  applying  the  hands  to  one 
of  the  lower  rounds.  The  bones  of  ani- 
mals are  levers  of  the  third  kind. 

LEV'ERET,  n.  [Fr.  lievret,  from  lievre,  a 
hare.]     A  hare  in  the  first  vear  of  her  age. 

LEVEROCK,  n.  A  bird,"  a  lark.  [See 
Lark.]  Johnson. 

LEV'ET,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  lever,  to  raise.]  A 
blast  of  a  trumpet ;  probably  that  by  which 
soldiers  are  called  in  the  morning.  [.\'ot 
used.]  Hudibras. 

LEVIABLE,  a.  [from  levy.]  That  may  be 
levied  ;  that  may  be  assessed  and  collect- 
ed ;  as  suras  leviable  by  course  of  law. 

Bacon. 


LEV 


LEX 


L  I  B 


LEVIATHAN,  n.  [Heb.  [n*)'?.]  An  aquat- 
ic animal,  described  in  tlie  book  of  Job, 
cb.  xli,  and  ntentioned  in  otber  passages 
of  Scripture.  In  Isaiali,  it  is  called 
the  crooked  serpent.  It  is  not  agreed 
what  animal  is  intended  by  the  writers, 
whether  the  crocodile,  the  whale,  or  a 
species  of  serpent. 
2.  The  whale,  or  a  great  whale.  Milton 

LEVIGATE,  V.  t.  [L.  Iwvigo,  from  iavis, 
smooth,  Gr.  ^.tioj.] 

1.  In  pharmacy  and  chimistry,  to  rub  or  grind 
to  a  fine  impalpable  powder ;  to  make 
fine,  soft  and  smooth. 

2.  To  plane  ;  to  polish.  Bairoiv. 

LEV'IGATE,  a.  Made  smooth. 

LEVIGATED,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  fine  im 
palpable  powder. 

LEVIGATING,  ppr.  Rendering  very  fine, 
soft  and  smooth,  by  grinding  or  rubbing. 

LEVIGA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  grinding  or  rubbing  a  solid  substance 
to  a  fine  impalpable  powder.  Encyc. 

LEVITA'TION,  n.  [L.  kvis,  levitas.]  Light 
ness  ;  buoyancy;  act  of  making  light. 

LE'VITE,  n.  [from  Z.eiii,  one  of  the  sons  of 
Jacob.] 

One  of  the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  de- 
scendant of  Levi;  more  particularly,  an 
officer  in  the  Jewish  church,  who  was 
employed  in  manual  service,  as  in  bring 
ing  wood  and  other  necessaries  for  the 
sacrifices.  The  Levites  also  sung  and 
played  on  instruments  of  music.  They 
were  subordinate  to  tlie  priests,  the  de 
scendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also  of  the 
family  of  Levi.  Ena/c. 

LEVIT'ICAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Levites, 
or  descendants  of  Levi ;  as  the  tevitical 
law,  the  law  given  by  3Ioses,  which  pre 
scribed  the  duties  and  rights  of  the  priests 
and  Levites,  and  regulated  the  civil  and 
religious  concerns  of  the  Jews. 

2.  Priestly.  Milton. 

LEVlT'IeALLY,  adv.  After  the  manner 
of  the  Levites. 

LEVIT'ICUS,  n.  [from  Levi,  Levite.]  A 
canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testament, 
containing  the  laws  and  regulations  which 
relate  to  the  priests  and  Levites  among 
the  Jews,  or  the  body  of  the  ceremonial 
law. 

LEV'ITY,  n.  [L.  levitas,  from  levis,  light ; 
connected  perhaps  with  Eng.  K/7.] 

1.  Lightness;  the  want  of  weight  in  a  body, 
compared  with  another  that  is  heavier. 
The  ascent  of  a  balloon  in  the  air  is  owing 
to  its  levity,  as  the  gas  that  fills  it  is  light- 
er than  conniion  air. 

2.  Lightness  of  temper  or  conduct ;  incon- 
stancy ;  changeableness  ;  unsteadiness  ; 
as  the /ci'i7^  of  youth.  Hooker. 

3.  Want  of  due  consideration  ;  vanity  ;  freak. 
He  never  employed  his  omnipotence  out 
o{ levity  or  ostentation. 

4.  Gayety  of  mind  ;  want  of  seriousness  ; 
disposition  to  trifle.  Tlie  spirit  of  religion 
and  seriousness  was  succeeded  by  levity. 

LEVY,  V.  1.  [Vr.lever  ;  It.  levare ;  Sp.  levar  ; 

l^.levo;  Eng.  to  lift.] 
1.  To  raise  ;  to  collect.     To  levy  troops,  is  to 

enlist  or  to  order  men  into  public  service. 

To  levy  au  army,   is  to  collect  troops  and 


form  an  army  by  enrollment,  conscription 
or  other  means. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  collect  by  assessment ;  as, 
to  levy  taxes,  toll,  tribute,  or  contributions.' 

To  levy  war,  is  to  raise  or  begin  war  ;  to  take 
arms  for  attack  ;  to  attack.         Blackstone.' 

To  levy  a  fine,  to  commence  and  carry  on  a 
suit  for  assuring  the  title  to  lands  or  tene-] 
ments.  Blackstone.\ 

LEV'Y,  n.  The  act  of  collecting  men  for 
military,  or  other  public  service,  as  by  en- 
listment, enrollment  or  other  means.  1 
Kings  ix. 

2.  Troops  collected  ;  an  army  raised.  1 
Kings  V. 

3.  The  act  of  collecting  money  for  public 
use  by  tax  or  other  imposition. 

War  raised.     [JVo(  in  M«e.]  Shak. 

LEW,  a.  [D.  laauw.]  Tepid  ;  lukewarm  ; 
pale ;  wan.     Ohs. 

LEWD,  a.  [W.  llodig,  having  a  craving ; 
llodi,  to  reach  out,  to  crave  ;  llodineb,  lewd- 
ness ;  llawd,  that  shoots  out  or  is  growing, 
a  lad;  G.  luder,  lewdness;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Sam.  nV  to   beget,   to  bring   forth ;  Ar. 

J.Ij,  Eth.  ®Aje  id.] 

1.  Given  to  the  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ; 
addicted  to  fornication   or  adultery ;  dis 
solute  ;  lustful ;  libidinous.     Ezek.  xxiii. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust ;  as  lewd 
actions. 

3.  Wicked  ;  vile  ;  profligate  ;  hcentious. 
Acts  xvii. 

LEWD,  a.  [Sax.  la:wed,  leiud.  This  seems 
to  be  a  contracted  word,  and  either  from 
the  root  of  laical,  lay,  or  from  the  Sax. 
lead,  G.  leute,  people,  which  seems  to  be 
from  the  same  root  as  the  foregoing  word, 
like  L.  §•£/!«,  from  g'cno.]  Lay;  laical  ;not 
clerical.     Obs.  Davies. 

LEWD'LY,  adv.  With  the  unlawful  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  lustfully. 

2.  AVickedly  ;  wantonly. 

LEWD'NESS,  n.  The  unlawful  indulgence 
of  lust ;  fornication,  or  adultery. 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  generally  denotes  idola- 
try. 

3.  Licentiousness  ;  shamelessness.     Spenser. 

LEWD'STER,  n.  One  given  to  the  crimi- 
nal indulgence  of  lust ;  a  lecher.  [Mot 
used.]  Shak 

LEXI€OG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  Lexicogra- 
phy.] The  author  of  a  lexicon  or  diction- 
ary. 

LEXleOGRAPH  I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
writing  or  compilation  of  a  dictionary. 

Bosivell 

LEXICOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xf|i;eo.,  a  dic- 
tionary, and  vpatij,  to  write.] 

1.  The  act  of  writing  a  lexicon  or  dictiona- 
ry, or  the  art  of  composing  dictionaries. 

2.  The  composition  or  corai)ilation  of  a  dic- 
tionary. 

LEXICOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  Xt^ixop,  a  diction- 
ary, and  y-oyof,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  words;  that  branch  of  learn- 
ing which  treats  of  the  proper  significa- 
tion and  just  application  of  words. 

Med.  Repos 

LEX'ICON,  n.  [Gr.  Xtlixor,  a  dictionary, 
from  >.f|i5,  %iyu,  to  speak.] 

A  dictionary ;  a  vocabulary  or  book  con 
taining  an  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the 


words  in  a  language,  with  the  definition  of 
each,  or  an  explanation  of  its  meaning. 

LEX'ICONIST,  n.  A  writer  of  a  lexicon. 
[Little  used.]  Orient.  Col. 

LEX'IGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xtlts,  a  word,  and 
ypo4)o,  to  write.]  The  art  or  practice  of 
defining  words.  Med.  Repos. 

LEY,  a  different  orthography  of  lay  and  lea, 
a  meadow  or  field. 

LHER'ZOLITE,  n.  [from  Lherz,  in  the 
Pyrenees.] 

A  mineral,  a  variety  of  pyroxene.  When 
crystalized,  its  crystals  are  brilliant,  trans- 
lucid,  very  small,  and  of  an  emerald  green. 

Diet. 

LI'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  tier,  to  bind,  L.  ligo ; 
Norm,  lige,  a  bond.     See  Liege.] 

1.  Bound;  obliged  in  law  or  equity;  res- 
ponsible ;  answerable.  The  surety  is  li- 
able for  the  debt  of  his  principal.  The 
parent  is  not  liable  for  debts  contracted  by 
a  son  who  is  a  minor,  except  for  necessa- 
ries. 

This  use  oC liable  is  now  common  among 
lawyers.  The  phrase  is  abridged.  The 
surety  is  liable,  that  is,  bound  to  pay  the 
debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Subject;  obnoxious;  exposed. 

Proudly  secure,  yet  liable  to  fall.  MUton. 
Liable,  in  this  sense,  is  always  applied 
to  evils.  We  never  say,  a  man  is  liaile  to 
happiness  or  prosperity,  but  he  is  liable  to 
disease,  calamities,  censure  ;  he  is  liable  to 
err,  to  sin,  to  fall. 

LI'ABLENESS,  ^       The    state    of  being 

LIABILITY,  S  "■  "Jound  or  obliged  in 
law  or  justice  ;  responsibihty.  The  offi- 
cer wishes  to  discharge  himself  from  his 
liability. 

2.  Exposedness ;  tendency  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing subject ;  as  the  liableness  of  a  man  to 
contract  disease  in  an  infected  room;  a 
liability  to  accidents. 

LIA'R,  »i.  [from  lie.]  A  person  who  know- 
ingly utters  falsehood  ;  one  who  declares 
to  another  as  a  fact  what  he  knows  to  be 
not  true,  and  with  an  intention  to  deceive 
him.  The  uttering  of  falsehood  by  mis- 
take, and  without  an  intention  to  deceive, 
does  not  constitute  one  a  liar. 

2.  One  who  denies  Christ.     1  John  ii. 

LI'ARD,  a.  Gray.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

LI'AS,  n.  A  species  of  limestone,  occurring 
in  flat,  horizontal  strata,  and  supposed  to 
be  of  recent  formation.  Encyc. 

LIB,  I',  t.  [D.  lubben.]  To  castrate.  [jYot'in 
use.]  Chapman. 

LIBATION,  n.  [L.  libatio,  from  libo,  to 
pour  out,  to  taste.] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  a  liquor,  usually  wine, 
either  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  victim  in 
sacrifice,  in  honor  of  some  deity.  The 
Hebrews,  Greeks  and  Romans  practiced 
libation.  This  was  a  solenm  act  and  ac- 
companied with  prayer.  Encyc. 

2.  The  wine  or  other  liquor  poured  out  in 
honorof  a  deity.         Siillingfieet.     Dryden. 

LIBBARD,  an  obsolete  spelling  of  leopard. 

Speiiser.     Milton. 

LIB'BARD'S-BANE,  n.  A  poisonous  plant. 

B.  Jonson. 
LI'BEL,  )!.  [L.  libellus,  a  little  book,  from 
liber,  a  book,  from  the  sense  of  bark,  and 
this  from  stripping,  separating.  Hence 
liber,  a  book,  and  liber,  free,  are  the  same 
word.    CiassLb.No.  24.  27.  30.31.] 


L  1  B 


L  1  B 


L  I  B 


1.  A  defamatory  %vriling,  L.  iibellusfamosus. 
Hence,  the  epithet  being  omitted,  libel  ex- 
presses the  same  tiling.  Any  book,  pamph- 
let, writing  or  picture,  containing  repre- 
sentations, maliciously  made  or  published, 
tending  to  bring  a  person  into  contempt, 
or  expose  him  to  public  hatred  and  deris- 
ion. The  communication  of  such  defam 
atory  writing  to  a  single  person,  is  consid 
ered  in  law  a  pubUcation.  It  is  immate- 
rial with  respect  to  the  essence  of  a  libel, 
whether  the  matter  of  it  is  true  or  false, 
since  the  provocation  and  not  the  falsity  is 
the  thing  to  be  punished  criminatty.  But 
in  a  civil  action,  a  libel  must  appear  to  be 
false,  as  well  as  scandalous.     ,  Blaeksione. 

In  a  more  extensive  sense,  any  blasphe- 
mous, treasonable  or  immoral  writing  or 
picture  made  public,  is  a  libel,  and  punish- 
able by  law. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  and  in  courts  of  admiralli/, 
a  declaration  or  charge  in  writing  exhiliit- 
ed  in  court,  particularly  against  a  ship  or 
goods,  for  violating  the  laws  of  trade  or  of 
revenue. 

LI'BEL,  V.  t.  To  defame  or  expose  to  pub 
lie  hatred  and  contempt  by  a  writing  or 
picture;  to  lampoon. 

Some  wicked  wits  have  libeled  all  the  fair. 

Pope. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  charge  against  any  thing  in 
court,  particularly  against  a  ship  or  goods, 
for  a  violation  of  the  laws  of  trade  or  rev 
enue. 

LI'BEL,  V.  i.  To  spread  defamation,  writ- 
ten or  i)rinted  ;  with  against.  He  libels 
against  the  peers  of  the  realm.  [jYot  now 
in  «se.] 

LI'BELANT,  n.  One  who  libels  ;  one  who 
brings  a  libel  or  institutes  a  suit  in  an  ad 
miralty  court. 

The  counsel  for  tho  libelant,  contended  they 
had  a  right  to  read  the  instructions — 

Ciatich,  Rep. 

LI'BELED,  pp.  Defamed  by  a  writing  or 
picture  made  public. 

2.  Charged  or  declared  against  in  an  admi- 
ralty court. 

LI'BELER,  )i.  One  who  libels  or  defames 
by  writing  or  pictures;  a  lampooner. 

It  is  ignorance  of  ourselves  which  makes  us 
the  libelers  of  others.  Buckminster 

LI'BELING,  ppr.  Defaming  by  a  publish- 
ed writing  or  picture. 

2.  Exhibiting  charges  against  in  court. 

LI'BELOUS,  a.  Defamatory ;  containing 
that  which  exposes  a  person  to  public  ha- 
tred, contempt  and  ridicule  ;  as  a  libelous 
pamphlet  or  jjicturc. 

LIB'ERAL,  o.  [Fr.  from  L.  liberalis,  from 
liber,  free.     See  Libel.] 

1 .  Of  a  free  heart ;  free  to  give  or  bestow  ; 
not  close  or  contracted  ;  munificent  ; 
bountiful ;  generous  ;  giving  largely  ;  as 
a  liberal  donor  ;  the  liberal  founders  of  a 
college  or  hospital.  It  expresses  less  than 
profuse  or  extravagant. 

2.  Generous ;  ample  ;  large  ;  as  a  liberal  do- 
nation ;  a  liberal  allowance. 

3.  Not  selfish,  narrow  or  contracted;  catho- 
lic ;  enlarged  ;  embracing  other  interests 
than  one's  own  ;  as  liberal  sentiments  or 
views  ;  a  liberal  mind  ;  liberal  policy. 

4.  General  ;  extensive  ;  embracing  litera- 
ture and  the  sciences  generally  ;  as  a  libe 
red  education.    This  phrase  is  often  but 


not  necessarily  synonymous  with  collegi- 
ate ;  as  a  collegiate  education. 

5.  Free  ;  open ;  candid  ;  as  a  liberal  commu- 
nication of  thoughts. 

G.  Large  ;  profuse  ;  as  a  liberal  discharge  of 
matter  by  secretions  or  excretions. 

7.  Free ;  not  literal  or  strict ;  as  a  liberal 
construction  of  law. 

8.  Not  mean  ;  not  low  in  birth  or  mind. 

9.  Licentious  ;  free  to  excess.  Shak. 
Liberal  arts,  as  distinguished  from  mechanical 

arts,  are  such  as  depend  more  on  the  ex 
ertion  of  the  mind  than  on  the  labor  of 
the  hands,  and  regard  amusement,  curios- 
ity or  intellectual  improvement,  rather 
than  the  necessity  of  subsistence,  or  man- 
ual skill.  Such  are  grammar,  rhetoric, 
painting,  sculpture,  architecture,  music, 
&c. 

Liberal  has  o/"  before  the  thing  bestowed,  and 
to  before  the  person  or  object  on  which 
any  thing  is  bestowed  ;  as,  to  be  liberal  of 
praise  or  censure  ;  liberal  to  the  poor. 

LIBERAL'ITY,  n.  [L.  liberalitas ;  Fr.  libe- 
rality.    See  Liberal.] 
Munificence ;  bounty. 
That  liberality  is  but  cast  away, 
Which  makes  us  borrow  what  we  cannot  pay. 

Denham. 

2.  A  particular  act  of  generosity  ;  a  dona- 
tion ;  a  gratiiit}'.  In  this  sense,  it  has  the 
plural  number.  A  prudent  man  is  not  im- 
poverished by  his  liberalities. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  Catholicism  ;  that 
comprehensiveness  of  mind  which  in 
eludes  other  interests  beside  its  own,  and 
duly  estimates  in  its  decisions  the  value  or 
importance  of  each.  It  is  evidence  of  a 
noble  mind  to  judge  of  men  and  things 
with  liberality. 

Many  treat  the  gospel  with  indifference  under 
the  name  o(  libcralily.  J.  M.  Mason. 

4.  Candor ;  impartiality. 
LIBERALIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  liberal  or 

catholic  ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  free  from  narrow 

views  or  prejudices;  as,  to   liberalize  the 

mind.  Burke,     ff'alsh. 

LIB'ERALiZED,  pp.  Freed  from  narrow 

views  and  prejudices;  made  liberal. 
LIB'ERALIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  liberal ; 

divesting  of  narrow  views  and  prejudices. 
LIB'ERALLY,    adv.    Bountifully;    freely; 

largely ;  with  munificence. 

If  any  of  you  lack   wisdom,  let  him  ask  of 

God,  who  giveth  to  all  men  liberally,  and  up 

braideth  not.    James  i. 

With  generous   and  impartial  regard  to 
other   interests  than    our  own ;  with  en 
larged    views  ;     without     selfishness     or 
meanness ;  as,  to  think  or  judge   liberally 
of  men  and  their  actions. 

3.  Freely ;  not  strictly  ;  not  literally. 

LIB'ERATE,  v.  t.[L.libero,  from  liber,  free  ; 
Fr.  liberer  ;  It.  liberare.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  release  from  restraint  or 
bondage  ;  to  set  at  liberty  ;  as,  to  liberate 
one  from  duress  or  imprisonment;  to  lib- 
erate the  mind  from  the  shackles  of  preju- 
dice. 

2.  To  manumit ;  as,  to  liberate  a  slave. 
LIBERATED,  pp.   Freed;   released  from 

confinement,  restraint  or  slavery;  manu- 
mitted. 
LIBERATING,  ppr.   Delivering  from  re- 
straint or  slavery. 


LIBERATION,  n.  [L.  liberatio.]  The  act  of 
delivering  from  restraint,  confinement  or 
slavery. 

LIB'ERATOR,  n.  One  who  liberates  or  de- 
livers. 

LIBERTA'RIAN,  a.  [L.  liber,  free  ;  libertas, 
liberty.] 

Pertaining  to  liberty,  or  to  the  doctrine  of 
free  will,  as  opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  ne- 
cessity. 

Remove  from  their  mind  libertariari  preju- 
dice. Eneyc. 

LIB'ERTINAtiE,  n.  Libertinism,  which  is 
most  used. 

LIB'ERTINE,  n.  [L.  Ubertinus,  from  liber, 
free.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  freedman  ;  a  per- 
son manumitted  or  set  free  from  legal  ser- 
vitude. 

2.  One  unconfined ;  one  free  from  restraint. 

Shak. 

3.  A  man  who  lives  without  re.straint  of  the 
animal  passion  ;  one  who  indulges  his  lust 
without  restraint ;  one  who  leads  a  disso- 
lute, licentious  life  ;  a  rake  ;  a  debauchee. 

LIB'ERTINE,  a.  Licentious;  dissolute;  not 
under  the  restraiut  of  law  or  religion  ;  as 
libertine  principles;  a  libertine  life. 

LIB'ERTINISM,  n.  State  of  a  freedman. 
[Little  used.]  Hammond. 

2.  Licentiousness  of  opinion  and  practice; 
an  unrestrained  indulgence  of  lust ;  de- 
bauchery ;  lewdness.  Jltterbury. 

LIBERTY,  n.  [L.  libertas,  from  liber,  tree; 
Vr.liberU;  It.  libertii  ;  Sp. /i6cr(a(/.  Class 
Lb.  No.  24.  27.  30.  31.] 

1.  Freedom  from  restraint,  in  a  general 
sense,  and  a])plicablo  to  the  body,  or  to  the 
will  or  mind.  The  body  is  at  liberty,  when 
not  confined  ;  the  will  or  mind  is  at  liberty, 
when  not  checked  or  controlled.  A  man 
enjoys  liberty,  when  no  physical  force  op- 
erates to  restrain  his  actions  or  volitions. 

2.  J^atural  liberty,  consists  in  the  power  of 
acting  as  one  thinks  fit,  without  any  re- 
straint or  control,  except  from  the  laws  of 
nature.  It  is  a  state  of  exemption  from 
tlie  control  of  others,  and  fron)  positive 
laws  and  the  institutions  of  social  life.  This 
liberty  is  abridged  by  the  establishment  of 
government. 

3.  Civil  liberty,  is  the  liberty  of  men  in  a 
state  of  society,  or  natural  liberty,  so  far 
oidy  abridged  and  restrained,  as  is  neces- 
sary and  expedient  for  the  safety  and  in- 
terest of  the  society,  state  or  nation.  A 
restraint  of  natural  liberty,  not  necessary 
or  expedient  for  the  public,  is  tyranny  or 
oppression.  Civil  liberty  is  an  exemption 
from  the  arbitrary  will  of  others,  which 
exemption  is  secured  by  established  laws, 
which  restrain  every  man  from  injuring 
or  controlling  another.  Hence  the  re- 
straints of  law  are  essential  to  civil  liberty. 

The  liberty  of  one  depends  not  so  mucli  on 
the  removal  of  all  restraint  from  him,  as  on  the 
due  restraint  upon  the  liberty  of  others. 

.Imes. 
In  this  sentence,  the  latter  word  liberty 
denotes  natural  liberty. 

4.  Political  liberty,  is  sometimes  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  ci['i7  liberty.  But  it  more 
properly  designates  the  liberty  of  a  nation, 
the  freedom  of  a  nation  or  state  from  all 
unjust  abridgment  of  its  rights  and  inde- 
pendence by  another  nation.     Hence  we 


LIB 


Lie 


Lie 


often  speak  of  the  political  liberties  of  Eu- 
rope, or  the  nations  of  Europe. 

5.  Religious  liberty,  is  the  free  right  of  adopt- 
ing and  enjoying  opinions  on  rehgious  sub- 
jects, and  of  worshiping  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience, 
without  external  controh 

(j.  Libert)/,  in  metaphysics,  as  opposed  to  Jie- 
cessily,  is  the  power  of  an  agent  to  do  or 
forbear  any  particular  action,  according 
to  the  determination  or  thought  of  the 
mind,  by  which  eitlier  is  preferred  to  the 
other.  Locke. 

Freedom  of  the  will ;  exemption  from 
compulsion  or  restraint  in  willing  or  voli 
tion. 

7.  Privilege:  exemption  ;  immunity  enjoyed 
by  prescription  or  by  grant ;  with  a  plu- 
ral. Thus  we  speak  of  tlje  liberties  of  the 
conmierciul  cities  of  Europe. 

8.  Leave  ;  permission  granted.  The  wit- 
ness obtained  liberty  to  leave  the  court. 

0.  A  space  in  which  one  is  permitted  to  pass 
without  restraint,  and  beyond  which  he 
may  not  lawfully  pass  ;  with  a  plural ;  as 
the  liberties  of  a  prison. 

10.  Freedom  of  action  or  speech  beyond  the 
ordinary  bounds  of  civility  or  decorum. 
Females  should  rejjel  all  improper  liber- 
ties. 

To  take  the  liberty  to  do  or  say  any  tiling,  to 
use  freedom  not  specially  granted. 

To  set  at  liberty,  to  deliver  from  confine- 
ment ;  to  release  from  restraint. 

To  be  at  liberty,  to  be  free  from  restraint. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  is  freedom  from  any 
restriction  on  the  power  to  publish  books 
the  free  power  of  publishing  what  one 
pleases,  subject  only  to  punishment  for 
abusing  the  privilege,  or  publishing  what 
is  mischievous  to  the  public  or  injurious  to 
individuals.  Blackslone. 

IJB'IDINIST,  n.  One  given  to  lewdness. 

Junius. 

LIBID'INOUS,  a.  [L.  libidinosus,  from  lib- 
ido, lubido,  lust,  from  libeo,  libel,  lubet,  to 
plea.se,  it  pleaseth  ;  G.  Hebe,  love  ;  lieben,  to 
love ;  Eng.  love,  which  see.  The  root  is 
lib  or  lub.] 

Lustful ;  lewd  ;  having  an  eager  appetite  for 
venereal  pleasure.  Bentley. 

LIBID'INOUSLY,  a.  Lustfully  ;  with  lewd 
desire. 

LIBID'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  lustful ;  inordinate  appetite  for 
venereal  pleasure. 

LI'BRA,  n.  [L.]  The  balance  ;  the  seventh 
sign  in  tlie  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  autumnal  equinox,  in  September. 

LIBRA'RIAN,  7i.  [L./i5mn»«,with  a  differ- 
ent signification,  from/i6er,  bark,  a  book.] 

1.  The  keeper  or  one  who  has  the  care  of  a 
library  or  collection  of  books. 

2.  One  who  transcribes  or  copies  books. 
[JVot  noiv  used.]  Broome. 

LI'BRARY,  n.  [L.  librarium,  libraria,  from 
liber,  a  book.] 

1.  A  collection  of  books  belonging  to  a  pri- 
vate person,  or  to  a  pubhc  institution  or 
a  company. 

2.  An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  Tiolding  a 
collection  of  books. 

LI'BRATE,  r.  i.  [L.  libra,  from  libra,  a  bal- 
ance, a  level  ;  allied  iierhaps  to  Eng. 
hvel.\ 


To  poise;  to  balance;  to  hold  in  equipoise. 
LI'BRATE,  V.  i.  To  move,  as  a  balance ;  to 

be  poised. 

Their  parts  all  librate  on  too  nice  a  beam. 

Cli/ton. 
LIBRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  balancing  or 

state  of  being  balanced  ;  a  state  of  equi 

poise,  with  equal  weights  on  both  sides  of  I 

a  center. 
3.  In  astronomy,  an  apparent  irregularity  of 

the  moon's  motions,  by  vA'hich  it  seems  to 

librate  about  its  axis.  ilncyc. 

Libratioii  is  the  balancing  motion  or  trepida- 
tion in  the  firmament,  whereby  the  declination 

oi'  the  sun  and  the  latitii<le  o!"  the  stars  change 

from  time  to  time.  Diet.  Trei'. 

3.  A  balancing  or    equipoise   between   e.\- 

tremes.  Darwin. 

Ll'BRATORY,  a.   Balancing ;  moving  hke 

a  balance,  as  it  tends  to  an  ccpiipoise  or 

level. 
LICE,  plu.  of  louse. 
LICE-BANE,  71.  A  plant. 
LI'CENSE,   n.    [Fr.  from   L.  licentia,  from 

liceo,  to  be  permitted,  Ir.  leighim,  ligim,  to 

allow  or  permit.] 

1.  Leave;  permission  ;  authority  or  liberty 
given  to  do  or  forbear  any  act.  A  license 
may  be  verbal  or  written  ;  when  ivritten, 
the  paper  containing  the  authority  is  call 
ed  a  license.  A  man  is  not  permitted  to 
retail  spirituous  liquors  till  he  has  obtain 
ed  a  license. 

2.  Excess   of  liberty ;  exorbitant   freedom 
freedom  abused,  or  used  in  contempt  of 
law  or  decorum. 

License  tliey  mean,  when  they  cry  liberty. 

Miiton 

LI'CENSE,  V.  t.  To  permit  by  grant  of  au- 
thority ;  to  remove  legal  restraint  by  a 
grant  of  permission ;  as,  to  license  a  man 
to  keep  an  inn. 

2.  To  authorize  to  act  in  a  particular  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  license  a  physician  or  a  law- 
yer. 

3.  To  dismiss.     [A'ot  in  use.]  fl'olton. 

LI'CENSER,  n.  One  who  grants  permiss- 
ion ;  a  person  authorized  to  grant  per- 
mission to  others ;  as  a  licenser  of  the 
press. 

LICEN'TIATE,  n.  [from  L.  licentia.]  One 
who  has  a  license  ;  as  a  licentiate  in  physic 
or  jnedicine. 

In  Spain,  one  who  has  a  degree ;  as  a  li- 
centiate in  law  ordivinitj'.  The  officers  of 
justice  are  mostly  distinguished  by  this  ti- 
tle. Encyc. 

LICEN'TIATE,  r.  t.  To  give  license  or 
permission.  VEstrange. 

LICEN'TIOUS,  a.   [L.  liwntiosus.]    Using 
license  ;  indulging  freedom  to  excess;  un 
restrained  by  law  or  morality ;  loose  ;  dis- 
solute ;  as  a  licentious  man. 

2.  Exceeding  the  limits  of  law  or  propriety; 
wanton ;  unrestrained ;  as  licentious  de- 
sires. Licentious  thoughts  precede  licen- 
tious conduct. 

LICEN'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  excess  of]; 
hberty  ;  in  contempt  of  law  and  morality. 

LICEN'TIOUSNESS,  n.  Excessive  indul- 
gence of  liberty  ;  contempt  ofthe  just  re- 
straints of  law,  morality  and  decorum. 
The  lirentiousntss  of  authors  is  justly  con- 
dctnned  ;  the  licenfiousjiess  of  the  press  is 
punishable  by  law. 


Law  is  die  god  of  wise  men ;  licentioustiess 
IS  the  god  ol  fools.  Plato. 

LICH,  a.  [Sas.lic.  See  Like.]  Like;  even; 
equal.     Obs.  Gower. 

LICH,  71.  [Sax.  lie  or  lice,  a.  body,  the 
flesh,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  lichama,  a 
living  body;  hence  lichwake,  watching 
with  the  dead  ;  Lichfield,  the  field  of  dead 
bodies ;  Goth,  leik,  the  flesh,  a  body ;  lei- 
kan,  to  please.  Sax.  licean  ;  Goth,  leiks, 
like  ;  G.  gleich,  D.  lyk  ami  gelyk,  like  ;  G. 
leiche,  a  dead  body,  D.lyk;  Heb.  pSn  cha- 

lak,    smooth  ;  Ar."^  ^'Xs.     chalaka,   to 

shave,  to  make  smooth  ;     iJiX- 


galaka: 
to  measure,  to  form,  to  create,  to  make 
smooth  and  equable,  to  be  beautiful ;  de- 
rivatives, creature,  man,  people.  We  see 
the  radical  sense  is  smooth,  or  rather  to 
make  even,  equal,  smooth  ;  hence  like, 
likeness,  and  a  body.  We  have  here  an 
instance  of  the  radical  sense  of  man  and 
body,  almost  exactly  analogous  to  that  of 
Adam,  from  riDT  to  make  equal,  to  be  like.] 

Ll€H'EN,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  y.iixv:]  In  bota- 
ny, the  name  lor  an  extensive  division  of 
cryptogamian  plants,  constituting  a  genus 
in  the  order  of  Algaj,  in  the  Linuean  sys- 
tem, but  now  forming  a  distinct  natural 
order.  They  ajipear  in  the  form  of  thin 
flat  crusts,  covering  rocks  and  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  in  foliaceous  expansions,  or 
branched  like  a  shrub  in  miniature,  or 
sometimes  only  as  a  gelatinous  mass,  or  a 
powdery  substance.  They  are  called  rock 
moss  and  tree  moss,  and  some  of  the  liv- 
erworts are  of  this  order.  They  also  in- 
clude the  Iceland  moss  and  the  reindeer 
moss  ;  but  they  are  entirely  distinct  from 
the  true  mosses  (Musci.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  In  surgei-y,  a  species  of  impetigo,  appear- 
ing in  the  form  of  a  red,  dry,  rough,  and 
somewhat  prurient  spot,  that  gives  oflT 
small  furfuraceous  scales.  Hooper 

LI€IIENOGRAPH'l€,        >         Pertaining 

LlellENOGRAPH'IeAL,  I  "■  to  licheu- 
ographv. 

LICIIENOG'RAPHIST,  n.  One  who  de- 
scribes the  lichens. 

Ll€HENOG'RAPHY,  n.  [lichen  and  ypat«, 
to  write.] 

A  description  of  the  vegetables  called  li- 
chens ;  the  science  which  illustrates  the 
natural  history  ofthe  lichens.       .icharius 

LICIT,  a.  [L.  licitus.]  Lawful. 

LIC'ITLY,  adv.  Lawfully. 

LIC'ITNESS,  n.  Lawfulness. 

LICK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  liccian  ;  Goth,  laigwan  ;  G. 
lecken,  schlecken  ;  D.  likken ;  Dan.  likker, 
slikker ;  Sw.  slekia,  slikia  ;  Fr.  lecher ;  It! 
leccare;  Ir.  leagaim,  lighim;  Russ.  lokayu, 
liju ;  L.  lingo  ;  Gr.  7.nxu.  Class  Lg.  No. 
12.  18.     See  Like  and  Sleek.] 

1.  To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  sur- 
face ;  as,  a  dog  licks  a  wound.         Temple. 

2.  To  lap ;  to  take  in  by  the  tongue ;  as,  a 
log  or  cat  licks  milk.  1  Kings  xxi. 

To  lick  up,  to  devour  ;  to  consume  entirely. 
Now  sliall  this  company  lick  up  all  tliat  are 
round  about  us,  as  an  o,\  lickelh  up  the  grass  of 
tlie  field.  Numb.  xxii. 

To  lick  tlie  dust,  to  be  slain ;  to  perish  in  bat- 
tle. 

His  enemies  shall  lick  Hie  dttst.  Ps.  iKxii, 


L  I  D 


LIE 


LIE 


LICK,  n.  In  America,  a  place  where  beasts 
of  the  forest  hck  for  sah,  at  salt  springs. 

LICK,  J(.  [W.  Hag,  a  lick,  a  slap,  a  ray,  a 
blade ;  llapiaio,  to  lick,  to  shoot  out,  to 
throw  or  lay  about,  to  cudgel.  Qu.  the 
root  oi  flog  and  slay,  to  strike.    See  Ar. 

^J  lakka,  to  strike.     Class  Lg.  No.  14.] 

1.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke.   [A'bi  an  elegant  ivord.] 

2.  A  wash ;  something  rubbed  on.  [M}i  in 
tise.] 

LICK,  V.  I.  To  strike  repeatedly  for  punish 
ment ;  to   flog ;    to  chastise   with   blows. 
[Not  an  elegant  word ;  butprobably/og,  L 
jligo,  is  from  the  root  of  this  word.] 

LICK'ER,  n.  One  that  licks. 

LICK'ERISH,  a.  [D.  Dan.  IMter,  G.  kcktr, 
Sw.  Ihcker,  nice,  dainty,  delicate.  This 
seems  to  be  connected  with  D.  lekken,  G 
kcken,  Dan.  kkker,  Sw.  llicka,  to  leak,  for 
in  D.  the  verb  signifies  also  to  make  sleek 
or  smooth,  and  in  G.  to  lick,  which  unites 
the  word  with  lick,  and  perhaps  with  like 
In  Sax.  liccera  is  a  glutton,  and  this  is  the 
It.  lecco,  a  glutton,  a  lecher  ;  leccardo, 
greedy  ;  leccare,  to  lick.  The  Arm.  has 
lickez,  lickerish.  The  phrase,  the  mouth 
waters  for  a  thing,  may  throw  light  on  this 
word,  and  if  the  first  syllable  of  delight,  de- 
licious and  delicate,  is  a  prefix,  these  are  of 
the  same  family,  as  may  be  the  Gr.y7.vxv5, 
sweet.  The  senses  of  watery,  smooth,  sweet, 
are  allied  ;  likeness  is  often  connected  with 
smoothness,  in  radical  sense,  and  sleek  is 
probably  from  the  root  of  lick,  like.] 

1.  Nice  in  the  choice  of  food;  dainty;  as  a 
lickerish  palate.  UEstrange. 

2.  Eager  ;  greedy  to  swallow ;  eager  to  taste 
or  enjoy ;  having  a  keen  relish. 

Sidney.     Dry  den.     Locke. 

3.  Dainty ;  tempting  the  appetite  ;  as  licker- 
ish baits.  Milton. 

LICK'ERISHLY,  adv.  Daintily. 

LICK'ERISHNESS,  n.  Niceness  of  palate  ; 
daintiness. 

LI€'ORICE,  n.  [It.  liquirizia;  L.  glycyr- 
rhiza  ;  Gr.  yJ.vxvpp^Ja  ;  ykvxvi,  sweet,  and 
pi?a,  root.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Glycyrrhiza.  The  root 
of  this  plant  abounds  with  a  sweet  balsam- 
ic juice,  much  used  in  pectoral  composi- 
tions. Encyc. 

Ll€OROUS,  LICOROUSNESS,  for  licker- 
ish, &c.  not  used. 

LI€'T0R,  71.  [L.  Qu.  lick,  to  strike.]  An  of- 
ficer among  the  Romans,  who  bore  an  ax 
and  fasces  or  rods,  as  ensigns  of  his  ofiice. 
The  duty  of  a  hctor  was  to  attend  the  chief 
magistrates  when  they  appeared  in  public, 
to  clear  the  way  and  cause  due  respect  to 
be  paid  to  them.  A  dictator  was  attended 
by  twenty  four  lictors,  a  consul  by  twelve, 
and  a  master  of  the  horse  by  six.  It  was 
also  the  duty  of  lictors  to  apprehend  and 
punish  criminals.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

LID,  n.  [Sax.  hlid,  a  cover  ;  hlidan,  to  cov- 
er; ge-hlid,  a  roof;  D.  Dan.  lid;  L. 
daudo,  cludo;  Gr.  x%nu,  contracted  from 

xXttSou;  Ileb.  ath  or  BlS  to  cover,  Ar.  Ja': 

latta.     Class  Ld.  No.  J.  8.  K.] 
A  cover ;  that  which  shuts  the  opening  of  a 
vessel  or  box ;  as  the  lid  of  a  chest  or 

Vol.  II. 


trunk  ;  also,  the  cover  of  the  eye,  the 
membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the  eye- 
ball of  an  animal  at  pleasure,  and  which 
is  intended   for  its   protection  ;    the  eyelid. 

LIE,  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt, 
is  written  lye,  to  distinguish  it  from  lie,  a 
falsehood. 

LIE,  n.  [Sax.  lig  or  lyge  ;  Sw.  logn ;  Dan. 
logn  ;  D.  leugen  ;  G.  Ing,  liige  ;  Russ.  Icj. 
The  verb   is  probably  the  primary  word.] 

1.  A  criminal  falsehood  ;  a  falsehood  utter- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  deception;  an  inten- 
tional violation  of  truth.  Fiction,  or  a 
false  statement  or  representation,  not  in- 
tended to  deceive,  mislead  or  injure,  as  in 
fables,  parables  and  the  like,  is  not  a  he. 

It  is  willful  deceit  that  makes  a  tie.  A  man 
may  act  a  lie,  as  by  pointing  his  finger  in  a 
wrong  direction,  when  a  traveler  inquires  ot 
Iiira  his  road.  Paley. 

2.  A  fiction  ;  in  a  ludicrous  sense.       Dryden. 

3.  False  doctrine.     I  John  ii. 

An  idolatrous   picture  of  God,  or  a  false 

god.     Rom.  i. 
5.  That    which    deceives    and  disappoints 

confidence.     Micah  i. 
To  giic   the  lie,  to  charge  with   falsehood. 

A  man's  actions  may  give  the  lie  to  his 

words. 
LIE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ligan,  leogan;  Dan.  lyver 

Sw.  Hugo  ;  G.  liigen ;  D.  leugenen  ;  Russ. 

Igu.] 

1.  To  utter  falsehood  with  an  intention  to 
deceive,  or  with  an  immoral  design. 

Thou  hast  not  lied  to  men,  but  to  God. 
Acts  v. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  false  representation ;  to  say 
or  do  that  which  deceives  another,  when 
he  has  a  right  to  know  the  truth,  or  when 
morality   requires   a  just   representation 

LIE,  V.  i.  pret.  lay ;  pp.  lain,  [lien,  ohs. 
[Sax.  ligan  or  licgan ;  Goth,  ligan  ;  Sw. 
liggia ;  Dan.  ligger ;  D.  liggen  ;  G.  liegen ; 
Russ.  leju  ;  Gr.  ■Kiyo^ai.  The  Gr.  word 
usually  signifies  to  speak,  which  is  to  utter 
or  throw  out  sounds.  Hence  to  lie  down 
is  to  throw  one's  self  down,  and  probably 
lie  and  lay  are  of  one  family,  as  are  Jaa'o 
and  jaceo,  in  Latin.] 

1.  To  be  in  a  horizontal  position,  or  nearly 
so,  and  to  rest  on  any  thing  lengthwise 
and  not  on  the  end.  Thus  a  person  lies 
on  a  bed,  and  a  fallen  tree  on  the  ground 
A  cask  stands  on  its  end,  but  lies  on  its 
side. 

To  rest  in  an  inclining  posture;  to  lean; 
as,   to  lie  on  or  against  a  colunuj. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  press  on. 

4.  To  be  reposited  in  the  grave. 

All  the  kings  of  the  earth,  even  all  of  them 
lie  in  glory.     Is.  xiv. 

5.  To  rest  on  a  bed  or  couch  ;  to  be  pros- 
trate ;  as,  to  lie  sick. 

My  little  daughter  lielh  at  the  point  of  death 
Mark  v. 

G.  To  be  situated.  New  Haven  lies  in  the 
forty  second  degree  of  north  latitude. 
Ireland  lies  west  of  England. 

Envy  lies  between  beings  equal  in  nature 
though  unequal  in  circumstances.  Collier. 

7.  To   be ;   to   rest ;    to  abide ;  to   remain 
often  followed  by  some  word  denoting  a 
particular  condition  ;   as,  to  />e  waste  ;  toj 
lie  fallow  ;  to  lie  open  ;    to  lie  hid  ;   to  lie] 
pining  or  grieving ;  to  lie  under  one's  dis 


pleasure ;  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of  a  creditor, 
or  at  the  mercy  of  the  waves. 

8.  To  consist. 
He  tliat  thinks  that  diversion  may  not  lie  in 

hard  labor,  forgets  the  early  rising  of  the  hunts- 
man. Locke. 

9.  To  be  sustainable  in  law  ;  to  be  capable 
of  being  maintained.  An  action  lits 
against  the  tenant  fir  waste. 

An  appeal  lies  iu  this  case.     Ch.  J.  Parsons. 
To  lie  at,  to  teaze  or  importune.     [Little 

used.] 
To  lie  at  the  heart,  to  be  fixed  as  an  object 
of  affection  or  anxious  desire. 

The  Spaniards  have  but  one  temptalion  to 
quarrel  with  us,  the  recovering  of  Jamaica,  for 
that  has  ever  lain  at  their  hearts.  Temple. 

To  lie  by,  to  be  reposited,  or  remaining  with. 
He  has  the  manuscript  lying  by  him. 

2.  To  rest ;  to  intermit  labor.  We  lay  by 
during  the  heat  of  the  day. 

To  lie  in  the  way,  to  be  an  obstacle  or  im- 
pediment. Remove  the  objections  that 
lie  in  the  way  of  an  amicable  adjustment. 

To  lie  hard  or  heavy,  to  press  ;  to  oppress ;  to 
burden. 

To  lie  on  hand,  to  be  or  remain  in  possess- 
ion ;  to  remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of 
Great  (juantities  of  wine  lie  on  hand,  or 
have  lain  long  on  hand. 

To  lie  on  the  hands,  to  remain  unoccupied 
or  unemployed ;  to  be  tedious.  Men  are 
sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know  how  to  em- 
ploy the  time  that  lies  on  their  hands. 

To  lie  on  the  head,  to  be  imputed. 

What  he  gets  more  of  her  than  sharp  words, 
let  it  lie  on  my  head.  Shak. 

To  lie  in  tcait,  to  wait  for  in  concealment ; 
to  lie  in  ambush  ;  to  watch  for  an  oppor- 
tunity to  attack  or  seize. 

To  lie  in  one,  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  be- 
long to. 

As  much  as  lieth  in  you,  live  peaceably  with 
all  men.     Rom.  xii. 

To  lie  down,  to  lay  the  body  on  the  groimd 
or  other  level  place  ;  also,  to  go  to  rest. 

To  lie  in,  to  be  in  childbed  ;  to  bring  forth 
young. 

To  lie  under,  to  be  subject  to ;  to  suffer  ;  to 
be  oppressed  by. 

To  lie  on  or  upon,  to  be  a  n)aiter  of  obliga- 
tion or  duty.  It  lies  on  the  plaintiff  to 
maintain  his  action. 

To  lie  with,  to  lodge  or  sleep  with;  also,  to 
have  carnal  knowledge  of. 

2.  To  belong  to.  It  lies  tvith  you  to  make 
amends. 

To  lie  over,  to  remain  unpaid,  after  the  time 
when  payment  is  due;  as  a  note  in  bank. 

To  lie  to,  to  be  stationary,  as  a  ship. 

LIEF,  a.  [Sax.  leof,  loved,  D.  lief,  G.  lieb. 
See  Love.]     Dear ;  beloved.     Obs. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

LIEF,  adv.  [supra.  This  word  coincides 
with  love,  L.  lubet,  libel,  and  the  primary 
sense  is  to  be  free,  prompt,  ready.] 

Gladly  ;  wilhngly  ;  freely  ;  used  in  famil- 
iar speech,  in  the  phrase,  I  had  as  lief  go 
as  not.  It  has  been  supposed  that  had  in 
this  phrase  is  a  corruption  of  would.  At 
any  rate  it  is  anomalous. 

LIEuE,  a.  [It.  ligio;  Fr.  lige  ;  from  L.  ligo, 
to  bind  ;  Gr.  Xvyca,  to  bind,  to  bend  ;  Xvyoj, 
a  withe.] 

Bound  by  a  feudal  tenure ;  obliged  to  be 
faithful  and  loyal  to  a  superior,  as  a  vas- 


L  I  F 


L  I  F 


L  I  F" 


sal  to  liis  lord  ;  subject ;  faithful ;  as  a 
liege  man.  By  liege  homage,  a  vassal  was 
bound  to  serve  his  lord  against  all,  with- 
out excepting  his  sovereign  ;  or  against 
all,  excepting  a  former  lord  to  whom  he 
owed  like  service.  Encyc. 

2.  Sovereign  ;  as  a  liege  lord.  [See  the 
Noun.] 

LIEgE,  n.  [supra.]  A  vassal  holding  a  fee 
by  which  he  is  bound  to  perform  certain 
services  and  duties  to  his  lord. 

2.  A  lord  or  superior ;  a  sovereign. 

[Note.  This  is  a  false  application  of  the  word, 
arising  probably  from  transferring  the  word  from 
the  vassal  to  the  lord  ;  the  lord  of  liege  men, 
being  called  liege  lord.  Johnson.l 

LIE'GE-MAN,  ji.  A  vassal;  a  subject.   Obs. 
Spenser.     Shak. 

LIEN,  the  obsolete  participle  of  lie.  [See 
Lain.] 

LIEN,  n.  [supra.]  A  legal  claim  ;  as  a  lien 
upon  land. 

LIENTER'le,  a.  [from  lientcry.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  lientery.  Grew. 

Ll'ENTERY,  n.  [Fr.  lieyiterie  ;  L.  It.  lien- 
teria;  Gr.  ^fior,  smooth,  and  irtc^ov,  an 
intestine.] 

A  flux  of  the  bowels,  in  which  the  aliments 
are  discharged  undigested,  and  with  little 
alteration  either  in  color  or  substance. 

Encyc. 

LIER,  n.  [from  lie.]  One  who  lies  down  ; 
one  who  rests  or  remains ;  as  a  Her  in 
wait  or  in  ambush.     Josh.  viii. 

LIEU,  n.  [Fr.  from  the  root  of  L.  locus, 
Eng.  ley  or  lea.     See  Ley.] 

Place  ;  room ;  stead.  It  is  used  only  with 
in.  Let  me  have  gold  in  lien  of  silver. 
In  lieu  of  fashionable  honor,  let  justice  be 
substituted. 

LIEUTENANCY,  n.  luten'ancy.  [See 
Lieutenant.] 

1.  The  oflice  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant 

Shak. 

2.  The  body  of  lieutenants.  Felton. 

LIEUTENANT,  n.  lulen'ant.  [Fr.;  compo- 
sed of  lieu,  place,  and  tenant,  L.  tenens. 
holding.] 

1.  An  officer  who  supplies  the  place  of  a 
superior  in  his  absence.  Officers  of  this 
kind  are  civil,  as  the  \ord-lieutenant  of  a 
kingdom  or  county  ;  or  military,  as  a  lieu- 
tenant general,  a  lieutenant  colonel. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  the  second  comniiss 
ioned  officer  in  a  company  of  infantry 
cavalry  or  artillery. 

.3.  In  ships  of  war,  the  officer  next  in  rank  to 

the  captain. 
LIEUTENANTSHIP.     [See   lAeutenancy.] 
LIEVE,  for  lief,  is  vulgar.  [See  Lief] 
LIE'VRITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  t/oi- 

ite,  which  see. 
LIFE,  n.Yiln.  lives.  [Sax.  lif,  lyf;  Sw.lif; 
Dan.  liv  ;  G.  teben  ;  D.  leeven.  See  Live.] 
1.  \n  a  general  scn^f,  that  state  of  animals 
and  plants,  or  of  an  organized  being,  in 
whicli  its  natural  functions  and  motions 
are  performed,  or  in  which  its  organs  are 
capable  of  performing  their  functions.  A 
tree  is  not  destitute  of  life  in  winter,  when 
the  functions  of  its  organs  are  suspended; 
nor  man  during  a  swoon  or  syncope  ;  nor 
strictly  birds,  ([uadrnpeds  or  ser|>cnts  dur- 
ing their  torpitude  in  winter.     They  arc 


not  strictly  dead,  till  the  functions  of  their 
organs  are  incapable  of  being  renewed. 

2.  In  animals,  animation  ;  vitality  ;  and  in 
7na7i,  that  state  of  being  in  which  the  soul 
and  body  are  united. 

He  entreated  me  not  to  take  his  life. 

Broome. 

3.  In  plants,  the  state  in  whicli  they  grow 
or  are  capable  of  growth,  by  means  of  the 
circulation  of  the  sap.  The  life  of  an  oak 
may  be  two,  three,  or  four  hundred  years. 

4.  The  present  state  of  existence ;  the  time 
from  birth  to  death.  Tlie  life  of  man  sel 
dom  exceeds  seventy  years. 

If  in  tliis  life  only  we  have  hope  in  Christ,  we 
are  of  all  men  most  miserable.     1  Cor.  ,"iv. 
.5.  Manner  of  living  ;  conduct ;  deportment, 
in  regard  to  morals. 

I  will  teach  my  family  to  lead  good  lives. 

Mrs.  Barker 


6.  Condition  ;  course  of  living,  in  regard  to 
happiness  and  misery.  We  say,  a  man't 
life  has  been  a  series  of  prosperity,  or  mis- 
fortune. 

Blood,  the  supposed  vehicle  of  animation 

And  the  warm  life  came  issuing  through  tlie 

wound.  Pope. 

Animals  in  general ;  animal  being. 

Full  nature  swarms  with  life.  Thomson. 

9.  System  of  animal  nature. 
Lives  through  all   life.  Pope. 

10.  Spirit;  animation;  briskness;  vivacity; 
resolution. 

They  have  no  notion  of  life  and  fire  in  fancy 
and  w'ords.  Felton 

11.  The  living  form  ;  real  person  or  state;  in 
opposition  to  a  copy  ;  as,  a  picture  is  taken 
from  tlie  life  ;   a  description  from  the  life 

12.  Exact  resemblance  ;  with  to,  before  life. 
His  portrait  is  drawn  to  the  life. 

13.  General  state  of  man,  or  of  social  man 
ners ;  as  the  studies  and  arts  that  polish 
life. 

14.  Condition  ;  rank  in  society  ;  as  high  lift 
and  low  life. 

15.  Common  occurrences;  course  of  things: 
human  affairs. 

But  to  know 
That  which  before  us  Hes  in  daily  life. 
Is  the  prime  wisdom.  .Milton 

16.  A  person  ;  a  living  being ;  usually  or 
always,  a  human  being.  How  many  lives 
were  sacrificed  during  the  revolution  ! 

17.  Narrative  of  a  past  life  ;  history  of  the 
events  of  life ;  biographical  narration. 
Johnson  wrote  the  life  of  Milton,  and  the 
lives  of  other  poets. 

18.  In  Scripticre,  nourishment ;  support  of 
life. 

For  the  tree  of  the  field  is  man's  life.    Deut 

XX. 

J9.  The  stomach  or  appetite. 

His  life  abhoncth  bread.     Job  xxxiii. 

20.  The  enjoyments  or  blessings  of  the  pres- 
ent life. 

Having  the  promise  of  the  life  that  now  is 
and  of  that  which  is  to  conic.     1  Tim.  iv. 

21.  Supreme  felicity. 
To  be   spiritually  mtnded  is  life  and  peace 

RoMi.  viii. 

22.  Eternal  happiness  in  heaven.     Rom.  v. 

23.  Restoration  to  life.     Rom.  v. 

24.  The  author  and  giver  of  supreme  fell 
city. 

I  am  the  way,  the  truth,  and  Uie   life.    John 
xiv. 


25.  A  quickening,  animating  and  strength- 
ening principle,  in  a  moral  sense.  John 
vi. 

LI'FE-BLOOD,  ?!.  The  blood  necessary  to 
life  ;  vital  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  constitutes  or  gives  strength 
and  energy. 

Money,  the  life-blood  of  the  nation.      Swift. 

LI'FE-BLQQD,  a.  Necessary  as  blood  to 
life  ;  essential.  Milton. 

LIFE-ESTA'TE,  n.  An  estate  that  contin- 
ues during  the  life  of  the  possessor. 

LIFE-EVERLASTING,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Gnaphalium. 
LI'FE-GIVING,  a.  Having  power  to  give 

life  ;  inspiriting  ;  invigorating. 

Spenser.    Milton. 
LI'FEGUARD,   n.   A  guard   of  the  life  or 

person ;  a  guard  that  attends  the  person 

of  a  prince,  or  other  person. 
LIFELESS,  a.  Dead;  deprived  of  life;  as 

a  lifeless  body. 

2.  Destitute  of  life ;  unanimated  ;  as  lifeless 
inatter. 

3.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  vigor  or  spirit : 
dull  ;  heavy  ;  inactive. 

4.  Void  of  spirit ;  vapid;  as  liquor. 

5.  Torpid. 

6.  Wanting  physical  energy. 
LI'FELESSLY,  adv.  Without  vigor ;  dully : 

frigidly ;  heavily. 

LI'FELESSNESS,  n.  Destitution  of  life, 
vigor  and  spirit ;  inactivity. 

LI'FELIKE,  a.    Like  a  living  person. 

Pope. 

LI'FERENT,  n.  The  rent  of  an  estate  that 
continues  for  life. 

LI'FESTRING,  n.  A  nerve  or  string  that  is 
imagined  to  be  essential  to  life. 

LIFETIME,  n.  The  time  that  hfe  contin- 
ues ;  duration  of  life.  Addison. 

LI'FEWEARY,  a.  Tired  of  life ;  weary  of 
living.  Shak. 

LIFT,  V.  t.  [Sw.  lyfla,  Dan.  lofier,  to  lift ; 
Goth,  hlifan,  to  steal ;  Sax.  hlifan,  to  be 
high  or  conspicuous;  Goth. hlijtus,  a  thief. 
We  retain  this  sense  in  shoplifter.  L.  levo, 
elevo,  It.  levare,  to  lift ;  Sj).  levar,  to  carry  or 
transport  ;  Fr.  lever ;  perhajis  L.  levis, 
light.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate;  as,  lo  lijl  the  foot 
or  the  hand  ;  to  lift  the  head. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate  mentally. 
To  thee,  O  Lord,  do  I  liJX  up  my  soul.     Ps. 

XXV. 

3.  To  raise  in  fortune. 

The  eye  of  the  Lord  li/ied  up  his  head  from 
misery.  Ecclus. 

4.  To  raise  in  estimation,  dignity  or  rank. 
His  fortune  has  lifted  him  into  notice,  or 
into  ofiice. 

The  Roman  virtues  lift  up  mortal  man. 

JIddison. 

5.  To  elate;  to  cause  to  swell,  as  with  pride. 

Up  is  often  used  after  lift,  as  a  qualify- 
ing word  ;  sometimes  w  ith  effect  or  em- 
phasis ;  very  often,  however,  it  is  useless. 

6.  To  hear ;  to  support.  Spenser. 

7.  To  steal,  that  is,  to  take  and  carry  away. 
Hence  we  retain  the  use  of  shoplifter,  al- 
though the  verb  in  this  sense  is  obsolete. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  crucify. 

Wben   ye   liave   lifted  up  the  Son  of  man. 
John  \iii. 
.To  lift  up  the  eyes,  to  look ;  to  fix  the  eyes 
on. 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


Lot  lifted  up  his  eyes  and  beheld  Jordan. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  To  direct  the  desires  to  Goil  in  prayer, 
Vs.  cxxi. 

To  lift  up  the  head,  to  raise  from  a  low  con- 
dition ;  to  exalt.     Gen.  xl. 

2.  To  rejoice.     Luke  xxi. 

To  lift  up  the  hand,  to  swear,  or  to  confirm 
by  oath.     Gen.  xiv. 

2.  To  raise  the  hands  in  prayer.     Ps.  xxvni. 

3.  To  rise  in  opposition  to ;  to  rebel ;  to  as- 
sault.   2  Sam.  xviii. 

4.  To  injure  or  oppress.     Job  xxxi. 

5.  To  shake  off  sloth  and  engage  in  duty. 
Ileb.  xii. 

To  lift   up  the  face,  to  look  to  with  confi 
dence,   cheerfulness  and   comfort.      Job 
xxii. 

To  lift  up  the  heel  against,  to  treat  with  in- 
solence and  contempt. 

To  lift  up  the  horn,  to  behave  arrogantly  or 
scornfully.     Ps.  Ixxv. 

To  lift  up  the  feet,  to  come  speedily  to  one's 
relief.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

To  lift  up  the  voice,  to  cry  aloud ;  to  call  out, 
either  in  grief  or  joy.     Gen.  xxi.     Is.  xxiv. 

LIFT,  V.  i.  To  try  to  raise  ;  to  exert  the 
strength  for  the  purpose  of  raising  or  bear- 
ing. 

The  body   strained  by  lifting  at  a  weight  too 
heavy —  Locke. 

2.  To  practice  theft.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LIFT,  II.  The  act  of  raising ;  a  lifting;  as 
the  lift  of  the  feet  in  walking  or  running. 

Bacon 
The  goat  gives  the  fox  a  li/l.      L'Estran^e 

2.  An  effort  to  raise;  as,  give  us  a  lift. 
[Popular  use.] 

3.  That  which  is  to  be  raised. 

4.  A  dead  lift,  an  ineffectual  effort  to  raise ; 
or  the  thing  which  the  strength  is  not  suf- 
ficient to  raise. 

5.  Any  thing  to  be  done  which  exceeds  the 
strength  ;  or  a  state  of  inability  ;  as,  to  help 
one  at  a  dead  lift.  Butler.     Swift. 

G.  A  rise  ;  a  degree  of  elevation  ;  as  the  lift 
of  a  lock  in  canals.  Galtatin.\ 

7.  In  Scottish,  the  sky ;  the  atmosphere ;[ 
the  firmament.  [Sax.  lijft,  air,  Sw.  lufl.] 

8.  In  seamcn^s  language,  a  rope  descending 
from  the  cap  and  mast-head  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  yard.  Its  use  is  to  support 
the  yard,  keep  it  in  equilibrio,  and  raise 
the  end,  when  tjccasion  requires. 

Mar.  Diet 

LIFT'ED,  pp.  Raised  ;  elevated  ;  swelled 
with  pride. 

LIFT'ER,  n.  One  that  lifts  or  raises. 

LIFT'ING,  ppr.  Raising;  swelling  witl 
pride. 

LIFT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  lifting  ;  assist- 
ance. 

LIG,  V.  i.   To  lie.     [See  Lie.]     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LIG'AMENT,  n.  [L.  ligamentum,  from  ligo, 
to  bind,  that  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  ties  or  unites  one  thing  or 
part  to  another. 

Interwoven  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  ever}' 
ligament  of  your  hearts.  JVashington 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  strong,  compact  substance, 
serving  to  bind  one  bone  to  another.     It  is 
a   white,   solid,  inelastic,  tendinous   sub 
stance,   softer  than  cartilage,  but  harder 
than  membrane. 

Enci/c.      Qiu'ccy.     Coxe. 


3.  Bond  i  chain ;  that  which  binds  or  re- 
strains. Addison. 
IGAMENT'AL,     \        Composing  a  liga- 

LIGAMENT'OUS,  ^  ment;  of  the  nature 
of  a  ligament ;  binding  ;  as  a  strong  liga- 
mentous membrane.  IViseman. 

LIGA'TION,  n.    [L.   ligalio.]     The  act  of] 
binding,  or  state  of  being  bound. 

Addison. 

LIG'ATURE,   n.     [Fr.  from  L.  ligatura.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  binds;  a  band  or  bandage. 

Ray. 

2.  The  act  of  binding  ;  as,  by  a  strict  ligature 
of  the  parts.  Arbuthnol. 

3.  Impotence  induced  by  magic. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

4.  In  music,  a  band  or  line  connecting  notes 


Among  printers,  a  double  character,  or  a 
type  consisting  of  two  letters  or  characters 
united;  as/,/,  in  English.  The  old 
editions  of  Greek  authors  abound  with 
ligatures. 
fl.  The  state  of  being  bound.  Mortimer. 

7.  In  ificrficine,  stiffness  of  a  joint.  Core. 

8.  In  surgery,  a  cord  or  string  for  tying  the 
blood  vessels,  particularly  the  arteries,  to 
prevent  hemorrhage. 

LIGHT,  n.  lite.  [Sax.  leoht,  liht ;  D.G.licht; 
L.  lux,  light,  and  luceo,  to  shine ;  Port.  Sp. 
luz,  light ;  W.  llug,  tending  to  break  out  or 
open,  or  to  shoot,  to  gleam,  and  as  a  noun, 
a  breaking  out  in  blotches,  a  gleam,  indis- 
tinct light ;  llu'g,  that  is  apt  to  break  out, 
that  is  bright,  a  tumor,  an  eruption  ;  llygu, 
to  make  bright,  to  clear,  to  break  out,  to 
appear  in  spots  ;  Hue,  a  darting,  sudden 
throw,  glance,  flash  ;  tlupaw,  to  throw,  to 
fling,  to  pelt ;  Ihiced,  a  gleam,  lightning. 
This  word  furnishes  a  full  and  distinct  ex- 
planation of  the  original  sense  of  light,  to 
throw,  dart,  shoot,  or  break  forth  ;  and  it 
accords  with  Eng.  luck,  both  in  elements 
and  radical  sense.  Class  Lg.  No.  (5.  7.  23. 
24.] 
1.  That  ethereal  agent  or  matter  which 
makes  objects  perceptible  to  the  sense  of 
seeing,  but  the  particles  of  which  are  sepa 
rately  invisible.  It  is  now  generally  be- 
lieved that  light  is  a  fluid,  or  real  matter, 
existing  independent  of  other  substances, 
with  properties  peculiar  to  itself  Its  ve- 
locity is  astonishing,  as  it  passes  through 
a  space  of  nearly  twelve  millions  of  miles 
in  a  minute.  Light,  when  decomposed,  is 
found  to  consist  of  rays  differently  color- 
ed ;  as  re<l,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue 
indigo,  and  violet.  The  sun  is  the  princi- 
pal source  of  light  in  the  solar  system 
but  light  is  also  emitted  from  bodies  igni- 
ted, or  in  combustion,  and  is  reflected 
from  enlightened  bodies,  as  the  moon. 
Light  is  also  emitted  from  certain  putre- 
fying substances.  It  is  usually  united  with 
heat,  but  it  exists  also  independent  of  it. 
Hooper.  JVicholson.  Encyc. 
That  flood  of  luminous  rays  which  flows 
from  the  sun,  and  constitutes  day. 

God  called  the  light  day,  and  tlie  darkness  he 
called  night.     Gen.  i. 
.3.  Day  ;  the  dawn  of  day. 

The  murderer  rising  with  the  light,  killeth 
the  poor  and  needy.     Job.  xxiv. 
4.  Life. 

0,  spring  to  light,  auspicious  babe,  be  born 

Pope. 


5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light ;  a3  a  lamp, 
candle,  taper,  lighted  tower,  star,  &c. 

Then  he  called  for  a  light,  and  sprang  in — 
Acts  xvi. 

I  have  set  thee  to  be  a  light  to  the  Gentiles. 
Acts  xiii. 

And  God  made  two  great  lights.     Gen.  i. 

The  illuminated  part  of  a  picture ;  the 
part  which  lies  open  to  the  luminary  by 
which  the  piece  is  supposed  to  be  enlight- 
ened, and  is  painted  in  vivid  colors ;  oppo- 
sed to  shade. 

Illumination  of  mind  ;  instruction  ;  knowl- 
edge. 

I  opened  Ariosto  in  Italian,  and  the  very  fir^t 
two  lines  gave  me  light  to  all  I  could  desire. 

Dry  den. 
Light,  understanding  and  wisdom — was  louud 
in  him.     Dan.  v. 
,  3Ieans  of  knowing.     By  using  such  ?ig-A(« 
as  we  have,  we  may  arrive  at  probability, 
if  not  at  certainty. 

9.  Open  view  ;  a  visible  state  ;  a  state  of  be- 
ing seen  by  the  eye,  or  perceived,  under- 
stood or  known.  Further  researches  will 
doubtless  bring  to  light  many  isles  yet  un- 
discovered ;  further  experiments  will  bring 
to  light  properties  of  matter  yet  uuknowu. 

10.  Public  view  or  notice. 
^\'hy  am  I  ask'd  what  next  shall  see  the  light  ? 

Pope. 

11.  Explanation;  illustration;  means  of  un- 
derstanding. One  part  of  Scripture  throws 
light  on  another. 

12.  Point  of  view;  situation  to  be  seen  or 
viewed ;  a  use  of  the  word  taken  from  paint- 
ing. It  is  useful  to  exhibit  a  subject  in  a 
variety  of  lights.  Let  every  thought  be 
presented  in  a  strong  light.  In  whatever 
light  we  view  this  event,  it  must  be  consid- 
ered an  evil. 

13.  A  window ;  a  place  that  admits  ligiit  to 
enter.     1  Kings  vii. 

14.  A  pane  of  glass;  as  a  window  witli 
twelve  lights. 

15.  In  Scripture,  God,  the  source  of  knowl- 
edge. 

God  is  light.     1  John  i. 

16.  Christ. 
That  was  the  true  light,  that  lighteth  every 

man  that  cometh  into  the  world.     John  i. 

17.  Joy;  comfort;  felicity. 
Light  is  sown  for  the  righteous.   Ps.  xcvii. 

18.  Saving  knowledge. 
It  is  because  there  is  no  light  in  them.    Is. 

viii. 
10.  Prosperity;  happiness. 

Tlien  shall  thy  light  break  forth  as  the  morn- 
ing.    Is.  Iviii. 

20.  Support ;  comfort ;  deUverancc.  Mic. 
vii. 

21.  The  gospel.    Matt,  i v. 

22.  The  understanding  or  judgment.  Matt, 
vi. 

23.  The  gifts  and  graces  of  christians. 
Matt.  y. 

24.  A  moral  instructor,  as  John  the  Bap- 
tist.    John  V. 

25.  A  true  christian,  a  person  enlightened. 
Eph.  V. 

26.  A  good  king,  the  guide  of  his  people. 
Sam.  xxi. 

The  light  of  the  countenance,  favor ;   smiles. 

Ps.  iv. 
To  stand  in  one's  oum  light,  to  be  the  means 

of  preventing  good,  or  frustrating  one's 

own  purposes. 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


L  I  G 


To  come  to  light,  to  be  detected ;    to  be  dis 
covered  or  fouud. 

LIGHT,  a.  lite.  Bright ;  clear ;  not  dn.rk  or 
obscure:  as,  tlie  morning  ia  light;  tiie 
apartment  is  light. 

2.  In  colors,  white  or  whitish  ;  as  a  light 
color:  a  light  brown  ;  a  light  complexion. 

LIGHT,  a.  lite.  [Sax.  liht,  leoht ;  D.  li^  ;  G. 
leicht ;  Fr.  leger  ;  It.  leggiero  ;  Port,  iigeiro  ; 
Sp.  ligero ;  Russ.  legkei ;  Sans.  leka.  Tlie 
Sw.  Idtt,  Dan.  let,  may  be  contractions  of 
the  same  word.  The  Slavonic  also  has 
tehek  and  legok.  Qu.  L.  alacer.  Tliis  word 
accords  with  light,  the  fluid,  in  orthogra- 
phy, and  may  be  from  the  same  radix.] 

1.  Having  little  weight ;  not  tending  to  the 
center  of  gravity  with  force  ;  not  heavy. 
A  fether  is  light,  compared  with  lead  or 
silver  ;  but  a  thing  is  light  only  compara- 
tively. That  which  is  light  to  a  man,  may 
be  heavy  to  a  child.  A  light  burden  for  a 
camel,  may  be  insupportable  to  a  horse. 

2.  Not  burdensome  ;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne 
or  carried  by  physical  strength  ;  as  a  light 
burden,  weight  or  load.  I 

3.  Not  oppressive  ;  easy  to  be  suflfered  or  en- 
dured ;  as  a  light  affliction.     2  Cor.  iv.       j 

4.  Easy  to  be  performed ;  not  difficult ;  not; 
requiring  great  strength  or  exertion.  Thej 
task  is  light ;  the  work  is  light. 

5.  Easy  to  be  digested  ;  not  oppressive  to; 
the  stomach  ;  as  light  food.  It  may  sig-j 
nify  also,  containing  little  nutriment.         | 

6.  Not  heavily  armed,  or  armed  with  light^ 
weapons ;  as  light  troops ;  a  troop  of  light 
horse.  j 

7.  Active;  swift;  nimble.  | 

Asahel  was  as  light  of  foot  as  a  wild  roe.  2; 
Sam.  ii. 

8.  Not  encumbered  ;  unembarrassed;  clear 
of  impediments. 

Unmarried  men  are  best  masters,  but  not  best 
subjects ;  for  they  are  light  to  run  away. 

Bacon.' 

9.  Not  laden  ;  not  deeply  laden ;  not  suffi-' 
ciently  ballasted.    The  ship  returned  light: 

10.  Slight ;  trifling  ;  not  important ;  as  a 
light  error.  Boyle\ 

11.  Not  dense  ;  not  gross;  as  Kg-W  vapors ; 
light  fumes.  Dryden.\ 

12.  Small;  inconsiderable;  not  copious  or 
vehement ;   as  a  light  rain  ;   a  light  snow. 

1-3.  Not  strong ;  not  violent ;  moderate  ;  as 
a  light  wind. 

14.  Easy  to  admit  influence  ;  inconsiderate ; 
easily  influenced  by  trifling  considerations; 
unsteady  ;  unsettled  ;  volatile ;  as  a  light, 
vain  person ;  a  light  mind. 

There  is  no  greater  argument  of  a  light  and 
inconsiderate  person,  than  profanely  to  scoff  at 
religion.  Tillotson. 

15.  Gay  ;  airy  ;  indidging  levity  ;  wanting 
dignity  or  sohdity  ;  trifling.  I 

Seneca  cannot  be  too  heavy,  nor  Plautus  tooj 
light.  Shak.\ 

We  may  neither  be  light  in  prayer,  nor  wrath- 
ful in  debate.  J.  M.  Masoni 

16.  Wanton  ;  unchaste ;  as  a  woman  o( light 
carriage. 

A  light  wife  doth  make  a  heavy  husband. 

Shak. 

17.  Not  of  legal  weight ;  clipped  ;  diminish- 
ed ;  as  light  coin. 

To  set  light  by,  to  undervalue ;  to  slight ;  to 
treat  as  of  no  importance  ;  to  despise. 

To  make  light  of,  to  treat  as  of  little  conse- 
quence ;  to  slight ;  to  disregard. 


LIGHT,  v.t.    lite.    To  kindle;  to  inflame; 
to  set  fire  to ;  as,  to  light  a  candle  or  lamp 
sometimes  with  up  ;  as,  to  light  up  an  in 
extinguishable  flame.     We  often  hear  lit 
used  for  lighted,  as,  he  lit  a   candle ;    but 
this  is  inelegant. 

2.  To  give  light  to. 

Ah  hopeless,  lasting  flames  !    like  those  that 

burn 

To  light  the  dead —  Pope 

.3.  To  illuminate  ;  to  fill  or  spread  over  with 

light ;    as,  to  light  a  room ;    to  light  the 

streets  of  a  city. 

4.  To  lighten  ;    to  ease  of  a  burden.     [jVoi 

in  use.     See  Lighten.]  Spenser. 

LIGHT,    V.  i.     lite.     [Sax.   Uhlan,   alihtan, 

gelihtan,  to  light'or  kindle,  to  lighten  or  al 

leviate,  and  to  alight ;    hlihtan,  to  alight ; 

D.  lichteti,  to  shine ;    ligien,  to   heave  or 

hft  ;  G.  lichten,  to  weigh,  to  lighten.] 

1.  To  fall  ou ;  to  come  to  by  chance ;  to 
happen  to  find  ;  with  on. 

A  weaker  man  may  sometimes  light  on  no- 
tions which  had  escaped  a  wiser.  Watts 

2.  To  fall  on  ;  to  strike. 
They  shall  hunger  no  more,    neither  thirst 

any  more;  neither  shall  the  sun  light  on  them, 
nor  any  heat.     Rev.  vii. 

3.  To  descend,  as  from  a  horse  or  carriage ; 
with  down,  off,  or  from. 

He  lighted  doimi  from  his  chariot.  2  Kings  v. 
She  lighted  off  the  camel.     Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  stoop  from  flight. 
The  bee  lights  on  this  flower  and  that. 

LI'GHT-ARMED,    a.     Armed   with   light 
weapons. 
I'GHT-BEARER,  n.  A  torch-bearer. 

B.  Jonson 

LI'GHT-BRAIN,  n.  An  empty  headed  per 
son.  Martin. 

LIGHTED,  pp.  li'ted.  Kindled  ;  set  on  fire  ; 
caused  to  burn.  [Lit,  for  lighted,  is  inele- 
gant.] 

LIGHTEN,  t'.  i.  li'tn.  [from  light,  the  fluid  ; 
Sax.  lihtan.] 

1.  To  flash ;  to  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  light 
ning;  to  shine  with  an  instantaneous  illu 
mination. 

This  dreadful  night 
That  thunders,  lightens,  opens  graves,  and  roars 
As  doth  the  lion  Shak 

2.  To  shine  like  lightning.  S/iaA. 

3.  To  fall ;  to  light.     Obs. 
LIGHTEN,  J),  t.    li'tn.    To  dissipate  dark 

ness ;    to  fill  with  light ;    to  spread  over 

with  light ;    to  illuminate  ;    to  enlighten; 

as,  to  lighten  an  apartment  with  lamps  or 

gas :  to  lighten  tlie  streets. 

A  key  of  fire  ran  all  along  the  shore. 
And  lightened  all  the  river  with  a  blaze. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  illuminate  with  knowledge  ;  in  a 
moral  sense. 

A  light  to  lighten  the  Gentiles.     Luke  ii. 

3.  To  free  from  trouble  and  fill  with  joy. 

They  looked  to  him  and  were  lightened.  Ps. 
xxxiv. 

LIGHTEN,  V.  t.  Win.  [ttomlight,  notheavy  ; 
Sax.  lihtan.] 

1.  To  make  lighter;  to  reduce  in  weight; 
to  make  less  heavy  ;  as,  to  lighten  a  ship 
by  unloading;  to  lighten  a  load  or  burden. 

3.  To  alleviate ;  to  make  less  burdensome 
or  afflictive ;  as,  to  lighten  the  cares  of 
life  ;  to  lighten  the  burden  of  grief. 


3.  To  cheer ;  to  exhilarate. 

He  lightens  my  humor  with  his  merry  jest. 

Shak. 

LIGHTER,  n.  h'ter.  One  that  lights  ;  as  a 
liglder  of  lamps. 

2.  A  large  open  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  in 
loading  and  unloading  ships. 

LIGHTERMAN,  n.  li'terman.  A  man  who 
manages  a  hghter  :  a  boatman. 

LIGHTFINGERED,  a.  Ii' tefingered.  Dex- 
trous in  taking  and  conveying  away ; 
thievish  ;  addicted  to  petty  thefts. 

LIGHTFQOT,        >       li'tefool,      )    Nimble 

LIGHTFQOTED,  \  "■  li'tefooted.  I  in  run- 
nmg  or  dancing  ;  active.      [Liltle  used.] 

Spenser. 

LI'GIITHEADED,a.  [See  Head.]  Thought- 
less; heedless;  weak;  volatile ;  unsteady. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Disordered  in  the  bead ;  dizzy;  delirious. 

LI'GHTHEADEDNESS,  n.  Disorder  of  the 
head  ;  dizziness ;  deliriousness. 

LI'GHTHE'ARTED,  a.  Free  from  grief  or 
anxiety;  gay;  cheerful;  merry. 

LI'GHT-HORSE,  n.  Light  armed  cavalry. 

LI'GHT-HOUSE,  71.  A  pharos ;  a  tower  or 
building  erected  on  a  rock  or  point  of 
land,  or  on  an  isle  in  the  sea,  with  a  Hght 
or  number  of  lamps  on  the  top,  intended 
to  direct  seamen  in  navigating  ships  at 
night. 

LI'GHTLEGGED,  o.  Nimble;  swift  of 
foot.  Sidney. 

LIGHTLESS,  a.  li'leless.  Destitute  of  light : 
dark. 

LIGHTLY,  adv.  li'tely.  With  Uttle  weight ; 
as,  to  tread  lightly  ;  to  press  lightly. 

2.  Without  deep  impression. 
The  soft  ideas  of  the  cheerful  note. 
Lightly  received,  were  easily  forgot.      Prior. 

3.  Easily;  readily;  without  difficulty;  of 
course. 

Without  reason,  or  for  reasons  of  little 
weight. 

Flatter  not  the  rich,  neither  do  thou  willingly 
or  lightly  appear  before  great  personages. 

Taylor. 
Without  dejection ;  cheerfully. 
Bid  that  welcome 
Wliich  comes  to  punish  us,  and  we  punish  it. 
Seeming  to  bear  it  lightly.  Shak. 

6.  Not  chastely  ;  wantonly.  Sivijt. 

7.  Nimbly ;  with  agility ;  not  heavily  or 
tardily. 

He  led  me  lightly  o'er  the  stream. 

8.  Gayly;  airily;  with  levity;  without  heed 
or  care. 

LIGHTMINDED,  a.  Unsettled;  unsteady; 

volatile ;  not  considerate. 

He  that  is  hasty  to  give  credit,  is  lightmind- 

ed.  Ecclus. 

LIGHTNESS,  ?i.  li'teness.  Want  of  weight ; 

levity;    the  contrary  to  heaviness;  as  the 

lightness  of  air,  compared  with  water. 

2.  Inconstancy ;  unsteadiness;  the  quality  of 
mind  which  disposes  it  to  be  influenced  by 
trifling  considerations. 

— Such  is  the  lightness  of  you  common  men. 

Shak. 

3.  Levity;  wantonness;  lewdness;  unchas- 
tity.  Shak.    Sidney. 

4.  Agility;  nimbleness. 
LIGHTNfING,  n.  li'tening.  [that  is,  lighten- 
ing, the  participle  ])resent  of  lighten.] 

1.  A  sudden  discharge  of  electricity  from  a 
cloud  to  the  earth,  or  from  the  earth  to  a 
cloud,  or  from  one  cloud  to  another,  that 


L  I  G 

is,  from  a  body  positively  charged  to  one 
negatively  charged,  producing  a  vivid  flash 
of  light,  and  usually  a  loud  report,  called 
thunder.  Sometimes  lishliiing  is  a  mere 
instantaneous  flash  of  light  without  thun- 
der, as  heal-tigMniug,  lightning  seen  by 
reflection,  the  flash  being  beyond  the  hm- 
its  of  our  horizon. 
2.  [from%A<«>i,  to  diminish  weight.]  Abate- 
ment ;  alleviation ;  mitigation.  Spectator. 
LI'GHTROOM,  n.  In  a  ship  of  war,  a  small 
apartment,  having  double  glass  windows 
towards  the  magazine,  and  containing 
liehts  by  which  the  gunner  fills  cartridges. 
''  Mar.  Diet. 

LIGHTS,  n.  lites.  plu.  [so  called  from  their 

lightness.] 
The  lungs;    the  organs  of  breathing  in  ani- 
mals. These  organs  in  man  we  call  lungs 
in  other  animals,  lights. 
LIGHTSOME,  a.  li'tesome.  Luminous ;  not 
dark ;  not  obscure. 

White  walls  make  rooms  more  lightsome  than 

black.     [Little  useii.]  Baeon. 

The  lightsome  realms  of  love.  Dryden 

[Inthe  latter  passage,  the  word  is  elegant.] 

2.  Gay;  airy;  cheering;  exhilarating. 

That  lightsome  aflfection  of  joy.  Hooker. 

LI'GHTS6MENESS,   ji.      Lnminousness; 

the   quahty   of  being   light ;    opposed  to 

darkness  or  darksomeness.  Cheyne. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  merriment;  levity. 

[This  tvord  is  little  tised.] 
LIGN-AL'OES,   n.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 

aloes.]  Aloes-wood.    Num.  xxiv. 
LIG'NEOUS,   a.     [L.  lignexts.]     Wooden; 
consisting  of  wood ;  re 
The  harder  part  of  ; 


L  I  K 

LIG'URITE,  n.  [from  Liguria.]  A  mineralj 
occurring  in  oblique  rhombic  prisms,  of  an 
apple  green  color,  occasionally  speckled. 

Phillips. 

LIKE,  a.  [Sax.  lie,  gelic,  Goth,  leiks,  D. 
lijkjgelyk,  G.  gleich,  Sw.  lik,  Dan.  lig, 
Itge,  hke,  plain,  even,  equal,  smooth.  The 
sense  of  like,  similar,  is  even,  smooth, 
equal,  but  this  sense  may  be  from  laying, 
pressing,  and  hence  this  word  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Eth.  AY\0  lakeo,  to  starnp. 
seal,  impress,  whence  its  derivative,  an  im- 
age ;  or  the  sense  be  taken  from  rubbing 
or  shaving.  We  observe  that  like  has 
also  the  sense  of  please ;  to  like  is  to 
be  pleased.  Now,  if  p  in  L.  plaeeo,  is  a 
prefix,  the  latter  may  be  formed  on  the 
root  of  like.  And  if  de  is  a  prefix,  in  de 
light,  delecto,  delicious,  delicate,  these  may 
be  of  the  same  family.  Like  is  evidently' 
from  the  same  root  as  the  Ch.  and   Heb. 


made  of  wood  ; 
sembling   wood, 
plant  is  ligneous. 
LIGNIFl€A'TION,  n.   The  process  of  be- 
coming or  of  converting  into  wood,  or  the 
hard  substance  of  a  vegetable.  Good. 

LIG'NIFORM,  a.    [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 
form.]     Like  wood;  resembhng  wood. 

Kirwan. 
LIG'NIFY,  V.  t.  [L.%7tu7?!,  wood,and/ocio, 

to  make.]     To  convert  into  wood. 
LIG'NIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  wood. 
LIG'NITE,  n.  [L.  lignum.]     Fossil  or  bitu- 
minous wood,  a  mineral  combustible  sub- 
stance. Did.  jVat.  Hist 
LIG'NOUS,  a.  Ligneous.     [Little  used.] 

Evelyn 
LIGNUM-VIT^,  n.     [L.]     Guaiacum  or 
pockwood,  a   genus  of  plants,  natives  of 
warm  climates.    The  common  Lignum- 
vitte  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of 
America.      It  becomes  a  large  tree,  hav 
ing  a  hard,  brownish,  brittle  bark,  and  its 
wood  firm,  solid,  ponderous,  very  resin 
ous,  of  a  blackish  yellow  color  in  the  mid 
die,  and  of  a  hot  aromatic  taste.     It  is  of 
considerable  use  in  medicine  and  the  me 
chanical  arts,  being  wrought  into  utensils, 
wheels,    cogs,    and    various    articles    of 
turnery.  Enctjc. 

LIG'ULATE,  \  [L.  ligula,  a  strap.] 
LIG'ULATED,  \"-  Like  a  bandage  orl 
strap;  as  a  ligulate  flower,  a  species  of 
compound  flower,  the  florets  of  wliici 
have  their  coroUets  flat,  spreading  out 
towards  the  end,  with  tlie  base  only  tubu- 
lar. This  is  the  semi-floscular  flower  of 
Tournefort.  Botany. 

LIG'URE,n.  A  kind  of  precious  stone.  Ex 
xxviii. 


pSn,    Ar.  iJiX^   chalaka,  to  be  or  make 

smooth.     Qu.  Gr.  »;>.txo;,  rjUxia.     See  Lick 
and  Lickerish.] 

1.  Equal  in  quantity,  quality  or   degree;  as 
a  territory  of  like   extent  with   another 
men  of  like  excellence. 

More  clergymen   were  impoverished  by  the 
late  war,  than  ever  in  the  like  space  before. 

Sprat 

2.  Similar;  resembling;  having  resemblance 
Elias  was  a  man  subject  to  like  passions  as 

we  are.     James  v. 

Why  might  not  other  planets  have  been  ere 
ated  for  like  uses  with  the  earth,  each  for  its 
own  inhabitants  ?  Bentley 

Like  is  usually  followed  by  to  or  unto, 
but  it  is  often  omitted. 

Wliat  city  is  like  unto  this  great  city .'  Rev 
xviii. 

1  saw  tlirec  unclean  spirits  like  frogs.  Rev 
xvi. 

Amoni>  them  all  was  found  none  like  Daniel 
Hananiah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah.     Dan.  i. 

3.  Probable ;  likely,  that  is,  having  the  re- 
semblance or  appearance  of  an  event 
giving  reason  to  expect  or  believe. 

He  is  like  to  die  of  hunger  in  the  place  where 
he  is,  tor  there  is  no  more  bread,     jer.  xxxvili 

Many  were  not  easy  to  be  governed,  nor  like 
to  conform  themselves  to  strict  rules. 

Clarendon 

LIKE,  n.  [elliptically,  for  like  thing,  like 
event,  like  persoii.] 

1.  Some  person  or  thing  resembling  anoth- 
er ;  an  equal.  The  like  may  never  happen 
again. 

He  was  a  man,  take  hiio  for  all  and  all, 

I  sliall  not  look  upon  his  like  again.       Shak. 

2.  Had  like,  in  the  phrase,  "  he  had  like  to 
be  defeated,"  seems  to  be  a  corruption  ; 
but  perhaps  like  here  is  used  for  resem- 
blance or  probability,  and  has  the  charac- 
ter of  a  nomi.  At  any  rate,  as  a  phrase,  it 
is  authorized  by  good  usage. 

LIKE,  adv.  In  the  same  manner. 

— Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed 
like  one  of  these.     Matt.  vi.     Luke  xii. 

Like  as  a  father  pitieth  liis  children,  so  the 
Lord  pitieth  them  that  fear  him.     Ps.  ciii. 

2.  In  a  manner  becoming. 
Be  strong,  and  quit  yourselves  like  men.     1 

Sam.  iv. 

3.  Likelv  ;  probably ;  as  like  enough  it  will 

Shak 


LIK 

LIKE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  licean,  lician  ;  Goth,  leik- 
an ;  probably  L.  plaeeo  and  delecto,  with 
prefixes.] 

1.  To  be  pleased  with  in  a  moderate  degree; 
to  approve.  It  expresses  less  than  love  and 
delight.  We  like  a  plan  or  design,  when 
we  approve  of  it  as  correct  or  beneficial. 
We  like  tlie  character  or  conduct  of  a  man 
when  it  comports  with  our  view  of  recti- 
tude. We  like  food  that  the  taste  relishes. 
We  like  whatever  gives  us  pleasure. 

He  proceeded  from  looking  to  liking,  and 
from  liking  to  loving.  Hidney. 

To  please  ;  to  be  agreeable  to. 

Tliis  desire  being  recommended  to  her  maj- 
esty, it  liked  her  to  include  the  same  within 
one  entire  lease.     Obs.  Bacon. 

To  liken.     06^.  Shak. 

LIKE,  V.  i.  To  be  pleased ;  to  choose. 

He  may  go  or  stay,  as  he  likes.  Locke. 

2.  To  like  of,  to  be  pleased.     Ohs.     KnoUes. 

LI'KELIHQOD,  «•  [likely  aaA  hood.]  Prob- 
ability ;  verisimihtude;  appearance  of  truth 
or  reality.  There  is  little  likelihood  that 
an  habitual  drunkard  will  beconie  tcm- 
[jerate.  There  is  little  likelihood  that  an 
old  offender  will  be  reformed.  Prudence 
directs  us  not  to  undertake  a  design,  when 
there  is  little  or  no  likelilwod  of  success. 

Appearance;  show;  resemblance.      06*. 

Shak. 
LI'KELINESS,    n.    [from  likely.]     Proba- 
bility. 
2.  The  qualities  that  please.     [See  Likely.] 
LI'KELY,   a.    [that  is,    like-like.]     Proba- 
ble; that  may  be  rationally  thought  or  be- 
lieved to  have  taken  place  in  time  past,  or 
to  be   true  now  or  hereafter ;  such  as  is 
more  reasonable   than   the  contrary.     A 
likely  story,  is  one  which  evidence,  or  the 
circumstances  of  the  case  render  proba- 
ble, and  therefore  credible. 
Such   as  may   be   hked  ;  pleasing;  as   a 
likely  man  or  woman. 

[This  use  of  likely  is  not  obsolete,  as 
Johnson  affirms,  nor  is  it  vulgar.  But  tlio 
Enghsh  and  their  descendants  in  America 
differ  in  the  application.  The  English  ap- 
ply the  word  to  external  appearance,  and 
with  them,  likely  is  equivalent  to  handsome, 
well  formed ;  as  a  likely  man,  a  likely  horse. 
In  America,  the  word  is  usually  applied  to 
the  endowments  of  the  mind,  or  to  pleas- 
ing accomplishments.  With  us,  a  likely 
man,  is  a  man  of  good  character  and  tal- 
ents, or  of  good  dispositions  or  accom- 
plishments, that  render  him  pleasing  or 
respectable.] 
LI'KELY,  adv.  Probably. 

While  man  was  innocent,  he  was  likely  igno- 
rant of  nothing  important  for  him  to  know. 

Glanvillc. 

LIKE-MINDED,  n.  Having  a  like  dispo- 
sition or  purpose.     Rom.  xv. 

LIKEN,  II.  t.  h'kn.  [Sw.  likna  ;  Dan.  Ugner.] 
To  compare  ;  to  represent  as  resembling 
or  similar. 

Whosoever  heareth  these  sayings  of  mine, 
and  doeth  them,  I  will  liken  him  unto  a  wise 
man,  that  built  his  house  on  a  rock.    Matt.  vi. 

LI'KENED,  pp.  Compared. 

LI'KENESS,  n.  Resemblance  in  form  ;  si- 
militude. The  picture  is  a  good  likeness 
of  the  original. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  form  ;  external  appear- 
ance. Guard  against  an  enemy  in  the 
likeness  of  a  friend. 


L  I  31 


L  I  M 


L  I  M 


3.  One  that  resembles  another ;  a  copy ;  a 
counterpart. 

1  took  you  for  your  likeness,  Chloe.      Prior. 

1.  An  image,  picture  or  statue,  resembling  a 
person  or  thing.    Ex.  xx. 

LI  KENING,  ppr.  Comparing;  representing 

as  similar. 
LI'KEWISE,  adv.  [like  and  idse.]  In  like 

manner;  also;  moreover;  too. 

For  he  seeth  that  wise  men  die,  likewise  the 

fool  and  the  brutish   person  perish,  and  leave 

their  wealth  to  others.  Ps.  xhx. 
LI'KING,  ppr.  of  like.    Approving  ;    being 

pleased  with. 

2.  a.  Plump;  lull  ;  of  a  good  appearance. 
Dan.  i.     Obs. 

LIKING,  71.  A  good  state  of  body;  health- 
ful appearance ;  plumpness. 

Their  young  ones  are  in  good  liking—     Job 
.xxxix. 

2.  State  of  trial.     [Ml  used.]  Dryden. 

3.  Inclination ;  pleasure ;  as,  this  is  an  amuse- 
ment to  your  liking.  Spenser. 

4.  Delight  in;  pleasure  in;  with  <o. 

He  wlio  has  no  liking  to  the  whole,  ought  not 
to  censure  the  parts.  Dryden. 

LI'LAC,  n.  [Fr.  Was;  Sp.  lilac]  A  plant  oi- 
shrub  of  the  genus  Syringa,  a  native  of| 
Persia.  The  common  lilac  is  cultivated 
for  its  flowers,  which  are  purple  or  white. 

LIL'ALITE,  n.  A  species  of  earth  of  the 
argillaceous  kind ;  called  also  lepidolite, 
which  see.  Kirivan. 

LILIA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  liliaceus,  from  lilium, 

Pertaining  to  lilies  ;  lily-like.  A  liliaceous 
corol  is  one  that  has  six  regular  petals. 

Martyn. 

LIL'IED,  a.    Embellished  witli  lilies. 

By  sandy  Ladon's  lilied  banks.  .Milton. 

LILL,  v.t.  [See  Loll.  But  lill  is  used  in 
New  England.]  Spenser. 

LILT,  V.  i.  To  do  any  thing  with  dexterity 
or  quickness.     [Local.]  Pegge. 

2.  To  sing  or  play  on  the  bagpipe. 

LIL'Y,  n.  [I.,  lilium  ;  Gr.  7.f  ipioi- ;  Sp.  Kn'o.] 
A  genus  of  plants  of  tnany  species,  which 
are  all  bulbous-rooted,  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, producing  bell-shaped,  hexapetalous 
flowers  of  great  beauty  and  variety  of  col 

•    ors.  Entyc. 

Lily  of  the  valley,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Con 
valiaria,  with  a  monopetalous,  bell-shaped 
corol,  divided  at  the  top  into  six  segments. 

Miller. 

LILY-DAFFODIL,  n.  A  plant  and  flower. 

LILY-HANDED,  a.  Having  white  deli- 
cate hands.  Spenser. 

LIL'Y-HYACINTII,  n.  A  plant.        Miller. 

LILY-LIVERED,  a.  White-livered;  cow- 
ardly.   [Not  used.]  Shak. 

LIMA'TION,  n.  [L.  limo,  to  file.]  The  act 
nf  filing  or  polishing. 

Ll'MATIIRE,  n.  [L.  limo,  to  file.]  A  filing. 

2.  Filings  ;  particles  rubbed  oflfby  filing 

Johnson. 

LIMB,  n.  Urn.    [Sax.   Km ;  Dan.  Sw.  lem  ; 
L.    limhus,    edge    or     border,  extremity 
limes,  limit,   coinciding  perhaps   with  VV. 
Hem,  llym,  sharp,  or  llamu,  to   leap.     The 
sense  of  limb  is  from  shooting  or  extend 

1.  Edge  or  border.  This  is  the  proper  sig 
nification  of  the  word;  but  in  this  sense  it 
is  limited  chiefly  to  technical  use,  and  ap 


plied  to  the  sun,  moon,  or  a  star,  to  a  leaf, 
to  a  quadrant,  &c.  We  say,  the  sun  or 
moon  is  eclipsed  on  its  northern  limb.  But 
we  never  say,  the  limb  of  a  board,  of  a  tract 
of  land  or  water,  &c. 
In  anatomy,  and  in  common  use,  an  extrem- 
ity of  the  human  body  ;  a  member ;  a  pro- 
jecting part;  as  the  arm  or  leg;  that  is,  a 
shoot. 

The  branch  of  a  tree ;  applied  only  to  a 
branch  of  some  size,  and  not  to  a  small 
twig, 

In  botany,  the  border  or  upper  spreading 
part  of  a  monopetalous  corol.  Martyn. 

LIMB,  V.  I.  lim.  To  supply  with  limbs. 

Milton. 

2.  To  dismember  ;  to  tearoff  the  limbs 

LIM'BAT,  n.  A  cooling  periodical  wind  in 

the  isle  of  Cyprus,  blowing  from  the  north 

west  from  eight  o'clock,  A.  M.  to  the  mid- 

Encm 


die  of  the  day  or  later. 

LIM'BEC,  n.  [contracted  from  alembic.] 
A  still ;  a  word  not  now  used. 

LIM'BE€,  V.  I.  To  strain  or  pass  through  a 
still.     06s.  Sandys. 

LIMB'ED,  a.  In  composition,  formed  with 
regard   to  limbs;  as   weW-limbed ;    large 
limbed;  short-limbed.  Pope. 

LIMBER,  a.  [perhaps  from  the  W.  llib, 
llibin ;  for  m  and  b  are  convertible,  and  m 
before  b,  is  often  casual.] 

Easily  bent ;  flexible  ;  pliant ;  yielding.  Ii 
America,  it  is  applied  to  material  things  ; 
as  a  limber  rod ;  a  limber  joint. 

LIM'BER,  n.  In  a  ship,  a  square  hole  cut 
through  the  floor  timbers,  as  a  passage  for 
water  to  the  pump-well.  Mar.  Did. 

LIM'BERNESS,  ?(.  The  quahty  of  being 
easily  bent ;  flexibleness;  pliancy. 

LIM'BERS,  n.  A  two-wheeled  carriage, 
having  boxes  for  annnunition. 

2.  Thills;  shafts  of  a  carriage.     [Local. 

LIM'BILITE,  n.  A  mineral  from  Limbourg, 
in  Swabia,  of  a  honey  yellow  color,  and 
coiTipact  texture.  Saussure. 

LIMB'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  limbs. 

Massinge 

LIMB'-MEAL,  a.  Piece-meal.  Shak. 

LIM'BO,    )      [L.  limbus.]  A  region  border- 

LIM'BUS,  S  "'ing  on  hell,  or  hell  itself. 

Shak. 
Among  catholics,   a   place   where   the 
souls  of  persons  are  lodged  after  death. 

2.  A  place  of  restraint.  Dryden. 

LIME,  n.  [Sax.  lim,  lime,  whence  geliman, 
to  glue  ;  Sw.  Dan.  lim,  D.  lym,  G.  leim  and 
lehem,  loam  ;  L.  limus ;  It.  Sp.  limo  ;  prob- 
ably Gr.  ^ifir;,  y%riiiiri,  and  allied  to  clammy. 
On  this  word  is  formed  slime.] 

1.  A  viscous  substance,  sometimes  laid  on 
twigs  for  catching  birds.  Dryden. 

2.  Calcarious  earth,  oxyd  of  calcium,  pro- 
cured from  chalk  and  certain  stones  and 
shells,  by  expelling  from  them  the  carbon- 
ic acid,  by  means  of  a  strong  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace. The  best  lime  for  mortar  or  ce- 
ment is  obtained  from  limestone,  or  car- 
bonate of  lime,  of  which  marble  is  a  fine 
species.  Hooper.    Nicholson. 

3.  The  linden  tree. 

4.  [Fr.  lime.  See  Lemon.]  A  species  of 
acid  fruit,  smaller  than  the  lemon. 

LIME,  V.  I.  [Sax.  geliman.]   To  smear  with 

a  viscous  substance.  UEstrange. 

2.  To  entangle ;  to  ensnare.  Shak 


3.  To  manure  with  lime. 
Land  may  be  improved  by  draining,  marhng 

and  liming.  Child. 

4.  To  cement.  Shak. 
LrME-BURNER,n.  One  who  burns  stones 

to  hme. 

LI'MED,  pp.  Smeared  with  lime;  entang- 
led ;  manured  with  lime. 

LIAIEHOUND,  n.  A  dog  used  in  hunting 
the  wild  boar  ;  a  limer.  Spenser. 

LIMEKILN,  n.  li'mekil.  A  kiln  or  ftirnace 
in  which  stones  or  shells  are  exposed  to  a 
strong  heat  and  reduced  to  lime. 

LI  MESTONE,  n.  Stone  of  which  lime  is 
made  by  the  expulsion  of  its  carbonic 
acid,  or  fixed  air.  It  is  called  carbonate  of 
lime.     Of  this  there  are  several  species. 

LI'METWIG,  n.  A  twig  smeared  with  lime. 

i  Milton. 

LI'METVVIGGED,  a.  Smeared  with  lime. 

Mdison. 

LI'MEWATER,  n.  Water  impregnated 
with  lime. 

LI'MING,  ppr.  Daubing  with  viscous  mat- 
ter;  entangling;  manuring  with  lime. 

LIM'IT,  ?!.  [L.  limes ;  Fr.  limites.  See 
Limb.] 

1.  Bound;  border;  utmost  extent;  the  part 
that  terminates  a  thing  ;  as  the  limit  of  a. 
town,  city  or  empire ;  the  limits  of  human 
knowledge. 

2.  The  thing  which  bounds;  restraint. 

3.  Limits,  plu.,  the  extent  of  the  liberties  of 
a  prison. 

LIM'IT,  V.  t.  To  bound  ;  to  set  bounds  to. 

2.  To  confine  within  certain  bounds;  to  cir- 
cumscribe ;  to  restrain.  The  government 
of  England  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

They  tempted  God  and  limited  the  Holy  One 
of  Israel.     Ps.  Ixxviii. 

3.  To  restrain  from  a  lax  or  general  signifi- 
cation. /rorW  sometimes  signifies  the  uni- 
verse, and  sometimes  its  signification  is 
limited  to  this  earth. 

LIM'ITABLE,  a.  That  may  be  limited, 
circumscribed,  bounded  or  restrained. 

Hume. 

LIM'ITANEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  bounds. 

EUct. 

LIMITA'RIAN,  a.  That  limits  or  circum- 
scribes. 

LIMITA'RIAN,  n.  One  that  limits;  one 
who  holds  the  doctrine  that  a  part  of 
the  human  race  only  are  to  be  saved  ;  op- 
posed to  universalist.  Huntington. 

LIM'ITARY,  a.  Placed  at  the  limit,  as  a 
guard. 

— Proud  limitary  cherub.  .Milton. 

LIMITATION,  n.  [L.  limitatio.]  The  act 
of  bounding  or  circumscribing. 
Restriction  ;  restraint  ;  circumscription. 
The  king  consented  to  a  limitation  of  his 
l)rerogatives.  Government  by  the  limita- 
tion of  natural  rights  secures  civil  liberty. 
Restriction  ;  confinement  from  a  lax  inde- 
terminate import.  Words  of  general  im- 
port are  often  to  be  understood  with  limit- 
ations. 

4.  .\  certain  precinct  within  which   friars 


were  allowed   to   beg  or  exercise   their 

functions.  Gilping. 

LIM'ITED,  pp.   Bounded  ;  circumscribed ; 

restrained. 
2.  a.  Narrow;   circumscribed.     Our  views 

of  nature  are  very  limited. 
LIM'ITEDLY,  adv.  With  limitation. 


L  I  N 

LIM'ITEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  limit-l 
ed.  Parker. 

LIM'ITER,  n.  He  or  that  wliicli  limits  or 
confines. 

2.  A  friar  licenced  to  beg  withni  certain 
bounds,  or  wliose  duty  was  limited  to  a 
certain  district. 

LIMITLESS,  a.  Having  no  limits;  im- 
bounded.  ^«|""' 

LIM'MER,  n.  A  limehound  ;  a  mongrel. 

Johnson. 

2   A  dog  engendered  between  a  hound  and 

■  a  mastifi-.  Bailey. 

3.  A  thill  or  shaft.     [Local.  See  Limber.] 

4.  A  thill-horse.     \Local.] 
LIMN,  V.  t.  lim.  [Pr.  enlwniner ;  L.  lumino.] 

To  draw  or  paint ;  or  to  paint  in  water 
colors.  Eiicyc 

LIM'NED,  pp.  lim'med.  Painted. 

LIM'NER,  n.  [Fr.  enlumineur  jL.  illumina- 
tor, in  the  middle  ages,  alluminor.] 

1.  One  that  colors  or  paints  on  paper  oi 
parchment ;  one  who  decorates  books  witli 
initial  pictures.  Encyc. 

2.  A  portrait  painter. 

LIMN'ING,  ppr.  Drawing ;  painting ;  paint- 
ing in  water  colors. 

LIM'NING,  ?i.  The  act  or  art  of  drawing 


li  I  N 


or  painting  in  water  colors. 


Addison. 


LI'MbUS,  a.  [L.  limosus,  froin/imi(S,sliine. 
Muddy  ;  slimy  ;  thick.  Brotim 

LIMP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lemp-healt,  lame  ;  gelimp 
an,  to  happen,  that  is,  to  fall ;  allied  per 
haps  to  tame.]    To  hall ;  to  walk  lamely. 

Bacon. 

LIMP,  11.  A  halt ;  act  of  limping. 

LIMP,  a.  Vapid  ;  weak.     [.Vo(  used.] 

If'allon. 

LIMP'ER,  n.  One  that  limps. 

LIM'PET,  n.  [L.lepas  ;  Gr.^(!tas,fvom^inu, 
to  ])eel  or  strip  off  bark.] 

A  univalve  shell  of  the   genus  Patella,  ad- 
hering to  rocks. 

LIM'PID,    a.    [L.  limpidris.]    Pure ;  clear  ; 
transparent ;  us  a  limpid  stream. 

LIM'PIDNESS,  n.  Clearness;  purity. 

LIM'PING,  ppr.   Halting  ;  walking  lamely. 

LIM'PINGLY,  adv.  Lamely  ;  in  a  halting 
manner. 

LIM'SY,  a.  [W.  llymsi.]  Weak  ;  flexible. 

.V.  England. 

LI'MY,  a.  [See  Lime.]  Viscous;  glutinous; 
as  limy  snares. 

2.  Containing  lime  ;  as  a  limy  soil. 

3.  Resembling  lime  ;  having  the  qualities  of 
lime. 

LIN,  V.  i.  [Ice.  linna.]  To  yield.     Obs, 
LIN,    n.    [Celtic]    A   pool  or  mere.     [M)t 

WSCfl.l 

LINCH'PIN,  n.  [Sax.  lynis,  an  axis,  D. 
lens.] 

A  pin  used  to  prevent  the  wheel  of  a  cai- 
ritige  from  sliding  off  the  axle-tree. 

LINC'TURE,  n.  [L.  lirigo,  linclus.]  Medi- 
cine taken  by  licking.  Burton. 

LIN'DEN,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  Dan.  lind  ;  D.  linde 
or  linde-boom  ;  G.  linde,  liiidenbaum.^ 

The  lime-tree,  or  teil-trec,  of  the  genus 
Tilia.  Drydcn. 

LINE,  n.    [L.  linea  ;  Fr.  ligne,  from  L.  L 
num ;  Gr.  J-iioi/,  flax  ;    G.  leine  ;  D.  lyn  ; 
Sw.  Una  ;  Dan.  line.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  quantity  extended  in  lengtli, 
without  breadth  or  thickness  ;  or  a  limit 
terminating  a  surface.  Encyc. 


2.  A  slender  string ;  a  small  cord  or  rope.l 
The  angler  uses  a  line  and  hook.  The 
seaman  uses  a  hand  line,  a  hauling  itne, 
spilling  lines,  &c. 
'.i.  A  thread,  string  or  cord  extended  to  di- 
rect any  operation. 

We  as  by  line  upon  the  ocean  go.     Dryden. 
|4.  Lineament ;  a  mark  in  the  liand  or  face. 
He  tipples  palmistry,  and  dines 
On  all  lier  forlune-telliug  lines.     Cleaveland. 

5.  Delineation  ;  sketch ;    as  the   lines   of  a 
building.  Temple. 

6.  Contour  ;   outline  ;    exterior   limit  of  n 
figure. 

Free  as  thy  stroke,  yet  faultless  as  thy  line. 

Pope 

7.  In  writing,  printing  and  engraving,  the 
words  and  letters  which  stand  on  a  level 
in  one  row,  between  one  rnargin  and  an 
other;  as  a  page  of  thirty  lines. 

8.  In  poetry,  a  verse,  or  the  words  which 
form  a  certain  number  of  feet,  according 

I     to  the  measure. 

9.  A  short  letter  ;  a  note.  I  received  a  line 
from  my  friend  by  tlu;  last  mail. 

10.  A  rank  or  row  of  soldiers,  or  the  dispo- 
sition of  an  army  drawn  up  with  an  ex- 
tended front ;  or  the  like  disposition  of  a 
fleet  prepared  for  engagement. 

11.  A  trench  or  rampart ;  an  extended  work 
in  fortification. 

Unite  thy  forces  and  attack  their  lines. 

Dryden. 

12.  Method;  disposition;  as  Kne  of  order. 

Shah 

13.  Extension  ;  limit ;  border. 
Eden  stretched  her  line 

From  Auran  eastward  to  the  royal  towers 
Of  great  Seleucia.  Milton. 

14.  Equator;  equinoctial  circle. 
When  the  sun  below  the  line  descends — 

Creech 

15.  A  series  or  succession  of  progeny  or  re- 
lations, descending  from  a  common  pro- 
genitor. We  speak  of  the  ascending  or 
descending  line  ;  the  line  of  descent ;  the 
male  line  ;  a  line  of  kings. 

IG.  The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

17.  A  straight  extended  mark. 

18.  A  straight  or  parallel  direction.  The' 
houses  must  all  stand  in  a  line.  Every 
new  building  must  be  set  in  a  tine  with 
others  on  the  same  street. 

19.  Occupation  ;  employment  ;  department 
or  course  of  business.  We  speak  of  men 
in  the  same  tine  of  business. 

WashingtonJ. 

20.  Course  ;  direction.  ! 
What  general  line  of  conduct  oup;ht  to  be  pur-j 

sued  ?  Washington.. 

21.  Lint  or  flax.     [Seldom  used.]        Spenser.] 

22.  In  heraldry,  lines  are  the  figures  used  inl 
armories  to  divide  the  shield  into  different 
parts,  and  to  compose  different  figures. 

Encyc. 

23.  In  Scripture,  line  signifies  a  cord  lor 
measuring  ;  also,  instruction,  doctrine.  Ps. 
xix.  Is.  xxviii. 

Jl  right  line,  a  straight  or  direct  line  ;  the 
shortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  between 


LIN 

cle  which  the  sun  seems  to  describe,  ili 

March  and  September,  when  the  days  and 

nights  are  of  equal  length. 
Meridian  tine,  an   imaginary   circle   drawn 

through  the  two  poles  of  the  earth,  and 

any  part  of  its  surface. 
Astiip  of  the  line,  a  ship  of  war  large  enough 

to  have  a  place  in  the  line  of  battle.     All 
i     ships  carrying  seventy  four  or  more  large 
j     guns,  are  ships  of  the  line.     Smaller  shijis 
I     may  sometimes  be  so  called. 
LINE,  t'.  (.    [supposed  to  be  from  L.  linum, 

flax,  whence  linen,  which  is  often  used  for 

linings.] 

1.  To  cover  on  the  inside ;  as  a  garment 
lined  v,'i{\t  linen,  fur  or  silk;  a.  hox  lined 
with  pa])er  or  tin. 

2.  To  put  in  the  inside. 
— What  if  1  do  line  one  of  their  hands  ? 

Shut;. 

3.  To  place  along  by  the  side  of  any  thing 
for  guarding  ;  as,  to  line  a  hedge  with  ri- 
flemen ;  to  line  works  with  soldiers. 

To    strengthen   by  additional  works   or 
men. 

Line  and  new  repair  your  towns  of  war 
With  men  of  courage.  Shali. 

5.  To  cover ;  to  add  a  covering ;  as,  to  line 
a  crutch.  Shak. 

[G.  To  strengthen  with  any  thing  added. 

Who  lined  himself  witli  hope.  Shak. 

7.  To  impregnate;  applied  to  irrational  ani- 
mals. Creech. 

LIN'EAgE,  ».  [Fr.  lignage,  from  ligne, 
line.] 

Race ;  progeny  ;  descendants  in  a  line  from 
a  common  progenitor. 

LIN'EAL,   a.   [L.  linealis,  from  linea,  line.] 

1.  Composed  of  lines;  delineated  ;  as  lineal 
designs.  Motion. 

2.  In  a  direct  line  from  an  ancestor  ;  as  lin- 
eal descent ;  lineal  succession.  Locke. 

3.  Hereditary  ;  derived  from  ancestors. 

Shak. 

Allied  by  direct  descent. 

For  only  you  are  liiieal  to  tlie  throne. 

Dryden. 
In  the  direction  of  a  Hue  ;  as  lineal  meas- 


two  points. 

Horizontal  line,  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the 
horizon. 

Equinoctial  line,  in  geography,  a  great  circlei 
on  the  earth's  surface,  at  90  degrees  dis- 
tance from  each  pole,  and  bisecting  the 
earth  at  that  part.     lu  astronomy,  the  cir- 


Lineal  measure,  the  measure  of  length. 

LINEAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  the 
form  of  a  line.  Am.  Revieic. 

LIN'EALLV,  adv.  In  a  direct  line;  as,  the 
prince  is  lineally  descended  from  the  con- 
queror. 

LIN'EAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  lineamtn- 
turn.] 

F'cature  ;  form;  make  ;  the  onllinc  or  exte- 
rior of  a  body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the 
face. 

Man  he  seems 
In  all  his  lineament.^.  Milton. 

— The  lineaments  of  the  body.  Locke. 

— Lineaments  of  a  character.  Swift. 

LINEAR,  a.  [L.  linearis.]  Pertaining  to  a 
line  ;  consisting  of  lines  ;  in  a  straight  di- 
rection. 

2.  In  botany,  like  a  line ;  slender  ;  of  the 
same  breadth  throughout,  except  at  the 
extremities;  as  a  H;icar  leaf 

Linear  numbers,  in  mathematics,  such  as 
have  relation  to  length  only ;  such  is  a 
number  which  represents  one  side  of  a 
plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure  is  a 
square,  the  linear  figure  is  called  a  root. 

Encyc. 


LIN 


LIN 


L  I  P 


Linear  problem,  that  wliich  may  be  solved 
geometiirally  by  the  intersection  of  two 
right  hnes.  Encyc. 

LIN'EATE,  a.  In  botany,  marked  longitudi- 
nally with  depressed  parallel  hnes ;  as  a 
lineate  leaf. 

LINEA'TION,  n.  Draught  ;  delineation, 
which  see.  Woodward. 

LI'NED,  pp.  Covered  on  the  inside. 

LIN'EN,  n.  [L.  linum,  flax,  Gr.  xww,  W. 
llin,  Ir.  Un,  Kuss.  len,  G.  kin.  The  sense 
is  probably  long,  extended  or  smooth.  In 
the  latter  sense,  it  would  accord  with  L. 
linio,  lenio.] 

1.  Cloth  made  of  flax  or  hemp. 

2.  An  under  garment. 

LIN'EN,  a.  [L.  Imeus.]  Made  of  flax  or 
hemp ;  as  line7i  cloth  ;  a  linen  stocking. 

2.  Resembling  linen  cloth  ;  white  ;  pale. 

Shak. 

Fossil-linen,  a  kind  of  amianth,  with  soft, 
parallel,  flexible  fibers.  Encyc. 

LIN' EN-DRAPER,  n.  A  person  who  deals 
in  linens. 

lAnener  and  linen-man,  in  a  hke  sense,  are 
obsolete. 

LING,  n.  [D.  leng;  Ir.  long;  probably  Sax. 
leng,  long.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  or  cod  kind, 
which  grows  to  the  length  of  four  feet  or 
more,  is  very  slender,  with  a  flat  head. 
This  fish  abounds  on  the  coasts  of  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  forms  a  considera- 
ble article  of  commerce.  Encyc. 

LING,  n.  [Ice.  ling,  from  leng,  long.]  A  spe- 
cies of  long  grass  ;  heath. 

Jamieson .     Cyc. 

lAng,  a  Saxon  termination,  as  in  darling, 
firstling,  denotes  primarily  state,  condi- 
tion, or  subject.  In  some  words,  it  de- 
notes the  young  of  an  animal,  or  a  small 
one. 

LINGER,  V.  i.  [from  the  root  of  long,  Sax. 
leng.] 

1.  To  delay;  to  loiter;  to  remam  or  wait 
long  ;  to  be  slow. 

Nor  cast  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind. 

Gray. 
Whose  judgment  now  of  a  long  time  linger- 
eth  not.  2  Pet.  ii. 

2.  To  hesitate ;  to  be  slow  in  deciding ;  to  be 
in  suspense. 

Perhaps  thou  lingerest,  in  deep  thought  de- 
tained. Milton. 

3.  To  remain  long  in  any  state.  The  patient 
lingers  on  a  bed  of  sickness. 

LIN'GER,  V.  t.  To  protract.  Shak. 

LINGERER,  n.  One  who  lingers. 
LIN'GERING,  p;)r.  Delaying;  loitering. 
2.  a.  Drawing  out  in  time  ;  remaining  long; 
protracted  ;  as  a  lingering  disease. 

To  die  is  the  fate  of  man ;  but  to  die  with 
lingering  anguish  is  generally  his  foUy. 

JRambler. 
LIN'GERING,  n.  A  delaying;  a  remaining 
long;  tardiness;  protraction. 

The  Hngerings  of  holyday  customs. 

Irving. 
LIN'GERINGLY,  adv.  With  delay  ;  slow- 
ly; tediously.  Hale. 
LIN'GET,  n.  [Fr.  lingot,  from  languette,  a 

a  tongue.] 
A  small  muss  of  metal.  Camden 

LIN'GLE,  n.  [Fr.  tigneul,  fvom  ligne.]  Shoe- 
maker's thread.     [JVot  in  use  or  local.] 

Drayton 


LIN'GO,  71.  [L.  lingua.]  Language ;  speech. 
[  Vidgar.] 

LINGUADENT'AL,  a.  [L.  hngua,  tongue, 
and  dens,  a  tooth.] 

Formed  or  uttered  by  the  joint  use  of  the 
tongue  and  teeth  ;  as  the  letters  d  and  t. 

Holder. 

LINGUADENT'AL,  n.  An  articulation 
formed  by  the  tongue  and  teeth. 

LIN'GUAFORM,  a.  [lingua  and  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  or  shape  of  the  tongue. 

Martyn 

LIN'GUAL,  a.  [L.  Ih^ua,  the  tongue.]  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue  ;  as  the  lingual 
nerves,  the  ninth  pair,  which  go  to  the 
tongue  ;  the  lingtial  nniscle,  or  muscle  of 
the  tongue. 

LIN'GUIST,  n.  [L.  lingua,  tongue.]  A  per- 
son skilled  in  languages ;  usually  applied 
to  a  person  well  versed  in  the  languages 
taught  in  colleges,  Greek,  Latin,  and  He- 
brew. Milton. 

LIN'GULATE,  a.  [L.  lingulatus,  from  lin- 
gua, tongue.] 

Shaped  like  the  tongue  or  a  strap.  [But 
ligulate  is  more  generally  used.] 

Martyn. 

LINGWORT,  n.  An  herb. 

LIN'IMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  linimentum, 
from   linio,  lino,  to  anoint.] 

A  species  of  soft  ointment ;  a  composition  of 
a  consistence  somewhat  thinner  than  an 
unguent,  but  thicker  than  oil.  Encyc. 

Ll'NlJ^G,  ppr.  [See  lAne.]  Covering  on  the 
inside,  as  a  garment. 

LI'NING,  n.   The  inner  covering  of  any 
thing,  as  of  a  garment   or  a  box.     The 
pleura  is  called  the  lining  of  the  thorax. 
That  which  is  within.  Shak. 

LINK,  n.  [G.  gelenk,  a  joint,  a  ring,  a  swivel, 
a  link,  and  as  an  adjective,  flexible,  lim- 
ber, from  lenken,  to  bend  ;  Dan.  lenke,  a 
chain.] 

1.  A  single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain. 
Any  thing  doubled  and  closed  like  a  link ; 
as  a  link  of  horse  hair.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  chain  ;  any  thing  connecting. 

— And  love,  the  common  link,  the  new  crea- 
tion crowned.  Dryden. 

Any  single  constituent  part  of  a  connected 

series.    This   argtunent  is  a  link  in  the 

chain  of  reasoning. 
5.  A  series;  a  chain. 
LINK,  n.  [Gr.  i.vxi'os,  L.  lychnus,  a  lamp  or 

candle,  coinciding  in  elements  with  light.] 
A  torch  made   of   tow  or  hards,  &c.,  and 

pitch.  Shak.     Dryden. 

LINK,  V.  t.  To  complicate.  Johnson. 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  by  something  inter- 
vening or  in  other  manner. 

— Link  towns  to  towns  by  avenues  of  oak. 

Pope 
— And  creature  link'd  to  creature,  man  to  man 

Pope 

LINK,  V.  i.  To  be  connected.  Burke. 

LINK'BOY,  >      A  boy  or  man  that  carries 
LINK'MAN,  I  "■  a  link  or  torch  to  light  pas- 
sengers. More.     Gay. 
LINK'ED,  pp.  United ;  connected. 
LINK'ING, ;>;)r.  Uniting;  connecting. 
LIN'NET,  n.  [Fr.  linot ;  W.  llinos,  from  lUn, 
flax,  and  called  also  in  W.  adern  y  llin 
flax-bird  ;  Sax.  linelwege.     So  in  h.cardu 
elis,  from  carduus,  a  thistle.] 
A  small  singing  bird  of  the  genus  Fringilla. 
LINSEED.     [See  Liiitseed.]  I 


LIN'SEY-WOQLSEY,  a.  Made  of  linen 
and  wool ;  lience,  vile  ;  mean  ;  of  differ- 
ent and  unsuitable  parts.  Johnson. 

LIN'STOCK,  ji.  [lint  and  stock.]  A  pointed 
staff"  with  a  crotch  or  fork  at  one  end,  to 
hold  a  lighted  match  ;  used  in  firing  can- 
non. It  may  be  stuck  in  the  ground  or  in 
the  deck  of  a  ship.  Encyc. 

LINT,  n.  [Sax.  linet,  L. linteum,linteus,  from 
linum,  flax.] 

Flax ;  but  more  generally,  hnen  scraped  into 
a  soft  substance,  and  used  for  dressing 
wounds  and  sores. 

LINT'EL,  n.  [Fr.  linteau ;  Sp.  lintel  or  din- 
tel.] 

The  head-piece  of  a  door-frame  or  window- 
frame  ;  the  part  of  the  frame  that  lies  on 
the  side-pieces.  Ex.  xii. 

LINT'SEED,  n.  [lint.  Sax,  and  seed ;  Sax. 
littsced.]     Flaxseed. 

LI'ON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  leo,  leonis,  Gr.  >jov. 
Arm.  leon,  W.  Hew,  a  lion  ;  llewa,  to  swal- 
low, to  devour.] 

1.  A  quadru|)ed  of  the  genus  Felis,  very 
strong,  fierce  and  rapacious.  The  largest 
lions  are  eight  or  nine  feet  in  length.  The 
male  has  a  thick  head,  beset  with  long 
bushy  hair  of  a  yellowish  color.  The  lion 
is  a  native  of  Africa  and  the  warm  cli- 
mates of  Asia.  His  aspect  is  noble,  his 
gait  stately,  and  his  roar  tremendous. 

2.  A  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

LI'ONESS,  n.  The  female  of  the  lion  kind. 
LI'ONLIKE,  a.  Like  a  lion  ;  fierce. 

Camden. 
LI'ON-METTLED,  a.  Having  the  courage 

and  spirit  of  a  lion.  Hitlhouse. 

LION'S  FOOT,    n.   A  plant  of  the  genu^ 

Catananche. 
LION'S  LEAF,  n.   A  plant  of  the   genus 

Leontice. 
LION'S  TAIL,  n.   A  plant  of  the    genus 

Leonurus. 
LIP,  n.  [Sax.  lippa,  lippe ;  D.  lip ;  G.  Dan. 

lippe ;     Sw.    llipp ;     L.   labium,    labrum ; 

It.  labbro  ;  Sp.  labio ;  Fr.  lei^e  ;  Ir.  dab  or 

liobhar;  Pers.    ,_^  J.    It  may  be  connected 

with  W.  llavaru,  Ir.  labhraim,  to  speak, 
that  is,  to  thrust  out.  The  sense  is  prob- 
ably a  border.] 

1.  The  edge  or  border  of  the  mouth.  The 
lips  are  two  fleshy  or  muscular  parts,  com- 
posing the  exterior  of  the  mouth  in  man 
and  many  other  animals.  In  man,  the 
lips,  whicli  may  be  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure,  form  the  covering  of  the  teeth, 
and  are  organs  of  speech  essential  to  cer- 
tain articulations.  Hence  the  lips,  by  a 
figure,  denote  the  mouth,  or  all  the  organs 
of  speech,  and  sometimes  speech  itself. 
Job  ii. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  thing  ;  as  the  Iw  of  a 
vessel.  Burnet. 

3.  In  botany,  one  of  the  two  opposite  divis- 
ions of  a  labiate  corol.  The  upper  is  call- 
ed the  helmet,  and  the  lower  the  beard. 
Also,  an  appendage  to  the  flowers  of  the 
orchises,  considered  by  Liime  as  a  nec- 
tary. Martyn.     Smith. 

To  make  a  lip,  to  drop  the  under  lip  in  sul- 
lenness  or  contempt.  Shak. 

LIP,  r.  t.  To  kiss.  Shak. 

LIP-DEVO'TION,  n.  Prayers  uttered  by 
the  lips  without  the  desires  of  the  heart. 


L  I  a 


LIS 


LIS 


LIP'-GQOD)  a.  Good  in  profession  only. 

B.  Jonson 
LIP'-LABOR,  n.  Labor  or  action  of  the  lips 

witbout  concurrence  of  the  mind ;  words 

witliout  sentiments. 
LIP'OGRAM,  n.    [Gr.  XfiJtw,  to  leave,  and 

ypa^ufia,  a  letter.] 
A  writing  in  which  a  single  letter  is  wholly 

omitted. 
LIPOGRAJVI'MATIST,  n.  One  who  writes 

any  thing,  dropping  a  single  letter. 

Mdisoti. 
LIPOTH'YMOUS,    a.     [See    Lipothymy. 

Swooning ;  fainting. 
LIPOTH'YMY,  n.  [Gr.  J^tirtoBviiM ;  ■KuHu,  to 

fail,  and  dv/ws,  soul.] 
A  fainting  ;  a  swoon.  Core.     Tai/lor 

LIP'PED,  a.  Having  bps. 
2.  In  botany,  labiate. 
LIP'PITUDE,  ji.  [L.  lippitudo,  from  lippus, 

blear-eyed.] 
Soreness  of  eyes;  blearedness.  Bacon. 

LIP'-WISDOM,  n.  Wisdom  in  talk  witbout 

practice  ;  wisdom  in  words  not  su])ported 

by  experience.  Sidney. 

LIQ'UABLE,   a.   [See  Liquate.]  That  may 

be  melted. 
lilQUA'TION,  ji.  [L.  liqualio.  See  Liquate.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting. 

2.  The  capacity  of  being  melted  ;  as  a  sub- 
stance congealed  beyond  liquation. 

Broion. 

LI'QUATE,  V.  i.  [L.  liquo.]  To  melt ;  to  li- 
quefy ;  to  be  dissolved.     [LilUe  used.] 

fVoodward. 

LmiJEFAC'TION,  n.  [L.  liquefaclio,  from 
liquefacio.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissolv- 
ing; the  conversion  of  a  sobd  into  a  liquid 
by  the  .sole  agency  of  heat  or  caloric. 
Liquefadion,  in  common  usage,  signifies 
the  melting  of  any  substance,  but  by  some 
authors  it  is  applied  to  the  melting  of  sub- 
stances, which  pass  through  intermediate 
states  of  softness  before  they  become  flu- 
id, as  tallow,  wax,  resin,  &c. 

Coxe's  Dispensatory. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted. 

LIQ'UEFIABLE,  a.  That  may  be  melted 
or  changed  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  state. 

Bacon. 

LIQ'UEFIER,  n.  That  which  melts  any 
solid  substance. 

LIQ'UEFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  liquefier,  from  L.  lique 
facio.     See  Liquid.] 

To  melt;  to  dissolve  ;  to  convert  from  a  fix 
ed  or  solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid,  and 
technically,  to  melt  by  the  sole  agency  of 
heat  or  caloric. 

LIQ'UEFY,  V.  i.  To  be  melted  ;  to  become 
liquid.  Addison 

LIQ'UEFyING,  jo;>r.  3Ielting ;  becoming 
liquid. 

LIQUES'CENCY,  n.  [L.  liquescentia.]  Apt 
ness  to  melt.  Johnson. 

LIQUES'CENT,  a.  Melting ;  becoming  fluid. 

LIQUEUR,  n.  [Fr.]   A  spirituous  cordial. 

LIQ'UID,  a.  [L.  liquidus,  from  liqno,  to 
melt,  Ir.  leagham ;  probably  from  flow- 
ing, and  coinciding  with  Sax.  loge,  water, 
L.  lix,  and  lug,  in  Lugdunum,  Lcyden,  Ly 
ons.] 

Fluid;  flowing  or  capable  of  flowing;  not 
fixed  or  solid.  But  liquid  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  v:\thjluid.  Mercury  and  air 
inejluid,  but  not  liquid. 

Vol.  II 


2.  Soft;  clear;  flowing;  smooth;  as  liquid^ 
melody.  Crashaw. 

3.  Pronounced  without  any  jar  ;  smooth  ;  as' 
a  liquid  letter.  | 

4.  Dissolved  ;  not  obtainable  by  law ;  as  a' 
liquid  debt.     Obs.  -Hyliff^-^ 

LIQ'UID,  n.  A  fluid  or  flowing  substance  ; 
a  substance  whose  parts  change  their  rel- 
ative position  on  the  slightest  pressure, 
and  which  flows  on  an  inclined  plane  ;  as 
water,  wine,  milk,  &c. 
2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  vvbicli  has  a  smooth 
flowing  sound,  or  which  flows  smoothly 
after  a  mute  ;  as  /  and  r,  in  Ua,  bra.  M 
and  n  are  also  called  liquids. 
LIQ'UIDATE,  v.t.  [Fi:  liquider;  L.  liqui- 
do.]     To  clear  from  all  obscurity. 

Time  only  tan  liquidate  the  meaning  of  all 
parts  of  a  compound  system.  Jianiilton 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust ;  to  ascertain  or  re- 
duce to  precision  in  amount. 

Which  method  of  liquidating  die  amerce 
ment  to  a  precise  sum,  was  usually  performed 
in  the  superior  courts.  Blackstone. 

The  clerk  of  the  commons'  house  of  assembly 
in  1774,  gave  certificates  to  the  public  creditors 
that  their  demands  were  liquidated,  anil  should 
be  provided  for  in  the  next  tax-bill.  Jiamsay.'i 
The  domestic  debt  may  be  subdivided  into 
liquidated  and  unliquidated.  Hamilton. 

.3.  To  pay;  to  settle,  adjust  and  satisfy;  as 
a  debt.  IVheaton} 

Kyburgh  was  ceded  to  Zuric  by  Sigisinond, 
to  liquidate  a  debt  of  a  thousand  florins. 

Coxe's  Switz 

LIQ'UIDATED,  pp.  Settled  ;  adjusted ;  re- 
duced to  certainty  ;  paid. 

LIQUIDATING,  ppr.  Adjusting;  ascer 
taining ;  paying. 

LIQUIDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  settling  and 
adjusting  debts,  or  ascertaining  their 
amount  or  balance  due. 

LIQ'UIDATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  liqui- 
dates or  settles.  E.  Everett. 

LIQUID'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  iiquidite.]  The  quality 
of  being  fluid  or  liquid. 

2.  Thinness.  Glanville. 

LIQ'UIDNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
liquid ;  fluency.  Boyle 

LIQ'UOR,  71.  lik'or.  [Sax.  loge  ;  Tr.  liqueur , 
L.  liquor.] 

A  liquid  or  fluid  substance.  [See  Liquid.] 
Liquor  is  a  word  of  general  signification, 
extending  to  water,  milk,  blood,  sap,  juice, 
&c. ;  but  its  most  common  application  is 
to  spirituous  fluids,  whether  distdled  or  fer- 
mented, to  decoctions,  solutions,  tinctures, 

Milton. 

LIQ'UOR,  V.  t.  To  moisten ;  to  drench, 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

LIQUORICE.     [See  Licorice.] 

LIS'BON,  n.  A  species  of  wine  exported 
from  Lisbon,  in  Portugal. 

LISNE,  n.  A  cavity  or  hollow.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Hale. 

LISP,  V.  i.  [G.  lispeln,  D.  lispen,  to  lisp ; 
Sax.  vlisp  or  vbps,  a  lisping ;  Sw.  Ihspa 
Russ.  lepelzu,  to  lisp.] 

To  speak  with  a  particular  articulation  of 
the  tongue   and  teeth,  nearly  as  in  pro- 
nouncing th.     Lisping  is  particularly  no 
ticed  in  uttering  th  for  s,   as  yeth   for  yes. 
It  is  most  common  in  children. 

I  lisped  in  numbers,  for  the   numbers  came. 

Pope. 

8 


LISP,  I',  t.   To  pronounce  with  a  lisp ;  as, 

she  lisped  a  few  words. 

LISP,  ji.  The  act  of  lisping,  as  in  uttering  an 
aspirated  th  for  *. 

LISI'ER,  n.  One  that  lisps. 

LISP'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  lisp. 

LJSl'liNULY,  adv.  ^Vith  a  lisp.        Holder. 

LIST,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  list ;  It.  Sp.  lista  ; 
Fr.  Dan.  lisle;  D.  lyst ;  G.  lilze.  If 
list,  a  roll  or  catalogue,  and  list,  a  border 
or  strip  of  cloth,  are  from  the  same  root, 
we  find  the  original  orthography  in  the 
Arm.  Itz,  and  Sp.  liza,  and  perhaps  the  L. 
licium,  Fr.  lice.  Rut  in  some  languages 
the  words  are  distinguished ;  Fr.  lisle,  a 
roll,  and  lisicre,   a  list  or  selvage  of  cloth.] 

1.  In  commerce,  the  border,  edge  or  selvage 
of  cloth  ;  a  strip  of  cloth  forming  the  bor- 
der, particularly  of  broadcloth,  and  serv- 
ing to  strengthen  it. 

2.  A  line  incloshig  or  forming  the  extremity 
of  a  piece  of  ground,  or  field  of  combat ; 
hence,  the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a 
race  or  combat.  Hence,  to  enter  the  lists, 
is  to  accept  a  challenge  or  engage  in  con- 
test.    Hence, 

3.  A  limit  or  boundary  ;  a  border. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  little  square  molding; 
a  fillet ;  called  also  a  lislel. 

a.  A  roll  or  catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line  ; 
as  a  list  of  names  ;  a  list  of  books  ;  a  list 
of  articles ;  a  list  of  ratable  estate. 

G.  A  strij)  of  cloth  ;  a  fillet.  SwiJ^. 

Civil  list,  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  civil  ofliccrs  of  government,  as 
judges,  embassadors,  secretaries,  &c. 
Hence  it  is  used  for  the  revenues  or  ap- 
propriations of  public  money  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  civil  ofiicers. 

LIST,  V.  t.  [from  list,  a  roll.]  To  enroll ;  to 
register  in  a  list  or  catalogue  ;  to  enlist. 
The  latter  is  the  more  elegant  word. 
Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  the  iiublic  service,  as  sol- 
diers. 

They  in  my  name  are  listed.  Dryden. 

3.  To  inclose  for  combat ;  as,  to  list  a  field. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  sew  together,  as  strips  of  cloth  ;  or  to 
form  a  border.  tVolton. 

5.  To  cover  with  a  list,  or  with  strips  of 
cloth  ;  as,  to  list  a  door. 

6.  To  hearken  ;  to  attend  ;  a  contraction  of 
listen,  which  see. 

LIST,  V.  i.  To  engage  in  public  service  by 
enrolling  one's  name  ;  to  enlist.  [The 
latter  is  the  more  elegant  word.  See 
Enlist.] 

LIST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  lystan ;  G.  lUslen ;  D.  /lis- 
ten; Sw.lysta;  Dan.  lyster.  See  Ltist. 
The  primarj'  sense  seems  to  be  to  lean, 
incline,  advance  or  stretch  toward.  [See 
the  Noun.] 

Properly,  to  lean  or  incline ;  to  be  prepense  ; 
hence,  to  desire  or  choose. 

Let  otlier  men  tliink  of  your  devices  as  they 

list.  IVhitgifte. 

The  wind  bloweth  where  it  listeth.  John  iii. 

LIST,  n.  In  the  language  of  seamen,  an 
inclination  to  one  side.  The  ship  has  a 
lilt  to  port.  Mar.  Diet. 

LIST'ED,  pp.  Striped ;  particolored  in 
stripes. 

2.  Covered  with  list. 

3.  Inclosed  for  combat. 

4.  Engaged  in  pubhc  service ;  enrolled. 


L  I  T 


LIT 


LIT 


LIST'EL,  n.  A  list  in  architecture ;  a  fillet. 

Encyc. 
LIST'EN,  V.  i.  lis'n.  [Sax.  lystan  or  hlystan ; 

D.    luisteren.       Qu.    G.   lauschen ;    Scot. 

lilh.] 

1.  To  hearken  ;  to  give  ear ;  to  attend 
closely  with  a  view  to  hear. 

On  the  green  bank  1  sat,  and   listened  long. 

Dry  den . 

2.  To  obey  ;  to  yield  to  advice ;  to  follow 
admonition. 

LIS'TEN,  V.  t.  lis'n.  To  hear ;  to  attend. 

Shak. 

IJST'ENER,  n.  One  who  listens;  a  heark- 
ener. 

LIST'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  list  or  roll 

LIST'FUL,  a.  Attentive.     Obs.        Spenser. 

LIST'ING,  pnr.  Inclosing  for  combat ;  cov 
ering  with  list ;  enlisting. 

LIST'LESS,  a.   Not  listening  ;  not  attend 
ing  ;  indifferent  to  what  is  passing;  heed 
less  ;  inattentive  ;   thoughtless  ;   careless  ; 
as  a  listless  hearer  or  spectator. 

LIST'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  attention 
heedlessly. 

LIST'LESSNESS,  n.  Inattention;  heed- 
lessness ;  indifference  to  what  is  passing 
and  may  be  interesting. 

LIT,  pref.  of  light.  The  bird  lit  on  a  tree 
before  me. 

I  lit  my  pipe  with  the  paper.  .Addison 

[This  word,  though  used  by  some  good 
writers,  is  very  inelegant.] 

LIT' ANY,  n.  [Fr.  litanie.  Or.  UtavtM. 
supplication,  from  ^itoffvu,  XiTojuai,  Xioao 
Hai,  to  pray.] 

A  solemn  form  of  supplication,  used  in  pub 
lie  worship. 

Supplications  for  the  appeasing  of  God's 
wrath,  were  by  the  Greek  church  termed  lita- 
nies, by  the  Latin,  rogations.  Hooker. 

LITE,  a.  Little.  [JSTot  in  use.] 

liiTER,  n.  [Fr.  litre,  from  Gr.  ntpa.]  A 
French  measure  of  capacity,  being  a  cubic 
decimeter,  containing,  according  to  Lu 
nier,  about  a  pint  and  a  Iialf  old  French 
measure.  The  liter  is  equal  to  60,02800 
cubic  inches,  or  nearly  2J  wine  pints. 

Cye. 

LIT'ERAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  litera,  a  letter.] 

L  According  to  the  letter  ;  primitive;  real 
not   figurative   or    metaphorical ;    as  the 
literal  meaning  of  a  phrase. 

2.  Following  the  letter  or  exact  words ;  not 
free  ;  as  a  literal  translation. 

3.  Consisting  of  letters. 

The  literal  notation  of  numbers  was  known 
to  Europeans  before  the  ciphers.  Johnson. 

LIT'ERAL,  n.  Literal  meaning.  [JVot 
used.]  Brown. 

LIT'ERALISM,  n.  That  which  accords 
with  the  letter.  Milton. 

LITERAL'ITY,  ji.  Original  or  literal  mean- 
iijcT.  Broimi. 

LIT'^ERALLY,  adv.  According  to  the  pri- 
mary and  natural  import  of  words;  not 
figuratively.  A  man  and  his  wife  cannot 
be  literally  one  flesh. 

2.  With  close  adherence  to  words  ;  word 
by  word. 

So  wild  and  ungovernable  a  poet   cannot  be 
translated  literalli/.  JJrydeii. 

LIT'ERARY,  a.  [L.  literarius.]  Pertaining 
to  letters  or  literature  ;  respecting  learn- 
ing or  learned  men  ;  as  a  literary  history  ; 
literary  conversation. 


2.  Derived  from  erudition  ;  as  literary  fame. 

3.  Furnished  with  erudition ;  versed  in  let- 
ters ;  as  a  literary  man. 

4.  Consisting  in  letters,  or  written  or  printed 
compositions;  as  literaiy  property. 

LIT'ERATE,  a.    [L.   literatus.]    Learned; 
lettered;  instructed  in  learning  and  sci- 
ence. Johnson. 
LITERA'TI,   n.  plu.    [L.  literatus.]      The 
learned;  men  of  erudition.           Spectator. 
LIT'ERATOR,    n.    [L.]     A  petty  school- 
master. Burke. 
LIT'ERATURE,  n.  [L.  literatitra.]    Learn- 
ing ;  acquaintance   with  letters  or  books. 
L/iteralure  comprehends  a  knowledge  of 
the  ancient  languages,  denominated  clas 
sical,  history,   grammar,    rhetoric,    logic, 
geography,  &c.  as  well  as  of  the  sciences. 
A    knowledge   of  the    world    and    good 
breeding  give  luster  to  literature. 
LITH,  n.  [Sax.]  A  joint  or  limb.     Ohs. 

Chaucer. 
LITHAN'THRAX,  n.    [Gr.  >.i9os,  a  stone 

and  ot9pa|,  a  coal.] 
Stone-coal,  a  black,  compact,  brittle,  inflam- 
mable   substance,   of  laminated   texture, 
more  or  less  shining.  JVicholson. 

LITH'ARgE,  n.  [Fr.  fi-om  L.  lithargyros. 
Gr.  /iiSopyDpo;,  the  spume  or  scum  of 
silver.] 
A  semi-vitreous  oxyd  of  lead,  produced  in 
refining  silver  by  cupellation  with  lead. 
It  appears  in  the  form  of  soft  flakes,  or 
senn-transparent  shining  plates. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Encyc.     JVicholson. 
LITHE,  a.  [Sax.  lilh,  lithe ;  W.Uyth.]  That 
may  be  ea&ily  bent;  pliant;  flexible;  lim- 
ber ;  as  the  elephant's  lithe  proboscis. 

Milton. 
LITHE,  i>.  t.  To  smooth  ;  to  soften ;  to  pal 
Hate.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  listen.     Obs.     [See  Listen.^ 
LI'THENESS,  n.  Flexibility;  linibemess. 
LI'THER,  a.  Soft ;  l)liant.     Obs.  Shak. 

2.  [Sax.  lythr.]  Bad  ;  corrupt.     Obs. 

Woollon. 
LI'THERLY,  arft).  Slowly;  lazily.     Obs. 

Barret. 
LI'THERNESS,  n.  Idleness ;  laziness.  Obs. 

Barret. 
LITH'IA,  11.  A  new  alkali,  found  in  a  min- 
eral called  petalite,  of  which  the  basis  is  a 
metal  called  lithium.  Davy.     lire. 

LITH'IATE,  n.  [Gr.  mSoj,  a  stone.]  A  salt 
or  compound  formed  by  the  lithic  acid 
combined  with  a  base.  Hooper. 

LITH'le,    a.    [supra.]    Pertaininrj    to   the 
stone  in  the  bladder.     The  lilhic  acid  is 
obtained  from  a  calculus  in  the  bladder. 
LITHOBIBLION.     [See  Lithophyl.] 
LITH'OCARP,  n.  [Gr.  ?.iSo5,  a  stone,  and 
xaprtos,  fruit.]     Fossil  fruit ;  fruit  petrified 
Did.  jVut.  Hist. 
LITH'OeOLLA,  )i.    [Gr.  uBot,  a  stone,  and 
xowa,  glue.]     A  cement  that  unites  stones. 

Jlsh. 

LITIIODEN'DRON,   n.    [Gr.  xiOa,  stone, 

and  iffitiov,  /tree.]     Coral  ;  so  called  fron 

its  resembling  a  petrified  branch.       Parr 

LITHOgEN'ESY,  n.  [Gr.  uBo;,  stone,  and 

yiviatf,  generation.] 
The  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  of  min 
erals  composing  the    globe,    and   of  the 
causes  which  have  produced  their   forn 
and  disposition.  Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 


LITHOGLYPH'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ueo;,  stone, 
and  yXvfu,  to  engrave.] 

A  fossil  that  presents  the  appearance  of  ba- 
ng engraved  or  shaped  by  art.       Lunier. 

LITHOG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  Lithography.] 
One  who  practices  lithography. 

LITHOGRAPH'Ie,         )        Pertaining   to 

LITHOGRAPH'IeAL,  I  "'  lithography. 

LITHOGRAPHICALLY,  adv.  By  the  lith- 
ograi)hic  art. 

LITHOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  XiSo;,  stone,  and 
ypa^ui,  to  engrave  or  write.] 

The  art  of  engraving,  or  of  tracing  letters, 
figures  or  other  designs  on  stone,  and  of 
transferring  them  to  paper  by  impression  ; 
an  art  recently  invented  by  Mr.  Senne- 
felder  of  Munich,  in  Bavaria. 

Joum.  of  Science. 

LITHOLOG'l€,        ?        ra       t -.i  i       ^ 

LITHOLO(J'l€AL,  \  "•  1^*=^  Lithology.] 

Pertaining  to  the  science  of  stones. 

LITHOL'OgIST,  n.    A  person  skilled  in 

the  science  of  stones. 
LITHOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  J-iSoj,  stone,  and  \o. 

yo;,  discourse.] 

1.  The  science  or  natural  history  of  stones. 

Fourcroy. 

2.  A  treatise  on  stones  found  in  the  body. 

Coxe. 

LITH'OMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  uOos,  stone,  and 

fiantita,  divination.] 
Divination  or  prediction  of  events  by  means 
of  stones.  Broicn. 

LITHOMAR'GA,  }      [Gr.  JiiSof,  stone,  and 
LITH'OMARgE,   S       L-  marga,  marl.] 
An  earth  of  two  species,  friable  and  indura- 
ted, more  siliceous  than  aluminous,  dis- 
tinguished by  its   great   fineness  and   its 
fusibihty  into  a  soft  slag. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Kirwan.     lire. 
LITHONTRIP'TIC,«.  [Gr.  TiiSot,  stone,  and 

■fptSu,  to  wear  or  break.] 
Having  the  quality  of  dissolving   the  stone 

in  the  bladder  or  kidneys. 
LlTHONTRIP'TIe,  n.  A  medicine  which 
has  the  power  of  dissolving  the  stone  in 
the  bladder  or  kidneys  ;  a  solvent  of  stone 
in  the  human  urinary  passages.         Coxe. 
LITH'ONTRIPTOR,  )      An  instrument  for 
LITH'OTRITOR,        ^  ''     triturating     the 
stone  in  the  bla(lder,  so  that  it  may  be  ex- 
tracted without  cutting  ;  recently  invent- 
ed by  Dr.  Civiale. 
LITH'ONTRIPTY,  {      The    operation   of 
LITH'OTRITY,       \  "'triturating  the  stone 
in  the  bladder,  by  means  of  an  instrument 
called  lithotritor. 
LITHOPH'AGOUS,    a.    [Gr.  Mdos,   stone, 

and  ijioyu,  to  eat.] 
Eating  or  swallowing  stones  or  gravel,  as 

the  ostrich. 
LITH'OPllOSPHOR,  n.    [Gr.  udo;,  stone, 

and  $uiff$opo!.] 
A  stone  that  becomes  phosphoric  by  heat. 

Diet.  JVal.  Hist. 

LITHOPHOSPHOR'IC,   a.    Pertaining  to 

lithophosphor;   becoming  phosphoric  by 

heat. 

LITHOPHYL,    n.    [Gr.  ^i9oj,   stone,   and 

fvJAov,  a  leaf.] 
Bibliolitc  or  lithobihlion,  fossil  leaves,  or  the 

figures  of  leaves  on  fussils. 
LITH'OPHYTE,  n.    [Gr.  7.i9o5,  stone,  and 

fvrov,  a  plant ;  literally,  stone-plant.] 
Istonc-coral ;  a  name  given  to  those  species 


LIT 


L  I  T 


L  I  V 


of  polypiers,   whose   substance  is  stony. 

The  older  naturalists  classed  them  with 

vegetables.  Cuvier.     Ray. 

LITHOPIIYT'IC,   a.    Pertaining  to  litho- 

phytes. 
LITH'OPHYTOUS,    a.     Pertaining  to  or 

consisting  of  lithophytes. 
LITH'OTOME,    n.    [Gr.  ueos,  stone,  and 

ieHvu,  to   cut.] 

A  stone  so  formed  naturally  as  to  appear  as 
if  cut  artificially.  Diet.  Nal.  Hist. 

LITHOTOM'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  per- 
formed by  lithotomy. 

LITIIOT'OMIST,  71.  [See  Lithotomy.]  One 
who  performs  the  operation  of  cutting  for 
the  stone  in  the  bladder ;  or  one  who  is 
skilled  in  the  operation. 

LITHOT'OMY,   n.    [Gr.  >.i9o;,  stone,   and 

■ff/UKO,  to  cut.] 

The  operation,  art  or  practice  of  cutting  for 
the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

LITHOX'YLE,  n.  [Gr.  XiSoj,  stone,  and 
t\iKov,  wood.] 

Petrified  wood.  It  difjers  from  lignite,  be- 
ing really  changed  into  stone  ;  such  as 
silicified  "woods,  which  are  changed  into 
varieties  of  silex,  &c.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

LITH'Y,  a.  [See  Lithe.]  Easily  bent ;  plia- 
ble. [This  is  probably  the  word  which, 
in  our  popular  use,  is  pronounced  lathy.] 

LIT'IGANT,  a.  [See  Litigate.]  Contend- 
ing in  law  ;  engaged  in  a  lawsuit ;  as  the 
parties  litigant  Ayliffe. 

LIT'IGANT,  71.  A  person  engaged  in  a  law- 
suit. L'E.itrange. 

LIT'IGATE,  V.  t.  [L.  litigo,  from  lis,  litis,  a 

contest  or  debate  ;  Ar.  Jvl    ladda,  to  dis 

pute.    Class  Ld.  No.  2.     Lis,  litis,  coin 

cides  with  the  Sax.  Jlit,  contention ;  flitan, 

to  contend.] 
To  contest  in  law ;  to  prosecute  or  defend 

by  pleadings,  exhibition  of  evidence,  and 

judicial  debate  ;  as,  to  litigate  a  cause  or  a 

question. 
LIT'IGATE,  v.i.    To   dispute   in   law;  to 

carry  on  a  suit  by  judicial  process. 
LIT'IGATED,  pp.  Contested  judicially. 
LIT'IGATING,  ppr.   Contesting  in  law. 
LITIGA'TION,  71.    The  act  or  process   of 

carrying  on  a  suit  in  a   court   of  law  or 

equity  for  the  recovery  of  a  right  orclaira; 

a  judioial  contest. 
LITIG'IOUS,  a.    [Fr.  litigieux ;   L.  litigio- 

sus.] 

1.  Inclined  to  judicial  contest ;  given  to  the 
practice  of  contending  in  law  ;  quarrel- 
some ;  contentious ;  applied  to  persons.  A 
litigious  man  is  a  bad  neighbor  and  a  bad 
citizen. 

2.  Disputable  ;  controvertible ;  subject  to 
contention ;  as  litigious  right. 

Blackstone 
No   fences,    parted    fields,    nor  marks   nor 

bounds, 
DisUnguish'd  acres  of  litigious  grounds. 

Dry  den 
LITIG'IOUSLY,     adv.     In  a  contentious 

manner. 

I.ITIG'IOUSNESS,  71.  A  disposition  to  en- 
gage in  or  to  carry  on  lawsuits ;  inclina- 
tion to  judicial  contests. 
LIT'ML'S,    )         A  blue  pigment,   formed 
LAC'MUS,  S  from  aroliil,  a  species  of 

lichen.     [See  .Irchit.]     It   is  prepared  by 


bruising  the  arcliil,  and  adding  quick  lirae|2.  A  small  space, 


and  putrefied  urine,  or  spirit  of  urine  dis- 
tillecl  from  lime.  The  mixture,  after  cool- 
ing and  the  evaporation  of  the  fluid,  be- 
comes a  mass  of  the  consistence  of  paste, 
which  is  laid  on  a  board  to  dry  in  square 
lumps.  Encyc. 

LIT'ORN,  7!.  A  bird,  a  species  of  thrush, 
in  size  and  shape  resembling  the  hen- 
blackbird.  Diet.  ,Vat.  Hist. 

LIT'OTE,  71.  [Gr.  Jiirof,  slender.]  Diminu- 
tion ;  extenuation.  Pope. 

LIT'TER,  71.  [Fr.  litiere,  from  «i< ;  contract- 
ed from  L.  lectus,  from  the  root  of  lfgo,\ 
Eng.  lay;  It.  I  ettiea  or  lettiga;  Sp.  litera  ;\ 
Port,  liteira  ;  Arm.  leter.]  j 

1.  A  vehicle  formed  with  shafts  supporting 
a  bed  between  them,  in  which  a  person 
may  be  borne  by  men  or  by  a  horse.  If 
by  the  latter,  it  is  called  a  horse-litter.  A: 
similar  vehicle  in  India  is  called  a  palan-'; 
quin.  ' 

2.  Straw,  hay  or  other  soft  substance,  used 
as  a  bed  for  horses  and  for  other  pur-j 
poses.  j 

3.  \\ce.lider,  generation,  from  the  root  of 
lad,  leod.]  A  brood  of  young  pigs,  kittens,| 
puppies,  or  other  quadrupeds.  The  word 
is  applied  only  to  certain  quadrupeds  of 
the  smaller  kinds.  [Qu.  the  root  of  lad.]    \ 

4.  A  birth  of  pigs  or  other  small  animals. 
.5.  Waste   matter.s,    shreds,   fragments   and 

the  like,  scattered  on  a  floor  or  other 
clean  place. 
LIT'TER,  t'.  t.  To  bring  forth  young,  as 
swine  and  other  small  quadrupeds.  It  is 
sometimes  applied  to  human  beings  in 
contempt.  Shak. 

2.  To  scatter  over  carelessly  with  shreds,! 
fragments  and  the  like ;  as,  to  litter  a 
room  or  a  carpet.  Smjl. 

3.  To  cover  with  straw  or  hay  ;  as,  to  litter 
a  stable.  Dryden. 

4.  To  supply  with  litter  ;  as,  to  litter  cattle. 
LIT'TERED,  pp.  Furnished  with  straw. 
2.  a.  Covered    or    overspread    with    litter, 

pieces,  shreds,  &c. 
LIT'TLE,  a.  comp.  less,  lesser  ;  sup.  least. 
[Sax.  lytel,  lytle  ;  Scot,  lite,  lyte,  adv.  lyt ; 
Goth,  leitil ;  Sw.  liten  ;  Dan.  liden  ;  D. 
luttel ;  probably  from  the  sense  of  dimin- 
ishing.    Class  Ld.  No.  15.  22.  31.] 

1.  Small  in  size  or  extent ;  not  great  or 
large  ;  as  a  little  body  ;  a  little  animal  ;  a 
little  piece  of  groimd  ;  a  little  table  ;  a  little 
book  ;  a  little  hill ;  a  little  distance  ;  a  little 
child. 

2.  Short  in  duration  ;  as  a  little  time  or  sea- 
son ;  a  little  sleep. 

3.  Small  in  quantity  or  amount;  as  a  little 
hay  or  grass;  a  little  food  ;  a  little  sum;  a 
little  light ;  a  little  air  or  water. 

Of  small  dignity,  power  or  importance. 

When  thou  wast  little  in  thy  own  sight,  wast 
thou  not  made  the  head  of  the  tribes  ?     1  Sam. 

XV. 

5.  Of  small  force  or  efi(?ct;  slight;  inconsid- 
erable ;  as  little  attention  or  exertions ; 
little  effort ;  little  care  or  diligence ;  little 
weight. 

LIT'TLE,  71.  A  small  quantity  or  amount. 
He  demanded  much  and  obtained  little 
He  had  little  of  his  father's  liberality. 


Much  was  in  little  writ —  Drydett . 

3.  Any  thing  small,  slight,  or  of  inconsidera- 
ble importance. 

I  view  with  anger  and  disdain. 

How  little  gives  thee  joy  and  pain.        Prior. 

4.  Not  much. 
These  they  are  fitted  for,  and  little  else. 

Cheync. 
LIT'TLE,  adv.  In  a  small  degree  ;  slightly  ; 
as,  he  is  little  changed.     It  is  a  little  dis- 
colored. 

2.  Not  much ;  in  a  small  quantity  or  space 
of  time.     He  sleeps /j'We. 

3.  In  some  degree ;  slightly ;  sometimes  pre- 
ceded by  a.  The  liquor  is  a  little  sour  or 
astringent. 

LIT'TLENESS,  ti.  Smallness  of  size  or 
bulk  ;  as  the  littleness  of  the  body  or  of  an 
animal. 

3.  Cleanness  ;  want  of  grandeur ;  as  little- 
ness of  conception. 

3.  Want  of  dignity.  Contemplations  on  the 
majesty  of  God  displayed  in  his  works, 
may  awaken  in  us  a  sense  of  our  own 
lillletiess. 

4.  Meanness;  penuriousness. 
LIT'TORAL,   a.    [L.  littoralis,  from  littus, 

shore.]  Belonging  to  a  shore.  [Little 
tised.] 

LIT  LITE,  ;;.  A  fossil  shell. 

LITL'R'GICAL,  a.  [See  Liturgy.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  liturgv. 

LlT'URtiY',  71. "  [Fr.  liturgie;  Sp.  It.  lUur- 
gia  ;  Gr.  xiitovpyui ;  Xfi-roj,  public,  and 
[f>yov,  work.] 

In  a  general  sense,  all  public  ceremonies 
that  belong  to  divine  service;  hence,  in  a 
restricted  sense,  among  the  Romanists, 
the  mass ;  and  among  protestants,  the 
common  prayer,  or  the  formulary  of  pub- 
lic prayers.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LIVE,  V.  i.  liv.  [Sax.  liban,  leofan,  lifian  ; 
Goth,  liban  ;  Sw.  lefwa ;  Dan.  lever  ;  G. 
leben  :  D.  lieven.  It  coincides  with  leave. 
The  primary  sense  probably  is  to  rest,  re- 
main, abide.     If  so,  the  root  may  be  Ar. 

^^J  labha,  to  be,  to  abide.  Class  Lb. 
No.  1.] 

1.  To  abide;  to  dwell ;  to  have  settled  resi- 
dence in  any  place.  Where  do  you  live  ? 
I  live  in  London.  He  lives  in  Philadel- 
phia. He  lives  in  a  large  house  in  Second 
street.  The  Swiss  live  on  mountains.  The 
Bedouin  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

2.  To  continue ;  to  be  permanent ;  not  to 
perish. 

Men's  evil  manners  live  in  brass ;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  Shak. 

3.  To  he  animated ;  to  have  the  vital  princi- 
ple ;  to  have  the  bodily  functions  in  ope- 
ration, or  in  a  capacity  to  operate,  as  res- 
piration, circulation  of  blood,  secretions, 
&c.;  applied  to  animals. 

I  am  Joseph  ;  doth  my  father  yet  live  ?  Gen. 
xlv, 

4.  To  have  the  principles  of  vegetable  life ; 
to  be  in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  do  or 
may  perform  their  functions  in  the  circu- 
lation of  sap  and  in  growth  ;  applied  ta 
plants.  This  tree  will  not  live,  unless  wat- 
ered ;    it  will  not  live  through  the  winter. 

To  pass  life  or  time  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, with  regard  to  habits  or  condition. 
In  what  manner  does  your  son  live  )  Does 


L  I  V 


L  r  V 


L  I  V 


he  live  in  ease  and  affluence  ?  Does  he  live 
according  to  tliedlctates  of  reason  and  the 
precepts  of  religion  ? 

If  we  act  by  several  broken  views,  we  shall 

live  and  die  in  misery.  Spectator. 

0.  To  continue  in  life.     The  way  to  live  long 

is  to  be  temperate. 
7.  To  live,  emphatically  ;  to  enjoy  Ufe;    to 
be  in  a  state  of  happiness. 
What  greater  curse  could  envious  fortune  give, 
Than  just  to  die,  when  I  began  to  live  ? 

Dry  den 
B.  To  feed ;  to  subsist ;  to  be  nourished  and 
supported  in  life  ;  as,  horses  live  on  grass 
or  grain  ;  fowls  live  on  seeds  or  insects ; 
some  kinds  of  fish  live  on  others ;  carniv- 
orous animals  live  on  flesh. 

9.  To  subsist ;  to  be  maintained  in  life ;  to 
be  supported.  Many  of  the  clergy  are 
obliged  to  live  on  small  salaries.  All  men 
in  health  may  livehy  industry  with  econo- 
my, yet  some  men  live  by  robbery. 

10.  To  remain  undestroyed ;  to  float;  not  to 
sink  or  founder.  It  must  be  a  good  ship 
that  lives  at  sea  in  a  hurricane. 

Nor  can  our  shaken  vessels  live  at  sea. 

Dry  den. 

11.  To  exist;  to  have  being. 

As  I  live,  saith  the  Lord —     Ezek.  xviii. 

12.  In  Scripture,  to  be  exempt  from  death, 
temporal  or  spiritual. 

Ve  shall  therefore  keep  my  statutes  and  judg- 
ments, which  if  a  man  do,  he  shall  live  in  them 
Lev.  sviii. 
1-3.  To  recover  from  sickness ;    to  have  hfe 
prolonged. 

Thy  son  liveth.     John  iv. 

14.  To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourished 
and  actuated  by  divine  influence  or  faith. 
Gal.  ii. 

15.  To  be  greatly  refreshed,  comforted  and 
animated. 

For  now  we  live,  if  ye  stand  fast  in  the  Lord 
1  Thess.  iii. 

16.  To  appear  as  in  life  or  reahty ;  to  be 
manifest  in  real  character. 

And  all  the  writer  lives  in  every  line.  Pope. 
To  live  ivith,  to  dwell  or  to  be  a  lodger  with. 
9.  To  cohabit;  to  have  intercourse,  as  male 

and  female.  Shak. 

LIVE,  V.  t.  liv.  To  continue  in  constantly  or 

habitually;  as,  to  live  a  life  of  ease. 
2.  To  act  habitually  in  conformity  to. 

It  is  not  enough  to  say  prayers,  unless  they 

live  them  too.  Parker. 

LIVE,   a.    Having  life ;   having  res|)iration 

and  other  organic  functions  in  operation, 

or  in  a  capacity  to  operate  ;  not  dead ;  as 

a  live  ox. 

2.  Having  vegetable  life  ;  as  a  live  plant. 

3.  Containing  fire  ;  ignited;  not  extinct;  as 
a  live  coal. 

4.  Vivid,  as  color.  Thomson. 
LIVELESS,  not  used.     [See  Lifeless.] 
LI'VELHIOOD,  71.  [lively  and  hood,  or  life- 
lode,  from  lead.     I  find  in  Saxon  lif-lade 
lead  or  course  of  life,  vita:  iter.] 

Means  of  living;  support  of  life;  main- 
tenance. Trade  furnishes  many  people 
with  an  honest  livelihood.  Men  of  enter 
prise  seek  a  livelihood  where  they  can 
find  it. 

LI'VELINESS,  n.  [from  lively.]  The  qual- 
ity or  .state  of  being  lively  or  animated  ;' 
sprightline.ss  ;  vivacity  ;  animation  ;  spirit ; 
as  the  liveliness  of  youth,  contrasted  with 
the  gravity  of  age. 


2.  An  appearance  of  life,  animation  or  spirit ; 
as  the  liveliness  of  the  eye  or  countenance 
in  a  portrait. 

3.  Briskness ;  activity  ;  effervescence,  as  of 
liquors. 

LIVELODE,  for  livelihood,  not  used. 

Hubherd's  Tale. 
LIVELONG,   a.    liv'long.    [live  and  long.] 

1.  Long  in  passing. 

How  could  she  sit  the  livelong  day. 

Yet  never  ask  us  once  to  play  ?  Surift 

2.  Lasting ;  durable ;  as  a  livelong  monu- 
ment.    [A/ot  used.]  Millon. 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 
LI'VELY,  a.  Brisk;   vigorous;   vivacious; 

active  ;  as  a  lively  youth. 

2.  Gay  ;  airy. 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe. 

Pope. 

3.  Representing  life ;  as  a  lively  imitation  of 
nature. 

4.  Animated  ;  spirited  ;  as  a  lively  strain  of 
eloquence  ;  a  lively  description. 

.5.  Strong ;    energetic  ;    as  a  lively  faith  or 

hope  ;  a  lively  persuasion. 
Lively  stones,  in  Scripture.   Saints  are  called 
lively  stones,  as  being   quickened  by  the 
Spirit  and  active  in  holiness.  Brown. 

LI'VELY,  adv.  Briskly;  vigorously.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hayward. 
2.  With  strong  resemblance  of  life. 

That  part  of  poetry  must  needs  be  best,  which 
describes  most  lively  our  actions  and  passions, 
[Little  used.]  Dryden 

LIV'ER,  n.  One  who  lives. 

And  try  if  life  be  worth  the  liver's  care. 


Prior 

It  is  often  used   with  a  word  of  qualifi- 
cation ;  as  a  high  liver ;  a  loose  liver,  &c. 

LIV'ER,  n.  [Sax.  lifer,  lifre  ;    D.  leever  ;  G 
leber  ;  Sw.  lefver  ;   Dan.  lever  ;  Russ.  liber. 
The  Saxon  word  is  rendered  also  libra 
mentum,  and   this   viscus   may   be  named 
from  its  iveight.~ 

A  viscus  or  intestine  of  considerable  size 
and  of  a  reddish  color,  convex  on  the  an- 
terior and  superior  side,  and  of  an  unequa 
surface  on  the  inferior  and  posterior  side. 
It  is  situated  under  the  false  ribs,  in  the 
right  hypochondriuni.  It  consists  of  two 
lobes,  of  a  glandular  substance,  and  des 
lined  for  the  secretion  of  the  bile. 

Encyc. 

LIV'EReoLOR,  a.  Dark  red  ;  of  the  color 
of  the  liver.  Woodward. 

LIV'ERED,  a.  Having  a  liver;  as  while-fo- 
ered.  Sherwood. 

LIV'ERGROWN,  a.  Having  a  large  liver. 

Graunt 

LIV'ERSTOxNE,  11.  [G.lcber-slcin.]  A  stone 
or  siKicies  of  earth  of  the  liarytic  genus,  of 
a  gray  or  brown  color,  wliieh,  when  rub 
bed  or  heated  to  redness,  emits  the  sniel 
of  liver  of  sulphur,  or  alkaline  sulphuret. 

Kirwan. 

LIVERWORT,  )!.  The  name  of  many  spe- 
cies  of  plants.  Several  of  the  lichens  are 
so  called.  The  liverworts  (Hepaticaj  are 
a  natural  order  of  cryptogamian  plants, 
whose  herbage  is  generally  frondose,  and 
resembling  the  leafy  lichens,  but  whose 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  distinct  cajisule. 
The  noble  liverwort  is  the  Anemone  hepa- 
tica.  Smith.     Lee 

LIVERY,  n.  [Inform,  from  Fr.  livrcr,  to 
deliver.] 


1.  The  act  of  delivering  possession  of  landa- 
or  tenements;  a  term  of  English  law. 
It  is  usual  to  say,  livery  of  seisin,  which  is 
a  feudal  investiture,  made  by  the  delivery 
of  a  turf,  of  a  rod  or  twig,  from  the  feoffor 
to  the  feoffee.  In  America,  no  such  cere- 
mony is  necessary  to  a  conveyance  of  real 
estate,  the  delivery  of  a  deed  being  sufii- 

I     cient. 

l2.  Release  from  wardship ;  deliverance. 

I  King  Charles. 

3.  The  writ  by  which  possession  is  obtained. 

Johnson. 

4.  The  state  of  being  kept  at  a  certain  rate ; 
as,  to  keep  horses  at  livery.  Spenser. 

o.  A  form  of  dress  by  which  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  distinguish  their  servants.  The 
Romish  church  has  also  liveries  for  con- 
fessors, virgins,  apostles,  martyrs,  peni- 
tents, &c.     Hence, 

6.  A  particular  dress  or  garb,  appropriate  or 
peculiar  to  particular  times  or  things  ;   as 
the  livery  of  May  ;  the  livery  of  autumn. 
Now  came  still  evening  on,  and  twilight  gray 
Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  things  clad. 

Milton. 

j7.  The  whole  body  of  liverymen  in  London. 

ILIVERY,  v.  t.  To  clothe  in  livery.       Shak. 

LIV'ERYMAN,  n.  One  who  wears  a  livery ; 
as  a  servant. 

2.  In  London,  a  freeman  of  the  city,  of  some 
distinction.  The  liverymen  are  chosen 
from  among  the  freemen  of  each  compa- 
ny, and  from  their  number  are  elected  the 
common  council,  sheriff  and  other  superior 
officers  of  the  city.  They  alone  have  the 
right  of  voting  for  members  of  parhament. 

Encyc. 
LIVERY-STABLE,   n.     A  stable   where 

horses  are  kept  for  hire. 
LIVES,  n.  plu.  oflife. 
LI'VESTOCK,  71.  [live  and  stock.]    Horses, 

cattle  and  smaller  domestic  animals ;    a 

term  applied  in  America  to  such  animals 

as  may    be    exported  ahve    for    foreign 

market. 
LIVID,  a.  [Fr.  livide;  li.livido;  L.lividus  ; 

from  liveo,  to  be  black  and  blue.] 
Black  and  blue  ;   of  a  lead  color ;  discolored, 
j     as  flesh  by  contusion. 

I  Upon  my  livid  lips  bestow  a  kiss.      Dryden. 

LIVID'ITY,  I  A  dark  color,  like'  that 
LiyiDNESS,  S       of  bruised  flesh.     [Ld.v- 

idness  is  the  preferable  word.] 
LlV'llSG,  ppr.    [from  live.]     Dwelling  ;  re- 
t     siding  ;  existing  ;   subsisting  ;    having  life 
1    or  the  vital  functions  in  operation  ;   not 
I     dead. 

2.  a.  Issuing  continually  from  the  earth  ; 
I     running;   flowing;    as  a  /njjig-  spring  or 

fountain  ;  opposed  to  stagnant. 

3.  a.  Producing  action,  animation  and  vig- 
I  or;  quickening;  as  a  Hfmg- principle  ;  a 
1     living  faith. 

LIVING,  n.  He  or  those  who  are  alive ; 
usually  with  a  plural  signification  ;  as  in 
the  land  of  the  living. 

The  living  will  lay  it  to  his  heart.     Eccles 
vii. 
LIV'ING,  Ji.    Means  of  subsistence  ;  estate. 
He  divided  to  them  his  living.     Luke  xv. 
She  of  her  want,  did  ca^t  in  all  that  she  had, 
even  all  hor  living.     Mark  sii. 
2.  Power  of  continuing  life.     There  is  nc 
living  with  a  scold. 

There  is  no  /irm^  without  trustinp  some  body 
or  otlier  in  some  cases.  L'Estranee 


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L  O  A 


L  O  A 


'J.  Livelihood.  He  riiude  a  living  by  his  oc- 
cupation.    Tlie  woman  spins  lor  a  living. 

4.  The  benefice  of  a  clergyman.  He  lost  his 
living  by  non-conformity. 

LIV'INGLY,  adv.    In  a  living  state. 

Brown. 

Livonica  terra,  a  species  of  fine  bole  found  in, 
Livonia,  brought  to  market  in  little  cakes.' 

LI'VRE,  71.  [Fr.;  L.  libra.]  A  French  money; 
of  account,  etiual  to  20  sous,  or  ten  pence 
.sterling. 

LIXIV'IAL,      I       [L.    liiivius,    from    lix, 

LLXIV'IOUS,   I  "•  lye.] 

1.  Obtained  by  li.xiviatiou  ;  impregnated 
with  alkaline  salt  extracted  from  wood 
ashes.  lAxivial  salts  are  those  which  are 
obtained  by  passing  water  through  ashes, 
or  by  pouring  it  on  them. 

2.  Containing  salt  extracted  from  the  ashes 
of  wood. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  lye  ;  resembling  lye. 

4.  Having  the  qualities  of  alkaline  salts  from 
wood  aslies. 

LIXIVIATE,      ?       Pertaining    to  lye  or 

LIXIVIATED,  I"-  lixivium;  of  the  qual-i 
ity  of  alkaline  salts. 

2.  Impregnated  with  salts  from  wood  aslies.i 

LIXIV'IATE,  V.  t.  [h.  lixivia,  li.rivium,\yi:.] 
To  form  lye ;  to  impregnate  witli  salts 
from  wood  ashes.  Water  is  lixiviated  by 
passing  through  ashes. 

LIXIVIA'TION,  71.  The  operation  or  pro- 
cess of  extracting  alkaline  salts  from  aslies 
by  pouring  water  on  them,  tlie  water 
passing  through  them  imbibing  the  salts. 

LIXIV'ILfM,  )i.  [L.  from  lix,  Ije,  Sp.  lexia,\ 
Fr.  lessive.]  ! 

Lye ;  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salts 
imbibed  from  wood  ashes.  It  is  some-i 
times  applied  to  other  extracts.  Boyle: 

LIZ'AHD,  n.  [Fr.  lezarde  ;  L.  laceHus  ;l 
Sp.  trigarto  ;  It.  luccrta,  lucerlola  ;  Arm.' 
glasiird.  If  lizard  is  the  L.  laccrta,  there 
has  been  a  change  of  c  into  ;  or  s,  which 
may  be  the  fact.  In  Ethioi)ic,  laisekat  is| 
lizard.  Gebelin  deduces  the  word  from 
an  oriental  word  Uxa,  to  hide.  But  this  is 
doiditful.] 

In  zoolog;/,  a  genus  of  amphibious  animals,! 
called  Lacerta,  and  comprehending  the! 
crocodile,  alligator,  chan;elion,  salaman- 
der, &c.  l$ut  the  name,  in  common  lifej 
is  applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  this 
genus,  and  of  these  there  is  a  great  va-i 
riety.  These  animals  are  ranked  in  the 
order  of  reptiles.  The  body  is  naked, 
with  four  feet  and  a  tail.  The  body  is' 
thicker  and  more  tapering  than  that  of  the 
serpent.  Encyc.' 

LIZ'ARD-TAIL,   n.  A  plant  of  the  genusj 

Saururus,  and  another  of  the  genus  Piper.l 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

LL.  D.  letters  standing  for  Doctor  of  Laws, 
the  title  of  an  honorary  degree. 

hO,  cxclam.  [Sax.  la.  Whether  this  is  a  con- 
tracted word  or  not,  does  not  appear.] 

Look  ;  see  ;  behold  ;  observe.  This  word 
is  used  to  excite  particular  attention  in  a' 
hearer  to  some  object  of  sight,  or  subjcctj 
of  discourse. 

Lo,  here  is  Christ.     Matt,  x-xiv. 

Lo,  we  turn  to  the  Gentiles.     Acts  xiii. 

LOACH,  ?  jj    [Fr.  loche.]      A  small  fish  ofj 

LOCHE,  \  '  the  genus  Cobitis,  inhabiting 
small  clear  streatns,  and  esteemed  dainty  J 
food.  }yaUoxi.\ 


LOAD,  n.  [Sax.  Mad  or  lade ;  W.  Ihiyth.  See 

Jjode.]  I 

1.  A  burden;  that  which  is  laid  on  or  put  in 
any  thing  for  conveyance.  Thus  we  lay 
a  load  on  a  beast  or  on  a  man's  shoulders,; 
or  on  a  cart  or  wagon  ;  and  we  say,  a  lightj 
load,  a  heavy  load.  A  load  then  is  indefi-[ 
nitein  quantity  or  weight.  But  by  usage, 
in  some  cases,  the  word  has  a  more  defi- 
nite signification,  and  expresses  a  certain 
quantity  or  weight,  or  as  much  as  is  usu- 
ally carried,  or  as  can  be  well  sustained. 
Load  is  never  used  for  the  cargo  of  a  ship ; 
this  is  called  loading,  lading,  freight,  or 
cargo. 

Any  heavy  burden ;  a  large  quantity  borne 
or  sustained.  A  tree  may  be  said  to  have 
a  /oa(/ of  fruit  upon  it. 

.3.  That  which  is  borne  with  pain  or  diffi- 
culty ;  a  grievous  weight ;   encumbrance 
in  a  literal  sense. 

Jove  lightened  of  its  load 
Th'  enormous  mass —  Pope. 

In  a  figurative  sense,  we  say,  a  load  of 
care  or  grief;  a  load  of  guilt  or  crimes. 

4.  Weight  or  violence  of  blows.  Milton 

5.  A  quantity  of  food  or  drink  that  op|)ress- 
es,  or  as  much  as  can  be  borne.       Dryden. 

().  Among  miners,  the  quantity  of  nine  dishes 
of  ore,  each  dish  being  about  half  a  hmi- 
dred  weight.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

LOAD,  I',  t.  pret.  and  pp.  loaded,  [loaden, 
formerly  used,  is  obsolete,  and  laden  be- 
longs to  lade.  Load,  from  the  noun,  is  a 
regular  verb.] 

L  To  lay  on  a  burden  ;  to  put  on  or  in  some- 
thing to  be  carried,  or  as  much  as  can  be 
carried  ;  as,  to  load acamel  or  a  horse  ;  to 
toad  a  cart  or  wagon.  To  load  a  gun,  is  to 
charge,  or  to  put  in  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
powder,  or  powder  and  ball  or  shot.  ! 

Q.  To  encumber ;  to  lay  on  or  put  in  that 
which  is  borne  with  pain  or  difiiculty  ;  in 
a  literal  sense,  as  to  load  the  stomach  with 
meat ;  or  in  a  figurative  sense,  as  to  load 
the  mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  make  heavy  by  something  added  or 
appended. 

Tliy  Jreadful  von-,  loaden  with  death — 

~1ddisoti . 
So  in  a  literal  sense,  to  load  a  whip. 

4.  To  bestow  or  confer  on  in  great  abun- 
dance ;  as,  to  load  one  with  honors  ;  to  loadi 
with  reproaches. 

LOADED,  pp.  Charged  with  a  load  or  car- 
go ;  having  a  burden  ;  freighted,  as  a  ship; 
having  a  charge  of  powder,  or  powder  and 
shot,  as  a  gun. 

2.  Burdened  with  any  thing  ojipressive  ;  as 
loaded  with  cares,  with  guilt  or  shame. 

LOADER,  n.  One  who  puts  on  a  load. 
LOADING,   ppr.    Charging   with    a   load 

burdening;  encumbering;  charging,  as  a 

gun. 
LOADIXG,  71.  A  cargo  :  a  burden  ;  also,  any 

thing  that  makes  part  of  a  load. 
LOADilMANAtiE,  n.  Pilotage;  skill  of  a  pi- 
lot.    [J\'ot  used.] 
LO.VDSMAN,  n.  [load  and  man.]  A  pilot. 

Obs. 
LOADSTAR,   )      [lead  and  star.]  The  star 
LODESTAR,   ^      that  leads  ;  the  polestar ; 

the  cynosure.     Obs.  Shak. 

LOADSTONE,  n.  [from  the   verb  lead  andl 

stone.    The  old  orthography,  todestone,  is 


most  correct,  as  this  word  has  no  connec- 
tion with  the  verb  to  load.] 

The  native  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron  in  the 
lowest  state  of  oxydation,  which  has  the 
power  of  attracting  metallic  iron,  as  iron 
filings,  and  of  communicating  to  nias.ses  of 
iron  the  same  property  of  attraction,  form- 
in-^  artificial  magntis.     [See  Lodestone.] 

LO.\F,  71.  plu.  loaves.  [Sax.  Idaf  or  laf; 
Goth,  hlaibs ;  G.  leib  ;  Polish,  clUieb  ;  Bo- 
hemian, chleb  ;  Russ.  ctdih  or  chleb  ;  Croa- 
tian, hlib  ;  Finnish,  leipa  or  leipam  ;  Lap- 
ponic,  laibe.  The  German  Icib  is  rendered 
a  loaf,  and  body,  waist,  bollv;  hiblich, 
which  in  English,  would  !)e  loaf-like,  sig- 
nifies corporeal,  bodily.  Z/oa/ then  signi- 
fies a  lump  or  mass,  from  some  root  that 
signifies  to  set,  or  to  collect,  or  to  form.] 

\.  A  mass  of  bread  when  baked.  It  is  larger 
than  a  cake.  The  size  and  price  of  a  loaf, 
in  large  cities,  are  regulated  by  law. 

2.  A  mass  or  lump,  as  of  sugar. 

3.  Any  thick  mass. 

LOAF-SlJGAR,  ?i.  Sugar  refined  and  form- 
ed into  a  conical  mass. 

LOAM,  71.  [Sax.  lam  ;  D.  letm  ;  G.  Mm  ;  L. 
limus  ;  Sw.  lim;  Dan.  liin,  liiyn  ;  so  named 
probably  from  smoothness  or  softness;  W. 
aim.] 

A  natural  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  with 
oxyd  of  iron  ;  a  species  of  earth  or  soil  of 
different  colors,  whitish,  brown  or  yellow, 
readily  diffusible  in  water. 

Cleaveland.     Encyc. 

LO.\M,  V.  i.  To  cover  with  loam.      Moxon. 

LOASIV,  a.  Consisting  of  loam  :  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  loam,  or  resembling  it. 

LO.VN,  ?!.  [Sax.  Ian,  Man ;  Sw.  Ian ;  Dan. 
laan  ;  D.leen;  G.  lehen.     ^c.c  Lend.] 

1.  The  act  of  lending;  a  lending. 

2.  That  which  is  lent;  any  thing  furnished 
for  temporary  use  to  a  person  at  his  re- 
quest, on  the  express  or  implied  condition 
that  the  specific  tiling  shall  be  returned, 
or  its  equivalent  in  kind,  but  without  com- 
pensation for  the  use  ;  as  a  loan  of  a  book 
or  of  bread. 

3.  Something  furnished  for  temporary  use, 
on  the  condition  that  it  shall  be  returned 
or  its  equivalent,  but  with  a  compensa- 
tion for  the  use.  In  this  sense,  loan  is 
generally  applied  to  money.     [See  Lend.} 

4.  A  furnishing  ;  permission  to  use  ;  grant 
of  the  use  ;  as  a  loan  of  credit.  Kent. 

LOAN,  I',  t.  [Sax.  latnan  ;  G.  lehntn ;  D. 
lecnen;  Sw.  liina  ;  Dan./aa»ier.] 

To  lend ;  to  deliver  to  another  for  temporary 
use,  on  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be 
returned,  as  a  book  :  or  to  deliver  for  use, 
on  condition  that  an  equivalent  in  kind 
shall  be  returned,  as  bread  ;  or  to  deliver 
for  temporary  use,  on  condition  that  an 
equivalent  in  kind  shall  he  returned,  with 
a  compensation  for  the  use,  as  in  the  case 
of  money  at  interest.  Bills  of  credit  were 
issued,  to  be  loaned  on  interest. 

Ramsay.     Kent.     Laws  of  the  U.  States. 
Stat,  of  Conn,  and  of  .Yew  York. 

LO'AN-OFFICE,  »!.  In  .imerica,  a  jiublic 
office  in  which  loans  of  money  are  nego- 
tiated for  the  public,  or  in  which  the  ac- 
counts of  loans  are  kept  and  the  interest 
paid  to  the  lender.a. 

LO'AN-OFFICER,  71.  A  public  officer  em- 
powered to  superintend  and  transact  the 
business  of  a  loan-office. 


LOB 


L  O  C 


LOG 


LOATH,  /      [Sax.  leUh,  hateful;  lathian,  to 

LOTH,  I  "'  lothe ;  Sw.  ledas,  to  lothe  or 
nauseate  ;  Dan.  leede,  lothesoine ;  he,  aver- 
sion. In  America,  the  primitive  pronim- 
ciation  of  lath,  that  is,  lawth,  is  retained 
in  the  adjective,  which  is  written  loth. 
The  verb  would  be  better  written  lolhe,  in 
analogy  with  cloth,  clothe.     See  Loth.] 

Disliking ;  unwilling ;  reluctant.  He  was 
loth  to  leave  the  company.     [See  Loth.] 

LOATHE,  )      .    To  hate  ;  to  look   on  with 

LOTHE,  l^'  '  hatred  or  abhorrence ;  par- 
ticularly, to  feel  disgust  at  food  or  drink, 
either  from  natural  antipathy,  or  a  sickly 
appetite,  or  from  satiety,  or  from  its  ill 
taste.     [See  Lotht.] 

LOATHER,  n.  One  that  lothes. 

LOATHFUL,  a.  Hating  ;  abhorring  through 
disgust.  HubheriTs  Tale. 

2.  Abhorred  ;  hated.  Spenser. 

LOATHING,  ;ii;*r.  Hating  from  disgust ;  ab- 
horring. 

L0.\TH1NGLY,  adv.  In  a  fastidious  man- 
ner. 

LOATHLY,  a.  Hateful  ;  exciting  hatred. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

LOATHLY,  adv.  Unwillingly;  reluctantly. 
[See  Lothly.] 

LOATHNESS,  n.  Unwillingness;  reluct- 
ance.    [See  Lothness.] 

LOATHSOME,  a.  Disgusting;  exciting  dis- 
gust. 

2.  Hateful ;  abhorred  ;  detestable. 

3.  Causing  fastidiousness.     [See  Lothesome.] 
LOATHSOMENESS,  n.  The  quality  which 

excites  disgust,  hatred  or  abhorrence. 

Addison. 
LOAVES,  plu.  of  loaf. 
LOB,   n.    [VV.    Hob,   allied  to   lubber,  looby, 

club,  &c.     Qu.  G.  laff.] 

1.  A  dull,  heavy,  sluggish  person. 

2.  Something  thick  and  heavy  ;  as  in  ^6- 
worm.  Ifalton. 

LOB,  II.  t.  To  let  fall  heavily  or  lazily. 
And  their  poor  jades 
Lob  down  their  heads.  Shak. 

LO'BATE,  )  ^    [from  lobe.]     Consisting  of 

LO'BED,     ^       lobes.     In  botany,  divided  to 

the  middle  into  parts   distant  from   eacli 

other,  with  convex  margins.  Martyii.' 

LOB' BY,    n.    [Qu.   G.  laube,  an   arbor  or 

bower.] 

1.  An  opening  before  a  room,  or  an  en- 
trance into  a  principal  apartment,  where 
there  is  a  considerable  space  between  that 
and  the  poi'tico  or  vestibule.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  hall  or  waiting  room.  Encyc. 

3.  A  small  apartment  taken  from  a  hall  or 
entry. 

4.  In  a  ship,  an  apartment  close  before  the 
captain's  cabin.  Cyc 

5.  In  agriculture,  a  confined  place  for  cattle, 
formed  by  hedges,  trees  or  other  fencing, 
near  the  farm-yard.  Ci 

LOBE,  71.  [Fr.  lobe;  Sp.   Port,  lobo ;  L 
bus ;  Gr.  J.oSo;.] 

1.  Apart  or  division  of  the  lungs,  liver,  &c. 

2.  The  lower  soft  part  of  the  ear. 

3.  A  division  of  a  simple  leaf 

4.  The  cotyledon  or  placenta  of  a  seed. 
LO'BED,  a.  Lobate,  which  see. 
LOBSl'OUND,  n.  A  prison.  Hudibras. 
LOB'STER,  n.  [Sax.  loppestre  or   lopystre. 

The    first   syllable     coincides   with   Sax. 
lobbe,  a   spider,    and    with   loppe,  a  flea ; 


Cyc. 


probably  all  named  from  their  shape  or 
legs.  The  last  syllable  coincides  with  ster, 
in  spinster,  minister.] 

A  crustaceous  fish  of  the  genus  Cancer. 
Lobsters  have  large  claws  and  fangs,  and 
four  pair  of  legs.  They  are  said  to  change 
their  crust  annually,  and  to  be  frightened 
at  thunder  or  other  loud  report.  They 
constitute  an  article  of  food. 

LOB'ULE,  n.  [Sp.  lobulo.]  A  small  lobe. 

LO'CAL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  local ;  It.  locale  ;  L. 
localis ;  from  locus,  place.  Sans,  log  ;  from 
the  root  of  fai/,  L. /oco.     ^ee  Lay.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  place,  or  to  a  fi.xed  or  lim 
ited  portion  of  space.     We  say,  the  local 
situation  of  the  house   is  pleasant.     We 
are  often  influenced  in  our  opinions  by  lo 
cal  circinustances. 

2.  Limited  or  confined  to  a  spot,  place,  or 
definite  district ;  as  a  loccd  custom.  The 
yellow  fever  is  local'm  its  origin,  and  often 
continues  for  a  time,  to  be  a  local  disease. 

In  law,  local  actions  are  such  as  must  be 
brought  in  a  particular  county,  where  the 
cause  arises ;  distinguished  from  transito- 
ry actions.  Blackstone. 
LO€AL'ITY,  n.  Existence  in  a  place,  or  in 
a  certain  portion  of  space. 

It  is  thought  that  the  soul  and  angels  are  de- 
void of  quantity  and  dimension,  and  that  they 
have  nothing  to  do  with  grosser  locality. 

Glanville. 

2.  Limitation  to  a  county,  district  or  place ; 
as  locality  of  trial.  Blackstone 

.3.  Position  ;  situation  ;  place  ;    particularly, 

geographical  place  or  situation,  as  of  a 

mineral  or  plant. 
LO'eALLY,  adv.    With   respect  to  place 

in  place  ;  as,  to  be  locally  separated  or  dis 

tant. 
LO'€ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  loco,  locatus ;  It.  locare.] 

1.  To  i)lace  ;  to  set  in  a  particular  spot  or 
position. 
To  select,  survey  and  settle  the  bounds  of 

a  particular  tract  of  land  ;  or  to  designate 
a  portion  of  land  by  limits  ;  as,  to  locale  a 
tract  of  a  hundred  acres  in  a  particular 
township.  U.  States. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  place  of; 
as,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  locate 
a  church  or  a  court  house.      »V.  England. 

LO'€ATED,  pp.  Placed;  situated;  fixed  in 

place. 
LO'€ATING,   ppr.     Placing ;     designating 

the  place  of 
LO€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  placing,  or  of 

designating  the  place  of. 

2.  Situation  with  respect  to  place.  The  lo 
cation  of  the  city  on  a  large  river  is  favor 
able  for  commerce. 

.3.  That  which  is  located;  a  tract  of  land  de 
signaled  in  place.  U.  States. 

4.  In  the  civil  law,  a  leasing  on  rent. 
LOCH,  n.  [Gaelic]  A  lake;  a  bay  or  arm 

of  the  sea;  used  in  Scotland. 

LOCH,  n.  Loch  or  lohoch,  is  an  Arabian 
name  for  the  forms  of  medicines  called 
eclegmas,  lambatives,  lincturcs,  and  the 
like.  Quinri/. 

LOGH'AGE,  n.  [Gr.  %oxouyo(;  >.o;tof,  a  botly 
of  soldiers,  and  ayu,  to  lead.] 

In  Greece,  an  oflicer  who  commanded  a  lo- 
chus  or  cohort,  the  number  of  men  in 
which  is  not  certainly  known.         Mitford. 

LOCIIE.  [iaae  Loach.] 


LO'CHIA,  n.  [Gr.  7.oxt:M.]  Evacuations 
which  follow  childbirth. 

LO'CHIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  evacuations 
from  the  womb  after  childbirth. 

LOCK,  n.  [Sax.  loc  or  loce,  an  inclosed  place, 
the  fastening  of  a  door,  a  tuft  or  curl  of 
hair.  In  the  latter  sense,  it  is  the  G.  locke, 
D.  lok,  h.Jloccus,  Eng.  lock;  Ir.  loc,  a  stop, 
hinderance  ;  W.  Hoc,  a  mound,  an  inclosed 
place;  Russ. /oAon,  a  lock  of  hair;  Sax. 
lucan,  Goth,  lukan,  to  lock  ;  Dan.  lukke,  a 
hedge,  fence  or  bar  ;  lukker,  to  shut,  to  in- 
close, to  fasten,  to  lock ;  Fr.  loquet,  a  latch ; 
Arm.  ticqued,  or  clicqed,  W.  elided.  Lock 
and  Jlock  may  be  of  one  family.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  shut,  to  close,  to  press, 
strain  or  drive,  which  may  be  the  radical 
sense  of  Jlock,  Gr.  tOjxu,  rCoxof,  L.  plico,  as 
well  as  of  lock.  But  see  Class  Lg.  No.  48. 
and  13.  14.  16.] 

1.  Lock,  in  its  primary  sense,  is  any  thing 
that  fastens ;  but  we  now  appropriate  the 
word  tc  an  instrument  composed  of  a 
spring,  wards,  and  a  bolt  of  iron  or  steel, 
used  to  fasten  doors,  chests-  and  the  like. 
The  bolt  is  moved  by  a  key. 
The  part  of  a  musket  or  fowling-piece  or 
other  fire-arm,  which  contains  the  pan, 
trigger,  &c. 

Tlie  barrier  or  works  of  a  canal,  which 
confine  the  water,  consisting  of  a  dam, 
banks  or  walls,  with  two  gates  or  pairs  of 
gates,  which  may  be  opened  or  shut  at 
pleasure. 
A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Milton. 

5.  Any  inclosure.  Dryden. 

6.  A  tuft  of  hair;  a  plexus  of  wool,  hay  or 
other  hke  substance  ;  a  flock  ;  a  ringlet  of 
liair. 

A  lock  of  hair  will   draw  more  than  a  cable 
rope.  Grew. 

Lock  of  water,  is  the  measure  equal  to  the 
contents  of  the  chamber  of  the  locks  by 
which  the  consumption  of  water  on  a  ca- 
nal is  estimated. 

LOCK'-KEEPER,  n.  One  who  attends 
the  locks  of  a  canal. 

LOCK'-PADDLE,  n.  A  small  sluse  that 
serves  to  fill  and  empty  a  lock. 

LOCK'-SIL,  n.  An  angular  piece  of  timber 
at  the  bottom  of  a  lock,  against  which  the 
gates  shut. 

LOCK'-WEIR,  n.  A  paddle-weir,  in  canals, 
an  over-fall  behind  the  upper  gates,  by 
which  the  waste  water  of  the  upper  pound 
is  let  down  through  the  paddle-holes  into 
the  chamber  of  the  lock.  Cyc 

LOCK,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  particular  in- 
strument ;  as,  to  lock  a  door ;  to  lock  a 
trunk. 

9.  To  shut  up  or  confine,  as  with  a  lock ; 
as,  to  be  locked  in  a  prison.  Lock  the  se- 
cret in  your  breast. 

To  close  fast.    Tlie  frost  locks  up  our  riv- 
ers. 

4.  To  embrace  closely ;  as,  to  lock  one   in 
the  arms. 
To  furnish  with  locks,  as  a  canal. 

t).  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.  Our  shipping 
was  locked  up  by  the  embargo. 

7.  In  fencing,  to  seize  the  sword-arm  of  an 
antagonist,  by  turning  the  left  arm  around 
it,  after  closing  the  parade,  shell  to  shell, 
in  order  to  disarm  him.  Cyc. 

LOCK,  V.  i.  To  become  fast.  The  door 
locks  close. 


L  O  D 

2.  To  unite  closely  by  mutual  insertion  ;  as, 
they  lock  into  each  other.  Boyle. 

LOCK'AGE,  n.  Materials  for  locks  in  a  ca 
„^]_  Gallatin. 

2.  Works  which  form  a  lock  on  a  canal. 

Joum.  of  Scunce. 

3.  Toll  paid  for  passing  the  locks  of  a  ca- 
nal. ,     ,     i- 

LOCK'ED,  pp.  Made  fast  by  a  lock  ;  tur- 
nished  with  a  lock  or  locks ;  closely  em- 
braced. 

LOCK'ER,  n.  A  close  place,  as  a  drawer 
or  an  apartment  in  a  ship,  that  may  be 
closed  with  a  lock. 

A  shot-locker  is  a  strong  frame  of  plank  near 
the  pump-well  in  the  hold,  where  shot 
are  deposited.  Mar.  Diet. 


L  O  D 

erty  of  taking  a  direction  to  the  north  and 
south,  a  property  of  inestimable  utility  in 
navigation  and  surveying. 

2.  A  name  given  by  Cornish  miners  to  a 
species  of  stones,  called  also  tin-stones;  a 
compound  of  stones  and  sand,  of  different 
kinds  and  colors.  JVicholson. 

LODG'ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  affording  a 
temporary  abode.     [JVot  used.] 

LODGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.loger,  to  lodge;  It.log^a 
a  lodge  ;  alloggiare,  to  lodge  ;  Sp.  alojar 
Arm.  logea  ;    Uan.  logerer.     The  sense  is 
to  set   or  throw  down.     In  Sax.  logian 

also  to 
It   is 


LOCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.loquet.]  A  small  lock;  u 
catch  or  spring  to  fasten  a  necklace  or 
other  ornament.  Johnson. 

LOCK'RAM,  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  linen. 

Hannier. 
LOCK'SMITH,  n.    An  artificer  whose  oc 

cupation  is  to  make  locks. 
LOCK'Y,  o.  Having  locks  or  tufts. 

Sherwood. 

LOCOMO'TION,  n.  [L.  locus,  place,  and 
motio,  motion.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  from  place  to  place 

Broivn 

2.  The  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place. 
Most  animals  possess  locomotion ;  plants 
have  life,  but  not  locomotion. 

LO€OMO'TIVE,  a.  Moving  from  place  to 
place  ;  changing  place,  or  able  to  change 
place  ;  as  a  locomotive  animal.  Most  ani- 
mals are  distinguished  from  plants  by  their 
locomotive  faculty. 

Locomotive  engine,  a  steam  engine  employed 
in  land  carriage  ;  chiefly  on  railways. 

LOCOMOTIV'ITY,ji.  The  power  of  chang- 
ing place.  Bryant 

LOC'ULAMENT, n.  [L.  loculamenlum,ivom 
locus,  loculus.]  I 

Jn  botany,  the  cell  of  a  pericarp  in  which  the 
seed  is  lodged.  A  pericarp  is  unilocular, 
bilocular,  &c.  Martyn. 

LO'€UST,  n.  [L.  lociista.]  An  insect  of  the 
genus  Gryllus.  These  insects  are  at  times 
so  numerous  ill  Africa  and  the  S.  of  Asia, 
as  to  devour  every  green  thing,  and  when 
they  migrate,  they  fly  in  an  immense 
cloud. 

LO'€UST,  II.  A  name  of  several  plants  and 
trees  ;  as  a  species  of  Melianthus,  and  of 
Ceratonia. 

LO'€UST-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Hymena;a,  and  another  of  the  genus  Ro- 
binia.  The  Honey- Locust-tree,  is  of  the 
genus  Gleditsia. 

LODE,     n.     [from    Sax.    ladan,    to   lead. 

1.  Among  miners,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any 
regular  vein  or  course,  Avhether  metallic 
or  not,  but  commonly  a  metallic  vein. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  A  cut  or  reach  of  water.  Cyc. 
LO'DE-STONE,  n.  [from  the  verb  to  lead. 

and  stone.] 
1.  A  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron;  a  stone  found 
in  iron  mines,  of  a  dark  or  black  lead  co 
lor,  and    of   considerable    hardness    and 
weight.     It  attracts  iron  filings,  and  com- 
municates to  iron  tlie  same  property  of  at 
traction.     But  its  peculiar  value  consists 
in  its  communicating  to  a  needle  the  prop- 


LOG 

Wits  take  lodgings  in  the  sound  of  Bow 


Pope. 


Spenser. 
Sidney. 


to  compose,  to  deposit  or  lay  uii, 
repair;  Russ.  loju,  to  lay,  to  put 
probably  allied  to  lay.] 

1.  To  set,  lay  or  deposit  for  keeping  or  pres 
ervation,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  The 
men  lodged  their  arms  in  the  arsenal. 

2.  To  place  ;  to  plant ;  to  infix. 
He  lodged  an  anow  in  a  tender  breast. 

.Addison 
To  fix  ;  to  settle  in  the  heart,  mind  or 
memory. 

1  can  give  no  reason 
More  than  a  lodged  hate —  Sliak. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  temporary  habitation, 
or  with  an  accommodation  for  a  night. 
He  lodged  the  prince  a  month,  a  week,  or 
a  night.  [The  imrd  ttsuaily  denotes  a 
short  residence,  but  for  no  definite  time.] 

5.  To  harbor  ;  to  cover. 
The  deer  is  lodged.  Addison 

To  aftbrd  place  to ;  to  contain  for  keep- 
ing. 

The  memory  can  lodge  a  greater  store  of  iin 
ages,  than  the  senses  can  present   at  one  lime. 

Chcyne 

7.  To  throw  in  or  on  ;  as,  to  lodge  a  ball  or  a 
bomb  in  a  fort. 

8.  To  throw  down  ;  to  lay  flat. 
Our  sighs,  and   they  shall  lodge  the  summer 

corn.  Shalt. 

LODGE,  I',  i.  To  reside;  to  dwell;  to  rest 
in  a  place. 

And  lodge  such  daring  souls  in  little  men. 

Pope. 
To  rest  or  dweU  for  a  time,  as  for  a  night, 
a  week,  a  month.  We  lodged  a  night  at 
the  Golden  Ball.  We  lodged  a  week  at 
the  City  Hotel.  Soldiers  lodge  in  tents  in 
summer,  and  in  huts  in  winter.  Fowls 
lodge  on  trees  or  rocks. 
3.  To  fall  flat,  as  grain.     Wheat  and  oats  on 

strong  land  are  apt  to  lodge. 
LODGE,  n.  A  small  house  in  a  park  or  for- 
est, for  a  temporary  place  of  rest  at  night ; 
a  temporary  habitation  ;  a  hut. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

2.  A  small  house  or  tenement  appended  to 
a  larger  ;  as  a  porter's  lodge. 

3.  A  den  ;  a  cave ;  any  place  where  a  wild 
beast  dwells. 

LODG'ED,  pp.  Placed  at  rest ;  deposited ; 
infixed  ;  furnished  with  accommodations 
for  a  night  or  other  short  time  ;  laid  flat. 

LODG'ER,  n.  One  who  lives  at  board,  or  in 
a  hired  room,  or  who  has  a  bed  in  anoti 
cr's  house  for  a  night. 

2.  One  that  resides  in  any  place  for  a  time. 

Pope. 

LODG'  ING,  ppr.  Placing  at  rest ;  deposit- 
ing ;  furnishing  lodgings. 

2.  Resting  for  a  night ;  residing  for  a  time. 

LODG'ING,  n.  A  place  of  rest  for  a  night, 
or  of  residence  for  a  time;  temporary  hab- 
itation ;  apartment. 


2.  Place  of  residence. 
Fair  bosom — the  lodging  of  delight. 

3.  Harbor;  cover;  place  of  rest. 
Convenience  for  repose  at  night. 

Sidney. 

LODG'MENT,  11.  [Fr.  logement.]  The  act 
of  lodging,  or  the  state  of  being  lodged;  a 
being  placed  or  deposited  at  rest  for  keep- 
ing for  a  time  or  for  ]iermaiience. 
Accumulation  or  collection  of  something 
deposited  or  remaining  at  rest. 
In  military  affairs,  an  encampment  made 
by  an  army. 

A  work  cast  up  by  besiegers,  during  their 
approaches,  in  some  dangerous  post  which 
they  have  gained,  and  where  it  is  necessa- 
ry to  secure  themselves  against  the  ene- 
my's fire.  Cyc. 

LOFFE,  v.  i.  To  laugh.     [Xot  used.] 

Shak. 

LOFT,  )i.  (Dan.  loft,  Sax.  hfle,  the  air, 
an  arch,  vault  or  ceiling  ;  |>robably  allied 
to  lift,  Dan.  lifter.     Qu.  Gr.  yjxpo;.] 

1.  Properly,  an  elevation  ;  lience,  in  a  build- 
ing, the  elevation  of  one  story  or  floor 
above  another  ;  hence,  a  floor  above 
another  ;  as  the  second  loft ;  third  lofl ; 
fourth  lofl.  Spenser  seems  to  have  used  the 
word  for  the  highest  floor  or  top,  and  this 
may  have  been  its  original  signification. 

2.  A  high  room  or  place.  Pope. 
LOFT'ILY,  adi:    [from  lofty.]  On  high ;  in 

an  elevated  place. 

2.  Proudly ;  haughtily. 
They  are  corrupt  and  speak  wickedly  con- 
cerning oppression  ;  they  speak  loflily.      Ps. 
Ixxiii. 

3.  With  elevation  of  language,  diction  or 
sentiment ;  sublimely. 

My  lowly  veise  may  loftily  aiise.      Spe7iser. 

4.  In  an  elevated  attitude.  A  horse  carries 
his  head  loftily. 

LOFT'INESS,  II.  Highth  ;  elevation  in  jilaco 
or  position  ;  altitude;  as  the  loftiness  of  a 
mountain. 
Pride;  haughtiness. 

Augustus  and  Tiberius  had  lojiiness  enough 
in  their  tempers —  Collier. 

3.  Elevation  of  attitude  or  mien  ;  aslofliness 
of  carriage. 

Sublimity  ;  elevation  of  diction  or  senti- 
ment. 

Three  poets  in  three  distant  ages  bom  : 
The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpass'd  ; 
The  next  in  majesty  ;  in  both  the  last. 

Dryden . 
LOFT'Y,  a.  Elevated  in  place  ;  high  ;  as  a 
lofty  tower  ;  a  lofty  mountain.     [But  it  ex- 
presses more  than  high,  or  at  least  is  more 
emphatical,  poetical  and  elegant.] 

See  lofty  Lebanon  his  head  advance. 

Pope. 
Elevated  in  condition  or  character. 

Thus  saith  the  high  and  lofty  One,  that  in- 
habilelh  eternity,  whose  name  is  Holy —  Is. 
Ivii. 

3.  Proud  ;  haughty ;  as  lofly  looks.    Is.  ii. 

4.  Elevated  in  sentiment  or  diction ;  sub- 
lime ;  as  lofly  strains ;  lofly  rhyme. 

Maton. 

5.  Stately  :  dignified  ;  as  lofly  steps. 
LOG,  u.  [This  word  is  probably  allied  to  D. 

log,  logge,  heavy,  dull,  sluggish  ;  a  sense 


LOG 

vetained  in  water-logged ;  and  to  lug,  lug- 
ccagi;  perhaps  to  clog.] 
I.'A  bulky  piece  or  stick  of  timber  unhew- 
ed.  Pine  logs  are  floated  down  rivers  in 
America,  and  stopped  at  saw -mills.  A 
piece  of  timber  when  hewed  or  squared, 
is  not  called  a  log,  unless  perhaps  in  con- 
structing log-huts. 

2.  In  navigation,  a  machine  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  a  ship's  velocity  through  the 
water.  The  common  log  is  a  piece  of 
board,  forming  the  quadrant  of  a  circle  of 
about  six  inches  radius,  balanced  by  a 
small  plate  of  lead  nailed  on  the  circular 
part,  so  as  to  swim  perpendicular. 

Mar.  Diet 

3.  [lleb.  jS.]  a  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids, 
containing,  according  to  some  authors, 
three  quarters  of  a  pint ;  according  to  oth 
ers,  five  sixths  of  a  pint.  According  to  Ar- 
buthnot,  it  was  the  seventy  second  part 
of  the  bath  or  ephah,  and  the  twelfth  part 
of  a  bin.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

LOG,  V.  i.  To  move  to  and  fro.     {M'ot  used 

Polu'hde. 

LOG'-BOARD,  n.  In  navigation,  two  boards, 
shutting  like  a  book,  and  divided  into  col- 
umns, containing  the  hours  of  the  day  and 
night,  direction  of  the  wind,  course  of  the 
ship,  &c.,  from  wliicli  is  formed  the  log- 
book. Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'-BOQK,  n.  A  book  into  which  are  trans- 
cribed the  contents  of  the  log-board. 

Mar.  Did. 

A  house  or  hut  whose 


LOG 


LOG-HOUSE, 
-HUT, 


walls  are  composed  of 


LOG 

logs  laid  on  each  other. 
LOG'-LINE,  n.  A  line  or  cord  about  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  fathoms  in  length,  fastened 
to  the  log  by  means  of  two  legs.     This  is 
wound  on  a  reel,  called  the  log-reel. 

Encyc.    Mar.  Diet 
LOG'-REEL,   n.  A  reel  in  the  gallery  of  a 
ship,  on  which  the  log-line  is  wound. 

Encyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'ARITHM,    n.    [Fr.    logarithme  ;   Gr. 

Xoyo?,  ratio,  and  apiOftoj,  number.] 
Logarithms  are  the  exponents  of  a  series  of 
powers  and  roots.  Day. 

The  logarithm  of  a  number  is  that  exponent 
of  some  other  number,  which  renders  the 
power  of  the  latter,  denoted  by  the  expo- 
nent,-equal  to  the  former.  Cyc 
When  the  logarithms  form  a  series  in  arith- 
metical  progression,    the    corresponding 
natural  numbers  form  a  series  in  geomet- 
rical progression.     Thus, 
I^ogarithms                0     12         3           4  5 
Natural  numbers,      1   ID  100   1000  10000  100000 
The  addition  and  subtraction  of  logarithms 
answer  to   the  multiplication  and  division 
of  their  natural  numbers.     In  like  manner 
involution  is  performed  by  multiplying  the 
logarithm  of  any  number  by  the  number 
denoting  the  required  power ;  and  evolu- 
tion,   by  dividing  the    logarithm    by  the 
number  denoting  the  required  root. 
Logarithms    arc    the   invention    of   Baron 
Napier,  lord  of  Marchiston  in   Scotland  ; 
but  the  kind  now  in  use,  were  invented  by 
Henry  Briggs,  professor  of  geometry  in 
Gresham   college,  at  Oxford.     They  are 
extremely  useful  in  abridging  the  labor  of 
trigonometrical  calculations 


LOGARITHMET'ie,       }     Pertaining  to 

LOGARITHMET'leAL, }  a.    logarithms  ; 

LOGARITHMIC,  )        consistin^of 

logarithms.  Encyc.     Lavoisier. 

LOG'GATS,  n.  The  name  of  a  play  or 
game,  the  same  as  is  now  called  kittle-pins. 
It  was  prohibited  by  Stat.  33,  Henry  VIII. 
[J^ol  in  use.]  Hanmer. 

LOG'GERHEAD,  n.  [log  and  head.]  A 
blockhead  ;  a  dunce  ;  a  dolt ;  a  thick-skull. 

Shak. 

2.  A  spherical  mass  of  iron,  with  a  long  ban 
die  ;  used  to  heat  tar.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  fall  to  loggerheads,  )    to   come  to  blows; 

To  go  to  loggerheads,  S  1°  ''^"  '°  f'ght'Dg 
without  weapons.  L'Estrange. 

LOG'GERHEADED,  a.  Dull ;  stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish. *''a*- 

L0G'I€,  n.  [Fr.  logique  ;  It.  logica  ;  L.  id. ; 
from  the  Gr.  Xoyixij,  from  ^oyoj,  reason, 
"Kiyu,  to  speak.] 

The  art  of  thinking  and  reasoning  justly. 

Logic  is  tlie  art  of  using  reason  well  in  our 
inquiries  after  truth,  and  the  communication  of 
it  to  others.  Watts. 

Logic  may  be  defined,  the  science  or  history 
of  the  human  mind,  as  it  traces  the  pro 
gress  of  our  knowledge  from  our  first  con 
ceptions  through  their  different  combina- 
tions, and  the  numerous  deductions  that 
result  from  comparing  them  with  one  an- 
other. Encyc. 

Correct  reasoning  implies  correct  thinking 
and  legitimate  inferences  from  premises, 
which  are  principles  assumed  or  admitted 
to  be  just.  Logic  then  includes  the  art  of 
thinking,  as  well  as  the  art  of  reasoning. 


L  O  L 

Contention  in  words  merely,  or  rather  a 
contention  about  words ;  a  war  of  words. 

Hotvell. 

LOGOMET'RI€,  a.  [Gr.  >.oyo;,  ratio,  and 

1     jusrpfo,  to  measure.] 

iA  logometric  scale  is  intended  to  measure  or 
ascertain   chimical  equivalents. 

j  fVollaston. 

LOG'WQOD,  n.  A  species  of  tree  and  wood, 
called  also  Campeachy-wood,  from  the 
bay  of  Campeachy  in  Spanish  America, 
of  the  genus  Hsematoxylon,  of  which 
there  is  one  species  only.  This  tree  has  a 
crooked,  deformed  stem,  growing  to  the 
highth  of  20  or  24  feet,  with  crooked  ir- 
regular branches,  armed  with  strong 
thorns.  The  wood  is  of  a  firm  texture 
and  a  red  color.  It  is  much  used  in  dye- 
ing. Encyc. 
LO'HO€H,  I      [Ar.]  A  medicine  of  a  mid- 


The  purpose  ot  logic  is  to  direct  the  intellect- 
ual powers  in  the  investigation  of  truth,  and  in 
the  communication  of  it  to  others.  Hedge. 

LOgT€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  logic  ;  used  in 
logic  ;  as  logical  subtilties.  Hooker. 

According  to  the  rules  of  logic ;  as  a  log- 
ical argument  or  inference.  This  reason 
ing  is  strictly  logical. 

Skilled  in  logic  ;  versed  in  the  art  of  think- 
ing and  reasoning ;  discriminating  ;  as  a 
logical  head.  Spectator. 

LOg'ICALLY,  adv.  According  to  the  rules 

of  logic  ;  as,  to  argue  logically. 
LOgI"CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  logic,  or 
the  art  of  reasoning. 

Each  fierce  logician  still  expelling  Locke. 

Pope. 
LOgIS'TIC,    a.    Relating    to  sexagesimal 
fractious.  Cyc. 

LOG'MAN,  )i.  A  inau  who  carries  logs. 

Shak 
2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  and  con- 
vey logs  to  a  mill.  [Local.]  U.  States. 
LOGOGRAPH'IC,  )  Pertaining  to  lo- 
LOGOGRAPH'ICAL,  <,  '  gography. 
LOGOG'RAPHY,n.  [Gr.  ^oyoj,  a  word,  and 

ypofu,  to  write.] 
A  method  of  printing,  in  which  a  type  rep- 
resents a  word,  instead  of  forming  a  letter. 

Encyc. 

LOG'OGRIPHE,  n.   [Gr.  >.oyo;  and  ypi^oj.] 

A  sort  of  riddle.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

LOGOM'ACHIST,  n.    One  who  contends 

about  words.  E.  T.  Fitch. 

LOGOM'A€lIV,  n.   [Gr.  Xoyoj,  word,  and 

nax^i,  contest,  altercation.] 


LO'HOCK,  ^"'dle  consistence  between  a 
soft  electuary  and  a  syrup.     [See  Loch.] 

Encyc. 
LOIN,  n.  [Sax.  lend;  G.  D.  lende  ;  Sw.  Ihnd ; 
Dan.  Icend ;   W.  dun  ;    Arm.    lanenn   or 
loinch  ;     Ir.  luan  or  hleun  ;  L.  dunis.] 
The  loins  are  the  space  on  each  side  of  the 
vertebrse,  between  the  lowest  of  the  false 
ribs  and  the  upper  portion  of  the  os  ilium 
or  haunch  bone,  or  the  lateral  portions  of 
the  lumbar  region  ;  called  also  the  reins. 
LOITER,  V.  i.  [D.  leuteren;  Russ.  leilayu 
or  letayu.  Qu.  its  alliance  to  late  and  let.] 
To  linger  ;  to  be  slow  in  moving  ;  to  delay  ; 
to  be  dilatory ;  to  spend  time  idly. 

If  we  have  loitered,  let  us  quicken  our  pace. 

Rogers. 
LOIT'ERER,  n.  A   lingerer ;  one  that  de- 
lays or  is  slow  iu  motion  ;  an  idler;  one 
that  is  sluggish  or  dilatory. 
Ever  listless  loiterers,  that  attend 
No  cause,  no  trust,  no  duty  and  no  friend. 

Pope. 
LOIT'ERING,  ppr.    Lingering;  delaying; 

moving  slowly. 
LOKE,  n.    [Qu.   Ir.   loch,   dark;   Gr.  %vyt;, 
darkness.] 

1.  In  the  Scandinavian  mythology,  the  evil 
deity,  the  author  of  all  calamities  ;  answer- 
ing to  the  Ariinanes  of  the  Persians. 

Mallet.    Edda. 

2.  A  close  narrow  lane.     [Local.] 

LOLL,  V.  i.  [Eth.  f^A®  A(D  alolo,  to 
thrust  out  the  tongue.  The  sense  of  this 
word  is  to  throw,  to  send.  Hence  it  co- 
incides with  the  Gr.  ^aX(u,  W.  lloliaw,  to 
speak,  to  prate,  Dan.  laller,  G.  lallen.  It 
coincides  also  with  lull,  to  appease,  that  is, 
to  throw  down.] 

1.  To  recline  ;  to  lean  ;  properly,  to  throw 
one's  self  down  ;  hence,  to  lie  at  ease. 

Void  of  care  he  lolls  supine  in  state. 

Dryde7i. 

2.  To  suffer  the  tongue  to  hang  extended 
from  the  mouth,  as  an  ox  or  a  dog  when 
heated  with  labor  or  exertion. 

The  triple  porter  of  the  Stj-gian  seat, 
With  lolling  tongue  lay  fawning  at  his  feet. 

Dry  den. 

LOLL,  V.  t.  To  thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

Fierce    tigers  couched    around,   and    lolled 

their  tongues.  Dryden. 

LOLL'ARD,  n.  [Qu.  G.lalkn,lollen,  to  prate 

or  to  sing.] 
The  Lollards  were  a  sect  of  early  reformers 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


in  Germany  and  England,  the  followers  of 
Wickliffe. 

LOLL'ARDY,  ii.  The  doctrines  of  the  Loll- 
ards. 

LOLL'ING,  ppr.  Throwingdown  or  out ;  re- 
clining iit  ease  ;  thrusting  out  the  tongue. 

LOMBARD'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Lom- 
bards; an  epithet  ajjplied  to  one  of  the  an- 
cient alphabets  derived  from  the  Roman, 
and  relating  to  the  manuscripts  of  Italy. 

LO'MENT,  n.  [L.  lomentum.]  An  elongated 
pericarp,  which  never  bursts.  It  consists, 
like  the  legume,  of  two  valves,  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  the  under  suture,  but  is 
divided  iuto  small  cells,  each  containing  a 
single  seed.  Ed.  Encyc. 

LOMENTA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  lomentum,  bean 
meal,  a  color.] 

Furnished  with  a  loment.  The  tomenlaceiv 
are  a  natural  order  of  plants,  many  of 
which  fninish  beautiful  tinctures  or  dye.s, 
and  whoso  seeds  are  contained  in  a  loment 
or  legume.  Linne. 

LOM'ONITE,  «.  Laumonite,  or  di-prismat- 
ic  zeolite.  Ure. 

LOMP,  >i.  A  kind  of  roundish  fish. 

Johnson. 

LON'DONISM,  n.  A  mode  of  speaking  pe- 
cidiar  to  London.  Pegge. 

LONE,  a.   [Dan.  Ion,  a  corner,  nook,  a  lurk 
ing  place,  secrecy ;  liinlig,  Svv.  ISnnlig,  pri 
vate,  close,  clandestine.    The  radical  sense 
is  probably  to  separate,  or  rather  to  with- 
draw or  retire,  and  the  word  may  be  allied 
to  Fr.  loin.     If  alone  is   composed  of  all 
and  one,  which  the  Teutonic  dialects  indi 
cate,  it  has  no  connection  with  tone.] 

1.  Solitary;  retired;  unfrequented;  having 
no  company. 

And  leave  you  in  tune  woods  or  empty  walls 

Pope 

2.  Single  ;  standing  by  itself;  not  having 
others  in  the  neighborhood ;  as  a  torn 
house.  Pope 

3.  Single ;  unmarried,  or  in  widowhood. 

Stuik 
LONE,  n.   A  lane.     [Local] 
LO'NELINESS,    n.  Solitude;  retirement: 
seclusion  from  company.     He  was  weary 
of  the  loneliness  of  his  habitation. 
2.  Love   of  retirement ;  disposition  to  soli- 
tude. 

I  see 
Tl\e  mystery  of  your  loneliness.  Shak 

LO'NELY,  a.  Solitary;  retired;  sequester- 
ed from  company  or  neighbors  ;  as  a  lonely 
situation  ;  a  lonely  cell.  Dryden 

2.  Solitary;  as  the  io?!c/2/ traveler. 

3.  Addicted  to  solitude  or  seclusion  from 
company.  Roive. 

LO'NENESS,  n.  Solitude;  seclusion. 

Donne 
LO'NESOME,  a.  Solitary;  secluded  from 

society. 

How  horrid  will  these  lonesome  seMs  appear  ! 

JUackmore. 
LO'NESOMENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

solitary;  solitude. 
LONG,  a.    [Sax.  long,  lang  and  leng;  G 

lange;  D.  Dan.  lang;    Sw.  lang;    Goth. 

laggs ;    L.   longua  ;    It.   lungo ;   Fr.  long. 

The  Gothic  word  seems  to  connect  this 

word  with  lag,  in  the  .sense  of  drawing  out 

whence  delaying.] 
1.  Extended ;  drawn  out  in  a  line,  or  in  the 

Vol.  II. 


direction  of  length  ;  opposed  to  short,  and! 
contradistinguished  from  broad  or  wide.i 
Long  is  a  relative  term  ;  fiir  a  thing  mayj 
be  long  in  respect  to  one  thing,  and  short 
with  respect  to  another.  We  ajjply  long 
to  things  greatly  extended,  and  to  things 
which  exceed  the  common  measure.  We 
say,  a  long  way,  a  long  distance,  a  /o»!g- 
line,  and  long  hair,  long  arms.  By  the  lat 
ter  terms,  we  mean  hair  and  arms  exceed 
ing  the  usual  length. 

2.  Drawn  out  or  extended  in  time  ;  as  along\ 
time;  a  Zong  perioil  of  time  ;  ii  long  wh\\e : 
a  long  series  of  events;  a  long  sickness 
or  confinement ;  a  long  session  ;  along  de- 
bate. 

3.  Extended  to  any  certain  measure  ex- 
pressed ;  as  a  span  long;  a  y mil  long ;  a 
mile  long,  th&t  is,  extended  to  the  nieasurej 
of  a  mile,  &c. 

4.  Dilatory ;  continuing  for  an  extended 
time. 

Death  will  not  be  long  in  coming.      Ecclus. 

5.  Tedious  ;  continued  to  a  great  length. 
A  tale  should  never  be  too  lojig.  Prior. 

G.  Continued  in  a  series  to  a  great  extent ; 
as  a  long  succession  of  princes;  ti  long  line 
of  ancestors. 
7.  Continued   in  sound ;   protracted ;    as   a 
long  note  ;  a  long  syllable. 
Contimied ;  lingc'ringor  longing. 

Praying  tor  liiin,  and  casting  a  long  look  that 
way,  he  saw  the  galley  leave  the  pursuit. 

Sidney. 
Extensive ;  extending  far  in  prospect  or 
into  futurity. 

The  perennial  existence  of  bodies  corporate 
and  their  fortunes,  arc  things  particularly  suited 
to  a  man  who  has  long  views.  Burke.' 

I 
Long  home,  the  grave  or  death.  Eccles.  xii.  j 

LONG,  n.  Formerly,  a  musical  note  equal  tO| 
two  breves.     Obs.  j 

LONG,  adv.  To  a  great  extent  in  space  ;  asj 

a  long  extended  line. 
2.  To  a  great  extent  in  time ;  as,  they  that 
tarry  long  at  the  wine.    Prov.  xxiii. 
When  the  trumpet  soimdcth  long.  Ex.  xix. 
So  in  composition  we  say,  fong'-expect- 
ed,  Zong-forgot. 
.3.  At  a  point  of  duration  far  distant,  either 
prior  or  posterior  ;  as  not /oiig' before  ;  not 
long  after  :  long  before  the  foundation  of 
Rome  ;  long  after  the  conquest  of  Gaiil  by 
Julius  Cesar. 
4.  Through  the  whole  extent  or  duration  of 
The  God  who  fed  me  all  my  life  long  to  this 
day.  Gen.  xlviii. 

The  bird  of  dawtung  singeth  all  night  long. 

Spenser. 
LONG,  adv.   [Sax.  gelang,  cause  or  fault. 

Qu.  belonging  to,  as  the  cause.] 
By  means  of;  by  the  fault  of;  owing  to.  Obs. 
Mistress,  all  this  evil  is  Imig  of  you.  Shak 
LONG,  V.  t.  To  belong.     [J\'ot  used.] 

Chaucer, 

LONG,  V.  i.  [Sax.  langian,  with  erfier.  We 
now  say,  to  /o»ig  after,  or  to  long  for.  The 
sense  is  to  reach  or  stretch  toward.] 

1.  To  desire  earnestly  or  eagerly. 

I  long  to  see  you.  Rom.  i. 

I  have  longed  alter  thy  precepts.  Ps.  cxix. 

I  have  longed  for  thy  salvation.  Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  have  a  preternatm-al  craving  appe 
tite ;  as  a  longing  woman. 

3.  To  have  an  eager  appetite ;  as,  to  long  for 
fruit. 


LONGANIM'ITl^  n.  [L.  longanimitas ; 
longus,  long,  and  animus,  mind/] 

Forbearance ;  patience  ;  disposition  to  en- 
dure long  under  offenses. 

Broien.     Howell. 

LONG 'BOAT,  n.  The  largest  and  strongest 
boat  belonging  to  a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

LONGER,  (1.  [conip.  of  long.]  More  long; 
of  greriter  length  :  as  a  longer  course. 

LON^GER,  adv.  For  a  greater  duration. 
This  evil  can  be  endured  no  longer. 

LON'GEST,  a.  Of  the  greatest  extent ;  as 
the  longcstWue. 

LON'GEST,  adv.  For  the  greatest  contin- 
uance of  time.  Tliey  who  live  longest,  are 
most  convinced  of  the  vanity  of  life. 

LONgE'VAL,  a.  [L.  longus  and  wvum.] 
Long  lived.  Pope. 

LON(5i:V'ITy,  ji.  [L.longavUas;  longus, 
long,  and  (cvum,  age.] 

Length  or  duratiiui  of  life  ;  more  generally, 
great  length  of  life. 

The  inst3Dces  of  longctily  are  chiefly  among 
the  abstemious.  Arbuthnot. 

LONgE'VOUS,  a.  [L.  longavus,  supra.] 
Living  a  long  time;  of  great  age. 

LONG'-IIEADED,  a.  Having  a  great  extent 
of  thought. 

LONgIJM'ANOUS,  a.  [L.  longus,  long,  and 
mamis,  hand.]     Having  long  hands. 

Brown. 

LONgIM'ETRY,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and 
Gr.  fifTjior,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  distances 
or  lengths,  whether  accessible  or  inaccess- 
ible. Encyc. 

LONG'ING,  ppr.  Earnestly  desiring  ;  hav- 
ing a  craving  or  preternatural  appetite. 

LONG'ING,  n.  An  eager  desire;  a  craving 
or  preternatural  appetite. 

LONG'INGLY,  adv.  With  eager  wishes  or 
appetite. 

LONgIN'QUITY,  71.  [L.  longinquilas.] 
Great  distance.  Barrow. 

LONG'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  long;  moder- 
ately long. 

LON  GlTUDE,  n.  [L.  longiludo,  from  lon- 
gus, long.] 

1.  Properly,  length  ;  as  the  longitude  of  a 
room  ;  lint  in  this  sen.'^e  not  now  used.  Aji- 
propriately,  in  geography, 

2.  The  di.Nt.ince  of  any  |)lacc  on  the  globe 
from  another  place,  eastward  or  west- 
ward ;  or  the  distance  of  any  place 
from  a  given  inerirlian.  Boston,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, is  situated  in  the  71st  degree 
o{  longitude  west  from  Greenwich.  To 
be  able  to  ascertain  precisely  the  longi- 
tude of  a  ship  at  sea,  is  a  great  desidera- 
tum in  navigation. 

3.  The  longitude  of  a  star,  is  its  distance 
from  the  equinoctial  points,  or  the  begin- 
ning of  Aries  or  Libra.  Bailey. 

LONGITUDINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  longi- 
tude or  length  ;  as  longitudinal  distance. 

2.  Extending  in  length  ;  ruiuung  length- 
wise, as  distinguished  from  transverse  or 
across  ;  as  the  longitudinal  diameter  of  a 
body.  The  longitudinal  suture  of  the 
head  runs  between  the  coronal  and  lam- 
doidal  sutures.  Baileu. 

LONGITUDINALLY,  adv.  In  the  direc- 
tion of  length. 

Some  of  the  fibers  of  the  human  body  are 
placed  longitudinally,  others  transversely. 

iCncyc. 


LOO 


LOO 


LOO 


LONG'LEGGED,  a.  Having  long  legs. 

LONG'LIVED,  a.  Having  a  long  life  or  ex 
istence;  living  long;  lasting  long. 

VONG'LY,  arfi).  With  longing  desire.  [Kot 
wsedJ]  Shak. 

LONG-MEASURE,  n.  Lineal  measure; 
the  measure  of  length. 

LONG'NESS,  n.  Length.     [Little  used.] 

LONG-PRIM'ER,  n.  A  printing  type  of  a 
particular  size,  between  small  pica  and 
bourgeois. 

LONG'SHANKED,  a.  Having  long  legs. 

Burton. 

LONG-SIGHT,  n.  Long-sightedness.  Good. 

LONG-SIGHTED,  a.  Able  to  see  at  a  great 
distance ;  used  literally  of  the  eyes,  and 
figuratively  of  the  mind  or  intellect. 

LONG-SIGHTEDNESS,  n.  The  faculty  of 
seeing  objects  at  a  great  distance. 

1.  In  medicine,  presbyopy ;  that  defect  of 
sight  by  which  objects  near  at  hand  are 
seen  confusedly,  but  at  remoter  distances 
distinctly.  Hooper 

LONG'SOME,  a.  Extended  in  length  ;  tire- 
some ;  tedious;  as  a  longsome  plain.    Obs. 

Prior. 

LONG'SPUN,  a.  Spun  or  extended  to  a 
great  length.  Addison. 

LONG-SUF'FERANCE,  n.  Forbearance  to 
punish  ;  clemency ;  patience. 

Com.  Prayer. 

LONG-SUF'FERING,  a.  Bearing  injuries 
or  provocation  for  a  long  time ;  patient ; 
not  easily  provoked. 

The  Lord  God,  merciful  and  gracious,  long- 
suffering  and  abundant  in  goodness.  Ex. 
xxxiv. 

LONG-SUFFERING,  n.  Long  endurance  ; 
patience  of  offense. 

Despisest  tliou  the  riches  of  his  goodness,  and 
foibearancc,  and  long-suffering?     Rom.  ii. 

LONG-TONGUED,  a.    Rating ;  babbling. 

Shak. 

LONGWAYS,  a  mistake  for  longmse. 

LONG-WIND'ED,  a.  Long  breathed ;  tedi- 
ous in  speaking,  argument  or  narration ; 
as  a  long-ioinded  advocate. 

LONG'-WISE,  adv.  In  tlie  direction  of 
length  ;  lengthwise.     [Little  used.] 

Hakewill. 

LO'NISH.  a.  Somewhat  solitary.  [M'ot 
used  and  inelegant.] 

LOO,  n.  A  game  at  cards.  Pope. 

LOOB'ILY,  adv.  [See  Looby.]  Like  a 
looby  ;  in  an  awkward,  clumsy  manner. 

L'Estrange. 

I.OOB'Y,  Ji.  [W.  llabi,  a  tall  lank  person,  a 
looby,  a  lubber,  a  clumsy  fellow  ;  Hob,  a 
blockhead,  an  unwieldy  lump.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  fellow  ;  a  lubber. 

Who  coidd  i;ive  the  looby  such  airs  .'      Swift. 

LOOF,  )i.  The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  or 
the  part  where  the  planks  begin  to  be  iri- 
curvated,  as  they  approach  the  stem. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOOF.  [See  Luff,  which  is  the  word  used.] 

LOOF'ED,  a.  [See  Aloof.]  Gone  to  a  dis- 
tance.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

LOOK,  i>.  j'.  [Sax.  locian  ;  G.  lugen  ;  Sans. 
lokhan.  It  is  perliaps  allied  to  AV.  lygu,  to 
appear,  to  shine.  See  Light.  The  pri 
mary  sense  is  to  stretch,  to  extend,  to 
.shoot,  hence  to  direct  tlie  eye.  We  ob 
serve  its  |)rimary  sense  is  nearly  the  same 
as  that  of  seek.  Hence,  to  look  for  is  to 
seek.] 


1.  To  direct  the  eye  towards  an  object,  with 
the  intention  of  seeing  it. 

When  the  object  is  within  sight,  look  is 
usually  followed  by  on  or  at.  We  look  on 
or  at  a  picture  ;  we  look  on  or  at  the  moon  ; 
we  cannot  ?oo4  onorat  the  unclouded  sun 
withoiU  pain. 

At,  after  look,  is  not  used  in  our  version 
of  the  Scriptures.  In  common  usage,  at 
or  on  is  now  used  indifferently  in  many 
cases,  and  yet  in  other  cases,  usage  has 
estabhshed  a  preference.  In  general,  on 
is  used  in  the  more  solemn  forms  of  ex- 
pression. Moses  was  afraid  to  look  on 
God.  The  Lord  look  on  you  and  judge 
In  these  and  similar  phrases,  the  useof  a( 
would  be  condemned,  as  expressing  too 
little  solemnity. 

In  some  cases,  at  seems  to  be  more 
properly  used  before  very  distant  objects  ; 
but  the  cases  can  hardly  be  defined. 

The  particular  direction  of  the  eye  is 
expressed  by  various  modifying  words ;  as. 
to  look  down,  to  look  up,  to  look  back,  to 
look  forward,  to  look  from,  to  took  round,  to 
look  out,  to  look  under.  When  the  object 
is  not  in  sight,  look  is  followed  by  after,  or 
for.  Hence,  to  look  after,  or  look  for,  is 
e(|uivalent  to  seek  or  search,  or  to  expect. 

2.  To  see  ;  to  have  the  sight  or  view  of. 
Fate  sees  thy  life  lodged  in  a  brittle  glass. 
And  looks  it  through,  but  to  it  cannot  pass. 

Dry  den. 

3.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye ;  to  apply 
the  mind  or  luiderstanding  ;  to  consider; 
to  examine.  Look  at  the  conduct  of  this 
man  ;  view  it  in  all  its  aspects.  Let  every 
man  look  into  the  state  of  his  own  heart. 
Let  us  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of 
men  on  this  subject. 

4.  To  expect. 
He  must  look  to  fight  another  battle,  before 

he  coiUd  reach  Oxford.     \_LitHe  Jtserf.] 

Clarendon. 

5.  To  take  care  ;  to  watch. 
Look  that  ye  bind  them  fast.  Shak. 

6.  To  be  directed. 
Let  thine  eyes  look  right  on.     Prov.  iv. 

7.  To  seem  ;  to  appear  ;  to  have  a  particular 
appearance.  The  patient  looks  better  than 
he  did.     The  clouds /ooA' rainy. 

I  am  al'raid  it  would  look  more  like  vanity 
than  gratitude,  Addison 

Observe  how  such  a  practice  looks  in  anothei 
person.  Watts. 

So  we  say,  to  look  stout  or  big ;  to  look 
peevish  ;  to  look  pleasant  or  graceful. 

8.  To  have  a  particular  direction  or  situa- 
tion ;  to  face  ;  to  front. 

The  gate  that  looketh  toward  the  nortti. 
Ezek.  viii. 

The  east  gate  of  the  Lord 's  Iiouse ,  that  looketh 
eastward.     Ezek.  xi. 
To  look  about,  to  look  on  all  sides,  or  in  dif- 
ferent directions. 
jTo  look  about  one,  to  be  on  the  watch  ;  to  be 
vigilant;  to  be  circumspect  or  guarded. 

Arbuthnot. 
To  look  after,  to  attend  ;  to  take  care  of;  as, 
to  look  after  children. 

2.  To  expect ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expecta- 
tion. 

Men's  hearts  failing  them  for  fear,  and  for 
looking  after  those  things  which  are  coming  ou 
the  earth.     Luke  xxi. 

3.  To  seek  ;   to  search. 


My  subject  does  not  oblige  me  to  look  after 

the  water,  or  point  forth  the  place  whereunto  it 

has  now  retreated.  Woodward 

To  look  for,  to  expect ;  as,  to  look  for  news  by 

the  arrival  of  a  ship. 

Look  now  for  no  enchanting  voice. 

.nfilton. 
2.  To  seek  ;   to  search  ;    as,  to  look  for  lost 

money,  or  lost  cattle. 
To  look  into,  to  inspect  closely  ;    to  observe 
narrowly  ;  to  examine  ;  as,  to  look  into  the 
works  of  nature  ;  to  look  into  the  conduct 
of  another  ;  to  look  into  one's  affairs. 

Which  things  the  angels  desire  to  look  into. 
I  Pet.  i. 
To  look  on,  to  regard ;  to  esteem. 

Her  friends  would  look  on  her  the  worse. 

Prior. 

2.  To  consider ;  to  view ;  to  conceive  of;  to 
think. 

I  looked  ore  Virgil  as  a  succinct,  majestic  wri- 
ter. Ih-yden. 

3.  To  be  a  mere  spectator. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on.         Shak. 

To  look  over,  to  examine  one  by  one  ;    as,  to 

look  over  a  catalogue  of  books ;    to  look 

over  accounts. 

To  overlook,  has  a  different  sense,  to  pass 

over  without  seeing. 
To  took  out,  to  be  on  the  watch.    The  sea- 
man looks  out  for  breakers. 
To  look  to,  or  i(»((o,  to  watch  ;  to  take  care  of. 

Look  well  to  thy  herds.     Prov.  xxvii. 
2.  To  resort  to  with  confidence  or  expecta- 
tion of  receiving  something  ;  to  e.xpect  to 
receive  from.     The  creditor  may  look  to 
the  surety  for  payment. 

Look  to  me  and  be  ye  saved,  all  the  ends  of 
the  earth.     Is.  xlv. 
To  look  through,  to  penetrate  witli  the  eye, 
or  with  the  understanding;   to  see  or  un- 
derstand perfectly. 
LQQK,  v.  t.  To  seek ;  to  search  for. 

Looking  my  love,  I  go  from  place  to  place. 
Obs.  Speriser. 

2.  To  influence  by  looks  or  presence;  as,  to 
look  down  opposition. 

A  spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire. 
And  look  the  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

To  look  out,  to  search  for  and  discover.  Look 

out  associates  of  good  reputation. 
To  look  one  another  in  the  face,  to  meet  for 

combat.  2  Kings  xiv. 
LOOK,  in  the  imperative,  is  used  to  excite 
attention  or  notice.  Look  ye,  look  you ; 
that  is,  see,  behold,  observe,  take  notice. 
LOOK,  n.  Cast  of  countenance;  air  of  the 
face;  aspect;  as,  a  high  /ooA:  is  an  inde.\ 
of  pride  ;  a  downcast  look  indicates  mod- 
esty, bashfulness,  or  depression  of  mind. 

Pain,  disgrace   and    poverty  have   frightful 
looks.  Locke. 

2.  The  act  of  looking  or  seeing.  Every  look 
filled  him  with  anguish. 

3.  View;  watch.  Swinburne. 
LQOK'ER,  n.  One  who  looks. 

(\  looker  on,  a  mere  spectator;  one  tbat/ooA'S 
o?i,  but  has  no  agency  or  interest  in  the 
affair. 

LOOK'ING-GLASS,  n.  A  glass  which  re- 
flects the  form  of  the  person  \vho  looks  on 
it;  a  mirror. 

There  is  none  so  homely  but  loves  a  looking- 
glass.  South. 

LOOK'-OUT,  n.  A  careful  looking  or  watch- 
ing for  any  object  or  event.         Mar.  Diet. 

LO()L,  n.  In  mclallurgij,  a  vessel  used  to  re- 
ceive tire  washings  of  ores  of  metals..  JE?!C!,r-. 


LOO 


LOO 


LOP 


LOOM,  n.  [Sax.  loma,  geloma,  utensils.]  In 
composition,  heir-loom,  in  law,  is  a  person- 
al chattel  that  hy  special  custom  descends 
to  an  heir  with  the  inheritance,  being 
such  a  thing  as  cannot  be  separated  from 
the  estate,  without  injury  to  it ;  sucli  as 
jewels  of  the  crown,  charters,  deeds,  and 
the  like.  Blackstone. 

2.  A  frame  or  machine  of  wood  or  other  ma- 
terial, in  which  a  weaver  works  threads 
into  cloth. 

Hector,  when  he  sees  Andromache  over- 
whelmed with  terror,  sends  her  for  consolation 
to  the  loom  and  the  distaff.  Rambler 

3.  [Dan.  loin  or  loom,,  G.  lohme.]  A  fowl  of 
the  size  of  a  goose. 

4.  That  part  of  an  oar  which  is  within 
board.  Mar.  Did. 

LOOM,  V.  i.  [Q,u.  Sax.  homan,  to  shine, 
from  leoma,  a  beam  of  light.  This  does 
not  give  the  exact  sense  of  the  word  as 
now  used.] 

To  appear  above  the  surface  either  of  sea 
or  land,  or  to  appear  larger  than  the  real 
dimensions  and  indistinctly  ;  as  a  distant 
object,  a  ship  at  sea,  or  a  mountain.  The 
ship  looms  large,  or  the  land  looms  high. 

Mar.  Diet. 

LOOM'-GALE,  n.  A  gentle  gale  of  wind. 

Encjjc. 

LOOM'ING,  ppr.  Appearing  above  the  sur- 
face, or  indistinctly,  at  a  distance. 

LOON,  n.  [Scot,  loun  or  loon.  Qu.  Sax 
lun,  needy,  or  Ir.  liun,  sluggish.] 

1.  A  sorry  fellow;  a  rogue  ;  a  rascal. 

Dryden.     Shak. 

2.  A  sea-fowl  of  the  genus  Colymbus.  [Ice. 
lunde.] 

LOOP,  n.  [Ir.  lubam,  to  bend  or  fold  ;  lub, 
tuba,  a  thong,  a  loop.] 

1.  A  folding  or  doubling  of  a  string  or  a 
noose,  through  which  a  lace  or  cord  may 
be  run  for  fastening. 

That  the  probation  bear  no  hinge,  nor  hop 
To  hang  a  doubt  on.  Shak 

2.  In  iron-works,  the  part  of  a  row  or  block 
of  cast  iron,  melted  ofl"  for  the  forge  or 
hammer. 

LOOP'ED,o.  Full  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP'HOLE,  71.  A  small  aperture  in  the 
bulk-head  and  other  parts  of  a  merchant 
ship,  tliroiigh  which  small  arms  are  fired 
at  an  enemy.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  hole  or  aperture  that  gives  a  passage. 

3.  A  passage  for  escape  ;   means  of  escape. 

Drt/den 

LOOP'HOLED,  a.  Fidl  of  holes  or  open- 
ings for  escape.  Hudibras. 

LOOP'ING,  n.  In  metallurgy,  the  running 
together  of  the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a 
mass,  when  the  ore  is  only  heated  for  cal- 
cination.    [D.  loopen,  to  run.]  Encyc. 

LOORD,  n.  [D.  tor,  a  clown ;  Fr.  lotird, 
Sp.  lerdo,  heavy,  dull,  gross.] 

A  dull  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

LOOSE,  ii.<.  loos.  [Sa.x.lysan,alysan,leosan 
Sw.  losa  ;  D.  lossen,  loozen  ;  G.  lOsen ;  Dan. 
loser  ;  Goth,  lausyan  ;  Gr.  >.vu,  contracted 
from  the  same  root.  The  W.  llaesu,  sig 
nifies  to  relax,  but  may  be  from  the  root  of 
tax.  These  words  coincide  with  the  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  Heb.  I'Sn.     Class  Ls.   No.  30.] 

1.  To  untie  or  unbind;  to  free  from  any 
fastening. 


Canst  thou  loose  the  bands  of  Orion  ?  Job 
xxxvili. 

Ye  shall  find  an  ass  tied,  and  a  colt  with  her  ; 
loose  them,  and  bring  them  to  me.     Matt.  xxi. 

2.  To  relax. 
The  joints  of  his  loins  were  loosed.    Dan.  v. 

3.  To  release  from  imprisonment ;  to  liber- 
ate ;  to  set  at  liberty. 

The  captive  exile  hasteneth  that  he  may  be 
loosed.     Is.  li. 

4.  To  free  from  obligation. 
Art  thou  loosed  from  a  wife  ?  seek  not  a  wife 

1  Cor.  vii. 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  binds  or 
shackles ;  as  a  man  loosed  from  lust  and 
pelf.  Dryden. 

6.  To  relieve  ;  to  free  from  any  thing  bur- 
densome or  afflictive. 

Woman,  thou  art  loosed  from  tliine  infirmity 
Luke  xiii. 

7.  To  disengage ;  to  detach ;  as,  to  loose 
one's  hold. 

8.  To  put  off. 
Loose  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  foot-     Josh.  v. 

9.  To  open. 

Who  is  worthy  to  open  the  book,  and  to  loose 
the  seals  thereof  ?     Rev.  v. 

10.  To  remit;  to  absolve. 

Whatsoever  thou  shalt  loose  on  earth,  shall  be 

loosed  in  heaven.     Matt.  xvi. 
LOOSE,  V.  i.  To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port  or 

harbor. 

Now  when  Paul  and  his  company  loosed  from 

Paphos,   they  came  to  Perga,  in  Pamphylia 

Acts  xiii. 
LOOSE,   a.    [Goth,  hius ;   D.  los,  losse ;   G 

los ;   Dan.  Ivs ;   Sw.   los.      Qu.  VV.    llws 

loose,  lax.] 

I.  Unbound;  untied;  unsewed;  not  fasten- 
ed or  confined  ;  as  the  loose  sheets  of  a 
book. 

3.  Not  tight  or  close  ;  as  a  loose  garment. 

3.  Not  crowded ;  not  close  or  compact. 
With  horse  and  chariots  rank'd  in  loose  array 

Jililton. 

4.  Not  dense,  close  or  compact ;  as  a  cloth 
or  fossil  of  loose  textui'e. 

o.  Not  close  ;  not  concise ;  lax  ;  as  a  loose 
and  diffuse  style. 

().  Not  precise  or  exact ;  vague  ;  indeterm- 
inate ;  as  a  loose  way  of  reasoning. 

7.  Not  strict  or  rigid ;  as  a  loose  observance 
of  rites. 

8.  Unconnected  ;  rambling  ;  as  a  loose  indi 
gested  play. 

Vario  spends  whole  mornings  in  running  over 
loose  and  unconnected  pages.  JVatts 

9.  Of  lax  bowels.  Locke 

10.  Unengaged;  not  attached  or  enslaved. 

Their  prevailing  principle  is,  to  sit  as  loose 
from  pleasures,  and  be  as  moderate  in  the  use  of 
them  as  they  can.  Atterbury 

II.  Disengaged;  free  from  obligation ;  with 
from  or  of. 

Now  I  stand 

Loose  of  my  vow ;    but  who  knows  Cato's 

thought ;     [Little  used-l        Addison 

12.  Wanton  ;  unrestrained  in  behavior  ;  dis- 
solute :  uncha.ste  ;  as  a  loose  man  or  wo- 
man. 

13.  Containing  unchaste  language ;  as  a 
loose  epistle.  Dryden. 

To  break  loose,  to  escape  from  confinement ; 
to  gain  liberty  by  violence.  Dryden. 

To  let  loose,  to  free  from  restraint  or  confine- 
ment ;  to  set  at  liberty.  Locke. 


LOOSE,  n.  Freedom  from  restraint ;  lib- 
erty. 

Come,  give  thy  soul  a  loose.  Dryden. 

Vent  all  its  griefs,  and  give  a  loose  to  sorrow. 

Addison. 
We  use  this  word  only  in  the  phrase,  give  a 
loose.     The  following  use  of  it,  "  he  runs 
with  an  unbounded  loose,"  is  obsolete. 

Prior. 
LOOS'ED,   pp.    Untied ;    unbound ;    freed 

from  restraint. 
LOOSELY,  adv.  loos'ly.  Not  fast ;  not  firmly ; 
that  may  be  easily  disengaged  ;  as  things 
loosely  tied  or  connected. 
2.  Without  confinement. 

Her  golden  locks  for  baste  were  loosely  shed 
About  her  ears.  Speitser. 

Without  union  or  connection. 

Part  loosely  wing  the  region.  Milton. 

Irregularly  ;  not  with  the  usual  restraints. 

.\  bishop  living  loosely,  was  charged  that  his 

conversation  was  not  according  to  the  aposde's 

lives.  Camden. 

5.  Negligently  ;  carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ;  as  a 
mind  loosely  employed.  Locke. 

6.  Meanly  ;  slightly. 
A  prince  should  not  be  so  loosely  studied,  as 

to  remember  so  weak  a  composition.         Shak. 

7.  Wantonly  ;  dissolutely ;    unchastely. 

Pope. 
LOOS'EN,  V.  t.  loos'n.    [from  loose,  or  it  is 
the  Saxon  infinitive  retained.] 

1.  To  free  from  tightness,  tension,  firmness 
or  fixedness  ;  as,  to  loosen  a  string  when 
tied,  or  a  knot ;  to  loosen  a  joint ;  to  loosen 
a  rock  in  the  earth. 

2.  To  render  less  dense  or  compact ;  as,  to 
loosen  the  earth  about  the  roots  of  a  tree. 

3.  To  free  from  restraint. 

It  loosens   his  hands  and   assists   his  under- 
standing. Dryden. 

4.  To  remove  costiveness  from ;  to  facilitate 
or  increase  alvine  discharges. 

Fear  looseneth  the  belly.  Bacon. 

LOOS'EN,  v.i.  To  become  loose;  to  be- 
come less  tight,  firm  or  compact. 

LOOS'ENED,  pp.  Freed  from  tightness  or 
fixedness  ;  rendered  loose. 

LOOSENESS,  n.  loos'ness.  The  state  of 
being  loose  or  relaxed  ;  a  state  opposite  to 
that  of  being  tight,  fast,  fixed  or  compact  ; 
as  the  looseness  of  a  cord  ;  the  looseness  of 
a  robe ;  the  looseness  of  the  skin ;  the 
looseness  of  earth,  or  of  the  texture  of 
cloth. 

2.  The  state  opposite  to  rigor  or  rigidne?s ; 
laxity  ;  levity ;  as  looseness  of  morals  or 
of  principles. 

3.  Ii-regularity ;  habitual  deviation  from 
strict  rules;  as  looseness  of  life. 

Hayward. 

4.  Habitual  lewdness;  imchastity.     Spenser. 

5.  Flux  from  the  bowels ;  diarrhfea.     Bacon. 
LOOS'ENING,;>;)r.  Freeing  from  tightness, 

tension  or  fixedness;  rendering  less  com- 
pact. 

LOOSESTRIFE,)!,  loos  strife.  In  botany,ihe 
name  of  several  species  of  plants,  of  the 
genera  Lysimachia,  Epilobiura,  Lytbrum, 
and  Gaura.  Lee. 

jLOOS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  confine- 
ment. 

LOP,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  affinities  of  this 
word,  unless  it  is  lob,  or  the  W.  llab,  a 
stroke  ;  llabiaw,  to  slap  or  strike,  or  the 
Eng.  flap,  or  Ir.  lubam,  to  bend.  The 
primary  sense  is  evidently  to  fall  or  fell, 


LOR 

or  to  strike  down,  aud  I  think  it  connect- 
ed v/ahjlap.] 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  oft 
the  extremities ;  as,  to  lop  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fgli'd,  Milton. 

3.  To  cut  off,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfhious  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saphngs  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;  to  flap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  value. 

Mortimer. 

LOP,  n.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local.] 
LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  I'opa ;  D.  loopen.] 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  lopa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.    See 

Leap.] 
A  leap  ;  a  long  step.     [A  ivord  xn  popular 

use  in  America.] 
LOPE,  V.  i.   To  leap ;  to  move  or  run  with 

a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 
LO'PING,  ppr.    Leaping  ;   moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 
LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  off;  shortened  by  cut 

ting  off  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  ?i.  One  that  lops. 
LOP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting   off;    shortening 

by  cutting  off  the  extremity  ;  letting  fa 
LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off. 
LOUUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 

to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  clack.]     Talkative ; 

given  to  continual  talking. 

Loquaciuxts,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dryden. 

2.  Speaking  ;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch, 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  )       [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQUACITY,  S       Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 

Ijy  fits.  '  Arbutluiot. 

LORD,  n.    [Sax.   hlaford.     This   has  been 

supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 

and  ford,  afford,   to   give  ;    and  hence   a  

lord  is  interpreted,  a  hread-giver.  But  lady,  .->    p,.Qyj  .  ], 
in  Saxon,   is  in  like  manner  written  Wo/-l  —  ' 

da:g;  and  da-g  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme 
power  and  authority ;  a  ruler ;  a  gov- 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord.  Milton 

But  now  I   was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion.  Shah 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler.       Dryden. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor ;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


LOR 

5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great, 
Britain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in-: 
eluding  dukes,  marcjuises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops 
also,  as  members  of  the  bouse  of  lords, 
are  lords  of  parhament.  Thus  we  say, 
lords  temporal  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukes] 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  ofl 
earls.  Encyt] 

6.  An  honorary  title  bestowed  on  certain 
official  cbaracters;  as  lord  advocate,  lord', 
chamberlain,  lord  chancellor,  lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 

'  In  Scnplure,  ihe  Supreme  Being  ;  Jeho 
vah.  When  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  \» 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri 
ety,  be  rendered.  The  word  is  applied  to 
Clinst,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  3  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings.  Gen.  xl.  2  Sam.  xix. 
to  princes  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv. 


LOS 


to  a  husband,  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 


Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect 
able  person.   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords.  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer;  to  rule  with  ar- 
bitrary or  despotic  sway;  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  in  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

Tlie  whiles  she  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser. 
I  see  them  lording  it  in  London  streets. 

Shak 
They  lorded  over   them    whom  now   Ihcy 
serve.  Milton 

LORD'ING,  n.  A  little  lord  ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule.     [Lillle  tiscd.]        Swift. 
LORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden. 

LORD'LliMESS,  n.   [from  lordly-]  Digiiity  ; 
j     high  station.  Shak. 

12.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING,  )!.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 

Swift. 
LORD'LY,    a.    [lord  ami  like.]  Becoming  a 
lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  suppoi  ( 
them.  South. 

auglity  ;  imperious  ;  insolent. 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swain. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Swift.\ 

LORD'LY,     adv.     Proudly ;    imperiously ;; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood. 
Roars  lordly  fierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  g-rnce. 
2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
oflice.  Johnson. 

Dominion;  power;  authority. 

They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gcnliles,  exercise  lordship  over  them.    Mark  x. 

4.  Seigniory ;    domain  ;    the   territory  of  a 

lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 

manor. 


What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden . 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  teran, 
to  learn ;  D.  leer ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  tere  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

Fairfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore. 

Pope. 

LOR'EL,  n.  [Sax.  leoran,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LO'RESMAN,  n.  [lore  and  man.]  An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 

LOR'IeATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 
lorica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 

1.  To  plate  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  Jiay. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'ICATED,;>p.  Covered  or  plated  over  : 
encrusted. 

LOR'ICATING,  ppr.  Covering  over  with  a 
plate  or  crust. 

LORIeA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  covering  any  thing  with  a  plate  or 
crust  for  defense  ;  as  the  loricalion  of  a 
chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 
action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 
of  heat. 

LOR'IMER,  n.  [L.  iomm,  a  thong  ;  Ft.lar- 


A  bridle-maker ;    one   that  makes  bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [N'ol  tised.] 
LO'RING,  n.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  n.  [Fr.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the   oriole. 
LO'RIS,  11.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LORN,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 
Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  n.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 
the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 
the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

LoSABLE,  a.  That   may   be   lost.     [Little 

u.sed.]  Boyle. 

Lose,  v.  t  looz.  pret.  and  pp^  lost.    [Sax. 

"     verliexen ; 
to 
part,  to    separate,  and  from  the  root  of 
loose.] 

1.  To  mislay;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  i)aper ;  to  lose  a  record ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaming. 

.3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  i'o  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  first  pa- 
rents lost  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 

'a>*y- 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


losian,  forlosian,  forhjsan;    D.   verliezei 
Goth,  husaii.     The   sense   is  probably 


LOS 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted  ?    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deUberates  is  lost. 

Addison 

8.  To  wander  froin  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  Uje  maze  of  words.  Pope. 

10.  To  possess  no  longer;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste,  li- 
tus  sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  hours,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

12.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away  ; 
as,  to  lose  a.  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dis- 
sipation 

't 


JL  O  T 


L  O  T 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  us  a  loss  otii     turn  or  position  of  wliicli,  an  event  is  by 

liquors  in  transportation.  1      previous  agreement  determined. 

To  bear  a  loss,  lo  make  good;  also,  to  sus-  7b  rfrau; /o<»,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw 


13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon. 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope. 

14.  To  ruin;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  li-e 
land,   April  23,  1823.     The   admiral   tost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish ;  as,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 
IG.  To  employ  iueffectually  ;  to  throw  away 

to  waste.  Instruction  is  often  lost  on  the 
dull;  admonition  is /osi  on  the  profligate 
It  is  often  the  fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 

Which  Kdw  in  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt,  x. 

To   lose  one's  self,   to  be    bewildered ;   also, 
to  slumber;  to  have  tlie  memory  and  rea 
son  suspended. 
Lose,  v.  i.  looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  ii 
contest;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  them  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  wins  ;  who's  in,  who': 
out.  Shah 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discountenanced,  and  like  folly  shows 

Milton 
LOS'EL,  ?i.  s  as  :.  [from  the  root  of  Joosc 
A  wasteful  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect;  a  worthless  person.     Oba. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  n.    [Sax.   has,    false;    leas- 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  loses,  or  that 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit- 
ure or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  winner  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaming. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss 
ing  ;  forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  n.  Privation;  as  the  ?05S  of  property  ; 
loss  of  money  by  gaming ;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri- 
ment.    We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  :  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


tain  a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled  ;  to  be  unable! 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.    [M>t  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [M>t  used.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found ;  as  a  lost  book. 
Ruined  ;  destroyed ;  wasted  or  squander 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

Bewildered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze 
as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument 

Alienated  ;  insensible  ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible ; 
as  an  isle  tost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des 
troyed ;  as  a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or  on  the 
rocks. 

LOT,  n.  [Sax.  blot,  hlodd,  Mel,  kbit ;  Goth. 
hlauts;  D.  Fr. /o( ;  Sw.  hit;  Dan.  Arm. 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lotto  ;  Sp.  loteria,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  French,  from 
lot,  have  lotir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. 
whence  lodccq,  a  co-heir.] 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune  ;  but  in  strictness 
of  language,  is  the  deterinination  of  Prov- 
idence ;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  xxvi. 

J.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
connnitted  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
termination of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

The  lot  is  cast  into  the  lap,  but   tlie   whole 
disposint;  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 

3.  The  part,  division  or  fate  which  falls  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,  by  divine  deter- 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.    Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  sutTer  and  to  die.      Pope 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 

5.  Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to  pay 
scot  and  lot. 

6.  In  the  U.  States,  a  piece  or  division  of] 
land ;  perhaps  originally  assigned  by 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  in  Broadway,  or  in  the  meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun- 
tain ;  he  has  a  home-lot,  a  house-^*,  a 
wood-^(. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  m  the 
city  of  New  York. 

Kent.    Franklin,  Law  of  Penn 

To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


ngone  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  71.  [L.  lotus,  lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-tree,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  species  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  wind-instruments  arc 
made  of 'it,  and  in  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Encyc. 

A  little  fish. 


LOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  common  orthography 
is  loath,  i)ronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
of  cloth,  Sax.  clath.  I  have  folio  w(xl  Wil- 
ton, Dryden,  Waller,  Spenser  and  Shak- 
speare  in  the  orthograjihy  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 
Literally,  bating,  detesting ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  dotli  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

/James. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

Waller. 

LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lathian,  to  h.itc,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathiun,  to  call ; 
Goth,  lathon,  to  call;  Sw.  Itdus,  to  lothe; 
G.  einlaelen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lade,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade,] 

1.  To  feel  disgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  a^ersion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lutheth  this  light   bread.       Num. 
xxi. 

Lathing  the  honey'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Coictey. 

2.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly ;  to  abhor. 
Ye  shall  lothe  yourselves  in  your  own  sight 

for  all  your  evils —     Ezek.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  I  lothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  f.  1.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  7i.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

Wliicii  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  behold. 

Hubherd. 

2.  Disgusting;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  hthful  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 

LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at;  hav- 

ng  extreme  aversion  to;  as  lothing  food. 

3.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lothing  sin. 
LO'TIHNG,    n.    Extreme   disgust;  abhor- 
rence.    Ezek.  xvi. 

LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  extreme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

bonne. 
LOTH'NESS,    n.     Unwillingness  ;    reluct- 
ance. 


LOR 


LOR 


LOS 


6. 


or  to  strike  down,  aud  I  think  it  connect- 
ed v/ithjlap.] 
I.  To  cut  oft;  as  the  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  off 
the  extremities  ;  as,  to  top  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fell'd.  Milton. 

9.  To  cut  off,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfluous  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  lop  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saphngs  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;    to  flap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lopwiWbe  of  little  value 

Mortimer 

LOP,  11.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local] 

LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  Ibpa ;  D.  loopen.] 
Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  lopa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.  See 
Leap.] 

A  leap ;  a  lon^  step.  [A  word  in  popular 
use  in  America.] 

LOPE,  V.  i.  To  leap  ;  to  move  or  run  with 
a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 

LO'PING,  ppr.  Leaping  ;  moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 

LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  off;  shortened  by  cut- 
ting off  the  top  or  end;  bent  down 

LOP'PER,  71.  One  that  lops. 

LOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  shortening 
by  cutting  off  the  extremity ;  letting  fall. 

LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off. 

LOaUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 
to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  claclc]  Talkative  ; 
given  to  continual  talking. 

Loquacious,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dry  den. 

2.  Speaking;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch, 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  )        [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQIJ.\C'ITY,  S       Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  great  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 
bv  fits."  Arhulhnot 

LORD,  7! .  [Sax.  hlaford.  This  has  been 
supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 
and  ford,  afford,  to  give ;  and  hence  a 
lord  is  interpreted,  a  bread-giver.  But  ladi/,\ 
in  Saxon,  is  in  lilie  manner  written  hloff- 
dag;  and  dwg  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person   possessing  supreme 
power  and   authority  ;    a   ruler  ; 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord. 

But  now  I  was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion. 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  liitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 

4.  A  baron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor ;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


a  gov 


Milton. 

Shale 
Dryden.' 


5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great, 
Uiitain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in-^ 
eluding  dukes,  marquises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishopsi 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lortlsj 
are  lords  of  parhament.  Thus  we  say, 
lords  tein])oral  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy! 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukes] 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  oil 
earls.  Encyc.i 

An  honorary   title  bestowed  on  certain 
official  characters  ;  as  lord  advocate,  lord 
chamberlain,   lord  chancellor,    lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 
7.' In  Scripture,  ihe  Supreme   Being  ;  Jeho 
vah.  Wlien  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  \t 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri- 
ety, be  rendered.     The  word  is  applied  to 
Christ,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings.  Gen.  xl.    2  Sam.  xix. 
to  ])rinces  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv 
to  a  husband.  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 
Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect- 
able person.   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords,  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer;  to  rule  with  ar- 
bitrary or  despotic  sway;   sometimes  fol 
lowed  by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  iu  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiles  she  lorJeth  m  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser 
I  see  them  lording:  it  in  London  streets. 

Shak. 
They   lorded  over   thcra    whom  now   Ihey 
serve.  Mdton 

LORD'ING,  Ji.  A  little  lord  ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule.     [LitUe  used.]        Swift. 
LORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden 

LORD'LINESS,  7i.   [from  lordly-]  Dignity; 
1     hish  .station.  Shak. 

2.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING'  11.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 
j  Swifl. 

jLORD'LY,    a.    [lord  and  like.]  Becoming  a 
lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  support 
them.  South. 

Proud;  haughty;  imperious;  insolent. 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swain. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Swift. 

LORD'LY,     adv.     Proudly;     imperiously; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 
Roars  loi'dly  tierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord ;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  grace. 
2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
office.  Johnson. 

Dominion;  power;  authority. 

They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gentiles,  exercise  lordship  over  them.    Mark  x 

4.  Seigniory ;    domain  ;   the   territory  of  a 

lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 

II     manor. 


What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden. 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  Iwran, 
to  learn  ;  D.  leer  ;  G.  lehre  ;  Dan.  Icere  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

JFaitfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore- 
Pope. 

LOR'EL,  n.  [Sax.  leoran,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
LO'RESMAN,  n.    [lore  and  man.]    An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 
LOR'ICATE,  V.  t.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 

torica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 
1.  To  plate  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  ^iciy- 
To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 
LOR'ICATED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over ; 

encrusted. 
LOR'ICATING,  ppr.  Covering  over  with  a 

plate  or  crust. 
LORl€.\'TION,  11.  The  act  or  operation 
of  covering  any  thing  with  a  i>late  or 
crust  for  defense  ;  as  the  lorication  of  a 
chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 
action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 
of  heat. 
LORIMER,  71.  [L.  ioru?n,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  ior- 

mier.] 
.\  bridle-maker;    one   that  makes   bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [.Not  used.] 
LO'RING,  71.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  71.  [Fr.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the  oriole. 
LO'RIS,  71.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LOF?N,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 
Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  71.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 
the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 
the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Did.  Nat.  Hist. 

LOSABLE,  a.  That  may   be   lost.     [Little 

used.]  Boyle. 

LOSE,  V.  t.  looz.  pret.  and   pp.  lost.    [Sax. 

losian,  forlosian,  forlysan;    D.   verliezen; 


Goth,  liusan.  The  sense  is  probably  to 
part,  to  separate,  and  from  the  root  of 
loose.] 

1.  To  mislay;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  iinper ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaming. 

3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lost  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penaltv-  Our  firet  pa- 
rents lost  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 
tasy. 

6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


LOS 


LOT 


L  O  T 


If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted  ?    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  Uie  maze  of  words.  Pope. 

10.  To  possess  no  longer;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste.  Ti- 
tus sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  houre,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

13.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away 
as,  to  lose  a  fortune  by  gaining,  or  by  dis 
sipation. 

13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  tlie  land  at  noon, 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect, 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope 

14.  To  ruin;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, April  23,  1832.  The  admiral  lost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish ;  a?,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  ineffectually  ;  to  throw  away ; 
to  waste.  Instruction  is  otlen  lost  on  the 
dull;  atlnionitioii  is /os<  ou  the  profligate. 
It  is  often  the  fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 
Which  Edwin  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt.  s. 

To   lose  one'*  self,   to  be   bewildered ;   also 
to  slumber;  to  have  the  memory  and  rea- 
son suspended. 
Lose,  !>.  i.   looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  ni 
contest;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  them  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  nins  ;  wlio's  in,   who's 
out.  Siliak. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discouatenanccd,  and  like  folly  shows. 

Milton. 
LOS'EL,  n.  s  as  ;.  [from  the  root  of  ioose.] 
A  wastefid  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect ;  a  worthless  person.     04s. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  n.    [Sa.x.   leas,    false ;    has 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  lose.s,  or  tliat 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit- 
ure or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  wintier  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaming. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss- 
ing; forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  n.  Privation  ;  as  the  loss  of  property  ; 
loss  of  money  by  gaming;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri 
ment.     We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  :  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  as  u  loss  ol 
liquors  in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss,  to  make  good ;  also,  to  sus- 
tain a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled  ;  to  be  unable 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.     [JVotused.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [Mil  med.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found  ;  as  a  lost  book. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  or  squander- 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  F'orfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildered  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze  ; 
as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  his  argument 

6.  Alienated ;  insensible ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible; 
as  an  isle  lost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des- 
troj'ed ;  as  a  ship  tost  at  sen,  or  on  the 
rocks. 

LOT,  n.  [Sax.  litot,  hlodd,  hkl,  hlyl;  Goth, 
hlauts ;  D.  Fr.  lot;  Sw.  loll;  Dan.  Arm 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lolto  ;  Sp.  loteria,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  happens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  French,  from 
lol,  have  lolir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. 
whence  lodccij,  a  co-heir.]  : 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune  ;  but  in  strictness 
of  language,  is  the  determination  of  Prov-j 
idence;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  xxvi. 

2.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one' 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
connnitted  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
termination of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

Tlie  lot  is  cast  into   the  lap,  but    tlie    whole 
disposiiii:  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 

3.  The  part,  division  or  fate  w  liich  falls  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,  by  divine  deter- 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.     Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  suffer  and  to  die.      Pope. 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 

5.  Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to  pay 
scot  and  lot. 

6.  In  the  U.  Slates,  a  piece  or  division  of 
land ;  perhaps  originally  assigned  byi 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  in  Broadway,  or  in  the  meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun- 
tain ;  he  has  a  hom^-lot,  a  house-W,  a 
wooA-lot. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  in  the 


turn  or  position  of  which,  an  event   is  by 
previous  agreement  delerniiiicd. 

To  draw  lots,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw- 
ing one  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue  ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  n.  [\^.lolus,lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-trce,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  .'-■pecies  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  winil-instruments  arc 
made  of 'it,  and  iu  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Eneye. 

2.  A  little  fish. 


city  of  New  York. 
Kent. 


Franklin,   Law  of  Pain 
To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,   or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


ILOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  common  orthography 
is  loath,  pronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
oi' cloth,  Sax.clath.  I  have  followed  Mil- 
ton, Dryden,  Waller,  Spen.ser  and  Sliak- 
speare  in  the  ortliograjdiy  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 

1.  Literally,  hating,  detesting  ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  doth  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

Vavies. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

WaUer. 
LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lalhian,  to  hate,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathinii,  to  call ; 
Goth,  tiilhon,  to  call ;  Sw.  Itdas,  lolothe; 
G.  einladen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lade,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade.'l 

1.  To  feel  tlisgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  a\ersion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lotheih  this  light   bread.       Num. 
x.^i. 

Lathing  the  honey'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Cotcley. 
To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly  ;  to  abhor. 

Ye  shall  lothe  yourselves  in  your  own   sight 
for  all  your  evils —     Ezck.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  1  lothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  i.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  n.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

A\'hich  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  behold. 

I lubber d. 

2.  Disgusting  ;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  lolhfiU  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 
LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust   at;  hav- 
ing extreme  aversion  to  ;  as  lathing  food. 

3.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lathing  sin. 
LO'THING,    71.    Extreme   disgust;  abhor- 
rence.    Ezek.  xvi. 

LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  extreme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  m.auner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

Donne. 
LOTH'NESS,    n.    Unwillingness;   reluct- 
ance. 


LOR 


6. 


or  to  strike  down,  and  I  tliink  it  connect- 
ed with  Jlap.] 
1.  To  cut  oft;  as  tlie  top  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing ;  to  shorten  by  cutting  oft" 
the  extremities  ;  as,  to  lop  a  tree  or  its 
branches. 

With  branches  lopped  in  wood,  or  mountain 
fgli'd.  Milton. 

9.  To  cut  off;  as  exuberances ;  to  separate, 
as  superfluous  parts. 

Expunge  the  whole,  or  U>p  the  excrescent 
parts.  Pope- 

3.  To  cut  partly  off"  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to 
lop  the  trees  or  saplings  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;    to  Jlap  ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his 
ears. 

LOP,  n.  That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Else  both  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  value. 

Mortimer. 
LOP,  n.  [Sax.  loppe.]     A  flea.     [Local] 
LOPE,  pret.  of  leap.  [Sw.  lopa ;  D.  loopen.] 

Obs.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  [Sw.  llipa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.    See 

Leap.] 
A  leap  ;  a  long  step.     [A  word  m  popular 

use  in  Jlmerica.] 
LOPE,  V.  i.   To  leap  ;  to  move  or  run  with 

a  long  step,  as  a  dog. 
LO'PING,  ppr.    Leaping  ;   moving  or  run- 
ning with  a  long  step. 
LOP'PED,  pp.  Cut  oflf;  shortened  by  cut 

ting  oft"  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  ?i.  One  that  lops. 
LOP'PING,  ppr.    Cutting   oft";    shortening 

by  cutting  oft"  the  extremity ;  letting  fall. 
LOP'PING,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off". 
LOUUA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  loquax,  from  loquor, 

to  speak.  Qu.  Eng.  to  clack.]     Talkative 

given  to  coutinual  talking. 

Loquacious,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong. 

Dryden. 

2.  Speaking;  noisy. 

Blind  British  bards,  with  volant  touch. 
Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 
LOQUA'CIOUSNESS,  }       [L.  loquacitas.] 
LOQUACITY,  S        Talkativeness; 

the  habit  or  practice  of  talking  continually 
or  excessively. 

Too  "real  loquacity  and  too  great  taciturnity 
bv  fits."  Arbuthnot. 

LORD,  J! .    [Sax.   Maford.     This   has   been 
supposed  to  be  compounded  of  hlaf,  loaf, 
and  ford,  afford,   to   give ;    and  hence   a 
lord  is  interpreted,  a  hread-giver.  But  ladi) 
in  Saxon,   is  in  like  manner  written  hlttf- 
dag;  and  da:g  can  hardly  signify  a  giver. 
The  word  occurs  in  none  of  the  Teutonic 
dialects,  except  the  Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  original  signification 
of  the  word.     I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 
\.  A  master;  a  person   possessing 
power  and   authority ;    a   ruler 
ernor. 

Man  over  man 
He  made  not  lord. 

But  now  I  was  the  lord 
Of  this  fair  mansion. 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler. 

3.  A  husband. 

I  oft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter,  and  my  dearer  lord. 

Pope. 
My  lord  also  being  old.     Gen.  xviii. 
Aharon;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor;  as 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 


LOR 

5.  A  nobleman ;  a  title  of  honor  in  Great 
Britain  given  to  those  who  are  noble  by 
birth  or  creation  ;  a  peer  of  the  realm,  in- 
cluding dukes,  martiuises,  earls,  viscounts 
and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lords, 
are  lords  of  parliament.  Thus  we  say 
lords  temjioral  and  spiritual.  By  courtesy 
also  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons  of  dukesl 
and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  of 
earls.  Encyc. 

An  honorary   title  bestowed  on  certain 


4. 


supreme 
;    a  gov 


Milton. 

Shak 
Dryden. 


official  characters ;  as  lord  advocate,  lord 
chamberlain,   lord  cliancellor,    lord  chief 
justice,  &c. 
7.  In  Scripture,  the  Supreme  Being  ;  Jeho 
I     vah.  AVhen  Lord,  in  the  Old  Testament,  i«] 
printed  in  capitals,  it  is  the  translation  of 
[     Jehovah,  and  so  might,  with  more  propri 
!     ety,  be  rendered.     The  word  is  applied  to 
Christ,  Ps.  ex.  Col.  iii.  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Thess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it 
is  applied  to  kings,  Gen.  xl.   2  Sam.  xix. 
to  princes  and  nobles.  Gen.  xlii.  Dan.  iv. 
to  a  husband,  Gen.  xviii.  to  a  prophet,  1 
Kings  xviii.  2  Kings  ii.  and  to  a  respect- 
able person,   Gen.  xxiv.    Christ  is  called 
the  Lord  of  glory,  1  Cor.  ii.  and   Lord  of 
lords,  Rev.  xix. 
LORD,  V.  I.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  V.  i.  To  domineer ;  to  rule  with  ar 
bitrary  or  despotic  sway;   sometimes  fol 
lowed  by  over,  and  sometimes  by  it,  in  the 
manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiles  she  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss. 

Spenser. 
I  see  them  lording-  it  in  Londou  streets. 

Shak. 
They  lorded  over   them    whom  now   they 
serve.  Milton 

LORD'ING,  >!.  A  little  lord ;  a  lord,  in  con- 
j     tempt  or  ridicule.     [Little  xised.]        Sieifl. 
ILORD'LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  lord. 
2.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Dryden 

LORD'LINESS,  n.   [from  lordly-]  Dignity; 
I     high  station.  Shak. 

,2.  Pride;  haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING'  n.  A  little  or  diminutive  lord. 
1  Swift. 

JlORD'LY,   a.    [lord  and  like.]  Becoming  a 
I     lord  :  pertaining  to  a  lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  suppoi 
I      them.  ""  "' 

Proud;  haughty;  imperious 
Every  rich  and  lordly  swahi. 
With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain. 

Stvift. 

LORD'LY,  adv.  Proudly;  imperiously; 
despotically. 

A  famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 
Roars  lordly  tierce.  Dryden. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing a  lord ;  hence,  a  title  of  honor  given 
to  noblemen,  except  to  dukes,  who  have 
the  title  of  g-race. 

2.  A  titulary  compellation  of  judges  and 
certain  other  persons  in  authority  and 
office.  Johnson. 

3.  Dominion;  power;  authority. 
They   who  are   accounted   to  rule  over  the 

Gentiles,  exercise  Inrdship  over  them.    Mark  x. 

4.  Seigniory ;  domain ;  the  territory  of  a 
lord  over  which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a 
manor. 


South. 
insolent. 


LOS 

What  lands  and  lordships  for   their  owner 

know 
My  quondam  barber.  Dryden. 

LORE,  n.  [Sax.  lar,  from  the  root  of  Iwran, 
to  learn ;  D.  leer ;  G.  lehrt ;  Dan.  Iccre  ;  Sw. 
lara.]  Learning  ;  doctrine  ;  lesson  ;  in- 
struction. 

The  law  of  nations,  or  the  lore  of  war. 

Jfaitfax. 
Lo !  Rome  herself,  proud  mistress  now  no 

more 
Of  arts,  but  thundering  against  heathen  lore. 

Pope. 

LOR'EL,  71.  [Sax.  horan,  to  wander.]  An 
abandoned  scoundrel ;  a  vagrant.     Obs. 

Chaucer, 

LO'RESMAN,  n.  [lore  and  man.]  An  in- 
structor.    Obs.  Gower. 

LOR'leATE,  V.  I.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  from 
lorica,  a  coat  of  mail.] 

1.  To  plute  over  ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate 
for  defense. 

Nature  hath  loricated  the  sides  of  the  tympa- 
num in  animals  with  ear-wax.  Ray. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  crust,  as  a  chimical  ves- 
sel, for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'IGATED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over ; 

encrusted. 
LOR'ICATING,  ppr.   Covering  over  with  a 

])late  or  crust. 
LORIeA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  operation 

of  covering   any  tiling    with    a  filate   or 

crust  for  defense  ;    as   the  loricatio7i  of  a 

chimical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to  resist  the 

action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree 

of  heat. 
LOR'IMER,  Ji.  [L.  tontm,  a  thong  ;  Fr.  to- 

mier.] 
.\  bridle-maker;    one   that  makes   bits  for 

bridles,  &c.    [M)t  itsed.] 
LO'RING,  n.  Instructive  discourse.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'RIOT,  n.  [Ft.]   A  bird  called  witwal ; 

the  oriole. 
LO'RIS,  )!.  A  small  quadruped  of  Ceylon. 
LORN,    a.    [Sax.  Dan.  forloren,  lost.      See 

Forlorn.]     Lost ;  forsaken  ;  lonely. 

Spenser. 
LO'RY,  n.  A  subordinate  genus  of  fowls  of 

the  parrot  kind,  forming  the  link  between 

the  parrot  and  parroquet. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 
LOSABLE,  a.  That   may   be   lost.     [Little 

used.]  Boyle. 

LOSE,  V.  t.  looz.   pret.  and   pp.   lost.    [Sax. 

losian,  forlosian,  forhjsan;    D.   verliezen; 

Goth,  husan.     The   sense   is  probably  to 

part,  to    separate,  and  from  the  root  of 

loose.] 

1.  To  mislay ;  to  part  or  be  separated 
from  a  thing,  so  as  to  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  place  where  it  is ;  as,  to  lose  a  book 
or  a  paper ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose  a  dol- 
lar or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to 
lose  money  in  gaining. 

3.  Not  to  gain  or  win ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle, 
that  is,  to  be  defeated. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  bat- 
tle ;  to  lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or 
by  amputation  ;  to  lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penalty.  Our  firet  pa- 
rents losl  the  favor  of  God  by  their  apos- 


tasy. 
6.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 


LOS 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  savor,  wherewith  shall 
it  be  salted !    Matt.  v. 

7.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  Is  lost. 

Addison. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Lost  in  tlie  maze  of  words.  Pope 

10.  To  possess  no  longer ;  to  be  deprived  of; 
contrary  to  keep;  as,  to  lose  a.  valuable 
trade. 

11.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy  ;  to  waste.  Ti- 
tus sighed  to  lose  a  day. 

Th'  unhappy  have  but  houi-s,  and  these  they 
lose.  Dryden. 

12.  To  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  to  throw  away  ; 
as,  to  lose  u  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dis- 
sipation. 

13.  To  suffer  to  vanish  from  view  or  percep- 
tion. We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon 
I  lost  my  companion  in  the  crowd. 

Like  following  life  in  creatures  we  dissect, 
We  lose  it  in  the  moment  we  detect.     Pope. 

14.  To  ruin ;  to  destroy  by  sliipwreck,  &c. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, April  22,  1822.  The  admiral  lost 
three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  perish  ;  a?,  to  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  iuetiectually  ;  to  throw  away 
to  waste.     Instruction  is  otlen  lost  on  the] 
dull;  admonition   is /os(  on  the  profiigate.' 
It  is   often  the   fate  of  projectors  to  lose 
their  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  scaly  back  the  bunch  has  got 
Which  Kdwiii  lost  before.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 
He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.     Matt.  x. 

To   lose  one's  self,   to  be   bewildered ;   also, 
to  slumber;  to  have  the  memory  and  rea- 
son suspended. 
L6SE,  V.  i.  looz.     To  forfeit  any  thing  in 
contest ;  not  to  win. 

We'll  talk  with  tliem  too. 
Who  loses  and  who  wins  ;  who's  in,   who's 
out.  aliak. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wisdom  ill  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discountenanced,  and  like  folly  shows 

Milton 
LOS'EL,  n.  s  as  :.  [from  the  root  of  Joose.] 
A  wasteful  fellow,  one  who  loses  by  sloth 
or  neglect ;  a  worthless  person.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LOS'ENGER,  ?i.    [Sax.   has,    false;    leas- 
unge,  falsity.]     A  deceiver.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
L6SER,  n.  looz'er.    One   that  loses,  or  that 
is  deprived  of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeit 
ure  or  the  like  ;  the  contrary  to  ivinner  or 
gainer.     A  loser  by  trade  may  be  honest 
and  moral ;  this  cannot  be  said  of  a  loser 
by  gaining. 
Losing,  ppr.  looz'ing.  Parting  from  ;  miss- 
ing; forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  employing  to  no 
good  purpose. 
LOSS,  71.  Privation ;  as  the  loss  of  property 
loss  of  money  by  gaming;  loss  of  health 
or  reputation.     Every  loss  is  not  a  detri 
ment.     We  cannot  regret  the  loss  of  bad 
company  or  of  evil  habits. 

2.  Destruction  ;  ruin  ;   as  the  loss  of  a  ship 
at  sea  ;  the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Defeat ;  as  the  loss  of  a  battle. 

4.  Waste  ;   useless  application  ;  as  a  loss  of 
time  or  labor. 


LOT 


5.  Waste  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  as  a  loss  ot 
liquors  in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss,  to  make  good ;  also,  to  sus- 
tain a  loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled;  to  be  unable 
to  determine ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty. 

LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.    [ATot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

LOSS'LESS,  a.  Free  from  loss.  [Mt  used.] 

Milton. 

LOST,  pp.  [from  lose.]  Mislaid  or  left  in  a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  that  cannot 
be  found  ;  as  a  lost  book. 

9.  Ruined  ;  destroyed ;  wasted  or  squander- 
ed ;  employed  to  no  good  purpose  ;  as  lost 
money ;  lost  time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  to  find  the  right  way,  or  the 
place  intended.  A  stranger  is  lost  in  Lon- 
don or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildered ;  perplexed ;  being  in  a  maze ; 
I     as,  a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  liis  argument 

6.  Alienated ;  insensible ;  hardened  beyond 
sensibility  or  recovery  ;  as  a  profligate  lost 
to  shame  ;  lost  to  all  sense  of  honor. 

7.  Not  perceptible  to  the  senses  ;  not  visible ; 
'  as  an  isle  lost  in  fog;  a  person  lost  in  a 
I     crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  des 
I     troyed ;  as   a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or   on  the 

rocks. 
LOT,  n.  [Sax.  Idol,  hlodd,  hid,  hh/t ;  Goth 
hlaiUs ;  D.  Fr.  lot ;  Sw.  loll;  Dan.  Arm. 
lod ;  G.  los ;  It.  lotto  ;  Sp.  loteriu,  a  lot- 
tery. The  primary  sense  is  that  which 
comes,  falls  or  hapjiens,  or  a  part,  a 
division  or  share.  The  Froncli,  from 
lot,  have  lotir,  to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id. I 
whence  lodecq,  a  co-heir.]  1 

I.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  is  called 
chance,  hazard,  fortune ;  but  in  strictness! 
of  language,  is  the  determination  of  Prov- 
idence ;  as,  the  land  shall  be  divided  by 
lot.     Num.  x-wi. 

That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one 
is  determined  ;  that  by  which  an  event  is 
committed  to  chance,  that  is,  to  the  de- 
tcriiiiiiation  of  Providence ;  as,  to  cast 
lots  ;  to  draw  lots. 

The  lot  is  cast  into  the  lap,  but   tlie   whole 
disposiiis;  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.     Prov.  xvi. 
The  part,  division  or  fate  which  tails  to 
one  by  chance,  that  is,   by  divine  deter 
mination. 

The  second  lot  came  forth  to  Simeon.     Josh, 
xix. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  suffer  and  to  die.      Pope 
4.  A  distinct   portion  or  parcel ;  as  a  lot  of 
goods  ;  a  lot  of  boards. 
Proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ;  as,  to   pay 
scot  and  lot. 
,6.  In  the   U.   States,   a  piece  or  division  of 
land ;     perhaps    originally    assigned    byi 
drawing  lots,  but  now  any  portion,  piece 
or  division.     So  we  say,  a  man  has  a  lot 
of  land  ill  Broadway,  or  in  the   meadow  ; 
he  has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  moun 
tain ;    he  has   a  home-lot,  a  house-/o*,  a 
wooA-lot. 

The  defendants  leased  a  house  and  lot  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

ICent.     Fiankiin,   Law  of  Pain. 

\To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or 
some  other  instrument,  by  the  unforeseen 


L  o  r 

turn  or  pobilion  of  w  liicb,  an  event   is  by 
previous  agreement  determined. 

To  draw  lots,  to  determine  an  event  by  draw- 
ing one  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks 
are  concealed  from  the  drawer,  and  thus 
determining  an  event. 

LOT,  V.  t.  To  allot  ;  to  assign  ;  to  distrib- 
ute ;  to  sort ;  to  catalogue  ;  to  portion. 

Prior. 

LOTE,  »i.  [L.  htus,  lotos.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Celtis,  the  lote-trec,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  wood  of  one  species  is  very 
durable,  and  is  used  for  timber.  In  Italy, 
flutes  and  other  wind-instruments  arc 
made  of  lit,  and  in  England  it  is  used  for 
the  frames  of  coaches,  &c.  Enryc. 

A  little  fish. 


2. 

LOTH,  a.  [Sax.  lath,  Sw.  led,  Dan.  leede, 
odious,  hated.  The  conitnon  orthography 
is  loath,  pronounced  with  o  long,  but  both 
the  orthography  and  pronunciation  are 
corrupt.  This  word  follows  the  analogy 
of  cloth.  Sax.  clath.  1  have  fi)liow(jil  Mil- 
ton, Dryileii,  Waller,  Spenser  and  Shak- 
speare  in  the  orthography  of  the  adjec- 
tive, and  Cruden  in  that  of  the  verb.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust,  to  turn  or  drive 
away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld.  No. 
9. 15.1 

1.  Literally,  hating,  detesting ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling  ;  disliking  ;  not  inclined  ;  re- 
luctant. 

Long  doth  he  stay,  as  loth  to  leave  the  land. 

Davies. 
To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lalhian,  to  hate,  to  de- 
test, to  call,  to  invite  ;  gelathian,  to  call  ; 
Goth,  liithon,  to  call;  Sw.  Itdus,  to  iothe; 
G.  einUulen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  load,  from 
laden,  to  lude,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  sum- 
mon.    See  Lade.] 

1.  To  feel  disgust  at  any  thing;  properly,  to 
have  an  extreme  aversion  of  the  appetite 
to  food  or  drink. 

Our  soul   lotheth  this  light   bread.       Num. 
xxi. 

Lathing  the  lioney'd  cakes,  I  long'd  for  bread. 

Coicley. 

2.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly  ;  to  abhor. 
Ye  shall  Iothe  yourselves  in  your  own   sight 

for  all  your  evils —     Ezck.  xx. 

Not  to  reveal  the  secret  which  1  Iothe. 

Waller. 
LOTHE,  V.  i.  To  create  disgust.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
LO'THED,   pp.    Hated  ;  abhorred ;  turned 

from  with  disgust. 
LO'THER,  ;i.  One  that  lothes  or  abhors. 
LO'THFUL,  a.  Hating;  abhorring. 

AVTiich  he  did  with  lothful  eyes  Iicliold. 

Ilubherd. 
2.  Disgusting  ;  hated  ;  exciting  abhorrence. 
Above  the  reach  of  lothful  sinful  lust. 

Spenser. 
LO'THING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at;  hav- 
ing extreme  aversion  to  ;  as  lothing  food. 
2.  Hating  ;  abhorring  ;  as  lothing  sin. 
LO'THING,  71.  Extreme  disgust ;  abhor- 
rence. Ezek.  xvi. 
LO'THINGLY,  adv.  With  esueme  disgust 

or  abhorrence  ;  in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOTH'LY,  adv.  Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly. 
This  shows  that  you  from  nature  lothly  stray. 

bonne. 
LOTH'NESS,    71.     Unwillingness  ;    reluct- 
ance. 


LOU 


L  O  V 


L  O  V 


There  grew  among  tliein   a  general   silence; 

and  lothness  to  speak.  Bacon. 

LO'THSOME,  a.    [Sw.   ledesam.]    Causing 

an  extreme  aversion  of  appetite  ;  exciting 

fastidiousness.     Num.  xi. 

2.  Exciting  extreme  disgust  ;  offensive  ;  as 
a  tothsome  disease.     Vs.  xxxviii. 

3.  Odious;  exciting  liatred  or  abhorrence; 
detestable  ;  as  lothsome  sloth.  Spenser. 

LO'THSOMENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  ex- 
citing extreme  disgust  or  abhorrence. 

Addison. 
LO'TION,  71.   [L.  lotio,  from  lavo,  to  wash.] 

1.  A  washing ;  particularly,  a  washing  of 
the  skin  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  it 
fair.  Encyc. 

2.  A  liquid  preparation  for  washing  some 
part  of  the  body,  to  cleanse  it  of  fouhiess 
or  deformity.  Encyc. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  a  preparation  of  medicines, 
by  washing  them  in  some  hquid,  to  re- 
move foreign  substances,  impurities,  &.c. 

Encyc. 
LOT'TERY,    n.    [Fr.  loterie ;    Sp.   loteria. 
See  Lot.] 

1.  A  scheme  for  the  distribution  of  prizes  by 
chance,  or  the  distribution  itself  Lotte- 
ries are  often  authorized  by  law,  but  ma- 
ny good  men  deem  theni  immoral  in  prin- 
ciple, and  almost  all  men  concur  in  the 
opinion  that  their  efttjcts  are  pernicious. 

2.  Allotment.     [Not  ttsed.] 

LOUD,  a.  [Sax.  hlud  or  hid;  G.  laut ;  D. 
Hud ;  Dan.  lyd ;  L.  laudo,  to  praise,  and 
with  a  prefix,  plaiido  ;  W.  clod,  praise, 
formeil  from  Hod,  which  signifies  what  is 
forcibly  uttered  ;  Uodi,\o  reach  out;  llawd, 
that  shoots  out,  that  is  productive,  also  a 
lad.     This  is  the  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  Sam.  nV, 

Eth.  Q)(\^   walad,  Ar.   j^!,    walada,  to 

bring  forth.  The  primafy  sense  is  obvi- 
ous. Qu.  its  connection  with  the  Ir. 
blaodh  and  glaodh,  a  calling,  and  Sax.  laih- 
ian,   to   caU.     See  Class  Ld.  No.  8.  29.] 

1.  Having  a  great  sound ;  high  sounding  ; 
noisy  ;  striking  the  ear  with  great  force  ; 
as  a  loud  voice  ;  a  loud  cry  ;  loud  thunder. 

2.  Uttering  or  making  a  great  noise  ;  as  loud 
instruments.     2  Chron.  xxx. 

3.  Clamorous ;  noisy. 

She  is  loud  and  stubborn.     Prov.  vii. 

4.  Emphatical ;  impressive  ;  as  a  loud  call  to 
avoid  danger. 

LOUD'LY,  adv.  With  great  sound  or  noise; 
noisily. 

Who  long  and  loudly  in  the  schools  declaim- 
ed. Denliam. 

2.  Clamorously  ;  with  vehement  complaints 

or  importunity.     He  loudly  complained  of 

intolerance. 
LOUD'NESS,  n.  Great  sound  or  noise;  as 

the  loudness  of  a  voice  or  of  thunder. 
2.  Clamor ;  clamoi'ousness  ;  turbulence ;  up 

roar. 
LOUGH,  n.  lok.  [Ir.  and  HcoUoch.]  A  lake; 

a  different  orthography  ot'loch  and  lake. 

Fairfax. 
LOUIS  D'OR,«.  [a  Lewis  of  gold.]  A  gold 

coin  of  France,  first  struck  in  1G40,  in  the 

reign  of  Louis  XMI.,  value,  twenty  shi 

lines  sterling,  eiiual  to  $4.4444. 
LOUNftE,  II.  I.  [Fr.  lonf^is,  a  lingerer,  from 

lon^.]     To  live  in  idliiicss  ;  to  .«pend  time 

lazily. 


LOUNg'ER,  ji.  An  idler;  one  who  loiters 
away  his  time  in  indolence. 

LOUR.  [See  Loiter.] 

LOUSE,  71.  lous.  plu.  lice.  [Sax.  lus,  plu. 
lys ;  D.  luis ;  G.  lau^  ;  Sw.  Dan.  lus.] 

A  small  insect  of  the  genus  Pediculus.  It 
has  six  feet,  two  eyes,  with  long  feelers' 
and  a  sting  in  the  mouth.  It  infests  the! 
bodies  of  men  and  other  animals;  but  dif- 
ferent animals  are  infested  with  different: 
species.  Encyc) 

LOUSE,  v.l.  louz.  To  clean  from  lice. 

Swift 

LOUSE-WORT,  n.  lous'-wort.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Pedicularis.  The  yellow  louse- 
wort  is  of  the  genus  Rhinanthus. 

Fain,  of  Plants. 

LOUS'ILY,  adv.  s  as  i.  [from  lousy.]  In  a 
mean,  paltry  manner  ;  scurvily. 

LOUS'INESS,  n.  s  as  z.  The  state  of 
abounding  with  hce. 

LOUS'Y,  a.  s  as  z.  [from  louse.]  Swarming 
with  lice  ;  infested  with  lice.  Dryden.\ 

2.  Mean  ;  low  ;  contemptible ;  as  a  lousy\ 
knave.  Shak.\ 

LOUT,  n.  [Qu.  Sax.  leod,  G.  leiite,  people. ]| 
A  mean  awkward  fellow  ;  a  bumpkin ;  a 
clown.  Shak.     Gay. 

LOUT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hlutan.]  To  bend ;  to 
bow  ;  to  stoop.     [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 

LOUT'ISH,  a.  Clownish;  rude;  awkward. 

Sidney. 

LOUT'ISHLY,  adv.  Like  a  clown;  in  a 
rude,  clumsy,  awkward  manner. 

LOUVER,  71.  loo'ver.  [Fr.  Vouvcrt.]  An 
opening  in  the  roof  of  a  cottage  for  the 
smoke  to  escape.  Spe7iser. 

LOVABLE,  a.  Worthy  of  love  ;  amiable. 

Sherwood. 

LOV'AgE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ligus- 
ticum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

LOVE,  V.  t.  luv.  [Sax.  lufian,  luvian ;  D. 
lieven  :  G.  lichen  ;  Russ.  liobhju  ;  L.  libeo, 
lubeo ;  Sans,  loab,  love,  desire.  See  Lief. 
The  sense  is  probably  to  be  prompt,  free, 
willing,  from  leaning,  advancing,  or  draw- 
ing forward.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense  to  be  pleased  with  ;  to 
regard  with  affection,  on  account  of  some! 
quahties  which  excite  pleasing  sensa- 
tions or  desire  of  gratification.  We  love  a' 
friend,  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
give  us  pleasure  in  his  society.  We  love  a 
man  who  has  done  us  a  favor  ;  in  which 
case,  gratitude  enters  into  the  composi- 
tion of  our  affection.  We  love  our  parents 
and  our  children,  on  account  of  their  con 
nection  with  us,  and  on  account  of  many 
qualities  which  please  us.  We  love  to  re- 
tire to  a  cool  shade  in  summer.  We  love 
a  warm  room  in  winter.  We  love  to  hear 
an  eloquent  advocate.  The  christian /oi'es 
his  Bible.  In  short,  we  love  whatever  gives 
us  pleasure  and  delight,  whether  animal  or 
intellectual ;  and  if  our  hearts  are  right 
we  love  God  above  all  things,  as  the  sun 
of  all  excellence  and  all  the  attributes 
which  can  communicate  happiness  to  in 
telligent  beings.  In  other  words,  the  chris 
tian  loves  God  with  the  love  of  compla- 
cency in  his  attributes,  the  love  of  benev- 
olence towards  the  interests  of  his  king 
dom,  and  the  love  of  gratitude  for  favors 
received. 


Thou  shall  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all 
thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  soul,  and  with  allthy 
mind — 

Tliou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor    as    thyself. 
Matt.  xxii. 
2.  To  have  benevolence  or  good  will  for. 

John  iii. 
LOVE,  71.  An  affection  of  the  mind  excited 
by  beauty  and  worth  of  any  kind,  or  by 
the  qualities  of  an  object  which  communi- 
cate pleasure,  sensual  or  intellectual.  It 
is  opposed  to  hatred.  Love  between  the 
sexes,  is  a  compound  affection,  consisting 
of  esteem,  benevolence,  and  animal  desire. 
Love  is  excited  by  pleasing  qualities  of 
any  kind,  as  by  kindness,  benevolence, 
charity,  and  by  the  quahties  whieh  render 
social  intercourse  agreeable.  In  the  lat- 
ter case,  love  is  ardent  friendship,  or  a 
strong  attachment  springing  from  good 
will  and  esteem,  and  the  pleasure  derived 
from  the  company,  civilities  and  kindness- 
es of  others. 

Between  certain  natural  relatives,  love 
seems  to  be  in  some  cases  instinctive. 
Such  is  the  love  of  a  mother  for  her  child, 
which  manifests  itself  toward  an  infant, 
bofiare  any  particular  qualities  in  the  child 
are  unfolded.  This  affection  is  apparent- 
ly as  strong  in  irrational  animals  as  in  hu- 
man beings. 

We  speak  of  the  love  of  amusements,  the 
love  of  books,  the  love  of  money,  and  the 
love  of  whatever  contributes  to  our  pleas- 
ure or  supposed  profit. 

The  love  of  God  is  the  first  duty  of  man, 
and  this  springs  from  just  views  of  his  at- 
tributes or  excellencies  of  character,  which 
afford  the  highest  delight  to  the  sanctified 
heart.  Esteem  and  reverence  constitute 
ingredients  in  this  afl'ection,  and  a  fear  of 
offending  him  is  its  inseparable  eflfect. 

2.  Courtship  ;  chiefly  in  the  phrase,  to  7nake 
love,  that  is,  to  court ;  to  woo  ;  to  solicit 
union  in  marriage. 

3.  Patriotism ;  the  attachment  one  has  to 
his  native  land  ;  as  the  love  of  country. 

4.  Benevolence;  good  will. 

God  is  love.     1  John  iv. 

5.  The  object  beloved. 
The  lover  and  the  love  of  hiunan  kind. 

Popi. 

6.  A  word  of  endearment. 
Trust  me,  love.  Dryden. 

7.  Picturesque  representation  of  love. 

Such  was  his  form   as  painters,  when  thej- 

show 
Their  utmost  art,  on  naked  loves  bestow. 

Dryden. 

8.  Lewdness. 
He  is  not  lolling  on  a  lewd  love-hei.     Shak. 

9.  A  thin  silk  stufl".  Obs.  Boyle. 
Love  in  idleness,  a  kind  of  violet.  Shak. 
Free  of  love,  a  plant  of  thegeinis  Cercis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
LOVE-APPLE,  n.   A   plant  of  the  genus 

Solanum. 
LOVE-BROKER,  n.  A  third   person   wlio 
acts  as  agent  between  lovers.  Shak. 

LOVED,  pp.  Having  the   affection   of  any 

one. 
LOVE-DARTING,   a.    Darting  love. 

Milton. 

LOVE-DAY,  )!.  A  day  formerly  appointed 

for  an  amicable  adjustment  of  diftisrences. 

Chaucer. 


L  O  V 


LOW 


LOW 


LoVE-FAVOR,  n.  Something  given  to  be 
worn  in  token  of  love.  Bp.  Hall. 

LOVE-KNOT,  n.  luv'-not.  A  knot  so  call- 
ed, used  as  a  token  of  love  or  representing 
mutual  affection. 
LOVE-LABORED,  a.  Labored  by  love. 

Milton. 
LOVE-LASS,  n.  A  sweetheart. 
LOVELESS,  a.  Void  of  love;  void  of  ten- 
derness or  kindness.  Millon.     Shetton. 
LOVE-LETTER,    71.    A   letter  professing 

love  ;  a  letter  of  courtship. 
LOVELILY,     adv.    luv'lily.    [from    lovely.] 
Amiably ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  love. 

Olivai/. 
LOVELINESS,  n.  luv'liness.  [from  lovel;}.] 
Amiableness;  qualities  of  body  or  mind 
that  may  excite  love. 

It  there  is  such  a  native  loveliness  in  the  sex 
as  to  make  them  victorious  wlien  in  tlie  wrong, 
how  resistless  tlieir  power  wlicu  they  are  ou  the 
side  of  truth.  Spectator. 

LOVE-LOCK,  Ji.  A  curl  or  lock  of  hair  so 
called ;  worn  by  men  of  fashion  in  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Lily. 

LOVE-LORN,  a.  [love  and  loni.]  Forsaken 

by  one's  love  ;  as  the  love-lorn  nightingale. 

Millon. 
LOVELY,  a.  luv'ly.  Amiuble;  that  may  ex- 
cite love;  possessing  qualities  which  may 
invite  affection. 

Saul  and  Jonathan   were  lovely  and  pleasant 

in  their  lives —     2  Sam.  i. 

LOVE-MONGER,    n.    [love   and    monger.] 

One  who  deals  in  affairs  of  love.     [jYot 

used.]  Shak. 

LOVE-PINED,  a.  Wasted  by  love. 

Spenser. 
LOVER,  n.  One  who  loves  ;  one  who  has 
a  tender  affection,  particularly  for  a  fe 
male. 

Love  is  bUnd,  and  lovers  cannot  see — 

Shak. 
'i.  A   friend ;  0110   who  regards   with  kind- 
ness. 

Your  brother  and  his  lover  have  embraced. 

Shak 
;l.  One  who  likes   or   is  pleased   with   any 
thing  ;    as  a  lover  of  books  or  of  science 
a  lover  of  wine  ;  a  lover  of  religion. 
Lover  and  hover.     [See  Louver.] 
LOVE-SE€RET,  n.  A  secret  between  lov- 
ers. Dryden. 
LOVE-SHAFT,  n.  Cupid's  arrow.       Shak. 
LOVE-SICK,  a.  Sick  or   languishing  with 
love   or  amorous  desire  ;   as   a  lovesick 
maid. 

To  the  dear  mistress  of  my  love-sick  mind. 

Dryden . 
2.  Dictated  by  a  languishing  lover,  or  ex- 
pressive of  languishing  love. 

Where  nightingales  their  lovesick  ditty  sing. 

Dryden. 
LOVESOME,  a.  Lovely.     [Xol  used.] 

Drydtn. 
LOVE-SONG,  n.  A  song  expressing  love. 

Shak. 
LOVE-SUIT,   n.    Courtship;  solicitation  of] 
union  in  marriage.  Shak. 

LOVE-TALE,  n.  A  narrative  of  love. 
Cato's  a  proper  person  to  enti-ust 
A  love-tale  wUh.  Aldison 

LOVE-THOUGHT,  n.  Amorous  fancy. 

[JVotused.]  'Shak. 

LOVE-TOKEN,  ii.   A  present  in  token  of 

love.  Shak. 


LOVE-TOY,  n.  A  small  present  from  a  lov- 
er. Jirhulhnot. 

LOVE-TRICK,  n.  Art  or  artifice  expressive 
of  love. 


Other  love-tricks  than  glancing  with  the  eyes. 

Donne. 
LOVING,  ppr.    Entertaining   a  strong  af- 
fection for  ;  having  tender  regard  for. 
a.  a.  Fond;  affectionate;  as  a/oDtHjg  friend, 
3.  Expressing  love  or  kindness ;  as  loving 

words. 
LOVING-KINDNESS,  n.  Tender  regard ; 
mercy;  favor;  a  scriptural  word. 

My  loving-kindness  will  I   not   utterly  take 
from  him.     Ps.  Ix.xxi.'i. 

LOVINGLY,  adv.  With  love ;  with  affec- 
tion ;  affectionately. 

It   is   no  great   matter   to  live  lovingly  with 
meek  persons.  Taylor. 

LOVINGNESS,  n.  Affection  ;  kind  regard. 

The  only  two  bauds  of  good  will,  loveliness 

and  lovingness.  Sidney 

LOW,  a.  [D.  laag,  G.  leg,  Sw.  lUg,  low; 
Sax.  loh,  a  pit  or  gulf;  Russ.  log,  a  low 
place,  a  hollow  ;  Dan.  lag,  a  bed  or  layer, 
a  row  ;  from  the  root  ot  lay.) 

1.  Not  high  or  elevated ;  depressed  below 
any  given  surface  or  |)lace.  Low  ground  or 
laud,  is  land  below  the  common  lovel 
Loie  is  opijosed  to  high,  and  both  are  rela- 
tive terms.  Tliat  which  i.s  low  with  res- 
pect to  one  thing,  may  be  high  with  respect 
to  another.  A /ojc  house  would  bea  Aig-A 
fence.  A  loio  flight  for  an  eagle,  would  be 
a  high  flight  for  a  partridge. 

2.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  highth  ;  as  a  man 
otlow  stature. 

3.  Declining  near  the  horizon.  The  sun  is 
low  at  four  o'clock  in  winter,  and  at  si.x 
in  sunmier. 

4.  Deep  ;  descending  far  below  the  adjacent 
ground  ;  as  a  low  valley. 

The  lowest  bottom  shook  of  Erebus. 

Milton. 

5.  Sunk  to  the  natural  level  of  the  ocean  by 
the  retiring  of  the  tide  ;  as  loiv  water. 

6.  Below  the  usual  rate  or  amount,  or  below 
the  ordinary  value  ;  as  a  low  price  of  corn  ; 
low  wages. 

7.  Not  high  or  loud  ;  as  a  low  voice. 

8.  Grave  ;  depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds; 
as  a  low  noie. 

9.  Near  or  not  very  distant  from  the  equa- 
tor ;  as  a  loic  latitude.  We  say,  the  loio 
southern  latitudes;  l\ie  high  northern  lati- 
itudes. 

10.  Late  in  time  ;  modern ;  as  the  lotver  em- 
pire. 

11.  Dejected;  depressed  in  vigor;  wanting 
strength  or  animation  ;  as  low  spirits ;  lotv 
in  spirits.    His  courage  is  low. 

12.  Depressed  iu  condition ;  in  a  humble 
state. 

Why  but  to  keep  you  low  and  ignorant .' 

Milton. 

13.  Humble  in  rajik  ;  in  a  mean  condition  ; 
as  men  of  high  and  loiv  .  condition  ;  the 
ioufr  walks  of  life  ;  a  /ow  class  of  people. 

14.  Mean  ;  abject ;  groveling  ;  base  ;  as  a 
person  ofloiv  mind. 

15.  Dishonorable  ;  njean  ;  as  a  low  trick  or 
stratagem. 

10.  Not  elevated  or  sublime ;  not  exalted  in 
thought  or  diction  ;  as  a  low  comparison  ; 
a  low  metaphor ;  low  language. 


In  comparison  of  these  divine  writers,  (lie 

noblest  wits  of  the  heathen  wodd  are  low  and 

_dull.  Felton. 

17.  Vulgar;  common  ;  as  a  low  education. 

18.  Submissive  ;  humble  ;  reverent. 

And  pay  tlicir  fcally 
With  low  subjection.  Millon. 

But  first  low  reverence  done.  Ibni. 

ID.  Weak  ;  exhausted  of  vital  energy.  His 
disease  has  brought  him  very  low. 

20.  Feeble  ;  weak ;  without  force  ;  as  a  low 
pulse. 

21.  Moderate;  not  inflammatory  ;  as  a  low 
fever. 

22.  Moderate  ;  not  intense  ;  as  a  low  heat ; 
a  low  temperature. 

23.  Impoverished ;  in  reduced  circumstan- 
ces. The  rich  are  often  reduced  to  a  low 
condition. 

24.  Moderate ;  as  a  loic  calculation  or  esti- 
mate. 

25.  I'lain  ;  simple ;  not  rich,  high  seasoned 
or  nourishing  ;  as  a  low  diet. 

LOW,  adv.  Not  aloft ;  not  on  high  ;  often  in 
composition  ;  as  /oip-brow'd  rocks. 

.Milton.     Pope. 

2.  Under  the  usual  price  ;  at  a  moderate 
price.     He  sold  his  wheat  low. 

3.  Near  the  ground ;  as,  the  bird  flies  very 
loiv. 

4.  In  a  mean  condition ;  i»  composition  ;  as 
a /ozf-born  fellow;  a /oio-horn  la»s.     Shak. 

In  time  ajijiroaching  our  own. 

In  the  part  of  the  world  wliicli  was  first  inhab- 
ited, even  as  low  down  as  Al)raham*s  tijne,they 
wandered  with  their  floclis  and  herds.      Locke. 

G.  With  a  dejiressed  voice  ;  not  loudly ;  as, 
speak  low. 

7.  In  a  state  of  subjection,  poverty  or  dis- 
grace ;  as,  to  be  brought  low  by  opjiression, 
by  want  or  by  vice. 

LOW,  V.  t.  To  sink  ;  to  depress.  [.\'ot  used.] 

Mickliffe. 

LOW,  r.i.  [Sax.  hkoican;  D.  laijen.  It  is 
probably  a  contracted  word,  coinciding 
with  L.  lugeo,  to  weep,  the  sense  of  which 
is,  to  cry  out.] 

To  bellow,  as  an  ox  or  cow. 

The  lowing  herd  wind  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Gray. 

LOWBELL,  n.  [Sw.  lage,  flame;  l&ga, 
to  flame ;  Sax.  lag,  leg,  lig,  id. ;  Scot. 
lowe ;  G.  lokc.] 

A  kind  of  fowling  in  the  night,  in  which  the 
birds  are  wakened  by  a  bell,  and  blinded 
by  light,  so  as  to  be  easily  taken.      Cowel. 

LOWBELL,  V.  I.  To  scare,  as  with  a  low- 
bell.  Hammond. 

LOW,     }    a   termination   of    names,  as  in 

LOWE,  S  Bed-Zoio.  [Sax.  hlaw,  a  hill,  heap 
or  barrow,  Goth,  hlaiw.] 

LOW-BORN,  a.  Born  in  low  hfe. 

LOW-BRED,  a.  Bred  in  a  low  condition  or 
manner ;  vulgar. 

LOWER,  f.  t.  [from  low.]  To  cause  to  des- 
cend ;  to  let  down  ;  to  take  or  bring  down  ; 
as,  to  lower  the  main-sail  of  a  sloop. 

2.  To  sutler  to  sink  downwards. 

Woodward. 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  reduce  or  humble  ;  as, 
to  lower  the  pride  of  man. 

4.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  :  to  reduce,  as  val- 
ue or  amount ;  as,  to  lower  the  price  or 
value  of  goods,  or  the  rate  of  interest. 

LOWER,  V.  i.  To  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  ^low 
less.  Shak. 


LOW 


L  O  Z 


L  U  B 


LOWER,  V.  i.  To  appear  dark  or  gloomy ; 
to  be  clouded  ;  to  threaten  a  storm. 

And  all  the  clovids  that  lowered  upon  yonr 
house.  Shak. 

The  lowering  spring.  Dryden. 

2.  To  frown  ;  to  look  sullen. 

But  sullen  discontent  sat  lowering  on  her  face. 

Dryden. 
LOWER,  n.  Cloudiness ;  gloominess. 
2.  A  frowning;  suUenness.  Sidney. 

LOWER,  a.  [coinp.  of  lotv.]  Less  high  or 

gIg  VfltCQ. 

LOW'ERINGLY,  adv.  With  cloudiness  or 
threatening  gloom. 

LOWERMOST,  a.  [from  low.]  Lowest. 

LOWERY,  a.  Cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

LOWEST,  a.  [supcrl.  of  low.]  Most  low  : 
deepest ;  most  depressed  or  degraded,  &c. 

LOWING,  pjir.  Bellowing,  as  an  ox. 

LOWING,  n.  The  bellowing  or  cry  of  cat- 
tle. 

LOWLAND,  n.  Land  which  is  low  with  re- 
si>eet  to  the  neighboring  country  ;  a  low 
or  level  country.  Thus  the  Belgic  states 
are  called  Lowlands.  The  word  is  some- 
times opposed  to  a  mountainous  country  ; 
as  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland.  Sometimes 
it  denotes  a  marsh.  Dryden. 

LOWLIHOQD,  n.  A  humble  state.  Obs. 

Chaucer. 

LOWLINESS,  71.  [from  loivly.]  Freedom 
from  pride  ;  humility ;  humbleness  of  mind. 

Milton. 
Walk — with   all    lowliiiess    and    meekness. 
Eph.  iv.   Phil.  ii. 

2.  Meanness;  want  of  dignity  ;  abject  state. 
[In  this  sense  little  ttsed.] 

Spenser.     Dryden. 

LOWLY,  a.  [low  and  like.]  Having  a  low  es- 
teem of  one's  own  worth  ;  humble  ;  meek ; 
free  from  pride. 

Take  iny  yoke  upon  you  and  learn  of  me,  for 
I  am  meek  and  Ivwiy  in  heart.  Matt.  xi. 

He  scomelh  the  scorners  ;  but  he  giveth  grace 
to  the  lowly.  Prov.  iii. 

2.  Mean  ;  low  ;  wanting  dignity  or  rank. 

One  common  right  the  great  an<l  lowly  claim. 

Pope. 

3.  Not  lofty  or  sublime  ;  humble. 

These  rural  poems,  and  their  lowly  strain. 

Dryden. 

4.  Not  high  ;  not  elevated  hi  place. 

Dryden. 

LOWLY,  adv.  Humbly  ;  meekly  ;  modestly. 

Be /otc/y  wise.         "  .'Hilton. 

2.  Meanly ;    in   a   low   condition  ;    without 

grandeur  or  dignity. 

I    will    show  "myself  highly  fed    and   luwly 
taught.  'Clinic. 

LOWN,  n.  [See  Loon.]  A  low  fellow  ;  a 
scoundrel.  Sltak. 

LOWNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  low  or 
depressed;  the  state  of  being  less  elevated 
than  something  else;  as  the  lowness  of  the 
ground,  or  of  the  water  after  the  ebb-tide 

2.  Meanness  of  condition.  Men  are  not  to 
be  des|)ised  or  oppressed  on  account  of 
the  lowness  of  their  birth  or  condition. 

3.  Meanness  of  mind  or  character  ;  want  of 
dignity.    Haughtiness  usually  springs  from 
loivness  of  mind  ;    real   dignity   is   distill 
guisliod  by  modesty. 

4.  Want  of  sublimity  in  style  or  sentiment 
the  contrary  to  loftiness.  Dryden. 

5.  Submissiveness;  as  the  lowness  of  obedi- 
ence. Bacon 


6.  Depression  of  mind  ;  want  of  courage  or 
fortitude  ;  dejection;  as  lowness  of  spirits. 

7.  Depression  in  fortune  ;  a  state  of  poverty ; 
as  the  loivness  of  circumstances. 

8.  Depression  in  strength  or  intensity ;  as 
the  lotimess  of  heat  or  temperature  ;  low- 
7iess  of  zeal. 

9.  Depression  in  price  or  worth  ;  as  the  low- 
ness of  price  or  value  ;  the  lowness  of  the 
funds  or  of  the  markets. 

10.  Graveness  of  sound ;  as  the  lowness  of 
notes. 

11.  Softness  of  sound  ;  as  the  lowness  of  the 
voice. 

LOW-SPIR'ITED,  a.  Not  having  animation 
and  courage  ;  dejected  ;  depressed ;  not 
lively  or  sprightly.  Los.ses  of  property  of- 
ten render  men  low-spirited.  Excessive  se- 
verity breaks  the  mind,  and  renders  the 
child  or  pupil  low-spirited. 

LOW-SPIRITEDNESS,  n.  Dejection  of 
mind  or  courage ;  a  state  of  low  spirits. 

Cheyne. 

LOW-THOUGHT'ED,  a.  Having  the 
thoughts  employed  on  low  subjects;  not 
having  sublime  and  elevated  thoughts  or 
contemplations  ;  mean  of  sentiment ;  as 
loic-thovghted  care.  Milton.     Pope. 

LOW-WINES,  n.  [loiv  and  wine.]  The 
liquor  produced  by  the  first  distillation  of 
melasses,  or  fermented  liquors :  the  first 
run  of  the  still.  Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

iLOXODROM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  >.o|o{,  obUque,  and 

I     Jpo/ioj,  a  course.] 

Pertaining  to  oblique  sailing  by  the  rhomb ; 
as  loxodromic  tables. 

LOXODROM'l€S,  n.  The  art  of  oblique 
sailing  by  the  rhomb,  which  always  makes 
an  equal  angle  with  every  meridian  ;  that 
is,  when  a  ship  sails  neither  directly  under 
the  equator,  nor  under  the  same  meridian, 
but  obliquely.  Harris.     Bailey. 

LOY'AL,  a.    [¥\:  loyal;  It.  leak ;  Sp.  leal 
from  L.  lex,  law.] 

Faithful  to  a  prince  or  superior;  true  to 
plighted  faith,  duty  or  love;  not  treacher- 
ous ;  used  of  sidijects  to  their  prince,  and 
of  husband,  wife  and  lovers ;  as  a  loyal 
subject ;  a  loyal  wife. 

There  Laodamia  with  Evadne  moves. 
Unhappy  hoth  !  but  loyal  in  their  loves. 

Dryden. 

LOY'ALIST,   n.  A  person  who  adheres  to 
his  sovereign  ;  particularly,  one  who  main- 
tains his  allegiance  to  his  prinee,  and  de 
fends  his  cause  in  times  of  revolt  or  revo 
lution. 

LOY'ALLY,  adv.  With  fidelity  to  a  prince 
or  sovereign,  or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

LOY'ALTY,  n.  Fidelity  to  a  prince  orsove 
reign,  or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

He  had  such  loyalty  to  the  king  as  the  law 
requires.  Clarendon. 

LOZ'ENGE,  n.  [Fr.  losange  ;  Gr.  ?io|o{,  ob- 
lique, and  yujita,  a  corner.] 

1.  Originally,  a  figure  with  four  equal  sides, 
having  two  acute  and  two  obtuse  angles ; 
a  rhomb. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  four-cornered  figure,  re- 
sembling a  pane  of  glass  in  old  casements. 

Encyc. 
Among  jewelers,  lozenges  are  common  to 
brilliants  and  rose  diamonds.  In  bril- 
liants, they  are  formed  by  the  meeting  of 
the  skill  and  the  star  facets  on  the  bezil ; 


in  the  latter,  by  the  meeting  of  the  facets 
in  the  horizontal  ribs  of  the  crown. 

Eticyc. 
A  form  of  medicine  in  small  pieces,  to  be 
chewed  or  held  in  the  mouth  till  melted. 

Johnson. 
In  confectionary,  a  sinall  cake  of  preserv- 
ed fruit,  or  of  sugar,  &c. 

LOZ'ENgED,  a.  Made  into  the  shape  of 
lozenges. 

LOZ'ENOY,  a.  In  heraldry,  having  the  field 
or  charge  covered  with  lozenges. 

Lp,  a  contraction  of  lordship. 

LU.    [See  Loo.] 

LUBBARD.     [JVot  used.    See  Lubber.] 

LUB'BER,  71.  [W.  llabi,  a  tall  lank  fellow,  a 
clumsy  man,  a  stripling,  a  lubber,  a  looby ; 
Hub,  a  flag  or  thin  strip,  a  stripe  or  stroke ; 
llabiaw,  to  slap  ;  Hob,  an  unwieldy  lump,  a 
dull  fellow.  From  the  significations  of 
llabi,  it  appears  that  the  primary  sense  is 
tall  and  lank,  like  a  stri[)ling  who  gains  his 
highth  before  he  does  his  full  strength,  and 
hence  is  clumsy.  But  looby  seems  rather 
to  be  from  Hob.] 

A  heavy,  clumsy  fellow  ;  a  sturdy  drone  ;  a 
clown. 

And  lingering  lubbers  lose  many  a  penny. 

T^usser. 

LUB'BERLY,  a.  Properly,  tall  and  lank 
without  activity;  hence,  bulky  and  heavy  ; 
clumsy  ;  lazy;  as  a  lubberly  fellow  or  boy. 

LUB'BERLY,  adv.  Clumsily;  awkwardly. 

Dryden. 

LU'BRIC,  a.  [L.  lubricus,  slippery.]  Having 
a  smooth  surface  ;  slippery  ;  as  a  lubric 
throat.  Crashaw. 

2.  Wavering  ;  unsteady ;  as  the  lubric  waves 
of  state.  Wotton. 

3.  Lascivious ;  wanton  ;  lewd. 

This  lubric M\<\  adulterate  age.  Dryden. 

[This  word  is  now  little  used.] 

LU'BRICANT,  n.  [See  Lubricate.]  That 
which  lubricates. 

LU'BRI€ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  lubrico,  from  lubri- 
cus, slippery ;  allied  to  labor,  to  slip  or 
slide.] 

To  iriake  smooth  or  slippery.  Mucilaginous 
and  saponaceous  medicines  lubricate  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied. 

LU'BRI€ATED,;);j.  3Iade  smooth  and  slip- 
pery. 

LU'BRI€ATING,  ppr.  Rendering  smooth 
and  slippery. 

LUBRICATOR,  n.  That  which  lubricates. 

LUBRICITY,  n.  [Fr.  lubricity]  Smooth- 
ness of  surface;  slipperiness. 

2.  Smoothness  ;  aptness  to  glide  over  any 
thing,  or  to  facilitate  the  motion  of  bodies 
in  contact  by  diminishing  friction.       May. 

3.  Slipperiness ;  instability  ;  as  the  lubricity 
of  fortune.  L'Estrange. 

4.  Lasciviousness;  propensity  to  lewdness; 
lewdness;  lechery;  incontinency. 

Dryden. 

LU'BRICOUS,  a.  [L.  lubricus.]  Smooth; 
slippery.  Woodicard. 

2.  Wavering ;  unstable ;  as  lubricous  opin- 
ions. Glanville. 

LUBRIFAC'TION,  n.  [infra.]  The  act 
of  lubricating  or  making  smooth. 

Bacon. 

LUBRIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  lubricus  and  fa- 

\    do,  to  make.] 


LUC 


L  U  D 


LUG 


The  act  or  operation  of  making  smooth  and 

slippery.  Ray. 

LUCE,  n.  A  pike  full  grown. 

Johnson.     Shak 
LU'CENT,  a.  [h.  lucens,  from  iuceo,  to  shine. 

See  Light.] 
Shining ;  bright ;  resplendent ;  as  the  sun's 

lucent  orb.  Milton. 

LU'CERN,  n.   [Qu.  W.  llysau,  plants  ;  lli/s- 

lein/n,  a  plant ;  Corn,  luzuan;  or  from  l^u 

cerne,  in  Switzerland.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago,  cultivated 

tor  fodder. 
LU'CID,  a.  [L.  lucidus,  from  luceo,  to  shine. 

See  lAght.] 

1.  Shining;  bright;  resplendent;  as  the  fu 
cid  orbs  of  heaven. 

2.  Clear;  transparent;  pellucid;  as  a  lucid 
stream.  Milton. 

3.  Bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect;  not 
darkened  or  confused  by  delirium  or  mad 
ness ;  marked  by  the  regular  operations  of 
reason  ;  as  the  lucid  intervals  of  aderai 
cd  man. 

4.  Clear  ;  distinct ;  presenting  a  clear  view  ; 
easily  understood  ;  as  a  lucid  order  or  ar 
rangenient. 

LUCID'ITY,  n.  Brightness.     [Mt  used.] 
LU'CIDNESS,  n.  Brightness;  clearness. 
LU'CIFER,  n.  [L.  Zuj-, /j/cis,  light,  and /ero, 
to  bring.] 

1.  The  planet  Venus,  so  called  from  its 
brightness. 

2.  Satan. 

Ami  vvlioii  he  falls,  he  I'iills  like  l/udfer. 
Never  to  hope  again.  Shalt, 

LUCIFE'KIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lucifer, 
or  to  the  Luciferians. 

LUCIFE'RIANS,  n.  A  sect  that  followed 
Lucifer,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  the  fourtl 
century.  They  held  to  the  carnal  nature 
of  the  soul,  and  that  there  is  no  place  for 
repentance  for  such  as  fall. 

LUCIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  liuifci;  supra.]  Giv- 
ing light ;  affording  light  or  means  of  dis-] 
covery.  Borjie. 

LUCIF'IC,  a.  [L.  lui;  light,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

Producing  light.  Grew. 

LU'CIFORM,  a.  [L.  lux,  light,  and  forma 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  light ;  resembling  hght. 
The  water  prepares  lis,  ami  purities  our  Ivci- 
form  spirit  to  receive  the  divinity. 

Paus.  T^iuis 

LUCK,  n.  [D.  luk,  gcluk  ;  G.  gliick ;  Svv 
lycka ;  Dan.  lykke ;  Sans,  takki.  The  sense 
is  that  which  comes,  falls,  happens.  W. 
Uuf,  a  dart  or  throw  ;  thiriaw,  to  throw. 


Lff 


Qu.   Gr.   -fjiyxo^tu ;    .^r.    Lil      Class 

No.  21.] 
That  which  happens  to  a  person ;  an  event, 
good  or  ill,  affecting  a  man's  interest  or 
hapi)iness,  and  which  is  deemed  casual ; 
fortune.  Luck  respects  persons  and  their' 
proceedings.  We  never  say,  in  a  literal 
sense,  that  a  plant  has  the  luck  to  grow  in 
a  particular  place  ;  or  a  fossil  has  the  luck 
to  be  of  a  particular  form.  We  say,  a 
person  has  the  good  luck  to  escape  from! 
danger ;  or  the  ill  luck  to  be  ensnared  or  to] 
suffer  loss.  He  has  had  good  luck,  or  badi 
luck  in  gaming,  fishing  or  hunting.  Luck,\ 
or  what  w£  call  chance,  accident,  fortune, 
is  an  event  which  takes  place  without  be-l 

Vol.  II. 


ing  intended  or  foreseen,  or   from  some 
cause     not   under   human    control  ;  that 
which  cannot  be  jneviously  known  or  de 
termined  with  certainty  by  human  skill  or 
power. 

Consider  the  gift  of  tecA:  as  below  the  care  of 
a  wise  man.  Ramblar. 

LUCK'ILY,  adv.  [from  lucky.]  Fortunately; 
by  good  fortune  ;  with  a  favorable  issue  ; 
in  a  good  sense.  Lxickily,  we  escaped  in- 
jury. 

LUCK'INESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fortu- 
nate ;  as  the  luckiness  of  a  man  or  of  an 
event. 
2.  Good  fortune ;  a  favorable  issue  or  event. 

[In  this  sense,  luck  is  generally  used.] 
LUCK'LESS,o.  Unfortunate;  meeting  with 
ill  success;  as  a  luckless  gamester;  a  luck- 
less maid. 
i.  Unfortunate  ;  producing  ill  or  no  good. 
Prayers  made  and  granted  in  a  lueklesn  hour 

JJryden 
LUCK' Y,  a.  Fortunate ;  meeting  with  good 

success ;  as  a  lucky  adventurer. 
2.  Fortunate  ;  iiroducing   good   by  chance 
favorable ;  as  a  lucky  adventure  ;  a  lucky 
time  ;  a  lucky  cast. 
LU'€RAT1VE,  a.  [Fr.  Ivcratif;  L.  lucratims, 

from  tucror,  to  gain  profit.] 
Gainliil ;  profitable  ;  making  increase  of  mon- 
ey or  goods ;  as  a  lucrative  trade ;  lucra- 
tive business  or  office. 
LU'CRE,  n.  lu'ker.  [L.  lucrum  ;  Fr.  lucre.] 
Gain  in  money  or  gooils;  profit;  usually 
in  an  ill  sense,  or  with  the  sense  of  some- 
thing base  or  unworthy. 

Tlie  lust  of /ucre,  and  the  dread  of  death. 

Pope 

A  hishop   must  be   blameless — not  given  to 

filthy  lucre.  Tit.  i. 

LUeRIF'EROUS,  a.    [L.  lucrum,  gain,  and 

fero,   to   ])roduce.]      Gainful ;    profitable 

[Little  used.]  Boyle. 

LU€RIF'I€,  a.    [L.  lucrum,  gain,  am\  facio, 

to   make.]      Producing    profit;     gainful 

[JVot  used.] 

LUCTA'TION,  n.    [L.  ludatio,  from  luctor, 

to  wrestle  or  strive.] 
Struggle;    contest;    effort  to  overcome  in 

contest.     [Little  used.] 
LUC'TUAL,  a.    [L.  luctus,  grief.]     Produ 
cing  grief     [Xot  used.]  Buck. 

LU'€UBRATE,  v.  i.  [L.  lucubro,to  study  by 
candle-light,    from     lucubrum,    from   lujc, 
light.] 
To  study  by  candle-light  or  a  lamp ;  to  stud; 

by  night. 
LUCUBRA'TION,  n.  Study  by  a  lamp  or  by 

candle-light ;  nocturnal  study. 
2.  That  which  is  composed  by  night ;    that 
which  is  produced  by  meditation  in  retire 
ment.  Tatler. 

LU'€UBRATOR\',  a.  Composed  by  candle- 
light or  by  night.  Pope, 
LU'€ULENT,  a.  [L.  luculentus,  from  btceo, 

to  shine.] 
L  Lucid;    clear;    transparent;    as  luculent 
rivers.  Thomson. 

2.  Clear  ;  evident ;  luminous. 

The    most    luculent    testimonies    that    the 
christian  religion  hatli.  Hooker. 

LU'€ULL1TE,  m.    A  subspecies  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  of  three  kinds. 

Ure.    Jameson. 

LUDIB'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  ludibriosus,  from  ludo, 

to  sport.]     Sportive  ;  wanton.    J-  Barlow. 

10 


LUDICROUS,  a.  [L.  ludicer,  from  ludo,  to 
sport.] 

Sportive  ;  burlesque  ;  adapted  to  raise  laugh- 
ter, without  scorn  or  contempt.  Ludi- 
crous dilfers  from  ridiculous  ;  the  latter  im- 
plying contempt  or  derision. 

Plutarch  quotes  this  instance  of  Homer's 
judgment,  in  closing  a  ludicrous  scene  with  de- 
cency and  instrucdon.  Broome. 

LU'Dl€ROUSLY,  adv.  Sportively ;  in  bur- 
lesque ;  in  a  manner  to  raise  laughter  with- 
out contempt. 

LU'DICROUSNESS,  n.  Sportiveness ;  the 
quality  of  exciting  laughter  without  con- 
temju ;  merry  cast. 

LUDIFltA'TION,  n.  [L.  ludificor.]  The 
act  of  deriding. 

LUDIF'l€ATORY,n.  Making  sport;  tend- 
ing to  excite  derision.  Barrow. 

LUFF,  n.  [GoXh.tifa;  Scot. /oo/;  \r.  lav, 
lamh  ;  W.  law.]    The  palm  of  the  hand. 

LUFF,   Ji.  [Fr.  lof;  G.  loof;  D.  loef;  Arm. 

'#] 

Weather-gage,  or  part  towards  the  wind  ;  or 
the  sailing  of  a  ship  close  to  the  wind. 

LUFF,  V.  i.  [D.  loeven  ;  Arm.  loji.]  To  turn 
the  head  of  a  ship  towards  the  wind  ;  to 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Hence,  in  the  im- 
perative, luff,  is  an  order  to  put  the  tiller 
on  the  lee-side,  in  order  to  make  the  ship 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Luff  round,  or  luff 
a-lee,  is  the  extreme  of  this  movement,  in- 
tended to  throw  the  ship's  head  into  the 
wind.  A  ship  is  said  to  spring  her  luff, 
when  she  yields  to  the  helm  by  sailing 
nearer  the  wind.  Encyc. 

LUFF'-TACKLE,  n.  A  large  tackle  not 
destined  for  any  particular  place  in  the 
ship,  but  movable  at  pleasure. 

Mar.  Did. 

LUG,  V.  t.  [Sax.  lyccan,  aluccan,  geluggian, 
to  pull,  to  pluck,  Ir.  luighim.     See  Pluck.] 

1.  To  haul  ;  to  drag  ;  to  pull  with  force,  as 
something  heavy  and  moved  with  diffi- 
culty. 

Jowlcr  lugs  him  slill 
Through  hedges.  Dryden. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  with  labor. 
Tliey  must  divide  the  image  among  them, 

and  so  lug  o(f  every  one  liis  share.  Collier. 

To  lug  out,  to  draw  a  sword,  in  burlesque. 

Dryden. 
LUG,  V.  i.  To  drag  :  to  move  heavily.  [Qu.] 

Dryden. 
LUG,  n.  A  small  fish.  Careic. 

2.  Li  Scotland,  an  ear.     Obs.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pole  or  perch,  a  land-measure.    Obs. 

Spenser. 

4.  Something  heavy  to  be  drawn  or  carried. 
[Vulgar.] 

LUG'GAtiE,  )i.  [from  lug.]  Any  thing 
cumbersome  and  heavy  to  be  carried  ; 
traveling  baggage. 

I  am  gathering  up  my  luggage  and  preparing 
for  my  journey.  Su^ifl. 

2.  Something  of  more  weight  than  value. 
What  do  you  mean 
To  dote  on  such  luggage  7  Shak. 

LUGGER,  n.  [D.  toger.]  A  vessel  carry- 
ing three  masts  with  a  running  bowsprit 
and  lug-sails.  Mar.  Did. 

LUGGS,  n.  An  insect  like  an  earth-worm, 
but  having  legs. 

LUG'-S.\IL,  n.  A  square  sail  bent  upon  a 
yard  that  hangs  obhquely  to  the  mast  at 
one  third  of  its  length.  Mar.  Did. 


L  U  M 


L  U  M 


L  U  N 


LUGU'BRIOUS,  a.  [L.lugubris,(iomlugeo, 

to  weep.] 
Mournful ;  indicating  sorrow  ;  as  a  lugubri 

ous  look.  Decay  of  Piety. 

LU'KEWARM,  a.  [Sax.  vlaco,  tepid,  mod 

erately  warm  ;  vlacian,  to  warm  ;  D.  laauiv, 

laauwen  ;  G.  lau  ;  Dan.  lunken,  lukewarm  ; 

lunker,  to  make  tepid  ;    allied  to  flag,  lag, 

or  to  lay,  allay,  or  to  slack.] 

1.  Moderately  warm ;  tepid ;  as  lukewarm 
water ;  lukewarm  heat. 

fViseman.     J^ewton. 

2.  Not  ardent ;  not  zealous ;  cool ;  indifter 
ent ;  as  lukeivarm  obedience ;  lukewarm 
patriots.     Rev.  iii.  Dryden.     Addison. 

LU'KEWARMLY,    adv.    With    moderate 

warmth. 
2.  With  indifference  ;  coolly. 
LU'KEWARMNESS,  n.  A  mild  or  moder- 
ate heat. 
2.  Indifference;  want  of  zeal  or  ardor ;  cold 
ness. 

The  defect  of  zeal  is  lukewarmness,  or  cold- 
ness in  religion.  Sprat 
LULL,  V.  t.    [Dan.  luller;   G.D.lullen ;   L. 
lallo.     Qu.  Russ.  kleyu,  to  dandle  or  fon 
die.    The  sense  is  to  throw  down,  to  still 
to  appease.     Seamen  say,  the  wind  lulls, 
wlien  it  subsides.] 
To  quiet ;    to   compose ;    to   cause   to  rest. 
The  nation  may  be  lulled  into  security. 
—To  lull  him  soft  asleep.                    Spe/iser. 
Such  sweet  compulsion  doth  in  music  lie. 
To  lull  the  daughters  of  necessity.      Milton. 
LULL,  V.  i.    To  subside  ;   to  cease  ;   to  be- 
come calm  ;  as,  the  wind  lulls. 
LULL,  n.  Powerorquality  of  soothing. 

Yoimg. 
LULL'ABy,  n.     [lull  and  by,  Russ.  bayu. 

See  Brj.] 
A  song  to  quiet  babes  ;  that  which  quiets. 

Shak.     Locke. 
LVLh'ED,  pp.  Quieted;  appeased  ;  compo- 
sed to  rest. 
LULL'ER,  n.  One  that  lulls;  one  that  fon- 
dles. 
LULL'ING,  ppr.     Stilling ;    composing  to 

rest. 
LUM,  n.    [Qu.  Sax.  leoma.]     The  chimney 
of  a  cottage.  Todd. 

LUM'ACHEL,        }       A  calcarious   stone 
LUMACHEL'LA,  S       composed  of  shells 
and  coral  conglutinated,but  so  far  retain 
ing  their  organization  as  to  exhibit  differ 
ent   colors,  and   so  hard   as   to  admit  of 
polish.  JVicholson.     Fourcroy. 

LUMBAG'INOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  lurn 
bago.  Cheyne. 

LUMBA'GO,  n.  [L.  lumbus,  loins.]  A  pain 
in  the  loins  and  small  of  the  back,  such 
as  precedes  certain  fevers.  Quincy. 

A  rheuuiatic  affection  of  the  muscles  about 
the  loins.  Hooper. 

LUM'BAU,  a.  [h.  lumbus,  loins.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  loins.  The  lumbar  region  is  tin 
posterior  portion  of  the  body  between  the 
false  ribs  and  the  upper  edge  of  the 
haunch  bone.  Parr. 

LUM'BEH,  n.  [allied  to  Sax.  leoma,  uten- 
sils, or  to  lump,  clump,  a  mass,  or  Dan. 
lumpe,  a  rag  ;  lumperie,  trifles ;  Sw.  linitpor, 
rags,  old  cloths;  i).  lamp  ;  G.  lumpen;  Fr. 
lambeau.  In  French,  lambourde  is  a  joist.] 
].  Any  thing  useless  and  cumbersome,  or 
things  bulky  and  thrown  aside  as  of  no 
use. 


The  very  bed  was  violated — 

And  thrown  among  the  common  lumber. 

Otway. 

2.  In  America,  timber  sawed  or  split  for 
use ;  as  beams,  joists,  boards,  planks, 
staves,  hoops  and  the  like. 

3.  Harm ;  mischief.     [Local.]  Pegge. 
LUM'BER,  j;.  /.  To  heap  together  in  disor- 
der.                                                       Rymer. 

2.  To  fill  with  lumber;  as, to  lumber z.  room. 

LUMBER-ROOM,  n.  A  place  for  the  re- 
ception of  lumber  or  useless  things. 

LUM'BRI€,  11.  [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.]  A 
worm.  Med.  Repos. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.] 
Resembling  a  worm;  as  the  lumbrical 
muscles. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  loins. 

LUM'BRI€AL,  n.  A  muscle  of  the  fingers 
and  toes,  so  named  from  its  resembling  a 
worm.  Of  these  muscles,  there  are  four  of 
the  fingers  and  as  many  of  the  toes. 

LUMBRICTFORM,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a 
worm,  and/on/).]  Resembling  a  worm  in 
shape. 

LU  MINARY,  n.  [L.  luminare,  from  lumen, 
light.  Lumen  is  the  Saxon  Icoina,  a  ray, 
or  from  luceo,  by  contraction,  for  lucmen, 
lvgme7i.] 

1.  Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one 
of  the  celestial  orbs.  The  sun  is  the  prin- 
cipal luminary  in  our  system.  The  stars 
are  inferior  luminaries. 

"2.  One  that  illustrates  any  subject,  or  en- 
lightens mankind  ;  as.  Bacon  and  Newton 
were  distinguished  luminaries. 

LUBIINATION.     [See  Illumination.] 

LU'MINE,  V.  t.  To  enlighten.  [J\iot  used. 
See  Illumine.] 

LUMINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  lumen,  light,  and 
fero,  to  produce.]     Producing  light. 

Ure. 

LU'MINOUS,  a.  [h.  luminosus ;  Fr.  lumin- 
eux.] 

1.  Shining;  emitting  light.  The  sun  is  a 
most  luminous  body. 

2.  Light ;  illuminated.  The  moon  is  ren- 
dered luminous  hy  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

3.  Bright;  shining;  as  a  luminous  color. 

4.  Clear  ;  as  a  luminous  essay  or  argument. 
LU'MINOUSLY,  adv.   With  brightness  or 

clearness. 
LU'MINOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

bright  or  shining  ;    brightness  ;  as  the  lu- 

miyiotisness  of  the  sea.  Encyc. 

2.  Clearness  ;  perspicuity  ;  as  the  luminous- 

ness  of  ideas,  arguments  or  method. 

Cheyne. 
LUMP,   n.    [G.  Dan.   and  Sw.  klump  ;   D. 

klomp;    W.  clamp  and  clap.     If  ?/i  is  nut 

radical,  this  belongs  to  Class  Lb.     Lump 

is  clump,  without  the  prefix-.] 

1.  A  small  mass  of  matter  of  no  definite 
shape  ;  as  a  tump  of  earth  ;  a  lump  of  but 
ter  ;  a  lump  of  sugar. 

2.  A  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown  to 
gether  without   order  or  distinction ;    as 
copper,  iron,  gold,  silver,  lead,  tin,  promis 
cuously  in  one  lump. 

3.  A  cluster;  as  a  lump  of  figs.    2  Kings  xx. 
In  the  lump,  the  whole  together;  in  gross. 

They  may  liuy  my  papers  in  the  lump. 

Addison 

LUMP,  V.  i.  To  throw  into  a  mass  ;  to  unite 
in  a  body  or  sum  without  distinction  of 
particulars. 


The  expenses  ought  to  be  lumped.      Ayliffe. 

2.  To  take  in  the  gross. 

LUMP' EN,  n.  A  long  fish  of  a  greenish 
color,  and  marked  with  lines. 

LUMP'FISH,  ?i.  A  thick  fish  of  the  genus 
Cyclopterus.  The  back  is  sharp  and  ele- 
vated ;  the  belly  flat,  and  of  a  crimson 
color.  Along  the  body  run  five  rows  of 
sharp  bony  tubercles.  It  swims  edgewise ; 
called  also  a  sea-owl.  Encyc. 

LUMPTNG,  ppr.   Throwing  into  a  mass  or 
sum. 
a.  Bidky  ;  heavy.     [A  low  word.] 

Arbuthnot. 

LUMP'ISH,  a.  Like  a  lump;  heavy;  gross; 
hulky.  Raleigh.     Dryden. 

2.  Didl;  inactive.  Shak. 

LUMP'ISHLY,  adv.  Heavily;  with  dull- 
ness or  stupidity. 

LUaiPISHNESS,  n.  Heaviness;  dullness; 
stupidity. 

LUMP'Y,  a.  Full  of  lumps  or  small  com- 
pact masses.  Mortimer. 

Luna  cornea,  muriate  of  silver.  Ure. 

LU'NACY,  71.  [from  h.  luna,  the  moon;  W. 
llun,  form,  figure,  iujage,  the  moon.] 

1.  A  species  of  insanity  or  madness,  suppo- 
sed to  be  influenced  by  the  moon,  or  peri- 
odical in  the  month. 

2.  Madness  in  general. 

LU'NAR,     )        [h.  lunaris.]     Pertaining  to 
LU'NARY,  J    ■  the  moon  ;   as  lunar  obser- 
vations. 

2.  Measured  by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon  ; 
as  lunar  days  or  years. 

3.  Resembling  the  moon  ;  orbed.       Dryden. 

4.  Under  the  influence  of  the  moon.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

Lunar  caustic,  nitrate  of  silver,  fused  in  a  low 
heat.  JVicholson. 

LUNA'RIAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
moon. 

LU'NARY,  n.  Moonwort,  a  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Lunaria. 

LU'NATED,  a.  Formed  like  a  half-moon. 

LU'NATIe,  a.  Affected  by  a  species  of  mad- 
ness, supposed  to  be  influenced  by  the 
moon. 

LU'NATI€,  n.  A  person  affected  by  insan- 
ity, supposed  to  be  influeuced  or  produced 
by  the  moon,  or  by  its  position  in  its  orbit ; 
a  madman.  Swijt. 

LUNA'TION,  n.  [L.  lunatio.]  A  revolu- 
tion of  the  moon. 

H;NCH,  I       [W.   llwnc,  a    gulp,   a 

LUNCH'EON,  I  "•  svyallow,  the  gidlet ; 
Arm.  louncqa,  longein,  to  swallow  greed- 

iiy-] 

Literally,  a  swallow ;  but  in  usage,  a  por- 
tion of  food  taken  at  any  time,  except  at  a 
regidar  meal.  It  is  not  unusual  to  take  a 
luncheon  before  dinner.  The  passengers 
in  the  line-shijjs  regularly  have  their 
lunch. 

1  sliced  the  luncheon  from  the  barley  loaf. 

Gay. 

LUNE,  )i.  [h.  luna,  the  moon.]  Anything 
in  the  shape  of  a  half-moon.     [Little  used/] 

ti'utts. 

2.  A  fit  of  lunacy  or  madness,  or  a  freak. 
[.Wot  used.]  Shak. 

.3.  A  leash  ;   as  the  lune  of  a  hawk. 

LU'NET,        I       [Fr. /i(7ie«e,  from  ?i(ne,  the 

LUNETTE,  (,  "■  moon.] 

1.  In  fortif cation,  an  enveloped  counter- 
guard,  or  elevation  of  earth  made  beyond 


L  U  R 


L  U  R 


L  U  S 


the  second  ditch,  opposite  to  the  places  of 
arms ;  or  a  covered  place  before  the  cour- 
tine,  consisting  of  two  faces  that  form  an 
angle  inward.  It  is  commonly  raised  in 
ditches  full  of  water,  to  serve  instead  of 
fausse  brays,  to  dispute  the  enemy's  pass- 
age of  the  ditch.  Encyc.     Trtvoux. 

9.  In  tht  manege,  a  half  horse-shoe,  which 
wants  the  spunge,  or  that  part  of  the 
bi-anch  which  runs  towards  the  quarters 
of  the  foot.  Encyc. 

3.  A  piece  of  felt  to  cover  the  eye  of  a  vicious 
borse.  Encyc. 

LU'NET,  n.  A  little  moon.  Bp.  Hall. 

LUNG,  n.  [Sax.  lungen ;  D.  long;  G.  Dan. 
lunge ;  Sw.  htnga.] 

1.  The  lungs  are  the  organs  of  respiration  in 
man  and  many  other  animals.  There  are 
two  of  these  organs,  each  of  which  occu- 
pies its  cavity  in  the  thorax.  They  alter- 
nately inhale  and  expel  the  air,  by  means 
of  which  the  necessary  function  of  respira- 
tion is  carried  on. 

Each   btn^   fills    completely  the   cavity   in 
which  it  is  placed.  Wistar. 

2.  Formerly,  a  person  having  a  strong  voice, 
and  a  sort  of  servant.  B.  Jonson. 

LUNtJE,  n.  [See  ^llhnge.]  A  sudden  push 
or  thrust. 

LUNGED,  a.  Having  lungs,  or  the  nature 
or  rcsomblance  of  lungs;  drawing  in  and 
expelling  air.  Dryden. 

LUNG'-GROWN,  a.  Having  lungs  that  ad- 
here to  the  pleura.  Harvey 

LUN'tilS,  n.  [Fr.  longis,  from  long.]  A  lin- 
gerer; a  dull,  drowsy  fellow. 

LUNG'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pul 
monaria. 

LU'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  tuna,  the  moon,  and 
form.]     Resembling  the  moon. 

LUNISO'LAR,  a.  [L.  ^una,  moon,  and  Sola- 
ris, sol,  sun.] 

Compounded  of  the  revolutions  of  the  sun 
and  moon.  Johnson 

The  lunisolar  year  consists  of  532  common 
years  ;  found  by  multiplying  the  cycle  of 
the  sun  by  that  of  the  moon.  Encyc. 

LU'NISTICE,  n.  [L.  liina,  the  moon,  and 
sto,  steti,  or  sisto,  to  stand.] 

The  farthest  point  of  the  moon's  northing 
and  southing,  in  its  monthly  revolution. 

Encyc. 

LUNT,  n.  [D.  lont,  Dan.  Itinte,  a  match.] 
The  match-cord  used  for  firing  cannon. 

Johnson. 

LU'NULAR,  a.  [from  L.  luna,  the  moon.] 
In  botany,  like  the  new  moon;  shaped  like 
a  small  crescent. 

LU'NULATE,  a.  [from  L.  luna,  the  moon. 
In  botany,  resembling  a  small  crescent. 

LU'PERCAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Luper- 
calia,  or  feasts  of  the  Romans  in  honor  of 
Pan  ;  as  a  noun,  the  feast  itself. 

LU'PINE,  n.  [Fr.  lupin;  L.  Iupi7ius.]  A 
kind  of  pulse.  The  genus  Lupinus  con- 
tains several  species,  mostly  annual  plants 
bearing  digitate  leaves,  and  papilionaceous 
flowers.  The  seeds  of  the  white  lupine 
have  a  leguminous  taste,  accompanied 
with  a  disagreeable  bitterness,  and  are  said 
to  be  anthelmintic.  Encyc. 

LU'PULIN,  71.  [L.  lupulus,  hops.]  The  fine 
yellow  powder  of  hops.  A.  }V.  Ives. 

LURCH,  n.  [W.  Here,  a  frisk,  or  frisking 
about,  a  loitering  or  lurking;  llercian,  to 
loiter  about,   to  lurk.     This  is  the  same 


word  radically  as  lurk.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  run,  start,  leap  or  frisk  about, 
as  a  man  or  beast  that  flies  from  one  tree 
or  other  object  to  another  to  conceal  him- 
self. Hence  we  see  the  peculiar  applica- 
bility of  this  word  in  seamen's  language.] 

In  seamen's  language,  a  sudden  roll  of  a 
ship.  A  lee-lurch  is  a  sudden  roll  to  the 
leeward,  as  when  a  heavy  sea  strikes  the 
ship  on  the  weather  side.  Cyc 

To  leave  in  the  lurch,  to  leave  in  a  difficult 
situation,  or  in  embarrassment ;  to  leave 
in  a  forlorn  state  or  without  help. 

Denham 

LURCH,  I),  i.  To  roll  or  pass  suddenly  to 
one  side,  as  a  ship  in  a  heavy  sea. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  one  side,  or  to  a  private 
place  ;  to  lie  in  ambush  or  in  secret ;  to  lie 
close.    [For  this,  lurk  is  now  used.] 

L'Estrange. 

3.  To  shift;  to  play  tricks. 
I  am  fain  to  shuffle,  to  hedge  and  to  lurch. 

Sliak 

LURCH,  D.  t.  To  defeat ;  to  disappoint,  that 
is,  to  evade  ;  as,  to  lurch  the  expectation. 
[Ldttle  used.]  South. 

2.  To  steal;  to  filch  ;  to  pilfer.    [Littleused. 

Johnson. 

LURCH,  r.<.  [L.  furco,  a  glutton.]   Toswal 

low   or  eat  greedily ;   to   devour.      [JVot 

used.]  Bacon. 

LURCH'ER,  n.    One  that  lies  in  wait  or 

lurks ;    one  that  watches  to  pilfer,  or  to 

betray  or  entrap ;  a  poacher. 

Swift  from  the  play  the  scudding  lurcher  flies. 

Gay. 

2.  A  dog  that  watches  for  his  game. 

Taller. 

3.  [L.  lurco,  a  glutton.]  A  glutton  ;  a  gor- 
mandizer. 

LUR'DAN,  a.  Blockish.     [JVot  used.] 

Johnson 
LUR'DAN,  n.  A  clown ;  a  blockhead.  [JVot 

used.] 
LURE,  n.  ]Fi:  leuire.]     Something  held  out 

to  call  a  hawk  ;    hence, 
2.  Any  enticement ;    that  which  invites  by 
the   prospect   of  advantage  or  pleasure ; 
as  the  lures  of  beauty  or  of  gain. 
LURE,  V.  i.  To  call  hawks. 

Standing  by  one  tliat  lured  loud  and  slirill. 

JSacon 
LURE,  I'.  /.  To  entice  ;  to  attract ;  to  invite 
by  any   thing  that   promises  pleasure  or 
advantage. 

Lured  on  by  the  pleasure  of  the  bait. 

Tertiple 
And  various  science  lures  the  learned  eye. 

Gay. 
LU'RED,  pp.    Enticed  ;   attraeted ;  invited 

by  the  hope  of  pleasure  or  advantage. 
LU'RID,   a.    [L.  luridus  ;    W.  llur,  livid,  a 
gloom.     Qu.  the  root  of  foieer.]     Gloomy; 
dismal.  Thomson. 

LU'RING,/)pr.  Enticing;  calling. 
LURK,   V.  i.    [W.  llercian,  to  frisk  or  loiter 
about,  to  lurk;  G.  lauern;  D.  loeren ;  Sw. 
lura  ;  Dan.  lurer.     See  Lurch.] 

1.  To  lie  hid ;   to  lie  in  wait. 

Let  us  lay  wait  for  blood  ;  let  us  lurk  privily 
for  the  innocent.     Prov.  i. 

2.  To  lie  concealed  or  unperceived.  See 
that  no  selfish  motive  lurks  in  the  heart. 

See 
The  lurking  gold  upon  the  fatal  tree. 

Dryden. 


3.  To  retire  from  public  observation;  to 
keep  out  of  sight. 

The  defendant  lurks  and  wanders  about  in 
Berks.  Blackstone. 

LURK'ER,  n.  One  that  lurks  or  keeps  out 
of  sight. 

LURK'ING,  ppr.  Lying  concealed  ;  keep- 
ing out  of  sight. 

LURK'ING-PLACE,  n.  A  place  in  which 
one  lies  concealed  ;  a  secret  place  ;  a  hi- 
ding place  ;  a  den.     1  Sam.  xxiii. 

LUS'CIOUS,  a.  [I  know  not  the  origin 
and  affinities  of  this  word.  The  Dutch 
express  it  by  zoetluslig,  sweet-lusty.  Qu. 
the  root   of  luxury.] 

1.  Sweet  or  rich  so  as  to  cloy  or  nauseate; 
sweet  to  excess  ;  as  luscious  food. 

2.  Very  sweet ;  delicious ;  grateful  to  the 
taste. 

And  raisins  keep  their  luscious  native  taste. 

Dryden. 

3.  Pleasing;  delightful. 
He  will  bait  liim  in  with  flie  luscious  propo- 
sal of  some  gainful  purchase.  South. 

4.  Fullsome  ;  as  luscioiis  flattery. 

5.  Smutty;   obscene.     [Unusual.]         Steele. 
LUS'CIOUSLY,    adv.    With  sweetness  or 

richness  that  cloys  or  nauseates. 

2.  Obscenely.  Steele. 

LUS'CIOUSNESS,  n.  Immoderate  rich- 
ness or  sweetness  that  cloys  or  offends. 

Mortimer. 

LU'SERN,  n.  .\  lynx.  Johnson. 

LUSH,  a.  Of  a  dark,  deep,  full  color. 

How  lush  and  lusty  the  grass  looks  ;    how 
green !     Obs.  Shak. 

LUSK,  a.  [Fr.  lasche.]  Lazy  ;  slothful.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

LUSK,  n.  A  lazy  fellow  ;  a  lubber.  [.Vol 
in  use.] 

LUSK'ISH,  a.  Inclined  to  be  lazy. 

Marston. 

LUSK'ISHLY,  adv.  Lazily. 

LUSK'ISHNESS,  n.  Disposition  to  indo- 
lence ;  laziness.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LUSO'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lusorius,  from  ludo, 
lusi,  to  sport.] 

Used  in  play ;  sportive.  [Little  used.] 

Sanderson. 

LU'SORY,  a.  [L.  lusorius,  as  above.]  Used 
in  play  ;  playful ;  as  lusory  methods  of  in- 
structing children.  Halls. 

LUST,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  ?u,?(;  Dan.  lyst ; 
Ir.  lasadh,  lust,  and  a  burning.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  extend,  reach,  expand, 
to  stretch  forward.  It  is  the  same  as 
list.] 

1.  Longing  desire  ;  eagerness  to  possess  or 
enjoy  ;  as  the  lust  of  gain. 

My  lust  shall  be  satisfied  upon   them.     Ex. 

XV. 

2.  Concupiscence;  carnal  appetite  ;  unlaw- 
ful desire  of  carnal  pleasure.  Rom.  i.  2 
Pet.  ii. 

3.  Evil  propensity ;  depraved  afTections  and 
desires.     James  i.     Ps.  lx.xxi. 

4.  Vigor  ;  active  power.    [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

LUST,   t'.  i.    [Sax.   luslan ;    G.  lusten  ;    D. 

lusten  ;  Sw.  lysta  ;  Dan.  lyster.] 
1.  To  desire  eagerly  ;  to  long  ;  with  qfler. 
Thou  mayest  kill  and  eat  flesh  in  all  thy  gates, 

whatsoever  thy  soul  lusteth  after.     Dcut.  xii. 


L  U  S 

2.  To  have  carnal  desire ;  to  desire  eagerly 
the  gratification  of  carnal  appetite. 

Lust  not  after  her  beauty  in  thy  heart.  Prov. 
vi. 

Whosoever  looketh  on  a  woman  to  lust  after 
her,  hath  committed  adultery  with  her  aheady 
in  his  lieart.     Matt.  v. 

3.  To  have  irregular  or  inordinate  desires. 

Tiie  spirit  that  dweUeth  in  us  lusteth  to  envy. 
James  iv. 

Lust  not  after  evil  things  as  they  also  lusted. 
1  Cor.  X. 

4.  To  list ;  to  like. 
LUST'FUL,  a.  Having  lust,  or  eager  desire 

of  carnal  gratification  ;  libidinous  ;  as  an 
intemperate  and  lustful  man. 
2.  Provoking  to  sensuality ;  inciting  to  lust 
or  exciting  carnal  desire.  Tillotson. 

Thence  liis  lustful  orgies  he  enlarged. 

Milton 
,'3.  Vigorous ;  robust ;  stout.  SackviUe. 

^^UST'FyLLY,   adv.    With   concupiscence 

or  carnal  desire. 
"lUSTFULNESS,  n.    The  state  of  having 
'       carnal  desires  ;  libidinousness. 
LUST'IHPOD,   li.    [lusty  and  hood.]    Vigor 
of  body.     Obs.  Spenser. 

LUST'ILY,    adv.    With    vigor    of   body; 
stoutly  ;  with  vigorous  exertion. 

I  determine  to  fight  lustily  for  him.     Shak 
LUSTINESS,  n.  Vigor  of  body;  stoutness; 
strength  ;  robustness  ;  sturdiness. 

Cappadocian  slaves  were  famous  for  their 
lustiness.  Dryden 

LUST'ING,  ppr.  Having  eager  desire  ;  hav- 
ing carnal  appetite. 
LUST'ING,    n.    Eager  desire;    inordinate 

desire;  desire  of  carnal  gratification. 
LUST'LESS,  a.  Listless;  not  willing.   Obs. 

Spense 
Gower. 
[L.  histralis,  from  lustro,  to 


L  U  T 


2.  Not  vigorous 
LUS'TR.\L,  a. 
purify.] 

1.  Used  in   purification  ;    as  lustral  water 
lustral  waves. 

2.  Pertaining  to  purification ;  aslustral  days. 

LUS'TRATE,    v.  t.    [L.   luslro,  to  cleanse. 
See  Luster.] 

1.  To  make  clear  or  pure;  to  purify.     [See 
Illustrate.] 

2.  To  view  ;  to  survey. 
LUSTRATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 

of  making  clear   or  pure;  a  cleansing  or 

purifying  by  water. 

And  holy  water  for  lustration  bring. 

Dryden 
2.  In  antiquity,  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies 

by  wliicli  cities,  fields,  armies   or  people 

defiled  by  crimes,  were  purified.      Encyc. 
LUS'TER,  rt.    [Fr.  lustre;    L.  lustrum;  It. 

lustro  ;  from  L.  luslro,  to  purify  ;  Dan.  lys. 

light ;  lyser,  to  sliine  ;  Sw.  lysa  ;  D.  luister, 

splendor  ;  Ir.  lasadh,  lasaim,  leosain,  to  give 

light.  In  burn;  leos,  light.] 

1.  15ri;4hlness  ;  splendor  ;  gloss;  astheluster 
of  the  sun  or  stars  ;  the  luster  of  silk. 

The  sun's  mild  luster  warms  the  vital  air, 

Pope. 

2.  The   splendor  of  birth,   of  deeds  or   of 
fame  ;  renown  ;  distinction. 

Hi^^  ancestors  continued  about  fonr  hundred 
years,  rather  without  obscmity  than  witJi  any 
great  share  of  luster.  IVotton. 


3.  A  sconce  with  lights  ;  a  branched  candle-l 
stick  of  glass.  Pope.     Encyc.\ 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.  [L.  lustrum.] 

Bolingbroke. 

LUS'TRICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  purification. 

Middleton. 
LUS'TRING,  n.    A  species  of  glossy  silk 
cloth.  [Corruptly  written  and  pronounced 
lutestring.] 
LUSTROUS,  a.    Bright ;  shining  ;   lumin- 
ous. 

Good  sparks  and  lustrous.  Shak. 

LUS'TRUM,  n.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  space 

of  five  years. 
LUST'-STAINED,  a.  Defiled  by  lust. 

Shak. 
LUST' WORT,  )!.   [lust  and  tvort.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Drosera. 
LUST' Y,  a.    [from  lust ;  J),  luslig.]    Stout; 

vigorous;  robust ;  healthful ;  able  of  body. 

This   is  the   correct   sense   of  the   word 

comprehending  full  health  and  strength  ; 

as  a  lusty  youth.     But  it  is  now  used  in 

the  sense  of, 

2.  Bulky;  large;  of  great  size.  This  sense 
does  not  always  include  that  of  vigor. 

3.  Handsome ;  pleasant ;  saucy.     Obs. 
Gower.     Spenser.     Shak. 

4.  Copious  ;  plentiful ;  as  a  lusty  draught. 

Tatler. 

5.  Pregnant;  a  colloquial  tise. 
LU'TANIST,  n.  [from  lute.]  A  person  that 

plays  on  the   lute. 

A  celebrated  lutanist  was  playing  to  a  large 
company.  Msiat.   Res. 

LUTA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  lutarius,  from  lutum, 
mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mud ;  living  in  mud. 

Of  the  color  of  mud.  Grew. 

LUTA'TION,  n.  [See  Lute.]  The  act  or 
method  of  luting  vessels. 

LUTE,  n.  [Vr.  luth ;  It.  liuto ;  Sp.  laud: 
D.  tuil ;  G.  laute  ;  Sw.  luta  ;  Dan.  tut ; 
Russ.  liotnia.     Qu.  loud,  L.  laudo.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  strings.  It 
consists  of  four  parts,  viz ;  the  table,  the 
body  or  belly  which  has  nine  or  ten  sides, 
the  neck,  which  has  nine  or  ten  stops  or 
divisions  marked  with  strings,  and  the  head 
or  cross.  In  the  middle  of  the  table  there 
is  a  passage  for  the  sound.  There  is  also 
abridge  to  which  the  strings  are  fastened. 
The  strings  are  struck  with  the  right 
hand,  and  with  the  left  the  stops  are  press- 
ed. Encyc. 

LUTE,  ?  [L.    lutum,    mud,    clay.; 

LU'TING,  I  "'  Among  chimists,  a  com- 
position of  clay  or  other  tenacious  sub- 
stance u.sed  for  stoppiias  the  juncture  of 
vessels  so  closely  as  lo»  prevent  the  es- 
cape or  entrance  of  air. 

LUTE,  V.  I.  To  close  or  coat  with  lute. 

Bacon 

LU'TE-eASE,  n.  A  case  for  a  lute.     Shak. 

LU'TED,  pp.  Closed  with  lute. 

LU'TENIST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  lute. 

Busby. 

1  II'T'F'R     ) 

1  ii'TisT  ( "•  '^"^  ^^''°  p'"y^  °"  *  '"'®- 

LUTE-STRING,  n.  The  string  of  a  lute. 

Shak. 
LUTHERAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Luther,  the 
reformer ;  as  the  Lutlieran  church. 


LUX 

LU'THERAN,  n.    A  disciple  or  follower  of 
Luther  ;  one  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines 
of  Luther. 
LU'THERANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  re- 
ligion as  taught  by  Luther. 

LU'THERN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of 
window  over  the  cornice,  in  the  roof  of  a 
building,  to  admit  light  into  the  upper 
story.  Encyc. 

LU'TING,  ppr.  Closing  with  lute. 

LU'TULENT,  «.  [L.  lutulentus,  from  Mum, 
mud.]     Muddy  ;  turbid  ;  thick. 

LUX' ATE,  V.  t.  [L.  luxo,  Fr.  luxer,  to  loos- 
en ;  probably  from  the  same  root  as  lax,  L. 
laxo,  laius.] 

To  displace,  or  remove  from  its  proper  place, 
as  a  joint ;  to  put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislo- 
cate. Lux,  in  a  like  sense,  is,  I  beheve, 
not  now  used.  Encyc. 

LUX'ATED,  pp.  Put  out  of  joint ;  disloca- 
ted. 

LUX'ATING,  ppr.  Removing  or  forcing 
out  of  its  place,  as  a  joint;  dislocating. 

LUXA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moving  or  for- 
cing a  joint  from  its  proper  place  or  artic- 
ulation ;  or  the  state  of  being  thus  put  out 
of  joint. 

2.  A  dislocation  ;  that  which  is  dislocated. 

LUXE,  n.  Luxury.  [J^tol  used.] 

LUXU'RL\NCE,   \      [L.  luxurians,  luxurio, 

LUXU'RIANCY,  ^  "'  to  grow  ranlc,  or  to 
wanton.] 

1.  Rank  growth  ;  strong,  vigorous  growth  ; 
exuberance. 

Flowers  grow  up  in  the  garden  with  the  great- 
est luxuriancy  and   profusion.  Spectator. 

Excessive  or  superfluous  growth. 

A  fungus  prevents  healing  only  by  its  luxuri- 

ancy.  JViseman. 

LUXU'RIANT,  a.    Exuberant  in   growth  ; 

abundant;  as  ix  luxuriant  growth  of  grass- 

2.  Exuberant  in  plenty ;  superfluous  in 
abundance. 

Prune  the  luxuriant,  the  uncouth  refine. 

Pope. 

3.  A  luxuriant  flower  multiplies  the  covers 
of  the  fructification  so  as  to  destroy  the 
essential  parts.  Martyn. 

LUXURIANTLY,  adv.  With  exuberant 
growth. 

LUXURIATE,  ['.  i.  To  grow  exuberantly, 
or  to  grow  to  superfluous  abundance. 

LUXURI  A'TION,  n.  The  process  of  grow- 
ing exuberantly,  or  beyond  the  natural 
growth.  Lee. 

LUXU'RIOUS,  n.  [Pr.  luxurieux ;  L.  htxu- 
riosus,  from  luxo,  to  loosen ;  luxor,  to 
riot.] 

1.  Voluptuous;  indulging  freely  or  excess- 
ively in  the  jileasurcs  of  the  table,  the 
gratification  of  appt^tite,  or  in  rich  and  ex- 
liensive  dress  anil  equipage ;  as  a  luxuri- 
ous life  ;  luxurious  cities. 

2.  Administering  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to 
free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  diet, 
dress  and  equipage;  as  luxurious  wealth. 

Milton. 

3.  Furnished  with  luxuries ;  as  a  lujcurious 
tabl(^ 

4.  Soilening  by  pleasure,  or  free  indulgence 
in  luxiny  ;  as  lu.rurious  ease. 

5.  Lustful ;  libidinous  ;  given  to  the  gratifi- 
cation of  lust ;  as  a  lu.vurious  bed.      Shak^ 

G.  Luxuriant;  exuberant. 


M 


MAC 


MAC 


The  work  under  our  labor  grows 

Luxurious  'ly  restraint.  [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

LUXU'RIOUHLY,    adv.    In  almndancc  of 

rich  diet,  dress  or  equipage  ;  deliciously  ' 

voluptuously.  Dryden 

LUX'URIST,  n.  One  given  to  luxury. 

Temple 

LUX'URY,  n.  [L.  iuxuria,  from  luxo,  to 
loosen.] 

1.  A  free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  table,  as  in  rich  and  ex- 
pensive diet,  or  delicious  food  and  liquors  ; 
voluptuousness  in  the  gratification  of  ap- 
petite ;  or  the  free  indulgence  in  costly 
dress  and  equipage. 

Siches  expose  a  man  to  pride  and  luxury. 

Spectator. 

2.  That  which  gratifies  a  nice  and  fastidious 
appetite  ;  a  dainty;  any  delicious  food  or 
drink.  The  canvas-back  duck  is  a  luxury 
for  an  epicure. 

3.  Any  thing  dcliglitful  to  the  senses. 

He  cut  the  side  of  a  rock  for  a  garden,  and 
by  laying  on  it  earth,  furnished  a  kind  u(  luxury 
for  a  hermit.  Jlfldi.'ion. 

4.  Lust ;   lewd  desire.     [Mtt  now  zised.] 

Shak. 

5.  Luxuriance;  exuberance  of  growth.  [JVol 
now  used.]  Bacon. 

LY,  a  termination  of  adjectives,  is  a  con- 
traction of  Sax.  lie,  G.  Hell,  I),  lyk,  Dan 
lige,  Sw.  lih,  Eng.  like;  as  in  lovely,  manly, 
that  is,  love-like,  man-like.  As  the  termi- 
nation of  names,  ty  signifies  field  or  plain, 
Sax.  hag,  Eng.  lay,  lea  or  ley,  L.  locus. 

LY'AM,  n.  A  leash  for  holding  a  hound. 

Drayton. 

LY€AN'THROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ^vxavSpiorfM ; 
%vxoi,  a  wolf,  and  o.v9funoi,  man.]  A  kind 
of  erratic  melancholy.  Coxe. 

LY'eOS'TOM,  n.  A  Baltic  fish  resembling 
a  herring. 


LVD'IAN,  a.  [from  Lydia.]  Noting  a  kind 
of  .soft  slow  music  anciently  in  vogue. 

Milton. 

Li/dian  stone,  flinty  slate.  Ure 

LYE,  n.  [Sax.  leah  ;  G.  lauge ;  D.  loog; 
Arm.  ligeou  or  lichou  ;  Sp.  le.via  ;  Fr.  les- 
sive ;  L.  Hi,  whence  lixivium.  It  coin- 
cides with  Sax.  loge,  water ;  Ant.  L.  lixa, 
whence  Lugdunum,  Leyden,  Lyons,  that  is, 
H'alcr-town.] 

Water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt  itn- 
bibed  from  the  ashes  of  wood. 

LYE,  n.  A  falsehood.     [See  Lie.] 

LYING,  ppr.  of  lie.  Being  prostrate.  [See 
Lie.] 

LY'ING,  ppr.  of  lie.  Telling  falsehood. 

Lying  in,  being  in  childbirth. 

2.  n.  The  act  of  bearing  a  child. 

LYM'NITE,  n.  A  kind  of  freshwater  snail, 
found  fossil. 

LYiMPII,  n.  [l^.lympha.]  Water,  or  a  col- 
orless fluid  in  animal  bodies,  separated 
from  the  blood  and  contained  in  certain 
vessels  calleil  lymphatics.  Encyc, 

LYMPH'ATE,     )        Frightened  into  mad- 

LYMPH'ATED,  J  "'   ness  ;  raving. 

LYMPIIAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  lymph. 

2.  Enthu-siastic.     [JVot  used.]         Shafl.'ibury.l 

LYMPHAT'Ie,  n.  A  vessel  of  animal  bod-, 
ies  which  contains  or  conveys  lymph. 

The  lymphatics  seem  to  perform  the  whole 
husiness  of  absorption.  Eiicyc. 

•2.  A  mad  enthusiast ;  a  lunatic.    [jYat  used.] 

Shaftsbitry. 

LYMPH'EDU€T,  ii.  [L.  lympha,  lymph, 
and  ducttis,  a  duct.] 

A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  which  conveys 
the  lymph. 

LYMPHOGRAPHY,  n.  [h.  lympha,]y  mph 

and  Gr.  ypa/pu,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  their 
origin  and  uses.  Encyc. 

LYNX,  n.  [L.  lynx;  Gr.  ^oy| ;  J),  lochs;  G. 
luchs ;  It.  lince.] 


\  quadruped  of  the  genus  Felife,  resembling 
the  common  cat,  but  his  cars  are  longer 
and  his  tail  shorter.  His  hair  is  streaked 
with  yellow,  white  and  black  colors.  His 
air  i.s  sprightly ;  he  howls  like  the  wolf, 
and  walks  and  leaps  like  a  cat.  This  an- 
imal is  celebrated  for  the  sharpness  of 
his  sight.  Encyc. 

LY'RATE,      ?       [from  tyre.]       In  botany, 

LY'RATED,  \  "■  divided  transversely  into 
several  jags,  the  lower  ones  smaller  and 
more  remote  from  each  other  than  the 
upper  ones  ;  as  a  tyrate  leaf.  Marlyn. 

LY'RE,  n.  [Fr.  lyre ;  L.  bjra ;  Gr.  Xvpa. ;  It. 
and  Sp.  hra  ;  D.  Her;  d.  leier.'] 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music,  a  kind  of 
harp  much   used  by  the  ancients. 

LYR'le,        I       [L.   lyricus;    Fr.   lyrigue.] 

LYR'lCAL,  <i "'  Pertaining  to  a  lyre  or 
harp.  Lyric  poetry  is  such  as  is  sung  to  , 
the  harp  or  lyre.  This  was  much  cultiva- 
ted by  the  ancients,  among  whom  Anac- 
reon,  Alcseus,  Stesichorus,  Sappho  anjl 
Horace  are  distinguished  as  lyric  poets. 

LYR'IC,  )i.  A  composer  of  l3'ric  poems. 

Addison. 

LYR'ICISM,   )i.    A  lyric  composition. 

Gray. 

LY'RIST,  n.  A  musician  who  plays  on  the 
harp  or  lyre.  Pope. 

LYS,  71.  A  Chinese  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  .533  yards.  Grositr. 

LYTE'RIAN,  a.  [Gr.  Xnrjfpios,  from  7.vu>,  to 
loosen.] 

In  medical  science,  terminating  a  disease; 
indicating  the  solution  of  a  disease. 

Jones. 

LYTH'RODE,  it.  A  mineral  found  in  Nor- 
way ;  its  color,  an  aurora-red,  passing  into 
brownish  red  or  bi-own.  It  appears  to  be 
allied  to  elaohte,  or  fettsteiu. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
Lythrode  is  probably  a  variety  of  fettstein. 

Cleaveland. 


'f\^ 


£J 


,U 


n. 


]V1  is  the  thirteenth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet,  and  a  labial  articulation,  form- 
ed by  a  compression  of  the  lips.  It  is 
called  a  semi-vowel,  as  the  articulation  or 
compression  of  the  lips  is  accompanied 
with  a  humming  sound  through  the  nose, 
which  constitutes  a  difference  between 
this  letter  and  5.  Its  sound  is  uniform ; 
as  in  mail,  time,  rim. 

M  is  a  numeral  letter,  and  among  the  an 
cients  stood  for  a  thousand  ;  a  use  which 
is  retained  by  the  moderns.  With  a  dash 
or  stroke  over  it,  M,  it  stands  for  a  thou- 
sand times  a  thousand,  or  a  million. 

As  an  abbreviation,  M  stands  for  Marcus 
Martins,  ManUus  or  Mutius. 

A.  M.  or  ]\I.  A.  stands  for  artium  magisler, 
master  of  arts ;  M.  D.  for  medicimt:  doc- 
tor, doctor  of  medicine;  A.  M.  for  anno 


mundi,  the  year  of  the  world ;  MS.  for 
manxiscript ;    MSS.  for  manuscripts. 

In  astronomical  tables,  M  stands  for  merid- 
ian, meridional,  or  mid-day. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  M  stands  for  man- 
iple, or  handful,  or  misce,  mix,  or  mixtura, 
a  mixture.  Encyc. 

In  the  late  British  Pharmacopssias  it  signi- 
fies mensurd,  by  measure.  Pan: 

In  law,  M  is  a  brand  or  stigma  impressed  on 
one  convicted  of  manslaughter,  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  benefit  of  clergy. 

MAB,  n.  [W.  malt,  a  child.]  In  northern 
mythology,  the  queen  of  the  imaginary 
beings  called  fairies. 

■2.  A  slattern.  Ray. 

MAB,  I',  i.  To  dress  negligently.  Ray. 

MAC,  in  names  of  Scotch  and  Irish  origin 
signifies  son.     [See  Maid.] 


MACARONI,  Ji.  [It.  macckeroni,  a  sort  of 
paste;  Fr.  macaroni;  Gr.  fiaxof,   happy.] 

J.  A  kind  of  biscuit  made  of  flour,  eggs,  su- 
gar and  almonds,  and  dressed  with  but- 
ter and  spices.  B.Jonson. 

a.  A  sort  of  droll  or  fool,  and  hence,  a  fop ; 
a  fribble  ;  a  finical  fellow. 

MAC.'^RON  le,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a 
macaroni ;  empty  ;  trifling;  vaiu;afiect- 
ed. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  mixture  or  jumble  of  ill 
formed  or  ill  connected  words. 

MACARON'IC,  n.  A  kind  of  burlesque 
poetrj",  in  which  native  words  are  made 
to  end  in  Latin  terminations,  or  Latin 
words   are  modernized.      Jones.     Encyc. 

MACAROON,  the  same  as  macaroni. 

MACAU'CO,  n.  A  name  of  several  species 
of  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Lemur. 

Encye. 


MAC 


MAC 


M  A  D 


MACAW,  ?  „    The  name  of  a  race  of  beaii- 


;a\V',?„  t 

MACA'O,  i  tiful  fowls  of  the  parrot  kind, 
under  the  genus  Psittacus. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 
MA€AW'-TREE,  n.  A  species  of  pahn  tree. 

Miller. 
MAC'CABEES,  n.  The  name  of  two  apoc- 
ryphal books  in  the  Bible. 
MAC'COBOV,  n.  A  kind  of  snuff. 
MACE,  n.  [It.  mazza,  Sp.  maza,  Port,  maca, 

Fr.  masse,  a  club.] 
An  ensign  of  authority  borne  before  magis- 
trates. Originally,  the  mace  was  a  chib 
or  instrument  of  war,  made  of  iron  and 
much  used  by  cavalry.  It  was  in  the 
shape  of  a  coffee  mill.  Being  no  longer 
a  weapon  of  war,  its  form  is  changed ; 
it  is  made  of  silver  or  copper  gilt,  and  or- 
namented with  a  crown,  globe  and  cross. 

Encije. 
A  leaden  tnace.  Shak. 

A  he.-ivy  iron  mace.  Knolles. 

MACE,  n.  [L.  macis.]  A  spice  ;  the  second 
coat  which  covers  the  nutmeg,  a  thin  and 
membranaceous  substance  of  an  oleagi- 
nous nature  and  yellowish  color,  being  in 
flakes  divided  into  many  ramifications  ;  it 
is  extremely  fragrant  and  aromatic. 

Eneyc. 
MA'CE-ALE,  n.  Ale  spiced  with  mace. 

Jfiseman. 
MA'CE-BEARER,n.  A  person  who  carries 
a  mace  before  men  in  authority. 

Spectator. 
MACERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  macero,  from  macer, 
thin,  lean  ;  maeeo,  to  be  thin  or  lean  ;  Fr. 
maigre  ;  Eng.  meager  ;  It.  macro ;  Sp.  ma- 
gro  ;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  jneek,  Ch. 
INn  mak.     Class  Mg.  No.  2.  and  9.] 

1.  To  make  lean  ;  to  wear  away.       Harvey 

2.  To  mortify  ;  to  harass  with  corporeal 
hardships  ;  to  cause  to  pine  or  waste 
away. 

Out   of  excessive   zeal   they  macerate  their 
hodies  ami  impair  their  health.  Flddes 

3.  To  steep  almost  to  solution  ;  to  soften 
and  separate  the  parts  of  a  substance  by 
steeping  it  in  a  fluid,  or  by  the  digestive 
process.  So  we  say,  Ibod  is  macerated  in 
the  stomach. 

MACERATED,    pp.    Made  thin  or  lean  ; 

steeped  almost  to  solution. 
MACERATING,  ppr.  Making  lean  :  steep- 
ing almost  to  solution  ;  softening. 
MACERA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  making  thin  or  lean  by  wearing  away 
or  by  mortification. 
2.  The   act,   process  or  operatioji  of  soft 
ening  and  almost  dissolving  by  steeping  in 
a  fluid. 

The  saliva  serves  for  the  viaceration  and  dis- 
solution of  the  meat  into  chyle.  Ray 
MACE-REED,  orREED-MACE,n.  A  plant 

of  the  genus  Typha. 
MACHIAVE'LIAN,    a.    [from    Machiavel, 
an  Italian  writer,   secretary   and  histori- 
ographer to  the  republic  of  Florence.] 
Pertaining  to    Maehiavel,    or  denoting  his 
principles  ;    politically   cunning  ;    crafty 
cunning  in  political  management. 
MACHIAVE'LIAN,  n.  One  who  adopts  the 

principles  of  Maehiavel. 
MACII'IAVELISM,    n.    The  principles  of 
Maehiavel.  or  practice   in  conformity  to 
them;  political  i-uiming  and  artifice,   in- 
tended to  favor  arbitrary  power.  Cyc. 


MACHieOLA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  meche,  a  match, 
and  couler,  to  flow.] 

In  old  castles,  the  pouring  of  hot  substances 
through  apertures  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
gate  upon  assailants  ;  or  the  apertures 
themselves.  Cyc. 

MACIITNAL,  o.  [See  Machine.]  Pertain- 
ing to  machines.  Diet. 

MACH'INATE,  v.  t.  [L.  machinor,  from  Gr. 
ixaxata  or  /xrixo-'ri.]  To  plan  ;  to  contrive  ; 
to  form  a  scheme.  Sandys. 

MACH'INATED,  ;);?.   Planned;  contrived. 

MA€H'INATING,;)pr.  Contriving;  schem- 
ing. 

MACHINA'TION,  «.  [Fr.  See  Machine.] 
The  act  of  planning  or  contriving  a 
scheme  for  executing  some  purpose,  par- 
ticularly an  evil  purpose  ;  an  artful  design 
formed  with  deliberation.  Shak. 

MACIITNATOR,  n.  One  that  forms  a 
scheme,  or  who  plots  with  evil  designs. 

Glanville. 

MACHi'NE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  machina.]  An 
artificial  work,  simple  or  complicated,  that 
serves  to  apply  or  regulate  moving  power, 
or  to  produce  motion,  so  as  to  save  time 
or  force.  The  simple  machines  are  the 
six  mechanical  powers,  viz.  ;  the  lever, 
the  pulley,  the  axis  and  wheel,  the  wedge, 
the  screw,  and  the  inclined  plane.  Com- 
plicated machines  are  such  as  combine 
two  or  more  of  these  powers  for  the  pro- 
duction of  motion  or  force.  Encyc. 
An  engine  ;  an  instrument  of  force. 

With  inward  arms  the  dire  machine  they  load. 

Dryden. 
Supernatural  agency  in  a  poem,  or  a  su- 
perhuman being  introduced  into  a  jjoem 
to  perforin  some  exploit.  Pope. 

MACHINERY,  n.  A  complicated  work, 
or  combination  of  mechanical  powers  in  a 
work,  designed  to  increase,  regulate  or 
apply  motion  and  force  ;  as  the  machinery 
of  a  watch  or  other  chronomoter. 

2.  Machines  in  general.  The  machinery  of 
a  cotton-mill  is  often  moved  by  a  single 
wheel. 

.3.  In  epic  and  dramatic  poetry,  superhuman 
beings  introduced  by  the  poet  to  solve 
difficulty,  or  perform  some  exploit  whicl 
exceeds  human  power  ;  or  the  word  may 
signify  the  agency  of  such  beings,  as  sup- 
posed deities,  angels,  demons  and  the  like. 
Nee  Deus  intersit,  nisi  dignus  vindice  nodus 
Incidit.  Horace. 

A  deity  is  not  to  be  introduced,  unless  a 
difficulty  occurs  that  requires  the  inter- 
vention of  a  god. 

The  ?nac/ij?!er^  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost, 
consists  of  numerous  superhuman  person- 
ages.   Pope's  Rape  of  the  Lock  is  render 
ed  very  interesting   by  the    machinery  of 
sylphs. 

MACHINING,  a.  Denoting  the  machinery 
of  a  poem.     [JVot  used.]  Dryden. 

JIACH'INIST,  »i.  [Fr.  machanisle.]  A  con 
structor  of  machines  and  engines,  or  one 
well  versed  in  the  principles  of  machines. 

MACIGNO,  n.  [It.]  A  species  of  stone  of 
two  varieties,  one  of  a  grayish  yellow 
color,  the  other  of  a  bluish  gray  color. 

Cyc. 

MAC'ILENCY,  n.  [See  Macilent.]  Lean- 
ness. 


MAC'ILENT.  a.  [h.macUenlus,  from  macer, 
lean,  thin.  See  Macerate.]  Lean  ;  thin  : 
having  little  flesh. 

MACK'EREL,  n.  [D.  mackreel  ;  G.  mack- 
rele ;  Fr.  maquereau  ;  Ir.  mackreil  ;  W. 
macrell  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  macula,  a 
spot;  the  spotted  fish.  So  in  British,  it  is 
called  brithilh.  Arm.  hresell,  for  the  like 
reason.] 

A  species  of  fish  of  the  genus  Scomber,  an 
excellent  table  fish. 

MACK'EREL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  maquerel.]  A 
pander  or  pimp. 

Mackerel-gale,  in  Dryden,  may  mean  a 
a  gate  that  ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea, 
or  one  which  is  suitable  for  catching  mack- 
erel, as  this  fish  is  caught  with  the  bait  in 
motion. 

MACKEREL-SKY,  n.  A  sky  streaked  or 
inarked  like  a  mackerel.  Hooke. 

MA€'LE,  n.  A  name  given  to  chiastolite  or 
hollow  spar.  Cyc. 

MACLU'RITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  brilliant 
pale  green  color,  so  called  in  honor  of 
Maclure,  the  mineralogist.  Nutlall. 

MACROCOSM,  n.  [Gr.  ftaxpof,  great,  and 
xoa/jo;,  world.] 

The  great  world ;  the  universe,  or  the  visi- 
ble system  of  worlds ;  opposed  to  micro- 
cosm, or  the  world  of  man.  Encyc. 

MACROL'OGY,  n.  [Gr.  iiaxf,oi,  great,  and 
'Koyoi,  discourse.] 

Long  and  tedious  talk  ;  prolonged  discourse 
without  matter;  superfluity  of  words. 

Bullokar. 

MACTA'TION,  n.  [L.  macto,  to  kill.]  The 
act  of  killing  a  victim  for  sacrifice. 

Encyc. 

MACULA,  n.  [L.]  A  spot,  as  on  the  skin, 
or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun  or  other  lu- 
minous orb. 

MACULATE,  v.t.  [L.  maculo.]  To  spot; 
to  stain.  Elyot. 

MACULATE,     >       «     „  j 

MACULATED,  \  ""  ^P°"«^- 

MACULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  spotting ;  a 
spot ;  a  stain.  Shak. 

M.ACULE,  n.  A  spot,  [supra.]  [lAttle  used.] 

MAD,  a.  [Sax.  gemaad ;  Ir.  atnad ;  It.  tnatto, 
mad,  foolish ;  mattone,  a  brick,  and  an  ar- 
rant fool  ;  matteria  and  mattezza,  foolish- 
ness ;  ammattire,  to  become  ilistracted.] 

1.  Disordered  in  intellect ;  distracted  ;  furi- 
ous. 

We  must  bind  our  passions  in  chains,  lest  like 
7nad  folks,  they  break  their  locks  and  bolts. 

Taylor. 

2.  Proceeding  from  disordered  intellect  or 
expressing  it ;  as  a  mad  demeanor. 

Milton. 
.3.  Enraged  ;  furious  ;  as  a  mad  bull. 

And  being  e.xceediugly  mod  against  them,  I 
persecuted  them,  even  to  strange  cities.  Acts 
xxvi. 
4.  Inflamed  to  excess  with  desire  ;  excited 
with  violent  and  unreasonable  passion  or 
appetite  ;  infatuated  ;  followed  properly 
by  after. 

'I  lie   world  is  running  mad  after   farce,  the 
extremity  of  bad  poetry.  Dryden. 

''  Mad  upon  their  idols,"   would  be  bet- 
ter  renikrcd,    "  .Mad    after  their   idols." 
Jer.  1. 
o.  Distriicted  with  anxiety  or   trouble ;  ex- 
tremely perplexed. 


MAD 


Thou  shalt  be  mad  for  the  sight  of  thine  eyes— 
Deut.  xxviii. 

6.  Infatuated  with  folly. 

The  spiritual  man  is  mad.     Hos.  ix.  _ 

7.  Inflamed  with  anger;  very  angry.  [Ths 
is  a  common  and  perhaps  the  most  general 
sense  of  the  word  in  America.  It  is  thus 
used  by  .Muthnot,  and  is  perfectly  projic 

8.  IVoceuding  from  folly  or  infatuation. 

^/arf  wars  destroy  iu  one  year  the  works  of 

many  years  of  peace.  Franklin 

MAD,  V.  t.  To  make  mad,  furious  or  angry, 

Sidney 
MAD,  V.  i.  To  be  mad,  furious  or  wild. 

tVickliffe.     Spenser 

MAD,     5      [Sax.  Goth.  matha/\    An   earth- 

MADE,  J  "■  worm.     [But  this  is  the    Eng. 

moth.]  Kay- 

MAD'AM,  n.  [Fr.  ma,  my,  and  dame.]    An 

appellation  or  complimentary   title  given 

to  married  and  elderly  ladies,  or  chiefly  to 

them. 

MAD'APPLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  So 

lanuni. 
MAD'BRAIN,        ?      Disordered  in  mind 
MAD'BRAINED,  $      hot-headed ;  rash. 

Shak. 
MAD'€AP,  a.  [mad-caput  or  cap.]   A   vio- 
lent, rash,  hot-headed  person  ;  a  madman. 
MAD'DEN,  V.  t.  mad'n.  To  make  mad. 

Thomson 
MAD'DEN,  V.  i.  To  become   mad  ;  to   act 
as  if  mad. 

They  rave,  recite  and  madden  round  the  land. 

Pope. 

.MADDENED,  pp.  Rendered  mad. 
MAD'DENING,  ppr.  Making  mad   or  an- 
gry. 
MAD'DER,  n.  [Sax.  moeddere.]    A   plant  of 
the  genus  Rubia,  one  species   of  which  i; 
much  used   in   dyeing  red.     The  root  is 
used  in  medicine  as  an  aperient  and  de- 
tergent, and   is   in   great  reputation  as  an 
ennnenagogue.     It  is  cultivated  in  France 
and  Holland.  Encyc.     Hill. 

MAD'DING,  ppr.  of  mad.  Raging  ;  furious. 
Milton.     Dryden 
MADE,  pret.  and  pp.  of  make. 
MADEFA€'TION,  n.  [L.  madefacio.]  The 

act  of  making  wet. 
MAD'EFIED,  ;)/>.  Made  wet.  Bacon. 

MAD'EFV,  V.  t.  [L.  madefo.]  To  make  wet 

or  moist ;  to  moisten.     [jYot  much  used.] 
MAD'EFVING,  ppr.  Making  moist  or  wet. 
MADEIRA,   n.   A  rich  wine  made   on  the 

isle  of  Madeira. 
MADEMOISELLE,  n.    [Fr.  ma,  my,   and 

demoiselle,  damsel.     See  Damsel.] 
A  young  woman,  or  the  title  given  to  one  ; 
miss ;  also,  the  puppet  sent  from  the  Frenc' 
metropolis  to  exhibit  the  prevailing  fash 
ions.  Spectator. 

MAD'HEADED,  n.  Hot  brained;  rash. 

Shak. 
MADHOUSE,  n.    A  house  where  insane 
persons  are  confined  for  cure   or  for  re- 
straint. 
MAD'ID,    a.    [L.  madidus.]     Wet  ;    moist. 

[JVbl  j«  use.] 
MAD'LY,  adv.   [from  mud.]    Without  rea- 
son or  understanding  ;  rashly  ;  wildly. 
2.  With  extreme  folly  or  infatuated  zeal  or 

passion. 

MAD'MAN,  n.  A  man  raving  or  furious 
with  disordered  intellect  ;  a  distracted 
man. 


MAG 


2.  A  man  without  understanding. 

3.  One  inflamed  with  extravagant  passion, 
and  acting  contrary  to  reason. 

MAD'NESS,  n.    [from  mad.]    Distraction; 
a  state  of  disordered   reason   or  intellect, 
in  which  the  patient  raves  or  is  furious. 
There  are  degrees  o(  tyiadness  as  of  folly. 

Locke. 

2.  Extreme  folly  ;  headstrong  passion  and 
rashness  that  act  in  opposition  to  reason  ; 
as  the  madness  of  a  mob. 

3.  Wildness  of  passion  ;  fury  ;  rage  ;  as  the 
madyiess  of  despair. 

MADO'NA,     )       [Sp.  madona,  It.  madon- 

MADON'NA,  I  "•  na,  my  lady.]  A  term 
of  compellation  equivalent  to  madam.  It 
is  given  to  the  virgin  Mary. 

MADREPORE,  n.  [Fr.  madre,  spotted,  and 
pore.] 

A  submarine  substance  of  a  stony  hardness, 
resembling  coral.  It  consists  of  carbonate 
of  lime  with  some  animal  matter.  It  is  of 
a  white  color,  wrinkled  on  the  surface,  and 
full  of  cavities  or  cells,  inhabited  by  a 
small  animal.  From  a  liquor  discharged 
by  this  animal,  the  substance  is  said  to  be 
formed.  Madrepores  constitute  a  genus 
of  polyi)iers,  of  variable  forms,  always 
garnished  with  radiated  plates. 

Encyc.    Diet.  jXat.  Hist 

MAD'REPORITE,  n.  A  name  given  to 
certain  petrified  bones  found  in  Normandy 
in  France,  belonging  to  a  cetaceous  fish 
or  to  a  species  of  crocodile.  These  bones 
contain  many  little  brown  lines  in  zigzag 
resembling  entangled  threads.  They  have 
none  of  the  properties  of  madrepore. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist 

MAD  REPORITE,  n.  A  variety  of  lime- 
stone, so  called  on  account  of  its  occurring 
in  radiated  prismatic  concretions  resem- 
bling the  stars  of  madrepores.  When 
rubbed,  it  emits  the  smell  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen  gas. 

2.  Fossil  madrepore. 

MADRIE'R,  )!.  [Fr.]  A  thick  plank  armed 
with  iron  plates,  with  a  cavitj-  to  receive 
the  mouth  of  a  petard,  with  w  hich  it  is  ap- 
])licd  to  any  thing  intended  to  be  broken 
down  ;  also,  a  plank  used  for  supporting 
the  carlh  in  mines.        Chambers.     Bailey. 

MADRIGAL,  »!.  [Sp.  Port.  Fr.  id.;  It. 
madrigale.     Its  origin  is  not  ascertained. 

1.  A  little  amorous  poem,  sometimes  called 
a  pastoral  poem,  containing  a  certain 
number  of  free  unequal  verses,  not  confi 
ned  to  the  scrupulous  regularity  of  a  son- 
net or  the  subtilty  of  the  epigram,  but  con 
taining  some  tender  and  delicate,  though 
simple  thought,  suitably  expressed.  Cyc. 
An  elaborate  vocal  composition  in  five  or 
six  parts.  Busby. 

MAD'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  tlic  genus 
Alyssum. 

MjESTO'SO,  an  Italian  word  signifying 
majestic,  a  direction  in  music  to  play  the 
part  with  grandeur  and  strength. 

MAF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  stammer.    [J^tot  in  use.] 

Barret 

MAGAZINE,  )!.  [Fr.magazin;  It.  magaz- 
zino  ;    Sp.   magacen   and   almacen  ;  Port 


almazem  or  armaztm  ;    from  Ar. 


i~>J- 


gazana,  to  deposit  or  lay  up  for  preserva- 


M  A  G 

tion.    This  word  is  formed  with  the  Sbe- 
mitic  prefix  m.] 

1.  A  store  of  arms,  ammunition  or  provis- 
ions ;  or  the  building  in  which  sucli  store 
is  deposited.  It  is  usually  a  public  store 
or  storehouse. 

2.  In  ships  of  war,  a  close  room  in  the  hold, 
where  the  gunpowder  is  kept.  Large 
ships  have  usually  two  magazines. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  pamphlet  periodically  published,  con- 
taining miscellaneous  papers  or  composi- 
tions. The  first  publication  of  this  kind 
in  England,  was  the  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine, which  first  apjiearcd  in  1731,  under 
the  name  of  .Syfa)iw.s  LVtuJi,  by  Edward 
Cave,  and  which  is  still  continued. 

MAGAZlNER,  ji.  One  who  writes  for  a 
magazine.     [Little  used.] 

Goldsmith. 

MAoE,  71.  A  magician.     [.Vol  used.] 

Spenser. 

Magellanic  clouds,  whitish  clouds,  or  appear- 
ances like  clouds  near  the  south  pole, 
which  revoh  e  like  the  stars ;  so  called 
from  Magellan,  the  navigator.  They  are 
three  in  number.  Cyc. 

MAG'GOT,  n.  [W.  macai,  plu.  muceiod, 
magiod,  a  maggot  or  grub,  from  magu,  to 
breed. 

1.  A  worm  or  grub  ;  particularly,  the  fly- 
worm,  from  the  egg  of  the  large  blue  or 
green   fly.     This  maggot  changes  into  a 

2.  A  whim  ;  an  odd  fancy. 
MAGGOTY,  a.  Full  of  maggots. 
MAGGOTY-HEADED,  a.  Having  ahead 

full  of  whims.  L.  of  Hood. 

JIA'Gl,  n.  phi.  [L.]  Wise  men  or  philoso- 
phers of  the  East.  Fotherby. 

MA'dlAN,  a.  [L.  magus ;  Gr.  iuoyoj.]  Per- 
taining to  the  Magi,  a  sect  of  jihilos- 
ophers  in  Persia. 

MAOIAN,  n.  One  of  the  sect  of  the  Per- 
sian Magi,  who  hold  that  there  are  two 
principles,  one  the  cause  of  good,  the  oth- 
er of  evil.  The  knowledge  of  these  phi- 
losophers was  deemed  by  the  vulgar  to  be 
supernatural.  Encyc. 

MA  lilANISM,  »i.  The  philosophy  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi. 

5L\(iTC,  n.  [L.  magia;  Gr.  jxaytia,  from 
fioyof,  a  philosopher  among  the  Persians.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  putting  into  action 
the  power  of  spirits  ;  or  the  science  of 
producing  wonderful  effects  by  the  aid  of 
superhuman  beings,  or  of  departed  spirits  ; 
sorcery  ;  enchantment.  [This  art  or  sci- 
ence is  now  discarded.] 

2.  The  secret  operations  of  natural  causes. 

Bacon. 

J^atural  magic,  the  application  of  natural 
causes  to  passive  subjects,  by  which  sur- 
prising eflfects  arc  produced.  Encyc. 

Celestial  magic,  attributes  to  spirits  a  kind 
of  dominion  over  the  planets,  and  to  the 
planets  an  influence  over  men. 

Superstitious  or  geotic  magic,  consists  in  the 
invocation  of  devils  or  demons,  and  sup- 
poses some  tacit  or  express  agreement  be- 
tween them  and  human  beings.        Encyc. 

Magic  square,  a  square  figure,  formed  by  a 
series  of  numbers  in  mathematical  propor- 
tion, so   disposed  in  parallel   and   equal 


MAG 


MAG 


MAG 


ranks,  as  tbat  the  sums  of  each  row  or  hue 
taken  perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or 
diagonally,  are  equal.  Encyc. 

Magic  lantern,  a  dioptric  machine  invented 
by  Kircher,  which,  by  means  of  a  lamp  in 
a  dark  room,  exhibits  images  of  objects  in 
their  distinct  colors  and  proportions,  with 
the  appearance  of  life  itself  Encyc. 

MAG'l€,        )      Pertaining  to  magic  ;  used 

MAG'leAL,  I  ""  in  magic  ;  as  a  magic  wand  ; 
magic  art. 

2.  Performed  by  magic,  the  agency  of  spirits, 
or  by  the  invisible  powers  of  nature ;  as 
magical  effects. 

MAG'I€ALLY,  adv.  By  the  arts  of  magic 
according  to  the  rules  or  rites  of  magic  ; 
by  enchantment.  Camden. 

MAgP'CIAN,  ?i.  One  skilled  in  magic  ;  one 
that  practices  the  black  art  ;  an  enchant 
er ;  a  necromancer ;  a  sorcerer  or  sorcer 
ess.  Locke.     Jf'aller. 

MAGISTE'RIAL,  a.  [See  Magistrate.]  Per 
taining  to  a  master;  such  as  suits  a  mas 
ter  ;  authoritative.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  Proud ;  lofty  ;  arrogant ;  imperious ;  dom 
ineering. 

Pretenses  go  a  great  way  with  men  that  take 
fair  words  and  magisterial  looks  for  current 
payment.  L'Estrange 

3.  In  chimislry,  pertaining  to  niagistery 
which  see. 

MAGlSTE'RIALLY,  adv.  With  the  air  of 
a  master ;  arrogantly ;  authoritatively 

Bacon.     South. 

MAGISTE'RIALNESS,  n.  The  air  and 
manner  of  a  master  ;  hauglitiness  ;  impe- 
riousness ;  peremptoriness.  JVelson. 

MAG'ISTERY,?!.  [l,.7nagist€rium.]  Among 
chimists,  a  precipitate  ;  a  fine  substance 
deposited  by  precipitation  ;  usually  appli- 
ed to  particular  kinds  of  precipitate,  as 
that  of  bismuth,  coal,  crab's  eyes,  sulphur, 
&c.     Obs.  Encyc. 

MAGISTRACY,  n.  [See  Magistrate.-]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  magistrate. 

Duelling;  is  not  only  an  usurjiation  of  the  di 
vine  prerogative,  but  it  is  an  insult  upon  magis- 
tracy. Clarissa 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates. 

MAG'ISTRAL,  a.  Suiting  a  magistrate  ; 
authoritative.     Obs. 

MAG'ISTRAL,  n.  A  sovereign  medicine  or 
remedy.     Obs. 

MAgISTRAL'ITY,  n.  Despotic  authority 
in  opinion.     Obs.  Bacon. 

MAG'ISTRALLY,  adv.  Authoritatively; 
witli  imperiousness.     Obs.  Bramhall. 

MAGISTRATE,  n.  [L.  magistralus,  from 
magister,  master  ;  magis,  major,  and  ster, 
Teutonic  steora,  a  director;  steoran,  to 
steer  ;  tlie  principal  director.] 

A  public  civil  officer,  invested  with  the  ex- 
ecutive government  or  .some  branch  of  it. 
In  this  sense,  a  king  is  the  highest  or  first 
magistrate,  as  is  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  But  the  word  is  more  par- 
ticularly applied  to  subordinate  officers 
as  governors,  intendants,  prefects,  nniyors, 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  the  like. 

Tlic  ma^ititratc  must   have  liis   reverence; 
the  laws  (licir  authority.  Burke. 

MAGlSTRAT'Ie,  a.  Having  tlie  authority 
of  a  niaiiistrate.  Taylor. 

MAcVlSTKATURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Magistracy. 
[Little  used.] 


MAGNA  €HARTA,  n.   [L  .great  charter.] 

1.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained  by 
the  English  barons  from  king  John,  A.  D. 
1215.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  char- 
ter granted  to  the  people  of  England  in 
the  ninth  year  of  Henry  III.  and  confirmed 
by  Edward  I. 

2.  A  fundamental  constitution  which  guar- 
antees rights  and  privileges. 

MAGNANIM'ITY,  n.  [L.  magnanimitas ; 
magnus,  great,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Greatness  of  mind  ;  that  elevation  or  digni- 
ty of  soul,  which  encounters  danger  and 
trouble  with  tranquillity  and  firmness, 
which  raises  the  possessor  above  revenge, 
and  makes  him  delight  in  acts  of  benevo- 
lence, which  makes  him  disdain  injustice 
and  meanness,  and  prompts  him  to  sacri- 
fice personal  ease,  interest  and  safety  for 
the  accomplishment  of  useful  and  noble 
objects. 

MAGNAN'IMOUS,    a.    [L.   magnani7nus.] 

1.  Great  of  mind;  elevated  in  soul  or  in  sen- 
timent ;  brave  ;  disinterested  ;  as  a  mag- 
nanimous prince  or  general. 

2.  Dictated  by  magnanimity  ;  exhibiting  no 
bleness  of  soul  ;  hberal  and  honorable ; 
not  selfish. 

There  is  an    indissoluble    union   between 
magnanimous   policy  and  the  solid  rewards  oi 
public  prosperity  and  felicity.  Washington 

MAGNAN'IMOUSLY,  adv.  With  greatness 
of  mind  ;  bravely  ;  with  dignity  and  eleva 
tion  of  sentiment.  Mi/ton. 

BIAGNE'SIA,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  magnesic.  Qu. 
from  Magnesia,  the  place  where  first 
found.  Lunier  says,  from  Gr.  M»y'''!5,  the 
lodestone  ;  but  the  reason  he  does  not 
assign.] 

A  primitive  earth,  having  for  its  base  a  me- 
tallic substance,  called  magnesium.     It  ' 
generally  found  in  combination  with  other 
substances.     It  is  absorbent  and  antacid, 
and  moderately  cathartic.  f/re 

MAGNE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  magnesia 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

MAG'NESITE,  n.  Carbonated  magnesia, 
or  magnesia  combined  with  sile.x.  It  oc 
curs  in  amorphous  masses,  or  in  massei 
tuberous  and  spungifonn  ;  its  color  is  yel 
lowish  gray,  or  white  with  spots,  and  den- 
dritic delineations  of  blackish  brown. 

Haiiy.     Cyc. 

MAGNE'SIUM,  ?!.  The  undecomposable 
base  of  magnesia. 

MAG'NET,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  tuvyvy^,  from 
Magnesia,  in  Asia  Minor.] 

The  lodestone ;  an  ore  of  iron  which  has 
the  peculiar  properties  of  attracting  metal- 
lic iron,  of  pointing  to  the  poles,  and  of 
dipping  or  inclining  downwards.  These 
properties  it  communicates  to  iron  by  con- 
tact. A  bar  of  iron  to  which  these  prop- 
erties are  imparted,  is  called  an  artifcial 
magnet.  Encyc. 

MAGNET'I€,         ?        Pertaining    to    the 

MAGNET'ICAL,  \  "'  magnet;  possess- 
ing the  properties  of  the  magnet,  or  cor- 
responding ])roperties  ;  as  a  magnetic  bar 
of  iron,  or  a  magnetic  needle. 

2.  Attractive. 

She  that  had  all  magnetic  force  alone — 

Donne. 

MAGNETICALLY,  adv.  I5y  means  of 
magnetism;  by  the  power  of  attraction 

Burton. 


MAGNET'I€ALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  magnetic. 

MAGNETICS,  n.  The  science  or  princi- 
ples of  magnetism. 

MAGNETIF'EROUS,  a.  Producing  or  con- 
ducting magnetism.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MAG'NETISM,  n.  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  properties  of  the  mag- 
net, the  power  of  the  lodestone,  &c. 
Power  of  attraction;  as  the  magnetism  of 
interest.  Glanville. 

Animal  magnetism,  a  sympathy  supposed  to 
exist  between  the  magnet  and  the  human 
body,  by  means  of  which  the  magnet  is 
said  to  be  able  to  cure  diseases  ;  or  a  fluid 
supposed  to  exist  throughout  nature,  and 
to  be  the  medium  of  influence  between 
celestial  bodies,  and  the  earth  and  human 
bodies. 

MAGNETIZE,  v.  t.  To  communicate  mag- 
netic properties  to  any  thing  ;  as,  to  mag- 
netize a  needle. 

Seven  of  Deslon's  patients  were  magnetized 
at  Dr.  Franklin's  house.  Encyc. 

MAG'NETIZE,  v.  i.  To  acquire  magnetic 
properties  ;  to  become  magnetic.  A  bar 
of  iron  standing  some  time  in  an  inclined 
position,  will  magnetize. 

MAG'NETIZED,;)p.  Made  magnetic. 

MAG'NETIZING,;)pr.  Imparting  magnet- 
ism to. 

MAG'NIFIABLE,  o.  [Bee  Magnify.]  That 
may  l)e  magnified;  worthy  of  being  mag- 
nified or  extolled.  Brown. 

MAGNIF'I€,        I        ,,  ..       -. 

MAGN!F'I€AL,  $  "•    t^'  ''^ognificus.] 

Grand  ;  splendid;  illustrious.  Milton. 

MAGNIF'I€ATE,  v.  t.  To  magnify  or  ex- 
tol.    [JVot  used.]  Marsion. 

MAGNIF'ICEN€E,  n.  [L.  magnificentia.] 
Grandeur  of  appearance  ;  greatness  and 
splendor  of  show  or  state;  as  the  magnifi- 
cence of  a  palace  or  of  a  procession ;  the 
magnificence  of  a  Roman  triumph. 

MAGNIF'ICENT,  a.  Grand  in  appearance ; 
splendid ;  pompous. 

Man  he  made,  and  for  him  built 
.Magnificent  this  world.  Milton. 

2.  Exhibiting  grandeur.  Sidney. 

MAGNIF'ICENTLY,  adv.  With  splendor 
of  appearance,  or  pomj)  of  show.  The 
minister  was  magnificently  entertained  at 
court. 

With  exalted  sentiments.  We  can  never 
conceive  too  magnificently  of  the  Creator 
and  his  works. 

MAGNIF'ICO,  )(.  A  grandee  of  Venice. 

Shak. 

MAG'NIFIER,  n.  [from  magnify.]  One 
who  magnifies ;  one  who  extols  or  exalts 
in  praises. 

'3  .\  glass  that  magnifies;  a  convex  lens 
which  increases  the  apparent  magnitude 
of  bodies. 

MAGNIFY,   V.  t.     [L.  magnifico  ; 
great,  imAfacio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater ;  to  increase  the 
apparent  dimensions  of  a  body.  A  con- 
vex lens  magnifies  the  bulk  of  a  body  to 
the  eye. 

2.  To  make  great  in  representation  ;  to  ex- 
tol; to  exalt  in  description  or  praise.  The 
embassador  magnified  the  king  and  queen. 

3.  To  extol ;  to  exalt ;  to  elevate ;  to  raise 
in  estimation. 


magnus, 


Milton 
xcecdingly. 


MAI 

Thee  that  day 
Thy  thunders  maf^nified. 
The  Lord  magnified   Solomon  <.-.\tci.-uiiigij..| 
1  Chron   xxix. 
To  magmfy  one's  self,  to  raise  in  pride  and 
pretensions. 

He  shall  magnify  himself  in  his  heart.   Dan. 
viii. 
MAG'NIFVING,  ppr.    Enlarging  apparent 

bulk  or  dimensions;   extolling;   exaltni 
MAGNIL'OQIIENCE,  n.  [L.  m«g-nM«, great, 

and  loquens,  spealiing.] 
A  lolly  manner  of  spealiing ;  tumid,  pomp- 
ons" words  or  style.  Bentley. 
MAG'NITUDE,  n.  [L.  magniludo.]  Extent 
of  dimensions  or  parts;  bulk;  size;  ap- 
plied to  things  that  have  length,  breadth  or 
thickness. 

2.  Greatness;  grandeur. 

With  plain  heroic  magnitude  of  mind. 

Milton. 

3.  Greatness,  in  reference  to  influence  or  ef- 
fect; importance.  In  affairs  of  magni 
tude,  disdain  not  to  take  counsel. 

MAGNO'LIA,  )?.  The  laurel-leafed  tulip 
tree,  of  several  s|)ecies. 

MAG'PIE,  »!.  [W.piog,  h.  pica,  whh  mag.] 
A  chattering  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus. 

IMAG'UEY,  n.  A  species  of  aloe  in  Mexico, 
which  furnished  the  natives  with  timber 
for  their  buildings.  Its  leaves  were  used 
for  covering  the  roofs  of  their  houses,  and 
for  paper,  clothing  and  cordage.       Enqjc. 

The  maguey  is  a  species  of  the  genus  Agave, 
and  is  now  cultivated  in  Mexico,  for  the 
purjjose  of  preparing  from  its  leaves  a 
spirituous  liquor  called  pulque 

Humboldt. 

MA  HOG' ANY,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Swietenia,  growing  in  the  tropical  cli- 
mates of  America.  The  wood  is  of  a  red- 
dish or  brown  color,  very  hard,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish.  Of  this  are  made 
our  most  beautiful  and  durable  pieces  of 
cabinet  furniture. 

MAHOM'ETAN,      >    This  word  and   the 

MOHAM'MEDAN.  I  name  of  the  Ara- 
bian prophet,  so  called,  are  written  in 
many  difierent  ways.  The  best  authori- 
zed anti  most  correct  orthography  seems 
to  be  Mohammed,  Mohammedan.  [See 
Mohamtnedan .] 

MA'HOUND,  n.  Formerly  a  contemptuous 
name  for  Mohammed  and  the  devil,  &c 

Skelton. 

MAID,  n.  A  species  of  skate  fish. 

MAID,         ?       [Sax.  ma-gth,   from  ma-g,  a 

MA'IDEN,  I  "  general  name  of  relation, 
man,  boy,  or  woman;  Goth,  magalh ;  D. 
maagd ;  G.  magd  ;  Ir.  mog'/i,  a  man  ;  Sp. 
muzo,  a  man-servant,  a  bachelor  ;  moza,  a 
maid ;  Port,  macho,  a  male ;  Russ.  muj. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  Sax.  magan, 
to  be  able,  Eng.  may.] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman,  or  a  young  un- 
married woman ;  a  virgin. 

2.  A  female  servant.  Dryden. 

3.  It  is  used  in  comjiosition,  to  e.xpress  the 
feminine  gender,  as  in  maid-servant.  I 

MA'IDEN,  n.  A  maid  ;  also,  an  instrument 
for  beheading  criminals,  and  another  for 
washing  linen. 

MA'IDEN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  young  woman 
or  virgin  ;  as  maiden  charms. 

2.  Consisting  of  young  women  or  virgins. 
Amid  the  maiden  throng.  Addison. 

Vol.  II. 


MAI 


M  A  I 


3.  Fresh;  new;  unused.  IMA'ILED,  p;).  Covered  with  a  mailorwitii 

He  fleshed  his  maiden  sword.  Sliak^i     armor;  inclosed  and  directed,  as  letters  in 

MA'IDEN,  V.  i.  To  speak  and  act  demurelyl  „  "  '^"'""f ;  ,  ,  ,    ,  „.  ^,„    . 

n.  „,n,lestlv  '  Bn.  Hail.  2;  °;„^I"'''^-'l  ?  speckled.  Sherwood. 

MA'1LI.\U,  ppr.    Investing  with  a  ccat  ot 


Bp.  Hall. 
the  genus 


7!.    A  plant  of 
li.     [Sax.    meegdenhad 


or  modestly. 
MAIDENHAIR, 

Adiantum. 
MAIDENHOOD 
mmdenhad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  maid  or  virgin ;  vir- 
ginity. 

Tlie  modest  lore  of  maidenhood.        MiUon 

2.  Newness  ;  freshness  ;  uncontaminated 
state.  Shak 

MA'IDENLIKE,  a.  Like  a  inaid ;  modest. 

Shak 

MA'IDENLINESS,  n.  The  behavior  that 
becomes  a  maid  ;  modesty ;  gentleness. 

Sherwood. 

MA'IDENLIP,  n.  A  plant.  Ainsworth. 

MA'IDENLY,   a.     Like   a  maid;    gentle 
modest ;  reserved.  Shak. 

MA'IDENLY',  adv.  In  a  maidenlike  man- 
ner. Skelton 

MA'IDHOOD,  II.  Virginitv.  Shak. 

MAIDMAR'IAN,  n.  A  dance;  so  called 
from  a  bufToon  dressed  like  a  man.      Obs. 

Temj)lc. 

MA'IDPALE,  a.  Pale,  like  a  sick  girl. 

Shak. 

MA'ID-SERVANT,  n.  A  female  servant. 

Swift. 

MAIL,  )!.  [Fr.  maille,  a  stitch  in  knitting,  a 
mail ;  Sp.  malla,  a  mesh,  net-work,  a  coat 
of  mail;  Port.  id.  and  a  spot;  It.  maglia 
ani\  camaglio ;  Arm.  mailh;  D.maal;  W. 
magyl,  a  knot,  a  mesh  :  maglu,  to  knit,  to 
etitangle,  to  entrap,  to  form  meshes.  The 
sense  of  spot,  which  occurs  in  the  French 
and  Portuguese,  indicates  this  word  to  be 
from  the  root  of  L.  macula,  and  the  Welsh 
words  prove  it  to  be  contracted  from 
magel.] 

L  A  coat  of  steel  net-work,  formerly  worn 
for  defending  the  body  against  swords, 
poniards,  &c.  The  mail  was  of  two  sorts, 
chain  and  plate  mail ;  the  former  consist- 
ing of  iron  rings,  each  having  four  others 
inserted  into  it ;  the  latter  consisting  of  a 
number  of  small  lamins  of  metal,  laid  over 
one  another  like  the  scales  of  a  fish,  and 
sewed  down  to  a  strong  linen  or  lethern 
jacket.  Cyc. 

2.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body. 

We  strip  the  lobster  of  his  scarlet  mail. 

Gay. 

We  read  also  of  shirts  of  mail,  and  gloves 

of  mail. 

3.  In  ships,  a  square  machine  composed  of 
rings  interwoven,  like  net-work,  used  for 
rubbing  oft'  the  loose  hemp  on  lines  and 
white  cordage. 

4.  A  rent.  [Sax.  mal.]     Also,  a  spot.    Obs. 
MAIL,  n.  [Fr.  malette ;  Ir.  mala ;  Fr.  malle ; 

Arm.  mal.\ 

A  bag  for  the  conveyance  of  letters  and  pa- 
pers, particularly  letters  conveyed  from 
one  post  office  "to  another,  under  public 
authority. 

MAIL,  !■.  t.  To  put  on  a  coat  of  mail  or  ar- 
mor ;  to  arm  defensively.  Shak. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  wrapper  and  direct  to  a 
post  office.  We  say,  letters  were  mailed 
for  Philadelphia. 

MA'IL-COACH,  )!.  A  coach  that  conveys 
the  public  mails. 

11 


mail ;  inclosing  in  a  wrajijier  and  direct- 
ing to  a|.ost  office. 
MAIM,  v.t.  [OldFr.  mahemer or  mahaigntr  ■, 
Arm.  mahaigna,  mahagncin.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  limb,  so  as  to 
render  a  person  less  able  to  defend  himself 
in  fighting,  or  to  annoy  his  adversary. 

Blackstoni. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  necessary  pan;  to  crip- 
ple ;  to  disable. 

You  maim'd  the  jurisdiction  of  all  bishops. 

•SVin/.-. 
MAIM,   n.    [written  in   law-language,  may- 
hem.] 

1.  The  privation  of  the  useof  a  limb  or  mem- 
ber of  the  body,  so  as  to  render  the  suflTcr- 
er  less  able  to  defend  himself  or  to  annoy 
his  adversary. 

2.  The  privation  of  any  necessary  part;  a 
crippling. 

Surely  there  is  more  cause  to  fear  lest  the 
want  thereof  be  a  maim,  than  the  use  of  it  a 
blemish.  Hooker. 

3.  Injury  ;  mischief.  Shak. 

4.  Essential  defect. 

j  A  noble  author  esteems  it  to  he  a  maim  in 

history.     {^A'tit  used.']  Hayward. 

IMA'IMED,^7>.  Criiipled;  disabled  in  limbs; 
lame. 

IMA'IMING,  ppr.  Disabling  by  depriving  of 
the  use  of  a  limb  ;    crippling  :    rendering 

I     lame  or  defective. 

MA'IMEDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
maimed.  Bolton. 

MAIN,  a.  [Sax.  mccgn,  strength,  force,  pow- 
er, from  magan,  to  be  able  or  strong,  that 
is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  Eng.  tnay,  might 
If  g  is  radical  in  the  L.  magyius,  this  m.iy 
be  of  the  same  family  ;  Goth,  mickets ; 
Eng.  7mich.] 

L  Principal  ;  chief;  that  which  has  most 
power  in  producing  an  effect,  or  which  is 
mostly  regarded  in  jirospect ;  as  the  main 
branch  or  tributary  stream  of  a  river;  the 
niain  timbers  of  an  edifice  ;  a  main  de- 
sign ;  a  main  object. 

Our  main  interest  is  to  be  as  happy  as  wc  can. 
and  as  long  as  possible.  Tillotson. 

2.  Mighty  ;  vast ;  as  the  main  abyss. 

JI/(7;o»(. 
Important;  powerful. 

This  young  prince,  with  a  train  of  young  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen,  not  with  any  main  army, 
came  over  to  take  possession  of  his  patrimony. 

Davies. 

M.\IN,  n.  Strength  ;  force ;  violent  effort ; 
as  in  the  phrase,  "  with  might  and  main." 

Dryden. 

2.  The  gross  ;  the  bulk;  the  greater  part. 

The  7nain  of  them  may  be  reduced  to  lan- 
guage and  an  improvement  in  wisdom — 

Locke. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  the  great  sea,  as  distinguish- 
ed from  rivers,  bays,  sounds  and  the  like. 

He  fell,  and  struggling  in  the  mai7i — 

Dryden. 
The  continent,  as  di-stingiiished  from  an 
isle.  We  arrived  at  Nantucket  on  Satur- 
day, but  did  not  reach  the  main  till  Mon- 
day. In  this  use  of  the  word,  land  is  omit- 
ted ;  main  for  main  land. 
A  hamper.  Ainsworth. 


MAI 


MAI 


M  A  J 


6.  A  course;  a  duct.  Act  of  PaHiamtnU 

For  the  main,  in  the  main,  for  the  most  part ; 
in  the  greatest  part. 

MAIN,  n.   [L.  manus,  hand  ;   Fr.  main.']     A 

hand  at  dice.      We  throw  a  merry  main. 

And  lucky  mains  make  people  wise.     \_JVot 

used.']  Prior. 

2.  A  match  at  cock  fighting. 

M  A'IN-LAND,  n.  The  continent ;  the  princi 
pal  land,  as  opposed  to  an  isle.        Dryden. 

MA'INLY,  adv.  Chiefly;  principally.  He 
is  mainly  occupied  with  domestic  con 
cerns. 

2.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree ;  mightily. 

Bacon. 

MA'IN-MAST,  n.  The  principal  mast  in  a 
ship  or  other  vessel. 

MA'IN-KEEL,  n.  The  principal  keel,  as 
distinguished  from  the  false  keel. 

MA'INOR,  ?i.  [Old  Fr.  manoevre,  meinour, 
L. a  majiu,  from  the  hand, or  in  the  work.' 

The  old  law  phrase,  to  be  taken  as  a  thitfwith 
the  mainor,  signifies,  to  be  taken  in  the  very 
art  of  killing  venison  or  stealing  wood,  or 
in  preparing  so  to  do ;  or  it  denotes  the 
being  taken  with  the  thing  stolen  upon 
him.  Blackstone. 

MAINPERNABLE,  a.  That  may  be  ad 
niitted  to  give  surety  by  mainpernors ;  that 
maybe  mainprized. 

MAINPERNOR,  7i.  [Old  Fr.  main,  the 
hand,  and  prendre,  to  take  ;  pernon,  pernez, 
for  prenon,  prenez.] 

In  lata,  a  surety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance 
in  court  at  a  day.  Mainpernors  differ  from 
bail,  in  that  a  man's  bail  may  imprison  or 
surrender  him  before  the  stipulated  day  of 
appearance  ;  mainpernors  can  do  neitlier 
they  are  bound  to  produce  him  to  answer 
all  charges  whatsoever.  Blackstone 

MA'INPRIZE,  n.  [Fr.  main,  hand,  and 
prendre,  pris,  to  take.] 

1.  Ill  law,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sherifl^,  com- 
manding him  to  take  sureties  for  tlie  pris 
oner's  appearance,  and  to  let  him  go  at 
large.  These  sureties  are  called  main- 
pernors. Blackstone 

2.  Deliverance  of  a  prisoner  on  security  for 
his  appearance  at  a  dav. 

MA'INPRIZE,  ii. /.  To  suffer  a  prisoner  to 
go  at  large,  on  his  finding  sureties,  main 
pernors,  for  his  appearance  at  a  day. 

MA'IN-SAIL,  n.  The  principal  sail  in  a  ship 
The  main-sail  of  a  ship  or  brig  is  extended 
by  a  yard  attached  to  the  main-mast,  and 
that  of  a  sloop,  by  the  boom. 

MATN-SHEET,  ji.  The  sheet  that  extends 
and  fastens  the  main-sail. 

MA'INSVVEAK,  v.  i.  [Sax.  mansweriani 
man,  evil,  and  swerian,  to  swear.] 

To  swear  falsely  ;  to  perjure  one's  self. 

Blount 

MAINTA'IN,  V.  I.  [Fr.  maintenir ;  main. 
hand,  and  tenir,  to  hold  ;  L.  mamis  and 
teneo.] 

i.  To  hold,  preserve  or  keep  in  any  particu- 
lar state  or  condition;  to  support;  to  sus- 
tain ;  not  to  suffer  to  fail  or  decline  ;  as. 
to  maintain  a  certain  degree  of  heat  i'.\  ii 
furnace  ;  to  maintain  the  digestive  process 
or  pcivvcrs  of  the  stomach  ;  to  maintain  the 
fertility  of  soil;  to  maintain  present  char 
actcr  or  rc])utution. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  ;  not  to  lose  or  surren 
der  ;  as,  to  jnaintain  a  place  or  post. 


3.  To  continue ;   not  to  suffer  to  cease  ;   as,] 
to  maintain  a  conversation. 
To  keep  up;    to  uphold;   to  support  the 
expense  of;  as,  to  maintain  state  or  equip- 
age. 

What  maintains  one  vice  would  bring  up  two 
children.  Franklin. 

5.  To  support  with  food,  clothing  and  other 
conveniences ;  as,  to  maintain  a  family  by 
trade  or  labor. 

To  support  by  intellectual  powers,  or  by 
force  of  reason ;  as,  to  maintain  an  argu- 
ment. 

To  support ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate  ;  to 
justify  ;  to  prove  to  be  just;  as,  to  main- 
tain one's  right  or  cause. 

8.  To  support  by  assertion  or  argument ;  to 
affirm. 

In  tragedy  and  satire,  I  jnaintain  that  this 
age  and  the  last  liave  excelled  the  ancients. 

Dryden 

MAINTAINABLE,  a.  That  may  be  main- 
tained, supported,  preserved  or  sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  defended  or  kept  by  force 
or  resistance ;  as,  a  military  post  is  not 
maintainable. 

3.  That  may  be  defended  by  argument  or 
just  claim  ;  vindicable  ;  defensible. 

.^lAINTA'INED,  pp.  Kept  in  any  state; 
preserved  ;  upheld  ;  supported  ;  defended ; 
vindicated. 

MAINTA'INER,  n.  One  who  sui)ports,  pre- 
serves, sustains  or  vindicates. 

MAINTAINING,  ppr.  Supporting;  pre- 
serving ;  upholding  ;  defending ;  vindica- 
ting. 

MA'INTENANCE,  n.  Sustenance;  susten 
talion  ;    support  by  means  of  supplies  of 
food,  clothing   and   other   conveniences 
as,  his  labor  contributed  little  to  the  main- 
tenance of  his  family. 

2.  Means  of  support ;  that  which  supplies 
conveniences. 

Those  of  better  fortune  not  making  learning 
their  maintenance.  Swift 

.3.  Support;  protection;  defense;  vindica- 
tion ;  as  the  maintenance  of  right  or  just 
claims. 

4.  Continuance ;  security  from  failure  or 
decline. 

Whatever  is  granted  to  the  church  for  God's 
honor  and  the  maintenance  of  his  service,  i; 
granted  to  God.  South 

5.  In  law,  an  officious  intermeddling  in  ;! 
suit  in  which  the  person  has  no  interest 
by  assisting  cither  party  with  money  or 

■  means  to  ])rosecute  or  defend  it.  This  is 
a  punishable  offense.  But  to  assist  a  poor 
kinsman  from  compassion,  is  not  mainte- 
nance. Encyc 

MA'IN-TOP,  )i.  The  top  of  the  main-mast  of 
a  ship  or  brig. 

MA'IN-YARD,  n.  The  yard  on  which  the 
main-sail  is  extended,  supported  by  the 
main-mast. 

MAISTER,  for  master,  is  obsolete. 

Spenser. 

iMAISTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  obsolete. 

Chaucer. 

MAIZ,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Zca,  the  na- 

,  tive  corn  of  America,  called  Indian  corn. 
[In  the  Lettish  and  Livonic  languages,  in 
the  north  of  Europe,  ?)ia7/sc  is  bread.  Tookc. 
In  Ir.  maise  is  food  ;  perhaps  a  diflTerenl 
orthography  of  meai.] 


MA'JA,  n.  A  bird  ofCuba,  of  a  beautiful  yel- 
low color,  whose  flesh  is  accounted  a  deli- 
cacy. Diet.  J\!'at.  Hist. 
MAJES'TIC,  a.    [from  majesty.]    August  ; 
having  dignity  of  person  or  appearance; 
grand  ;  princely.     The  prince  was  majes- 
tic in  person  and  appearance. 
I  n  his  face 
Sat  meekness,  hightened  with  majestic  grace. 

Mtlton. 
2.  Splendid ;  grand. 

Get  the  start  of  this  majestic  world.  Shak. 
Elevated ;  lofty. 

The  least  portions  must  be  of  the  epic  kind ; 
all  must  be  grave,  majestic  and  sublime. 

Ihryden. 
4.  Stately  ;  becoming  majesty  ;  as  a  majestic 

air  or  walk. 

MAJES'TICAL,  a.  Majestic.     [Little  used.] 

MAJES'TICALLY,  adv.  With  dignity  ;  with 

grandeur  ;  with  a  lofty  air  or  appearance. 

MAJ'ESTY,  n.    [L.  majestas,  from  the  root 

of  magis,  major,  more,  greater.] 

1.  Greatness  of  appearance;  dignity;  gran- 
deur; dignity  of  aspect  or  manner;  the 
quality  or  state  of  a  person  or  thing  which 
inspires  awe  or  reverence  in  the  beholder ; 
applied  with  peculiar  propriety  to  God  and 
his  works. 

Jehovah  reigneth ;  he  is  clothed  with  majesty. 
Ps.  xciii. 

The  voice  of  Jehovah  is  full  of  majesty.  Ps. 
xxix. 

It  is  applied  to  the  dignity,  pomp  and 
splendor  of  earthly  princes. 

When  he  showed  the  riches  of  his  glorious 
kingdom — the  honor  of  his  excellent  tnajesty 
many  days —     Esth.  i. 

2.  Dignity;  elevation  of  manner. 
The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpass'd. 
The  next  in  majesty —  Dryden. 

3.  A  title  of  emperors,  kings  and  queens  ; 
as  most  royal  majesty ;  may  it  please  your 
majesty.  In  this  sense,  it  admits  of  the 
plural ;  as,  their  majesties  attended  the 
concert. 

MA'JOR,  a.  [L.]  Greater  in  number,  quan- 
tity or  extent  ;  as  the  major  part  of  the  as- 
sembly ;  the  major  part  of  the  revenue  ; 
the  major  part  of  the  territory. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity. 
My  major  vow  lies  here.  Shak. 

3.  In  music,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  modes 
in  which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above 
the  tonic  or  key-note,  and  to  intervals  con- 
sisting of  fom-  semitones.  Busby. 

Major  and  minor,  in  music,  are  applied  to 
concords  which  differ  from  each  other  by 
a  semitone. 

Major  lone,  the  difference  between  the  fifth 
and  fourth,  and  major  semitone  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  major  tbiirth  and  the 
third.  The  major  tone  surpasses  the  mi- 
nor by  a  connna.  Encyc. 

MA'JOU,  n.  In  military  affairs,  an  officer 
next  in  raidv  above  a  captain,  and  below 
a  lieutenant  colonel ;  the  lowest  field  offi- 
cer. 

2.  The  mayor  of  a  town.     [See  JV/ni/or.] 

.lid-major,  an  otHcer  appointed  to  act  as  ma- 
jor on  certain  occasions. 

Brigade-major.     [See  Brigade.] 

Drum-major,  the  first  drummer  in  a  regi- 
ment, who  has  authority  over  the  other 
(IrMnuncrs. 

Fife-major,  the  first  or  chief  fifer. 


M  A  K 


M  A  K 


M  A  K 


Sergeant-major,  a  non-commissioned  officer, 
siiborilinate  to  the  adjutant. 

MA'JOR,  n.  Ill  law,  a  person  of  full  age  to 
manage  his  own  concerns. 

MAJOR,  n.  In  logic,  the  first  proposition  of 
a  regular  syllogism,  containing  ihe  priiici- 
Jial  term  ;  as,  no  unholy  person  is  qualified 
for  happiness  in  heaven,  [the  major.] 
Every  man  in  liis  natural  state  is  unholy, 
[minor.]  Theretbre,  no  man  in  his  natu- 
ral state,  is  qualified  for  happiness  in  hea- 
ven, [conclusion  or  inference.] 

MAJORA'TION,n.  Increase;  enlargement. 
[Mat  used.]  Bacon. 

MAJOR-DOMO,  J!,  [major  and  domus, 
lioiise.] 

A  man  who  holds  the  place  of  master  of  the 
house;  a  steward  ;  also,  a  chief  minister. 

Encyc. 

MA'JOR-GENERAL,  n.  A  military  officer 
who  commands  a  division  or  a  number  of 
regiments  ;  the  next  in  rank  hclow  a 
lieutenant  general. 

MAJOR'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  majoriU  ;  from  major.] 

1.  The  greater  number;  more  than  half;  as 
a  majority  of  mankind;  a  majority  of  votes 
in  Congress.  A  measure  may  bo  carried 
by  a  large  or  small  majority. 

2.  Full  age ;  the  ago  at  which  the  laws  of  a 
country  permit  a  young  person  to  manage 
Ids  own  affairs.  Henry  III.  had  no  soon- 
er come  to  his  majority,  than  the  barons 
raised  war  against  iiiin. 

3.  The  office,  rank  or  commission  of  a  ma 
jor. 

4.  The  state  of  being  greater. 

It  is  not  a  pluralily  of  parts,  without  majority 
of  parts.     [Little  used .'\  Grew 

5.  [h.  majorcs.]  Ancestors;  ancestry.  [,Yot 
used.]  Brown. 

C.  Chief  rank.     [,Vot  vsed.]  Shak. 

MAKE,  r.  t.  prct.  and  pp.  made.  [Sax.  mac- 
ian  ;  G.  machen  ;  D.  maaken  :  Dan.  ma- 
ger,  to  contrive  ;  mager  paa,  to  make,  to 
form,  to  mold,  to  contrive,  to  practice. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  cause  to  act  or 
do,  to  press,  drive,  strain  or  compel,  as  in 
the  phrases,  mate  your  servant  work,  make 
him  go.] 

1.  To  compel :  to  constrain. 

They  should  be  made  to  rise  at  an  early  hour. 

Locke. 

2.  To  form  of  materials ;  to  fashion  ;  to  mold 
into  shape  ;  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  different 
form,  or  as  a  distinct  thing. 

He  fashioned  it  with  a  graving  tool,  after  lie 
had  7nade  it  a  molten  calf.  Ex.  xsxii. 

God   not  only  made,  but  created ;  not  only 
made  the  work,  but  the  materials. 

Divight,  Theol 

3.  To  create ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  form 
from  nothing.  God  made  the  materials  of 
the  earth  and  of  all  worlds. 

4.  To  compose ;  to  constitute  as  parts,  ma- 
terials or  ingredients  united  in  a  whole. 
These  several  sums  make  the  whole 
amount. 

The  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless 

sea, 
Make  but  one  temple  lor  the  deity. 

Waller 

5.  To  form  by  art. 

And  art  with  her  contending,  doth  aspire 
T'  excel  the  natural  with  made  delights. 

Spenser 


G.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  the  agent. 

Call  for  Sampson,  that  he  may  make  us  sport. 
Judges  xvi. 

7.  To  produce,  as  the  cause ;  to  procure  ;  to 
obtain.  Good  tillage  is  necessary  to  make 
good  crops. 

Wealth  maketh  many  friends.  Prov.  xix. 

8.  To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  execute ;  as,  to 
make  a  journey  ;  to  make  a  long  voyage. 

9.  To  cause  to  have  any  quality,  as  by  change 
or  alteration.  Wealth  may  viake  a  man 
proud  ;  beauty  may  make  a  woman  vain  ; 
a  duo  sense  of  human  weakness  should 
make  us  humble. 

10.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition  ;  to 
constitute. 

See  1  have  made  thee  a  god  to  Pliaraoh. 
Ex.  vii. 

Who  made  thee  a  prince  and  a  judge  over  us  .' 
Ex.  ii. 

11.  To  contract ;  to  establish;  as,  to  make 
friendship.  Rowe. 

12.  To  keep ;  as,  to  make  abode.        Dryden. 

13.  To  raise  to  good  fortune ;  to  secure  in 
riches  or  happiness  ;  as  when  it  is  said,  he 
is  made  for  this  world. 

Who  makes  or  ruins  with  a  smile  or  frown. 

Dryden. 

14.  To  suffer. 

He  accuses  Neptune  unjustly,  who  makes 
shipwreck  a  second  time.  Bacon 

15.  To  incur  ;  as,  to  make  a  loss.  [Improper. 

Dryden. 
IG.  To  commit ;  to  do. 

I  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  the  fatUts  which  I  made.  [Little 
used.]  Dryden. 

17.  To  intend  or  to  do  ;  to  purpose  to  do. 

Gomez,  what  mak'st  tliou  here,  with  a  whole 
brotlierhood  of  citj'  baililfs  ?      [^Vui  used.] 

Dryden. 
We  now  say,  what  doest  thou  here  ? 

18.  To  raise,  as  profit  ;  to  gain  ;  to  collect  ; 
as,  to  make  money  in  trade  or  by  hus- 
bandry ;  to  make  an  estate  by  steady  in- 
dustry. 

19.  To  discover;  to  arrive  in  sight  of;  a 
seaman''s  phrase.  They  made  the  land  at 
nine  o'clock  on  the  larboard  bow,  distant 
five  leagues. 

20.  To  reach ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  make  a 
port  or  harbor  ;  a  seaman^s  phrase. 

21.  To  gain  by  advance ;  as,  to  nwke  little 
way  with  a  head  wind  ;  we  made  our  way 
to  the  next  village.  This  phrase  often  im- 
plies difficulty. 

22.  To  provide ;  as,  to  mxike  a  dinner  or  en 
tertaintnent. 

23.  To  put  or  place  ;  as,  to  make  a  difference 
between  strict  right  and  expedience. 

24.  To  turn  ;  to  convert,  as  to  use. 
Whate'er  they  catch, 

Their  fury  makes  an  instrument  of  war. 

Dryden 

25.  To  represent.  He  is  not  the  fool  you 
make  him,  that  is,  as  your  representation 
exhibits  him. 

26.  To  constitute  ;  to  form.  It  is  melan 
choly  to  think  that  sensual  pleasure  makes 
the  happiness  of  a  great  part  of  mankind. 

27.  To  induce;  to  cause.  Self-confidence 
makes  a  man  rely  too  much  on  his  own 
strength  and  resources. 

28.  To  put  into  a  suitable  or  regular  form 
for  use  ;  as,  to  make  a  bed. 

29.  To  fabricate  :  to  forge.  He  matle  the 
story  himself 


30.  To  compose  ;  to  form  and  write ;  as,  to 
make  verses  or  an  oration. 

31.  To  cure  ;  to  dry  and  prepare  for  preser- 
vation ;  as,  to  make  hay. 

To  make  amends,  to  make  good  ;  to  give  ad- 
equate compensation  ;  to  replace  the  value 
or  amount  of  loss. 
To  make  account  of,  to  esteem ;  to  regard. 

Bacon. 
To  make  away,  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

Sidney.     Addison. 
2.  To  alienate  ;  to  transfer.  H'aller. 

We  now  usually  say,  to  make  over  prop- 
erty. 
To  make  free  icilh,  to  treat  with  freedom  ;  to 
treat  without  ceremony.  Pope. 

To  make  good,  to  inuintain  ;  to  defend. 

I'll  cither  die,  or  I'll  make  good  the  place. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  fulfill  ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  make 
good  one's  word,  promise  or  engagement. 

3.  To  make  compensation  for  ;  to  supply  an 
equivalent ;  as,  to  make  good  a  loss  or  dam- 
age. 

To  make  light  of,  to  consider  as  of  no  conse- 
quence ;  to  treat  with  indifference  or  con- 
tempt. 

They  made  light  of  it,  and  went  their  way. 
Matt.  xxii. 

To  make  love,  \  to  court;  to  attempt  to  gain 

To  make  suit,  ^  the  favor  or  affection. 

To  make  merry,  to  feast ;  to  be  joyful  or 
jovial.  Bacon. 

To  make  much  of,  to  treat  with  fondness  or 
esteem  ;  to  consider  as  of  great  value,  or 
as  giving  great  pleasure. 

To  make  of  to  understand.  He  knows  not 
what  to  tnake  of  the  news,  that  is,  ho  does 
not  well  understand  it  ;  he  knows  not  how 
to  consider  or  view  it. 

2.  To  produce  from  ;  to  effect. 

I  am  astonished  that  those  who  have  appear- 
ed against  this  paper,  have  made  so  very  Utile  of 
it.  Addison. 

3.  To  consider ;  to  account ;  to  esteem. 

Makes  she  no  more  of  me  than  of  a  slave  ? 

Dryden. 

To  make  over,  to  transfer  the  title  of;  to  con- 
vey ;  to  alienate.  He  TOdrfc  ortr  his  estate 
in  trust  or  in  fee. 

To  make  out,  to  learn  ;  to  discover ;  to  ob- 
tain a  clear  understanding  of.  I  cannot 
make  out  the  meaning  or  sense  of  this  dif- 
ficult passage.  Antiquaries  are  not  able 
to  make  out  the  inscription  on  this  medal. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  evince  ;  to  establish  by  evi- 
dence or  argument.  The  plaintiff,  not  be- 
ing able  to  Tnake  out  his  case,  withdrew 
the  suit. 

In  the  passages  from  divines,  most  of  the  rea- 
sonings which  nujke  out  both  my  propositions 
are  already  suggested.  Atierbury. 

3.  To  furnish;  to  find  or  supply.  He  prom- 
ised to  pay,  hut  was  not  able  to  make  out 
the  money  or  the  whole  sum. 

To  make  sure  of,  to  consider  as  certain. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  secure  to  one's  possession;  as, to  make 

sure  of  the  game. 
To  make  up,   to  collect  into  a  sum  or  mass; 

as,  to  make  iip  the  amount  of  rent ;  to  maki 

up  a  bundle  or  package. 

2.  To  reconcile  ;  to  compose  ;  as,  to  make  up 
a  difference  or  quarrel. 

3.  To  repair  ;  as,  to  make  up  a  hedge.  Ezek, 
xiii. 


M  A  K 


M  A  L 


M  A  L 


4.  To  supply  what  is  wanting.  A  dollar  is 
wanted  to  make  upthe  stipulated  sum. 

5.  To  compose,  as  ingredients  or  parts. 

Oil,  he  was  all  made  vp  of  love  and  charms  ! 

Addison. 
The  parties  among  us  are  made  up  of  mode- 
rate vvhigs  and  presbyterians.  Suri/I. 

6.  To  shape;  as,  to  make  up  a  mass  into 
pills. 

7.  To  assume  a  particular  form  of  features ; 
as,  to  make  up  a  face  ;  whence,  to  viake  up 
a  lip,  is  to  pout. 

8.  To  compensate ;  to  make  good ;  as,  to 
make  up  a  loss. 

9.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust,  or  to  arrange  for 
settlement ;  as,  to  make  up  accounts. 

10.  To  determine  ;  to  bring  to  a  definite  con- 
clusion ;  as,  to  make  up  one's  mind. 

Ill  seamen^s  language,   to  make  sail,  to  in- 
crease  the    quantity  of  sail  already  ex- 
tended. 
To  make  sternway,  to  move  with  the  stern 

foremost. 
To  make  water,  to  leak. 
To  make  words,  to  multiply  words. 
iMAKE,  V.  i.  To  tend  ;  to  proceed ;  to  move. 
He  made  towards  home.     The  tiger  made 
at  the  sportsman.     Formerly  authors  used 
to  make  way,  to  tnake  on,  to  make  forth,  to 
make  about ;  but  these  phrases  are  obso- 
lete.    We  now  say,  to  make  at,  to  jnoAe  to 
wards. 
•2.  To  contribute ;  to  have  effect.     This  ar 
gument  makes  nothing   in  his  favor.     He 
believes  wrong  to  be  right,  and  right  to 
be  wrong,  when  it  makes  for  his  advant 
age. 
3.  To  rise  ;  to  flow  toward  land  ;  as,  the  tide 

makes  fast. 
To  make  as  if,  to  sliow  ;  to  appear  ;  to  carry 
appearance. 

Joshua  and  all  Israel  7tiade  as  if  they  were 
beaten  before  them,  and  fled.     Josh.  viii. 
To  make  away  with,  to  kill;  to  destroy. 
To  make  for,  to  move  towards ;  to  direct  a 
course  towards ;    as,  we  apprehended  ; 
tempest  approaching,  and  made  for  a  bar 
bor. 
2.  To  tend  to  advantage ;  to  favor.     A  war 
between  commercial  nations  makes  for  the 
interest  of  neutrals. 
To  make  against,  to  tend  to  injury.     This  ar- 
gument makes  against  his  cause. 
To  make  out,  to  succeed  ;  to  have  success  at 
last.     He  made  out  to  reconcile  the  con- 1 
tending  parties.  | 

To  make  up,  to   approach.     He  jtiade  up  to; 

us  with  boldness. 
To  viake  vpfor,  to  compensate  ;  to  supply  by  I 
an  equivalent.  \ 

Have  you  a  supply  of  friends  to  make  up  for 
those  who  are  gone  .'  Swift. 

To  make  up  tvitli,  to  settle  differences ;  to  be- 
come friends. 
To  make  uith,  to  concur.  Hooker. 

MAKE,  ?i.  Structure;  texture;  constitution 
of  parts  in  a  body.  It  may  sometimes  be 
synonymous  with  shape  or  form,  but  more 
properly,  the  word  signifies  the  manner  in 
which  the  parts  of  a  body  are  united ;  as  a 
man  of  slender  make,  or  feeble  make. 
Is  our  perfection  of  so  frail  a  make 
As  every  plot  can  undermine  and  shake  ? 

Dryden. 
MAKE,  n.  [Sax.  maea,  gemaca  ;  Dan.  mage  ; 
Eng.  match.     It  .seems  allied  to  inake,  as 
peer,  L.  par,  to  Ilcb.  xi2.] 


A  companion  ;  a  mate.     Obs.  11 

Spenser.     B.  Jonson.'} 
M.-VKEBATE,  n.  [make  and  Sax.  bate,  con-  1 

tention.] 
One  who  excites  contention  and  quarrels. 

Sidney. 
MA'KELESS,    a.    Matchless  ;   without  "a 

mate.     Obs. 
MA'KER,  n.  The  Creator. 

The  universal  Maker  we  may  praise. 

Milton. 

2.  One  that  makes,  forms,  shapes  or  molds  ; 
a  manufacturer  ;  as  a  maker  of  watches,  or 
of  jewelry;  a  moAer  of  cloth. 

.3.  A  poet. 

MA'KEPEACE,   n.  A  peace-maker  ;    one 

that  reconciles  persons  when  at  variance. 

Shak. 
MA'KEWEIGHT,  n.  That  which  is  thrown 

into  a  scale  to  make  weight.  Philips 

MA'KI,   n.   An  animal  of  the  genus  Lemur. 

The  ring-tailed  maki  is  of  the  size  of  a  cat. 

Encyc. 
The  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the 

Linneun  genus  Lemur,  including  the  iiia- 

cauco,  the  mongooz,  and  the  vari.    Cuvier 
MA'KING,  ppr.    Forming;   causing  ;  com- 

lielling  ;  creating  ;  constituting. 
MA'KING,  n.    The  act  of  forming,  causing 

or  constituting. 

3.  Workmanship.  This  is  cloth  of  your  own 
making. 

3.  Composition  ;  structure. 


as  a  prefi.x,  in  composi 
or  evil,  Fr.  mat,  L.  malus. 


A  poem. 
MAL,  or  MALE 

tion,  denotes  i 
[See  Maladif.] 

MAL'AellltE,  n.  [Gr.  /jaf.axt;,  mallows, 
L.  malva,  from  f<aj.axos,  soft,  so  named 
from  its  resembling  the  color  of  the  leaf 
of  mallows.] 

An  oxyd  of  copper,  combined  with  carbonic 
acid,  found  in  solid  masses  of  a  beautiful 
green  color.  It  consists  of  layers,  in  the 
form  of  nipples  or  needles  converging  to- 
wards a  common  center.  It  takes  a  good 
polish  and  is  often  manufactured  into 
toys.  Fourcroy.     Diet.  JVot.  Hist. 

MAL'ACOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  fia-Kaxn,  mnllows, 
from  its  color.] 

Another  name  for  diopside,  a  variety  of  py- 
roxene. Cleaveland.     Lunier. 

MALACOPTERYG'EOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^taaxo;, 
soft,  and  rcripvyioi/,  a  point  or  fether.] 

Having  bony  rays  of  fins,  not  sharp  or  point 
ed  at  the  extremity  ;  as  a  fish. 

MALACOS'TOMOUS,  a.  [Gr.  fiaAaxoj, 
soft,  and  crrofia,  mouth.] 

Having  soft  jaws  without  teeth  ;  as 


I  fish. 
Encyc. 

MALADMINISTRA'TION,  n.  [See  Mat 
and  Jldminister.] 

Bad  management  of  public  aflairs;  vicious 
or  defective  conduct  in  administration,  or 
the  performance  of  official  duties,  particu- 
larly of  executive  and  ministfrial  duties, 
jjrescribed  by  law  ;  as  the  maladministra- 
tion of  a  king,  or  of  any  chief  magistrate. 

MAL'ADY,  n.  [Fr.  maladie ;  It.  malalHa. 
from  the  W.  mall,  softness,  debility,  an 
evil,  a  malady  ;  L.  malum  ;  W.  mallu,  to 
make  soft  or  flaccid,  to  deprive  of  energy 
to  tnake  insipid,  to  make  evil,  to  become 
evil.  This  coincides  in  origin  with  Eng 
mellow,   L.    mollis,  Gr.  /uoaaxoj.     In  oppo 


sition  to  this,  virtue,  value  and  health,  are 
from  the  sense  of  strength,  vigor.] 
Any  sickness  or  disease  of  the  human 
body  ;  any  distemper,  disorder  or  indispo- 
sition, proceeduig  from  impaired,  defect- 
ive or  morbid  organic  functions ;  more 
particularly,  a  lingering  or  deep  seated 
disorder  or  indisposition.  It  may  be  ap- 
plied to  any  animal  body,  but  is,  I  believe, 
rarely  or  never  applied  to  plants. 

The  maladies  of  the  body  may  prove  medi- 
cines to  the  mind.  Suckminster. 
Defect  or  corruption  of  the  heart ;  de- 
pravity ;  moral  disorder  or  corruption  of 
moral  principles.  Depravity  ofheartisa 
moral  malady. 

3.  Disorder  of  the  understanding  or  mind. 

MAL'AGA,  n.  A  species  of  wine  imported 
from  Malaga,  in  Spain. 

MALAN'DERS,  n.  [from  mal,  ill,  and  It. 
andare,  to  go.] 

A  dry  scab  on  the  pastern  of  a  horse. 

Johnson. 

MAL'APERT,  a.  [mal  and  pert.]  Saucy  ; 
quick,  with  impudence  ;  sprightly,  without 
respect  or  decency;  bold;  forward. 

Are  you  growing  malapeii  ?  Drydat. 

MAL'APERTLY,  adv.  Saucily;  with  im- 
pudence. Skelton. 

MAL'APERTNESS,  n.  Sauciness;  impii- 
dent  pertness  or  forwardness ;  sprightli- 
ness  of  reply  without  decency. 

MALAPROPOS,  adv.  malap'ropo.  [Fr.  mal, 
evil,  and  apropos,  to  the  purpose.]  Unsuit- 
ably. Dryden. 

MA'LAR,  a.  [L.  mala,  the  cheek.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  cheek. 

M.\L'ATE,  n.  [L.  malum,  an  apple.]  A  salt 
formed  by  the  malic  acid,  the  acid  of  ap- 
ples, combined  with  a  base.         Chimistry. 

M.\L'AXATE,  V.  t.  [Gr.  /uaiaaau.]  To  sof- 
ten ;  to  knead  to  softness.     [jVot  used.] 

MALAX A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moistening 
and  softening;  or  the  forming  of  ingredi- 
ents into  a  mass  for  pills  or  plasters. 
[Little  used.]  Bailey. 

MALCONFORMA'TION,  n.  Ill  form  ;  dis- 
proportion of  parts.  Tally. 

MAL'€ONTENT,  n.  [mal  aniX  content]  A 
discontented  subject  of  government ;  one 
who  murnmrs  at  the  laws  and  adminis- 
tration, or  who  manifests  his  uneasiness 
by  overt  acts,  as  in  sedition  or  insurrec- 
tion. 

MAL'CONTENT,  ?  Discontenied 

MALCONTENT'ED,    \         with  the  laws 
or  the  administration  of  government ;  un- 
easy ;  dissatisfied  with  the  government. 
The  famous  malcontent  earl  of  Leicester. 

Mdner. 

MAL€ONTENT'EDLY,  adv.  With  dis- 
content. 

MALCONTENT'EDNESS,  n.  Discontent- 
edness  with  the  government;  dissatisfac- 
tion ;  want  of  attachment  to  the  govern- 
ment, manifested  by  overt  acts. 

Spectator. 

MALE,  a.  [Fr.  male,  for  masle,  from  L. 
mascutus,  from  mas,  maris.] 

L  Pertaining  to  the  sex  that  procreates 
young,  and  applied  to  animals  of  all  kinds  ; 
as  a  m<ite  child  ;  a  male  beast,  fish  or  fowl- 
Denoting  the  SOX  of  a  plant  which  produ- 
ces the  fecundating  dust,  or  a  flower  or 
])lant  that  bears  the  stamens  only,  with- 
out pistils. 


M  A  L. 


M  A  L 


M  A  L 


3.  Denoting  the  screw  whose  threads  euter, 
the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  corres- 
ponding or  female  fccrew. 

MALE,  n.  Among  animals,  one  of  the  sex 
whose  oflice  is  to  beget  young;  a  he-ani- 
mal. 

a.  In  botany,  a  plant  or  flower  which  produ- 
ces stamens  only,  withont  pistils. 

3.  In  mechanics,  the  screw  whose  threads 
enter  the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  cor- 
responding part  or  female  screw. 

MALEDIC'ENCY,  n.  [L.  matedicentia : 
male  and  dico.] 

Evil  speaking ;  reproachful  language  ;  pronc- 
ness  to  reproach.     [Little  used.] 

Atterhury. 

MAL'EDICENTj  a.  Speaking  reproach- 
fully ;  slanderous.     [lAtlle  used.]     Sandys. 

MALEDICTION,  n.  [L.  maledidio  ;  male, 
evil,  and  dico,  to  speak.] 

Evil  speaking;  denunciation  of  evil;  a  curs- 
ing ;  curse  or  execration.  Hooker. 

MALEFA€'TION,  n.  [L.  male,  evil,  and 
fado,  to  do.] 

A  criminal  deed ;  a  crime  ;  an  offense 
against  the  laws.     [Little  used.]         Shak. 

MALEFACTOR,  n.  [supra.]  One  who 
commits  a  crime  ;  one  guilty  of  violating 
the  laws,  in  such  a  manner  us  to  snhjcct 
him  to  public  prosecution  and  punishment,' 
particularly  to  capital  punishment  ;  a 
criminal.  Dri)den.\ 

MAL'EFIUE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Malefaction)  An! 
evil  deed  ;  artifice  ;  enchantment.  [JVot' 
in  use.]  Chaucer. 

MALEFI"CIATE,  v.  t.  To  bewitch.  [^Yot 
in  use.]  Burton. 

aiALEFICIA'TION,  n.  A  bewitching. 
[J^ot  in  use.] 

MALEFI"CIENCE,  v.  [L.  maleficientia.] 
The  doing  of  evil,  harm  or  mischief 

MALEFI"CIENT,  a.  Doing  evil,  harm  or 
mischief  Burke. 

MALEN'tilNE,  n.  [Fr.  malengin.]  Guile; 
deceit.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

MAL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  maletle.  See  Mail.]  A 
little  bag  or  budget ;  a  portmanteau.  [JVot 
used.]  Shtlton. 

MALEVOLENCE,  ?i.  [L.  malevolentia ; 
malum,  evil,  and  volcns,  volo,  to  will.] 

Ill  will ;  personal  hatred ;  evil  disposition 
towards  another ;  enmity  of  heart;  incli- 
nation to  injure  others.  It  expresses  less 
than  mnlignitii.  Shak. 

MALEVOLENT,  a.  Having  an  evil  dispo- 
sition towards  another  or  others  ;  wishing 
evil  to  others  ;  ill  disposed,  or  disposed  to 
injure  others.  A  malevolent  heart  rejoices 
in  the  misfortunes  of  others. 

2.  Unfavorable ;  unpropitious  ;  bringing  ca- 
lamity. 

MALEVOLENTLY,  adv.  With  ill  will  or 
enmitv  ;  with  the  wish  or  design  to  injure. 

MALEV'OLOUS,  a.  Malevolent.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Warhurion. 

MALFE'ASANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Evil  doing : 
wrong ;  illegal  deed. 

MALFORM.VTION,  n.  [mal  anA  forma- 
tion.] 

Ill  or  wrong  formation ;  irregular  or  anoma- 
lous formation  or  structure  of  parts. 

Darioin. 

MA'LIC,  a.  [L.  malum,  an  apple.]  Pertain- 
ing to  apples :  drawn  from  the  juice  of 
apples  ;  as  malic  acid.  Chimistry. 


MAL'ICE,  n.  [Fr.  It.  malizia;  Sp.  malicia;\ 
L.  malitia,  from  tnalus,  evil  ;  W.  rnaW.  See! 
Malady.]  \ 

Extreme  enmity  of  heart,  or  malevolence  ;  a 
disposition  to  injure  others  without  cause,! 
from  mere  personal  gratification  or  from 
a  spirit  of  revenge;  unprovoked  maligni- 
ty or  spite. 

— Nor  set  down  auglit  in  malice.  Shak. 

MAL'ICE,  V.  t.  To  regard  with  extreme  ill 
will.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

MALI"CIOUS,  a.  Harboring  ill  will  or  en- 
mity without  provocation  ;   malevolent  in 
the  extreme  ;  malignant  in  heart. 
I  grant  hioi  bloody, 
Sudden,  rnaliciotix,  smacking  of  every  sin 
That  has  a  name.  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  hatred  or  ill 
will ;  dictated  by  malice ;  as  a  malicious 
report. 

MALI"CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  malice ;  with 
extreme  enmity  or  ill  will  ;  with  deliber- 
ate intention  to  injure.  Swift. 

MALP'CIOUSNES'S,  n.  The  (piality  of  be-; 
ing  malicious;  extreme  enmity  or  dispo- 
sition to  injure  ;  malignity.  Herbert.' 

MALIGN,  a.  mali'ne.  [Fr.  matigne ;  L.i 
malignus,  from  mains,  evil.     See  Malady.]- 

1.  Having  a  very  evil  disposition  towards' 
others;  harboring  violent  hatred  or  enmi- 
tv ;  malicious;   us  malign  spirits.     Milton.' 

2.  Unfavorable;  ])ernicious;  tending  to  in- 
jure ;  as  a  malign  aspect  of  |)lanets. 

Milton. 

3.  Malignant ;  pernicious  ;  as  a  malign  ulcer. 

Bacon. 

M.\LIGN,  V.  t.  To  regard  with  envy  or 
malice  ;  to  treat  with  extreme  enmity  ;  to 
injure  maliciously. 

Tlie  people  practice  mischief  against  pri\ate 
men,  whom  they  malign  by  stealing  thci: 
ftoods  and  murdering  them.  Spenser. 

2.  To  traduce  ;  to  defame. 

MALIGN,  V.  i.    To  entertain  malice. 

Milton. 

MALIG'NANCY,  n.  [See  Malignant.]  Ex- 
treme malevolence  ;  bitter  enmity  ;  mal- 
ice: as  malignancy  of  heart. 

2.  Unfavorableness ;     unpropitiousness ;     as 

the  malignancy  of  the  aspect  of  planets. 

The  malignancy  of  my  fate  might  distemper 

yours.  Sliuk. 

3."  Virulence  :  tendency  to  mortification  or  to 
a  fatal  issue  ;  as  the  malignancy  of  an  ul- 
cer or  of  a  fever. 

MALIG'NANT,  a.  [L.  malignus,  maligno, 
from  mains,  evil.] 

L  Malicious;  having  extreme  malevolence 
or  emnity  ;  as  a  malignant  heart. 

2.  Unpropitious;  exerting  pernicious  influ- 
ence ;  as  malignant  stars.  Shak. 

3.  Virulent;  as  a  malignant  ulcer. 

4.  Dangerous  to  life ;   as  a  malignant  fever. 

5.  Extremely  hainous ;  as  the  malignant 
nature  of  sin. 

MALIG'NANT,  n.  A  man  of  extreme  en- 
mity or  evil  intentions.     [JVut  used.] 

Hooker. 

MALIG'NANTLY,  adv.  Maliciously  ;  with 
extreme  malevolence. 

2.  With  pernicious  influence. 

MALIGNER,  n.  One  who  regards  or  treats 
another  with  enmity  ;  a  traducer  ;  a  defa- 
mer.  Swifl. 

MALIG'NITY,  n.  [L.  malignitas.]  Ex- 
treme enmity,  or  evil  dispositions  of  heart 


towards  another;  malice  without  provo- 
cation, or  malevolence  with  baseness  of 
heart ;  deep  rootetl  sjiite. 

2.  VJrul(;nce  ;  destructive  tendency  ;  as  the 
malignity  of  an  ulcer  or  disease. 

3.  FiXtrcmc  evilncss  of  nature;  as  the  ma- 
lignity of  fraud. 

4.  Extreme  sinfulness ;    enormity  or  haiii- 
ousness;  as  the  md/iguiV^  of  sin. 

MALIGNLY,  adv.  With  extreme  ill  will. 
2.  Unpropitiouslv  ;  |)eriiirionslv. 
MAL'ISON,  n.  "Malediction.   "[.Vo<  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
MALKIN,  n.  maxo'kin.  A  mop ;  also,  a  low 

maid-servant.  Stiak. 

MA1<L,  n.  maul.  [Fr.  mail;  Sp.  mallo ;  Port. 

mallto  ;  from  L.  malleus.] 

1.  A  large  heavy  wooden  beetle;  an  instru- 
ment for  driving  any  thing  with  force. 

2.  A  blow.     Obs.  Spenser. 
MALL,  J!,  mat.    [Arm.   inailh.    Qu.   (iom  a 

play     with    mall    and   ball,   or   a   beaten 

walk.] 
A  public  walk ;  a  level  shaded  walk.     Alice 

d''arbres  battue  et  bordie. 

Gregoire's  Ann.  Did. 
MALL,  J',  t.  maid.  To  beat  with  a  mall;  to 

beat  with  something  heavy  ;  to  bruise. 
MAL'L.\RD,  n.    A  species  of  duck  of  the 

iicmis  Anas.  Pennant. 

MALLEABILITY,     n.     [from    malleable.] 

That  quality  of  bodies  wliich  renders  them 

susceptible  of  extension  by  beating.     It  is 

opposeil  to  friability  or  britlteness.     Locke. 
MAL'LEABLE,   n.    [Fr.   from  L.  malleus. 

See  Mall.] 
That  may  be   drawn  out  and  extended  by 

beating;  capable  of  extension  by  the  ham- 
mer ;  a  quality  of  metals,  particularly  of 

gold.  JVeielon. 

MAL'LEABLENESS,      n.      Blalleabilily, 

which  see. 
MAL'LEATE,  v.  t.  To  hammer;    to  draw 

into  a  plate  or  leaf  bv  beating. 
MALLEA'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  beating  into 

a  plate  or  leaf,  as  a  metal ;  extension  by 

bcatins. 
MAL'LET,    n.    [Fr.   mailkt ;   Russ.   molut; 

Slav,  mlat;  L.  malkus.] 
A  wooden  hammer  or  instnnnent  for  beat- 
ing, or  for  driving  pins;  particularly  used 

in  carpentry,  for  driving  the  chisel. 
MALLOW,     }      [?iaK.  matu,  mealwe,maltce; 
MALLOWS,  i"-     Fr.   mauve;    L.    Sp.   It. 

mnlva  ;  Gv.  ^laf-axr;,  from  iiaXoucoj,  soft,  Eng. 

mellow,  W.  mall.   See  Malady.] 
A  plant  of  the  geinis  Malva  ;  so  called  from 

its  emollient  qualities. 
Marsli-mallows,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Alth.-ea. 
MALM'SEY,  n.  [Fr.  malvoisit;  Jt.malvosio; 

Sp.  murvisia,  from  Malvasia,in  Greece ;  L. 

vinum  arvisium.] 
The  name  of  a  species  of  grape,  and  also  of 

a  kind  of  wine. 
MALPRA€'TICE,    n.    [mal   and  practice.] 

Evil  practice  ;  illegal  or  immoral  conduct ; 

practice  contrary  to  established  rules. 
M.\LT,  Ji.    [Sax.  mcalt ;  D.  mout ;  G.  mah  ; 

Sw.  Dan.  malt.     Qn.  W.  mall,  soft.] 
Barley  steeped  in  water,  fermented  and  dried 

in  a  kiln,  and  thus  prepared  for  brewing 

into  ale  or  beer. 
MaLT,  v.  t.  To  make  into  malt ;  as,  to  malt 

barley. 
Malt,  v.  i.  To  become  malt. 


MAM 


31  A  N 


MAN 


To  liouse  it  green  will  make  it  malt  worse. 

J^Ioi'timer. 
MaLT'-DRINK,  ?  A  liquor  prepared  for 
MALT -LIQUOR,  ^      drink  by  an  infusion 

of  malt;  as  beer,  ale,  porter,  &c. 
MaLT'-DUST,  n.  The  grains  or  remains  of 
malt. 

Mall-dust  is  an  enricher  of  barren  land. 

Mortimer. 

JlALT'-FLOOR,re.  A  floor  for  drying  inalt. 

Morlimer. 
MALT'-HORSE,  n.    A  horse  employed   in 
grinding  malt;  hence,  a  dull   fellow. 

Shak. 
jMaLTMAN,    \      A  man  whose  occupation 
MALTSTER,  \  "'is  to  make  malt.      Swift. 
MaLTWORM,  n.  [malt  and  worm.]     A  tip- 
Icr.  Shak. 

MAL'TALENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Ill  humor. 
[JV«<  in  use.]  Chaucer 

MAL'THA,  n.  A  variety  of  bitumen,  vis- 
cid and  tenacious,  like  pitch  ;  unctuous  to 
the  touch  and  exhaling  a  bituminous  odor. 

Cleaveland. 

MALTRE'AT,    v.  I.     [mal  and   treal.]    To 

treat  ill ;  to  abuse  ;  to  ti'eat  roughly,  rude 

ly,  or  with  unkindncss. 

MALTRE'ATED,  pp.    Ill  treated  ;  abused. 

MALTRE'ATING,  yjjjr.  Abusing;  treating 

unkindlv. 
MALTREATMENT,  n.    Ill  treatment ;  ill 

usage  ;  abuse. 
MALVA'CEOUS,    a.    [L.   malvaceus,  from 
malva,  inallows.]     Pertaining  to  mallows. 
MALVERSA'TION,  n.     [L.  male,  ill,  and 

versor,  to  behave.] 
Evil  conduct ;  improper  or  wicked  behavior; 
mean  artifices,  or  fraudulent  tricks. 

Burke. 

MAM,  <         [L.  mamnia,   the  breast  or 

MAMMA,  I  "■  pap,  and  mother;  W.  mam; 

Arm.  mamm  ;  Jr.   muiine,  a  nurse  ;  Antiq. 

Gr.  na^fit;.] 

A  familiar  word  for  mother,  used  by  young 

children. 
MAM'ALUKE, )        The  military  force  of 
JIAM'ELUKE,  I  "•     Egypt     consisted    of 
soldiers  called  Mamelukes,  who  were  ori 
ginally  mercenaries,  but  afterwards  mas- 
ters  of  the   country.      Their  power   has 
been  recently   annihilated  by  the  present 
Pashaw  of  Egypt. 
MAM'MAL,  71.  [L.  mamma,  the  breast.]    In 
zoologt/,  an  animal  that  suckles  its  yotmg. 
[See  .Maynmifer.]  Good. 

MAMMA'LIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mam- 
mals. 
MAMMAL'OgIST,  n.   One  who  treats  of] 

mammiferous  animals. 
MAMMAL'OC  Y,  )i.  [L.  mamma,  breast,  and 

?.oyo5,  discourse.] 
Tiic  science  or  doctrine  of  mammiferous  an 

inials.    [See  j\Iammifer.] 

MAM'MARY,  a.  [See  .Wamma.]  Pertaining 

to  the  breasts  or  paps ;  as   the  mammary 

arteries  and  vcin.s. 

MAMMEE',  n.    A  tree  of  the  genus  Mam- 

mca,  of  two  species,  both  large  evergreens 

produced  in  hot  climates.  Enci/c. 

MAM'MRT,  n.  A  ptippet ;  a  finure  dressed. 

MAM'MIFER,  n.    [L.  mamma',  the   breast, 

and  /"cro,  to  bear.] 
An  aniuial  whic'h  has  breasts  for  noinishing 
its  young.     The  iiiaiMinit'ers  have  a  double 
system  of  circulation,  red  and  warm  blood 
the  fetus  is  nourished   in   the    niulrix    by 


means  of  one  or  more  placentas,  and  the! 
young  by  milk  secreted  by  the  breasts. 

■  Diet.  jVat.  Hist. 

MAMMIF'EROIIS,  a.  [supra.]  Having 
breasts  and  nourishing  the  young  by  the 
milk  secreted  by  them. 

MAM'MIFORM,  a.  [L.  mamma  and  form.] 
Having  the  shape  or  form  of  paps. 

MAM'MILLARY,  a.  [h.mamilla.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  paps;  resembling  a  pap;  an 
epithet  applied  to  two  small  protuberan- 
ces, like  nipples,  found  under  the  fore  ven 
tricles  of  the  brain,  and  to  a  process  of  the 
temporal  bone. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  applied  to  minerals  compo- 
sed of  convex  concretions. 

MAM'MILLATED,  a.  Having  small  nip 
pies,  or  little  globes  like  nipples.  Say. 

MAM'MOe,  n.  A  shapeless  piece.  [JVot 
used.]  "       Herbert. 

MAM'MOC,  V.  t.  To  tear  in  pieces.  [J\tot 
used.]  Milton. 

MAM'MODIS,  )i.  Coarse,  plain  India  mus 
lins. 

MAM'MON,  n.  [Syr.]  Riches ;  wealth  ;  or 
the  god  of  riches. 

Ye  cannot  serve  God  and  mammon.     Matt. 


MAM'MONIST,  ?i.  A  person  devoted  to 
the  acquisition  of  wealth  ;  one  whose  af- 
fections are  ])laced  supremely  on  riches; 
a  worldling.  Hammond. 

MAM'MOTil,  ?i.  [Russ.  mamffni,  the  skel- 
eton of  a  huge  animal,  now  extinct.] 

This  name  has  been  given  to  a  huge  quad- 
ruped, now  extinct,  whose  bones  are 
found  on  both  continents. 

MAN,  n.  plu.  men.  [Sax.  »/iaii,  mann  and 
mon,  mankind,  man,  a  woman,  a  vassal, 
also  one,  any  one,  like  the  Fr.  on ;  Goth. 
manna ;  Sans,  inan  ;  D.  man,  a  man,  a' 
husband  ;  mensch,  a  human  being,  man, 
woman,  person  ;  G.  id. ;  Dan.  man,  men-] 
neske;  Sw.  man,  meniskia ;  Sax.  mennesc,] 
human  ;  Ice.  mann,  a  man,  a  husband ;! 
W.  mynxv,  a  person,  a  body,  from  mion, 
that  which  rises  up  or  stretches  out.  The 
primary  sense  is,  form,  image,  whence 
species,  coinciding  probably  with  the  Fr. 
mine,  Eng.  mien.  Arm.  man  or  min,  look, 
aspect,  countenance  ;  Ch.  and  Heb.  ]'0 
species,  kind ;  Heb.  nJlDH  image,  simili- 
tude;  Syr.  liA:»  1  progeny.  It  is  re- 
markable that  in  the  Icelandic,  this  word 
a  little  varied,  is  used  in  Gen.  i.  2G,  27. 
"  Og  Gud  sagde,  ver  vilium  gera  mannenn 
epter  mind  og  liking  vorre."  And  God 
said,  let  us  make  man  after  our  image  and 
likeness.  "  Og  Gud  skapade  mannenn 
epter  sinnc  mixid,  epter  Guds  mind  skapade 
hann  hann,  og  ban  skapade  than  karlman 
og  kvinnu."  Literally,  and  God  shaped 
man  after  his  image,  after  God's  image 
shaped  he  them,  and  he  shaped  them  male 
and  female  -jkarlman,  male,  [See  Carle  and 
Churl,]  and  kvinnu,  female,  that  is  queen. 
woman.  Icelandic  Bible.  Man  in  its  rad- 
ical sense,  agrees  almost  precisely  with 
Mam,  in  the  Shemitic  languages.] 
I.  Mankind  ;  the  human  race  ;  the  whole 
species  of  human  beings  ;  beings  distin- 
guished from  all  other  animals  by  the 
powers  of  reason  and  speech,  as  well  a« 
by  their  shape  and  dignified  aspect.  "  O.' 
homini  sublime  dedit." 


And  God  said,  Let  us  make  man  in  our  im- 
age, after  our  likeness,  and  let  them  have  do- 
minion—     Gen.  i. 

Man  that  is  bom  of  a  woman,  is  of  few 
days  and  full  of  trouble.    Job  siv. 

iVIy  spirit  shall  not  always  strive  with  man. 
Gen.  vi. 

I  will  destroy  man  whom  I  have  created. 
Gen.  vi. 

There  hath  no  temptation  taken  you,  but 
such  as  is  common  to  man.     1  Cor.  x. 

It  is  written,  man  shall  not  live  by  bread 
alone.     Malt.  iv. 

There  must  be  somewhere  such  a  rank  as 
man.  Pope. 

Respecting  man,  whatever  wrong  we  call — 

Pope. 

But  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man. 

Pope. 

The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  7nan. 

Pope. 

In  the  System  of  Nature,  tnan  is  ranked  as  a 
distinct  genus.  Encyc. 

When  opposed  to  woman,  man  some- 
times denotes  the  male  sex  in  general. 

Woman  has,  in  general,  much  stronger  pro- 
pensity than  man  to  the  discharge  of  parental 
duties.  Cowper. 

2.  A  male  individual  of  the  human  race,  of 
adult  growth  or  years. 

The  king  is  but  a  man  as  I  am.  Shak. 

And    the  man  dreams  but    what    the    boy 

believed.  Dryden . 

3.  A  male  of  the  human  race  ;  used  often  in 
compound  words,  or  in  the  nature  of  an 
adjective  ;  as  a  mrt»i-child  ;  »ncn-cooks  ; 
meu-servants. 

4.  A  servant,  or  an  attendant  of  the  male 
sex. 

I  and  my  man  will  presently  go  ride. 

Cowley. 

A  word  of  familiar  address. 

We  speak  no  treason,  man.  SItak. 

6.  It  sometimes  bears  the  sense  of  a  male 
adult  of  some  uncommon  qualifications  ; 
particularly,  the  sense  of  strength,  vigor, 
bravery,  virile  powers,  or  magnanimity,  as 
distinguished  from  the  weakness,  timidity 
or  im|)0tence  of  a  boy,  or  from  the  nar- 
row mindedness  of  low  bred  men. 

I  dare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man. 

Shak. 
Will  reckons  he  should  not  have   been  the 
man  he  is,  had  he  not  broke  windows — 

.Sddison. 

So  in  popular  language,  it  is  said,  he  is 
no  man.  Play  your  ]>art  like  a  man.  He 
has  not  the  spirit  of  a  man. 

Thou  art  but  a  youth,  and  he  a  man  of  war 
from  his  youth.     1  Sam.  xvii. 

7.  An  individual  of  the  human  species. 

In  matters  of  equity  between  man  and  man — 

Watts. 

Under  this  |>hraseology,  females  may  be 
comprehended.  So  a  law  restraining  man, 
or  every  man  from  a  particular  act,  coin- 
prebends  women  and  children,  if  of  com- 
petent age  to  be  the  subjects  of  law. 

8.  Man  is  sometimes  opposed  to  boy  or  child, 
and  sometiines  to  beast. 

9.  One  who  is  master  of  his  mental  powers, 
or  who  conducts  himself  with  his  usual 
judgment.  When  a  person  has  lost  his 
senses,  or  acts  without  his  usual  judg- 
ment, we  say,  he  is  not  his  own  man. 

.iinsworth. 

10.  It  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely,  with- 
out reference  to  a  particular   individual; 


M  A  N 

any  person ;  one.  This  is  as  much  as  a 
man  can  desire. 

A  7iwn,  in  an  instant,  may  discover  the  as- 
sertion to  be  impossible.  More. 

This  word  however  is  always  used  in 
the  singidar  nuniher,  referring  to  an  indi- 
vifUial.  In  this  respect  it  does  not  answer 
to  the  French  on,  nor  to  the  use  of  ina?!  l)y 
our  Su.von  ancestors.  In  Saxon,  inun  of- 
sloh,  signilies,  Ihey  slew  ;  man  aetic  vt,  Ihey 
set  or  ftted  out.  So  in  German,  man  sagt 
may  be  rendered,  one  says,  it  is  said,  they 
say,  or  people  say.  So  in  Danish,  man 
siger,  one  says,  it  is  said,  tttey  say. 

11.  In  popular  usage,  a  liusband. 

Every  wile  ought  to  answer  for  lier  man. 

Addison. 

12.  A  movable  piece  at  chess  or  draughts. 

13.  Infeiidal  law,  a  vassal,  a  liege  subjector 
tenant. 

The  vassal  or  tenant,  kncclinji;,  ungirt,  un- 
covered and  holding  up  his  hands  between 
those  of  his  lord,  professed  that  he  did  become 
his  »i«;i,  from  that  day  forth,  of  life,  limb,  and 
earthly  honor.  Blackstone 

Man  of  war,  a  ship  of  war  ;  an  armed  ship. 

MAN-MIDWIFE,  n.  A  man  who  practi- 
ces obstetrics. 

MAN,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  men  ;  as 
man  the  lines  of  a  fort  or  fortress  ;  to  man 
a  ship  or  a  boat ;  to  man  the  yards  ;  to  man 
the  capstan  ;  to  man  a  prize.  It  is,  how- 
ever, generally  understood  to  signify,  to 
supply  with  the  full  complement  or  with 
asufhcient  number  of  men. 

2.  To  guard  with  men.  Shak 

3.  To  strengthen  ;  to  fortify. 

Theodosius  having  ?nunned  his  soul  will 
proper  reflections —  Addison 

4.  To  tame  a  hawk.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 

5.  To  furnish  with  atlendants  or  servants 
[Little  used.]  Shak.     B.  Jonson. 

Q.  To  point ;  to  aim. 

Man  but  a  rush  against  Othello's  breast. 
And  he  retires.     \_J\'ot  used.'\  .Shnk 

MAN'AeLE,  n.  [Fr.  tnanicUs ;  It.manellc  ; 
Sp.  maniola  ;  L.  manica  ;  from  manus,  the 
hand  ;  W.  7)iaji.] 

An  instrument  of  iron  for  fastening  the 
hands;  hand-cuffs;  shackles.  It  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  plural,  manacles. 

Shak. 

MAN'ACLE,  V.  t.  To  put  on  hand-cufis  or 
other  fastening  for  confining  the  hands. 

2.  To  shackle;  to  confine;  to  restrain  the 
use  of  the  limbs  or  natural  powers. 

Is  it  thus  you  use  this  monarch,   to   manaclt 
him  hand  and  foot  ?  Arbuthnot 

M.AN'A€LED,  jo;).  Haiid-cufled  ;  shackled 

MAN'ACLING,  ppr.  Confining  the  hands  ; 
shacklirig. 

MAN'AGE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  menager  ;  7nenage, 
house,  household,  housekeeping;  It.  ma 
neggiare  ;  Sp.  Port,  manejar.  The  prima 
ry  sense  seems  to  be  to  lead.] 

1.  To  conduct ;  to  carry  on;  to  direct  the 
concerns  of;  as,  to  manage  a  farm  ;  to 
manage  the  affairs  of  a  family. 

What  wars  1  manage,  and   what  wreaths  I 
s;ain.  Prior. 

2.  To  train  or  govern,  as  a  horse. 

They    vault  from   hunters  to    the  managed 
steed.  i'uang. 

3.  To  govern;  to  control ;  to  make  tame  or 
tractable ;  as,  the  bufl'alo  is  too  refracto- 
ry to  be  managed. 


MAN 

4.  To  wield  ;  to  move  or  use  in  the  manner 
desired  ;  to  have  under  command. 

Long  tubes  are  cumbersome,  and  scarce  to  be 
easily  managed.  JVeteton. 

To  make  subservient. 
Antony  managed  him  to  his  own  views. 

Middleton 

a.  To  husband  ;  to  treat  with  caution  or 
sparingly. 

The  less  he  had  to  lose,  the  less  he  ear'd 
To  manage  lothesome   life,  when  love  was 
the  reward.  Dryden 

7.  To  treat  with  caution  or  judgment;  to 
govern  with  address. 

It  was  much  his  interest  to  manage  his  pro- 
teslant  subjects.  Addison. 

MAN'AgE,  v.  i.  To  direct  or  conduct  af- 
fairs; to  carry  on  concerns  or  business. 
Leave  them  to  manage  for  thee.         Dryden. 

MAN'AtiE,  n.  Conduct  ;  administration ; 
as  the  manage  of  the  state  or  kingdom. 
Ohs.  Shak 

2.  Government ;  control,  as  of  a  horse,  or 
the  exercise  of  riding  him. 

3.  Discipline  ;  governance  ;  direction. 

U  Estrange. 

4.  Use  ;  application  or  treatment. 
Quicksilver  will  not   endure   the  manage  of 

the  fire.  Bacon. 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete  in  all  its 
applications,  unless  in  reference  to  horses. 
We  now  use  inanagement.] 

MAN'AGEABLE,  a.  Easy  to  be  used  or  di 
reeted  to  its  proper  purpose  ;  not  difficult 
to  be  moved  or  wielded.     Heavy  cannon 
are  not  very  manageable. 
Governable;  tractable;  that  may  be  con 
trolled  ;  as  a  manageable  horse. 

3.  That  may  be  made  subservient  to  one's 
views  or  dcsiirns. 

MAN'AgEABLENESS,  )i.  The  quality  of 
being  easily  used,  or  directed  to  its  proper 
purpose;  as  the  manageableness  of  an  in- 
strument. Boyle. 

2.  Tractableness  ;  the  quality  of  being  sus- 
ceptible of  government  and  control ;  easi- 
ness to  be  governed. 

MAN'AGED,  pp.  Conducted  ;  carried  on  ; 
trained  by  discipline  ;  governed;  controll- 
ed ;  wielded. 

MAN'AGEMENT,  n.  Conduct  ;  adminis- 
tration;  manner  of  treating,  directing  or 
carrying  on  ;  as  tlie  management  of  a  fam- 
ily or  of  a  farm  ;  the  management  of  state 
affairs. 

2.  Cimning  practice  ;  conduct  directed  by 
art,  design  or  prudence  ;  contrivance. 

Mark  with  what  management  their  tribes  di- 
vide. Dryden.\ 

3.  Practice  ;  transaction  ;  dealing. 
He  had  i;roat  7;m;frru;fHiCH/ with  ecclesiastics, 

in  the  view  to  be  advanced  to  the  pontificate. 

Addison. 

Modulation  ;  variation. 

All  directions  as  to  the   management  of  the 
voice,  must  be  regarded  as  subsidiaiy  to  the  ex- 
pression of  feeling.  Porter's  Analysis. 
MAN'AtiER,  n.  One   who  has  the  conduct 


the  manager  of  a  lottery,  of 
South. 


of  a  theater 
a  hall,  &c. 

A  skilful  manager  of  the  rabble. 

An  artful  manager,  that  crept  between — 

Pope, 

.  A    person  who    conducts   business  with 

economy  and  frugality  ;  a  good  husband. 


M  A  N 

\  prince  of  great  aspiring  thoughts ;  in  the 
main,  a  managei-  of  his  treasure.  Temple. 

MAN'AGERY,  n.  [from  manage.]  Conduct; 
direction  ;  administration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry  ;  economy  ;  frugality. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Manner  of  using.  Ibm. 

[Little  used  or  obsolete  in  all  its  applica- 
tions.] 
MAN'AGING,  p/)r.  Conducting;  regulating; 

directing;  governing;  wielding. 
MAN'AKIN,  )i.  The    name  of  a  beautiful 
race  of  birds  found  in  warm  climates. 

Did.  Xat.  Hist. 
MAN.\'TI,  \  The  sea-cow,  or  fish-tailed 
MANA'TUS,  ^"•walrus,  an  animal  of  the 
genus  Tricheclius,  w  hich  grows  to  an  en- 
ormous size  ;  sometimes  it  is  said,  to  the 
length  of  twenty  three  feet.  Of  this  ani- 
mal there  are  two  varieties,  the  australis, 
or  lamentin,  and  borealis,  or  whale-tailc(l 
manati.  It  has  fore  feet  pahiialed,  and 
furnisheil  with  claws,  but  the  hinil  part 
ends  in  a  tail  like  that  of  a  fish.  The  skin 
is  of  a  dark  color,  tlie  eyes  small,  and  in- 
stead of  teeth,  themoutli  is  furnished  with 
hard  bones,  extending  the  whole  length  of 
the  jaws.  [There  are  eight  grinders  on 
each  side  in  each  jaw.  Cuvier.]  It  never 
leaves  the  water,  but  frequents  the  mouths 
of  rivers,  feeding  on  grass  tjiat  grows  in 
the  water.  Encyc.     Diet.  .\'at.  Hist. 

MANA'TION,  n.  [L.  manatio,  from  mono, 

to  flow.] 
The  act  of  issuing  or  flowing  out.     [Little 

iised.] 
MAN'CHET,  n.  A  small  loaf  of  fine  brcrul. 
[J^ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MANCHINEE'L,  n.  [L.  mancayiilla.]  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Hippomanc,  growing  in 
the  West  Indies  to  the  size  of  a  large  oak. 
It  abounds  in  an  acrid,  milky  juice  of  a 
poisonous  quality.  It  bears  a  fruit  of  the 
size  of  a  pipjiin,  which,  when  eaten,  caus- 
es inflanmiation  in  the  mouth  and  throat, 
pains  in  the  stomach,  &.c.  The  wood  is 
valuable  for  cabinet  work.  Encyc. 

MAN'CIPATE,    V.  t.     [L.    mancxpo,    from 
manceps,  mancipium  ;  manu  capio,  to  take 
with  the  hand. J 
To   enslave  ;    to   bind  ;  to   restrict.     [lAille 
used.]  Hale. 

MANCIPA'TION,  n.  Slavery;  invohmtary 
servitude.     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

iMAN'CIPLE,  ?i.  [L.  manceps;  manu  capio, 

sui)ra.] 
.\  steward  ;  an  undertaker;  a  purveyor,  par- 
ticularly of  a  college.  Johnson. 
M.\NDA'iML'S,  n.  [L.  mnnrfo,  to  coinmnnd ; 
mandatnus,  we  connnand.     The  primary 
sense  is  to  send.] 
In  law,  a  commauil  or  writ,  issuing  from  the 
king's  bench  in  England,  and  in  America, 
from  some  of  the  higher  court?,  directed 
to    any  person,    corporation,   or  inferior 
court,  requiring  ihcin  to  dosome  act  tlierc- 
in    specified,   which    appertains   to   their 
ofl^ce  and  duty  ;  as  to  admit  or   restore  a 
lierson  to  an  office  or  franchise,   or  to  an 
academical  degree,  or  to  deliver  papers, 
arniex  a  seal  to  a  paper,  Sec.      Blackstone. 
MAND.ARiN,  n.  In  China,  a  magistrate  or 
governor  of  a  jnovince  ;  also,  the   court 
language  of  China. 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN'DATARY, )      [Fr.  mandalairc,  from 
MANDATORY,  ^        L.    mando,    to   com 
maiid.] 

1.  A  person  to  whom  tlie  pope  has  by  his 
prerogative  given  a  mandate  or  order  for 
his  benefice.  -iylifff- 

2.  One  to  whom  a  command  or  charge  is 
given. 

MAN'DATE,  ?;.  [L.  mando,  to  command.] 

1.  A  command  ;  an  order,  precept  or  injunc- 
tion ;  a  commission. 

This  dream  all  powerful  Juno  sends  ;  I  bear 
Her  mighty  mandates,  and  her  words  you 
hear.  Dryilen. 

2.  In  canon  law,  a  rescript  of  the  pope,  com- 
manding an  ordinary  collator  to  put  the 
penson  therein  named  in  possession  of  the 
first  vacant  benefice  in  his  collation. 

Encyc. 

MANDA'TOR,  n.    [L.]  A  director. 

Jtyliffe. 

MAN'DATORY,  a.  Containing  a  command  ; 
preceptive ;  directory. 

MAN'DIBLE,  ?!.  [L.  mando,  to  chew  ;  W. 
mant,  a  jaw,  that  which  shuts.] 

The  jaw,  tlie  instrument  of  chewing  ;  appli- 
ed ■particularly  to  fowls. 

MANDIB'ULAR,  a.  Belonging  to  the  jaw. 

Gaylon. 

MAN'DIL,  )i.  [Fr.?nfl7»/i'Wf,  from  the  root  of 
mantle  ;  W.  mant.]  A  sort  of  mantle. 
[JVut  in  use.]  Herbert. 

MANDIL'ION,  n.  [supra.]  A  soldier's  coat; 
a  loose  garment.  Ainsworth. 

MAN'DLESTONE,  n.  [G.  mandetstein,  al- 
mond-stone.] 

Kernel-stone  ;  almond-stone,  called  also 
amygdaloid ;  a  name  given  to  stones  or 
rocks  which  have  kernels  enveloped  in 
paste.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

MANDMENT,  for  commandment,  is  not  in 
use. 

MAN'DOLIN,  n.  [It.  mandola.]  A  cithern 
or  harp.     [JVot  in  use.] 

MAN'DRAKE,  n.  [L.  mandragoras ;  It. 
mandragola ;  Fr.  mandragorc.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Atropa,  growing  natu- 
rally in  Spain,  Italy  and  the  Levant.  It 
is  a  narcotic,  and  its  fresh  roots  are  a  vio- 
lent cathartic.  Its  effect  in  rendering 
barren  women  prolific  is  supposed  to  be 
imaginary.  Encyc. 

MAN'DREL,  n.  An  instrument  for  confi- 
ning in  the  lathe  the  substance  to  be  turn- 
ed. Moxon. 

MAN'DRILL,  »i.  A  species  of  monkey. 

Diet.  J\'at..  Hist. 

MAN'DU€ABLE,  «.  That  can  be  chewed; 
fit  to  be  eaten.  Herbert. 

MAN'DUCATE,  v.  t.  [L.  mando,  whence 
Fr.  manger.]     To  chew. 

MAN'DUCATED,  pp.  Chewed. 

MAN'DUCATING,  ppr.  Chewing ;  grind- 
ing with  the  teeth. 

MANDUCA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  chewing 
or  eating. 

MAN'E,  n.  [D.  maan,  mane,  and   moon  ;  G. 
mahne  ;    Sw.  man  or  mahn ;  Dan.   man 
probably  from  extending,  like  7nan.] 

The  hair  growing  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
neck  of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  usually 
hanging  down  on  one  side. 

MAN'EATER,  n.  A  human  being  that  fced.s 
on  human  fiesh ;  a  cannibal ;  an  anthro- 
pophagite. 


MA'NED,  a.  Having  a  mane. 

MAN'EgE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  school  for  teaching 
horsemanship,  and  for  training  horses. 

MANERIAL.  [See  Manorial.] 

MA'NES,  n.  plu.  [L.]  The  ghost,  shade  or 
soul  of  a  deceased  person  ;  and  among  the 
ancient  pagans,  the  infernal  deities. 

2.  The  remains  of  the  dead. 

Hail,  O  ye  holy  manes !  Dryden, 

MANEUVER,  n.  \Vr.mana.uvre ;  main,\j. 
manus,  the  hand,  and  ceuvre,  work,  L.  ope- 
ra.] 

1.  Management ;  dextrous  movement,  par- 
ticularly in  an  army  or  navy  ;  any  evolu- 
tion, movement  or  change  of  position 
among  companies,  battalions,  regiments, 
ships,  &,c.  for  the  purpose  of  distributing 
the  forces  in  the  best  manner  to  meet  the 
enemy. 

2.  3Ianagement  with  address  or  artful  de- 
sign. 

MANEU'VER,  v.  i.  To  move  or  change  po- 
sitions among  troops  or  ships,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  advantageous  attack  or  defeiise; 
or  in  military  exercise,  for  the  purpose  of 
discipline. 

2.  To  manage  with  address  or  art. 

MANEU'VER,)'. t.  To  change  the  positions 
of  troops  or  ships. 

MANEUVERED,  pp.  Moved  in  position. 

MANEU'VERING,  ppr.  Changing  the  po- 
sition or  order  for  advantageous  attack  or 
defense. 

MAN'FUL,  a.  [man  and  full.]  Having  the 
spirit  of  a  man  ;  bold  ;  brave ;  courag- 
eous. 

2.  Noble  ;  honoralile. 

MAN'FULLY,  adv.  Boldly  ;  courageously  ; 
honorably. 

MAN'FULNESS,  71.  Boldness;  courageous- 
ness. 

MAN'GABY,  n.  A  monkey  with  naked  eye- 
lids ;  the  white-eyed  monkey. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 

MAN'GANESE,  n.  A  metal  of  a  dusky 
white,  or  whitish  gray  color,  very  hard  and 
difticult  to  fuse.  It  never  occurs  as  a  nat- 
ural product  in  a  metallic  state.  The  sub- 
stance usually  so  called  is  an  oxyd  of  man- 
ganese, but  not  pure.  Cyc.     Henry. 

MANGANE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  man- 
ganese; consisting  of  it  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities.  Seybert. 

MANGANE'SIATE,  n.  A  compound  of 
manganesic  acid,  with  a  base. 

MANGANE'SIe,  a.  Obtained  from  manga- 
nese ;  as  the  manganesic  acid.  Henry. 
[Manganic  is  ill  formed.] 

MANGANE'SIOUS,  a.  Manganesious  acid 
is  an  acid  with  a  minimum  of  oxygen. 

Hennj. 

MANG'€ORN,  ?i.  [Sax.  meji^a;i,  to  mix,  and 
corn.] 

A  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,  or  other  spc-| 
cics  of  grain.     [N'ot  used  in  Jlmcrica.] 

MaNgE,  71.  [Fr.  mangeaison.]  The  scab] 
or  itch  in   cattle,  dogs   and  other  beasts. 

MANGEL-WURZEL,  n.  [G.  mangel,  want, 
and  wurzel,  root.] 

The  root  of  scarcity,  a  plant  of  the  beet 
kind. 

MaNgER,  71.  [Fr.  mangeoire,  from  manger,\ 
to  eat,  L.  mando.]  ! 

1.  A  trough  or  box  in  which  fodder  is  laid 


for  cattle,  or  the  place  in  which  horses 

and  cattle  are  fed. 
2.  In  ships  of  tear,  a  space  across  the  deck. 

within    the  hawse-holes,  separated  from 

the  after  part  of  the  deck,  to  prevent  the 

water  which  enters  the  hawse-holes  from 

running  over  the  deck. 
MANgER-BOARD,  71.  The  bulk-head  on  a 

ship's  deck  that  separates  the  manger  from 

the  other  part  of  the  deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

MANtilNESS,  71.  [from  mangy.]  Scabbiness : 

infection  of  the  mange. 
MAN'GLE,  I',  t.  [D.  mangelen,  G.  mangeln, 

to  want.    Qu.] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  dull  instrument  and  tear, 
or  to  tear  in  cutting ;  to  cut  in  a  bungling 
manner  ;   applied  chief y   to  the  cutting  of 

fesh. 

And   seized  with   fear,  forgot  his  mangled 
meat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  curtail ;  to  take  by  piece-meal. 
MAN'GLE,  71.   [Dan.  mangle  ;  G.   mange  ; 

D.  mangel ;  from  L.  mango.] 

1.  A  rolling  press  or  calender  for  smoothing 
cloth. 

2.  A  name  of  the  mangrove,  which  see. 
MAN'GLE,  V.  t.  To  smooth  cloth  with  a 

mangle ;  to  calender. 

MAN'GLED,/)p.  Torn  in  cutting ;  smoothed 
with  a  mangle. 

MAN'GLER,  n.  One  who  tears  in  cutting  ; 
one  who  uses  a  mangle. 

MAN'GLING,p;jr.  Lacerating  in  the  act  of 
cutting ;   tearing. 

2.  Smoothing  with  a  mangle. 

MAN'GO,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  mango  tree,  a 
native  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Mangifera.  It  is  brought  to  us  only  when 
pickled.  Hence  mango  is  the  green  fruit 
of  the  tree  pickle<l.  Encyc. 

2.  A  green  nniskmelon  pickled. 

MAN'GONEL,  7).  [Fr.  mangoneau.]  An  en- 
gine formerly  used  for  throwing  stones 
and  battering  walls. 

MAN'GONISM,  n.  The  art  of  setting  oft"  to 
advantage.     Ohs. 

MAN'GONiZE,  r.  t.  To  polish  for  setting 
oft' to  advantage.     Ohs.  B.Jonson. 

MAN'GOSTAN,     }        A  tree  of  the  East 

MANGOSTEE'N,  \  "•  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Garcinia.  so  called  from  Dr.  Garcin,  who 
described  it.  The  tree  grows  to  the  liighth 
of  18  feet,  and  hears  fruit  of  the  size  of  a 
crab  apple,  the  pulp  of  which  is  very  deli- 
cious food.  Encyc. 

MAN'GROVE,  77.  A  tree  of  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  otherwise  called  mangle,  and 
of  the  genus  Rhizophora.  One  species, 
the  black  mangle,  grows  in  waters  on  the 
sides  of  rivers.  The  red  mangrove  does 
not  grow  in  water.  Its  wood  is  of  a  deep 
red  color,  compact  and  heavy.  The  soft 
part  of  the  bark  of  the  white  mangrove  is 
formed  into  ropes.  Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  a  fish.  Pennant. 

M.\NgY,  a.  [from  mange.]  Scabby  ;  infect- 
ed with  the  mange.  Shak. 

MAN'IIATER,  n.  [man  a.m\hale.]  One  who 
hates  mankind  ;  a  misanthrope. 

MAN'HQQD,  n.  [man  and  hood.]  The  state  of 
one  who  is  a  man,  of  an  adult  male,  or  one 
who  is  advanced  beyond  puberty,  boy- 
hood or  childhood  ;  virility. 

2.  Virility  ;  as  opposed  to  womanhood. 

Dryden 


MAN 

3.  Human  nature  ;  as  the  manAoorf  of  Christ. 

4.  The  qualities  of  a  man  ;  courage  ;  brave- 
ry ;  resolution.     [Little  iised.]  Sidney. 

MA'NIA,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.]  Madness. 

MAN'IABLE,  a.  Manageable;  tractable 
[JVo<  in  uje.l  Bacon 

MA'NIAC,  a.  [L.  Tnaniacus.]  3Iad ;  raving 
with  madness ;  raging  with  disordered  in- 
tellect. Cr""- 

MA'N1A€,  n.  A  madman;  one  raving  with 
madness.  Shenstone. 

MANI'ACAL,  a.  Affected  with  madness 

MANlellE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Mani-' 

MANieHE'AN,  )      One  of  a  sect  in  Persia, 

MANI€HEE',  ^  who  maintained  that 
there  are  two  supreme  principles,  the  one 
good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce  all  the 
happiness  and  calamities  of  the  world. 
The  first  principle,  or  light,  they  held  to 
be  the  author  of  all  good  ;  the  second,  or 
darkness,  the  author  of  all  evil.  The  found- 
er of  the  sect  was  Manes.  Encyc. 

MAN'ICHEISM,  n.  [supra.]  The  doctrines 
taught,  or  system  of  principles  maintain- 
ed by  the  Manichees.  Encyc.     Milner 

MAN'icIlORD,      I        [Fr.  manichordion.'] 

MANICORD'0^f,  S"'  A  musical  instru- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  spinnet,  whose  strings 
like  those  of  the  clarichord,  are  covered 
with  little  pieces  of  cloth  to  deaden  and 
soften  their  sounds  ;  whence  it  is  called  the 
dumb  spinnet.  Encyc. 

MAN'l€ON,  n.  A  species  of  nightshade. 

MAN'IFEST,  a.  [L.  manifestus,  Ir.  meanan. 
plain,  clear ;  minighim,  to  make  smooth,  to 
polish,  to  explain.  Clearness  maybe  from 
polishing,  or  from  opening,  expanding,  ex 
tending.] 

1.  Plain  ;  open  ;  clearly  visible  to  the  eye  or 
obvious  to  the  understanding  ;  apparent ; 
not  obscure  or  difficult  to  be  seen  or  im- 
derstood.  From  the  testimony,  the  truth 
we  conceive  to  be  manifest. 

Thus  manifest  to  sight  the  god  appeared. 

Dryden. 
That  which  may  be  known  of  God  is  mani- 
fest in  them.   Rom.  i. 

2.  Detected ;  with  of. 

Calistho  there  stood  manifest  of  shame. 
[Unumial.]  Dryden. 

MAN'IFEST,  n.  An  invoice  of  a  cargo  of 
goods,  imported  or  laden  for  export,  to  be 
exhibited  at  the  custom-house  by  the  mas- 
ter of  the  vessel,  or  the  owner  or  shipper. 
MAN'IFEST,     I      [It.  manifesto ;  L.mani 
MANIFEST'O,  ^  "•  -  "      ~ 


MAN 


festtts,  manifest 
A  public  declaration,  usually  of  a  prince  or 
sovereign,  showing  his  intentions,  or  pro- 
claiming his  ojiinions  and  motives ;  as  a 
manifesto  declaring  the  purpose  of  a  prince 
to  begin  war,  and  explaining  his  motives. 
[Manifesto  onlv  is  now  used.]  Addison. 
MAN'IEEST,  i.  t.  [L.  manifesto.]  To  re- 
veal; to  make  to  appear;  to  show  plain 
ly  ;  to  make  public  ;  to  disclose  to  the  eye 
or  to  the  understanding. 

Nothing  is  hid,  whicli  sliall  not  be  manifested. 
Mark  iv. 

He  that  lovcth  me,  shall  be  loved  of  my 
Father,  and  I  will  love  him,  and  will  manifest 
myself  to  him.  John  iv. 

Thy  life  did  manifest  thou  lov'dst  me  not. 

Shak. 
9.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit  more  clearly  to  the 
view.     The  wisdom  of  God  is  manifested 
in  the  order  and  harmony  of  creation. 

Vol.  II. 


MANIFESTA'TION.n.  The  act  of  disclos 
ingwhat  is  secret,  unseen  or  obscure;  dis- 
covery to  the  eye  or  to  the  understanding 
the  exhibition  of  any  thing  by  clear  evi 
dence ;  display  ;  as  the  manifestation  of 
God's  power  in  creation,  or  of  his  benev- 
olence in  redemption. 

The  secret  manner  in  which  acts  of  mercy 
ought  to  be  performed,  requires  this  public  man- 
ifestation of  them  at  the  great  day. 

Mterbury 

MAN'IFESTED,  pp.  Made  clear ;  disclos- 
ed ;  made  apparent,  obvious  or  evident. 

MANIFEST'IBLE,  a.  That  may  be  made 
evident.  Broivn 

MAN'IFESTING,  ppr.  Showing  clearly; 
making  evident ;  disclosing ;  displaying. 

Bacon. 

MAN'IFESTLY,  adv.  Clearly;  evidently; 
plainly  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  or 
understood. 

MAN'IFESTNESS,  n.  Clearness  to  the 
sight  or  mind  ;  obviousness. 

MANIFESTO.  [See  Manifest.] 

MAN'IFOLD,  a.  [tnany  am]  fold.]  Of  divers 
kinds  ;  many  in  number  ;  nunieious  ;  mul- 
tiplied. 

0  Lord,  how  man  fold  are  thy  works!  Ps. 
civ. 

1  know  yourniam/oW transgressions.  Aniosv 

Exhibited  or  appearing  at  diver.?  times  or 
in  various  ways ;  applied  to  tvords  in  the 
singidar  number ;  as  the  manifold  wisdom 
of  God,  or  his  manifold  grace.  Eph.  iii 
1  Pet.  iv. 

MAN'IFOLDED,  a.  Having  many  doublings 
or  complications ;  as  a  manifolded  shield. 
[ivb<  used.]  Spenser. 

MAN'IFOLDLY,  adv.  In  a  manifold  man- 
ner ;  in  many  ways.  Sidney. 

MAN'IFOLDNESS,  Ji.  Multiplicity. 

Shencood. 

MANIG'LIONS,  n.  In  gunnery,  two  han- 
dles on  the  back  of  a  piece  of  ordnance, 
after  the  German  way  of  casting.     Bailey. 

MAN'IKIN,  n.  A  little  man.  Shak. 

MAN'IL,        )       [Sp.   manilla,   a    bracelet, 

MANIL'LA,  I  "■  from  L.  manus,  Sp.  mano, 
the  hand.] 

A  ring  or  bracelet  worn  by  persons  in  Africa. 

Herbert. 

MA'NIO€,      i       A  plant  of  the  genus  Ja- 

MA'NIHOC,  >  n.  tropha,  or  Cassada  plant. 

MA'NIHOT,  )  It  has  palmated  leaves, 
with  entire  lobes.  Encyc. 

Manioc  is  an  acrid  plant,  but  from  its 
root  is  extracted  a  pleasant  nourishing 
substance,  called  cassava.  This  is  obtain- 
ed by  giating  the  root,  and  pressing  out 
the  juice,  which  is  an  acrid  and  noxious 
poison.  The  substance  is  then  dried 
and  baked,  or  roasted  on  a  plate  of  hot 
iron.  Fourcroy. 

MAN'IPLE,  n.  [L.  manipulus,  a  handful. 
Qu.  L.  manus  and  the  Teutonic/H?/.] 

1.  A  handful. 

2.  A  small  band  of  soldiers;  a  word  applied 
only  to  Roman  troops. 

3.  A  fanon,  or  kind  of  ornament  worn  about 
the  arm  of  a  mass  priest ;  or  a  garment 
worn  by  the  Romish  priests  when  they 
officiate.  Sp.  Diet. 

MANIP'ULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mani- 
ple. 

12 


MAN 

MANIPULA'TION,  »i.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  manip- 
olaxione,  from  manipolare,  to  work  with 
the  hand,  from  L.  manipulus,  supra.] 
In  general,  work  by  hand ;  manual  opera- 
tion ;  as  in  mining,  the  manner  of  digging 
ore  ;  in  chimistry,  tlie  operation  of  prepar- 
ing substances  for  experiments  ;  in  phar- 
macy, the  preparation  of  drugs. 
MAN'KILLER.n.  [man  and  kUl.]  One  who 

slays  a  man. 
MAN'KILLING,  a.  Used  to  kill  men. 

Dryden. 
MANKIND,  n.  [man  and  kind.  This  word 
admits  the  accent  either  on  the  first  or 
second  syllable;  the  distinction  of  accent 
being  inconsiderable.] 
The  race  or  species  of  human  beings. 
The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  man. 

Pope. 
A  male,  or  the  males  of  the  lunnan  race. 

Thou  shall  not  lie  with  mankind  as  w  illi  wo- 
mankind. Lev.  xviii. 
MANKIND,  u.  Resembling  man  in  form,  not 
woman.  Frobisher. 

MAN' LESS,  a.  [»«««  and  less.]  Destitute  of 
men ;  not  manned  ;  as  a  boat.  [LAtUe 
zised.]  Bacon. 

MAN'LIKE,  a.  Having  the  proper  qualities 
of  a  man.  Sidney. 

2.  Of  man's  nature.  Milton. 

MAN'LINESS,  n.  [from  manly.]  The  quali- 
ties of  a  nian ;   dignity  ;  bravery  ;  bold- 
ness. Locke. 
MAN'LING,  n.  A  Uttle  man.         B.  Jonson. 
MAN'LY,  a.  [man  and  like.]    Manlike  ;  be- 
coming a  man  ;  firm  ;  brave ;  undaunted. 
Serene  and  manly,  hardened  to  sustain 
The  load  of  life—                                 Dryden. 

2.  Dignified  ;  noble ;  stately- 
He  moves  with  man/y  grace.  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  adult  age  of  man  ;  as  a 
manly  voice. 

4.  Not  boyish  or  womanish  ;  as  a  manly 
stride.  Shak. 

MAN'LY,  adv.  With  courage  like  a  man. 


MAN'NA,7i.  [Ar.     •  L-«    mauna,  to  provide 
necessaries  for  one's  household,  to  sustain, 

s  -      J 

to  feed  them  ;  n'j^^  munahon,  provis- 
ions for  a  journey.  This  seems  to  be  the 
true  original  of  the  word.  In  Irish,  (nann 
is  wheat,  bread  or  food.  Class  Mn.  No.  3.] 
1.  A  substance  miraculously  furnished  as 
food  for  the  Israelites  in  their  journey 
through  the  wilderness  of  Arabia.  Ex. 
xvi. 

Josephus,  Ant.  B.  iii.  1.  considers  the 
Hebrew  word  [n  man,  to  signify  u-hal.  In 
conformity  with  this  idea,  the  seventy 
translate  the  passage,  Ex.  xvi.  L5.  ti  rirt 
rorro?  what  is  this  ?  which  rendering 
.seems  to  accord  with  the  following  words, 
for  they  knew  not  wluit  it  was.  And  in 
the  Encyclopedia,  the  translators  are 
charged  with  making  Moses  fall  into  a 
plain  contradiction.  Art.  Manna.  But 
Christ  and  his  apostles  confirm  the  com- 
mon version  :  "  Not  as  your  fathers  ate 
manna,  and  are  dead."  John  vi.  58.  Ileb.  ix. 
4.  And  we  have  other  evidence,  that  the 
present  version  is  correct ;  for  in  the  same 
chapter,  Moses  directed  Aaron  to  "  take  a 
pot  and  put  a  homer  full  of  manna  there- 
in."   Now  it  would  be  strange  language 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


to  say,  put  an  homer  full  of  what,  or  ivhal 
is  it.  So  also  verse  35.  "  The  children  of 
Israel  ate  manna  forty  years,  &c."  In 
both  verses,  the  Hebrew  word  is  the  same 
as  in  verse  15. 

9.  In  the  materia  medico,  the  juice  of  a  cer- 
tain tree  of  the  ash-kind,  the  Fraxinus  or- 
iius,  or  flowering  ash,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
Calabria,  and  other  parts  of  the  south  ol 
Europe.  It  is  either  naturally  concreted, 
or  e-xsiccated  and  purified  by  art.  The  best 
manna  is  in  oblong  pieces  or  flakes  of  a 
whitish  or  pale  yellow  color,  light,  friable, 
and  somewhat  transparent.  It  is  a  mild 
la.xative.  Encyc.    Hooper. 

MAN'NER,  n.  [Fr.  maniere  ;  It.  maniera ; 
Sp.  manera  ;  Artn.  manyell ;  D.  G.  manier  ; 
Dan.  maneer;  Sw.  maner.  This  word 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Fr.  manier,  Arm. 
manea,  to  handle,  from  Fr.  maiti,  Sp.  It. 
mano,  Port.  7nam,  L.  manus,  the  hand.] 

I .  Form ;  method  ;  way  of  performing  or 
executing. 

Find  thou  the  manner,  and  the  means  pre- 
pare. Dryden. 

3.  Custom  ;  habitual  practice. 

Show  them  the  manner  of  the  king  that 
shall  reign  over  them.  This  will  be  the  manner 
of  the  king.    1  Sara.  viii. 

Paul,  as  his  manner  was —   Acts  xvii. 
;t.  Sort ;  kind. 

Ve  tithe  mint  and  rae,  and  all  manner  of 
herbs.  Luke  xi. 

They  shall  say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you 
falsely —    Matt.  v. 

In  this  application,  manner  has  the  sense 
of  a  plural  word ;  all  sorts  or  kinds. 

4.  Certain  degree  or  measure.  It  is  in  a 
manner  done  already. 

The  bread  is  in  a  manner  common.  1  Sam. 
xxi. 

This  use  may  also  be  sometimes  defined 
by  sort  or  fashion ;  as  we  say,  a  thing  is 
done  after  a  sort  or  fashion,  that  is,  not 
well,  fully  or  perfectly. 

Augustinus  does  in  a  manner  confess  the 
charge.  Baker. 

5.  Mien;  cast  of  look;  mode. 

Air  and  manner  are  more  expressive  than 
words.  Clarissa. 

C.  Peculiar  way  or  carriage  ;  distinct  mode. 
It  can  hardly  be  imagined  how  great  a  differ- 
ence was  in  the  humor,  disposition  and  manner 
of  the  army  under  Essex  and  that  under  Waller. 

Clarendon. 
A  man's  company  may  be  known  by  his  man- 
ner oi  expressing  h\m?eV.  Swifl 

7.  AVay  ;  mode  ;  of  things. 

The  temptations  of  prosperity  insinuate  them- 
selves after  a  gentle,  but  very  powerful  manner. 

Atterbury. 

8.  Way  of  service  or  worship. 

The  nations  vfhich  thou  hast  removed  and 
placed  in  the   cities  of  Samaria,  know  not  the 
manner  of  the  god  of  the  land —  2  Kings  vii. 
0.  In  painting,  the  particular  habit  of  a  paint- 
er ill  managing  colors,  lights  and  shades. 

Encyc. 
MAN'NER,  V.  I.  To  instruct  in  manners. 

Shak. 
MAN'NERISM,  n.  Adherence  to  the  same 
manner;  uniformity  of  manner. 

Edin.  Rev. 
MAN'NERIST,  n.  An  artist  who  performs 
his  work  in  one  unvaried  manner. 

Churchili 


MAN'NERLINESS,n.  The  quality  ofbeingj 
civil  and  respectful  in  behavior  ;  civility; 
complaisance.  Hale., 

MAN'NERLY,  a.  Decent  in  external  de- 
portment;  civil;  respectful ;  complaisant; 
not  rude  or  vidgar. 

What  thou  think'st  meet  and  is  most  maii- 
nerly.  Shak. 

MAN'NERLY,  adv.  With  civility  ;  respect- 
fully ;  without  rudeness.  Shak. 
MAN'NERS,  n.  plu.  Deportment ;  carriage  ; 
behavior;  conduct;  course  of  life  ;    in  a 
moral  sense. 

Evil  communications  corrupt  good  manners. 
1  Cor.  XV. 

Ceremonious  behavior ;  civility ;  decent 
and  respectful  deportment. 

Shall  we,  in  our  applications  to  the  great  God, 
take  that  to  be  religion,  which  the  common 
reason  of  mankind  wiU  not  allow  to  be  manners  ? 

South. 
A  bow  or  courtesy  ;  as,  make  your  man- 
ners ;  a  popular  use  of  the  ivord. 
MAN'NISH,  a.  [from  man.]  Having  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  man  ;  bold  ;  niascidine  ;  as 
a  maniiish  countenance. 

A  woman  impudent  and  mannish  grown. 

Shak. 
MANOM'ETER,   n.    [Gr.  ^0.05,  rare,   and 

lief  pop,  measure.] 
An  instrument  to  measure  or  show  the  al- 
terations in  the  rarity  or  density  of  the  air. 

Encyc. 
MANOMET'RI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

manometer  ;  made  by  the  manometer. 
MAN'OR,  71.  [Fr.  manoir,  Arm.  maner,  a 
country  house,  or  gentleman's  seat ;  W.i 
maenan  or  maenawr,  a  manor,  a  district! 
hounded  by  stones,  from  maen,  a  stone. 
The  word  in  French  and  Armoric  signifies] 
a  house,  a  habitation,  as  well  as  a  manor  ;[ 
and  in  this  sense,  the  word  would  be  nat- 
urally deducible  from  L.  maneo,  to  abide. 
But  the  etymology  in  Welsh  is  not  im- 
probably the  true  one.] 
The  land  belonging  to  a  lord  or  nobleman, 
or  so  much  land  as  a  lord  or  great  person- 
age formerly  kept  in  his  own  hands  for  the 
use  and  subsistence  of  his  family.  In  these 
days,  a  manor  rather  signifies  the  jurisdic- 
tion and  royalty  incorporeal,  than  the  land 
or  site;  for  a  man  may  have  a  manor  in 
gross,  as  the  law  terms  it,  that  is,  the  right 
and  interest  of  a  court-baron,  with  the  per 
quisites  thereto  belonging.  Cowet. 

MAN'OR-HOUSE,  )       The  house  belong- 
MAN'OR-SEAT,     ^  "•  ing  to  a  manor, 
MANORIAL,  ) 
MANE'RIAL,  ^  " 

They  have  no  civil  liberty ;  their  children  be 
long  not  to  them,  but  to  their  manorial  lord. 

Tooke. 

MAN'PLEASER,    ?i.     [man  and  pleaser. 

One  who  pleases  men,   or  one  who  takes 

uncommon  pains  to  gain  the  favor  of  men. 

Swift. 
MAN'QUELLER,   n.    [man  and  qitell.]     A 

mankiller;  amanslayer;  a  murderer.  [JVol 

Kserf.]  Carew. 

MANSE,  71.  mans.  [L.  jnansio,  from  maneo 

to  abide.] 
\.  A   house  or   habitation  ;    particularly,   a 

parsonage  house.     A  capital  manse  is  the 

manor-house  or  lord's  court. 
3.  A  farm. 
JIAN'SERVANT,  n.  A  male  servant. 


MAN'SION,  n.    [L.  mansio,  from  maneo,  to 
dwell.] 

Any  place  of  residence ;  a  house ;  a  hab- 
itation. 

Thy  mansion  wants  thee,  Adam,  rise. 

Milton. 
In  my  Father's  house  are  many  mansions. 
John  xiv. 

The  house  of  the  lord  of  a  manor. 
Residence ;  abode. 
These  poets  near  our  princes  sleep, 
And  in  one  grave  their  mansions  keep. 

Denham. 

MAN'SION,  V.  i.  To  dwell ;  to  reside. 

Mede. 

MAN'SIONARY,  a.  Resident;  resident- 
iary ;  as  mansionary  canons.  Encyc. 

MAN'SION-HOUSE,  n.  The  house  in 
which  one  resides;  an  inhabited  house. 

Blackslone. 

MAN'SIONRY,  n.  A  place  of  residence. 
[M>t  used.]  Shak. 

MANSLAUGHTER,  ?i.  [man  and  slaugh- 
ter.    See  Slay.] 

In  a  general  sense,  the  killing  of  a  man  or 
of  men  ;  destruction  of  the  human  spe- 
cies ;  murder.  Ascham. 
In  laiv,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  man  with- 
out malice,  express  or  implied.  This  may 
be  voluntary,  upon  a  sudden  heat  or  e.x- 
citemeut  of  anger ;  or  involuntary,  but  in 
the  commission  of  some  unlawful  act. 
Manslaughter  differs  from  murder  in  not 
proceeding  from  malice  prepense  or  de- 
liberate, which  is  essential  to  oonstitute 
murder.  It  differs  from  homicide  excusa- 
ble, being  done  in  consequence  of  some 
unlawful  act,  whereas  e.\cusable  homicide 
happens  in  consequence  of  misadventiu'e. 

Blackslone. 

MAN'SLAYER,  n.  One  that  has  slain  a 
human  being.  The  IsraeUtes  had  cities 
of  refuge  for  7nanslayers. 

MAN'STEALER,  n.  One  who  steals  and 
sells  men. 

MAN'STEALING,n.  The  act  of  steaHng  a 
human  being. 

MAN'SUETE,  a.  [L.  riwnsuetus.]  Tame; 
gentle ;  not  wild  or  ferocious.  [lAttle 
used.]  Rcy- 

MAN'SUETUDE,  n.  [L.  7nansueludo.] 
Tameness;  mildness  ;  gentleness.  Herbert. 

MAN'TA,  n.  [Sp.  inanta,  a  blanket.]  A  flat 
fish   that  is  very  trotiblesome   to  pearl- 


Pertaining  to  a  inanor. 


Encyc. 

of   mantle.]      A 

cloke    worn  by 

Johnson. 


fishers. 

MANTEL.  [See  Mantle.] 

MAN'TELET,  )       [dim. 

MANT'LET,     <  "'  small 
women. 

2.  In  fortif  cation,  a  kind  of  movable  parapet 
or  penthouse,  made  of  planks,  nailed  one 
over  another  to  the  higlith  of  almost  six 
feet,  cased  with  tin  and  set  on  wheels. 
In  a  siege,  this  is  driven  before  pioneers, 
to  protect  them  from  the  enemy's  small 
shot.  Harris. 

MANT'IGER,  rather  mantichor,  or  manti- 
cor,  n.  [L.  manticora,  mantichora,  Gr.  fiavti- 
X^fo-i-] 

A  large  monkey  or  baboon.  Arhuthnot. 

MAN'TLE,  ?i.  [Sux.  mantel,  mentcl ;  It.  Sp. 
■manto  ;  G.  D.  mantel ;  W.  mantcll.  Qu. 
Gr.  ftavSvi,  fiai'Si'ttj,  a  cloke,  from  the  Per- 
sic.    In  W.  mant  is  that  which  shuts.] 

L  A  kind  of  cloke  or  loose  garment  to  be 
worn  over  other  garments. 


MAN 


MAN 


MAN 


The  herald   and  children  are  clothed  with 
mantles  of  satin.  Bacon. 

2.  A  cover. 

Well  covered  with  the  night's  black  mantle. 

Shak. 

3.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as  the 
mantle  of  charity. 

MAN'TLE,  V.  t.  To  cloke ;  to  cover ;  to 
disguise. 

So  the  rising  senses 
Begin  to  chase  th'  ignorant  fumes,  that  manf/e 
Their  clearer  reason.  Shak. 

MAN'TLE,  V.  i.  To  expand  ;  to  spread. 
The  swan  with  arched  neck 
Between  her  white  wings  mantling,  rows 
Her  state  with  oary  feet.  Milton 

2.  To  joy;  to  revel.  Johnson 

My  frail  fancy,  fed  with  full  delights. 
Doth   bathe  in  bliss,  and  mantleth  most  at 
ease.  Spenser 

[Qu.  is  not  the  sense  to  be  covered  or 
wrapped,  to  rest  collected  and  secure  .•'] 

3.  To  be  expanded ;  to  be  spread  or  ex- 
tended. 

He  gave  the  mantling  vine  to  grow, 

A  trophy  to  his  love.  Fenton 

4.  To  gather  over  and  form  a  cover ;  to  col- 
lect on  the  surlUce,  as  a  covering. 

There  is  a  sort  of  men,  whose  visages 
Do  cream  and  mantle  like  a  standing  pond. 

Shak 
And  the  brain  dances  to  the  mantling  bowl. 

Pope. 

5.  To  rush  to  the  face  and  cover  it  with  a 
crimson  color. 

When  mantling  blood 
Flow'd  in  his  lovely  cheeks.  Smith 

[Fermentation  cannot  be  deduced  from 
mantling,  otherwise  than  as  a  secondary 

MAN'TLE,  \  „    The  piece  of  tim- 

MAN'TLE-TREE,  \       her  or  stone  in  front 

of  a  chimney,  over  the  fire-place,  restin 

on  the  jambs.  Encyc. 

[This  word,  according  to  Johnson,  sig 

nihes  the  work  over  the  fire-place,  which 

we  call  a  mantle-piece.] 
MANTLE-PIECE,  I       Tlie  work  over  a 
MAN'TLE-SHELF,  \  "'  fire-place,  in  front 

of  the  chimney. 
MANT'LING,     n.    In  heraldry,  the  repre 

seutation  of  a  mantle,  or  the  drapery  of  a 

coat  of  arms. 
MAN'TO,n.  [It.]  A  robe  ;  a  cloke.      Ricaut. 
MANTOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  fioirem,  divination, 

and  >.oyo5,  discourse.] 
The  act  or  art  of  divination  or  prophesying 

[Little  used.] 
MAN'TUA,  n.  [Fr.  manteau.     See  Mantle. 

A  lady's  gown.  Pope. 

MAN'TUA-MAKER,  n.     One  who  makes 

gowns  for  ladies.  Mdison 

iMAN'U.'VL,  a.    [L.  manualis,  from  manus, 

the  hand,  W.  man.] 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand  ;  as  manual  labor 
or  operation. 

9.  Used  or  made  by  the  hand  ;  as  a  deed  un- 
der the  king's  sign  manual. 

MAN'UAL,  n.  A  small  book,  such  as  may 
be  carried  in  the  hand,  or  conveniently 
handled;  as  a  i/iajiuaJ  of  laws.  Hale. 

2.  Tlie  service  book  of  the  Romish  church. 

Stillingjleet. 

Mamtal  exercise,  in  the  military  art,  the  e.\- 
ercise  by  which  soldiers  are  taught  the  use 
of  their  muskets  and  other  arms. 

MAN'UARY,  a.  Done  by  the  hand.  [Ao/ 
used.]  Folhcrby. 


MANU'BIAL,  o.  [L.  manubialis,  from  manu- 

bia,  spoils.] 
Belonging  to  spoils  ;   taken  in  war.     [Little 

used.] 
MANUDUC'TION,  »i.  [L.  manus,  hand,  and 

rfitdi'o,  a  leading.]  Guidance  by  the  hand. 
Glanvitlc.     South. 
MANUDU€'TOR,  n.  [L.  mamis,  hand,  and 

ductor,  a  leader.] 
An  officer  in  the  ancient  church,  who  gave 

the  signal  for  tlie  choir  to  sing,  who  beat 

time  and  regulated  tlie  music.  Enajc. 

MANUFACTORY,  n.    [See  Manufacture.] 

A  house  or  place  where  goods  are  tnanii- 

fiictured. 
MANUFAC'TURAL,  a.  Pertaining  or  rela- 
ting to  manufactures. 
MANUFACTURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ?najius, 

hand,  anAfacio,  to  make.] 

1.  The  operation  of  making  cloth,  wares, 
utensils,  paper,  books,  and  whatever  is 
used  by  man  ;  'the  operation  of  reducing 
raw  materials  of  any  kind  into  a  form 
suitable  for  use,  by  the  hands,  by  art  or 
machinery. 

2.  Any  thing  made  from  raw  materials  I>y 
the  hand,  by  machinery,  or  by  art ;  as 
cloths,  iron  utensils,  shoes,  cabinet  work, 
sadleiy,  and  the  like. 

MANUFACTURE,  v.  I.  To  make  or  fab- 
ricate from  raw  materials,  by  the  hand,  by 
art  or  machinery,  and  work  into  forms 
convenient  for  use ;  as,  to  manufacture 
cloth,  nails,  or  glass. 

2.  To  work  raw  materials  into  suitable  forms 
for  use  ;  as,  to  manufacture  wool,  cotton, 
silk  or  iron. 

MANUFA€'TURE,  v.i.  To  be  occupied  in 
manufactures.  Bosicelt. 

MANUFA€'TURED,  pp.  Made  from  raw 
materials  into  forms  for  use. 

MANUFACTURER,  n.  One  who  works 
raw  materials  into  wares  suitable  for  use. 

2.  One  who  employs  workmen  for  manu- 
facturing ;  the  owner  of  a  manufactory. 

MANUFA€'TURING,  ppr.  Making  goods 
and  wares  from  raw  materials. 

MANUMISE,  for  manumit,  not  used. 

MANUMIS'SION,  a.  [L.  manumissio.  See 
Manumit,] 

The  act  of  liberating  a  slave  from  bondage, 
and  giving  him  freedom.  Arbuthnot. 

MAN'UMIT,  V.  t.  [L.  manumitto;  manus, 
hand,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  release  from  slavery  ;  to  liberate  from 
personal  bomlage  or  servitude  ;  to  free,  as 
a  slave.  Dryden. 

MANUMITTED,  pp.  Released  from  sla- 
very. 

MAN'UMITTING,  ppr.  Liberating  from 
personal  bondage. 

MANU'RABLE,  a.  [from  manure.]  That 
may  be  cultivated.  This,  though  the  ori- 
ginal sense,  is  rarely  or  never  used.  The 
jiresent  sense  of  manure,  would  give  the 
following  signification. 

2.  That  may  he  manured,  or  enriched  by 
manure. 

MANU'RAuE,  ji.  Cultivation.     [JVolused.] 

Warner. 

MANU'RANCE,  n.  Cultivation.  [Ao<  used. 

Spenser. 

MANU'RE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  manxuvrer,  but  in  a 
difTerent  sense  ;  Norm,  mainoverer,  to  ma- 
nure ;  main,  L.  7nanus,  baud,  and  ouvrer, 
to  work,  L.  operor.] 


1.  To  cultivate  by  manual  labor;  to  till. 
[In  this  sense  not  now  used.]  Milton. 

2.  To  apply  to  land  any  fertilizing  matter, 
as  dung,  compost,  ashes,  lime,  fish,  or  any 
vegetable  or  animal  substance. 

3.  To  fertilize;  to  enrich  with  nutritive  sub- 
stances. 

The  corps  of  half  her  senate  . 
Manure  the  fields  of  Thcssaly.  JldJison. 

MANU'RE,  71.  Any  matter  which  fertilizes 
land,  as  the  contents  of  stables  and  barn- 
yards, marl,  ashes,  lish,  salt,  and  every 
kind  of  animal  and  vegetable  substance 
applied  to  land,  or  capable  of  furnishing 
nutriment  to  plants. 

MANU'RED,  pp.  Dressed  or  overspread 
with  a  fertilizing  substance. 

MANLT'REiMENT,  n.  Cultivation;  improve- 
ment.    [Little  used,]  H'arton, 

MANU'RER,  n.  One  that  manures  lands. 

MANU'RING,  ppr.  Dressing  or  overspread- 
ing land  with  manure;  fertilizing. 

.MANU'RING,  n.  K  dressing  or  spread  of 
manure  on  land.  Mitford. 

M.-VN'USCRIPT,  71.  [h.manu  scriptum,  writ- 
ten with  the  hand  ;  It.  mamiscritlo  ;  Fr. 
manuscrit,] 

A  book  or  paper  written  with  the  hand  or 
pen. 

MANUSCRIPT,  a.  Written  with  the  hand  : 
not  printed. 

MANUTEN'ENCY,  7i.  Maintenance.  [Ao< 
in  use.]  Sancrofl. 

MANY,  a.  men'ny,  [Sax.  mmneg,  maneg,  or 
menig ;  D.  menig ;  G.  mancher;  Dan. 
mange  ;  Sw.  m&nge  ;  Sax.  menigeo,  a  mul- 
titude ;  Goth,  manags,  many  ;  managei,  a 
multitude  ;  Russ.  mnogei,  many ;  mnoju, 
to  multiply.  It  has  no  variation  to  ex- 
press degrees  of  comparison  ;  more  and 
most,  which  are  used  for  the  comparative 
and  superlative  degrees,  are  from  a  differ- 
ent root.] 

1.  Numerous  ;  comprising  a  great  number 
of  individuals. 

Thou  shall  be  a  father  of  many  nations.  Gen. 
xvii. 

Not  many  wise  men  after  the  flesh,  not  many 
mighty,  noi  many  noble,  are  called.     1   Cor.  i. 

Many  are  the  alflictions  of  the  righteous.  Ps. 
xxxiv. 

It  is  often  preceded  by  as  or  so,  and  fol- 
lowed by  so,  indicating  an  equal  number. 
As  many  books  as  you  take,  so  many  shall 
be  charged  to  yonr  account. 

.So  many  laws  argue  so  many  sins.     Millon. 

It  is  also  followed  by  as. 

As  many  as  were  willing-hearted  brought 
bracelets.     Ex.  x.vxiv. 

It  precedes  an  or  a,  before  a  noun  in  the 
singular  number. 

Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene. 

Gray. 

2.  In  low  language,  preceded  by  too,  it  de- 
notes powerful  or  much  ;  as,  they  are  too 
many  for  us.  UEstrange, 

MANY,  71.  men'ny.  A  multitude ;  a  great 
number  of  individuals;  the  people. 

0  thou  fond  many.  Shak. 

The  vulgar  and  the  many  are  fit  only  to  be 

led  or  driven.  South. 

MANY,  71.  men'ny.  [Norm.  Fr.  meignee.] 
A  retinue  of  servants;  household.    Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MANY'-CLEFT',  a.  Multifid ;  having 
many  fissures.  Martyn. 


MAR 


MAR 


MAR 


MANY-€5L'ORED,   a.  Having  many  col 
ors  or  hues.  Pope. 

MANV-COR'NERED,  a.  Having  many  cor- 
ners, or  more  than  twelve  ;  polygonal. 

Dryden. 
IVIANV-FLOW'ERED,   a.     Having  many 
flowers.  Martyn. 

MANY-HEAD'ED,  a.  Having  many  heads; 
as  a  many-headed  monster ;  many-headed 
tyranny.  Dryden. 

MANV-LAN'GUAgED,  o.  Having  many 
languages.  Pope. 

AIANY-LE'AVED,  a.    Polyphyllous ;  hav- 
ing many  leaves.  Martyn. 
MANY-MASTERED,    a.     Having   many 
masters.                                           J.  Barloiv. 
MANY-P-ARTED,  a.  Multipartite ;  divided 
into  several  parts ;  as  a  corol.         Martyn. 
MANY-PE'OPLED,   a.    Having  a  numer- 
ous population.  Sandys. 
MANY-PET'ALED,  a.  Having  many  pet- 
als.                                                      Martyn. 
MANY-TVVINK'LING,  a.  Variously  twink- 
ling or  gleaming.  Gray. 
MANY-VALV'ED,  a.  Multivalvular;  hav- 
ing many  valves.                               Martyn. 
MAP,    n.      [Sp.  mapa ;    Port,   mappa ;    It 
mappamonda.      Qu.   L.  mappa,  a  cloth  or 
towel,  a  Punic  word ;  Rabbinic  NSD.  Maps 
may  have  been  originally  drawn  on  cloth.] 
A  representation  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
or  of  any  part  of  it,  drawn  on  paper  or 
otlier  material,  exhibiting  the  lines  of  lat- 
itude and  longitude,  and  the  positions  of 
countries,   kingdoms,    states,   mountains, 
rivers,  &c.     A  map  of  the  earth,  or  of  a 
large  portion  of  it,  comprehends  a  repre- 
sentation of  land  and  water ;  but  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  continent  or  any  portion  of 
land  only,  is  properly  a  map,  and  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  ocean  only  or  any  portion 
of  it,  is  called  a  chart.     We  say,  a  map  of 
England,    of  France,  of  Europe  ;  but  a 
chart  of  the  Atlantic,  of  the  Pacific,  &c. 
MAP,  V.  t.  To  draw  or  delineate,  as  the  fig- 
ure of  any  portion  of  land.                   Shak. 
MA'PLE,               I       A  tree  of  the  genus 
MA'PLE-TREE,  ^  "'  Acer,  of  several  spe- 
cies.    Of  the  sap  of  the  rock  maple,  sugar 
is  made  in  America,  in  great  quantities,  by 
evaporation. 
MAPLE-SU'GAR,    n.    Sugar  obtained  by 
evaporation  from  the  juice  of  the  rock 
maple. 
MAP'PERY,   n.    [from  map_ 

planning  and  designing  maps.  Shak. 

M'AR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  merran,  mirran,  myrran,' 
amyrran,  to  err,  to  deviate,  to  hinder,  to 
lose,  scatter  or  waste,  to  draw  from  or  mis- 
lead, to  corrujit  or  deprave ;  Sp.  marrar, 
to  deviate  from  truth  and  justice;  marro, 
want,  defect;  Ir.  mearaighim  ;  Gr.  aftop- 
ta-ju,  [qii.  Gr.  ^apaivu,  L.  rnarceo ;]  It. 
smarrire,  to  miss,  to  lose  ;  smarrimento,  a 
wandering.] 

1.  To  injure  by  cutting  off  a  part,  or  by 
wounding  and  making  defective  ;  as,  to 
mar  a  tree  by  incision. 

I  piay  yon,  mar  no  more  trees  by  writing 
Ponc;s  in  their  l>arlis.  Shati. 

Neither  shall  tliou  mar  the  corners  of  thy 
heard.     Lev.  xi\. 

2.  To  injure;  to  hurt;  to  impair  tlie  strength 
or  purity  of 

When  brewers  mar  their  malt  with  water. 

Shak 


3.  To  injure ;  to  diminish  ;  to  interrupt. 
But  mirth  is  marred,  and  the  good  cheer  is 

lost.  Dryden 

4.  To  injure  ;  to  deform  ;  to  disfigure. 
Ire,  envy  and  despair 

Marr'd  all  his  borrow'd  visage.  Milton 

His  visage  was   so  marred  more  than  any 
man.     is,  lii. 

Moral  evil  alone  mars  the  intellectual  works 

of  God.  Buclfminster. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete  in  America.] 

MAR,  in  nightmar,     [See  JVightmar.] 

M'AR,  n.  An  injury.     Obs. 

2.  A  lake.     [See  Mere.] 
MAR'A€AN,    n.     A  species  of  parrot  in 

Brazil. 

MAR'AeOCK,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Passiflora. 

MARANA'THA,  n.  [Syriac]  The  Lord 
comes  or  has  come  ;  a  word  used  by  the 
apostle  Paul  in  expressing  a  curse.  This 
word  was  used  in  anathematizing  persons 
for  great  crimes ;  as  much  as  to  say,  "  may 
the  Lord  come  quickly  to  take  vengeance 
on  thee  for  thy  crimes."  Calmet. 

MAR' ANON,  n.  The  proper  name  of  a 
river  in  South  America,  the  largest  in  the 
world ;  most  absurdly  called  Amazon. 

Garcilasso. 

MARAS'3IUS,  n.  [Gr.  ;uapaa^o;,  from  /<a- 
pawu,  to  cause  to  pine  or  waste  away.] 

Atrophy  ;  a  wasting  of  flesh  without  fever  or 

apparent  disease;  a  kind  of  consumption. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

MARAUD',  t).  i.  [Fr.  maratirf,  a  rascal ;  Eth. 

<^^,?  marad,  to  hurry,  to  run.  The 
Ileb.  Tio  to  rebel,  may  be  the  same  word 
differently  applied.  "Class  Mr.  No.  22. 
The  Danish  lias  the  word  in  maroder,  a 
robber  in  war,  a  corsair.  So  corsair  is 
from  L.  cursus,  curro.] 

To  rove  in  quest  of  plunder;  to  make  an  ex- 
cursion for  booty  ;  to  plunder. 

MARAUD'ER,  n.  A  rover  in  quest  of  booty 
or  plunder;  a  plunderer  ;  usually  applied 
to  smalt  parties  of  soldiers. 

MARAUDTNG,  ppr.  Roving  in  search  of 
plunder. 

MAR.\UD'ING,  71.  A  roving  for  plunder ;  a 
plundering  by  invaders. 

MARAVE'DI,  )i.    A  small  copper  coin  of 

Spain,    equal    to   three    mills   American 

money,  less  than  a  farthing  sterling. 

The  art  of  M'ARBLE,  n.  [Fr.marbre ;  iip.marmol;  It. 

marmo ;  h.  marmor  ;   Gr.  f<apjuopo;,  white.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of  cal- 
carious  stone  or  mineral,  of  a  compact 
texture,  and  of  a  beautiful  appearance,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  good  polish.  The  varieties 
are  numerous,  and  greatly  diversified  in 
color.  Marble  is  limestone,  or  a  stone 
which  may  be  calcined  to  lime,  a  car- 
bonate of  lime ;  but  limestone  is  a  more 
general  name,  comprehending  the  calca- 
rious  stones  of  an  inferior  texture,  as  well 
as  those  which  admit  a  fine  polish.  Mar- 
ble is  much  used  for  statues,  busts,  pillars, 
chimney  pieces,  monuments,  &c. 
A  little  ball  of  marble  or  other  stone,  used 
by  children  iu  play. 

3.  A  stone  remarkable  for  some  inscription 
or  sculpture. 

Arundel  marbles,       ?    mai-ble  pieces  with  a 

Jlnmddian  marbles,  \    chronicle  of  the  city 

of  Athens  inscribed  on  them ;  presented  tol 


the  university  of  Oxford,  by  Thomas,  eari 
of  Arundel.  Encyc. 

MARBLE,  a.  Made  of  marble ;  as  a  marble 
pillar. 

2.  Variegated  in  color;  stained  or  veined 
like  marble  ;  as  the  marble  cover  of  a 
book. 

3.  Hard  ;  insensible ;  as  a  marble  heart. 
M'ARBLE,  1'.  /.    To  variegate  in  color  ;  to 

cloud;  to  stain  or  vein  like  marble  ;  as,  to 
marble  the  cover  of  a  book. 

M'ARBLED,  pp.  Diversified  in  color ;  vein- 
ed like  marble. 

MARBLE-HEARTED,  a.  Having  a  heart 
like  marble  ;  hard  hearted  ;  cruel ;  insen- 
sible ;  incapable  of  being  moved  by  pity, 
love  or  sympathy.  Shak. 

M'ARBLING,  ppr.  Variegating  in  colors  ; 
clouding  or  veining  like  marble. 

M^ARBLING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  va- 
riegating in  color,  in  imitation  of  marble. 

M'AR€ASITE,n.  [It.  marcassita ;  Fr.mar- 
cassite.] 

A  name  which  has  been  given  to  all  sorts  of 
minerals,  to  ores,  pyrites,  and  semi-met- 
als.    It  is  now  obsolete. 

JVicholson.    Hill.    Encyc. 

MAR€ASIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  marca- 
site ;  of  the  nature  of  marcasite.      Encyc. 

MARCES'CENT,  a.  [L.  inarcescens,  mar- 
cesco.]     Withering  ;  fading  ;  decaying. 

MARCES'SIBLE,  a.  That  may  wither; 
liable  to  decay. 

MARCH,  n.  [L.  Mars,  the  god  of  vi'ar.] 
The  third  month  of  the  year. 

M'ARCH,  V.  i.  To  border  on;  to  be  contig- 
uous to.     Obs.  Gower. 

M'ARCH,  v.i.  [Fr.  inarcher;  Sp.  Port. 
marchar ;  G.  marschiren  ;  It.  marciare,  to 
march,  to  putrefy,  L.  marceo,  Gr.  juapaww ; 
Basque,  mariatu,  to  rot.  The  senses  of 
the  Italian  word  unite  in  that  of  passing, 
departing.     See  Mar.] 

1.  To  move  by  steps  and  in  order,  as  sol- 
diers ;  to  move  in  a  military  manner.  We 
say,  the  army  marched,  or  the  troops 
marched. 

2.  To  walk  in  a  grave,  deliberate  or  stately 
maimer. 

Like  thee,  great  son  of  Jove,  like  thee, 

When  clad  in  rising  majesty. 

Thou  marchest  down  o'er  Delos'  hills. 

Prior. 

M'ARCH,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  move,  as  au 

army.     Buonaparte  marched  an  immense 

army  to  Moscow,  but  he  did  not  march 

thsni  back  to  France. 

2.  To  cause  to  move  in  order   or  regular 

procession.  Prior. 

M'AR€H,   n.    [Fr.marche;    it.  marzo;    D. 

mark ;  G.  marsch.] 

1.  The  walk  or  movement  of  soldiers  in  or- 
der, whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  The 
troops  were  fatigued  with  a  long  march. 

2.  A  grave,  deliberate  or  solemn  walk. 

The  long  majestic  march.  Pope. 

3.  A  slow  or  laborious  walk.  Mdison. 

4.  A  signal  to  move  ;  a  particular  beat  of 
the  drum.  Knolks. 

5.  Movement ;  progression  ;  advance  ;  as 
the  marcAof  reason  ;  i\\e  march  of  mind. 

M'ARCHER,  n.  The  lord  or  oflicer  who 
defended  the  marches  or  borders  of  a  terri- 
tory. Davies. 

aPARCHES,  n.  plu.  [Sax.  mearc;  Goth. 
marka ;  Fr.  marches ;   D.  mark ;    Basque, 


MAR 


M  A  H 


M  A  R 


marra.     It  is  radically  the  same  word  as 
mark  and  march.] 

Borders  ;  limits ;  confines  ;  as  lord  of  the 
marches.  England. 

M'ARCHING,  ppr.  Moving  or  walking  in 
order  or  in  a  stately  manner. 

M'AKCHING,  n.  Military  movement ;  pass- 
age of  troops. 

MARCHIONESS,  n.  The  wife  or  widow 
of  a  marquis ;  or  a  female  having  the  rank 
and  dignity  of  a  marquis.  Spclman. 

M'ARCHPANE,  n.  [Fr.  massepain ;  L. 
panis,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit.  [J^ot  used.] 

Sidney. 

M'ARCID,  a.  [L.  marcidus,  from  marceo,  to 
piue.] 

Pining ;  wasted  away ;  lean  ;  withered. 

Dryden. 

M'AReOR,  n.  [L.]  The  state  of  withering 
or  wasting ;  leanness ;  waste  of  flesh. 
[Little  used.]  Harvey. 

MARE,  n.  [Sax.  myra ;  G.  mahre.]   The  fe 
male  of  the  horse,  or  equine  genus   of 
quadrupeds. 

2.  [Sax.  mara,  D.  merrie,  the  name  of  a 
spirit  imagined  by  the  nations  of  the  north 
of  Europe  to  torment  persons  in  sleep.] 
A  kind  of  torpor  or  stagnation  which 
seems  to  press  the  stomach  in  sleep  ;  the 
incubus.  [It  is  now  used  only  in  the  com- 
pound, nightmare,  which  ought  to  be  writ- 
ten nightmar.] 

MAR'ECA,  n.  A  species  of  duck  in  South 
America. 

MARE'NA,  n.  A  kind  of  fish  somewhat 
like  a  pilchard. 

M'ARESCHAL,  n.m'arshal.  [Fr.  marechal ; 
D.  G.  marschalk  ;  Dan.  marskalk,  composed 
of  W.  marc,  a  horse,  and  the  Teutonic 
scalk  or  skalk,  schalk,  a  servant.  This  word 
is  now  written  marshal,  which  see.]  The 
chief  commander  of  an  army.  Prior. 

M^ARGARATE,  n.  [L.  margarita,  a  pearl, 
from  the  Greek.] 

In  chimistry,  a  compound  of  margaric  acid 
with  a  base. 

MARGAR'le,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to 
jiearl.  The  margaric  acid  is  obtained  b} 
digesting  soap  made  of  hog's  lard  and  pot- 
ash, in  water.  It  appears  in  the  form  ot 
pearly  scales.  Cyc.\ 

M'ARGARIN,      }        A  peculiar  pearl-like 

MARGARINE,  ^  substance,  extracted! 
from  hog's  lard  ;  called  also  margariteand 
margaric  acid.  SlUiman. 

M'ARGARITE,  n.  A  pearl.  Peacham. 

2.  Margaric  acid. 

3.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish  white  color  found 
in  Tyrol.  Phillips. 

M'ARGAY,  n.  An  American  animal  of  the 
cat  kind. 

M'ARGIN,  Ji.  [formerly  marge  or  margent. 
Fr.  marge  ;  Arm.  mart ;  It.  margine  ;  Sp. 
margen  ;  L.  margo  \  Dan.  niarg-.  It  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  marches.] 

1.  A  border  ;  edge  ;  brink  ;  verge  ;  as  the 
margin  of  a  river  or  lake. 

2.  The  edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book, 
left  blank  or  filled  with  notes. 

3.  The  edge  of  a  wound. 

4.  In  botany,  the  edge  of  a  leaf.  Lee. 
M^ARGIN,  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  margin  : 

to  border. 
2.  To  enter  in  the  margin. 
M"AR(iINAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  margin. 


2.  Written  or  printed  in  the  margin ;  as  a 
marginal  note  or  gloss. 

.M'ARcilNALLY,  adv.  In  the  Diargia  of  a 
book. 

MARgINATED,  a.  Having  a  margin. 

M'ARGODE,  JI.  A  bluish  gray  stone,  re- 
sembling clay  in  external  appearance,  but 
so  hard  as  to  cut  spars  and  zeolites. 

J\/ic)iolson. 

M  ARGOT,  n.  A  fish  of  the  perch  kind, 
found  in  the  waters  of  Carolina.   Pennant. 

M'ARGRAVE,  ?i.  [D.  markgraff;  G.  mark- 
graf;  Dan.  margraeve ;  compounded  of 
mark,  march,  a  border,  and  graff,  graf  or 
grave,  an  earl  or  count.  See  Reeve  and] 
Sheriff.]  Originally,  a  lord  or  keeper  of 
the  marches  or  borders  ;  now  a  title  of  no- 
bility in  Germany,  &c. 

MARGRA'VIATE,  n.  The  territory  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a  margrave. 

MAR'IETS,  n.  A  kind  of  violet,  [violse 
marianK.l 

MARlG'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and 
gigno,  to  produce.]  Produced  in  or  by  the 
sea.  Kirwan 

MAR'IGOLD,  n.  [It  iscalled  in  \yelshg-oW, 
which  is  said  to  be  from  gol,  going  round 
or  covering.  In  D.  it  is  called  goudshloem, 
gold-flower ;  in  G.  ringelblume,  ring-flow- 
er; in  Dan.  guldblomst,  gold-flower.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Calendula,  bearing  a 
yellow  flower.  There  are  several  plants 
of  different  genera  bearing  this  name  ;  as 
the  African  marigold,  of  the  genus  Tagetes ; 
corw-marigold,  of  the  genus  Chrysanthe 
mum;  (ig-marigold,  of  the  genus  Mesem 
bryanthemum ;  inarsh-marigoW,  of  the 
genus  Caltha. 

MAR'IKIN,  n.  Aspeciesof  monkey  having 
a  mane.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

MAR'INATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  mariner,  from  ma 
rine.] 

To  salt  or  pickle  fish,  and  then  preserve  them 
in  oil  or  vinegar.     [Little  used.]     Johnson. 

MARINE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  marinus,  from 
mare,  the  sea,  W.  mor.  The  seven  lakes 
within  the  Delta  Venetum  were  formerly 
called  septem  maria,  and  mare  may  signify 
a  stand  of  water.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  as  marine  produc 
tions  or  bodies ;  marine  shells. 

2.  Transacted  at  sea ;  done  on  the  ocean ;  as 
a  matine  engagenent. 

3.  Doing  duty  on  the  sea;  as  a  marine  offi- 
cer; marine  forces. 

MARINE,  n.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  board 
of  a  ship  in  naval  engagements.     In  the 
plural,  marines,  a  body  of  troops  trained  to 
do  military  service  on  board  of  ships. 
The  whole  navy  of  a  kingdom  or  state. 

Hamilton. 

3.  The  whole  economy  of  naval  affairs,  com- 
])rehending  the  building,  rigging,  equip- 
ping, navigating  and  management  of  ships 
of  war  in  engagements. 

MAR'INER,  n.  [Fr.  marinier,  from  L.  m^ire, 
the  sea.] 

A  seaman  or  sailor ;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  assist  in  navigating  ships. 

MAR'IPUT,  n.  The  zoril,  an  animal  of  the 
skunk  tribe. 

MAR'ISH,  7!.  [Fr.  marais ;  Sax.  mersc ;  D. 
moeras  ;  G.  morast ;  from  L.  mare,  W.  mor, 
the  sea.] 

Low  ground,  wet  or  covered  with  water  and 


coarse  grass ;  a  fen ;  a  bog ;  a  moor.     It 
is  now  written  marsh,  which  see. 

Sandys.    Milton. 

MAR'ISH,  a.  Moory ;  fenny  ;  boggy. 

Bacon. 

MAR'ITAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  marittis,  Fr. 
mari,  a  husband.]  Pertaining  to  a  hus- 
band. ^  Ayliffe. 

MAR'ITIME,  a.  [L.  marilimus,  from  mare, 
the  sea.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  or 
ocean  ;  as  maritime  affairs. 

2.  Performed  on  the  sea ;  naval ;  as  mari- 
time ser^'ice. 

3.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ;  as  a  maritime  coast. 

4.  Situated  near  the  sea ;  as  maritime  towns. 

5.  Having  a  navy  and  commerce  by  sea ;  as 
maritime  powers. 

Maritimal  is  not  now  used. 
[Note.     We  never  say,  a  maritime  body,  a 
maritime  shell  or  production,  a  maritime  offi- 
cer or  engagement,  a  maritime  league.      See 
Marine.'] 

M'ARJORAM,  n.  [Fr.  marjolaine;  It.  mar- 
gorana ;  G.  majoran ;  D.  mariolien ;  Sp. 
mejorana  ;  Arm.  marjol ;  Port,  mangerona.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Origanum,  of  several 
species.  The  sweet  marjoram  is  peculiar- 
ly aromatic  and  fragrant,  and  much  used 
in  cookery.  The  Spanish  marjoram  is  of 
the  genus  Urtica.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

M'ARK,  71.  [Sax.  77iarc,  77iearc ;  D.merk;  G. 
viarke  ;  Dan.  ma-rke  ;  Sw.  mUrke ;  ^V.  marc  ; 
Fr.  marque ;  -Arm.  merc(/ ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
marca ;  Sans,  marcca.  Tlie  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  march,  and  with 
marches,  borders,  the  utmost  extent,  and 
with  market,  and  L.  mercor,  the  primary 
sense  of  which  is  to  go,  to  i)ass ;  as  we  see 
by  the  Greek  f^rtopcvofiai,  from  rtopfov^Mu, 
to  pass,  Eng.  fair,  and  fare.  Thus  in 
Dutch,  mark  signifies  a  mark,  a  boundary, 
and  a  march.    Class  Mr.  No.  7.  Ar.] 

1.  A  visible  line  made  by  drawing  one  sub- 
stance on  another;  as  a  7nar/i  made  by 
chalk  or  charcoal,  or  a  pen. 

2.  .\  line,  groove  or  depression  made  by 
stamping  or  cutting;  an  incision  ;  a  chan- 
nel or  impression  ;  as  the  mark  of  a  chis- 
el, of  a  stamp,  of  a  rod  or  whip  ;  the  mark 
of  the  finger  or  foot. 

3.  Any  note  or  sign  of  distinction. 

The  Lord  set  a  mark  upon  Cain.     Gen.  4. 
Any  visible  effect  of  force  or  agency. 

There  are  scarce  any  marks  left  of  a  subter- 
raneous tire.  .Addison. 
Any  apparent  or  intelligible  effect ;  proof, 
evidence. 

The  confusion  of  tongues  was  a  TiiarA-  of  sepa- 
ration. Bacon. 
Notice  taken. 

The  laws 
Stand  like  the  forfeits  in  a  barber's  shop, 
As  much  for  mock  as  mark.  Shak. 

Any  thing  to  which  a  missile  weapon  may 
he  directed. 

France  was  a  fairer  mark  to  shoot  at  than 
Ireland.  Daries. 

8.  Any  object  used  as  a  guide,  or  to  which 
the  mind  may  be  directed.  The  dome  of 
the  State  house  in  Boston  is  a  good  mark 
for  seamen. 

9.  Any  thing  visible  by  which  knowledge  of 
something  may  be  obtained;  indication; 
as  the  marks  of  age  in  a  horse.  Civility  is 
a  mark  of  politeness  or  respect.  Levity  is 
a  mark  of  wcaliness. 


M  A  11 


M  A  R 


M  A  R 


10.  A  clim-acter  made  by  a  person  vvlio  can- 
not wiite  his  name,  and  intended  as  a 
substitute  for  it. 

11.  [Fr.  marc,  Sp.  marco.]  A  weight  of  cer- 
tain commodities,  but  particularly  of  gold 
and  silver,  used  in  several  states  of  Eu- 
rope ;  in  Great  Britain,  a  money  of  ac 
count,  equal  to  thirteen  shillings  and  four 
pence.     In  some  countries,  it  is  a  coin. 

12.  A  license  of  reprisals.     [See  Marque.] 
MARK,  t>.  t.  [Sax.   mearcian;  D.   merkcn; 

G.  marken  ;  Dan.  marker ;  Sw.  marka , 
Fr.  marquer ;  Ann.  mercqa  ;  Port,  and  Sp. 
marcar ;  It.  marcare  ;  VV.  marciaa:] 

1.  To  draw  or  make  a  visible  line  or  charac- 
ter with  any  substance  ;  as,  to  mark  with 
chalk  or  with  compasses. 

2.  To  stamp ;  to  imprci?s ;  to  make  a  visible 
impression,  figure  or  indenture ;  as,  to 
mark  a  sheep  with  a  brand. 

3.  To  make  an  incision  ;  to  lop  off  a  part ; 
to  make  any  sign  of  distinction ;  as,  to 
mark  sheep  or  cattle  by  cuts  in  their  ears. 

4.  To  form  a  name  or  the  initials  of  a  name 
for  distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  cloth  ;  to  mark 
a  handkerchief. 

5.  To  notice ;  to  take  particular  observation 
of. 

jyfark  them  who  cause  divisions  and  offenses. 
Rom.  xvi. 

Mark  the  perfect  man,  and  behold  the  up- 
right, for  the  end  of  that  man  is  peace.  Ps. 
xx.xvii. 

6.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  Smith. 
To   mark  out,   to  notify,  as  by  a  mark  ;  to 

point  out ;  to  designate.     The  ringleaders 
were  marked  out  for  seizure  and  punish- 
ment. 
IVrARK,  I'.?.  To  note;  to  observe  critically; 
to  take  particular  notice  ;  to  remark. 

Mark,  I  pray  you,  and  see  how  this  man 
seeketh  miscWef.     1  Kings  xx. 

M'ARKABLE,  a.  Remarkable.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Sandys. 

M'ARKED,  ;)/).  Impressed  with  any  note  or 
figure  of  distinction  ;  noted  ;  distinguished 
by  some  character. 

M'ARKER,  n.  One  who  puts  a  mark  on 
any  tiling. 

2.  One  that  notes  or  takes  notice. 

MARKET,  n.  [D.  G.  markt ;  Dan.  mar- 
ked; Fr.  marche  ;  Arm.  marchad;  It.  mer- 
cato  ;  Sp.  Port,  mercado  ;  L.  mercalus,  from 
mercor,  to  buy  ;  W.  marcnat ;  Ir.  margadh. 
See  Mark.] 

1.  A  public  place  in  a  city  or  town,  where 
provisions  or  cattle  are  exposed  to  sale ; 
an  appointed  place  for  selling  and  buying 
at  private  sale,  as  distinguished  from  an 
auction. 

2.  A  public  building  in  which  provisions  are 
exposed  to  sale  ;  a  market-house. 

3.  Sale;  the  exchange  ofjirovisions  or  goods 
for  money ;  purchase  or  rate  of  purchase 
and  sale.  The  seller  .says  he  comes  to  a 
bad  market,  when  the  buyer  says  he  comes 
to  a  good  market.  We  say,  the  markets 
are  low  or  high  ;  by  which  we  understand 
the  price  or  rate  of  purchase.  We  say 
that  commodities  fin(i  a  quick  or  ready 
market ;  markets  are  dull.  We  are  not  able 
to  find  a  market  for  our  goods  or  provis- 
ions. 

4.  Place  of  sale  ;  as  the  British  market ;  the 
American  market. 

r<.  The  privilege  of  keeping  a  public  market. 


MARKET,  v.i.  To  deal  in  market ;  to  buy  l 

or  sell ;  to  make  bargains  for  provisions  or 

goods. 
MARKET-BELL,  71.  The  bell   that  gives 

notice  of  the  time  or  day  of  market. 
M  ARKET-CROSS,    n.    A    cross    set    up 

where  a  market  is  held. 
M'ARKET-DAV,  n.  The  day  of  a  public 

market. 
M'ARKET-FOLKS,  n.  People  that  come 

to  the  market.  Shak. 

MARKET-HOUSE,  n.   A  building  for  a 

public  market. 
M'ARKET-MAID,  n.  A  woman  that  brings 

things  to  market. 
M'ARKET-MAN,   n.    A   man  that  brings 

things  to  market. 
M>ARKET-PLACE,  n.    The  jdace   where 

provisions  or  goods  are  exposed  to  sale 

MARKET-PRICE,  )       The  current  price 

M'ARKET-RATE,  S  "■   of  commodities  at 

any  given  time. 
M>ARKET-TOWN,  n.  A  town  that  has  the 

privilege  of  a  stated  public  market. 
MARKET- Woman,    n.    A   woman  that 

brings  things  to  market  or  that  attends  a 

market  for  selling  any  thing. 
M'ARKETABLE,   a.    That  may  be  sold  ; 

salable.  Shak. 

2.  Current  in  market ;  as  viarkelaUe  value. 

Locke.     Edwards. 
M'ARKSMAN,  n.  [Mark  and   man.]     One 

that  is  skillful  to  hit  a  mark ;  he  that  shoots 

well.  Shak.     Drijden. 

2.  One  who,  not  able  to  write,  makes  his 

mark  instead  of  his  name. 
MARL,    n.    [W.    marl;    D.    Sw.   Dan.  G. 

mergel;    L.     Sp.    It.    marga;    Ir.  marla; 

Arm.  marg.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax. 

merg,  mearh ;  D.  merg,  marrow,  and  to  be 

named    fi-om    its  softness;    Eth.   "^Z^*] 
clay,  gypsum,  or  mortar.    See  Marroic] 

A  species  of  calcarious  earth,  of  different 
composition,  being  united  with  clay  or 
fuller's  earth.  In  a  crude  state,  it  effer- 
vesces with  acids.  It  is  foimd  loose  and 
friable,  or  more  or  less  indurated.  It  pos- 
sesses fertilizing  properties  and  is  much 
used  for  manure. 

Marl  is  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
clay  in  various  proportions.       Cleavetand. 

MARL,  V.  t.  To  overspread  or  manure  with 
marl. 

2.  To  fasten  with  marline.  Ainsivorth. 

MARLA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  marl; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  marl. 

M'ARLINE,  n.   [Sp.  merlin  ;  Port,  merlim.] 

A  small  line  composed  of  two  strands  little 
twi.sted,  and  either  tarred  or  white  ;  used 
for  winding  round  ropes  and  cables,  to 
prevent  their  being  fretted  by  the  blocks, 
&c.  Mar.  Diet. 

M^ARLINE,  V.  t.  To  wind  marline  round 
a  rope. 

M'ARLINE-SPIKE,  n.  A  small  iron  like  a 
large  spike,  used  to  open  the  bolt  rope 
when  the  sail  is  to  be  sewed  to  it,  &c. 

Bailer/. 

MARLING,  n.  The  act  of  winding  a  sma  ' 
line  about  a  rope,  to  prevent  its  being  gall 
ed. 

M^ARLITE,  n.    A  variety  of  marl. 

Kirwan. 

MARLIT'IC,  a.  Partaking  of  the  fpialities 
of  marlite. 


M'ARLPIT,  n.  A  pit  where  marl  is  dug, 

JFoodwarJ. 

M'ARLY,  a.  Consisting  in  or  partaking  of 

I     marl. 

(2.  Resembling  marl.  Mortimer. 

3.  Abounding  with  marl. 

M'ARMALADE,  n.  [Fr.  marmelade ;  Sp. 
mermelada ;  Port,  marmelada,  from  mar- 
melo,  a  quince,  L.  melo,  or  Sp.  melado,  like 
honey,  L.  met.] 

The  pulp  of  quinces  boiled  into  a  consist- 
ence with  sugar,  or  a  confection  of  plums, 
apricots,  quinces,  &c.  boiled  with  sugar. 
In  Scotland,  it  is  made  of  Seville  oranges 
and  sugar  only.  Qumci/.     Encyc. 

M>ARMAL1TE,  n.  [Gr. /xap^atpu,  to  shine.] 
A  mineral  of  a  pearly  or  metallic  luster;  a 
hydrate  of  magnesia.  JVuttall. 

MARMORA'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
like  marble.  [See  Marmorean,  the  more 
legitimate  word.] 

iMARMORATED,  a.  [L.  mnrmor,  marble.] 
Covered  with  marble.     [Little  used.] 

MARMORA'TION,  n.  A  covering  or  in- 
crusting  with  marble.     [Little  uscrf.] 

MARMOREAN,  a.  [L.  marmoreus.]  Per- 
taining to  marble. 

2.  Made  of  marble. 
M>ARMOSE,  n.  An  animal  resembling  the 

opossum,  but  less.     Instead  of  a  bag,  this 

animal  has  two  longitudinal  folds  near  the 

thighs,  which  serve  to  inclose  the  young. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

M'ARMOSET,  n.  A  small  monkey.     Shak. 

MARMOT,  n.  [It.  marmotla.]  A  quadru- 
ped of  the  genus  Arctomys,  allied  to  the 
murine  tribe.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the 
rabbit,  and  inhabits  the  higher  region  of 
the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  other  species  of  the  genus.  The 
woodchiick  of  North  America  is  called 
the  Maryland  marmot.  Ed.  Encyc. 

MAROON',  n.  A  name  given  to  free  blacks 
living  on  the  mountains  in  the  West  India 
isles. 

BIAROON',  V.  t.  To  put  a  sailor  ashore  on 
a  desolate  isle,  under  pretence  of  his  hav- 
ing committed  some  great  crime. 

Encyc. 

M^ARQUE,  }  ^j     [Fr.]     Letters    of  marque 

M'ARK,  \  '  are  letters  of  reprisal  ;  a 
license  or  extraordinary  commission 
granted  by  a  sovereign  of  one  state  to  his 
subjects,  to  make  reprisals  at  sea  on  the 
subjects  of  another,  under  pretense  of 
indemnification  for  injuries  received. 
Marque  is  said  to  be  from  the  same  root 
as  inarches,  limits,  frontiers,  and  literally 
to  denote  a  license  to  pass  the  limits  of  a 
jurisdiction  on  land,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  satisfaction  for  theft  by  seizing 
the  property  of  the  subjects  of  a  foreign 
nation.  I  can  give  no  better  account  of 
the  origin  of  this  word.  Lunier. 

3.  The  ship  commissioned  for  making  re- 
prisals. 

M'ARUUETRY,  n.    [Fr.  marqueterie,  from 

marque,  marqueter,  to  spot.] 
Inlaid  work ;  work  inlaid  with  variegations 

of  fine  wood,  shells,  ivory  and  the  like. 
.MARQUIS,  n.    [Fr.  id.;    Sp.  marques ;    It. 

mnrchese;    from    march,   marches,   limits. 

See  Marclies.] 
A  title  of  honor  in  Great  Britain,   next  to 

that  of  duke.    Originally,  the  marquis  was 

an  offu)er  whose  duty  was  to  guard  the 


M  A  R 

marches  or  frontiers  of  tlie  kingdom-  The 
office  has  ceased,  and  marquis  is  now  a 
mere  title  conferred  by  patent.         Encyc. 
MAIiaUIS,  n.   A  marchioness.     Obs. 

M  ARQlJISATE,n.  The  seigniory,  dignity, 

or  lordship  of  a  marquis. 
M'AIU;KR,  )i.  [from  mar.]  One  that  mars, 

hurts  or  impairs.  Ascham. 

MAKKIABLE,      for     marriageable.      [A'ot 

MAN'klAuE,  n.  [Fr.  manage,  from  marier, 
to  marry,  from  mari,  a  husband  ;  L.  mas, 
maris;  Sp.  viaridage.] 

The  act  of  uniting  a  man  and    woman  for 
hfe ;  wedlock ;  the  legal  union  of  a  man 
and  woman  for  life.     Marriage  is  a  con 
tract  both  civil  and  religious,   by  which 
the  parties  engage  to  live  together  in  mu 
tual  affection  and  fidelity,  till  death  shal 
separate  them.     Marriage  was  instituted 
by  God  himself  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting  the    promiscuous   intercourse   of] 
the  sexes,  for  promoting  domestic  felicity 
and  for  securing  the  maintenance  and  ed- 
ucation of  children. 

Mamage  is  honorable  in  all  and  the  bed  uii- 
defiled.     Hth.  xiii. 

2.  A  feast  made  on  the  occasion  of  a  mar- 
riage. 

The  kingdom  of  heaven  is  like  a  certain  kins 
who  made  a  marriage  for  his  son.     Malt.  xxii. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  the  union  between 
Christ  and  his  church  by  the  covenant  of 
grace.     Rev.  xix. 

MAR'RIAgEABLE,  a.  Of  an  age  suitahh 
for  marriage  ;  fit  to  be  married.  Young 
persons  are  marriageable  at  an  earlier  age 
in  warm  climates  than  in  cold. 

2.  Capable  of  union.  Milton 

MARRIAGE-ARTICLES,  ji.    Contract  or 
agreement  on  which  a  marriage  is  found 
ed. 

MAR'RIED,  pp.  [from  marr^.]  United  in 
wedlock. 

2.  a.  Conjugal ;  connubial ;  as  the  married 
state. 

MAR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  merg,  mearh  ;  D.  merg 
G.  tnark  ;  Dan.  marv ;    Sw.   mlirg;  Corn 
maru ;  Ir.  smir  and  smear;  W.  mfV,  mar- 
row ;  Ch.  Nin  mera,  to  make  fat ;  Ar.  to 
be  manly.     See  Marl.] 

1.  A  soft  oleaginous  substance  contained  in 
the  cavities  of  animal  bones. 

2.  The  essence  ;  the  best  part. 

3.  In   the    Scottish   dialect,   a 
fellow  ;  associate  ;  match. 

MAR'ROW,  V.  t.  To  fill  with  maiTow  or 
with  fat ;  to  glut. 

MAR'ROW-BONE,  n.  A  bone  containing 
marrow,  or  boiled  lor  its  marrow. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  The  bone  of  the  knee  ;  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. Drtjdcn 

MAR'ROWFAT,  n.  A  kind  of  rich  pea. 

3IAR'R0WISH,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  mar- 
row. Burton. 
MAR'ROWLESS,  a.   Destitute  of  marrow. 

Shak. 
MAR'ROWY,  a.  Full  of  marrow;  pithy. 
MAR'RY,    r.  t.    [Fr.  marier,  from  mari,  a 
husband  ;  L.  mas,  maris,  a  male  ;  Finnish 

£  -  -- 
mari  or  mord,  id. ;  Ar.  \ 


M  A  R 

manly,  masculine,  brave ;  whence  its  de- 
rivatives, a  man,  L.  vir,  a  husband,  a 
lord  or  master.  See  also  Ludolf,  Eth. 
Lex.  Col.  06.] 

1.  To  unite  in  wedlock  or  matrimony ;  to 
join  a  man  and  woman  for  life,  and  con- 
stitute them  man  and  wife  according  to 
the  laws  or  customs  of  a  nation.  By  the 
laws,  ordained  clergymen  have  a  right  to 
marry  persons  within  certain  limits  pre 
scribed. 

Tell  hini  he  shall  marry  the  couple  himself. 

Gay. 

2.  To  dispose  of  in  wedlock. 
Mecsnas  told  Augustus  he  must  eitlier  mar- 
ry his  daughter  Julia  to  Agtippa,  or  take  away 
his  life.  Sacon. 

[In  this  sen.ie,  it  is  properly  applicable  to 
females  only.] 

3.  To  take  for  husband  or  wife.  We  say,  a 
man  marries  a  wonjan  ;  or  a  woman  mar- 
ries a  man.  The  first  was  the  original 
sense,  but  both  are  now  well  authorized. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  unite  in  covenant,  or  in 
the  closest  connection. 

Turn,  O  backsliding  children,  sailli  Jcliovah, 
for  I  am  married  to  you.     Jer.  iii. 
MAR'RY,  !'.  I.    To  enter  into  the  conjugal 
state ;  to  unite  as  husband  and  wife ;  to 
take  a  husband  or  a  wife. 

If  the  case  of  the  man  be  so  with  his  wife,  it 
is  not  good  to  marry.     Matt.  xix. 

I   will   therefore   that   the   younger  w 
marry.     I  Tim.  v. 
MAR'RY,  a  term  of  asseveration,  is  said  to 
have  been  derived  from  the   practice   ofl 
swearing  by  the  virgin  Mary.     It  is  obso 
lete. 

MARS,  n.   In  mythology,  the  god  of  war 
in  modem  usage,  a  planet ;  and  in  the  oldl 
chimistry,  a  term  tor  iron. 

M'ARSH,  It.  [Sax.  mersc ;  Fr.  marais ;  D. 
moeras ;  G.nwrast.  It  was  formerly  writ- 
ten marish,  directly  from  the  French.  Wej 
have  morass  liom  the  Teutonic.  See 
Moor.] 

A  tract  of  low  land,  usually  or  occasionally 
covered  with  water,  or  very  wet  and  miry, 
and  overgrown  with  coarse  grass  or  with 
detached  climips  of  sedge  ;  a  fen.  It  dif- 
fers from  swamp,  which  is  merely  moist 
or  spungy  land,  but  often  |)roducing  yal 
uable  crojis  of  grass.  Low  land  occasion 
ally  overflowed  by  the  tides,  is  called  salt 
marsh. 

M'ARSH-EL'DER,  n.  The  gelder  rose,  a 
species  of  Viburnum.  Lee. 

M\\RSH-MAL'LOW,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nns  Althoca. 

MARSH-BIAR'IGOLD,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Caltha. 

M  ARSH-ROCK'ET,  n.  A  species  of  water 
cresses.  Johnson. 

M".\RSIIAL,  n.  [Fr.  marcchal ;  D.  G.  mar- 
schalk  ;  Dan.  viarshnlk  ;  compounded  of  W. 
marc,  a  horse,  and  Teur.  scealc,  or  schalk, 
or  skalk,  a  servant.  The  latter  word  now 
signifies  a  rogue.  In  Celtic,  seal  or  scale 
signified  a  man,  boy,  or  .servant.  In  Fr. 
marechal,  Sp.  mariscal,  siguify  a  marshal, 
and  a  farrier.]  Originally,  an  officer  who 
had  the  care  of  horses;  a  groom.  In 
more  modern  usage, 

1.  The  chief  oflieer  of  arms,  whose  duty  it 
,         is  to  reaulate  combats  in  the  lists, 
"•'•a.   to    be  -  Johnson. 


companion 

Tusser 


M  A  R 


2.  One  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a 
feast  or  any  other  assembly,  directs  the 
order  of  procession  and  the  like. 

3.  A  harbinger;  a  pursuivant ;  one  who  goes 
before  a  prince  to  declare  his  coming  and 
j)rovide  entertainment.  Johnson. 

4.  In  France,  the  highest  military  officer. 
In  other  countries  of  Europe,  a  marshal  is 
a  military  ofiicer  of  high  rank,  and  called 

field-marshal. 

5.  In  Jtmerica,  a  civil  officer,  appointed  by 
the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  in  each  judicial  district,  answering 
to  the  sheriff  of  a  county.  His  duty  is  to 
execute  all  precepts  directed  to  him,  issu- 
ed under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States. 

An  officer  of  any  private  society,  appoint- 
ed to  regulate  tiieir  ceremonies  and  exe- 
cute their  orders. 

Earl  marshal  of  England,  the  eighth  officer 
of  state  ;  an  honorary  title,  and  personal, 
until  ma<le  hereditary  by  Charles  II,  in  the 
family  of  Howard.  During  a  vacancy  in 
the  office  of  high  constable,  the  earl  mar- 
shal has  jurisdiction  in  the  court  of  chiv- 
alry. Encyc. 
Earl  marshal  of  Scotland.  This  officer  for- 
merly had  command  of  the  cavalry,  under 
the  constable.  This  office  was  held  by 
the  family  of  Keith,  but  forfeited  by  re- 
bellion in  171.5.  Encyc. 
Knight  marshal,  or  marshal  of  the  king's 
house,  formerly  an  ofiicer  who  was  to  ex- 
ecute the  commands  of  the  lord  steward, 
and  have  the  custody  of  prisoners  com- 
mitted by  the  court  of  verge  ;  hence,  the 
name  of  a  prison  in  Southwark.  Encyc. 
Marshal  of  the  king's  bench,  an  officer  who 
has  the  custody  of  the  prison  called  the 
king's  bench,  in  Southwark.  He  attends 
on  the  court  and  has  the  charge  of  the 
prisoners  committed  by  them.  Encyc. 
MA'RSHAL,  V.  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to 
arrange  in  a  suitable  manner  ;  as,  to  mar- 
shal an  army  ;  to  marshal  troops.  Drydtn. 
o  lead,  as  a  harbinger.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Shak. 
3.  To  dispose  in  due  order  the  several  parts 
of  an  escutcheon,  or  the  coats  of  arms  of 
distinct  families.  Encyc. 

M'ARSH.ALED,   pp.    Arranged  in  due  or- 
der. 
MARSHALER,  n.  One   who  disposes  in 

due  order. 
M'ARSHALING,    ppr.    .Arranging   in  <lue 

order. 
M>ARSHALSEA,  n.  In  England,  the  pris- 
on in  Southwark,  belonging   to  the  mar- 
shal of  the  king's  household.  Johnson. 
Court  of  marshalsea,  a  couit   formerly  held 
before  the   steward  and   marshal   of  the 
kina's  house,  to  adminisler  justice  between 
the  king's  domestic  servants.     Blaekstont. 
M'ARSHALSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  mar- 
shal. 
M'ARSHY,  a.  [from  marsA.]  Wet;  boggy; 
fenny.  Dnjden. 
i2.  Produced  in  marshes ;  as  a  marshy  weed. 

Dryden. 
M'.ART,  n.  [from  market.]  .\  place  of  sale 
or  tralfick.  It  was  formerly  applied  chief- 
ly to  markets  and  fiiirsin  cities  and  towns, 
but  it  has  now  a  more  extensive  applica- 
tion.   We   say,  the   United   States  are  a 


M  A  11 


MAR 


M  A  S 


principal  mart  for  English  goods;  Eng- 
land and  France  are  the  marts  of  Ameri- 
can cotton. 

2.  Bargain  ;  purchase  and  sale.     [J^/ot  used.] 

'  Shak. 

M'ART,  V.  t.  To  buy  and  sell ;  to  traffick. 
[J\rot  used.]  Shak. 

MARTAGON,  n.  A  kind  of  lily.      Herbert. 

M^ARTEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  marteler.]  To  strike. 
Obs.  Obs. 

MARTEN.  [See  Martin.] 

M'ARTEN,  n.  [D.maiier;  G.  marder ;Fr. 
marte ;  Arm.  mart,  martr ;  Sp.  marta ;  It. 
martora.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Miistela,  or  weasel 
kind,  whose  fur  is  used  in  making  hats 
and  muffs. 

M^'VRTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  h.martialis;  Sp 
marcial ;  It.  marziale ;  from  L.  Mars,  the 
god  of  war.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  war  ;  suited  to  war  ;  as 
martial  equipage  ;  martial  music  ;  a  7nar- 
tial  appearance. 

2.  Warlike;  brave;  given  to  war;  as  a  mar 
tial  nation  or  people. 

3.  Suited  to  battle  ;  as  a  martial  array. 

4.  Belonging  to  war,  or  to  an  army  and  na- 
vy ;  opposed  to  civil  ;  as  martial  law ;  a 
court  martial. 

5.  Pertaining  to  Mars,  or  borrowing  the  prop- 
erties of  that  planet. 

The  natures  of  the  fixed  stars  are  esteemed 
martial  or  jovial,  according  to  the  colors  by 
which  they  answer  to  those  planets.     06s. 

Brown. 

6.  Having  the  properties  of  iron,  called  by 
the  old  chimists,  Mars. 

M'ARTIALISM,  )i.  Bravery;  martial  e,x- 
ercises.     [Not  in  use.]  Prince. 

M'ARTIALIST,  n.  A  warrior;  a  fighter, 
[Not  used.]  Howel. 

M'ARTIN,  n.  [Fr.  martinet;  Sp.  martinete. 
The  Germans  call  it  mauer-schwalbe,  wall 
swallow,  and  perhaps  the  word  is  formed 
from    the   root  of  L.   inurus,   W.   mur,  a] 
wall.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Hirundo,  which  forms 
its  nest  in  buildings.  It  was  formerly! 
written  by  some  authors  martlet.     Dryden.^ 

M'ARTINET,  )      In   military  language,   a: 

M'ARTLET,  ^  "'strict  disciplinarian  ;  so 
called  from  an  oiScerof  that  name. 

M'ARTINETS,  n.  In  ships,  martinets  are 
small  lines  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  sail, 
to  bring  it  close  to  the  yard  when  the  sail 
is  furled.  Bailey. 

M^ARTINGAL,  71.  [Fr.  martingale ;  It. 
Sp.  martingala.  The  Portuguese  call  it 
gamaira.] 

1.  A  strap  or  thong  fastened  to  the  girth  un 
der  a  horse's  belly,  and   at  the  other  end 
to  the  muss-roll,  passing  between  the  fore 
legs.  Encyc. 

2.  In  ships,  a  rope  extending  from   the  jib 
boom,   to  the  end  of  a  bumpkin   under 
the  cap  of  the  bowsprit.  Mar.  Diet. 

M'ARTINMAS,  n.  [Martin  and  mass.]  The 
feast  of  St.  Martin,  the  eleventh  of  Novem 
ber.  Johnson. 

M>ARTLET,  n.  [See  Martini.]  Martlets,  ii 
heraldry,  are  little  birds  represented  with- 
out feet,  used  as  a  mark  of  distinction  for 
younger  brothers  of  a  family,  who  are 
thus  admonished  that  they  are  to  trust  for 
promotion  to  the  wings  of  merit.     Encyc. 


M'ARTYR,  n.  [Gr. //opT'iip,  a  witness.]  One 
who,  by  his  death,  bears  witness  to  the 
truth  of  the  gospel.  Stephen  was  the  first 
christian  martyr. 

To  be  a  martyr  signifies  only  to  witness  the 
truth  of  Christ.  '  South. 

2.  One  who  suffers  death  in  defense  of  any 
cause.  We  say,  a  man  dies  a  martyr  to  his 
poHtical  principles  or  to  the  cause  of  liber- 
ty- 

M'ARTYR,  V.  t.  To  put  to  death  for  ad- 
hering to  what  one  believes  to  be  the 
truth ;  to  sacrifice  one  on  account  of  his 
faith  or  profession.  Pearson. 

2.  To  murder  ;  to  destroy.  Chaucer. 

M^ARTYRDOM,  n.  The  death  of  a  martyr ; 
the  suffering  of  death  on  account  of  one's 
adherence  to  the  faith  of  the  gospel. 

He  intends  to  crown  their  innocence  with  the 
glory  of  nia)<^rdom.  Bacon. 

MARTYRIZE,  v.  t.  To  offer  as  a  martyr, 
[Utile  ttsed.]  Spenser. 

MARTYROLOG'l€AL,  a.  Registering  or 
registered  in  a  catalogue  of  martyrs. 

MARTYROL'OOIST,  n.  A  writer  of  mar 
tyrology,  or  an  account  of  martyrs. 

MARTYROL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ^prvp,  a  wit- 
ness, and  Xoyoj,  discourse.] 

A  history  or  account  of  martyrs  with  their 
sufferings;  or  a  register  of  martyrs. 

StiUingfleet. 

M'ARVEL,  n.  [Fr.merveiUe;\v.miorbhaille; 
It.  maraviglia ;  Sp.  maravilla  ;  Port,  mo- 
ravilha ;  Arm.  mart  ;  L.  mirabilis,  won 
derful,  from  miror,  Ch.  Syr.  "im  de 
mar,  to  wonder,  L.  demiror.  We  have  the 
primary  sense  in  the  Armoric  miret,  to 
stop,  hold,  keep,  guard,  hinder ;  for  to 
wonder,  admire  or  be  astonished,  is  to 
stop,  to  hold,  to  be  fixed,  which  exactly 
expresses  the  fact.  The  Russian  zamira- 
yu,  to  he  astonished,  is  the  same  word  with 
a  prefix,  and  from  miryu,  to  pacify  or  ap- 
pease, that  is,  to  stop,  to  allay.  From  the 
same  root  or  family,  probably,  we  have 
moor,  to  moor  a  ship,  Sp.  Port,  amar- 
rar,  Fr.  amarrer,  to  moor,  and  demeurer,  to 
dwell  or  abide.  So  also  L.  mora,  delay, 
and  perhaps  morior,  W.  maru,  to  die,  mu- 
ms, a  wall,  Eng.  demur,  &c.  Class  Mr. 
No.  32.] 

1.  A  wonder  ;  that  which  arrests  the  atten- 
tion and  causes  a  person  to  stand  or  gaze 
or  to  pause.  [This  word  is  nearly  obso- 
lete, or  at  least  little  used  in  elegant  wri- 
tings.] 

2.  Wonder ;  admiration. 

Marvel  of  Peru,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Mirabi- 
lis. 

M'ARVEL,  V.  i.  To  wonder.  It  expresses 
less  than  astonish  or  amaze.  [Nearly  obso 
lete.] 

M'ARVELING,  ppr.  Wondering. 

M'ARVELOUS,  a.  [Fr.  merveilleux ;  It. 
marviglioso.] 

1.  Wonderful;  strange;  exciting  wonder  or 
some  degree  of  surprise. 

This  is  the  Lord's  doing ;  it   is  marvelous  in 
our  eyes.     Ps.  cxviii. 

2.  Surpassing  credit;  incredible.  Pope. 

3.  The  marvelous,  in  writings,  is  that  which 
exceeds  natural  power,  or  is  preternatural ; 
opposed  to  probable.  Johnson 

4.  Formerly  used  adverbially  for  wovderful 
ly,  exceedingly. 


M'ARVELOUSLY,  adv.  Wonderfully ; 
strangely  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder 
or  surprise.  Clarendon. 

M'ARVELOUSNESS,  n.  Wonderfulness  ; 
strangeness. 

MA'RY-BUD,  n.  The  marigold.  Shak. 

M^ASCLE,  n.  m''asl.  In  heraldry,  a  lozenge, 
as  it  were  perforated.  Todd. 

M"AS€UL1NE,  a.  [Fr.  masculin;  L.  mas- 
culinus,  from  masculus,  mas,  or  the  Ir. 
modh,  Polish  maz,  Bohemian  muz,  Slavon- 
ic, mosch.'] 

1.  Having  the  quahties  of  a  man;  strong  ; 
robust ;  as  a  masculine  body. 

2.  Resembling  man ;  coarse ;  opposed  to 
delicate  or  soft ;  as  masculine  features. 

3.  Bold  ;  brave  ;  as  a  masculine  spirit  or 
courage. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  »na.scuKne  gender  of  words 
is  that  which  expresses  a  male,  or  some- 
thing analagous  to  it ;  or  it  is  the  gender 
appropriated  to  males,  though  not  always 
expressing  the  male  sex. 

Encyc.     Johnson. 

M^ASeULINELY,  adv.  Like  a  man. 

B.  Jonson. 

M>AS€ULINENESS,  n.  The  quaUty  or 
state  of  being  manly  ;  resemblance  of  man 
in  qualities ;  as  in  coarseness  of  features, 
strength  of  body,  boldness,  &c. 

MASH,  n.  [G.  meischen,  to  mis,  to  mash  ; 
Sp.  mascar,  to  chew,  Fr.  macher,  for  mMS- 
cher,  L.  mastico.] 

1.  A  mixture  or  mass  of  ingredients,  beaten 
or  blended  together  in  a  promiscuous  man- 
ner. 

2.  A  mixture  for  a  horse.  Far.  Did. 

3.  A  mesh.  [See  Mesh,  the  more  common 
orthography.] 

MASH,  V.  t.  To  beat  into  a  confused  mass. 

2.  To  bruise  ;  to  crush  by  beating  or  press- 
ure ;  as,  to  7nash  apples  in  a  mill. 

3.  To  mix  malt  and  water  together  in  brew- 
ing. 

MASH'ED,  pp.  Beat  into  a  mass;  bruised  ; 
crushed  ;  mixed  into  a  mash. 

MASH'ING,  ppr.  Beating  into  a  mass; 
bruising ;  crushing. 

MASH'ING-TUB,  n.  A  tub  for  containing 
the  mash  in  breweries. 

MASH'Y,  a.  Produced  by  crushing  or  bruis- 
ing. Thomson. 

M'ASK,  n.  [Fr.  masque;  It.  maschera;  Sp. 
Port,  mascara ;  Arm.  masel ;  D.  masker ; 
G.  maske.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  face  ;  that  which  conceals 
the  face,  especially  a  cover  with  apertures 
for  the  eyes  and  mouth  ;  a  visor.  A  mask 
is  designed  to  conceal  the  face  from  be- 
holders, or  to  preserve  the  complexion 
from  injury  by  exposure  to  the  weather 
and  the  rays  of  the  sun.  Encyc. 

2.  That  which  disguises;  any  pretense  or 
suhterfiige.  Prior. 

3.  A  festive  entertainment  of  dancing  or 
other  diversions,  in  which  the  company  all 
wear  masks ;  a  masquerade.  Shak. 

4.  A  revel  ;  a  hustle  ;  a  piece  of  mummery. 
This  thought  might  lead  through  this  world's 

vain  mask.  Milton. 

5.  A  dramatic  performance  written  in  a  trag- 
ic style,  without  attention  to  rules  or 
probability.  Peacham. 

0.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  sculpture  repre- 
senting some  grotesque  form,   to  fill  and 


MAS 


MAS 


M  A  S 


adorn  vacant  places,  as  in  friezes,  pannels 
of  doors,  keys  of  arches,  &c.  Encyc. 

M^ASK,  V.  t.  To  cover  the  face  for  conceal- 
ment or  defense  against  injury ;  to  conceal 
with  a  mask  or  visor.  Mdison. 

2.  To  disguise  ;  to  cover ;  to  hide. 

Masking  the  business  from  the  common  eye. 

Shak. 

MASK,  v.L  To  revel;  to  play  the  fool  in 
masquerade. 

2.  To  he  disguised  in  any  way.  Shak. 

MASKED,  pp-  Having  the  face  covered ; 
concealed  ;  disguised. 

2.  a.  In  iotoiy,  personate. 

M'ASKER,  n.  One  that  wears  a  mask ;  one 
that  plays  the  fool  at  a  masquerade. 

M'ASKERY,  n.  The  dress  or  disguise  of  a 
masker.  Marston. 

M'ASK-HOUSE,  n.  A  place  for  masquer- 
ades. Bp.  Halt. 

M'ASKING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  mask; 
concealing. 

MASLIN.  [See  Mcslin.] 

MA'SON,  n.  ma'sn.  [Fr.  magon  ;  Arm.  mac 
zonn  ;  1).  mdselaar.  In  Sp.  mazoneria  is 
masonry,  as  if  from  mazo,  a  mallet,  maza 
a  club,  a  mace.  It  is  prohably  from  the 
root  of  mix  or  mash,  or  more  probably  of 
mass,  and  denotes  one  that  works  in  mor- 
tar.    See  JWas*.] 

1.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  lay  bricks 
and  stones,   or  to   construct   the  walls  of 
buildings,  chimneys   and  the   like,  whic 
consist  of  bricks  or  stones. 

2.  A  member  of  the  fraternity  of  free  masons. 
MASON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the   craft  or 

mysteries  of  free  masons. 
MA'SONRY,  n.  [Fr.  mafonnerie;  Sp.  ma 
zoneria.] 

1.  The  art  or  occupation  of  a  mason. 

2.  The  work  or  performance  of  a  mason ;  as 
when  we  say,  the  wall  is  good  masonry. 

3.  The  craft  of  free  masons. 
MAS'ORA,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  work  on 

the  bible,  by  several  Rabbins. 

MASORET' iC,  a.  [Heb.  non,  to  deliver, 
whence  masora,  tradition,  whence  the 
Masontes,  the  adherents  to  the  tradition- 
ary readings  of  the  Scriptures.] 

Relating  to  the  Masorites,  who  interpreted 
the  Scriptures  by  tradition,  and  invented 
the  Hebrew  points  to  fix  the  true  reading 
and  pronunciation.  Whence  the  vowel- 
points  are  denominated  masoretic. 

MAS'ORITE,  n.  One  of  the  writers  of  the 
Masora. 

MASQUERA'DE,  n.  [It.  mascherata.  See 
Mask.] 

1.  A  nocturnal  assembly  of  persons  wearing 
masks,  and  amusing  themselves  with 
dancing,  conversation  and  other  diver- 
sions. 

In  courtly  balls  and  midnight  masquerades. 

Pope. 

2.  Disguise. 

I  came  to  visit  thee  in  masquerade.   Dryden. 

3.  A  Spanish  diversion  on  horseback. 

Clarendon. 
MASQUERA'DE,  v.  i.  To  go  in  disguise. 
2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Smfl. 

MASQUERA'DE,  v.t.  To  put  in  disguise. 

Killivgheck. 

MASQUERA'DER,  n.  A  person  wearing  a 

mask ;  one  disguised.  Li  Estrange. 

MASQUERA'DING,   ppr.    Assembhng   in 

masks  for  diversion. 

Vol.  II. 


M'ASS,  n.  [Fr.  masse,  a  mass,  a  heap,  a 
7nace,  or  club ;  Port,  maga,  dough,  and  a 
mace  ;  Sp.  masa,  dough,  mortar,  a  mass, 
and  maza,  a  club,  a  jnace ;  mazo,  a  mallet ; 
It.  7nassa,  a  heap,  and  mazza,  a  mace;  G. 
masst ;  L.  massa,  a  mass.  These  words 
seem  to  belong  to  the  root  of  the  Greek 
(noTou,  to  heat  or  pound,  the  root  of  which 
is  ^ay;  hence  the  connection  between 
mass,  and  mace,  a  club.  If  any  of  these 
words  are  of  a  different  origin,  they  may 
belong  to  the  root  of  mtx.] 

1.  A  lump  ;  a  body  of  matter  concreted,  col- 
lected or  formed  into  a  lump ;  applied  to 
any  solid  body  ;  as  a  mass  of  iron  or  lead 
a  mass  of  flesh ;  a  mass  of  ice  ;  a  mass  of 
dough. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  fluid  matter.  The 
ocean  is  a  mass  of  water. 

3.  A  heap  ;  as  a  mass  of  earth. 

4.  A  great  quantity  collected ;  as  a  mass  of 
treasure. 

5.  Bulk  ;  magnitude. 

This  army  of  such  7nass  and  charge.      Shak 

C.  An  assemblage ;  a  collection  of  particu- 
lars blended,  confused  or  indistinct ;  as  a 
TOUOT  of  colors.  Mdison. 

They  lose  their  forms,  and  make  a  mass 
Confused  and  black,  if  brought  too  near. 

Prior 

7.  Gross  body  of  things  considered  collec- 
tively ;  the  body  ;  the  bulk  ;  as  the  jnass  of 
people  in  a  nation.  A  small  portion  of 
morbid  matter  may  infect  the  whole  mass 
of  fluids  in  the  body. 

Comets  have  power  over  the  7nass  of  things. 

Saco7i. 

M^ASS,  71.  [Sax.  7na:sa,  7na:sse ;  Fr.  7nes3e ; 
It.  messa  ;  Sp.  misa  ;  D.  jnisse ;  G.  Dan. 
7nesse  ;  Sw.  messa  ;  Low  L.  7nissa.  The 
word  signifies  primarily  leisure,  cessation 
from  labor,  from  the  L.  missus,  re7nissus, 
like  the  L./eriff  ;  hence  a  feast  or  holiday. 
Laws  of  Alfred,  39.  "  Be  masse  dsege  fre- 
olse."  De  festivitate  diei  festi.  See  also 
Laws  of  Cnute,  Lib.  1.  U.  and  2.  42. 
Hence  Sax.  hlafmasse,  lemmas,  bread 
feast,  and  Martin-mas,  Michael-mas,  ca7i- 
dle7nas,  christmns.] 

The  service  of  the  Romish  church ;  the  of- 
fice or  prayers  used  at  the  celebration  of 
the  eucharist ;  the  consecration  of  the 
bread  and  wine.     Lye.     Encyc.     Wilkins. 

M"ASS,  v.i.  To  celebrate  mass.  [Xotused.'] 

Hooker 

M'ASS,  v.t.  To  fill;  tostuflT;  to  strengthen 
[J^ot  used.]  Hayward. 

MAS'SA€ER,   ?         [Fr.    7nassacre ;    Arm. 

MAS'SACRE,  I  "■  7naczaer;  It.  7iiazzicare 
to  beat,  from  7nazza,  a  club,  a  7nace.  So 
smite  in  English  signifies  to  kill,  as  well  as 
to  beat.] 

.  The  murder  of  an  individual,  or  the 
slaughter  of  numbers  of  human  beings, 
with  circumstances  of  cruelty  ;  the  indis- 
criminate killing  of  human  beings,  without 
authority  or  necessity,  and  without  forms 
civil  or  military.  It  differs  from  assassi- 
nation, which  is  a  private  killing.  It  dif 
fers  from  carnage,  which  is  rather  the  ef- 
fect of  slaughter  than  slaughter  itself,  and 
is  applied  to  the  authorized  destruction  of 
men  in  battle.  Massacre  is  sometimes 
called  iu/cAen/,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
killing  of  cattle.  If  a  soldier  kills  a  man  in 
battle  in  his  own   defense,  it   is  a  lawful 

13 


2.  Murder. 
MAS'.SA€ER, }  „ 
MASSACRE,  i;^- 

ces  of  cruelty ; 


t. 


act ;  it  is  kiUing,  and  it  is  slaughter,  but  it 
is  not  a  massacre.  Whereas,  if  a  soldier 
kills  an  enemy  after  he  has  surrendered,  it 
it  is  massacre,  a.  killing  without  nec(Jssity, 
often  without  authority,  contrary  to  the 
usages  of  nations,  and  of  course  with  cru- 
elty. The  jjractice  of  killing  jirisoners, 
even  when  authorized  by  the  commander, 
is  properly  massacre ;  as  the  authority 
given  proceeds  from  cruelty.  We  have 
all  heard  of  the  massacre  of  the  protestaiits 
in  France,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  and 
frequent  instances  of  barbarous  7nassacrc 
occur  in  the  war  between  the  Turks  and 
Greeks. 

Shak. 
To  murder  human  be- 
ings with  circuinstaii- 
to  kill  men   with   indis- 
criminate violence,   without  authority  or 
necessity,  and  contrary  to  the  usages   of 
nations  ;  to  butcher  human  beings. 
MAS'SA€RER,    n.    One   who   massacres. 
[A  very  bad  tvord.]  Burke. 

M'ASSER,  n.  A  priest  who  celebrates  mass. 
MAS'SETER,  n.    [Gr.  from  fiawaoiiai,  to 
chew.]     A  muscle  which   raises   the   un- 
der jaw. 
MAS'SICOT,  \      [Fr.  massicot.]    Calcined 
MAS'TICOT,  S  "■  white  lead  ;  yellow  oxyd 
'     of  lead.     Lead  exposed  to   the  air  while 
melting,  is  covered  with  a  gray,  dusky  pel- 
licle.    This  pellicle  carefully  taken  off,  is 
reduced  by  agitation  to  a  greenish  gray 
powder,  inclining  to  yellow.     This  oxyd, 
separated  from  the  grains  of  lead  by  sifting, 
and  exposed  to  a  more  intense  heat,  suffi- 
cient to  make  it  red  hot,  assumes  a  deej) 
yellow  color.     In  this  state  it  is  called  mas- 
sicot.    Massicot,  slowly  heated  by  a  mode- 
rate fire,  takes  a  beautiful  red   color,  and 
obtains  the  name  of  minium.    '    Fourcroy. 
Massicot  is  sometimes  used  by  painters,  and 
it  is  used  as  a  drier  in  the   composition  of 
ointments  and  plasters.  Encyc. 

M>ASSINESS,        >        [See  Massy,  Mass- 
M'ASSIVENESS,  S  "'  ivc]  The  state  of  be- 
ing massy  ;  great  weight  or  weight  with 
bulk ;  ponderousness. 
MASSIVE,  }       [Fr.   massif,    from    7nass.] 
MASSY,       i  "■  Heavy  ;  weighty  ;  ponder- 
ous ;  bulky  and  heavy ;  as  a  massy  shield  ; 
a  7nassy  rock. 

The  yawning  rocks  in  7nassy  fragments  fly. 

Pope. 

JPASSIVE,  a.  In  mineralogy,  in  mass ; 
having  a  crystaline  structure,  but  not  a 
regular  form.  We  say,  a  mineral  occurs 
7nassive. 

;M-AST,  Ji.  [Sax.  7}iaist ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
7nast ;  Fr.  7ndt,  for  mast ;  Port,  masto  or 
7nastro  ;  Sp.  mastiles,  masts ;  masteleros, 
top-masts  ;  7nasto,  a  trunk,  a  stock  in  which 
any  cion  is  ingrafted.] 

A  long,  round  |iiece  of  timber,  elevated  or 
designed  to  he  raised  perpendicularly  or 
nearly  so,  on  the  keel  of  a  ship  or  other 
vessel,  to  which  the  yards,  sails  and  rig- 
ging are  attached,  and  by  which  they  are 
supported.  A  mast  is  a  single  stick,  form- 
ed from  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  it  consists  of 
many  pieces  of  timber  united  by  iron 
bands.  Masts  are  of  several  kinds,  as  the 
main-mast,  fore-mast,  mizzen-mast,  toji- 
mast,  top-gallant-mast,  &c. 


MAS 


M  A  S 


M  A  S 


M'AST,  n.  [Sax.  nuEste,  acorns,  food ;  Goth. 
mals,  food,  meat ;  Ir.  mais,  vieas,  an 
acorn  ;  maise,  food  ;  W.  mes,  acorns,  a  por 
tion,  a  meal ;  mesen.  an  acorn.  This  may 
be  the  American  7naiz,  and  signify  food  in 
general,  from  eating,  chewing,  mastica 
ting,  or  primarily  a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn, 
the  food  of  the  primitive  tribes  of  men.  It 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as 
meat.] 

The  fruit  of  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  for 
est  trees ;  nuts ;  acorns.  [It  has  no  plural.] 

M'ASTED,  a.  Furnished  with  a  mast  or 
masts. 

MASTER,  71.  [Fr.  7naitre,  for  rnaister; 
Russ.  jnas/er  ;  U.meester;  G.vieister;  Sw. 
mhstare  ;  Dan.  mester ;  Arm.  meastr ;  It. 
Sp.  maestro  ;  L.  magisler,  compounded  of 
the  root  of  magis,  major,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  ster,  Sax.  steoran,  to  steer.  See 
Steer.  The  word  then  signifies  a  chief  di 
rector.     See  Minister.] 

1.  A  man  who  rules,  governs  or  directs  ei- 
ther men  or  business.  A  man  who  owns 
slaves  is  their  master ;  he  who  has  servants 
is  their  master  ;  he  who  has  apprentices  is 
their  master,  as  he  has  the  government 
and  direction  of  them.  The  man  who 
.>iuperintends  and  directs  any  business,  is 
master,  or  master  workman. 

O  thou  ray  friend,  ray  genius,  come  along, 
Thou  master  of  the  poet  and  the  song. 

Pope. 
Nations  that  want  protectors,  will  have  mas- 
ters. Ames. 

2.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager ;  as  the 
master  of  a  feast. 

3.  The  owner ;  proprietor ;  with  the  idea  of 
governing.  The  master  of  a  house  may  be 
the  owner,  or  the  occupant,  who  has  a 
temporary  right  of  governing  it. 

It  would  be  believed  that  he  rather  took  the 
horse  for  his  subject,  than  his  master.    Dryden 

4.  A  lord;  a  ruler;  one  who  has  supreme 
dominion. 

Cesar,  the  world's  great  master  and  his  own 

Pope. 

5.  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as  the  master  root 
of  a  plant.  Mortimer. 

One  master  passion  swallows  up  the  rest. 

Pope. 
fi.  One  who  has  [wssession,   and  the  ])Ower 
of  controlling  or  using  at  pleasure. 

When  I  have  made  myself  mii:>ter  of  a  hun 
dred  thousand  dr.ichmas —  Addison. 

7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship. 

8.  In  ships  of  war,  an  ofKccr  who  takes  rank 
immediately  after  the  heutenants,  and 
navigates  the  ship  under  the  direction  of 
the  captain. 

I».  The  director  of  a  school;  a  teacher;  an 
instructor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giv- 
ing place  to  the  more  a]>propriate  words 
teacher,  instructor  and  preceptor;  at 
least  it  is  so  iu  the  United  States. 

10.  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  every  man  be  master  of  his  lime.     Shalt 

11.  An  appellation  of  respect. 

Master  doctor,  yoii  have  brought  those  drugs 

Slialc. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  yonng  men. 

Where  there  are  little  masters  and  misses  in 
a  house—  Swift. 

13.  A  man  eminently  or  perfectly  skilled  in 
any  occujiation,  art  or  science.  We  say, 
a  man  is   master  of  his  business;  a  great 


master  of  music,  of  the  flute  or  violin ;  a 
master  of  his  subject,  &c. 

14.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  univer- 
sities ;  as  Master  of  Arts. 

15.  The  chief  of  a  society ;  as  the  Grand 
Master  of  Malta,  of  free-masons,  &c. 

16.  The  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  pla- 
ces, or  on  public  occasions. 

17.  The  president  of  a  college.        England. 
Master  in  chancery,   an  assistant  of  the  lord 

chancellor,  chosen  from  among  the  barris- 
ters to  sit  in  chancery,  or  at  the  rolls. 

Encyc. 

Master  of  the  rolls,  an  officer  who  has  charge' 
of  the  rolls  and  patents  that  pass  the  great 
seal,  and  of  the  records  of  the  chancery. 

Encyc. 
To  be  master  of  one^s  self,  to  have  the  com 

mand  or  control  of  one's  own  passions. 
The  word  )«as/fr  has  numerous  applications, 
in  all  of  which  it  has  the  sense  of  director, 
chief  or  superintendent. 
As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons, 
it  is  pronounced  mister;  a  pronunciation 
which  seems  to  have  been  derived  from 
some  of  the  northern  dialects,     [supra.] 
M" ASTER,  v.t.  To  conquer;  to  overpower 
to  subdue  ;  to  bring  under  control. 

Obstinacy  and  willful  neglect  must  be  master 

ed,  even  though  it  costs  blows.  Locke} 

Evil  customs  must  be  mastered  by  degrees. 

Calamy 
2.  To  execute  witli  skill. 

I     will  not   otter  that  which  1  cannot  mas- 
ter. Bacon. 
.3.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

— And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee 
[JVot  used.']  Shak 

M'ASTER,  V.  i.  To  be  skillful ;  to  excel.l 
Obs.  Spenser.' 

M'ASTERDOM,  ii.  Dominion;  rule.  [Not 
used.]  Sliak.l 

M'ASTERFUL,    a.  Having  the   skill  of  aj 
master  ;  also,  imperious  ;  arhitrary.     Obs. 
M'ASTER-HAND,  )i.  The  hand  of  a  manj 
eminently  skillful.  Pope: 

M'ASTER-JEST,  n.  Principal  jest. 

Hudibras. 

M'ASTER-KEY,  n.  The  key  that  oi)ens 
many  locks,  the  suhoidinate  keys  of  which 
open  only  one  each.  Dryden. 

M'ASTERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  master 
or  owner.  Spenser. 

2.  Ungovcrned ;  unsubdued. 
M  ASTER-LODE,   n.    In  mining,  the  prin- 
cipal vein  of  ore.  Encye. 
MASTERLY,  a.  Formed  or  executed  witli 
superior  skill;  .'iuitahlc  to  a  master;  most 
excellent ;  skillful ;  as  a  masterly  design  ;  a 
masterly  performance  ;  a  maslirty  stroke  of 
policy.  I 
2.  Imperious. 

M>ASTERLY,  adv.  With  the  skill  of  a  mas-; 
ter. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  Shak.' 

"I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"    in 
Swift,  is  improper  or  unusual.  | 

M'ASTER-PIECE,   n.  A  caiiital  perform- 
ance ;  any  thing  done  or  made  vith  su- 
l)erior  or  extraordinary  skill. 
This  wondrous  master-piece  I  fain  would  see.j 

Drydeii. 
2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimulation  was  his  master-piece. 

Clarendon. 
M^ASTERSIIIP,  n.    Dominion;   rule  ;  su- 
preme power. 


2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 
Where  noble  youths  for  mastership  should 

,    ^,  .   „     strive.  Dryden. 

3.  Chief  work  ;   master-piece.     [JVot  used.] 

Dryden. 

4.  Superior  skill.  Shak. 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 
How  now,  signior  Launce,  what  new  with 

your  mastership.  Shak. 

G.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or 
other  institution. 

MASTER-SINEW,  n.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  di- 
vides it  from  the  bone  hy  a  hollow  place, 
where  the  wind-galls  are  usually  seated. 

Far.  Diet 

MASTER-STRING,  n.  Principal  string. 

.^  .  ^ Rowe. 

M'ASTER-STROKE,  n.  Capital  perform- 
ance. Blaekmorc. 

M'ASTER-TOOTH,  n.  A  prineipal  tooth. 

M'ASTER-TOUCH,  n.  Principal  perfomi- 
ance.  Taller 

M- ASTER-WORK,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Thomson. 

M>  ASTER- Wort,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Imperatoria. 

M'ASTERY,  n.  Dominion;  power  of  gov- 
erning or  commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  they  will  fight  for 

the  mastery  of  the  passages  of  the  tops 

Raleigh . 

2.  Superiority  in  competition  ;  preeminence. 
Every  man  that  striveth  for  the  mastery,  is 

temperate  in  all  things.  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 
It  is  not  the  voice  of  them  that  shout  ior  mas- 
tery.   Ex.  xxxii. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 
He  could  attain  to  a  mastery  in  all  languages. 

Tillotson. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning  and  mastery  of  a  tongue  bein"- 

unpleasant  in  itself,  should  not  be  cumbered 

with  other  difficulties.  Locke. 

M^ASTFUL,  a.  [from  mast.]  Abounding  with 

mast,  or  fruit  of  oak,  beech  and  other  for- 


almecega  ;  Ir.  maisteog  ;   L.  mastiche ;  Gr. 
fiafixj;.] 

1.  A  resin  exsiuling  from  the  mastic-tree,  a 
species  of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incis- 
ion. It  is  in  white  farinaceous  tears,  of  a 
faint  smell,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent 
and  an  aromatic.  It  is  used  also  as  an  in- 
gredient in  drying  varnishes. 

Foureroy.     Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  mortar  or  cement.         Addison. 
MAS'TICATE,  v.  t.  [L.   mastiro.     Qu.  W. 

mesigaw,  from  mes,  mast,  acorn.s,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  pre- 
pare for  swallowing  and  digestion  ;  as,  to 
masticate  food. 

MASTICATED,;);?.  Chewed. 

MASTICATING,  p;)r.  Cheunng;  breaking 
into  small  pieces  with  the  teetli. 

MASTICATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  chewing  solid  food,  breaking  it  into 
smalt  pieces,  and  mixing  it  witli  saliva ; 
thus  preparing  it  for  deglutition,  and  more 
easy  digestion  in  tlie  stomach. 

.Mastication  is  a  necessary  preparation  of  solid, 
aliment,  without  which  there  c.in  be  no  good 
digestion*.  Arbuthnol. 


MAT 


MAT 


MAS'TICATORY,  a.  Chewing  ;  adapted  to 
perform  the  office  of  chewing  food. 

Lawrence's  Led. 

MAS'TICATORY,  n.  A  substance  to  be 
chewed  to  increase  the  saUva.  Coxe 

M'ASTIFF,  n.  pKi.  mastiffs.  Maslives  is  ir- 
regular. [Sp.  mastin ;  It.  mastino  ;  Vr. 
matin  ;  Arm.  mastin  ;  Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  species  of  dog,  remarkable  tor 
strength  and  courage.  Strabo  informs  us 
that  the  mastiffs  of  Britain  were  trained 
for  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in  battle, 

Encyc. 

M'ASTLESS,  a.  Having  HO  mast ;  as  a  ves- 
sel. 

2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as  a  mastless  oak  or 
beech.  Dryden 

MASTLIN.     [See  Meslin.] 

MAS'TODON,  n.  [Gr.  fiayoj,  mamilla,  and 
oSouj,  a  tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous   animals  resem 
bling  the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and  known 
only  by  their  fossil  remains.     It  includes 
the  N.  American  mammoth. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  fuxatoi,  the  nipple  or 
breast,  and  51805,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as  the  mas 
laid  muscle  ;  the  mastoid  process. 

MASTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  not  used. 

Chaucer. 

M'ASTY,  a.  Full  of  mast;  abounding  with 
acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  n.  [VV.  mat ;  Sax.  meatta ;  D.  mat ;  G. 
matle ;  L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata :  Ir.  jnalfa 
Russ.  mat ;  W.  math,  that  is  spread.  The 
sense  is  probably  a  lay  or  spread,  from 
falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class  Md. 
No.  6.  8.  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks, 
straw,  or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a 
floor  for  cleaning  the  boots  and  shoes  of 
those  who  enter  a  house,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Carew 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn,  used  in  ships  to  se- 
cure the  standing  rigging  from  the  friction 
of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  mats. 

Evelyn. 

2.  To  twist  together ;  to  interweave  like  a 
mat ;  to  entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eyebrows  hung  his  malted  hair. 

Dryden . 

3.  To  press  together ;  to  lay  flat ;  as  matted 
grass. 

M.\T'A€HIN,  n.  [Sp.  a  buffoon,  a  gro- 
tesque dance.] 

An  old  dance.  Sidney. 

MAT'ADORE,  n.  [Sp.  matador,  a  murderer, 
and  a  card,  from  matar,  to  kill.] 

One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the  game 
of  omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always 
two  black  aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades 
and  clubs,  and  the  seven  iu  hearts  and  di 
amends.  Johnson.     Pope. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meclie ;  It.  miccia ;  Sp 
Port,  mecha ;  Arm.  mechenn,  mech.] 

1.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used 
for  catching  fire  from  a  spark,  as  hemp, 
flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sulphur,  or  i 
species  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch 
wood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow, 
composed  of  three  strands  slightly  twist 
ed,  and  again  covered  with  tow  and  boiled 
in  the  lees  of  old  wine.     This  when  light- 


ed at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slow- 
ly till  consumed.  It  is  used  in  firing  artil- 
lery, &c.  Encyc. 
MATCH,  n.  [Sax.  maca  and  f^emaca,  an 
equal,  fellow,  companion,  D.  makker,  Dan. 
maga,  Sw.  make.] 

A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in 
strength  or  other  quality  ;  one  able  to  cope 
with  another. 

Government — makes  an  innocent  man  of  the 
lowest  ranks  a  match  for  the  mightiest  of  his 
fellow  subjects.  Addison 

2.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or 
any  thing  that  equals  another. 
Union  by  marriage. 

Love  doth  seldom  suffer  itself  to  be  confined 
by  other  matches  than  those  of  its  own  raaking 

Boyle 

In  popular  language,  it  is  applied  to  the 

engagement  of  lovers  before  marriage 

One  to  be  married. 

She  inherited  a  fair  fortune  of  her  own — and 
was  looked  upon  as  the  richest  match  in  the 
west.  Clarendon 

MATCH,  n.  [Gr.  fiaxi,  a  battle,  a  fight ;  but 
])robably  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece 
ding.] 
A  contest  ;  competition  for  victory ;  or  a  un- 
ion of  parties  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or 
sports. 
A  solemn  match  was  made  ;  he  lost  the  prize. 

Dryitcn. 
MATCH,  V.  t.  To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  world  can  match 
The  pleasure  of  tliat  madness.  Shak. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 

No  historj-  or  antiquity  can  match  his  policies 
and  his  conduct.  South 

To   oppose  as  equal ;  to  set   against  as 
equal  in  contest. 

Eternal  might 
To   match  witli  their  inventions   they  pre- 
sumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  scorn. 

Milton. 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal ;  to  proportion 

Let    poets    match    their    subject    to    their 

strength —  Soscommon 

— To  match  patterns  and  colors.  Swift 

To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

.\  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived. 
Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  a 
king.  Addison. 

To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  match  in 
them. 
MATCH,  V.  i.  To  be  united  in  marriage. 
I  hold  it  a  sin  to  match  in  my  kindred. 

Shak 

Let  tigers  match  witli  hinds,  and  wolves  with 

sheep.  Dryden 

To  suit;  to  correspond;  to  be   of  equal 

size,  figure  or  quality  ;  to  tally.     We  say 

of  a  piece  of  cloth,  it  does  not  match  witli 

another. 
MATCH'ABLE,   a.  Equal ;  suitable  ;  fit  to 

be  joined.    ,  Spenser. 

2.  Correspondent.     [Little  used.] 

tFoodward 
MATCH'ED,  pp.  Equaled;  suited;  placed 

in  opposition ;  married. 
MATCH'ING, /)^r.   Equaling;  suiting  ;  set 

ting  in  opposition  ;  uniting  in  marriage. 
MATCH'LESS,   a.    Having   no  equal;   as 

matchless   impudence  ;  a  matchless  queen  ; 

matchless  love  or  charms. 
MATCH'LESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de 

gree  not  to  be  equaled. 


MAT 

M.'VTCH'LESSNESS.n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  an  equal. 

MATCH'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a 
musket  which  was  fired  by  a  match. 

M.VrCH'MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 
matches  for  burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  eflecte  a  union  by 
marriage. 

MATE,  n. 


matau,  to 


6. 


0. 


[D.  maat ;  Ar.     tk- 

associate.  Class  Md.  No.  11.] 
A  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  one  \vlio 
customarily  associates  with  another. 
Young  persons  nearly  of  an  age,  and 
frequently  associating,  are  called  mates  or 
playmates. 
A  husband  or  wife. 

The  male  or  female  of  animals  which  as- 
sociate for  propagation  and  the  care  of 
their  young.  Milton. 

One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 
One   that    attends  th^  same   school ;   a 
school-mate. 

An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of 
war,  whose  duty  is  to  assist  the  master  or 
commander.  In  a  merchant  ship,  the 
mate,  in  the  absence  of  the  master,  takes 
command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships  have 
a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  male,  in  compound  words,  denotes 
an  assistant,  and  ranks  next  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal;  as  master's  inole ; 
surgeon's  mate,  &c. 

MATE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mate  ;  Fr.  mat ;  from 
Sp.  matar,  to  kill.] 

In  chess,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated 
that  he  cannot  escape. 

MATE,  V.  t.  To  match  ;  to  marry. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 
For  thus  the  mastful  chesnut  mates  the  skies. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  oppose  ;  to  equal. 

— I  i'  til'  way  of  loyalty  and  truth. 
Dare  mate  a  sounder  man  than  Surrey  can 
be.  Shak. 

MATE,  I',  t.  [Fr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess; 
Sw.  matta,  to  weaken,   to  enervate ;  Sp. 
malar,  to  kill.] 
To  enervate  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  crush. 

Audacity  doth  almost  bind  and  mate  the  weak- 
er sort  of  minds.     [.Yot  used.]  Bacon. 

MA'TELESS,  a.  Having  no  mate  or  com- 
panion. Peacham. 

Materia  Medico,  a  general  name  for  every 
substance  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  au.xiliary  branch  of  the  science  of 
medicine,  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
properties  of  all  the  substances  that  are 
employed  for  the  cure  of  diseases. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MATE'RI.VL,  a.  [It.  mnteriale ;  Fr.  maU- 
riel ;  Sp.  material ;  from  L.  materia,  mat- 
ter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter;  not  spiritual;  as 
material  substance  ;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  less  ne- 
cessary ;  having  influence  or  effect. 

Hold  them  for  catholics  or  heretics,  it  is  not  a 
thing  very  material  in  this  question. 

Hooker. 

In  the  account  of  simple  ideas,  I  shall  set 
down  only  such  as  are  most  material  to  our 
present  purpose.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point ;  a  materia! 


MAS 


M  A  S 


MAS 


iVrAST,  n.  [Sax.  maste,  aeorns,  food ;  Goth. 
mats,  food,  meat ;  Ir.  jnais,  7neas,  an 
acorn  ;  maise,  food  ;  W.  mes,  acorns,  a  por 
tion,  a  meal ;  mesen,  an  acorn.  Tliis  may 
be  the  American  viaiz,  and  signify  food  in 
general,  from  eating,  chewing,  mastica 
ting,  or  primarily  a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn, 
the  food  of  the  primitive  tribes  of  men.  It 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as 
meat.] 

The  fruit  of  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  for- 
est trees ;  nuts ;  acorns.  [It  has  no  plural.] 

M'ASTED,  a.  Furnished  with  a  mast  or 
masts. 

M" ASTER,  n.  [Fr.  maitre,  for  jiiaister; 
Rues,  master  ;  V.meester;  G.meister;  Sw 
mhstare ;  Dan.  mester ;  Arm.  meastr ;  It 
Sp.  maestro  ;  L.  magieler,  compounded  of 
the  root  of  magis,  major,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  ster,  Sa.x.  steoran,  to  steer.  See 
Steer.  The  word  then  signifies  a  chief  di- 
rector.    See  Minister.] 

I.  A  man  who  rules,  governs  or  directs  ei 
ther  men  or  business.  A  man  who  owns 
slaves  is  their  master;  he  who  has  servants 
is  their  master ;  he  who  has  apprentices  i; 
their  master,  as  he  has  tlie  government 
and  liirection  of  them.  The  man  who 
superintends  and  directs  any  business,  is 
master,  or  master  workman. 

O  thou  my  friend,  my  genius,  come  along, 
Thou  master  of  the  poet  and  the  song. 

Pope. 
Nations  that  want  protectors,  will  have  mas- 
ters. Ames. 
ii.  A  director,  head,  or  chief  manager ;  as  the 

master  of  a  feast. 
0.  The  owner ;  proprietor ;  with  the  idea  of 
jTOverning.  The  master  of  a  house  may  be 
the  owner,  or  the  occupant,  who  has  a 
temporary  right  of  governing  it. 

It  would  be  believed  that  he  rather  took  the 
horse  for  his  subject,  than  his  master.    Dryden 

4.  A  lord;  a  ruler;  one  who  has  supreme 
dominion. 

Cesar,  the  world's  great  master  and  his  own 

Pope. 

5.  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as  the  master  root 
of  a  plant.  Mortimer. 

One  master  passion  swallows  up  the  rest. 

Po]K 
().  One  who  has  jiossession,   and  the  power 
of  controlling  or  using  at  pleasure. 

When  I  have  made  myself  master  of  a  hun 
dred  thousand  drachmas —  Addison. 

7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship. 

8.  In  sMps  of  war,  an  oflicer  who  takes  rank 
immediately  after  the  lieutenants,  and 
navigates  the  ship  under  the  direction  of 
the  captain. 

'.).  The  director  of  a  school ;  a  teacher ;  an 
instructor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giv 
uig  place  to  the  more  appropriate  words 
teacher,  instructor  and  preceptor;  at 
least  it  is  so  in  the  United  States. 
10.  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  every  man  be  master  of  his  time.     Shalt. 

II.  An  appellation  of  resjrect. 

Master  doctor,  you  have  brought  those  drugs 

Shak. 

12.  An  appellation  given  to  young  men. 

Where  there  are  little  /nasters  and  misses  in 
a  hduse—  Swift 

13.  A  man  eminently  <ir  perfectly  skilled  in 
any  occupation,  art  or  science.  We  say 
a  man  is   master  of  his  business :  a  great 


master  of  music,  of  the  flute  or  viohn ;  a 
master  of  his  subject,  &c. 

14.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  univer 
sities;  as  jMa«/er  of  Arts. 

15.  The  chief  of  a  society ;  as  the  Grand 
Master  of  Malta,  of  free-masons,  &c. 

IG.  The  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  pla- 
ces, or  on  public  occasions. 

17.  The  president  of  a  college.        England. 

Master  in  chancery,  an  assistant  of  the  lord 
chancellor,  chosen  from  among  the  barris 
ters  to  sit  in  chancery,  or  at  the  rolls. 

Encyc. 

Master  of  the  rolls,  an  officer  who  has  charge 
of  the  rolls  and  patents  that  pass  the  great 
seal,  and  of  the  records  of  the  chancery, 

Encyc. 

To  be  master  of  one^s  self,  to  have  the  com 
mand  or  control  of  one's  own  passions. 

The  word  jnasffr  has  numerous  applications, 
in  all  of  which  it  has  the  sense  of  director, 
chief  or  superintendent. 

As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  adult  persons, 
it  is  pronounced  mister ;  a  pronunciation 
which  seems  to  have  been  derived  from 
some  of  the  northern  dialects,     [supra.] 

M'ASTER,  V.  t.  To  conquer;  to  overpower  ; 
to  subdue  ;  to  bring  under  control. 

Obstinacy  and  willful  neglect  must  be  master- 
ed, even  though  it  costs  blows.  LockeJ. 
Evil  customs  must  be  mastered  by  degrees. 

Calamy 
To  execute  with  skill. 

I     will  not   offtr  that  which  1  cannot  mas- 
ter. Bacon 

•3.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

— And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee 
[jVot  used.]  Shak 

M-ASTER,  V.  i.  To  be  skillful ;  to  excel.! 
Obs.  Spenser.- 

jrASTERDOM,  11.  Dominion ;  rule.  [ATot, 
used.]  Shak.l 

M'ASTERFUL,  a.  Having  the  skill  of  a| 
master  ;  also,  imperious  ;  arbitrary.     Obs. 

MASTER-HAND,  )i.  The  hand  of  a  manj 
eminently  skillful.  Pope:. 

M' ASTER-JEST,  n.  Principal  jest. 

Hudibras. 

M>ASTER-KEY,  n.  The  key  that  opens 
many  locks,  the  subordinate  keys  of  which 
open  only  one  each.  Dryden. 

M'ASTERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  master 
or  owner.  Spenser. 

2.  Ungovcrned ;  unsubdued. 

MASTER-LODE,  n.  In  mining,  the  prin- 
cipal vein  of  ore.  Encyc. 

M'ASTERLY,  a.  Formed  or  executed  with 
superior  skill;  suitable  to  a  master;  most 
excellent ;  skillful ;  as  a  masterly  design  ;  a 
masterly  performance  ;  a  masttrly  stroke  of 
])olicy. 

2.  Itiiperious. 

M>ASTERLY,  adv.  With  the  skill  of  a  mas- 
ter. 

Thou  dost  speak  masterly.  Shak. 

"I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"    in 
Swift,  is  improper  or  unusual. 

M>ASTER-PIECE,   n.  A  capital  perform- 
ance ;  any  thing  done  or  made  with  su- 
perior or  extraordinary  skill. 
This  wondrous  master-piece  I  fain  woidd  sec. 

Dryden. 

2.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

Dissimulation  was  his  mastei'-piece. 

Clarendon. 

MASTERSHIP,  n.  Dominion;  rule ;  sit 
lircme  power. 


2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 

Where  noble  youths  for  mastership  should 
,  ■     ,  .   „     s«"7«-  Ih-yden. 

3.  Chief  work  ;   master-piece.     [.Vo<  used.'] 

Dryden. 

4.  Superior  skill.  gj^i;^ 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 

How  now,  signior  Launce,  what  new  with 
your  mastership.  Shak. 

6.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or 
other  institution. 

MASTER-SINEW,  n.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  di- 
vides it  from  the  bone  by  a  hollow  place, 
where  the  wind-galls  are  usually  seated. 

Far.  Diet. 

MASTER-STRING,  n.  Principal  string. 

M' ASTER-STROKE,  n.  Capital  perfornt 
^"ce.  Blackmorc. 

MASTER-TOOTH,  n.  A  principal  tooth. 

Bacon. 

MASTER-TOUCH,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Taller 

MASTER-WORK,  n.  Principal  perform- 
ance. Thomson. 

M' ASTER- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Imperatoria. 

M'ASTERV,  n.  Dominion  ;  power  of  gov- 
erning or  commanding. 

If  divided  by  mountains,  they  will  fight  for 
the  mastery  of  the  passages  of  the  tops — 

Raleigh . 

2.  Superiority  in  competition ;  preeminence. 
Every  man  that  striveth  for  the  mastery,  is 

temperate  in  all  things.  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victory  in  war. 
It  is  not  the  voice  of  them  that  shout  for  mas- 

tery.    Ex.  xxxii. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 
He  could  attain  to  a  mastery  in  all  languages. 

Tillotson. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learning  and  mastery  of  a  tongue  bein"- 
unpleasant  in  itself,  should  not  be  cmnbere.! 
with  other  difficulties.  Locke 

M'ASTFUL,  a.  [from  mast.]  Abounding  with 
mast,  or  fruit  of  oak,  beech  and  other  for- 
est trees  ;  as  the  mastful  chesnut.    Dryden 

MAS'TIC,     f      [Fr.  mastic  ;  It.  mastice  ;  D. 

M AS'TIell,  S  mastik ;  Sp.  almaciga  ;  Port. 
almecega  ;  Ir.  maisteog  ;  L.  mastiche  ;  Gr. 
tia;(.xt;.] 

1.  A  resin  exsuding  from  the  mastic-tree,  a 
species  of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incis- 
ion. It  is  in  white  farinaceous  tears,  of  a 
faint  smell,  and  is  used  as  an  astringent 
and  an  aromatic.  It  is  used  also  as  an  in- 
gredient in  drying  varnishes. 

Fovrcroy.     Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  mortar  or  cement.         Addison. 
MAS'TICATE,  r.  t.  [L.   mastico.     Qu.  W. 

mesigaw,  from  mes,  mast,  acorns,  food.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  pre- 
pare for  swallowing  and  digestion;  as,  to 
masticate  food. 

MASTICATED,;);?.  Chewed. 

MAS'TICATING,ppr.  Chewing;  breaking 
into  small  pieces  with  the  teeth. 

MASTICATION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  chewing  solid  food,  breaking  it  into 
smalt  pieces,  and  mixing  it  with  saliva ; 
thus  preparing  it  for  deglutition,  and  more 
easy  digestion  in  the  stomach. 

.Mastication  is  a  necessary  preparation  of  solid 
aliment,  without  which  there  can  be  no  good 
digestiou'.  Arbuthnot. 


MAT 

MAS'TICATORY,  a.  Chewing  ;  adapted  to 
perform  the  office  of  chewing  food. 

Lawrence's  Led. 

MAS'TICATORY,  n.  A  substance  to  be 
chewed  to  increase  the  saUva.  Coxc 

arASTIFF,  n.  pKi.  mastiffs.  Mastives  is  ir- 
regular. [Sp.  mastin ;  It.  mastino ;  Fr. 
matin  ;  Arm.  mastin  ;  Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  species  of  dog,  remarkable  for 
strength  and  courage.  Strabo  informs  us 
that  the  mastiffs  of  Britain  were  trained 
for  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in  battle. 

Encyc. 

RrASTLESS,  a.  Having  no  mast ;  as  a  ves- 
sel. 

2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as  a  mastless  oak  or 
beech.  Dryden 

MASTLIN.     [See  Meslin.] 

MAS'TODON,  n.  [Gr.  /wafoj,  mamilla,  and 
oiovs,  a  tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous  animals  resem- 
bling the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and  known 
only  by  their  fossil  remains.  It  includes 
the  N.  American  mammoth. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  ^aros,  the  nipple  or 
breast,  and  £i6o{,  form.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as  the  mas 
laid  muscle  ;  the  mastoid  process. 

MASTRESS,  for  mistress,  is  not  used. 

Chaucer. 

M'ASTY,  a.  Full  of  mast;  abounding  with 
acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  n.  [VV.  mat ;  Sax.  mealta ;  D.  mat ;  G. 
matle  ;  L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata  :  Ir.  matia 
Russ.  mat ;  W.  inath,  that  is  spread.  The 
sense  is  probably  a  lay  or  spread,  from 
falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class  Md. 
No.  6.  8.  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks, 
straw,  or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a 
floor  for  cleaning  the  boots  and  shoes  of 
those  who  enter  a  house,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Carew. 

2.  A  web  of  rope-yarn,  used  in  ships  to  se- 
cure the  standing  rigging  from  the  friction 
of  the  yards,  &c. 

MAT,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  mats. 

Evclyti. 

2.  To  twist  together ;  to  interweave  like  a 
mat ;  to  entangle. 

And  o'er  his  eyebrows  hung  his  matted  hair. 

Dryden 

3.  To  press  together;  to  lay  flat ;  as  matted 
grass. 

MAT'ACHIN,  n.  [Sp.  a  buflfoon,  a  gro- 
tesque dance.] 

An  old  dance.  Sidney. 

MAT'ADORE,  n.  [Sp.  matador,  a  murderer, 
and  a  card,  from  matar,  to  kill.] 

One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the  game 
of  omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always 
two  black  aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades 
and  clubs,  and  the  seven  in  hearts  and  di- 
amonds. Johnson.     Pope. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meche ;  It.  miccia ;  Sp. 
Port,  mecha ;  Arm.  mechenn,  mf eft.] 

1.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used 
for  catching  fire  from  a  spark,  as  hemp, 
flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sulphur,  or  a 
species  of  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch- 
wood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow, 
composed  of  three  strands  slightly  twist- 
ed, and  again  covered  with  low  and  boiled 
in  the  lees  of  old  wine.     This  when  light- 


M  A  T 


MATE,  n. 


ed  at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slow- 
ly till  consumed.  It  is  used  in  firing  artil- 
lery, &c.  Encyc. 
MATCH,  n.  [Sax.  maca  and  f^emaca,  an 
equal,  fellow,  companion,  D.  makker,  Dan. 
maga,  Sw.  make.] 

A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in 
strength  or  other  quality  ;  one  able  to  cope 
with  another. 

Government — makes  an  innocent  man  of  tlie 
lowest  ranks  a  match  for  the  mightiest  of  his 
fellow  subjects.  Addison 

2.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or 
any  thing  that  equals  another. 

3.  Union  by  marriage. 
Love  doth  seldom  suffer  itself  to  be  confined 

by  other  matches  than  those  of  its  own  making 

Boyle 
In  popular  language,  it  is  applied  to  the 
engagement  of  lovers  before  marriage 

4.  One  to  be  married. 
She  inherited  a  fair  fortune  of  her  own — and 

was  looked  upon  as  the  richest  match  in  the 
west.  Clarendon. 

MATCH,  n.  [Gr.  ftax>i,  »  hattle,  a  fight ;  but 
])robably  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece- 
ding.] 
A  contest  ;  competition  for  victory ;  or  a  un- 
ion of  parties  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or 
sports. 
A  solemn  match  was  made  ;  he  lost  the  prize. 

Dryden. 
MATCH,  V.  t.  To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  worid  can  match 
The  pleasure  of  that  madness.  Shalt. 

2.  To  show  an  equal. 
No  history  or  antiquity  can  match  his  policies 

and  his  conduct.  South 

3.  To  oppose  as  equal ;  to  set  against  as 
equal  in  contest. 

Eternal  might 
To   match  wiUi  their  inventions   they  pre- 
sumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  scorn. 

Alilton. 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal ;  to  proportion. 
Let    poets    match    their    subject    to    their 

strength —  Hoscommon 

— To  match  patterns  and  colors.  Su-ift 

To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

A  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived, 
Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  :i 
king.  Addison. 

(>.  To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  matcli  in 

them. 
MATCH,  I',  i.  To  be  united  in  marriage. 
I  hold  it  a  sin  to  match  in  my  kindred. 

Shak 

Let  tigers  match  wiUi  hinds,  and  wolves  with 

sheep.  Dryden 

2.  To  suit ;  to  correspond ;  to  be  of  equal 
size,  figure  or  quality  ;  to  tally.  We  say 
of  a  piece  of  cloth,  it  does  not  match  with 
another. 

MATCH'ABLE,  a.  Equal ;  suitable  ;  fit  to 
be  joined.    ,  Spenser. 

2.  Correspondent.     [Little   used.] 

Woodward. 

MATCH'ED,  pp.  Equaled;  suited;  placed 
in  opposition ;  married. 

MATCH'ING,  ppr.  Equaling  ;  suiting  ;  set- 
ting in  opposition  ;  uniting  in  marriage 

MATCH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  equal;  as 
matchless  impudence  ;  a  matchless  queen  ; 
matchless  love  or  charms. 

MATCH'LESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
gree not  to  be  equaled. 


MAT 

MATCH'LESSNESS.n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  an  equal. 

MATCU'LOCK,  n.  Formerly,  the  lock  of  a 
musket  which  was  fired  by  a  match. 

MATCH' MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 
matches  for  burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  eflfects  a  union  by 
marriage. 


matau,  lu 

one  who 

another. 

age,   and 


[D.  maat ;  Ar.     \,]a^ 

associate.     Class  Md.  No.  11.] 

1.  A  companion  ;    an  associate  ; 
customarily    associates      with 
Yoimg  persons    nearly  of  an 
frequently  associating,  are  called  mates  or 
playmates. 

2.  A  husband  or  wife. 

3.  The  male  or  female  of  animals  which  as- 
sociate for  propagation  and  the  care  of 
their  young.  .Milton. 

4.  One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 
One   tliat    attends  th^  same   school ;   a 
school-mate. 

An  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of 
war,  whose  duty  is  to  assist  the  master  or 
commander.  In  a  merchant  ship,  the 
mate,  in  the  absence  of  the  master,  takes 
command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships  have 
a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  male,  in  compound  words,  denotes 
an  assistant,  and  ranks  next  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  principal;  as  master's  mole ; 
surgeon's  mate,  &,c. 

MATE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mate  ;  Fr.  mut ;  from 
Sp.  matar,  to  kill.] 

In  chess,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated 
that  he  cannot  escape. 

MATE,  V.  t.  To  match  ;  to  marry. 

Speyiser.     Shak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 
For  thus  the  mastful  chesnut  mates  the  skies. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  oppo.^e  ;  to  equal. 
— I  i'  th'  way  of  loyalty  and  truth. 
Dare  tnate  a  sounder  man  than  Surrey  can 

be.  Shak. 

IMATE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess; 
Sw.  matta,  to  weaken,  to  enervate ;  Sp. 
inatar,  to  kill.] 

To  enervate  ;  to  subdue ;  to  crush. 

Audacity  doth  almost  bind  and  mate  the  weak- 
er sort  of  minds.     lA'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MA'TELESS,  a.  Having  no  mate  or  com- 
panion. Peacham. 

Materia  Medica,  a  general  name  for  every 
substance  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  auxiliary  branch  of  the  science  of 
medicine,  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
properties  of  all  the  substances  that  are 
employed  for  the  cure  of  diseases. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MATE'RI.-VL,  a.  [It.  mnteriale ;  Fr.  mate- 
riel ;  Sp.  material ;  from  L.  materia,  mat- 
ter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter;  not  spiritual;  as 
material  substance  ;  material  bodies. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  more  or  less  ne- 
cessary ;  having  influence  or  effect. 

Hold  tliem  for  catholics  or  heretics,  it  is  not  a 
tiling  very  material  in  this  question. 

Hooker. 

In  the  account  of  simple  ideas,  I  shall  set 
down  only  such  as  are  most  material  to  our 
present  purpose.  Locke. 

So  we  say,  a  material  point ;  a  material 


MAT 


MAT 


M  A  T 


fault  or  error ;  a  material  fact  or  consider- 
ation. 

3.  Not  formal ;  substantial. 

4.  Furnishing  materials ;  as  material  men. 

JiTieaton,  Rep. 
IWATE'RIAL,  71.  Tlie  substance  or  matter 
of  which  any  tiling  is  made  ;  as,  wool  is 
the  wiaimai  of  cloth  ;  rags  are  the  materi- 
al of  paper. 
MATE'RIALISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  ma- 
terialists ;  the  opinion  of  those  who  main- 
tain that  the  soul  of  man  is  not  a  spiritual 
substance  distinct  from  matter,  but  that 
it  is  the  result  or  effect  of  the  organization 
of  matter  in  the  body. 

The  irregular  fears  of  a  future  state  had  been 
supplanted  by  the  materialism  of  Epicurus. 

Buckmmsler. 

MATE'RIALIST,  n.  One  who  denies  the 
existence  of  spiritual  substances,  and 
maintains  that  the  soul  of  man  is  the  re- 
sult of  a  particular  organization  of  matter 
in  the  body. 

iMATERIAL'ITY,  n.  Material  existence ; 
corporeity  ;  not  spirituality.  Digby. 

2.  Importance  ;  as  the  materialiti/  of  facts. 

judge  Chase. 

iMATE'RIALIZE,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  a  state 
of  matter ;  also,  to  regard  as  matter. 

Reid. 

MATE'RIALLY,  adv.  In  the  state  of  mat- 
ter. Boyle. 

2.  Not  formally;  substantially. 

An  ill  intention  may  spoil  an  act  materially 
good.  South. 

3.  In  an  important  manner  or  degree ;  es- 
sentially. It  materially  concerns  us  to 
know  the  real  motives  of  our  actions. 

M.ATE'RIALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
material  ;  importance. 

MATE'RIATE,     {      [L.  materiatus.]  Con- 

IMATE'RIATED,  \  "'  sisting  of  matter.  [Ut- 
ile used.'\  Bacon. 

MATERIA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
matter.     \J^ot  used.}  Brown. 

iMATERN'AL,  a.  [L.  maternus,  from  mater, 
mother.] 

iVIotherly  ;  pertaining  to  a  mother ;  becoming 
a  mother  ;  as  maternal  love ;  maternal  ten- 
derness. 

MATERN'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  maiernite.]  The 
character  or  relation  of  a  mother. 

MAT'FELON,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  malar,  D.  mat- 
sen,  to  kill,  ami  felon.] 

A  plant  of  tlic  genus  Centaurea,  knap-weed. 

iMATH,  n.  [Sax.  math.]  A  mowing;  as  in 
aftermath. 

MATHEMAT'I€,        )      [L.  mathematicus.] 

MATHEMAT'ICAL,  S  "'  Pertaining  to 
mathematics;  as  mathetnatical  knowledge  ; 
mathematical  instruments. 

i.  According  to  the  principles  of  mathemat- 
ics ;  as  mathematical  exactness. 

MATHEMAT'I€ALLY,  adv.  According  to 
the  laws  or  principles  of  mathematical  sci 
ence. 

2.  With  mathematical  certainty ;  demon 
strably.  Bentley. 

MATHEMATICIAN,  n.  [Fr.  mathcmati 
cien.]     One  versed  in  mathematics. 

MATHEMAT'IeSyn-  [h.  mathematica,  from 
Gr.  na3rijui.rixri,  friun  ixavtiavu,  to  learn  ;  the 
V  is  probably  casual,  and  the  root  belongs 
to  Class  M.I.  No.  10] 

The  science  of  quantity  ;  the  science  whicl 


treats  of  magnitude  and  number,  or  of 
whatever  can  be  measured  or  numbered. 
This  science  is  divided  into  pure  or  specu 
lative,  which  considers  quantity  abstractly, 
without  relation  to  matter ;  and  mixed. 
which  treats  of  magnitude  as  subsisting  in 
material  bodies,  and  is  consequently  inter 
woven  with  physical  considerations.  It 
is  the  peculiar  excellence  of  mathematics, 
that  its  principles  are  demonstrable. 
Arithmetic,  geometry,  algebra,  trigonom- 
etry, and  conic  sections,  are  branches  of 
mathematics. 

MATH'EMEG,  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod  kind 
inhabiting  Hudson's  bay.  Pennant 

MATH'ES,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

MATH'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  fmS^jstf.]  The  doc- 
trine of  mathematics.  Pope 

MAT'IN,  a.  [Fr.  matin,  morning  ;  G.  metie, 
matins;  L.  matutinus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  morning ;  used  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  as  a  matin  trumpet. 

MAT'IN,  n.  Morning.     [N'ot  used.]      Shak. 

MAT'INS,  n.  Morning  worship  or  service; 
morning  prayers  or  songs. 

The  vigils  are  celebrated  before  them,  and  the 

Docturn  and  matins,  for  the   saints   whose  the 

relics  are.  Stillingfleet. 

The  winged  choristers  began 

To  chirp  their  matins.  Cleaveland. 

2.  Time  of  morning  service;  the  first  canon- 
ical hour  in  the  Romish  church. 

MAT'RASS,  n.  [Fr.  matras ;  D.  id.  In 
French,  the  word  signifies  an  arrow  ; 
Arm.  matara,  to  throw  a  dart.  This  verb 
coincides  with  L.  mitto.  It  seems  then  to 
be  so  called  from  its  long  neck.] 

A  cucurbit ;  a  chiniical  vessel  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg,  or  with  a  tapering  neck,  open  at 
the  top,  serving  the  purposes  of  digestion, 
evaporation,  &c.  APicholson.     Quinci/. 

MAT'RESS,  n.  [W.  matras;  D.  id.;  It. 
materasso  ;  G.  matratze  ;  Fr.  matelas ;  Arm. 
matelacz,  from  mat.] 

A  quilted  bed  ;  abed  stuffed  with  hair, moss 
or  other  soft  material,  and  quilted. 

MA'TRICE,  I        [L.    matrir,    from     mater. 

MA'TRIX,;  S"'   mother.] 

1.  The  womb ;  the  cavity  in  which  the  fetus 
of  an  animal  is  formed  and  nourished  till 
its  birth.  Encyc. 

2.  A  mold  ;  the  cavity  in  which  any  thing  is 
formed,  and  which  gives  it  shape  ;  as  the 
matrix  of  a  type. 

3.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  formed  or 
produced  ;  as  the  matrix  of  metals  ;  gang. 

4.  In  dyeing,  the  five  simple  colors.  Clack, 
white,  blue,  red  and  yellow,  of  which  all 
the  rest  are  composed.  Encyc. 

MAT'RICiDAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  matri- 
cide. 

MAT'RICIDE,  )i.  [L.  matricidium ;  mater, 
mother,  and  ceedo,  to  slay.] 

1.  The  killing  or  nuirder  of  a  mother. 

Brown. 

2.  The  killer  or  murderer  of  his  mother. 
MATRICULATE,  v.  t.  [L.matricula,  a  roW 

or  register,  from  matrix.] 
To  enter  or  admit  to  membership  in  a  body 
or  society,  particularly  in  a  college  or  uni- 
versity, by  enrolling  the  name  in  a  register. 

tfotton. 

MATRICULATE,  n.  One  enrolled  in  a  reg- 
ister, and  thus  admitted  to  membership 
in  a  society.  Arbuthnot. 


MATRIeULA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  regis- 
tering a  name  and  admitting  to  member- 
ship. Ayliffe. 

^LATRIMO'NIAL,  a.  [It.  matrimoniale.  See 
Matrimony.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage ;  connubial;  nup- 
tial ;  hymeneal ;  as  matrimonial  rights  or 
duties. 

2.  Derived  from  marriage, 
if  he  relied  on  that  title,  he  could  be  but  a 

king  at  curtesy,  and  have  rather  a  matrimonial, 
than  a  regal  power.  Bacon. 

MATRIMO'NIALLY,  adv.  According  to 
the  manner  or  laws  of  marriage.      Ayliffe. 

MATRIMO'NIOUS,  a.  Matrimonial.  [Ut- 
ile used.]  Milton. 

MAT'RIMONY,  n.  [L.  matrimonium,  from 
muter,  mother.] 

Marriage ;  wedlock ;  the  union  of  man  and 
woman  for  life  ;  the  nuptial  state. 

If  any  man  know  cause  why  this  couple 
should  not  be  joined  in  holy  matrimony,  they 
are  to  declare  it.  Cotn.  Prayer. 

MATRIX.    [See  Matrice.] 

MAT'RON,  n.  [Fr.  matrone ;  L.  matrona  ; 
from  mater,  mother.] 

An  elderly  married  woman,  or  an  elderly  la- 
dy. Johnson.     Encyc. 

MAT'RONAL,  a.  [L.  matronalis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  matron  ;  suitable  to  an  elderly  la- 
dy or  to  a  married  woman ;  grave  ;  moth- 
erly. Bacon. 

MAT'RONIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  matronhke. 

Richardson. 

MAT'RONLIKE,  a.  Having  the  manners 
of  an  elderly  woman;  grave;  sedate;  be- 
coming a  matron. 

iMAT'RONLY,  a.  Elderly  ;  advanced  in 
years.  L'Estrange. 

MATROSS',  n.  [D.  matroos  ;  Sw.  Dan. 
Russ.  matros,  a  sailor  ;  D.  maat,  a  mate  ; 
maats,  fellows,  sailors  ;  Fr.  matelot.  In 
Arm.  martelot  is  a  colleague.  The  word 
seems  to  be  from  mate.] 

Matrosses  are  soldiers  in  a  train  of  artillery, 
who  are  ne.xt  to  the  gunners  and  assist 
them  in  loading,  firing  and  spunging  the 
guns.  They  carry  fire-locks,  and  march 
with  the  store  waggons  as  guards  and  as- 
sistants. Bailey.    Encyc. 

MAT'TAMORE,  n.  In  the  east,  a  subter- 
ranean repository  for  wheat. 

Parkhurst.     Shaw. 

MAT'TER,  n.  [L.  Sp.  It.  materia  ;  Fr.  ma- 
tiere;  Ann.matery;  W.  merger,  what  is  pro- 
duced, occasion,  affair,  matter ;  madrez, 
pus,  matter;  madru,  to  putrefy  or  dissolve. 
Owen  deduces  mater  from  mad,  what  pro- 
ceeds or  advances,  a  gouii  ;  madu,  to  cause 
to  proceed,  to  render  productive ;  mad, 
good,  beneficial,  that  is,  advancing,  pro- 
gressive. Here  we  have  a  clear  idea  of  the 
radical  sense  of  good,  which  is  proceeding, 
advancing.  .\  good  is  that  which  advan- 
ces or  promotes;  and  hence  we  see  the 
connection  between  this  word  miid,  and 
matter,    pus,    both    from  progressiveness. 

The  original  verb  is  in  the  Ar.  j^^  mad- 
da,  to  extend,  to  reach  or  stretch,  to  be  tall, 
to  thrust  out,  to  excrete,  to  produce  pus, 
to  yawn  ;  derivatives,  pus,  sanies,  matter. 
This  verb  in  Heb.  and  Ch.  signilies  to 
measure,  and  is  the  same  as  the  L.  metior, 
Gr.  futTpia.  In  Syriac,  it  signifies  to  es- 
cape.] 


M  A  T 


M  A  T 


M  A  U 


1.  Substance  excreted  from  living  animal 
bodies;  that  which  is  thrown  out  orilis- 
charged  In  a  tumor,  boil  or  abscess;  pus; 
purulent  substance  collected  in  an  abscess, 
the  eftect  of  suppuration  more  or  less  per- 
fect ;  as  digested  matter ;  sanious  viatter. 

2.  Body  ;  substance  extended  ;  that  which  is 
visible  or  tangible  ;  as  earth,  wood,  stone, 
air,  vapor,  water. 

3.  la  a  itwre  general  and  philosophic  sense, 
the  substance  of  which  all  bodies  are  coni- 
posed  ;  the  substratum  of  sensible  quali- 
ties, though  the  parts  composing  the  sub- 
stratum may  not  be  visible  or  tangible. 

Encyc. 
Matter  is  usually  divided  by  philosophi- 
cal writers  into  four  kinds  or  classes  ;  .50- 
lid,  liijuid,  aeriform,  and  imponderable. 
Solid  substances  are  those  whose  parts 
firmly  cohere  and  resist  impression,  as 
wood  or  stone  ;  liquids  have  free  motion 
among  their  parts,  and  easily  yield  to  im- 
pression, as  water  and  wine.  Aeriform 
substances  are  elastic  fluids,  called  vapors 
and  gases,  as  air  and  oxygen  gas.  The 
imponderable  substances  are  destitute  of 
•weight,  as  light,  caloric,  electricity,  and 
magnetism. 

4.  Subject;  thing  treated  ;  tliat  about  which 
we  write  or   speak  ;  that   which  employs 
thought  or  excites  emotion  ;  asj'lhisis  mat 
ier  of  praise,  of  gratitude,  or  of  astonish- 
ment. 

Son  of  God,  Savior  of  men,  thy  name 
Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song. 

Milton 

5.  The  very  thing  supposed  or  intended. 

He  grants  the  deluge  to  have  come  so  very 
near  the  matter,  that  few  escaped.  Tillotson. 
().  Affair  ;  business  ;  event  ;  thing  ;  course 
ofthings.  Matters  have  succeeded  we  ' 
thus  far;  observe  how  maHera  stand  ;  thus 
the  matter  rests  at  present ;  thus  the  mat- 
ter ended. 

To  help  the  inatter,  the  alchimists  call  in  ma- 
ny vanities  from  astrology.  Bacon 
Some  yoimg  ieinale  seems  to  have   carried 
matters  so  far,   that  she  is   ripe  for  asking  ad- 
vice.                                                     Spectator 

7.  Cause  of  any  event,  as  of  any  disturbance, 
of  a  disease,  or  of  a  difficulty.  When  a 
moving  machine  stops  suddenly,  we  ask, 
what  is  the  matter'?  When  a  person  is  ill, 
we  ask,  what  is  the  matter  ?  When  a  tu- 
mult or  quarrel  takes  place,  we  ask,  what 
is  the  matter  ? 

8.  Subject  of  complaint ;  suit;  demand. 

If  ihc  matter  should  be  tried  by  duel  betneen 
two  champions —  Bacon. 

Every  great  matter  they  shall  bring  to  thee, 
but  every  small  matter  they  shall  judge —  Ex. 
xviii. 

9.  Import ;  consequence  ;  importance  ;  mo- 
ment. 

A  prophet  some,  and  some  a  poet  cry. 
No  matter  which,  so  neither  of  them  lie. 

JDrydeti. 

10.  Space  of  time;  a  portion  of  distance. 

1  have  thoughts  to  tarry  a  small  matter. 

Congreve. 
Away  ho  goes,  a  matter  of  seven  miles — 

L'Estrange. 
[In  these  last  senses,  the  use  of  matter 
is  now  vulgar.] 
Upon  the  matter,  considering  the  whole  ;  ta- 
king all  things  into  view.  This  phrase  is 
now  obsolete  ;  but  in  Ucu  of  it,  we  some 
times  use,  upon  the  u'hole  matter. 


Waller,  with  Sir  William  Balfour,  exceeded 
in  horse,  but  were,  ujion  the  whole  matter, 
equal  in  foot.  Clarendon. 

Matter  of  record,  that  which  is  recorded,  or 

which  may  be  proved  by  record. 
MAT'TER,  V.  i.  To  be  of  importance  ;  to 
import ;  used  with  it,  this,  that,  or  what. 
This  matters  not ;  that  matters  not ;  chiefly 
used  in  negative  phrases;  as, what  matters 
it? 

n  matters  not  how  they  are  called,  so  we 
know  who  ihey  arc.  Locke. 

To  maturate  ;  to  form  pus  ;  to  collect,  as 
matter  in  an  abscess. 

Each  slight  sore  mattereth.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 

[We  now  use  maturate.] 

M,\T'TER,  V.  I.  To  regard.     [ATol  used.] 

MAT'TERLESS,  a.  Void  of  matter. 

B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TERY,  a.  Ptuulent ;  generating  pus 
as  a  mattery  cough.  Harvey. 

MAT'TOCK,  n.  [Sax.  matluc ;  W.  matog.' 
A  tool  to  grub  up  weeds  or  roots  ;  a  grub- 
bing hoe.  Bailey. 

IVIATTRESS.  [See  Matress,  a  more  correct 
orthography.] 

M.\T'URANT,  n.  [L.  nio/uro, from  maiurus, 
mature,  ripe.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  or  application  to  a 
tutnor,  which  promotes  suppuration. 

Encyc. 

MAT'URATE,  V.  t.  [L.  matnro,  to  hasten, 
from  mafurus,  ripe.] 

To  ripen  ;  to  hasten  or  promote  suppura- 
tion. 

M.\T' URATE,  v.i.  To  become  ripe;  to 
suppurate,  as  a  tumor,  and  form  pus. 

MAT(JR.\'TION,  n.  The  process  of  ripen- 

ripeness. 

Bacon 


ing  orcommg  to  maturity 


2.  The  process  of  suppurating  ;  suppuration 
the  forming  of  pus  in  tumors.         Qtdncy. 

MAT'URATIVE,  o.    Ripening;  conducin 
to  ripeness. 

3.  Conducing  to  suppuration,  or  the  forma- 
tion of  matter  in  a  tumor  or  abscess. 

MATU'RE,  a.  [L.  maturus ;  Dan.  moed. 
moeden.  In  W.  m«V,  is  complete,  perfect, 
mature  ;  and  medi  signifies  to  reap,  L.  meto. 
So  I'ipc,  in  English,  seems  to  be  connect 
ed  with  reap.  In  Ch.  ND!3  signifies  to 
come  to.  to  reach,  to  be  mature.  See 
Meet.] 

1.  Ripe  ;     jicrfected     by     time   or    natural 
growth  ;  as  a   man  of  mature  age.     We 
apply  it  to  a  young  man  who  has  arrived 
to  the  age  when  he  is  supposed  to  be  com 
petcnt  to  manage  his  own  concerns;  to  a 
young  woman  who  is  fit  to  be  married 
and  to  olilorly  men  who  have  much  expe 
rience. 

Their  prince  is  a  man  of  learning  and  virtue, 
mature  in  years —  .Addison. 

Mature  the  virgin  was,  of  Egypt's  race. 

Prior. 

How  sball  I  meet  or  how  accost  the  sage. 

Unskilled  in  speech,  nor  yet  mature  of  age. 

Pope. 

Brought    to   perfection ;    used  of  plants: 
The  wheat  is  mature. 
Completed  ;  prepared  ;  ready.     The  plan 
or  scheme  was  mature. 

This  lies  glowing,  and  is  mature  for  the  vio- 
lent breaking  out.  Shale. 
Ripe ;  come  to  suppuration  ;  as,  the  tu- 
mor is  mature. 


MATU'RE,  v.t.  [L.  maiuro.]  To  ripen;  to 
hasten  to  a  i)erfect  state  ;  to  promote 
ripeness. 

Prick  an  apple  with  a  pin  full  of  holes,  not 
deep,  and  smear  it  with  sack,  to  sec  if  the  vir- 
tual heat  of  the  wine  will  not  mature  it. 

Bacon. 
2.  To  advance  towards  perfection. 
Love  indulged  my  labors  past. 
Matures  my  present,  and  shall  bound  my  last. 

Pojic. 
MATU'RE,  V.  i.  To  advance  toward  ripe- 
ness ;  to  become  ripe  or  perfect.  Wine 
matures  by  age,  or  by  iigitaiion  in  a  long 
voyage.  The  judgment  matures  by  age 
and  experience. 
M.\TU'RED,   pp.    Ripened ;    advanced  to 

perfection  ;  prepared. 
MATU'RELY,    adv.    With  ripeness;  com- 
])letely. 

2.  With  full  deliberation.  A  prince  enter- 
ing on  war,  ought  maturely  to  consider 
the  state  of  his  finances. 

3.  Early  ;  soon.     [A  Latinism,  little  used.] 

Bentley. 

MATU'RING,  ppr.  Ripening ;  being  in  or 
coming  to  a  complete  state. 

M.4TU'RITY,        )      Ripeness;  a  state  of 

MATU'RENESS,  I  ""  perfection  or  com- 
pleteness ;  as  the  maturity  of  age  or  of 
judgment ;  the  maturity  of  corn  or  of  grass; 
the  maturitt)  of  a  plan  or  scheme. 

MAT'UTINAL,  )      [L.  matutinus.]  Pertain- 

MAT'UTINE,     p- ing  to  the  morning. 

Herbert. 

MAT'WEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ly- 
geum. 

M.'XUD'LIN,  a.  [corrupted  from  Magdelen, 
who  is  drawn  by  painters  with  eyes  swell- 
ed and  red  with  weeping.] 

Drunk;  fuddled  ;  approaching  to  intoxica- 
tion ;  stupid. 

And  the   kind   jnaudlin  crowd  melts  in  her 
praise.  Soutliern. 

MAUD'LIN,  7!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Achil- 

MAU'GER,  adv.  [Fr.  malgr^,   ill  will;  mat 

and  gre.] 
In  spite  of;  in  opposition   to  ;  notwithstand- 
ing ;  used  only  tn  burlesque. 

TJiis,  mauger  all  the  world,  will  I   keep  safe. 

Shale. 
MAUKIN.  [See  .Malkin.] 
M.\UL,  71.  [L.  malleus.    SeeJVfalL]  A  heavy 

wooden  haninier ;  written  also  mall. 
MAUL,  V.  t.  Ti)  beat  and  bruise  with  a  heavy 
stick   or  cudgel  ;  to  wound  in  a  coarse 
manner. 

Meek  modem    faith  to   murder,   hack   and 
maul.  Pope. 

MAUNCH,  71.  [Fr.  ?;ia7!cAc.]  A  loose  sleeve. 
[JVbt  used.]  Herbert. 

MAUND,  71.  [Sax.  and  D.  mand.]  A  hand- 
basket;  au'ordusedin  Scotland. 


.\-- 


and 


.  To  mutter;  to  mur- 


'mur  ;  to  grumble; 


MAUND, 
MAUNDER, 

to  beg.     Obs. 

MAUND'ER,  Ji.  A  beggar.     Obs. 

MAUND'ERER,  ?i.  A  grumbler.     Obs. 

MAUNDERING,  ti.  Complaint.     Obs. 

MAUNDY-THURSDAY,  71.  [supposed  to  be 
from  Sax.  inand,  a  basket ;  because  on  that 
day,  princes  used  to  give  alms  to  the  poor 
from  their  baskets  ;  or  from  dies  mandati, 
the  day  of  command,  on  which  day  our 
Savior  gave  his  great  mandate,  that  we 
should  love  one  another.     Lye.    Johnson.] 


MAY 


M  A  Y 


M  E 


Tlie  Tlmrsday  in  passion  week,  or  next  be- 
fore Good  Friday. 

MAUSOLE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mauso- 
leum; monumental.  Burton. 

MAUSOLE'UM,  ji.  [h.;'Pr.  mausolie;  from 
Mausolus,  liing  of  Caria,  to  whom  Artemis- 
ia, liis  widow,  erected  a  stately  monu- 
ment.] 

A  magnificent  tomb,  or  stately  sepulchral 
monument. 

MAU'THER,  Ji.  A  foolish  young  girl.  [JVot 
used.]  B.  Jonson. 

MA'VIS,  n.  [Fr.  mauvis.]  A  bird,  a  species 
ofTurdus. 

MAW,  n.  [Sax.  maga ;  Sw.  mage  sD.maag; 
G.  magen.] 

1.  The  stomach  of  brutes ;  applied  to  the 
stomach  of  human  beings  in  contempt  on- 

>y- 

2.  The  craw  of  fowls.  Arbiclhnol. 
MAWK,  Ji.  A  maggot;  a  slattern.     [N'otin 

ust.] 
MAWK'INGLY,  adv.    Slatternly;  sluttish- 

ly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MAWK'ISH,  a.    Apt  to  cause  satiety  or 

lothiiig. 

.So  sweetly  mawkish,  and  so  smoothly  dull. 

Pope. 
MAWK'ISHNESS,    n.    Aptness  to    cause 

lothiiig. 
JIAWK'Y,  a.  Maggoty.     [Local.]       Grose. 
MAVV'MET,  n.  [from  Mahomet.]  A  puppet; 

anciently,  an  idol.     Obs.  Wickliffe. 

MAW'METRY,  n.  The  religion  of  Moham- 
med ;  also,  idolatry.     Obs.  Chaucer. 
MAW'MISH,  o.    [from   maw,   or   mawmel.] 

Foolish;  silly;  idle  ;  nauseous. 

L'Estrange 
MAW'W5RM,  n.  A  worm  that  infests  the 

stomach.  Harvey. 

MAX'ILLAR,     }         [L.    maxillaris,    from 
MAX'ILLARY,  ^  "•    maxilla,  the  jaw-bone ; 

probably  from  the  root  of  mash.] 
Pertaining  to    the  jaw  ;    as  the   maxillary 

bones  or  glands. 
MAX'IM,  n.  [Fr.  maxime,  It.   massima,  L< 

maximum,  literally  the  greatest.] 

1.  An  established  principle  or  proposition  ;  a 
principle  generally  received  or  admitted  as 
true.     It  is  nearly   the  same  in  popular 
usage,  as  axiom  in  philosophy  and  mathe 
matics. 

It  is  a  maxim  of  .state,  that  countries  newly 
acquired  and  not  settled,  are  matters  of  burden 
rather  than  of  strength.  Bacon. 

It  is  their  maxim,  love  is  love's  reward. 

Dryden 

2.  In  music,  the  longest  note  formerly  used 
equal  to  two  longs,  or  four  breves. 

Bushy. 
MAX'IM-MONGER,    n.    One    who    deals 

much  in  maxims.  Chesterfield. 

MAX'IMUM,  n.    [L.]    In   mathematics,   the 

greatest  number  or  quantity  attainable  in 

any  given  case ;  opposed  to  minimum. 
MAY,  n.  [h.Maius  ;Fr.   Mai;  It. Maggio; 

fi[<.Ma)jo.] 

1.  The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  beginning 
with  January,  hut  the  third,  beginning  with 
March,  lis  was  the  ancient  practice  of  the 
Riimans. 

2.  [Goth.  mawi.  See  Maid.]  A  young  wo 
ni:ui.     Ohs. 

3.  Tiic  early  p;>rt  of  Hfe. 

Hii  .Uri//   of  youth  and  bloom  of  luslihood. 

Shak 


MAY,  11.  i.  To  gather  flowers  in  May-morn- 
ing. Sidney. 

MAY,  verb  aux. ;  pret.  viight.  [Sax.  magan,  to 
be  strong  or  able,  to  avail ;  D.  ineijen  or 
moogen  ;  G.  miigen ;  Russ.  mogu.  The 
old  pret.  mought  is  obsolete,  but  not  whol- 
ly extinct  among  our  common  people. 
The  sense  is  to  strain  or  press.] 

1.  To  be  possible.  We  say,  a  thing  may  be, 
or  may  not  be  ;  an  event  may  happen  ;  a 
thing  ma?/  be  done,  if  means  are  not  want- 
ing. 

2.  To  have  physical  power ;  to  be  able. 
Make  the  most  of  life  you  may.        Bourne. 

3.  To  have  moral  power ;  to  have  liberty, 
leave,  license  or  permission  ;  to  be  per- 
mitted ;  to  be  allowed.  A  man  may  do 
what  the  laws  permit.  He  may  do  what 
is  not  against  decency,  propriety  or  good 
manners.  We  may  not  violate  the  laws, 
or  the  rules  of  good  breeding.  I  told  the 
servant  he  might  be  absent. 

Thou  mayest  he  no   longer  steward.     Luke 
xvi. 

4.  It  is  used  in  prayer  and  petitions  to  ex 
press  desire.  O  may  we  never  experi- 
ence the  evils  we  dread.  So  also  in  ex- 
pressions of  good  will.  May  you  live  hap- 
pily, and  be  a  blessing  to  your  country 
It  was  formerly  used  for  can,  and  its  rad- 
ical sense  is  the  same. 

May  be,  it  may  be,  are  expressions  equivalent 
10  perhaps,  by  chance,  peradventurc,  that  is, 
it  is  possible  to  be. 

MA'Y-APPLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Podophyllum. 

MA'Y-BLOOM.  n.  The  hawthorn. 

MA'Y-BUG,  H.  .\  charter.  Ainsivorlh 

MA'Y-BUSII,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cra- 
taegus. 

MA'Y-DAY,  n.  The  first  day  of  May. 

MA'Y-DEW,  11.  The  dew  of  May,  which  is 
said  to  whiten  linen,  and  to  afford  by  re 
peated  distillations,  a  red  and  odoriferous 
spirit.  It  has  been  supposed  that  from 
the  preparation  of  this  dew,  the  Rosicru- 
cians  took  their  name.  Encyc. 

MA'Y-DUKE,  11.  A  variety  of  the  common 
cherry. 

MA'Y-FLOWER,  n.  A  plant ;  a  flower  that 
appears  in  May.  Bacon. 

M.\' Y-FLY,  n.  An  insect  or  fly  that  appears 
in  May.  Walton. 

MA'Y-GAME,  n.  Sport  or  diversion  ;  play, 
such  as  is  used  on  the  first  of  May. 

Dryden. 

MA'YING,  n.  The  gathering  of  flowers  on 
May-day. 

MA'Y-LADY,  n.  The  queen  or  lady  of  May, 
in  old  May-games.  Dryden. 

MA'Y-LILY,  w.The  lily  of  the  valley,  o'f  the 
genus  Convallaria. 

MA'Y-MORN,  n.   Freshness  ;  vigor. 

Shak. 

MA'Y-POLE,  n.  A  pole  to  dance  round  in 
May  ;  a  long  ])ole  erected. 

MA'Y-WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  -An 
themis. 

MAYHEM.  [See  Maim.] 
MA'YOR,  n.  [Fr.  maire  ;  Norm,  maeur, 
mair,  meyre  ;  Arm.  mear  ;  W.  inner,  one 
stationed,  one  that  looks  after  or  tends, 
one  that  keeps  or  guards,  a  provost,  a 
mayor,  a  bailiff';  maer  y  biswal,  a  land 
steward,  the  keeper  of  a  cow-hire ;  tnaer- 
drcv,   a   dairy   hamlet  ;  maerdy,   a   dairy- 


farm  ;  matron,  a  male-keeper  or  dairy- 
farmer  ;  maeres,  a  female  who  looks  after, 
a  dairy-woman  ;  maeroni,  the  office  of  a 
keeper,  siiperintendency,  mayoralty ;  Arm. 
miret,  to  kee|),  slop,  hold,  coinciding  with 
Fr.  mirer,  h.  miror,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is  precisely  the  same  as  in  the  Ar- 
moric.  See  Admirable  and  Miracle.  A 
mayor,  then,  was  originally  an  overseer, 
and  among  country  gentlemen,  a  steward, 
a  kind  of  domestic  bailiff;  rendered  in  the 
writings  of  the  middle  ages,  viUicus.  See 
Spelman  ad  vac.  The  derivation  of  the 
word  from  L.  major,  is  undoubtedly  an 
error.] 

The  chief  magistrate  of  a  city,  who,  in  Lon- 
don and  York,  is  called  lord  mayor.  The 
mayor  of  a  city,  in  America,  is  the  chief 
judge  of  the  city  court,  and  is  assisted,  in 
some  cases  at  least,  by  two  or  more  alder- 
men. To  the  lord  mayor  of  London  be- 
long several  courts  of  judicature,  as  the 
hustings,  court  of  requests,  and  court  of 
common  council. 

ftlA'YORALTY,  n.  The  ofiice  of  a  mayor. 

Bacon. 

MA'YORESS,  n.  The  wife  of  a  mayor. 

MAZ'AGAN,  n.  A  variety  of  the  common 
bean,  [viciafaba.] 

MAZ'ARIJ,  n.  [probably  from  the  root  of 
marsh  ;  I'r.  machoire.] 

1.  The  jaw.      [JVot  used.] 

Shak.     Hudibras. 

2.  A  kind  of  cherry. 

MAZ'ARD,  V.  I.  To  knock  on  the  head. 
[M'ot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

MAZARINE,  n.  A  deep  blue  color. 

2.  A  particular  way  of  dressing  fowls. 

2.  A  little  dish  set  in  a  larger  one.  Ash. 

MAZE,  n.  [Sax.  mase,  a  whirlpool ;  Arm. 
mez,  confusion  or  shame.  The  origin  and 
affinities  of  this  word  are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  winding  and  turning  ;  perple.xed  state  of 
things;  intricacy  ;  a  state  that  embarrass- 
es. 

The  ways  of  heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
Puzzled  with  mazes,  and  perplexed  with  er- 
ror. Addison. 

2.  Confusion  of  thought;  perplexity;  uncer- 
tainty. 

3.  A  labyrinth. 

MAZE,  v.  t.  To  bewilder  ;  to  confound  with 
intricacy  ;  to  amaze.  Spenser. 

MAZE,  V.  i.  To  be  bewildered.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MA'ZEDNESS,  n.  Confusion;  astonish- 
ment.    Obs.  Chaucer. 

MA'ZER,  n.  A  maple  cup.     Obs.     Spenser. 

MAZ0L06'I€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  mazol- 

ogy- 

MAZOL'OgIST,  )i.  One  versed  in  mazol- 
ogy. 

MAZOL'OtiY,  ?i.  [Gr.  /mjo,  a  breast,  and 
Tioyoj,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  history  of  mammiferous 
animals. 

MAZY,  a.  Winchng  ;  perplexed  with  turns 
and  windings  ;  intricate  ;  as  mazy  error. 

Milton. 
To  run  the  ring  and  trace  the  mazy  round. 

Dryden. 

M.  D.  Medicinw  Doctor,  doctor  of  medicine. 

ME,  pron.  pcrs.;  the  objective  case  of/,  an- 
swering to  the  olilicpiecasesof  f^o,  in  Lat- 
in. [Sax.  me  ;  Goth,  mik  ;  G.  j«icA ;  P'r.  moi; 
L.  mihi;  Sp. mi;  It.  ;ni  or  me  ;  Arm.  me; 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


Port,  mini ;  D.  my  ;    Galic,  mo  ;  Hindoo, 
viejko;  Sans.  me.     The  Hindoos  use  me  in 
the  nominative,  as  in  Celtic  and  French, 
vii,  moi.] 
Follow  [me  ;  give  to  me ;  go  with  me.    The 
phrase  "  I  followed  me  close,"   is  not  m 
use.     Before  think,  as  in  methinks,  me  is 
properly  in  the  dative  case,  and  the  verb 
is  impersonal ;  the  construction  is,  it  ap 
pears  to  me. 
ME'A€OCK,  n.    [Qu.  meek  and  cock.]    An 
uxorious,  efleminate  man.     [M)t  used.] 

Johnson. 
ftlE'ACOCK,  a.  Lame;  timorous:  coward- 
ly.    [Mit  used.]  Shak 
MEAD,  n.  [Sax.  medo,  medu,  mead  or  wine  ; 
D.  meede  ;  G.  meth  ;  Dan.  miod  ;  W.  mez  ; 
Ir.  miodh  or  meadh  ;  Arm.  mez.     In  Gr. 
ftidv  is  wine,  as  is  madja  in  Sanscrit,  and 
medo  in  Zend.     In  Russ.  med  or  meda  is 
honey.     If  the   word   signifies  primarily 
liquor  in  general,  it  may  be  allied  to  Gr. 
fiv&au,  L.  madeo,  to  be  wet.     But  it  may 
have  liad  its  name  from  honey.] 
A  fermented  liquor  consisting  of  honey  and 
water,  sometimes  enriched  with  spices. 

Encyc. 
MEAD,  )       meed,     )     [Sax.  mccde,  mit- 

MEADOW,  \  "■  med'o.  \  dewe  ;  G.  matte, 
a  mat,  and  a  meadow  ;  Ir.  madh.  Tht 
sense  is  extended  or  flat  depressed  land. 
It  is  supposed  that  this  word  enters  into 
the  name  Mediolanum,  now  Milan,  in 
Italy  ;  that  is,  mead-land.] 
A  tract  of  low  land.  In  America,  tlie  word 
is  applied  particularly  to  the  low  ground 
on  the  banks  of  rivers,  consisting  of  a 
rich  mold  or  an  alluvial  soil,  whether 
grass  land,  pasture,  tillage  or  w^ood  land  ; 
as  the  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  Con- 
necticut. The  word  with  us  does  not  ne- 
cessarily imply  wet  land.  Tliis  species  of 
land  is  called,  in  the  western  states,  bot- 
toms, or  bottom  land.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  other  low  or  flat  lauds,  iiarticu- 
larly  lands  appropriated  to  tlie  culture  of 
grass. 

The  word  is  said  to  be  applied  iu  Great 
Britain  to  land  somewhat  watery,  but 
covered  with  grass.  Johnson. 

Meadow  means  pasture  or  grass  land, 
annually  mown  for  hay ;  but  more  partic- 
ularly, land  too  moist  for  cattle  to  graze 
on  iu  winter,  without  spoiling  the  sward. 
Encyc.     Cyc. 
[Mead  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 
MEAD'OW-ORE,   n.  In  mineralogy,  cnu- 
choidal  bog  iron  ore.  Ure. 

MEAD'OW-RUE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Thalictrum. 
MEAD'OW-SAFFRON,  ».  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Colchicum. 
MEADOW-SAXIFRAGE,  n.   A   plant  of 

the  genus  Peucedanum. 
MEAD'OW-SWEET,  n.     A   plant  of  the 

genus  Si)ir!ea. 
MEAD'OW-WORT,  n.   A  plant.    Drayton 
MEAD'OWY,  a.  Containing  meadow. 

J.  Darlou\ 
ME'AGER,  a.  [Fr.  mnigre ;  Sp.  It.  ma 
gro  ;  L.  macer ;  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  ma 
f^er  ;  Gr.  jutxxoj,  juixpof,  small  ;  allied  to 
Eng.  meek;  Ch.  IXD, to  be  thin,  to  be  ile 
pressed,  to  subdue;  Hob.  "IlOid.  Class  Mg. 
No.  2.  9.  and  10. 13.1 


1.  Thin ;  lean ;  destitute  of  flesh  or  having 
little  flesh  ;  applied  to  animals. 

Afeager  were  his  look?. 
Sharp  misery  had  worn  him  to  the  bones. 

Shak. 

2.  Poor  ;  barren ;  destitute  of  richness,  fer- 
tility, or  any  thing  valuable  ;  as  a  meager 
soil  ;  meager  limestone. 

Journ.  of  Science 

3.  Barren  ;  poor ;  wanting  strength  of  dic- 
tion, or  richness  of  ideas  or  imagery  ;  as  a 
meager  style  or  composition  ;  meager  an- 
nals. 

ME'AGER,  V.  I.  To  make  lean.     [JVo<  used.] 

Knolles. 
ME'AGERLY,  adv.  Poorly ;  thinly. 
iME'AGERNESS,  n.     Leanness  ;  want  of| 
flesh. 

2.  Poorness  ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  fertility 
or  richness. 

3.  Scantiness  ;  barrenness  ;  as  the  meager- 
ness  of  service.  Bacon 

MEAK,  n.  A  hook  with  a  long  handle. 

Tusser. 
MEAL,  n.  [Sax.  ma:l,  a  part  or  portion  ;  D. 

maal;  G.mahl;  probably  from  breaking. 

See  the  next  word.] 

1.  A  portion  of  food  taken  at  one  time  ;  a 
repast.  It  is  customary  in  tlie  U.  States 
to  eat  three  meals  in  a  day.  The  principal 
meal  of  our  ancestors  was  dinner,  at  noon 

2.  Apart;  a  fragment;  in  the  word  piece- 
meal. 

MEAL,  n.  [Sax.  mea?C!«e,  melewe  ;  G.mehl; 
Sw.  mibl  ;  Dan.  D.  7neel  ;  G.  mehlicht, 
mealy,  mellow  ;  VV.  mdl,  bruised,  ground, 
smooti).  This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to 
mill,  L.  mola,  and  to  L.  mollis,  Eng.  mellow. 
The  radical  sense  is  probably  to  break, 
comminute,  or  grind  to  fine  particles,  and 
hence  the  sense  of  softness  ;  or  the  sense 
of  softness  may  be  from  yielding  or  smooth- 
ness, and  the  verb  may  be  from  the  noun.] 

1.  The  substance  of  edible  grain  ground  to 
fine  particles,  and  not  bolted  or  sifted. 
Meal  ])rimarily  includes  the  bran  as  well 
as  the  flour.  Since  bolting  has  been  gen- 
erally practiced,  the  word  meal  is  not  gen- 
erally applied  to  the  finer  part,  or  flour,  at 
least  in  tiic  United  States,  though  I  believe 
it  is  sometimes  so  used.  In  New  Eng- 
land, meal  is  now  usually  applied  to  ground 
maiz,  whether  bolted  or  unbolted,  called 
Indian  meal,  or  corn-meal.  The  words 
wheat-meal  and  rye-meal  are  rarely  used, 
though  not  wholly  extinct ;  and  meat  oc 
curs  also  in  oatmeal. 

2.  Flour  ;  the  finer  part  of  pulverized  grain. 
[This  sense  is  now  uncommon.] 

MEAL,  1'.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  meal 
or  to  mix  meal  w  ith.     [lAtlle  itscd.] 

ME'ALINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
mealy  ;  softness  or  smoothness  to  the 
touch. 

MEA'L-MAN,  v.  A  man  that  deals  in  meal. 

ME'AL-TIME,  n.  The  usual  time  of  eatin 
meals. 

ME'ALY,  o.  Having  the  qualities  of  meal; 
soft  ;  smooth  to  the  feel. 

2.  Like  meal  ;  farinaceous  ;  .soft,  dry  and 
friable  ;  as  a  mealy  potatoe  ;  a  mff(/^ap])le. 

.3.  Overspread  with  something  that  resem- 
bles meal  ;  as  the  mealy  wings  of  an  in 
sect.  Thomson. 

ME'ALY-MOUTHED,  a.  Literally,  iiavin 
a  soft  mouth  ;  hence,  unwilling  to  tell  the 


truth  in  plain  language  ;  inclined  to  si)eak 
of  any  thing  in  softer  tenns  than  the  truth 
will  warrant.  VEstrange. 

MEALY-MOUTH'EDNESS,  n.  Inchnation 
to  express  the  truth  iu  soft  words,  or  to 
disguise  the  plain  fact  ;  reluctance  to  tell 
the  plain  truth. 
MEAN,  a.  [Sax.  mane,  gemane ;  the  latter 
word  signifies  common,  L.  fommunt*. 
Mean  coincides  in  eh^tients  with  Sax. 
mmneg,  many,  anil  the  pririiary  sense  may 
be  a  crowd,  like  vulgar,  from  L.  valgus.  If 
the  primary  siMLse  is  small,  it  coincides 
with  Ir.  j(iio)i,  \V.  man  or  main,  Fr.  me- 
nu. It.  meno,  L.  minor  and  minuo,  to  di- 
minish ;  but  I  think  the  word  belongs  to 
the  root  of  common.  See  Class  Mn.  No. 
2  and  5.] 
1.  Wanting  dignity;  low  in  rank  or  birth; 
as  a  man  of  mean  parentage,  mean  birth 
I     or  origin. 

i2.  Wanting  dignity  of  mind  ;  low  minded  ; 
base  ;  destitute  of  honor  ;  spiritless. 
Can  you  imagine  1  so  mean  could  prove, 
To  save  my  lilc  by  changing  of  my  love  ? 

I}ri/den. 
Contemptible  ;  despicable. 
The  Roman  legions  ajid  great  Cesar  found 
Our  fathers  no  mean  foes.  Philip.i. 

4.  Of  little  value  ;  low  in  worth  or  estima- 
tion ;  worthy  of  little  or  no  regard. 

We  fa.st,  not  to  please  men,  nor  to  promote 

any  mean  worldly  interest.  SmalrUlge. 

'p.  Of    little    value  ;    humble  ;    poor  ;   as  a 

I     menn  abode  ;  a  mean  dress. 

MEAN,  a.  [Fr.  moyen  ;  Sp.  Port,  mediano  ; 

L.   medium,   medius  ;    Ir.   meadhan.      See 

Middle.] 

1.  Middle  ;  at  an  equal  distance  from  the  ex- 
tremes ;  as  the  mean  distance ;  the  mean 
proportion  between  quantities  ;  the  mean 
ratio. 

According  to  the  fittest  style  of  lofty,  mean, 
or  lowly.  Milton. 

2.  Intervening  ;  intermediate  ;  coming  be- 
tween ;  as  in  the  mean  time  or  while. 

MEAN,  n.  The  middle  point  or  place  ;  the 
middle  rate  or  degree;  mediocrity  ;  me- 
dium.    Observe  the  golden  mean. 

There  is  a  mean  in  all  things.  Dryden. 

liut  no  authority  of  gods  or  men 
Allow  of  any  mean  in  poesy.       Roscommon. 
Intervening  time  ;  interval  of  time  ;  inte- 
rim ;  meantime. 

And   in   the   mean,  vouchsafe  her  honorable 
tomb.  Spenser. 

Here  is  an  omission  oCtime  or  while. 

3.  Measure  ;  regulation.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

4.  Instrument ;  that  which  is  used  to  effect 
an  object  ;  the  medium  through  which 
something  is  done. 

The  virtuous  conversation  of  christians  \va-"  a 
mean  to  work  the  conversion  of  the  heathen  to 
Christ.  Hunker. 

In  this  sense,  means,  iu  the  plural,  is 
generally  used,  and  often  with  a  definitive 
and  verb  in  the  singular. 

By  Mi's  means  he  had  tliim  more  at  vantajc. 

Bacon. 

A  good  chai-actcr,  when  established,  should 
not  be  rested  on  as  an  end,  but  employed  as  a 
means  of  doing  good.  Atterbury. 

Means,  m  the  jiluial,  income,  revenue,  re- 
sources, substance  or  estate,  considered 
as  the  instrument  of  elTecting  any  purpose. 
He  would  have  built  a  housCi  but  he  want- 
ed  fflctijij. 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


M  E  A 


\oi\r  means  are  slender.  Shak: 

a.  Iiistrunient  of  action  or  performance. 
By    all  means,    without     fail.     Go,  by   all 

means. 
By  no  means,  not  at  all ;  certainly  not ;  not 

in  any  degree. 

The  wine  on  this  side  of  the  lake  is  by  no 

means  so  good  as  that  on  the  other.     Mdison 
By  no  manner  of  means,  by  no  means ;  not 

tbe  least.  Burke. 

By  any  means,  possibly  ;  at  all. 

II  6^  any  means  I  might  attain  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  dead.     Phil.  iii. 

Meantime,    ?    in  the  intervening  time.     [In 

Meanwhile,  ^  this  use  of  these  words  there 
is  an  omission  o{in  or  in  the  ;  inthe  mean 
time.^ 

MEAN,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  meant ;  pronounc- 
ed ment.  [Sax.  mcenan,  menan,  to  mean, 
to  intend,  also  to  relate,  to  recite  or  te 
also  to  moan,  to  lament  ;  G.  meinen  ;  D. 
nieenen ;  Sw.  mena  ;  Dan.  meener,  mener  ; 
Russ.  nmya,  to  think  or  believe ;  Ir.  smu- 
ainim.  It  coincides  in  origin  with  L. 
mens,  Eng.  mind.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set  or  to  thrust  forward,  to  reach, 
stretch  or  extend.  So  in  L.  intendo,  to 
stretch  onw  ard  or  towards,  and  ^Jropono,  to 
propose,  to  set  or  put  forward.] 

1.  To'liave  in  the  mind,  view  or  contempla- 
tion ;  to  intend. 

What  mean  you  by  this  service  ?     Ex.  xii 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  purpose  ;  to  design,  with 
reference  to  a  future  act. 

Ye  thought  evil  against  me,  but  God  meant  it 
for  good.     Gen.l. 

3.  To  signify  ;  to  indicate 

\Vhat  tnean  these  seven  ewe  lambs  ?     Gen. 
xxi. 

^Vhat  meaneth  the  noise  of  this  great  shout 
in  the  camp  of  theHebrews  ?     1  Sam.  iv. 

Go  ye,  and  learn  what  that  meaneth —     Matt, 

ix. 

MEAN,  V.  i.  To  have  thought  or  ideas  ;  or 

to  have  meaning.  Pope. 

MEAN'DER,  n.    [the  name  of   a  winding 

river  in  Phrygia.] 

1.  A  winding  course  ;  a  winding  or  turning 
in  a  passage  ;  as  the  meanders  of  the  veins 
and  arteries.  Hale. 

While  lingering  rivers  in  meanders  glide. 

Blackmore 

2.  A  maze  ;  a  labyrinth  ;  perplexity;  as  the 
meanders  of  the  law.  Arbuthnot. 

MEAN'DER,  v.  t.  To  wind,  turn  or  flow 
round  ;  to  make  flexuous.  Drayton. 

MEAN'DER,  v.  i.  To  wind  or  turn  in  a 
course  or  passage  ;  to  be  intricate. 

Shenstone. 

IMEAN'DERING,  ppr.  or  a.  Winding  in  a 
course,  passage  or  current 

MEAN'DRIAN,  a     "  '     ' 
ny  turns. 

ME'ANING,  ppr.  Having  in  mind  ;  intend 
ing  ;  signifying. 

ME'ANING,  n.  That  which   exists  in  the 
niinil,  view  or  contenii)lation  as  a  settled 
aim  or  purpose,  though  not  directly  ex 
pressed.     We  say,  this  or  that  is  not  his 
meaning. 

2.  Iiitcnliun  ;  pm-posc  ;  aim;  with  reference 
to  a  future  act. 

1  am  no  honest  man,  if  there  be   any  2;ood 
meanvnt;  towards  you.  Shak 

3.  Signification.  What  is  the  menniii^  of  all 
this  parade  ?  The  meaning  of  a  hiero- 
glypliii-  is  not  alwa\s  obvious 


4.  The  sense  of  words  or  expressions  ;  that 
which  is  to  be  understood  ;  signification  ; 
that  which  the  writer  or  speaker  intends 
to  express  or  communicate.  Words  have 
a  literal  meaning,  or  a  metaphorical  tiiean- 
ing,  and  it  is  not  always  easy  to  ascertain 
the  real  meaning. 

5.  Sense  ;  power  of  thinking.     [LAttle  used.] 
ME'ANLY,  adt).  [See  Mean.]     Moderately; 

not  in  a  great  degree. 

In  the  reign  of  Uomitian,  poetry  was  meanly 
cultivated.     [JVbt  used.]  Dryden. 

2.  Without  dignity  or  rank  ;  in  a  low  condi- 
tion ;  as  meanly  born. 

3.  Poorly  ;  as  meanly  dressed. 

4.  Without  greatness  or  elevation  of  mind  ; 
without  honor  ;  with  a  low  mind  or  nar 
row  views.  He  meanly  declines  to  fulfill 
his  promise. 

Would  you  meanly  thus  rely 

On  power,  you  know,  1  must  obey  ?       Prior. 

5.  Without  respect  ;  disrespectfully.  We 
cannot  bear  to  hear  others  speak  meanly 
of  our  kindred. 

ME'ANNESS,  n.  Want  of  dignity  or  rank 
low  state  ;  as  meanness  of  birth  or  condi 
tion.     Poverty  is  not  always  meanness  ;  it 
may  be  connected  with  it,  but  men  of  dig- 
nified minds  and  manners  are  often  poor 

2.  Want  of  excellence  of  any  kind ;  poor- 
ness ;  rudeness. 

This  figure  is  of  a  later  date,  by  the  mean- 
ness of  the  workmanship.  Addison. 

3.  Lowness  of  mind ;  want  of  dignity  and 
elevation  ;  want  of  honor.  Meanness  in 
men  incurs  contempt.  All  dishonesty  is 
meanness. 

4.  Sordidness;  niggardliness;  opposed  to 
liberality  or  charitableness.  Meanness  is 
very  different  from  frugality. 

5.  Want  of  richness;  poorness;  as  the 
meanness  of  dress  or  equipage. 

MEANT,  pret.  attdpp.  oi' mean. 

MEAR.    [SeeJlfere.] 

ME'ASE,  n.  [from  the  root  of  measure.] 
The  quantity  of  500 ;  as  a  mease  of  her- 
rings.    [JVbt  used  in  America.] 

MEASLE,  n.  mee'd.  A  leper.     [iN'ot  in  use.] 

Wickliffe. 

MEASLED,  a.  mee'zled.  [See  Measles.] 
Infected  or  spotted  with  measles. 

MEASLES,  ?i.  mee'zles ;  with  a  plural  ter- 
mination. [G.  ma«er,  a  spot ;  masrg-,  nieas- 
led  ;  D.  mazelen  ;  from  sprinkling  or  from 
mixing.     Class  Ms.  No.  14.  15.] 

).  A  contagious  disease  of  the  human  body, 
usually  characterized  by  an  eruption  of 
small  red  points  or  spots,  from  which  it 
has  its  name. 

2.  A  disease  of  swine.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A  disease  of  trees.  Mortimer. 
MEASLY,  a.  mee'zly.  Infected  with  measles 

or  eruptions.  Swift. 

MEASUIIABLE,  a.  mezh'urable.  [See 
Measure.] 

1.  That  may  be  measured;  susceptible  of 
mensuration  or  computation.  Bentley. 

2.  Moderate  ;  in  small  quantity  or  extent. 
MEASURABLENESS,  ?i.    mezh'urableness. 

The  quality  of  admitting  nieusuration. 
MEASURABLY,  adv.    mezh'urably.     Mod- 

eratelv  ;  in  a  funitcd  degree. 
MEASURE,   n.    mezh'ur.    [Kr.   mesxire ;   It. 

misura  ;  S|).  medida  ;  Ann.  mit.mr  or  mu- 

sul ;  Ir.  meas  ;    W.  meidyr  and  mesur  ;   G. 

mass,  measure,  and  mcssai,  to  nicasuru  ; 


D.  maat ;  Sw.  matt ;  Dan.  mcuide,  meas- 
ure, and  mode ;  L.  mensura,  from  mensvs, 
with  a  casual  n,  the  participle  of  metior,  to 
measure,  Eng.  to  mete ;  Gr.  fit rpor,  /itTptw. 
Witli  these  correspond  the  Eng.  meet,  fit, 
proper,  and  meet,  the  verb;  Sax.  gemet, 
meet,  fit ;  metan  and  gemettan,  to  meet  or 
meet  with,  to  find,  to  mete  or  measure, 
and  to  paint.  Tiie  sense  is  to  come  to,  to 
fall,  to  happen,  and  this  sense  is  connected 
with  that  of  stretching,  extending,  that  is. 
reaching  to  ;  the  latter  gives  the  sense  of 
measure.  We  find  in  Heb.  HD  measure ; 
mo,  to  mete,  to  measure.  This  word  in  Ar. 

A^  madda,  signifies  to  stretch  or  extend, 

to  draw  out  in  length  or  time ;  as  do  other 
verbs  with  the  same  elements,  under  one 
of  which  we  find  the  meta  of  the  Latins. 
The  Ch.  t«3D  signifies  to  come  to,  to  ar- 
rive, to  reach,  to  be  mature,  and  NXD,  in 
Heb.  Ch.  and  Eth.  signifies  to  find,  to 
come  to.  Now  the  Saxon  verb  unites  in 
itself  the  significations  of  all  three  of  the 
oriental  verbs.] 

1.  The  whole  extent  or  dimensions  of  a 
thing,  including  length,  breadth  and  thick- 
ness. 

The  measure  thereof  is  longer  than  the  earth 
and  broader  than  the  sea.     Job  xi. 

It  is  applied  also  to  length  or  to  breadth 
separately. 

2.  That  by  which  extent  or  dimension  is  as- 
certained, either  length,  breadth,  thick- 
ness, capacity,  or  amount ;  as,  a  rod  or 
pole  is  a  measure  of  five  yards  and  a  half; 
an  inch,  a  foot,  a  yard,  are  measures  of 
length  ;  a  gallon  is  a  measure  of  capacity. 
Weights  and  measures  should  be  uniform. 
Silver  and  gold  are  the  common  measure 
of  value. 

3.  A  limited  or  definite  quantity ;  as  a  meas- 
ure of  wine  or  beer. 

4.  Determined  extent  or  length ;  limit. 
Lord,  make  me  to  know   rny  end,  and  the 

7neasure  of  my  days.     Ps.  xxxix. 

5.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  is  adjusted  or 
proportioned. 

God's  goodness  is  the  measure  of  his  provi- 
dence. .More. 

6.  Proportion  ;  quantity  settled. 
I  enter  not  into  the  particulars  of  the  law  of 

nature,  or  its  measures  of  punishment ;  yet 
there  is  such  a  law.  Locke. 

7.  Full  or  sufficient  quantity. 
I'll  never  pause  again, 

Till  either  death  halh  clos'd  these  eyes  of  mine, 
Orfortune  given  nie  measure  of  revenge. 

Shak. 

8.  Extent  of  power  or  office. 
We  will  not  boast  of    things   without   our 

measure.     2  Cor.  x. 

9.  Portion  allotted  ;  extent  of  abiUty. 
If  else  thou  seekest 

Aught  not  surpassing  human  measure,  say. 

Milton. 

10.  Degree ;  quantity  indefinite. 

I  have  laid  down,  in  some  measure,  tlie  des- 
cription of  the  old  world.  Mbot. 

A  ^reMi  measure  of  discretion  is  to  be  used  in 
the  performance  of  confession.  Taylor. 

11.  In  mi(.9i>,  that  division  by  which  the  mo- 
tion of  music  is  regulated  ;  or  the  interval 
or  space  of  time  between  the  rising  and 
fulling  of  the  hand  or  foot  of  him  who  beats 
time.     This  measure  regulates  the  time  of 


M  E  A 


M  E  C 


M  E  C 


t) 


dwelling  on  each  note.    The  ordinary  orljMEASURING,  ppr.    mezh'uring.    Corapu-I 

ting  or  ascertaining   lengtli,  dimensions, 
[     capacity  or  amount.  j 

2.  a.  A  measuring  cast,  a  throw  or  cast  that; 
requires  to  he  measured,  or  not  to  be  dis-i 
tiiiguishcd  liom  another  but  by  ineasur 
ing.  ff'aller. 

MEAT,  n.  [Sax.  male,  mete ;  Got\i.  mats ; 
Sw.  mat ;  Dan.  mad ;  Hindoo,  jiias.  In  W 
maethu  signifies  to  feed,  to  nourish,  Corn. 
methia.  In  the  language  of  the  Moliegans, 
in  America,  meetseh  signifies,  eat  thou ; 
meetsoo,  he  eats.     Qu.  maiz  and  must.] 

1.  Food  in  general;  any  thing  eaten  for 
nourishment,  either  by  man  or  beast. 

And  (iod  .said,  Behold,  I  have  given  you 
every  herb — to  you  it  shall  lie  for  meat.    Gen.  i 

Every  moving  thing  that  liveth,  shall  be 
meat  for  you.     Gen.  ix. 

Thy  carcase  shall  be  meat  to  all  fowls  of  the 
air.     Deut.  xxviii. 

2.  The  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food.     This 
is  iiotv   the  more  usual   sense  of  the  u-ord. 
The  meal  of  carnivorous  animals  is  tough, 
coarse  and  ill  flavored.     The  mca/of  herb 
ivorous  animals  is  generally  palatable. 

In  Scripture,  spiritual  food  ;  that  which 
sustains  and  noiuishes  spiritual  life  or 
holiness. 

My  flesh  is  meat  indeed.     John  vl 

4.  Spiritual  comfort ;  that  which  delights 
the  soul. 

My  men!  is  to  do  the  will  of  him  that  sent 
nie.     Jolin  iv. 

5.  Products  of  the  earth  proper  for  food. 
Hab.  iii. 

6.  The  more  abstruse  doctrines  of  the  gos- 
))el,  or  mysteries  of  religion.     Heh.  v. 

7.  Ceremonial  ordinances.     Ileh.  xiii. 
To  sit  at  meat,  to  sit  or  recline  at  the  table. 

Scriptitre 

ME'ATED,  a.   Fed  ;  flittencd.     [ATot  used.]\ 

Tttsso' 

MEATIIE,  Ji.  [\V.  jHf:.  Hoe  Mead.]  Liquor 
or  drink.     LYot  used.]  Milton 

ME'AT-OFFERINC;,  n.  An  oflering  con- 
sisting of  meat  or  food. 

ME'ATY,  a.  Fleshy,  but  not  fat.   [Local.] 

Ch-ose. 

MEAWL.     [See  MewL] 

ME'AZLING,  ppr.  Falling  in  small  drops  ; 
properly  mi;;/i/i_ff,  or  rather  mistliiig,  fron 
mist.  Arlmlhnol. 

ME€HAN'I€,        \        [L.  mechaninis ;    Fr. 

MECHAN'IGAL,  ^        mechanique;    Gr. 
;fai'txo5,  from  ftrixavr,,  a  machine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  machines,  or  to  the  art  of 
constructing  machines  ;  pertaining  to  the 
art  of  making  wares,  goods,  instruments, 
furniture,  &c.  We  say,  a  man  is  employ- 
ed in  mechanical  labor  ;  he  lives  by  me- 
chanical occupation. 

2.  Constructed  or  performed  by  the  rules  or 
laws  of  mechanics.     The  work  is  not  mc 
chanical. 

3.  Skilled  in  the  art  of  making  machines; 
bred  to  manual  labor.  Johnson. 

4.  Pertaining  to  artisans  or  mechanics;  vul- 
gar. 

To  make  a  god,  a  hero  or  a  king. 
Descend  to  a  mechanic  dialect. 

Soscommon. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  principles  of  mechanics, 
in  philosophy  ;  as  mechanical  powers  or 
forces;  a  mechanical  principle. 

6.  Acting  by  physical  power  ;  as  mechanical 
pressure. 

14 


common  measure  is  one  second.        Encyc. 

12.  In  potlry,  the  measure  or  meter  is  the 
manner  of  ordering  and  combining  the 
quantities,  or  the  long  and  short  syllables. 
Thus  hexameter,  pentameter,  Iambic, 
Sapphic  verses,  &c.  consist  of  different 
measures.  Encyc. 

13.  In  dancing,  the  interval  between  steps, 
corresponding  to  the  interval  between 
notes  in  the  music. 

My  legs  can  keep  no  7neasure  in  delight. 

Shak. 

14.  In  geometry,  any  quantity  assumed  as 
one  or  unity,  to  which  the  ratio  of  other 
homogeneous  or  similar  quantities  is  ex- 
pressed. Encyc. 

15.  Means  to  an  end ;  an  act,  step  or  pro- 
ceeding towards  the  accomplishment  of  an 
object ;  an  extensive  signification  of  the 
word,  applicable  to  almost  even/  act  prepara- 
tory to  a  final  end,  and  by  which  it  is  to  be 
attained.  Thus  we  speak  of  legislative 
measures,  political  measures,  public  meas 
ures,  prudent  measures,  a  rash  measure,  ef- 
fectual measures,  ineflicicnt  measures. 

In  measure,  with  moderation  ;  witliout  ex 
cess. 

Jfithout  measure,  without  limits ;  very  largely 
or  co])iously. 

To  liavc  hard  measure,  to  be  harshly  or  Oj: 
pressively  treated. 

Lineal  or  long  measure,  measure  of  length  ; 
the  njcasure  of  lines  or  distances. 

Liquid  measure,  t\\e  measure  of  liquors. 

MEASURE,  r.  t.  mezli'ur.  To  compute  or 
ascertain  extent,  quantity,  dimensions  or 
cajiacity  by  a  certain  rule  ;  as,  to  measure 
land  ;  to  measure  distance  ;  to  measure  the 
altitude  of  a  mountain  ;  to  measure  the  ca- 
|)acity  of  a  ship  or  of  a  cask. 

2.  To  ascertain  the  degree  of  any  thing  ;  as, 
to  measure  the  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  moist- 
ure. 

3.  To  pass  through  or  over. 

We  must  measure  twenty  miles  to  day. 

Shak. 
The  vessel  plows  the  sea. 
And  tneasures   back   with  speed   her  former 
way.  Dry  den. 

4.  To  judge  of  distance,  extent  or  quantity  : 
as,  to  measure  any  thing  by  the  eye. 

Great  are  thy  woiks,  Jehovah,  infinite 
Tliy  power ;  what  thought  can  measure  thee : 

Milton 

5.  To  adjiist ;  to  proportion. 

To  secure  a  contented  spirit,  measure  youi 
desires  by  your  fortunes,  not  your  fortunes  by 
your  desires.  Taylor. 

To  allot  or  distribute  by  measure. 

With   what  measure    ye    mete,   it  shall  be 

measured  to  you  again.     Matt,  vii 

MEASURED,  pp.  mezh'ured.  Computed  or 

ascertained  by  a  rule  ;    adjusted;   propor 

tioncd  ;  passed  over. 

a.  a.   Equal ;  uniform  ;  steady.     He  walked 

with  measured  steps. 
MEASURELESS,  o.    mezh'urless.  Without 
measure;  milimited;  immeasurable. 

MEASUREMENT,  n.  mezh'urment.  tIic 
act  of  measuring ;  mensuration.       Burke 

MEASURER,  n.  mezh'urer.  One  who  meas- 
ures ;  one  whose  occupation  or  duty  is  to 
measure  commodities  in  market- 

Vol.  II 


xr.  fir,. 


The  terms  mechanical  and  chimical,  are  thus 
distinguished  :  those  changes  which  bod- 
ies undergo  without  altering  their  con- 
stitution, that  is,  losing  their  identity,  such 
as  changes  of  place,  of  figure,  &,c.  arc 
mechanical ;  those  which  alter  the  consti- 
tution of  bodies,  making  them  different 
substances,  as  w  hen  flour^  yeast  and  water 
unite  to  form  bread,  are  chimical.  In  the 
one  case,  the  changes  relate  to  masses  of 
matter,  as  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  or  the  action  of  the  wind  on  a  ship 
under  sail;  in  the  other  case,  the  changes 
occin-  between  the  particles  of  matter,  as 
the  action  of  heat  in  niching  lead,  or  the 
union  of  sand  and  lime  forming  mortar. 
Most  of  what  are  usually  called  the  me- 
chanic arts,  are  partly  mechanical,  and 
partly  chimical. 

ME€HAN'IC,  n.  A  person  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  construct  machines,  or  goods, 
wares,  instnnnents,  furniture,  and  the  like. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  mechanical  occupation 
or  art. 

MECHANICALLY,  adv.  According  to  the 
laws  of  mechanism,  or  good  workman- 
ship. 

2.  By  physical  force  or  power. 

3.  By  the  laws  of  motion,  without  intelli- 
gence or  design,  or  by  the  force  of  habit. 
We  say,  a  man  arrives  to  such  perfection 
in  playing  on  an  instrument,  that  his  fin- 
gers move  mechanically. 

Mechanically  turned  or  inclined,  naturally  or 
habitually  disposed  to  use  mechanical 
arts.  Sivin. 

MEGHAN' IGALNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  mechanical,  or  governed  by  mechan- 
ism. 
MEGHANI'CIAN,  n.  One  skilled  in  me- 
chanics. 
MECHAN'IGS,  n.  That  science  which 
treats  of  the  doctrines  of  motion.  It  in- 
vestigates the  forces  by  which  bodies  arc 
kept  either  in  equilibrium  or  in  motion, 
and  is  accordingly  divided  into  statics  and 
dynamics. 

A  mathematical  science  which  sliows  the  ef- 
fects of  powers  or  moving  forces,  so  far 
as  they  are  applied  to  engines,  and  demon- 
strates the  laws  of  motion.  Harris. 
It  is  a  well  known  tnith  in  mechanics,  thai 
Uie  actual  and  theoretical  powers  of  a  machine 
will  never  coincide.                           J.  Jlppleton 

MECHANISM,  n.  The  construction  of  a 
machine,  engine  or  instrument,  intended 
to  apply  power  to  a  useful  purpose  ;  the 
structure  of  parts,  or  manner  in  which  the 
l)arts  of  a  machine  are  united  to  answer 
its  design. 

2.  Action  of  a  machine,  according  to  the 
laws  of  mechanics. 

MEGH'ANIST,  n.  The  maker  of  machines, 
or  one  skilled  in  mechanics. 

ME€H  LIN,  n.  A  species  of  lace,  made  at 
Mechlin. 

MEGHO'AGAN,  n.  White  jalap,  the  root  of 
an  American  species  of  Convolvulus,  from 
Mechoacan,  in  Mexico ;  a  purgative  of 
slow  operation,  but  safe.  Encyc. 

MEGO'NIATE,  n.  A  salt  consisting  of  me- 
conic  acid  and  a  base. 

ME€ON'I€,  a.  Meconic  acid  is  an  acid  con- 
tained in  opium. 

MEG'ONITE,  71.  A  small  sandstone ;  am- 
mite.  Coxe.    De  Cosla. 


MED 


MED 


MED 


MECONIUM,  n.  [Gr.  /i^xunov,  from  f»>?xwr, 
poppy-] 

1.  Tlie  juice  of  tlie  white  poppy,  which  has 
the  virtues  of  opium.  Core.     Encyc. 

2.  The  first  foBces  of  infants.  Coxe. 
MED'AL,   n.    [Fr.  medaille  ;    It.  medaglia  ; 

Sp.   medatla  ;    Arm.  melallinn  ;    from  L. 


metallum,  metal.     Qu.  Ar. 


Jkla^  matala, 
Class  Md 


3. 


to  beat  or  e.xtend  by  beating. 
No.  45.] 
An  ancient  coin,  or  a  piece  of  metal  in  the 
form  of  a  coin,  stamped  with  some  figure 
or  device  to  preserve  the  portrait  of  some 
distinguished  person,  or  the  memory  of  an 
illustrious  action  or  event. 
MEDAL'LIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  medal  or 
to  medals.  Addison. 

MEDAL' LION,  n.    [Fr.;  from  medal.]     A 

large  antique  stamp  or  medal. 
2.  The  representation  of  a  medallion. 
MED'ALLIST,  >!.   A  person  that  is  skilled 
or  curious  in  medals.  Johnson. 

MED'DLE,  V.  i.  [D.  middehn,  to  mediate ; 
G.  miitler,  middle,  and  mediator;  Sw. 
medlare ;  Dan.  midUr,  a  incdiator.  Qu. 
Sw.  meddela,  Dan.  meddder,  to  communi- 
cate or  participate;  nitd,  with,  and  rfe/a, 
dteUr,  to  deal.  Meddle  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  medley,  a  mixture.  Chaucer 
and  Spenser  use  medle,  to  mix,  and  the  G. 
mittler  is  evidently  from  mitte,  mittel,  mid- 
dle, which  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mil,  with.  In  W.  mid  signifies  an  inclo- 
sure.  Perhaps  all  these  words  may  be- 
long to  one  family.] 
1.  To  have  to  do  ;  to  take  part ;  to  interpose 
and  act  in  the  concerns  of  others,  or  in  af- 
fairs in  which  one's  interposition  is  not  ne- 
cessary ;  often  with  the  sense  of  intrusion 
or  officiousness. 

I  have  thus  far  been  an   upright  judge,  not 
meddling  witli  the  design  nor  disposition. 

Dry  den. 
What  hast  tl)Ou  to  do  to  meddle  with  the  af- 
fairs of  my  family  >  Jirbuthnot. 
Why  should'st  thou  meddle  to  thy  hurt .'     2 
Kings  xiv. 
3.  To  have   to   do;    to   touch;    to   handle. 
Meddle  not  with  edge-tools,  is  an  admoni- 
tion to  children.     When  the  object  is  spe- 
cified, meddle  is  properly  followed  by  with 
or  in;  usually  by  the  former. 

The  ci\  il  lawyers — have  meddled  in  a  matter 
that  belongs  not  to  them.  Locke 

MED'DLE,' I'.  I.  To  mix  ;  to  mingle. 

He  meddled  his  talk  with  many  a  tear.     06s. 

Spenser 
MEDDLER,  n.  One  that  meddles  ;  one  that 
interferes  or  busies  himself  with  things  in 
which  he  has  no  concern  ;  an  oflicious  per- 
son :  a  busy  bodv.  Bacon.' 
MED'DLESOME,"  a.    Given  to  meddling 
apt  to  interpose  in  the  aflairs  of  others; 
ofliciouslv  intrusive. 
MED'DLESOMENESS,  n.  Officious  inter- 
position in  the  affairs  of  others.     Barrow. 
MED'DLING,  ppr.    Having  to  do ;  touch- 
ing; handling;  officiously  interposing  in 
other  men's  concerns. 
2.  a.  Officious;  busy  in  other  men's  affairs; 

as  a  ?nc(ii/it/ig  neighbor. 
ME'DIAL,  a.  [L.  medius,  middle.]     Mean 

noting  a  mean  or  average. 
Medird  altif^alion,  is  a  metliod  of  finding  the 
mean  rate  or  value  of  a  mixture  coiisistin 


of  two  or  more  ingredients  of  different 
quantities  and  values.  In  this  case,  the 
quantity  and  value  of  each  ingredient  are 
given. 
ME'DIANT,  n.  In  music,  an  appellation 
given  to  the  third  above  the  key-note,  be- 
cause it  divides  the  interval  between  the 
tonic  and  dominant  into  two  thirds. 

Rousseau.     Busby. 
ME'DIATE,  a.  [Fr     medial;    It.   mediato ; 
from  L.  medius,   middle.]     Middle ;  being 
between  the  two  extremes. 

Anxious  we  hover  in  a  mediate  state.  Prior. 
Interposed;  intervening;  being  between 
two  objects. 

Soon  the  mediate  clouds  shall  be  dispelled. 

Prior. 
Acting  by  means,  or  by  an  intervening 
cause  or  instrument.     Thus  we  speak  of 
mediate  and  immediate  causes.     The  wind 
that  propels  a  ship  is  the  immediate  cause 
of  its  motion  ;  the  oar  with  which  a  man 
rows  a  boat  is  the  immediate  cause  of  its 
motion  ;   but   the   rower   is     the   mediate 
cause,  acting  by  means  of  the  oar. 
ME'DIATE,    V.  i.    To   interpose  between 
parties,  as  the  equal  friend  of  each  ;  to  act 
indifferently  between  contending  parties, 
with  a  view   to   reconciliation ;  to   inter- 
cede.    The  prince  that  mediates  between 
nations  and  prevents  a  war,   is  the  bene- 
factor of  both  parties. 
a.  To  be  between  two.  [Litlle  used.]     Digby. 
ME'DIATE,  t'.  t.  To  effect  by  mediation  or 
interposition  between  parties ;  as,  to  medi- 
ate a  peace.  Clarendon. 
I.  To  limit  by  something  in  the  middle.  [A'b( 
tised.]  Holder. 
ME'DIATELY,    adv.    By  means  or  by  a 
secondary  cause,  acting  between  the  first 
cause  and  the  efi'ect. 

God  worketh  all  things  amongst  us  mediately 
by  secondary  means.  Raleigh 

The  king  grants  a  manor  to  A,  and  A  grants 
a  portion  of  it  to  B.  In  this  case,  B  holds  his 
lands  immediately  of  A,  but  mediately  of  the 
kino-.  "  Blackstone. 

MEDIATION,    n.    [Fr.  from   L.    medius, 
middle.] 

Interposition;  intervention;   agency  be- 
tween parties  at  variance,  with  a  view  to 
reconcile  them.     The  contentions  of  indi- 
viduals and  fiimilies  are  often  terminated 
by  the  mediation  of  friends.     The  contro- 
versies of  nations  are  sometimes  adjusted 
by  mediation.     Tlie  reconciliation  of  sin 
ners  to  God  by  the  mediation  of  Christ,  is 
a  glorious  display  of  divine  benevolence. 
Agency  interposed  ;  intervenient  power 
The  soul,  dining  its  residence  in   the  body, 
docs  all  things  by  (he  mediation  of  the  passions 

South, 
Intercession  ;  entreaty  for  another. 


MEDIA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  me- 
diator. 

MEDIA'TRESS,  \       A  female  mediator. 

MEDIA'TRIX,      S  Ainsioorlh. 

MED'IC,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago. 
The  sea-medic  is  of  the  same  genus ;  the 
medic  vetch  is  of  the  genus  Hedysarum. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

MED'leABLE,  a.  [See  Medical]  That 
may  be  cured  or  healed. 

MED'I€AL,  a.  [L.medicus,  from  mcrfeor,  to 
heal ;  Gr.  nrjiixoi,  ^njiofMi ;  fujSoj,  cure.] 


1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  heahng  diseases  : 


1. 


3. 

MEDIA'TOR,  ?i.  [Fr.  mediateur.]  One  that 
interposes  between  parties  at  variance  for' 
the  purpose  of  reconciling  them. 

I.  Byway  of  eminence,  Christ  is  the  medi- 
ator, the  divine  intercessor  through 
whom  sinners  may  be  reconciled  to  an  of- 
fended God.    Tiiii.  3. 

Christ  is  a  mediator  by  nature,  as  partaking 
of  both  natures  divine  and  human;  and  media- 
tor by  office,  as  transacting  matters  betwetn 
God  and  man.  VVaterland. 

MEDIATO'RIAL,  n.  Belonging  to  a  medi- 
ator ;  as  mediatorial  office  or  character. 
[Mediatory  is  not  used.] 


as  the  medical  profession  ;  medical  services. 
"2.  Medicinal ;  containing  that  which  heals ; 
tending  to  cure;  as  the  jnerficai properties 
of  a  plant. 
MEDICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
medicine ;  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
healing  art,  or  for  the  purpose  of  healing ; 
as  a  simple  or  mineral  medically  used  or 
applied. 

Ill  relation  to  the  healing  art ;  as  a  plant 
medically  considered. 
MED'ICAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  medica- 

mentum.] 
Any  thing    used    for    healing    diseases  or 
wounds  ;  a  medicine  ;  a  healing  applica- 
tion. Coxe. 
MEDICAMENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  healing 
applications  ;  having  the  qualities  of  med- 
icaments. 
MEDICAMENTALLY,    adv.    After    tlie 

manner  of  healing  applications. 
MED'ICASTER.  n.  A  quack.         Whitlock. 
MED'ICATE,  V.  t.  [L.  medico.]     To  tinc- 
ture  or   impregnate    with    healing   sub- 
stances, or  with  any  thing  medicinal. 

Arhuthnot. 
MED'ICATED,  pp.  Prepared  or  furnished 

with  any  thing  medicinal. 

MED'ICATING,  ppr.    Impregnating   with 

medical  substances ;  preparing  with  any 

thing  medicinal. 

MEDICATION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 

impregnating  with  medicinal  substances; 

the  infusion  of  medicinal  virtues.     Bacon. 

2.  TJie  use  of  medicine.  Brown. 

MEDIC'INABLE,  a.  Having  the  properties 

of  medicine  ;  medicinal.     [The  latter  is  the 

word  now  ttsed.]  Bacon.     IVotlon. 

MEDICINAL,  a.  [L.  medicinalis.]  Having 

the  property  of  healing  or  of  mitigating 

disease  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  or  alleviation 

of  bodily  disorders;  as  medicinal  plants; 

medicinal  virtues   of  minerals;  medicinal 

springs.      The  waters   of  Saratoga   and 

Ballston  are  remarkably  medicinal.] 

2.  Pertaining  to  medicine  ;  as  medieino/ days 

or  hours.  Quincy. 

MEDICINALLY,  adv.  In  the   manner  of 

medicine  ;  with  medicinal  qualities. 
2.  AVith   a  view  to   healing  ;   as,  to   use  a 

iiiiiioral  medicinally. 
MED'ICINE,  n.  [L.  medicina,  from  medeor, 
to  cure;  vulgarly  and  improperly  pro- 
nounced med'sn.] 
1.  Any  substance,  liquid  or  solid,  that  has 
the  property  of  curing  or  mitigating  dis- 
ease in  animals,  or  that  is  used  for  that 
purpose.  Simples,  jilants  and  tninerals 
furnish  most  of  our  medicines.  Even  poi- 
sons used  with  judgment  and  in  modera- 
tion, are  safe  and  eflic.acions  medicine.i. 
Medicines  are  internal  or  exia-nai,  simpk 
or  compound. 


MED 


MED 


M  E  E 


2.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing  or  allevi- 
ating the  diseases  of  the  human  body. 
Hence  we  say,  tlie  study  of  medicine,  or  a 
student  of  medicine.  . 

3.  In  the  French  sense,  a  physician.  [Mt  in 
use.]  ''*'"'*■ 

MED'ICINE,  V.  t.  To  affect  or  operate  on 

as  medicine.     [M'ot  used.]  Skak. 

MEDI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  medieU;  L.  medietas; 

from  L.  medius,  middle.] 
Tlie   middle  state  or   part;    half;    moiety. 

[lAlUe  used.]  Brown. 

ME'DIN,  n.  A  small  coin. 
MEDIO'CRAL,   a.    [L.  mediocris.]     Being 

of  a  middle  quality  ;  indifferent ;  ordinary  ; 

as  mediocral  intellect.     [Rare.]      Addison. 
ME'DIOCRIST,  n.  A  person  of  middling 

abilities.     [M'ot  used.]  Smft. 

MEDIOe'RITY,  n.    [L.  mediocritas,  from 

mediocris,  middling  ;  medius,  middle.] 

1.  A  middle  state  ordegree  ;  a  moderate  de 
gree  or  rate.     A  mediocrity  of  condition  is 
most  favorable  to   morals  and  happiness. 
A  mediocrity  of  talents  well  employed  will 
generally  ensui-e  respectability. 

Men  of  age  seldom  drive  business  home  to 
the  full  period,  but  content  themselves  nith  a 
tnedioc/'ity  of  success.  Bacon, 

2.  Moderation ;  temperance. 

We  owe  obedience  to  the  law  of  reason, 
■which  teacheth  mediocrity  in  meats  and  drinks. 

Hooker. 
MED'ITATE,  t'.  i.  [L.  meditor;    Sp.  medi- 
tar ;  Fr.  ynediter.] 

1.  To  dwell  on  any  thing  in  thought ;  to 
contemplate  ;  to  study  ;  to  turn  or  revolve 
any  subject  in  the  mind  ;  appropriately 
but  not  exclusively  used  of  pious  contem- 
plation, or  a  consideration  of  the  great 
truths  of  religion. 

His  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  and  in 
his  law  doth  he7neditate  day  and  night.     Ps.  i 

2.  To  intend  ;  to  have  in  contemplation. 

I  meditate  to  pass  the  remainder  of  life  in  a 
state  of  undisturbed  repose.  Washington. 

MED'ITATE,  v.  t.  To  plan  by  revolving  in 
the  mind  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  intend. 
Some  affirmed  that  I  meditated  a  war. 

King  Charles. 
2.  To  think  on ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind. 

Blessed  is  tlie  man  that  doth  meditate  good 
tilings.  Ecclus. 

MEDITATED,  pp.  Planned ;  contrived. 
MEDITATING,    ppr.    Revolving    in    the 

mind  ;  contemplating  ;  contriving. 
MEDITA'TION,  n.    [L.  meditatio.]     Close 
or  continued  thought ;  the  turning  or  re- 
volving of  a  subject  in  the  mind ;  serious 
contemplation. 

Let  the  words  of  my  moutli  and  the  medita 
tions  of  my  heart  be  acceptable  in  thy  sight,  O 
Lord,  my  strength  and  my  Redeemer.     Ps.  xix. 
MED'ITATIVE,  a.   Addicted    to    medita- 
tion. Ainsivorth 
2.  Expressing  meditation  or  design. 

Johnson. 
MEDITERRA'NE,  >        [L.      medius. 

MEDITERRANEAN,    S  a.    middle,     and 
MEDITERRA'NEOUS,S       terra,  land.] 

1.  Inclosed   or  nearly  inclosed  with  land 
as   the   Mediterranean  sea,  between  Eu- 
rope and  Africa.  [Mediterrane  is  not  used.] 

2.  Inland  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  or  sea ; 
as  mediierraneous  mountains.  Burnet. 

ME'DIUJM,  J!,  plu.  mediums ;  media  not  be- 
ing generally,  though  sometimes  used. 
JL.]     In  philosophy,  the    space   or   sub- 


stance through  which  a  body  moves  or| 
passes  to  any  point.  Thus  ether  is  sup-i 
posed  to  be  the  medium  through  which 
the  planets  move ;  air  is  the  medium 
through  which  bodies  move  near  thej 
earth ;  water  the  medium  in  which  fishes 
live  and  move;  glass  a  medium  through 
which  light  passes ;  and  we  speak  of  a  re- 
sisting medium,  a  refracting  medium,  &c. 

2.  In  logic,  the  mean  or  middle  term  of  a 
syllogism,  or  the  middle  term  in  an  argu- 
ment, being  the  reason  why  a  thing  is  af- 
firmed or  denied. 

Nothing  can  be  honorable  that  violates 
moral  principle. 

Dueling  violates  moral  principle. 

Therefore  dueling  is  not  honorable. 

Here  the  second  term  is  the  medium 
mean,  or  middle  term. 

3.  Arithmetical  medium,  that  which  is  equally 
distant  from  each  extreme,  or  which  ex- 
ceeds the  lesser  extreme  as  much  as  it  is 
exceeded  by  the  greater,  in  respect  of; 
quantity,  not  of  proportion.  Thus,  i)  is  a 
medium  between  6  and  12. 

4.  Geometrical  medium,  is  that  wherein  the 
same  ratio  is  preserved  between  the  first 
and  second  terms,  as  between  the  second 
and  third.  Thus,  G  is  a  geometrical  medi- 
um between  4  and  9.  Encyc 

In  the  three  last  senses  or  applications, 
mean  is  more  generally  used  for  medium. 

5.  The  means  or  instrument  bj'  which  any 
thing  is  accomplished,  conveyed  or  car-| 
ried  on.  Thus  money  is  the  medium  of 
commerce ;  coin  is  the  common  mediumi 
of  trade  among  all  civilized  nations,  but 
wampum  is  the  medium  of  trade  among 
the  Indian  tribes,  and  bills  of  credit  or 
bank  notes  are  often  used  as  mediums  of 
tratle  in  the  place  of  gold  and  silver.  In- 
telligence is  communicated  through  the 
medium  of  the  press. 

6.  The  middle  place  or  degree;  the  mean. 
The  just  medium  of  this  case  lies  between 

pride  and  abjection.  V Estrange. 

7.  A  kind  of  printing  paper  of  middle  size. 
MED'LAR,    n.    [L.  mespilus.]     A  tree  and 

a  genus  of  trees,  called  Mespilus;  also, 
the  fruit  of  the  tree.  The  German  or 
common  medlar  is  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  its  fruit.  Encyc. 

MED'LE,  V.  I.  To  mix  ;  not  used,  butl 
hence, 

MED'LEY,  n.  A  mixture;  a  mingled  and 
confused  mass  of  ingredients  ;  used  often 
or  commonly  with  some  degree  of  con- 
tempt. 

This  medley  of  philosophy  and  war.    Addison. 
Love  is  a  medley  of  endearments,  jars,  suspi- 
cious, reconcilements,  wars — then  peace  again. 

WaLsh. 

MED'LEY,  a.  Mingled;  confused.  [Little 
used.]  Dryden. 

MEDUL'LAR,      >        [L.   medullaris,    from 

MED'ULLARY,  S  "'  medulla, marrow;  W. 
madruz;  allied  to  matter,  that  is,  soft.] 

Pertaining  to  marrow  ;  consisting  of  mar- 
row ;  resembling  marrow ;  as  medullary 
substance. 

MEDUL'LIN,  n.  [L.  medulla.]  The  pith 
of  the  sunflower,  which  has  neither  taste 
nor  smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether, 
alcohol  and  oils,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
and  instead  of  yielding  suberic  acid,  if 
yields  tlic  oxalic.  Cyc. 


MEED,  n.  [Sax.  med,  Gr.  /tmSoj,  G.  miethe, 
hire  ;   Sans,  medha,  a  gift.] 

1.  Reward  ;  recompense  ;  that  which  is  be- 
stowed or  rendered  in  consideration  of 
merit. 

Thanks  to  men 
Of  noble  minds  is  honorable  meed.  Shak 

2.  A  gift  or  present.     [.Vol  used.]  Shak. 
MEEK,  a.  [Sw.   miuk,   soft,   tender;  Dnn. 

myg ;  Sp.  mego  ;  Port,  meigo  ;  G.  gemach. 
The  primary  sense  is  flowing,  litpiid,  or 
thin,  attenuated,  and  allied  to  muck,  L. 
mucus,  Eng.  mucilage,  Heb.  Ch.  JID,  to 
melt.  Class  Mg.  No.  8.  See  also  No.  10. 
and  No.  2.  !).  1.3.] 

1.  Mild  of  temper;  .soft;  gentle;  not  easily 
provoked  or  irritated  ;  yielding  ;  given  to 
forbearance  under  injuries. 

Now  tlie  man  Moses  was  very  meek,  above 
all  men.     Num.  xii. 

2.  Appropriately,  humble,  in  an  evangelical 
sense  ;  submissive  to  the  divine  will ;  not 
proud,  self-sufficient  or  refractory ;  not 
peevish  and  apt  to  complain  of  divine  dis- 
pensations. Christ  says,  "Learn  of  me,  for 
I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart,  and  ye  shall 
find  rest  to  your  souls."     JIatt.  xi. 

Blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they  shall  inherit 
the  earth.     Matt.  v. 

MEE'KEN,  I',  t.  mee'kn.  To  make  meek  ; 
to  soften  ;  to  render  mild.  Thomson. 

MEE'KLY,  adv.  Mildly;   gently;   submis- 
sively ;  humbly  ;  not  proudly  or  roughly. 
And   this   mis-seeming    discord   meekly  lay 
aside.  Spenser. 

MEE'KNESS,  n.  Softness  of  temjier ; 
mildness  ;  gentleness  ;  forbearance  under 
injuries  and  provocations. 

2.  In  an  evangelical  seyise,  humility  ;  resigna- 
tion ;  submission  to  the  divine  will,  with- 
out murmuring  or  peevishness  ;  opposed 
to  pride,  arrogance  and  refractoriness. 
Gal.  v. 

I  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  of  Christ.  1 
Cor.  X. 

Meekness'is  a  grace  which  Jesus  alone  incul- 
cated, and  which  no  ancient  philosopher  seems 
to  have  understood  or  recommended. 

Buckminster. 

MEER,  «.  Simple;  unmixed;  usually  writ- 
ten mere. 

MEER,  n.  A  lake;  a  boundary.  [See 
Mere.] 

MEE'RED,  a.  Relating  to  a  boundary.  [See 
Mere.]  Shak. 

MEERSCHAUM,  n.  [G.  sea-foam.]  A 
hydrate  of  magnesia  combined  with  silex. 
It  occurs  in  beds  in  Natolia,  and  when 
first  taken  out,  is  soft,  and  makes  lather 
like  soap.  It  is  manufactured  into  tobac- 
co pipes,  which  are  boiled  in  oil  or  wax, 
and  baked.  Cyc. 

MEET,  a.  [Sax.  gemet,  with  a  prefix,  from 
the  root  of  metan,  gemetan,  to  meet,  to  find, 
that  is,  to  come  to,  to  come  together.  So 
the  equivalent  word  convenient,  is  from  L. 
convenio.] 

Fit;  suitable;  proper;  qualified;  conveni- 
ent ;  adapted,  as  to  a  use  or  purpose. 

Ye  shall  pass  over  armed  before  your  breth- 
ren, the  children  of  Israel,  all  that  are  meet  for 
the  war.     Deut.  iii. 

It  was  meet  that  we  should  make  merry — 
Luke  XV. 
Bring  forth  fruits  meet  for  repentance.  Matt. iii. 

MEET,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  met.  [Sax.  metan, 
nicKfan,  gemelan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  raeas- 


M  E  E 


MEL 


MEL 


lire,  to  mete  ;  Gotli.  motyan  ;  D.  oiitmoeten, 
gemoetan,  to  meet,  and  gemoel,  a  meeting  ; 
Sw.  mbta,  to  meet,  to  fall,  come  or  hap- 
pen ;  mote,  a  meeting ;  mot,  toward, 
against ;  Dan.  moder,  to  meet ;  mode,  a 
meeting  ;  77iorf,  contrary,  against,  towards. 
The  sense  is  to  come  to,  to  fall  to  or  hap 
pen,  to  reach  to  ;  Gr.  /tffa,  with  ;  G.  mit, 
D.  met,  niede,  Sw.  and  Dan.  7ned,  with  or 
by ;  VV.  med,  to  ;  Ch.  Syr.  NBD  non,  to  come 
to,  to  arrive,  to  happen  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Eth. 
XSD.  Qu.W.  ommorf,  a  covenant;  commod. 
agreement.] 

1.  To  come  together,  approaching  in  oppo- 
site or  different  directions  ;  to  come  face 
to  face ;  as,  to  meet  a  man  in  the  road. 

His    daughter  came    out    to  meet  him   with 
timbrels  and  with  dances.     Judges  xi. 

2.  To  come  together  in  any  place  ;  as,  we 
met  many  strangers  at  the  levee. 

3.  To  come  together  in  hostihty  ;  toencoun 
ter.  Tlie  armies  met  on  the  plains  of  Phar 
salia. 

4.  To  encounter  unexpectedly.  Milton. 

5.  To  come  together  in  extension  ;  to  come 
in  contact;  to  join.  The  line  A  meets  the 
line  B  and  forms  an  angle. 

C.  To  come  to ;   to  find  ;  to  light  on  ;  to  re 
ceive.     The  good  man  meets  his  reward 
the  criminal  in  due  time  meets  the  punish- 
ment he  deserves. 

Of  vice  or  virtue,  whether  blest  or  curst. 
Which  meets  contempt,  or  which  compassion 
first.  Pope 

MEET,  r.  i.  To  come  together  or  to  ap- 
proach near,  or  into  company  with.  How 
pleasant  it  is  for  friends  to  meet  on  the 
road;  still  more  pleasant  to  meet  in  a  for 
eign  country. 

2.  To  come  together  in  hostility ;  to  encoun- 
ter. The  armies  met  at  Waterloo,  and  de 
cided  the  fate  of  Buonaparte. 

3.  To  assemble  ;  to  congregate.  The  coun- 
cil met  at  10  o'clock.  The  legislature  will 
oneet  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  the  month. 

4.  To  come  togetlier  by  being  extended  ;  to 
come  in  contact ;  to  join.  Two  converg- 
ing lines  will  meet  in  a  point. 

To  meet  with,  to  light  on  ;  to  find ;  to  come 
to  ;  often  with  the  sense  of  an  unexpected 
event. 

We  me(  tcdth  many  things  worthy  of  observa- 
tion. Bacon. 

2.  To  join;  to  unite  in  company. 

Falstafl'at  that  oali  shall  meet  with  us. 

Shak 
•3.  To  suffer  imexpectedly  ;   as,  to  tneet  with 

a  fall ;  to  meet  loith  a  loss. 

4.  To  encounter ;    to  engage  in  opposition. 

Royal  mistress, 

Prepare  (o  meet  with  more  than  brutal  fury 

From  the  fierce  prince.  Rowe. 

3.  To  obviate  ;  a  Latinism.     [jVot  used.] 

Bacon 

To  meet  halfway,  to  approach  from  an  equal 
distance  and  meet  ;  metaphorically,  to 
make  mutual  and  equal  concessions,  each 
party  renoimcing  some  pretensions. 

MEE'TER,  )i.  One  that  meets  another ;  one 
that  accosts  another.  Shak. 

MEE'TING,  ;)/))•.  Coming  together;  en- 
countering; joining;  assembling. 

MEE'TING,  II.  A  coming  together  ;  an  in- 
terview; as  a  happy  meeting  of  friends. 

9.  An  assembly  ;  a  congregation  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  people  ;   a  convention.     The  meet- 


ing was  numerous  ;  the  meeting  was  clam- 
orous; the  meeting  was  dissolved  at  sun- 
set. 

3.  A  conflux,  as  of  rivers;  a  joining,  as  of 
lines. 

MEE'TING-HOUSE,  n.  A  place  of  wor- 
ship; a  church. 

MEE'TLY,  arfr.  [from  jneei.]  Fitly;  suita- 
bly ;  properly. 

MEE'TNESS,  n.  [from  meet.]  Fitness; 
suitableness;  propriety.  Bp.  Hall. 

MEG'A€OSM,  n.  [Gr.  /ifynj,  great,  and 
xoaiioi,  world.]     The  great  world. 

Bp.  Croft. 

MEGALON'YX,  n.  [Gr.  f<fya'^'7,  great,  and 
orul,  a  nail.] 

An  animal  now  extinct,  whose  bones  have 
been  found  in  Virginia.  Cuvier. 

MEGALOP'OLIS,  n.  [Gr.  /ifyoJ.^,  great, 
and  rtoXis,  city.] 

A  chief  city;  a  metropolis.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Herbert. 

MEGATHERIUM,?       [Gr.  ixsya,,   great, 

MEGATH'ERY,  S  and  ^ipo^  a  wild 
beast.] 

A  quadruped  now  extinct,  but  whose  re- 
mains have  been  found  in  South  America. 
It  was  larger  tlian  the  megalonyx.       Cy> 

ME'GRIM,  n.  [Fr.  m?g-m?')ie,  corrupted  from 
L.  and  G.  hemicrania,  half  the  head.] 

Properly,  a  pain  in  the  side  of  the  head; 
hence,  a  disorder  of  the  head ;  vertigo. 

Bacon. 

MEINE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  mengan.]  To  mingle 
Obs.  Chaucer. 

MEINE,  ?        [See  Menial.]     A  retinue  or 

ME'NV,  ^  "■  family  of  servants  ;  domes- 
tics.    Obs.  Shak. 

MEIONITE,  n.  [Gi:  ftftm,  \ess  ;  from  its 
low  pyramids.] 

Prismato-pyramidical  feldspar,  of  a  grayish 
white  color.  It  occurs  massive  and  crys- 
talized.  Ure. 

MEIO'SIS,  ji.  [Gr. /ifiuisis.]  Diminution; 
a  rhetorical  figure,  a  species  of  hyperbole, 
representing  a  thing  less  than  it  is. 

Beatiie. 

MEL'AMPODE,  n.  [Gr.  ftf?.a,irto5iof,  black- 
foot.]     The  black  hellebore.  Spenser. 

MELANAGOGUE,  n.  melan'agog.  [Gr. 
jwf Aa;,  fj.f'Kami,  black,  and  oyo,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  supposed  to  expel  black  bile  or 
choler.     [Old.] 

MEL'ANClIOLle,    a.     [See   Melancholy.^ 

1.  Depressed  in  spirits  ;  affected  with  gloom  ; 
dejected  ;    hypochondriac.      Grief  indul 
ged  to  excess,  has  a  tendency  to  render  a 
person  tnelancholic. 

2.  Produced  by  melancholy;  e.xpressive  of 
melancholy  ;  mournful ;  as  melancholic 
strains. 

Just  as  the  melancholic  eye. 

Sees  fleets  and  armies  in  the  sky.  Prior. 

3.  Unhappy  ;  unfortunate  ;  causing  sorrow 
as  accidents  and  melancholic  p<rp!exities. 

Ctarertdon.. 

MEL'AN€HOLIC,  n.  One  affected  with  a 
glooiny  state  of  mind.  [.Melancholian,  inj 
a  like  sense,  is  not  used.]  Spe/iser.' 

2.  A  gloomy  state  of  mind.  Clarendon.\ 

MEL'ANellOLILY,  adv.  With  melancholy. 

Keene.l 

MEL'AN€IIOLlNESS,  n.  State  of  being 
melancholy ;  disposition  to  indulge  gloom- 
iness of  mind.  Jluhrey. 


MELANCHO'LIOUS,  a.  Gloomy.     [.Vol  i,> 

"««•]  Goioer. 

MEL'ANCHOLIST,  n.    One  affected  with 

melancholy.  Glanville. 

MEL'ANCHOLIZE,  v.  i.  To  become  gloomy 

in  mind.  Burton. 

MEL'ANCHOLIZE,  v.  I.  To  make  melan- 

clioly- .  .  Moi-e. 

[This  verb  is  rarely  or  never  used.] 
MEL'ANCHOLY,  n.   [Gr.  f^s-Kav,  black,  and 

j;oX?j,  bile;  L.  melancholia.] 

1.  A  gloomy  state  ..f  mind,  often  a  gloomy 
state  that  is  of  some  continuance,  or  habit- 
ual ;  depression  of  spirits  induced  by  grief: 
dejection  of  spirits.  This  was  formerly 
supposed  to  proceed  from  a  redundance  of 
black  bile.  Melancholy,  when  extreme 
and  of  long  continuance,  is  a  disease, 
sometimes  accompanied  with  partial  in- 
sanity. CuUen  defines  it,  partial  insanity 
without  dyspepsy. 

In  nosology,  mental  alienation  restrained  to 
a  single  object  or  train  of  ideas,  in  distinc- 
tion ti-om  mania,  in  which  the  alienation 
is  general.  Qood. 

Moon-struck  madness,  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 

MEL'ANCHOLY,  a.  Gloomy:  depressed 
in  spirits;  dejected;  applied  to  persons. 
Overwhelming  grief  has  made  me  melan- 
choly. 

2.  Dismal;  gloomy;  habitually  dejected;  as 
a  melancholy  temper. 

3.  Calamitous ;  afllictive  ;  that  may  or  does 
produce  great  evil  and  grief;  as  a  melan- 
choly event.  The  melancholy  fate  of  the 
Albion !  The  melancholy  destruction  of 
Scio  and  of  Missolonghi ! 

MELANGE,  n.  melanj'.  [Fr.]  A  mixture. 
[Mt  English.]  Drummond. 

MEL'ANITE,n.  [Gr.  ^fXaj,  black.]  A  min- 
eral, a  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  velvet  black 
or  grayish  black,  occurring  always  in  crys- 
tals of  a  dodecahedral  form. 

Cleaveland.     Ure. 

Melanite  is  perfectly  opake.  It  is  found 
among  volcanic  substances. 

Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 

MELANIT'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  melanite. 

MEL'ANTERI,  n.  [Gr.  fiAa,;  black.]  Salt 
of  iron,  or  iron  in  a  saline  state,  mixed 
with  inflammable  matter.  Fourcroy. 

.MEL'ANURE,    )^    A   small   fish    of    the 

MELANU'RUS,  ^  "•  Mediterranean. 

Diet.  jYat.  Hist. 

MEL'ASSES,  n.  sing.  [It.  vielassa ;  Sp. 
melaza  ;  Fr.  melasse  ;  from  Gr.  ni\a{  black, 
or  from  /xiu,  honey  ;  Sans.  mali.  black.] 

The  sirup  which  drains  from  Muscovado 
sugar  when  cooling ;  treacle. 

jYtcholson.    Edwards. 

MEL'ILOT,  J!.  [Fr.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Trifolium. 

ME'LIORATE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  ameliorer ;  Sp. 
mejorar ;  It.  migliorarc  ;  from  L.  melior,  bet- 
ter; W.  ma//,  gain,  profit ;  Ir.  jnea//,  good.] 

To  make  better ;  to  improve  ;  as,  to  melio- 
rate fruit  by  grafting,  or  soil  by  cultiva- 
tion. Civilization  has  done  much,  but 
Christianity  more,  to  meliorate  the  condi- 
tion of  men  in  society. 

Nature  by  art  we  nobly  meliorale. 

Denham. 

ME'LIORATE,  r.  i.  To  grow  better. 

MELIORATED,  pp.  Made  better;  im- 
proved. 


M  E  1. 


MEL 


M  E  M 


MELIORATING,  ppr.  Improving;  advan 
cingin  good  qualities. 

The  pure  and  benign  light  of  revelation  has 
had  a  meliorating  influence  on  manltind. 

Washington 

MELIORA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  inalving  better  ;  improvement. 

MELIOR'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  bet- 
ter.    [.Vo<  in  use.]  Bacon. 

MELL,  V.  i.  f  Fr.  meler.]  To  mix  ;  to  med- 
dle.    [JVb/  in  use.]  Spenser. 

MELL,  n.  [L.  mel.]  Honey.  [JVol  English.] 

MEL'LATE,  n.  [L.  mel,  Iioney,  Gr.  /ifU. 
W.  mel.] 

A  combination  of  the  mellitic  acid  with  a 

MELLIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  mel,  honey,  and 
Jero,  to  produce.]     Producing  lioney. 

MELLIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mellijko.]  The 
making  or  production  of  honey. 

MELLIF'LUENCE,  n.  [L.  mel,  honey,  ami 
Jluo,  to  flow.] 

A  flow  of  sweetness,  or  a  sweet  smooth  flow. 

n'atls. 

MELLIF'LUENT,  ?       Flowing  with  lion 

MELUF'LLOUS,  ^  ""  ey;. smooth;  sweet 
ly  flowing;  as  a  mellifluous  voice. 

MEL'LIT,  n.   In  farriery,  a  dry  scab  on  the 
heel   of  a   horse's  fore  foot,  cured  by 
mi.xture  of  honey  and  vinegar. 

MEL'LITE,   n.    [L.  mel.]     Honey  stone  ; 
mineral  of  a  honey  color,  found  only  m 
very  minute  regular  crystals.     Cleaveland. 

MELLIT'lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  honey  stone 

MEL' LOW,  a.    [Qax.  melewc ;   G.  melil,  D. 
Dan.  meet,  meal ;  G.  mehlig,  inMichl,  mel 
low,   mealy  ;   Dan.  meelagtig,    mellow;  L 
mollis,  Vi:  mot,  molle,  soft,  Gr.  ^aXaxo; ;  VV. 
•iiiall,  soft,  melting,  insipid,  evil,  and  as  a 
noun,  a  malady.     The    Welsh  unites   the 
word  with  L.  mains.   These  words  are  ev 
idently  allied  to  mild  and  melt,  and  meal 
would  seem  to  be  connected  with  mill.     1 
am  not  certain  which  is  the  primary  word 
See  Class  Ml.  No.  2.  4.  9.  12.] 

1.  Soft  with  ripeness;  easily  yielding  to 
pressure ;  as  a  mellow  jjeach  or  apple : 
mellow  fruit. 

2.  Soft  to  the  ear ;  as  a  mellow  sound  ;  a  mel- 
low pipe. 

3.  Soft;  well  pulverized  ;  not  indurated  or 
compact ;  as  mellow  ground  or  earth. 

4.  Soft  and  smooth  to  the  taste ;  as  mellow 
wine. 

5.  Soft  with  liquor  ;  intoxicated  ;  merry 

Addison. 

6.  Soft  or  easy  to  the  eye. 

Tlie  tender  flush  whose  mel'Mw  st.iin  imbues 
Heaven  willi  all  freaks  of  light.         Perciwil. 
MEL'LOW,  V.  t.  To  ripen;  to  bring  to  ma- 
turity ;  to  soften  by  ripeness  or  age. 
On  foreign  mountains  may  the  .^un  refine 
The  grape's  soft  juice  and  mellow  it  to  wine 

Jiddison. 

2.  To  soften ;  to  pulverize.  Earth  is  mel 
lowed  by  frost. 

3.  To  mature  ;  to  bring  to  perfection. 

This  episode— mf77oii'e(/  into  that  reputation 
which  time  has  given  it.  Dryden 

MEL'LOW,  !).  i.  To  become  soft ;  to  be  ri- 
pened, matured  or  brought  to  perfection. 
Fruit,  when  taken  from  the  tree,  soon  mel 
lows.    Wine  mellows  with  age. 


MEL'LOWNESS,  n.  Softness;  the  quality^  2.  To  dissolve;  to  reduce  to  first  principlee. 

Burnet. 

3.  To  soften  to  love  or  tenderness. 
For  pity  melln  tlie  mind  to  love.         Dryden. 

4.  To  waste  away  ;  to  di.ssipate. 
In  general  riot  melted  down  thy  youth. 

Shah. 

5.  To  dishearten.  Josh.  xiv. 
MELT,  V.  i.  To  become  liquid  ;  to  di.ssolve  ; 

to  be  changed  from  a  fi.\ed  or  solid  to  a 
flowing  state. 

And  whiter  snow  in  minutes  melts  away. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  be  softened  to  love,  pity,  tenderness 
or  sympathy ;  to  become  tender,  mild  or 
gentle. 

Melting  with  tenderness  and  mild  compas- 
sion. Shak. 
■i.  To  be  dissolved ;  to  lose  substance. 
— And  what  sccm'd  corporal. 
Melted  as  breath  into  the  wind.  Shak. 
4.  To  be  subdued  by  affliction ;  to  sink  into 
weakness. 


of  yielding  easily  to  pressure;  ripeness,  as 
of  fruit. 

2.  Maturity ;  softness  or  smoothness  from 
age,  as  of  wine. 

MEL'LOWY,  a.  Soft;  imctuous.     Drayton. 

MELOeOTO'NE,  n.  [Sp.  melocolo7i,  a 
peach-tree  grafted  into  a  quince-tree,  or 
the  fruit  of  the  tree ;  It.  melocnlogno 
quince-tree  ;  L.  malum  cotoneum,  ([uinco- 
apple.  Cotoneum  is  probably  our  cotton, 
and  the  fruit  so  named  from  its  pubes- 
cence" 

A  quince.  But  the  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  a  large  kind  of  peach. 

MELO'DIOUS,  a.  [See  Melody.]     Contain 
ing  melody ;    musical ;    agreeable  to  the 
car  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds  ;  as  a 
melodious  voice  ;  melodious  strains. 

And  music  more  melodious  than  the  spheres. 

Dri/de7i. 

MELO'DIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  melodious 
manner ;  musically. 

MELO'DIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  agreeable  to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  suc- 
cession of  sounds;  inusicalne.ss. 

MKL'ODIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  melodious, 

MEL'ODRAME,  n.  [Gr.  nfKot,  a  song,  and 
drama." 

A  dramatic  performance  in  which  songs  are 
ititermixed.  Todd. 

MEL'ODY,  n.  [Gr.  jurtuSta;  ni7.oi,  a,  Wmh. 
or  a  song,  and  u5);,  an  ode  ;  L.  melos.] 

An  agreeable  succession  of  sounds;  a  suc- 
cession of  sounds  so  regulated  and  modu- 
lated as  to  please  the  ear.  To  constitute 
melody,  the  sounds  must  be  arranged  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  rythmus,  measure, 
or  the  due  proportion  of  the  movements  to 
each  other.  Melody  differs  from  harmony. 
as  it  consists  in  the  agreeable  succession 
and  modulation  of  sounds  by  a  single 
voice  ;  whereas  harmony  consists  in  the 
accordance  of  diff"erent  voices  or  sounds 
Melody  is  vocal  or  instrumental.        Hooker. 

To  make  melody  in  the  heart,  to  praise  God 
with  a  joyful  and  thankful  disposition,  as- 
cribing to  him  tlie  honor  due  to  his  name 
Eph.  V. 

MEL'ON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  melo  ;  Sp.  melon: 
It.  mellone,  a  melon ;    Gr.  jiujXoi',  an  apple 
D.  me/of)i  ;    G.  milone;    Dan.  Sw.  melon ; 
Slav.  mlun.     This  word  has  the  elements 
of  mellow,  L.  mollis,  W.  mall.] 

The  name  of  certain  plants  and  their  fruit, 
as  the  water- nje/oH,  the  musk-«if7o?!. 

MEL'ON-THISTLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nus  Cactii.':. 

MEL'ROSE 
roses. 

MELT,  V. 
smelten ; 
smelter; 


n.  [mel  and  rose.]     Honey  of 
Fordyce. 

t.  [Sax.  melian  ;  Gr.  ntt.Sa :  D.' 
G.  schmelzen ;  Sw.  smulta  ;  Dan. 
whence  Eng.  smell,  smalt.     We 


have  in  these  words  decisive  evidence  that 
.V,  in  smelten,  &c.  is  a  prefix.  Melt,  in  Eng- 
lish, is  regular,  forming  melted  for  its  past 
tense  and  passive  participle.  The  old  par- 
ticiple molten,  is  used  only  as  an  adjective.' 
This  verb  belongs  to  a  numerous  class  of 
words  in  M!,  denoting  soft  or  softness. 
See  Class  Ml.  No.  10.  18.  19.] 
1.  To  dissolve  ;  to  make  liquid,;  to  liquefy; 
to  reduce  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  or  flow- 
ing state  by  heat ;  as,  to  melt  wax,  tallow 
or  lead ;  to  melt  ice  or  snow. 


My  soul  melteth  for  heaviness — strcngflien 
thou  me.  Ps.  cxix. 

5.  To  faint ;  to  be  discouraged  or  disheart- 
ened. 

Aa  soon  as  we  heard  these  things,  our  heart 
melted.  Josh.  ii. 

MELT'ED,  pp.  Dissolved  ;  made  liquid  ; 
softened;  discouraged. 

MELT'ER,  n.  One  that  melts  any  thing. 

Derham. 

MELT'ING,  ppr.  Dissolving;  liquefying; 
softening  ;  discouraging. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  soften  ;  softening  into  ten- 
derness ;  as  melting  eloquence. 

MELT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  softening  ;  the 
act  of  rendering  tender.  South. 

MELT'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  melt 
or  soften. 

2.   Like  something  melting.  Sidney. 

MELT'INGNESS,  n.  The  power  of  mel't- 
ing  or  softening. 

MEL'WEL,  n.  A  fish. 

MEM'RER,  n.   [Fr.  mtmlre ;  h.  memhru)n.] 

1.  A  limb  of  aninial  bodies,  as  a  leg,  an  arm, 
an  ear,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  subordinate  part 
of  the  main  body. 

2.  A  part  of  a  discourse,  or  of  a  period  or 
sentence ;  a  clause ;  a  part  of  a  verse. 
Harinony  in  poetry  is  produced  by  a  pro- 
portion between  the  members  of  the  same 
verse,  or  between  the  members  of  diflerenl 
verses. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  subordinate  part  of  a 
building,  as  a  frieze  or  cornice ;  sometimes 
a  molding. 

4.  An  individual  of  a  community  or  socictj'. 
Every  citizen  is  a  meniher  of  the  state  or 
body  i)olitic.  So  the  individuals  of  a  club, 
a  corporation  or  confederacy,  are  called 
its  members.  Students  of  an  academy  or 
college  are  its  members.  Professed  chris- 
tians are  called  members  of  the  church. 

5.  The  appetites  and  passions,  considered  as 
temptiiiff  to  sin.  Rom.  vii.     Col.  iii. 

MEM'BERED,  a.  Having  limbs. 

MEM'BERSHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
member. 

2.  Communitv;  society.  Beaum. 

MEM'BRANE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mcmbrana  ; 
In  meambrutn.  The  last  component  part 
of  this  word  is  found  in  the  Ethiopic  and 

Amharic,    Etli.  -{14'/  T  bereana.  parch- 
ment, vellum,  from    (\iU  barah,  to  shine 


M  E  M 


MEN 


MEN 


or  be  clear.  Ludolf,  Col.  231.  2.  The  sub- 
.stance  then  is  named  from  its  clearness  or 
transparency.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin,  white,  flexible  skin,  form- 
ed b}'  fibers  interwoven  like  net-work, 
and  serving  to  cover  Bome  part  of  the 
body.  Encyc. 

The  term  is  applied  to  the  thin  expanded 
parts,  of  various  texture,  both  in  animals 
and  vegetables. 

MEMBRA'NEOUS,       i     Belonging  to  a 

MEM'BRANOUS,  }  a.  membrane;con- 

MEMBRANA'CEOUS,  )  sisting  of  mem- 
branes ;  as  a  nembraneons  covering. 

Birds  of  prey  have  membranacecms  stomachs, 
not  muscular.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membranaceous  leaf  has  no 
distinguishable  pulp  between  the  two  sur- 
faces. In  general,  it  denotes  flatted  or 
resembling  parchment.  Martyn. 

MEMBRA'NIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  membrane  or  of  parchment. 

MEMENT'O,  n.  [L.  from  memini.  See 
Memory.} 

A  hint,  suggestion,  notice  or  memorial  to 
awaken  memory  ;  that  which  reminds. 

He  is  but  a  man,   and  seasonable  mementos 
may  be  useful.  Bacon 

MEM'OIR,  n.  [Fr.  memoire,  memory.]  A 
species  of  history  written  by  a  person  who 
had  some  share  in  the  transactions  relat 
ed.     Persons  often  write   their  own  me 


2.  A  history  of  transactions  in  which  some 
person  had  a  principal  share,  is  called  his 
memoirs,  though  compiled  or  written  by 
a  different  hand. 

3.  The  history  of  a  society,  or  the  journals 
and  proceedings  of  a  society ;  as  memoirs 
of  the  Royal  Society. 

4.  A  written  account ;  register  of  facts. 

Arbulhnof. 
MEM'ORABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  memoraU 

lis.     See  Memory.'] 
Worthy  to  be  remembered;  illustrious;  eel 
ebrated ;  distinguished. 

By  tombs,  by  books,  by  memorable  deeds. 

Davies. 
MEM'ORABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy 

to  be  remembered. 
MEMORAND'UM,  n.  phi.  memorandums  ov 
memoranda.  [L.]  A  note  to  help  the  mem- 
ory. 

1    entered  a  memorandum   in   my   pocket- 
hook.  Guardian 
MEM'ORATIVE,  a.  Adapted  or  tending  to 
preserve  the  memory  of  any  thing. 

Hammond. 
MEMO'RIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  memorialis. 
See  Memory.] 

1.  Preservative  of  memory. 

There  high  in  air  memorial  of  my  name. 
Fix  the  smooth  oar,  and  bid  me  live  to  fame. 

Pope. 

2.  Contained  in  memory;  as  memorial  pos- 
session. Walts. 

MEMO'RIAL,  n.  That  which  preserves  the 
memory  of  something  ;  any  thing  that 
serves  to  keep  in  memory.  A  monument 
is  a  memorial  of  a  deceased  person,  or  of  an 
event.  The  Lord's  supper  is  a  memorial 
of  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ. 

Churches  have  names ;  gome  as   memorials 
of  peace,  some  of  wisdom,  some  of  the  Trinity. 

Hooker. 
2.  Any  note  or  hint  to  assist  the  memory. 


Memorials  written  with  king  Edward's  hand 
shall  be  the  ground  of  this  history. 

Hayward. 
3.  A  written  representation  of  facts,  made  to 
a  legislative  or  other  body  as  the  ground 
of  a  petition,  or  a  representation  of  facts 
accompanied  with  a  petition. 
MEMORIALIST,  n.  One  who  writes  a 
memorial.  Spectator. 

2.  One   who   presents  a  memorial  to  a  le- 
gislative or  any  other  body,  or  to  a  person. 

U.  States. 
MEMORIALIZE,   t>.  /.  To  present  a  me- 
morial to  ;  to  petition  by  memorial. 

U.  States. 
MEM'ORIST,  n.  One  who  causes  to  be  re- 
membered.    [JVot  used.]  Brown. 
MEM'ORIZE,  V.  t.  To  record;  to  commit 
to  memory  by  writing. 

They  neglect  to  memoiize  their  conquest  of 
the  Indians.  Spenser. 

2.  To  cause  to  he  remembered. 

They  meant  to  memorize  another  Golgotha. 

Shak. 
MEM'ORY,  n.  [L.  memoria;  Fr.  memoire ; 
Svv.  7ninne  ;  Ir.  meamhair  or  meahhair. 
meanma.  This  word  is  from  memini, 
which  is  probably  corrupted  from  the 
Greek  fiiaoftat,  to  remember,  from  lUtfOj 
mind,  or  the  same  root.  See  Mind.] 
1.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  re- 
tains the  knowledge  of  past  events,  or 
ideas  which  are  past.  A  distinction  is 
made  between  memory  and  recollection 
Memory  retains  past  ideas  without  any,  or 
with  little  effort  ;  recollection  implies  an 
effort  to  recall  ideas  that  are  past. 

Beaitie.     Reid.     Stewart. 
Memory  is  the  purveyor  of  reason. 

Rambler. 
A  retaining  of  past  ideas  in  the  mind;  re- 
membrance. Events  that  excite  little  at- 
tention are  apt  to  escape  from  memory. 

3.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 
That  ever-living  man  of  memory, 
Henry  the  fifth'.  Shak 

4.  The  time  within  which  past  events  can 
be  remembered  or  recollected,  or  the  time 
within  which  a  person  may  have  knowl- 
edge of  what  is  past.  The  revolution  ii 
England  was  before  my  memon/  ;  the  rev- 
olution in  America  was  within  the  au- 
thor's memory. 

5.  Memorial ;  monumental  record ;  that  which 
calls  to  remembrance.  A  monument  in 
London  was  erected  in  memory  of  the  con- 
flagration in  1<j66. 

JG.  Reflection  ;  attention.  Shak. 

MEM'ORY,  V.  t.  To  lay  up  in  the  mind  or 
memory.      [M)t  used.]  Chaucer. 

iMEMPH'IAN,  a.  [from  Memphis,  the  ancient 
metropolis  of  Egypt,  said  to  be  altered 
from  Menu/,  Memf.  Ludolf.] 

Pertaining  to  Memphis  ;  very  dark  :  a  sense 
borrowed  from  the  darkness  of  Egypt  in 
the  time  of  Moses. 
MEN,  plu.  of  man.  Two  or  more  males,  in- 
dividuals of  the  human  race. 

2.  Males  of  bravery.  We  will  live  in  honor, 
or  die  like  men. 

3.  Persons  ;  people  ;  mankind  ;  in  an  indef- 
inite sense.  Men  are  a])t  to  forget  the 
benefactor,  while  they  riot  on  the  benefit. 

MEN'ACE,  11.  /.  [Fr.  menacer ;  It.  minac 
dare;  Up.  amenazar  ;  h.  miliar.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  to  rush,  throw  or  push  tor 


ward.  The  sense  is  more  clearly  express- 
ed by  emineo  and  promineo,  to  jut  forward, 
from  the  same  root.  See  Mind,  which  is 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  threaten  ;  to  express  or  show  a  dispo- 
sition or  determination  to  inflict  punish- 
ment or  other  evil.  The  combined  pow- 
ers menaced  France  with  war  on  every 
side. 

2.  To  show  or  manifest  the  probability  of 
future  evil  or  danger  to.  The  spirit  of  in- 
subordination menaced  Spain  with  the  hor- 
rors of  civil  war. 

3.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  any  catas- 
trophe to  come ;  as,  a  hanging  rock  me- 
naces a  fall,  or  menaces  the  plain  or  the  in- 
habitants below. 

MEN'ACE,  n.  A  threat  or  threatening  ;  the 
declaration  or  show  of  a  disposition  or  de- 
termination to  inflict  an  evil;  used  of  per- 
sons. 

2.  The  show  of  a  probable  evil  or  catastro- 
phe to  come. 

MENACED,  pp.  Threatened. 

MEN' ACER,  n.  One  that  threatens. 

MEN'A€HANITE, )!.  An  oxyd  of  titanium, 
or  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  iron  black  col- 
or, occurring  in  very  small  rounded  grains, 
imperfectly  lamellar,  and  of  a  glistening 
luster;  found  near  Menachan,  in  Corn- 
wall, Eng.         Ure.    Phillips.    Cleaveland. 

MENA€HANIT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  men- 
achanite. 

MEN'ACING,;)pr.  Threatening;  de'-iaring 
a  disposition  or  determination  to  inflict 
evil. 

2.  a.  Exhibiting  the  danger  or  probability  of 
an  evil  or  catastrophe  to  come  ;  as  a  me- 
nacing attitude. 

MEN' Age,  )t.  [Fr.  a  family.  See  Manage.] 
A  collection  of  brute  animals.         Addison. 

MEN'AliERY, n.  [Yr.  menagerie;  \t.mena- 
geria.] 

A  yard  or  place  in  which  wild  animals  are 
kept,  or  a  collection  of  wild  animals. 

MENAGOGUE,  n.  men'agog.  [Gr.  ^)?^f5, 
menstrua,  and  a^u,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual 
flux.  Qiiincy. 

MEND,  V.  t.  [L.  emendo  ;  Fr.  amender ;  It. 
mendare  ;  from  L.  menda,  a  fault,  spot  or 
blemish.  Mend  is  contracted  from  emendo, 
amend,  for  the  L.  negative  e  for  ex,  is  ne- 
cessary to  express  the  removal  of  a  fault.] 

1.  To  repair,  as  a  breach ;  to  supply  a  part 
broken  or  defective :  as,  to  mend  a  gar- 
ment, a  road,  a  mill-dam,  a  fence,  &c. 

2.  To  correct ;  to  set  right ;  to  alter  for  the 
better  ;  as,  to  mend  the  life  or  manners. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  restore  to  a  sound  state ; 
as,  to  mend  a  feeble  or  broken  constitu- 
tion. Locke. 

1.  To  help ;  to  advance  ;  to  make  better. 
This  plausible  apology  does  not  mend  the 
iViatter. 

Though  in  some  lands  the  grass  is  but  short, 
yet  it  mends  garden  herbs  and  fruit. 

Mortimer. 
5.  To  improve ;  to  hasten. 

He  saw  the  monster  mend  liis  pace. 

Dryden. 

MEND,  v..  i.   To  grow  better;  to  advance 

to  a  better  state  ;  to  improve.     We  say,  a 

feeble   constitution   mends   daily ;   a  sick 

man  mends,  or  is  convalescent. 


MEN 


M  E  N 


M  E  R 


MEND' ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  mended. 
MENDA'CIOUS,   a.   [L.  mendax.]    Lying; 

false.     [Little  used.] 
MENDACITY,  n.  [L.  mendux,  false,  lying. 
See  Class  Mn.  No.  4.]    Falsehood. 

Brotcn. 

[The  proper  signification  of  this  word 

would  be  a  disposition  to  lie,  or  habitual 

lying.] 

MEND'ED,  pp.    Repaired;    made  better; 

improved. 
MEND'ER,  n.  One  who  mends  or  repairs. 
MEND'ICANCY,  a.   [L.  mendicans.]  Beg 

gary ;  a  state  of  begging. 
MEND'ICANT,  a.  [L.  mendicans,  from  men 
dico,  to  beg,  Kr.  mendier ;  allied  to  L.  man- 
do,  to  command,  demand.] 
L  Begging  ;  poor  to  a  state  of  beggary ;  as 

reduced  to  a  mendicant  state. 

2.  Practicing  beggary  ;  as  a  mendicant  friar. 

MEND'ICANT,  n.    A  beggar;    one    that 

makes  it  his  business  to  beg  alms  ;  one  of 

the   begging    frateraity    of   the    Romish 

church. 

MEND'ICATE,  v.  t.    To  beg,  or  practice 

begging.     fJVbi  used.] 
MENDIC'ITY,  n.  [L.  mendicitas.]  The  state 

of  begging;  the  life  of  a  beggar. 
MENDMENT,  for  amendment.  [JVot  in  use.] 
MENDS,  for  amends,  not  used.  Shak. 

MENHA'DEN,  n.  A  species  offish. 
ME'NIAL,  a.  [Norm,  meignal,  ynet/nal,  from 
meignee  or  meiny,  a  family.     The  Norm, 
has    also  mesnie    and   mesnce,    a    family, 
household  or  company,  and  ?nf'jne:,  many. 
Qu.  the  root  of  maison,  messuage,  or  of 
many.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  servants,  or  domestic  ser 
vants  ;  low  ;  mean. 

Tlie  women  attendants  perform  only  tlie  most 
menial  offices.  Swift 

[Johnson  observes  on  this  passage,  that 
Swift  seems  not  to  have  known  the  mean- 
ing of  this  word.  But  this  is  the  only 
sense  in  which  it  is  now  u.sed.] 
'2.  Belonging  to  the  retinue  or  train  of  ser 
vants.  Johnson. 

Two  menial  dogs  before  their  master  pressed 

Dryden . 
[If  this  definition  of  Johnson  is  correct, 
it  indicates  that  mon'a/ is  from  meinez,  ma- 
ny, rather  than  from  mesnie,  family.     But 
the  sense  may  be  house-dogs.] 
ME'NIAL,  n.  A  domestic  servant. 
MEN'ILITE,  n.  A  uiineral  substance  found 
at  Menil  Montant  near  Paris,  of  the  nature 
of  silex,  of  a  brown  liver  color  on  the  in- 
terior, and  ordinarily  of  a  clear  blue  on  the 
surface.     It  is  found  in  the  shape  of  the 
kidneys,  of  the  size  of  the  hand  or  larger  ; 
sometimes  in  globules  of  the  size  of  a  nut. 
Did.  Xat.  Hist. 
MENIS'€US,»i.  plu.  meniscuses.  [Gr./ijjixdxo;, 

a  little  moon.] 
A  lens  convex  on  one  side,  and  concave  on 
the  other.  Encyc. 

MENISPERM'ATE,    n.    A    compound  of 

raenispermic  acid  and  a  salifiable  base. 
aiENISPERM'IC,  a.  The  menispermic  acid 
is  obtained  from  the  seeds   of  the  meni- 
spermuni  cocculus.  Ure. 

MEN'IVER,    Ji.    A  small  white  animal  in 
Russia,  or  its  fur  which  is  very  fine. 

Chaucer. 


MEN0L'06Y,  n.  [Gr.  fiiji ,  ii"?vo,-,  month,  and 
jioyos,  discourse.] 

1.  A  register  of  months.  Stillin^eet. 

3.  In  the  Greek  chtirch,  martyrology,  or  a 
brief  calendar  of  the  lives  of  the  saints, 
for  each  day  in  the  year,  or  a  simple  re- 
membrance of  those  whose  lives  are  not 
written.  Lunier. 

iMEN'OVV,  n.  [Fr.  menu,  small.  Qu.]  A  small 
fresh  water  fish,  the  minnow.  Bailey. 

MEN'PLEASER,  n.  One  who  is  solicitous 
to  please  men,  rather  than  to  please  God, 
by  obedience  to  his  commands. 

MEN'SAL,  a.  [L.  mensalis,  from  mensa,  a 
table.] 

Belonging  to  the  table  ;  transacted  at  table. 
[Little  used.]  Clarissa. 

MEN'STRUAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  menslrualis, 
from  mensis,  month.] 

1.  Monthly ;  hapi>ening  once  a  month  ;  as 
the  menstrual  flux. 

2.  Lasting  a  month  ;  as  the  menstrual  orbit 
of  the  moon.  Bentley 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  menstruum.  Bacon. 
•MEN'STRUANT,   a.    Subject  to   monthly 

flowings.  Brown. 

MEN'STRUOUS,  a.  [L.  menstruus,  from 
mensis,  a  month.] 

1.  Having  the  monthly  flow  or  discharge  ;  as 
a  female.  Sandys. 

■2.  Pertaining  to  the  monthly  flow  of  females 

Brown 

MEN'STRUUM,  n.  i)Iu.  mcnslruums.  [fron, 
L.  mensis,  month.  The  use  of  this  word 
is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  some  no 
tion  of  the  old  chimists,  about  the  influ- 
ence of  the  moon  in  tlie  preparation  of 
dissolvents.     Johnson.] 

A  dissolvent  or  solvent  ;  any  fluid  or  subtil- 
ized substance  which  dissolves  a  solid 
body. 

All  liquors  arc  called  menstntums  which  are 
used  as  dissolvents,  or  to  extract   the   virtues  of 
ingredients  by  infusion  or  decoction.       Quincy. 
Inquire  what  is  the  proper  menstruum  to  dis- 
solve a  metal.  Bacon. 

MENSURABIL'ITY',  n.  [from  mensurable.] 
Capacity  of  being  measured. 

MEN'SURABLE,  o.  [L.  mensura,  measure. 
The  n  is  probably  casual,  and  the  word  is 
the  same  as  measurable.] 

Measurtfble  ;  capable  of  being  measured. 

Holder. 

MEN'Sl'RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  measure. 

MEN'SURATE,  w.  t.  [L.  meiusura,  measure.] 
To  measure.     [Little  used.] 

MENSIJRA'TION,  ?i.  The  act,  process  or 
art  of  measuring,  or  taking  the  dimensions 
of  any  thing. 

[2.  Measure  ;  the  result  of  measuring. 

I  Arbuthnot. 

MENTAL,  a.  [It.  mcntale  ;  Fr.  mental  ; 
from  L.  mens,  mind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  mind  ;  intellectual  ;  as 
HieniaZ  faculties  ;  me/i^u;  operations  ;  ment- 
al sight ;  mental  taste.     Milton.     Addison 

MEN'TALLY,  adv.  Intellectually  ;  in  the 
mind ;  in  thought  or  meditation  ;  in  idea. 

Bentley. 

MEN'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  menlio,  from! 
Gr.  fu'tia,  irom  ^louj,  to  put  in  mind ;  It. 
menzione  ;  Sp.  mencion  ;  Port,  mengad ;! 
allied  probably  to  L.  moneo  and  mind.  Men- 
tion is  a  throwing  out.] 


A  hint ;  a  suggestion  ;  a  brief  notice  or  re- 
mark  expressed  in  words  or  writing  ;  used 
chiefly  after  make. 

Make  no  mention  of  other  gods.    Josh,  xsiii. 
1  will  make  mention  of  tliy  righteousness. 
Ps.  Ixxi. 

Without  ceasing  I  make  mention  of  you  al- 
ways in  my  prayers.     Rom.  i. 

MEN'TION,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mcntxonner  ;  It.  nie»i- 
zionure.] 

To  speak  ;  to  name  ;  to  utter  a  brief  re- 
mark ;  to  state  a  particular  fact,  or  to  ex- 
press it  in  writing.  It  is  applied  to  some- 
thing thrown  in  or  added  incidentally  in 
a  <liscourse  or  writing,  and  thus  diflers 
from  the  sense  of  relate,  recite,  and  narrate. 
I  mentioned  to  him  a  fact  that  fell  under  my 
own  observation.  In  the  course  of  con- 
versation, that  circumstance  was  mention- 
ed. 

I  will  mention  the  loving-kinduess  of  the 
Lord.     Is.  Ixiii. 

MENTIONED,;);;.  Named;  stated. 

MEN'TIONING,  p;))-.  Naming;  uttering. 

MENTO'RIAL,  a.  [from  Mentor,  the  friend 
and  adviser  of  Ulysses.] 

Containing  advice  or  admonition. 

MEPHIT  I€,  a.  [L.  mephili'!,  an  ill  .smell.] 
Oflensive  to  the  sukjII  ;  foul ;  poisonous  ; 
no.xious  ;  pestilential  ;  destructive  to  life. 

Mephilic  acid  is  carbonic  acid. 

MEPII'ITIS,     \      Foul,  oflTensivc  or  nox- 

MEPIMTISM,  \  "•  ious  exhalations  from 
dissolving  substances,  filth  or  other  source  ; 
also,    carbonic    acid    gas.      Med.    Repos. 

MERCANTAN'TE,  n.  [It.  mercatante.]  A 
foreign  trader.     [jYot  in  use.]  Sliak. 

MER'CANTILE,  a.  [It.  and  Fr.  from  L- 
merca7is,  mercor,  to  buy  ;  Port.  Sp.  mercan- 
tii] 

1.  Trading  ;  commercial  ;  carrying  on  com- 
merce ;  as  jnercanhVe  nations;  the  7nercan- 
tile  class  of  men. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  commerce  or 
trade  ;  as  mercantile  business. 

MER'CAT,   n.     [L.    mercatws.]       Market  ; 

trade.     [.Vo<  in  use.]  Sprat. 

MERCENARILY,    adv.    In   a  mercenary 

manner.  Spectator. 

MERCENARLNESS./i.    [from  mercenary.] 

Venality  ;  regard  to  hire  or  reward. 

Boyle. 
MERCENARY,    a.     [Fr.   mercenaire  :   L. 

mercenarius,  from  merces,  reward,  wages  ; 

mercor,  to  buy.] 

1.  Venal  ;  that  may  be  hired  ;  actuated  by 
the  hope  of  reward  ;  moved  by  the  love  of 
money;  as  a  mcrcc«a(T/ prince  or  judge. 

2.  Hired  ;  purchased  by  money  ;  as  merce- 
nary services  ;  merctnan/  soldiers. 

3.  Sold  for  money  ;  as  mercenary  blood. 

Shak. 

4.  Greedy  of  gain  ;  mean;  selfish  ;  as  a  mer- 
cenary/ disposition. 

5.  Contracted  from  motives  of  gain  ;  as  a 
mercenan/  marriage. 

MERCENARY',  ,1.  One  who  is  hired  ;  a 
soldier  that  is  hired  into  foreign  service ; 
a  hireling. 

MERCER,  n.  [Fr.  mercier  ;  It.  merciaio ; 
from  L.  merx,   wares,  commodities.] 

One  who  deals  in  silk.s.  Hoicel. 

MER  CERSHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a  mer- 
cer. 

MERCERY,)!.  [Fr.  mercfnV ;  It.  merceria.] 


M  E  R 


M  E  R 


M  E  R 


'I'iie  commodities  or  goods  in  wliicli  a  mer- 
cer lieals  ;  trade  of  mercers.  Graunt. 

MER'CHAND,  v.  i.  [Fr.  marchander.]  To 
trade.     [JVb«  tised.]  Bacon. 

MER'CHANDISE,  ii.  [Fr.  from  marchand, 
a  merchant,  or  marchander,  to  cheapen.] 

1.  The  objects  of  commerce  ;  wares,  goods, 
commodities,  whatever  is  usually  bought 
or  sold  in  trade.  But  provisions  dailj'  sold 
in  market,  horses,  cattle,  and  fuel  are  not 
usually  included  in  the  term,  and  real  es- 
tate never. 

2.  Trade  ;  traffick  ;  commerce.  Shak. 
MER'CHANDISE,  v.  1.  To  trade  ;  to  carry 

on  commerce. 
MER'CHANDRY,  n.    Trade  ;   commerce 

[JVot  in  use]  Saunderson. 

MER'CIIANT,  Ji.    [Fr.  marchand;  It.  mer 

cante  ;  Sp.  merchantc  ;  Arm.  marchadour  ; 

from  L.  mercor,  to  buy.] 

1.  A  man  who  trafficks  or  carries  on  trade 
with  foreign  countries,  or  who  exports 
and  imports  goods  and  sells  them  by 
wholesale. 

2.  In  poptdar  usage,  any  trader,  or  one  who 
deals  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods. 

3.  A  ship  in  trade.     [Al'ot  xised.] 
MER'CHANT,!).?.  To  trade.     [A''otinuse.] 
MER'CHANTABLE,  a.    Fit  for  market  ; 

such  as  is  usually  sold  in  market,  or  such 
as  will  bring  the  ordinary  price  ;  as  mer- 
chantable wheat  or  timber. 
MER'CHANTLIKE,  a.  Like  a  merchant. 
MER'CHANTMAN,  n.    A  ship   or  vessel 
employed  in  the  transportation  of  goods 
as  distinguished  from  a  ship  of  war. 
MER'CIABLE,  a.  Merciful.      [JVot  in  use.] 

Gower. 
MER'CIFUL,  a.  [from  mercy.]  Having  or 
exercising  mercy  ;  compassionate  ;  tender 
disposed  to  pity  offenders  and  to  forgive 
their  offenses  ;  unwilling  to  punish  for  in- 
juries ;  applied  appropriately  to  the  Supreme 
Being. 

The  Lord  passed  before  him  and  proclaimed, 
the  Lord,  the  Lord  GoA,  merciful  and  gracious, 
long-suffering  and  abundant  in  goodness  and 
truth.  Ex.  xxxiv. 
3.  Compassionate  ;  tender ;  unwilling  to  give 
pain  :  not  cruel.  A  merciful  man  will  be 
merciful  to  his  beast. 
MER'CIFULLY,  adv.  With  compassion  or 

pity  ;  tenderly  ;  mildly. 
MER'CIFULNESS,  n.  Tenderness  towards 
offenders  ;  willingness  to  forbear  punish- 
ment ;  readiness  to  forgive.        Hammond. 
MER'CIFY,  V.  t.  To  pity.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
MER'CILESS,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy  ;  un- 
feeling ;  pitiless  ;  hard-hearted  ;  cruel ;  as 
a  merciless  tyrant.  _  Dn/den 

il.  Not  sparing ;  as  the  merciless  waves  or 

tempest. 
MER'CILESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  void  ofi 

mercy  or  pity  ;  cruelly. 
MER'CILESSNESS,  n.  Want  of  mercy  or 

pity- 

MERCU'RIAL,  a.  [from Mercury;  L.mercu- 
rialis.] 

1.  Formed  under  the  influence  of  Mercury  ; 
active;  sprightly;  full  of  fire  or  vigor  ;  as 
a  mercurial  youth  ;  amercurial  nation. 

Bacon.     Swift 

2.  Pertaining  to  quicksilver  ;  containing 
ijuicksilvfr,  or  consisting  of  mercuiy  ;  as 
mercurial  preparations  or  medicines. 


MEReU'RIALIST,  )i.  One  under  the  influ 
ence  of  Mercury,  or  one  resembling  Mer 
cury  in  variety  of  character. 
MER€U'RIATE,  n.  A  combination  of  the 
oxyd  of  mercury  with  another  substance. 
Mercuric   acid,  a  saturated   combination   of] 

mercury  and  oxygen. 
MERCURIFICA'TION,  n.  In  metallurgic 
chimistry,  the  process  or  operation  of  ob- 
taining tlie  mercury  from  metallic  mine- 
rals in  its  fluid  form.  Encyc 
2.  The  act  of  mixing  with  quicksilver. 

Boyle. 
MER€U'RIFY,  v.  I.  To  obtain  mercury 
from  metallic  minerals,  which  it  is  said 
may  be  done  by  a  large  lens,  the  intense 
heat  of  which  expels  the  mercury  in  fumes, 
which  are  afterwards  condensed. 

Encyc. 
MER'eURY,    n.    [L.    Mercurius.     In   my- 
thology. Mercury  is  the  god  of  eloquence 
and  of  commerce,  called  by  the  Greeks 
Hermes,  and  his  name  is  said  to  be  forni- 
ed  from  merces,  or  mercor.     But  in  antiqui 
ty,  there  were  several  persons  or  deities  of 
this  name.] 
I.  Quicksilver,  a  metal  remarkable  for  its 
fusibility,  which  is  so  great  that  to  fix   or 
congeal  it,  requires  a  degree  of  cold  which 
is  marked  on  Fahrenheit's  scale  at  thirty 
nine   degrees    below   zero.      Its   specific 
gravity  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
metal,  except  platina,  'gold  and  tungsten 
Under  a  heat  of  660  degrees,   it  rises  in 
fumes  and  is  gradually  converted  into  a 
red  oxyd.     Mercury  is  used  in  barometers 
to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere, 
and   in   thermometers   to   determine    the 
temperature  of  the  air,  for  which  purposes 
it  is  well  adapted  by  its  expansibility,  and 
the  extensive  range  between  its  freezing 
and  boiling  ])oints.     Preparations  of  this 
metal  are  among  the  most  powerful  pois 
ons,  and   are   extensively  used  as  medi 
cines.     The  preparation  called  calomel,  is 
a  most  efiicacious  deobstruent. 
Heat    of   constitutional     temperament 
spirit  ;  sprightly  qualities.  Pope. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants,  the  Mercnrialis,  of  sev- 
eral species. 

One  of  the  planets  nearest  the  sun.  It  is 
3224  miles  in  diameter,  and  revolves  round 
the  sun  in  about  88  days.  Its  mean  dis- 
tance from  the  sun  is  thirty  seven  millions 
of  miles. 
5.  The  name  of  a  newspaper  or  periodical 
publication,  and  in  some  jilaces,  the  car- 
rier of  a  newspaper  or  pamphlet. 
MER'CURY,  V.  t.  To  wash  with  a  prepara 
tion  of  mercury.  B.  Jonson. 

MER'CY,  n.  [Fr.  merci  ;  Norm,  merce,  meer 
or  mers ;  supposed  to  be  a  contraction  of 

L.  misericordia.  But  qu.  Eth.  "^rh^ 
meher,  to  pity.] 
1.  That  benevolence,  mildness  or  tenderness 
of  heart  which  disposes  a  person  to  over- 
look injuries,  or  to  treat  an  offender  better 
than  he  deserves  ;  the  disposition  that 
tempers  justice,  and  induces  an  injured 
person  to  forgive  trespasses  and  injuries,! 
and  to  forbear  punishment,  or  inflict  less 
than  law  or  justice  will  warrant.  In  this 
sense,  there  is  perhaps  no  word  in  our  lan- 
guage precisely  synonymous  with  mercy. 
That  which  comes  nearest  to  it  is  grace. 


It  implies  benevolence,  tenderness,  mild- 
ness, pity  or  compassion,  and  clemency, 
but  exercised  only  towards  offenders. 
Mercy  is  a  distinguishing  attribute  of  the 
Supreme  Being. 

The  Lord  is  long-suffering  and  of  great  mercy. 
forgiving  iniquity  and  transgression,  and  by  no 
means  clearing  the  guilty.     Num.  xiv. 
An  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  favor.     It 
is  a  mercy  that  they  escaped. 

1  am  not  worthy  of  the  least  of  all  thy  mer- 
cies.    Gen.  xxxii. 

3.  Pity  ;  compassion  manifested  towards  a 
person  in  distress. 

And  he  said,  he  that  showed  mercy  on  liiiu. 
Luke  X. 

4.  Clemency  and  bounty. 
Mercy  and  truth  preserve  the  king ;  and  his 

I      throne  is  upheld  by  mercy.     Prov.  xsviii. 
Charity,  or  the  duties  of  charity  and  be- 
nevolence. 

I  will  have  ?nercy  and  not  sacrifice.     Matt. 


Grace  ;  favor.     1  Cor.  vii.    Jude  2. 

7.  Eternal  life,  the  fruit  of  mercy.    2  Tim.  i. 

8.  Pardon. 
I  cry  thee  mercy  with  all  my  heart. 

Zhryden. 

9.  The  act  of  sparing,  or  the  forbearance  of 
a  violent  act  expected.  The  prisoner  cri- 
ed for  mercy. 

To  he  or  to  lie  at  the  mercy  of,  to  have  no 
means  of  self-defense,  but  to  be  dependent 
for  safety  on  the  mercy  or  compassion  of 
another,  or  in  the  power  of  that  which  is 
irresistible  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  a  foe, 
or  of  the  waves. 
MER'CY-SEAT,  n.  The  propitiatory  ;  the 
covering  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  among 
the  Jews.  This  was  of  gold,  and  its  ends 
were  fixed  to  two  cherubs,  whose  wings 
extended  forward,  an<l  formed  a  kind  of 
throne  for  the  majesty  of  God,  who  is  rep- 
resented in  Scripture  as  sitting  between 
the  cherubs.  It  wns  from  this  seat  that 
God  gave  his  oracles  to  Moses,  or  to  the 
high  priest  who  consulted  him.  Calmet. 
MERD,  n.  [Fr.  7nerde  ;  h.  merda.]  Ordure; 
dung.  Burton. 

MERE,  a.  [L.  merus  ;  It.  mero.]  This  or  that 
only  ;  distinct  from  any  thing  else. 

From  mere  success  nothing  can  be  concluded 
ni  favor  of  a  nation.  Atterhury. 

What  if  the  head,  the  eye  or  ear  repin'd 
To  serve  mere  engines  to  the  ruling  mind  ? 

Pope. 
2.  Absolute  ;  entire.  Spenser. 

MERE,    71.    [Sax.  mcrre    or    mere,  a  pool, 
lake  or  the  sea  ;  D.  7)i«iV ;  L.  mare.    See 
JIfoor.] 
A  pooler  lake. 
MERE,  n.  [Sax.  mara,  gemara  ;  Gr.  ftftpw, 

to  divide,  orRuss.  miryu,  to  measure.] 
,\  boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  compound, 
7nere-stone.  Bacon. 

MERE,  I'.  /.  To  divide,  limit  or  bound.    Obs. 

Spenser. 
ME'RELY,  adv.  Purely  ;  only ;  solely  ;  thus 
and  no  other  way  ;  for  this  and  no  other 
purpose. 

Prize  not  your  life  for  other  ends 

Than  merely  to  oblige  your  friends.       Swijt, 

MERETRI'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  meretricitis,  from 
meretrii,  a  prostitute.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prostitutes;  such  as  is  prac- 
ticed by  harlots  ;  as  meretricious  arts. 


M  E  R 

2.  Alluring  by  false  show  ;  worn  for  diS' 
guise  ;  having  a  gaudy  but  deceitful  ap- 
pearance ;  false  ;  as  meretricious  dress  or 
ornaments. 

JMERETRI'CIOUSLY.orfii.  In  the  manner 
of  prostitutes  ;  with  deceitful  enticements. 

MERETRI"CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  arts  of 
a  prostitute  ;  deceitful  enticements. 

MERGAN'SER,  n.  [Sp.  mergansar,  from 
L.  mergo,  to  dive.] 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Mergus ;  called 
also  goosander. 

IVIERgE,  v.  I.  [L.  mergo.]  To  immerse ; 
to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. 

The  plaintiff  became  the  purchaser  and  merg- 
ed his  term  in  the  fee.  Kent. 

MERGE,  V.  i.  To  be  sunk,  swallowed  or 
lost.  Law  Term. 

MERG'ER,  n.  [L.  mergo,  to  merge.]  In 
law,  a  merging  or  drowning  of  a  less  es- 
tate in  a  greater  ;  as  when  a  reversion  in 
fee  simple  descends  to  or  is  purchased  by 
a  tenant  of  the  same  estate  for  year.s,  the 
term  for  years  is  merged,  lost,  annihilated 
in  the  inheritance  or  fee  simple  estate. 

Blackslonc. 

MERID'IAN,  n.  [Fr.meridien;  \\..  meridia- 
no  ;  L.  meridies.  Qu.  Ir.  mir,  a  part ;  Gr. 
jufipu,  to  divide.  Varro  tcsitifies  that  this 
word  was  originally  medidies  [uiid-day,] 
and  that  he  had  seen  it  so  written  on  a 
sun-dial.] 

1.  In  astronomy  and  geography,  a  great  cir- 
cle supposed  to  be  drawn  or  to  pass 
through  the  poles  of  the  earth,  and  the 
zenith  and  nadir  of  any  given  place,  inter- 
secting the  equator  at  right  angles,  and 
dividing  the  hemisphere  into  eastern  and 
western.  Every  place  on  the  globe  has 
its  meridian,  and  when  the  sun  arrives  at 
this  circle,  it  is  mid-day  or  noon,  whence 
the  name.  This  circle  may  be  consider- 
ed to  be  drawn  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  it  may  be  considered  as  a  circle 
in  the  heavens  coinciding  with  that  on  the 
earth. 

2.  Mid-day ;  noon. 

3.  The  highest  point ;  asthe  men'rftajiof  life  ; 
the  jHen'rfian  of  power  or  of  glory. 

4.  The  particular  place  or  state,  with  regard 
to  local  circumstances  or  things  that  dis- 
tinguish it  from  others.  We  say,  a  book 
is  adapted  to  the  meridian  of  France  or  It- 
aly ;  a  measure  is  adapted  to  the  meri- 
dian of  London  or  Washington. 

Magnetic  meridian,  a  great   circle,  parallel 

with  the  direction  of  the  magnetic  needle, 

and  passing  through  its  poles. 
MERID'IAN,  a.  Being  on  the  meridian  or  at 

mid-day. 

The  sun  sat  high  in  his  meridian  tower. 

Milton, 
9.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian  or  to  mid-day  ; 

as  the  sun's  meridian  heat  or  splendor. 
3.  Pertaining   to  the  highest  point ;  as,  the 

hero  enjoyed  his  mendian  glory. 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  meridian. 
MERIDIONAL,  a.    [Fr.]      Pertaining  to 

the  meridian. 

2.  Southern.  Broum. 

3.  Southerly ;  having  a  southern  aspect. 

Wotton. 
Meridional  distance  is  the  departure  from  the 

meridian,  or  easting  or  westing. 
MERIDIONAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 

in  the  meridian. 

Vol.  II. 


M  E  R 

2.  Position  in  the  soBth  ;  aspect  towards  the, 
south.  Johnson.' 

MERID'IONALLY,  adv.  In  the  direction; 
of  the  meridian.  Brown: 

MER'IT,  n.  [L.  meritum,  from  mereo,  to! 
earn  or  deserve  ;  It.  Sp.  merilo  ;  Fr.  mer-i 
ite.]  1 

1.  Desert  ;  goodness  or  excellence  which 
entitles  one  to  honor  or  revvai-d  ;  worth  ;< 
any  performance  or  worth  which  claims! 
regard  or  compensation  ;  applied  to  morals,' 
to  excellence  in  ivriling,  or  to  valuable  ser- 
vices of  any  kind.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
inability  of  men  to  obtain  salvation  by  their 
own  merits.  We  speak  of  the  merits  of 
an  author  ;  the  merits  of  a  soldier,  &c 
Value  ;  excellence  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as 
the  merits  of  an  essay  or  poem  ;  the  merits 
of  a  painting  ;  the  merits  of  a  heroic 
achievment. 

3.  Rewaid  deserved  ;  that  which  is  earned 
or  merited. 

Those  laurel  groves,  the  merits  of  thy  youth 

Prior. 

MER'IT,  V.  I.  [Fr.  meriter;  L.  merito.]  To 
deser\  j  ;  to  earn  by  active  service,  or  by 
any  valuable  performance  ;  to  have  a  right 
to  claim  reward  in  money,  regard,  honor 
or  happiness.  Watts,  by  his  writings 
merited  the  gratitude  of  the  whole  chris- 
tian world.  The  faithful  laborer  merits  his 
wages. 

A  man  at  best  is  incapable  of  meriting  any 
thing  from  (Jod.  South 

To  deserve  ;  to  have  a  just  title  to.  Fidel- 
ity merits  and  usually  obtains  confidence 
To  deserve,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  to  have  a  just 
title  to.  Every  violation  of  law  merits 
punishment.  Every  sin  merits  God's  dis- 
pleasure. 

MER'ITABLE,  a.  Deserving  of  reward 
rJVo<  ?■?!  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

MER'ITED,  pp.  Earned  ;  deserved. 

MER'ITING,  ppr.  Earning ;  deserving 

MERIT-MONGER,  n.  One  who  advocates 
the  doctrine  of  human  merit,  as  entitled  to 
reward,  or  depends  on  merit  for  salvation. 

Milner. 

MERITO'RIOUS,  a.  [It.  merilorio ;  Fr. 
meritoire.]  \ 

Deserving  of  reward   or   of  notice,   regard, 
fame  or  happiness,  or  of  that  which  shall| 
be  a  suitable  return   for  services  or  e.xcci 
lence  of  any  kind.    We  applaud  the  merito 
rious  services  of  the  laborer,  the   soldiei 
and  the  seaman.     We  admire  the  merito-', 
rious  labors  of  a  Watts,  a  Doddridge,  a  Ca- 
rey and  a  Martyn.     We  rely  for  salvation 
on  the  meritorious  obedience  and  sufferings 
of  Christ. 

MERITORIOUSLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  deserve  reward.  ff'otton. 

MERITO  RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quahty  of  deserving  a  reward  or  suitable 
return. 

MER'ITORY,  a.  Deserving  of  reward. 
[JVot  used.]  Gower 

MERLE,  n.  [L.  menda.]  A  blackbird. 

Drayton 

MER'LIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  hawk  of 
the  genus  Falco. 

MERLON,  Ji.  [It.  merlo;  Fr.  merlon.]  In 
fortification,  that  part  of  a  parapet  which 
lies  between  two  embrasures.  Encyc. 

MERMAID,  n.  [Fr.  mer,  L.  mare,  the  sea, 
and  maid.] 

15 


M  E  S 

A  marine  animal,  eaid  to  resemble  a  woman 
in  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  and  a  fish 
in  the  lower  part.  The  male  is  called  the 
merman. 

ME'ROPS,  n.  A  genus  of  birds  called  bee- 
eaters. 

MER'RILY,  adv.  [from  jncrri/.]  With  mirth  ; 
with  gayety  and  laughter  ;  jovially.  [See 
Mirth  and  Merry.] 

Merrily  sing  and  sport  and  play.     Olanvillc. 

MER'RIMAKK,  n.  {merry  and  make.]  A 
meeting  for  mirth  ;  a  festival ;  mirth. 

Spenser. 

MER'RIMAKE,  v.  i.  To  be  merry  or  jo- 
vial ;  to  feast.  Gay. 

MER'RIMENT,  n.  Mirth  ;  gayety  with 
laughter  or  noise ;  noisy  sports  ;  hilarity  ; 
frolick.  Milton. 

MER'RINESS,  n.  Mirth  ;  gayety  with 
laughter.  Shak. 


Z^' 


MER'RY,  a.  [Sax.  mirige,  myrig ;  Ar. 

to  be  joyfid.     Class  Mr.  No.  10.] 

1.  Gay  and  noisy ;  jovial ;  exhilarated  to 
laughter. 

Man  is  the  merriest  species  of  the  creation. 

Mdison. 
They  ilrank  and  were  merry  with  hini.    Geu. 
xliii. 

2.  Causing  laughter  or  mirth  ;  as  a  merry 
jest.  Shak. 

3.  Brisk;  as  a  merry  gs.\e.  [This  is  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  irarrf.]  Dryden. 

4.  Pleasant ;  agreeable  ;  delightful. 

Chaucer. 

To  make  merry,  to  be  jovial ;  to  indulge  in 
hilarity  ;  to  feast  with  mirth.    Judges  ix. 

MERRY-ANDREW,  n.  A  buffoon  ;  a  za- 
ny ;  one  whose  business  is  to  make  sport 
for  others.  Speclalor. 

MER'RY-MAKING,  a.  Producing  mirth. 
Mirth,  music,  merry-making  melody 
Speed  the  light  hours  no  more  at  Holyrood. 

Hillhotise. 

MER'RY-MEETING,  ?i.  A  festival ;  a  meet- 
ing for  mirth.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MER'RY-THOl'GHT,  n.  The  forked  bone 
of  a  fowl's  breast,  which  boys  and  girls 
break  by  pulling  each  one  side  ;  the  long- 
est part  broken  betokening  priority  of 
marriage.  Echard. 

MER'SION,  n.  [L.  mersio,  from  mergo,  to 
dive  or  sink.] 

The  act  of  siuking  or  plunging  under  wa- 
ter.    But  immersion  is  generally  used. 

MESARA'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ftfjopoioi  ;  /wboj,  mid- 
dle, and  opaia,  intestines.] 

The  same  as  mesenteric ;  pertaining  to  the 
mesentery. 

MESEE'MS,  verb  impersonal.  [?;ie  and  seems.] 
It  seems  to  me.  It  is  used  also  in  the  [last 
tense,  meseemed.  Spenser. 

MESENTER'I€,  a.  [See  Mesentery.]  Per- 
taining to  the  mesentery ;  as  mesenteric 
elands  or  arteries. 

MiES'ENTERY,  n.  [Gr.  fiiatptipiov  ;  /leaos, 
middle,  and  iptsfiot;  intestine.] 

A  fatty  membrane  placed  in  the  middle  of 
the  intestines,  and  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached. This  prevents  them  from  becom- 
ing entangled  with  each  other  by  convo- 
lutions. It  is  formed  by  a  duplicature  of 
the  peritoneum.  Encyc.     Quiytcy. 

MESH,  n.  [W.  masg,  net-work,  a  mesh  ;  t). 
maas  ;  G.  masche,  a  mesh  or  a  stitch.] 


M  E  S 


M  E  T 


MET 


1 .  Tlie  opening  or  space  between  the  threads 
of  a  net. 

2.  Tlie  grains  or  wash  of  a  brewery. 
MESH,  V.  t.  To  catch  in  a  net;   to  ensnare. 

Drayton. 

MESH'Y,  a.  Formed  like  net-work ;  retic- 
ulated. TViomson. 

IMES'LIN,  n.  [fromFr.mesler,meler,to  mix, 
or  L.  miscdlaneus,  from  misceo,  to  mix.] 

A  mixture  of  different  sorts  of  grain ;  in 
America,  a  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye. 

MESNE,  a.  meen.  [Old  Fr.]  In  Imv,  mid 
die  ;  intervening ;  as  a  mesne  lord,  that  i.s, 
a  lord  who  holds  land  of  a  superior,  but 
grants  a  part  of  it  to  another  person.  In 
this  case,  he  is  a  tenant  to  the  superior, 
but  lord  or  superior  to  the  second  grantee, 
and  called  the  mesne  lord. 

jyiesne  process,  that  part  of  the  proceedings 
in  a  suit  which  intervenes  between  the 
original  process  or  writ  and  the  final  is- 
sue, and  which  issues,  pending  the  suit,  on 
some  collateral  matter  ;  and  sometimes  it 
is  understood  to  be  the  whole  process  pre- 
ceding the  execution.  Blackstone. 

.Mesne  profits,  the  profits  of  an  estate  which 
accrue  to  a  tenant  in  possession,  after  the 
demise  of  the  lessor. 

MES'OeOLON,  n.  [Gr.  ^fooj,  middle,  and 
colon.} 

In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  mesentery, 
which,  having  reached  the  extremity  of  the 
ileum,  contracts  and  changes  its  name,  or 
that  i)art  of  the  mesentery  to  which  the 
colon  is  attached.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

MESOLEU'CYS,  n.  [Gr.  fifBoj," middle,  and 
Xftixo;,  white.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  streak  of  white  in 
the  middle.  Diet. 

MES'OLITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  the  zeolite 
family. 

MESOLOG'ARITHM,  n.  [Gr.  ^jbos,  mid- 
dle, and  logarithm.] 

A  logarithm  of  the  co-sines  and  co-tangents. 
Kepler.     Harris. 
The  former  is  called  by  Napier  an  anti- 
logarithm,  the  latter  a  differential. 

Encyc. 

MESOM'ELAS,  ji.  [Gr.  ^ilaos,  middle,  and 
fttXa;,  black.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  black  vein  parting 
every  color  in  the  midst. 

MES'OTYPE,  n.  [Gr.  yufaoj,  middle,  and 
■fvrto;,  form,  type.] 

Prismatic  zeolite ;  a  mineral  divided  into 
three  subspecies,  fibrous  zeolite,  natrolite, 
and  mealy  zeolite.  This  is  said  by  some! 
writers  to  be  so  named  from  its  property,' 
when  transparent,  of  doubling  images.] 
Others  say  it  is  a  mean  form  between  stil- 
bite  and  analcime. 

Did.     Jameson.     Phillips. 

MESPRISE,  71.  Contempt ;  a  trench  word. 
[JVol  in  use.] 

MESS,  n.  [Ill  Fr.  mets  is  a  mess  of  meat, 
jierhaps  meat.  In  Goth,  mes  is  a  dish,  Ir. 
meis.  In  Sax.  mese  is  a  table,  Sp.  mesa, 
L.  mensa.  But  mets,  mess,  is  jtrobably  a 
different  word.] 

1.  A  dish  or  a  quantity  of  food  jirepared  or 
set  on  a  table  at  one  time;  as  a  mess  of 
pottage;  a  mess  of  herbs;  a.  mess  of  broth. 

Milton.     Pope. 

2.  A  medley;  a  mixed  mass;  a  (juantity. 

3.  As  nuich  provender  or  grain  as  is  given  to 
a  beast  at  once. 


4.  A  number  of  persons  who  eat  together; 

among  seamen  and  soldiers. 
MESS,  V.  i.  To  eat  ;  to  feed. 
2.  To  associate  at  the  same  table  ;  to  eat  in 

company,  as  seamen. 
MESS,  V.  I.  To  supply  with  a  mess. 
MES'SAGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  missus,  mitto, 

to  send  ;  Sp.  mensage.] 

1.  Any  notice,  word  or  communication,  writ- 
ten or  verbal,  sent  from  one  person  to  an- 
other. We  send  a  servant  with  a  verbal 
or  written  message. 

The  welcome  message  made,  was  soon  re- 
ceived. Dryden. 

2.  An  official  written  communication  of  facts 
or  opinions  sent  by  a  chief  magistrate  to 
the  two  houses  of  a  legislature  or  other 
deliberative  body.  Congress  receives  a 
message  from  the  President  of  the  United 
States  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  The 
Governors  of  some  of  the  states  commu- 
nicate to  the  legislature  by  7nessage,  oth- 
ers by  address. 

•3.  An   official   verbal   communication  from 

one  branch  of  a  legislature  to  the  other. 
MES'SAtiEIl,     ?       [Vr.  messager ;  It.  mes- 
JIES'SENgER,  I  "■  saggiere  ;  Sp.  mensage- 
ro.     The  correct  orthogra|)hy  is  messager.] 

1.  One  who  bears  a  message  or  an  errand : 
the  bearer  of  a  verbal  or  written  cornmu 
nication,  notice  or  invitation  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  or  to  a  public  body  ;  one 
who  conveys  disjiatches  from  one  prince 
or  court  to  another. 

2.  A  harbinger;  a  forerunner;  he  or  that 
which  foieshows. 

^'on  gray  lines 
That  fret  the  clouds,  are  messengers  of  day. 

Shak. 

MESSI'AH,  n.  [Ileb.  n'WD,  anointed.] 
Christ,  the  anointed  ;  the  Savior  of  the 
world. 

1  know  that  when  .Messiah  coineth,  who  i.s 
called  Christ,  he  will  tell  us  all  things.  Jesus 
answered  her,  1  that  speak  to  thee  am  he.  John 
iv. 
MESSI'AHSHIP,  n.  The  character,  state 
or  office  of  the  Savior. 

Josephus — whose  prejudices  were  against  the 
Jilcssiahship  and  religion  of  Jesus. 

Biichminsler. 

MES'SIEIjRS,    n.    [plu.  of  monsieur,    my 

lord.]     Sirs ;  gentlemen. 
MESS'-MATE,  7!.  An  associate  in  eating  ; 

one  who  eats   ordinarily  at   the  same  ta 

ble. 
MESS'UAgE,  n.  [from  Old  Fr.  meson,  mes 

onage,  a  house  or  house-room  ;  mesitenges, 

household.     The  French  now  write  mai 

son.] 
In  law,  a  dwelling  house  and  adjoining  land, 

appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  household, 

iiK-luding  the  adjacent  buildings.      Encyc. 
MET,  pret.ani\pp.  i4' meet. 
METAR'ASIS,   n.  [Gr.  from  /ura,  beyond, 

and  i3aivu,  to  go.] 
In  rhetoric,  transition  :  a   passing  from  one 

tiling  to  another. 
METAB'OLA,  n.    [Gr.  naa,  beyond,  and 

fSoJi);,  a  casting.] 
In  medicine,  a  change  of  air,  time  or  disease. 

[Little  used.]  Diet. 

META€AR1"AL,     a.     [from   metacarpus.] 

Belonging  to  the  metacarpus. 
METACARP'US,  n.  [Gr.  fitraxaprtiov;  fttro, 

beyond,  and  xaprtoj,  the  wrist.] 


In  anatomy,  the  part  of  the  hand  between  the 
wrist  and  the  fingers. 

META€H'R0NISM,  «.  [Gr  ;ufT-o,  beyond, 
and  Afpwj,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology,  by  placing  an  event 
after  its  real  time. 

ME'TAGE,  n.  [from  mete.]  Measurement 
of  coal;  price  of  measuring. 

METAGRAM'MATISM,  n.  [Gr.  ^tro,  be- 
yond, and  ypaftfia,  a  letter.] 

Anagrammatism,  or  metagrammatism,  is  a 
transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name  into 
such  a  connection  as  to  express  some  per- 
fect sense  applicable  to  the  person  named. 

Camden. 

METAL,  n.  mel'l.  [Fr.  from  L.  metallum ; 
Gr.  fitraXXor  ;  Sw.  G.metall;  D.  metaal  ; 
id. ;  Dan.  metal ;  Sp.  id. ;  It.  metallo  ;  Ir. 
miotal ;  W.  mettd.] 

A  simple,  fixed,  shining,  opake  body  or  sub- 
stance, insoluble  in  water,  fusible  by  heat, 
a  good  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity, 
capable  when  in  the  state  of  an  oxyd,  of 
uniting  with  acids  and  forming  with  them 
metallic  salts.  Many  of  the  metals  are  al- 
so malleable  or  extensible  by  the  hammer, 
and  some  of  them  extremely  ductile.  Me- 
tals are  mostly  fossil,  sometimes  found  na- 
tive or  pure,  but  more  generally  combined 
with  other  matter.  Some  metals  are  more 
malleable  than  others,  and  this  circum- 
stance gave  rise  to  the  distinction  of  met- 
als and  semi-metals;  a  distinction  little  re- 
garded at  the  present  day.  Recent  discov- 
eries have  enlarged  the  list  of  the  metals, 
and  the  whole  number  now  recognized  is 
thirty,  exclusive  of  those  which  have  been 
recently  discovered,  as  the  bases  of  the 
earths  and  alkalies.  Twelve  of  these  are 
malleable,  viz.  platina,gold,  silver,  mercu- 
ry, lead,  cojjper,  tin,  iron,  zink,  palladium, 
nickel,  and  cadmium.  The  following  six- 
teen are  not  sufficiently  tenacious  to  bear 
extension  by  beating,  viz.  arsenic,  antimo- 
ny, bismuth,  cobalt,  manganese,  tellurium, 
titanium,  columbium,  molybden,  tungsten, 
chrome,  osmium,  iridium,  rhodium,  ura- 
nium, and  cerium.  Encyc.  JVieholson. 
Thomson.  Phillips.  Ure. 
To  these  may  be  added  potassium,  so- 
dium, barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and 
lithium.  Henry. 
The  following  have  not  been  exhibited 
in  a  separate  form  ;  magnesium,  glucinum, 
yltrjiiiii,  aluminum,  thorinum,  zirconium, 
and  silicium. 

2.  Courage ;  spirit ;  so  written  by  mistake 
for  mettle. 

METALEP'SI.*,  n.  [Gr.  ;u«Tax,;rtoi5, partici- 
pation ;  f-ita,  beyond,  and  Xojuffaiu,  to 
take.] 

In  rheto7-ic,  the  continuation  of  a  trope  in 
one  word  through  a  succession  of  signifi- 
cations, or  the  union  of  two  or  more  trojies 
of  a  diflerent  kind  in  one  word,  so  that 
several  gradations  or  intervening  senses 
come  between  the  word  expressed  and  the 
thing  intended  by  it :  as  "  in  one  Cesar 
there  are  many  Mariuses."  Here  3Iari- 
us,  by  a  syiioodoche  or  antonoinasy,  is  put 
for  any  ainbiti(!iis,  turbulent  man,  and  tills, 
by  a  metonymy  of  the  cause,  for  the  ill 
effects  of  such  a  temper  to  the  public. 

Bailey.    Encyc 

METALEP'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  metsi- 
Icpsis  or  participation  ;  translative. 


MET 


MET 


MET 


2.  Transverse ;  as  the  vietaleplic  niotion  of  a 
muscle.  Bailey. 

METALEP'TICALLY,  adv.  By  transposi- 
tion. 
METAL'Lle,  a.  [L.  melallicua.]  Pertaining 
to  a  metal  or  metals;  consisting  of  metal; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  metals  ;  like  a 
metal ;  as   a  metallic  substance  ;    metallii 
ore  ;  melallic  briglitness. 
METAl>LIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  metallnm,  me 
tal,    and  fcro,   to   produce.]      Producing 
metals.  Kirwan 

METAL'LIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
metals  ;  like  motal.  Kirwan. 

MET'ALLINE,  a.  Pertaining  to   a  metal; 

consisting  of  metal. 
2.  Impregnated   with   metal  ;    as    metalline 
water.  Bacon 

MET'ALLIST,  n.  A  worker  in  metals,  or 
one  skilled  in  metals.  Moxon. 

METALLIZATION,  n.  The  act  or  pro 
cess  of  foriuing   into  a  metal ;  the  opera 
tion  which  gives  to  a  substance  its  proper 
metallic  |)roperties.  Enci/c.     Dirt 

MET'ALLIZE,  v.  t.  To  form   into   metal 
to  give  to  a  substance  its  proper  metallic 
properties.  Diet. 

METALLOGRAPHY,  v.  [Gr.  iiira-K%m; 
metal,  and  ytia^r;,  description.]  An  ac 
count  of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic 
substances.  Diet. 

MET'ALLOID,  n.    [metal,  and   Gr.   nSof,] 
A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  metallic 
bases  of  the  alkalies  and  earths. 
METALLOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  form  or 

appearance  of  a  metal. 
MET'ALLURtilC,    a.     [See    Metallurgy.] 
Pertaining   to   metallurgy,  or   the  art   ol 
working  metals. 
MET'ALLURgIST,  )!.   One   whose  occu- 
pation is  to   work  metals,  or  to  purify,  re- 
fine and  prepare  metals  for  use. 
MET'ALLURtiV,  n.  [Gr.  jutraTJ-or,  metal, 

and  (pyoi',  work.] 
The  art  of  working  metals,  comiirehending 
the  whole  process  of  separating  them  from 
other  niaiters  in  the  ore,  smelting,  retin 
ing  and  parting  them.  Gilding  is  also  ; 
branch  of  nietallingy.  Hut  in  a  more 
limited  and  usual  sense,  metallm'gy  is  the 
operation  of  separating  metals  from  their 
ores.  Encyc 

The  French  include  in  metallurgy  the  art  of 
drawing  metals  from  the  earth.  Diet. 

MET'ALMAN,  n.  A  worker  in  metals  ;  c 

coppersmith  or  tinman. 
METAMORPH'IC,        ?       [See    Metamor- 
METAIMORPH'OSIC,  <,  "[  phase]    Chang- 
ing the  form ;  transforniing. 
METAMOR PH'OSE,  v.  t.  [Gr.  ^.tra^optoco; 
ftsra,  over,  beyond,  and  lUocf?,  form.]     To 
change  into  a  diflereiit  form  ;    to  trans 
form  ;  particularly,  to  change  the  form  of 
insects,  as  from   the   larva  to  a  winged 
animal.     The  ancients  pretended  that  Ju- 
piter was  metamorphosed  into   a  bull,  and 
Lycaon  into  a  wolf. 

And  eaitli  was  metamorphosed  into  man. 

Dryden. 
METAMORPH'OSER,  n.  One  that  trans- 
forms or  changes  the  shape. 
METAMORPH'OSlNG,/?pr.  Changing  the 

shape. 
3IETAMORPH'OSIS,  »i.  Change  of  form 
or  shape  ;  transformation  ;  particularly,  a 
change  in  the  furm  of  being  ;  as  the  meta- 


morphosis of  an  insect  from  the  aurelia  or 
chrysalis  state  into  a  winged  animal. 

2.  Any  change  of  form  or  shape. 

METAMORPHOS'TI€AL,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  effected  by  metamorphosis.        Pope. 

MET'APHOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^ufrotopa,  from  (iita.- 
I  ^fpM,  to  transfer ;  ^f ra,  over,  and  $f pu,  to 
I     carry.] 

A  short  similitude ;  a  similitude  reduced  to  a 
single  word  ;  or  a  word  expressing  siinili- 
I  tude  without  the  signs  of  comparison 
I  Thus  "that  man  is  a  fox,"  is  a  metaphor; 
but  "  that  man  is  like  a  fox,"  is  a  similitude 
or  comparison.  So  when  I  say,  "  the  sol- 
diers were  lions  in  combat,"  I  use  a  meta- 
phor ;  but  when  I  say,  "  the  soldiers 
fought  like  lions,"  I  use  a  similitude.  In 
metaphor,  the  similitude  is  contained  in  the 
name;  a  man  isa/o.r,  means,  a  man  is  as 
crafty  as  a  fo.x.  So  we  say,  a  man  bridle 
his  anger,  that  is,  restrains  it  as  a  bridl( 
restrains  a  horse.  Beauty  awakens  love 
or  tender  passions ;  oppositionyiires  courage 

METAPHOR'IC,        )       Pertaining  to  met- 

METAPHORICAL,  \  ""  aphor ;  compris- 
ing a  metaphor  ;  not  literal ;  as  a  miiaphori- 
cal  use  of  words  |  a  metaphorical  express 
ion  ;  a  metaphorical  sense. 

METAPHORICALLY,  adv.  In  a  meta- 
jjhorical  manner  ;  not  literally. 

MET'APHORIST,  n.  One  that  makes 
metaphors.  Pope. 

MET'APHRASE,  n.  [Gi-.^itfa^pajis; /ittra, 
over,  according  to  or  with,  and  tpaaej, 
phrase.] 

A  verbal  translation  ;  a  version  or  transla 
tion  of  one  language  into  another,  word 
for  word.  Dryden. 

MET'APHRAST,  n.  A  person  who  trans 
lates  from  one  language  into  another,  word 
for  word.  Encyc. 

METAPHRAS'TIC,  a.  Close  or  literal  in 
translation. 

METAPHYS'IC,        )      ^      .    [See   Meta- 

METAPHYS'ICAL,  j  "•  *"*=  '•    physics.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  metaphysics. 

2.  According  to  rules  or  principles  of  meta- 
physics ;  as  metaphysical  reasoning. 

3.  Preternatural  or  supernatural.  [JVot 
Kserf.]  Shak. 

METAPHYSICALLY,  adv.  In  the  man 
ner  of  metaphysical  science. 

METAPHYSI'CIAN,  n.  s  as  z.  One  who 
is  versed  in  the  science  of  metaphysics. 

METAPHYSICS,  n.  s  as  z.  [Gr.  f^ira,  af- 
ter, and  ^vaixr;,  physics.  It  is  said  that  this 
name  was  given  to  the  science  by  Aris 
totle  or  his  followers,  who  considered  the 
science  of  natural  bodies,  physics,  as  the 
first  in  the  order  of  studies,  and  the  sci- 
ence of  mind  or  intelligence  to  be  the 
second.] 

The  science  of  the  principles  and  causes  of 
all  things  existing ;  hence,  the  science  of 
mind  or  intelligence.  This  science  com- 
prehends ontology,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  nature,  essence,  and  quali- 
ties or  attributes  of  being  ;  cosmology,  the 
science  of  the  world,  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  laws  of  matter  and  of  motion  ; 
anthroposophy,  which  treats  of  the  powers 
of  man,  and  the  motions  by  which  life  is 
produced  ;  psychology,  which  treats  of  the 
intellectual  soul ;  pneumatology,  or  the  sci 
ence  of  sj)irits  or  angels,  Sec.  Metaphysic 
al  theology,  called  by  Leibnitz  and  others 


theodicy,  treats  of  the  existence  of  God, 
his  essence  and  attributes.  These  divis- 
ions of  the  science  of  metaphysics,  which 
prevailed  in  the  ancient  schools,  are  now 
not  much  regarded.  The  natural  division 
of  things  tiiat  exist  is  into  body  and 
mind,  things  material  and  immaterial. 
The  Ibrriier  belong  to  physics,  and  the  lat- 
ter to  tlie  science  of  metaphysics.     Encyc. 

MET'APLASM,  n.  [Gr.  ^.'TanXai/io5,  trans- 
formation ;  jwf  Ttt,  over,  and  Tt/.a'rtij,  to  form.] 

In  grammar,a.  transmutation  or  change  made 
in  a  word  by  transposing  or  retrenching  a 
syllable  or  letter. 

METAS'TASIS,  n.  [Gr.  ,<fTo(,ra,i;,  muta- 
tion ;  ftira,  over,  and  inTrjfu,  to  place.] 

A  translation  or  removal  of  a  disease  from 
one  part  to  another,  or  such  an  alteration 
as  is  succeeded  by  a  solution. 

Coxe.    Enci/r. 

METATAR'SAL,  a.  [from  metatarsus.] 
Belonging  to  the  metatarsus. 

METATAR'SUS,  n.  [Gr.utra,  beyond,  and 
ropTOs,  tarsus.]  The  middle  of  the  foot,  or 
part  between  the  ankle  and  the  toes. 

Coxe. 

METATH'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  ixiTaScais;  H-ita., 
over,  and  riStjfu,  to  set.] 

I.  Transposition  ;  a  figure  by  which  the  let- 
ters or  syllables  of  a  word  are  transposed  ; 
aapistris  t'lyr  prislis.  Eno/c. 

In  medicine,  a  change  or  removal   of  a 
morbid  cause,  without  expulsion. 

Coxe.     Encyc. 

METE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  metan,  ametan,  gemetan  ; 
D.  meeten ;  G.  messen  ;  Sw.  tnata ;  Sp. 
medir ;  L.  metior ;  Gr.  nirpiu  ;  W.  mei- 
draw ;  Cli.  and  Heb.  nn,  to  measure  ;  Ar. 

A^  madda,    to  extend.      See  Measure, 

and  Class  Md.  No.  2.] 
To  measure  ;  to  ascertain   quantity,  dimen- 
sions or  capacity  by  any  rule  or  standard. 
[Obsolescent.] 

METE,  n.  [Sax.  mitta.]  Measure  ;  limit ; 
boundary  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plural,  in 
the  phrase,  metes  and  bounds. 

METEMP'SYCHOSE,  v.  t.  To  translate 
from  one  body  to  another,  as  the  soul. 

METEMPSYCHOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  f^tnti-^vx^. 
eii ;  ncra,  beyond,  and  .^vxums,  animation, 
life  ;  -Vvjjou),  to  animate.] 

Transmigration;  the  passing  of  the  soul  of 
a  man  after  death  into  some  other  animal 
body.  Pythagoras  and  his  followers  held 
that  after  death  the  souls  of  men  pass  in- 
to other  bodies,  and  this  doctrine  still  pre- 
vails in  some  parts  of  Asia,  particularly  in 
India  and  China.  Encijc. 

METEMP'TOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  M^fo,  after,  and 
rtirtru,  to  fall.] 

In  chronology,  the  solar  equation  necessary 
to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  happening 
a  day  too  late,  or  the  suppression  of  the 
bissextile  once  in  134  years.  The  oppo- 
site to  this  is  the  proemptosis,  or  the  addi- 
tion of  a  day  every  300  years,  and  another 
every  2400  years.  Encyc. 

ME'TEOR,  n.  [Gnfttfeupo;,  sublime,  lofty.] 

I.  In  a  general  sense,  a  body  that  flies  or 
floats  in  the  air,  and  in  this  sense  it  in- 
cludes rain,  hail,  snow,  &c.  But  in  a  re- 
stricted sense,  in  which  it  is  commonly 
understood, 


MET 


MET 


MET 


2.  A  fiery  or  luminous  body  or  appearance 
flying  or  floating  iu  the  atmosphere,  or  in 
a  more  elevated  region.  We  give  this 
name  to  the  brilhant  globes  or  masses  of 
matter  which  are  occasionally  seen 
moving  rapidly  through  our  atmosphere, 
and  whidi  throw  off,  with  loud  explosions, 
fragments  that  reach  the  earth,  and  are 
called  falling  stones.  We  call  by  the 
same  name  those  fire  balls  which  are  usu 
ally  denominated  falhng  stars,  supposed  to 
be  owing  to  gelatinous  matter  inflated  by 
phospliureted  hydrogen  gas ;  also,  the 
lights  which  appear  over  moist  grounds 
and  grave  yards,  called  ignesfatui,  which 
are  ascribed  to  the  same  cause. 

And  ineteor-hke  flame  lawless  through  the 
sky.  Pope. 

METEOR'le,  a.  Pertaining  to  meteors; 
consisting  of  meteors. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  meteor ;  as  meleonc 
stones. 

ME'TEORIZE,  v.  i.  To  ascend  in  vapors. 
[JVot  used.]  Evelyn. 

MET'EOROLITE,  )       A  meteoric  stone  ; 

MET'EROLITE,  S  a  stone  or  solid 
compound  of  earthy  and  metallic  matter 
which  falls  to  the  earth  after  the  displo- 
sion  of  a  luminous  meteor  or  fire  ball ; 
called  also  aerolite.  Cleaveland. 

METE0R0L0g'I€,        ?       Pertaining   to 

METEOROLOGICAL,  ^  "'  the  atmos- 
phere and  its  phenomena.  A  meteorologic- 
al table  or  register  is  an  account  of  the 
state  of  the  air  and  its  temperature, 
weight,  dryness  or  moisture,  winds,  &c. 
ascertained  by  the  barometer,  thermome- 
ter, hygrometer,  anemometer  and  other 
meteorological  instruments. 

METEOROL'OgIST.  I       A  person  skilled 

METEROL'OGlST,  ^  "■  in  meteors ;  one 
who  studies  the  phenomena  of  meteors,  or 
keeps  a  register  of  them.  Howell. 

METEOROL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ^trtiopo;,  lofty, 
and  >«7o;,  discourse.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  phenome- 
na, particularly  in  its  relation  to  heat  and 
moisture.  D.  Olmsted. 

METEOROM'ANCY,  ?       [Gr.  /xtrfupo^,   a 

METEROM'ANCY,  S  meteor,  and  luai- 
TEta,  divination.] 

A  species  of  divination  by  meteors,  chiefly 
by  thunder  and  lightning  ;  held  in  high  es- 
timation by  the  Romans.  Encyc. 

METEOROS'COPY,  n.  [Gr. /ttfEupos,  lofty, 
and  axort£u,  to  view.] 

That  part  of  astronomy  which  treats  of  sub 
lime  heavenly  bodies,  distance  of  stars, 
&c.  Bailey. 

METE'OROUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a 
meteor.  Milton. 

ME'TER,  n.  [from  mete.']  One  who  meas- 
ures ;  used  in  compounds,  as  in  covA-meter, 
land-me<er. 

ME'TER,  n.  [Sax.  meter;  Fr.  metre;  L. 
metrum  ;  Gr.  fiitpov,  from  furpiu.] 

1.  Measure;  verse;  arrangement  of  poetical 
feet,  or  of  long  and  short  syllables  in  verse. 
Hexameter  is  a  meter  of  six  feet.  This 
word  is  most  improperly  written  metre. 
How  very  absurd  to  write  the  simple  word 
in  this  manner,  but  in  all  its  numerous 
compounds,  incter,  as  in  diameter,  hexmme 
Ur,  thermometer,  &.c. 


2.  A  French  measure  of  length,  equal  to 
39tVo  English  inches,  the  standard  of 
linear  measure,  being  the  ten  millionth  part 
of  the  distance  from  the  equator  to  the 
North  Pole,  as  ascertained  by  actual  meas- 
urement of  an  arc  of  the  meridian. 

Lunier.     D.  Olmsted. 

ME'TEWaND,  n.  [mete  and  ivand.]  A 
staflfor  rod  of  a  certain  length,  used  as  a 
measure.     [Obs.]  Ascham. 

ME'TEYARD,  n.  [Sax.  metgeard.]  A  yard, 
staff  or  rod,  used  as  a  measure.  Obs. 
[We  now  use  yard.] 

METHEG'LIN,  n.  [W.  mezyglin,  according 
to  Owen,  from  W.  mezyg,  a  physician, 
and  %n,  water;  a  medicinal  hquor.  But 
mez  is  mead,  and  mezu  is  to  be  strong  or 
able.] 

A  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water  boiled 
and  fermented,  often  enriched  with  spices. 

Encyc. 

METHINKS,  v.  impers.  pp.  melhoughl. 
[me  and  think.]  It  seems  to  me  ;  it  ap- 
pears to  me  ;  I  think.  Me  is  here  in  the 
dative.  The  word  is  not  antiquated,  but 
is  not  elegant. 

METH'OD,  n.  [L.  methodus  ;  Gr.  fttSoSoj ; 
ficta,  with,  and  oSo;,  way.] 

1.  A  suitable  and  convenient  arrangement 
of  things,  proceedings  or  ideas;  the  natu- 
ral or  regular  disposition  of  separate 
things  or  parts;  convenient  order  for 
transacting  business,  or  for  comprehend- 
ing any  complicated  subject.  Without 
method,  business  of  any  kind  will  fall  into 
confusion.  To  carry  on  farming  to  ail- 
vantage,  to  keej)  accounts  correctly, 
method  is  indispensable. 

2.  Way  ;  manner.  Let  us  know  the  na- 
ture of  the  disease,  and  the  method  of  cure. 

.3.  Classification  ;  arrangement  of  natural 
bodies  according  to  their  common  charac- 
teristics ;  as  the  method  of  Theophrast ; 
the  method  of  Ray ;  the  Linnean  method. 

In  natural  arrangements  a  distinction  is 
sometimes  made  between  method  and 
system.  System  is  an  arrangement  found- 
ed, throughout  all  its  i)arts,  on  some  one 
yninciple.  Method  is  an  arrangement  less 
fixed  and  determinate,  and  founded  on 
more  general  relations.  Thus  we  say. 
the  natural  method,  and  the  artificial  or 
sexual  system  of  Linne,  though  the  latter 
is  not  a  perfect  system.  Ed.  Encyc. 

3IETH0D'IC,        )      Arranged  in  conven- 

METHOD'IeAL,  ^  lent  order;  disposed 
in  a  just  and  natural  manner,  or  in  a  man- 
ner to  illustrate  a  subject,  or  to  facilitate 
practical  operations ;  as  u  methodical  ar- 
rangement of  tlie  parts  of  a  discourse  or 
of  arguments;  a  methodical  treatise;  me- 
thodical accoimts. 

METHODICALLY,  adv.  In  a  methodical 
manner ;  accortUng  to  natural  or  conven- 
ient order. 

METH'ODISM,  n.  The  doctrines  and  wor- 
ship of  the  sect  of  Christians  called  .Wt/Ao- 

METli'ODIST,  n.  One  that  observes 
metliod. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  christians,  founded  by 
Morgan,  or  rather  by  John  Wesley,  and 
so  calleil  from  the  exact  regularity  of  their 
lives,  and  the  strictness  of  their  principles 
and  rules. 


3.  A  physician  who  practices  by  method  or 
I     theory.  Boyle- 

4.  li^  the  cant  of  irreligious  men,  ti  person  of 
strict  piety  ;  one  who  lives  in  the  exact  ob- 
servance of  religious  duties. 

METHODIS'TIe,  a.  Resemblmgthe  Meth- 
odists; partaking  of  the  strictness  of 
Methodists.  Ch.  Ohs. 

METH'ODIZE,  v.  t.  Tfttjeduce  to  method; 
to  dispose  in  due  order;  to  arrange  in  a 
convenient  maifner. 

One  who  brings  with  him  any  observations 
he  has  made  in  reading  the  poets,  will  find  his 
own  reflections  methodized  and  explained  in 
the  works  of  agood  critic.  Spectator. 

METHOUGHT,  pret.  ofmethinks.  It  seem- 
ed to  me ;  I  thought.       Milton.    Dryden. 

ME'TIC,  ji.  [Gr.  uttoixoi;  into,  and  oixoj, 
house.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  a  sojourner;  a  resident 
stranger  in  a  Grecian  city  or  place. 

Mitford. 

METICULOUS,  a.  [L.  Feticulosus.]  Timid. 
[M'ot  xised.]  Coles. 

METON'IC  CYCLE,  ^      the   cycle   of  the 

METON'IC  YEAR,  ^  moon,  or  period 
of  nineteen  years,  in  which  the  lunations 
of  the  moon  retm-n  to  the  same  days  of 
the  month  ;  so  called  from  its  discoverer 
flleton  the  Athenian.  Encyc.     Baily. 

METONYM'IC,        )         [See    Metonymy.] 

METONYM'ICAL,  ^  "•  Used  by  way  of 
metonymy,  by  putting  one  word  for 
another. 

METONYM'ICALLY,  adv.  By  putting  one 

word  for  another. 

iMET'ONYMY,  n.  [Gr.  ,«r«n.;..to ;  ^llfa, 
over,  beyond,  and  oio^ia,  name.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  trope  in  which  one  word  is  put 
for  another;  a  change  of  names  which 
have  some  relation  to  each  other;  as 
when  we  say,  "  a  man  keeps  a  good  table," 
instead  of  good  provisions.  "We  read 
Virgil,"  that  is,  his  pocFs  or  tvritings. 
"They  have  Moses  and  the  prophets,"  that 
is,  their  books  or  writings.  A  man  has  a 
clear  head,  that  is,  understanding,  intel- 
lect ;  a  warm  heart,  that  is,  affections. 

METOPE,  n.  met'opy.  [Gr.  nifoTtij ;  ittfa, 
with,  near  or  by,  and  oni;,  an  aperture  or 
hollow.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  the  tri- 
glyphs  of  the  Doric  frieze,  which  among 
the  ancients  used  to  be  painted  or  adorned 
with  carved  work.  Encyc. 

3IETOPOS'€OPIST,  n.  [infra.]  One  vers- 
ed in  physiognomy. 

METOPOS'COPY,  n.  [Gr.  fiiturtov,  the 
forehead,  and  axorttu,  to  view.] 

The  study  of  physiognomy ;  the  art  of  dis- 
covering the  character  or  the  dispositions 
of  men  by  their  features,  or  the  lines  of 
the  face.  Encyc. 

METRE.     [See  Meter.] 

MET'RICAL,  a.  [L.  melricns  ;  Fr.  metrique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  measure,  or  due  arrange- 
ment or  combination  of  long  and  short 
syllables. 

2.  Consisting  of  verses ;  as  metrical  composi- 
tions. 

METROL'OgY,  ji.  [Gr.  fiffpor,  measure^ 
and  ?J>705,  discourse.] 

1.  A  tliscoursoon  measures  or  mensuration  ; 
the  description  of  measures. 

2.  An  account  of  measures,  or  the  science  of 
weights  and  measiu°es.  J.  Q.  Adams. 


MEW 


MIC 


JM  I  C 


METROP'OLIS,   n.    [L.  from  Gr.  |U>;*port 
o^l5;  jujjri^p,  mother,  and  rtouj,  city.     It  lias 
no  plural.] 

Literally,  the  mother-<'ity,  that  is,  the  chief 
city  or  capital  of  a  kingdom,  state  or  coun- 
try, as  Paris  in  France,  Madrid  in  Spain 
London  in  Great  Britain.     In  the  United 
States,  Washington,  in  the  District  of  Co 
lunibia,  is  the  metropolis,  as  being  the  seat 
of  government ;  but  in  several  of  the  states, 
the  largest  cities  are  not  the  seats  of  the 
respective  governments.     Yet  New  York 
city,  in  the  state  of  that  name,  and  Phila 
delphia  in  Pennsylvania,  are  the  chief  cit 
ies,  and  may  be  called  each  the  metropolis 
of  the  state  in  which  it  is  situated,  though 
neither  of  them  is  the  seat  of  government 
in  the  state. 

METROPOLITAN,  a.  Belonging  to  a  me 
tropolis,  or  to  the  mother  church ;  residing 
in  the  chief  city. 

METROPOLITAN,  n.  The  bishop  of  the 
mother  church  ;  an  archbishop. 

Clarendon. 

METROP'OLITE,  ji.  A  metropolitan.  [JVot 
used.] 

METROPOL'ITIC,        ?        Pertaining    to 

METROPOLIT'leAL,  \  "'  a  tnetropolis 
chief  or  principal  of  cities  ;  archiepisco 
pal.  Knolles.     .^lilner.     Selden. 

METTLE,  »i.  met'l.  [usually  supposed  to  be 
corrupted  from  metal.  But  it  may  be  from 
W.  me:(»/or  melhwl,  mind,  connected  with 
mezu,  to  be  able,  and  coinciding  with  the 
root  of  theEng.  moody;  D.  moerf, courage 
heart,  spirit ;  G.  muth,  mind,  courage- 
mettle;  Sax.  Sw.  jjiorf;  Dan.  mod  or  ttwod , 
Goth,  mod,  angry.  The  Sax.  viodig,  L. 
animus,  animosus,  furnish  an  analogy  in 
point.  The  radical  sense  of  mind,  is  to 
advance,  to  push  forward,  whence  the 
sense  of  briskness,  ardor.] 

Spirit ;  constitutional  ardor ;  that  tempera- 
ment which  is  susceptible  of  high  excite-i 
nient.  It  is  not  synonymous  with  cour-\ 
age,  though  it  may  be  accompanied  with 
it,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  it. 

The  winged  courser,  like  a  generous  horse, 
Shows  most  true  mettle  when  you  check  liis, 
course.  Pope) 

MET'TLED,  (I.  High  spirited ;  ardent;  full 
of  fire.  Pope. 

MET'TLESOME,  a.  Full  of  spirit ;  jjos-l 
sessing  constitutional  ardor ;  brisk;  fiery;' 
as  a  mettlesome  horse.  Taller. 

MET'TLESOMENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  high  spirited. 

MEW,  JI.  [Sax.  mcEW ;  Dan.  maage ;  D. 
meeuw  ;  G.  mewe  ;  Fr.  mouette.]  A  sea- 
fowl  of  the  genus  Larus;  a  gull. 

MEW,  ?i.  [Fr.  ?)M«e;  Arm.  mic;  W.  mwrf,  a; 
mew  and  mute  ;  D.  muite.  Sec  the  verb  to 
mew,  to  shed  fethers.] 

A  cage  for  birds ;  an  inclosure ;  a  place  of 
confinement. 

MEW,  r. «.    [from  the  noun.]     To  shut  up: 
to  inclose  ;  to  confine,  as  in  a  cage  or  other 
inclosure. 
More  pity  that  the  eagle  should  be  mew^d. 

Shak. 
Close  meie'd  in  their  sedans,  for  fear  of  air. 

Uryden. 

MEW,  V.  t.  [W.  ?nti/i,  a  shedding  of  fethers  : 
It.  7nudare,  to  mew  ;  Fr.  muer;  Arm.  rnuza ; 
G.  mausen  ;  D.  muiten,  to  mew  or  molt,  to 
mutiny;    Sp.  muda,  change,  alteration,  a 


mute  letter,  time  of  molting  or  shedding 
fethers,  roost  of  a  hawk  ;  Port,  mudar,  to 
change,  to  mew  or  cast  fethers  or  a  slough  ; 
muda,  a  dumb  woman,  the  mewing  or! 
molting  of  birds.  The  W.  mud,  a  mew,  is[ 
also  removal,  a  pass  or  move,  a  change  of 
residence,  ami  mute  ;  and  the  verb  mudaw. 
is  to  change,  to  remove,  comprehending 
the  L.  7nuto  and  moto.  We  have  then  clear 
evidence  that  mew,  a  cage,  mew,  to  molt, 
and  the  L.  muto,  moto,  and  mutus,  and 
Eng.  mutiny,  are  all  from  one  root.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  press  or  drive,  whence 
to  move,  to  change,  and  to  shut  up,  that  is, 
to  press  or  drive  close ;  and  this  is  the 
sense  of  mute.  Mutiny  is  from  motion  or 
change.] 
To  shed  or  cast;  to  change ;  to  molt.  The 
hawk  mewed  his  fethers. 
Nine  times  the  moon  had  tnew'd  her  horns — 

Dry  den. 

MEW,  V,  i.  [W.  mewian  ;  G.  miauen  ;  coin- 
ciding probably  with  L.  mugio.]  To  cry 
as  a  cat. 

MEW,  V.  i.  To  change  ;  to  put  on  a  now 
appearance. 

MEWING,  ppr.  Casting  the  fethers  or  skin ; 
crying. 

MEWL,  JI.  I.  [Fi:  miauler ;  It.  miagolare  ; 
S\>.  ynauUiir  or  mayar ;  coinciding  in  ele- 
ments with  L.  mugio,  to  low  ;  G.  mucken ; 
Dan.  mukker,  to  mutter;  Gr.  f"^3taO|Uai,  to 
bleat ;  Ir.  meigiollam  ;  W.  migiaw.]  To 
cry  or  squall,  qs  a  child.  Shak. 

MEWL'ER,  n.  One  thatsqualls  or  mewls 

MEZE'REON,  n.  A  plant  of  the  'genus 
Daphne  ;  the  spurge  olive.  Encyc. 

MEZZO,  in  music,  denotes  middle,  mean. 

MEZZORELIE'VO,  n.  [It.  mezzorilievo.] 
Middle  relief 

MEZZOTINT'O,  n.  [It.  mezzo,  middle,  half, 
and  tinlo,  h.tinclus,  painted.] 

A  [Kirticular  manner  of  engraving  or  repre- 
sentation of  figures  on  copper,  in  imitation 
of  painting  in  Indian  ink.  To  perform 
this  the  plate  is  scratched  and  furrowed 
in  different  directions  ;  the  design  is  then 
drawn  on  the  face,  then  the  dents  and  fur 
rows  are  erased  from  the  parts  where  the 
lights  of  the  piece  are  to  be  ;  the  parts 
which  arc  to  represent  shades  being  left. 

Encyc. 

MI'ASJM,     >       [Gr.  from  ^Kiti'u,  to  pollute.] 

MIAS'M A,  I    '  Infecting   substances   float- 
ing in  the  air;  the  effluvia  or  fine  particles! 
of  any  putrefying  bodies,  rising  and  float 
ing  in  the  atmosphere,  and  considered  to 
he  noxious  to  health. 

JMIASMAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  miasma ; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  noxious  efflu- 
via. 

MI'€A,  n.  [L.  mica,  a  grain  or  particle ;  mico. 
to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  a  foliated  structure,  consisting 
of  thin  flexible  lamels  or  scales,  having  a 
shining  surface.  The  scales  are  some- 
times parallel,  sometimes  interwoven, 
sometimes  wavy  or  undulated,  sometimes 
representing  filaments.  It  is  called  also 
talck,  glimmer,  muscovy-glass,  and  glist. 

J^icholson.     Encyc. 

Jameson  subdivides  mica  into  ten  subspe- 
cies, viz.  mica,  pinite,  lepidolite,  chlorite, 
green  earth,  talck,  nacrite,  potstoiie.  stea- 
tite and  figure  stone.  Lre.., 


Ml€A'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  mica ;  re- 
sembling mica  or  partaking  of  its  proper- 
ties. 

MICAREL,  n.  A  species  of  argillaceous 
earth  ;  a  mineral  of  a  brownish  or  black- 
ish red  color,  commonly  crystaUzed  in 
rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  prisms  of  six 
sides.  Diet. 

MICE,  plu.  of  mouse. 

MI'CllAELITE,  n.  A  subvariety  of  jilic- 
eous  sinter,  found  in  the  isle  of  St.  Mi- 
chael. J.  W.  If'ebster. 

MICH'AELMAS,  n.  The  feast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, a  festival  of  the  Romish  church, 
celebrated  Sept.  29;  hence, 

9.  In  colloquial  language,  autunni. 

MICIIE,  i'.  i.  [allied  perhaps  to  Sw.  maka, 
to  withdraw ;  Sax.  smugan,  to  creep. 
Meeehing  or  meaching,  is  still  used  by  some 
of  our  common  people  in  the  sense  of 
mean,  cowardly,  retiring.] 

1.  To  lie  hid  ;  to  skulk ;  to  retire  or  shrink 
from  view. 

3.  To  pilfer.     Ohs.  Sliak. 

MICII'ER,  n.  One  who  skulks,  or  creeps 
out  of  sight ;  a  thief.     Obs. 

Chaucer.     Sidney.     Shak. 

MICII'ERY,  n.  Theft;  cheating.     Obs. 

Gower. 

MICiriNG,  ppr.  Retiring  ;  .skulking ;  creep- 
ing frotn  sight  ;  mean  ;   cowardly.     [  V'ld- 

«■«'••] 
MICK'LE,    a.     [Sax.  micel,  mucel;    Scot. 

myche,   mekyl,   7nuckle ;    Sw.   mycken  ;  Sp. 

mucho;  Qr.  jxiyu.:,  fLiyiAr.     See  Much.] 
Much;  great.    [Obsolete,  but  retained  in  the 

Scottish  language.] 
MI'CO,  ?!.  A  beautiful  species  of  monkey. 

Ml€'RO€OSM,  )).  [Gr.  f«xpof,  small,  and 
xo^iiof,  world.] 

Literally,  the  little  world  ;  but  used  for  man, 
supposed  to  be  an  epitome  of  the  univcr.se 
or  great  world.  Swift.     Encyc. 

Microcosmic  salt,  a  triple  salt  of  soda,  ammo- 
nia and  phosphoric  acid,  obtained  from 
urine.  Ure. 

MICRO€OS'MI€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
microcosm. 

MICROCOUS'TIe,  71.  [Gr.  fuxfio;,  small, 
and  axovio,  to  hear.] 

An  instrument  to  augmentsmall  sounds,  and 
assist  in  hearing. 

MICROGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  fUxpoi,  small, 
and  ypa<j)u>,  to  describe.] 

The  description  of  objects  too  small  to  be 

discerned  without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Encyc.     Grew. 

MICROMETER,  n.  [Gr.  fiixfos,  small,  and 
ftitpci',  measure.] 

.\n  instrument  for  measuring  small  objects 
or  spaces,  by  the  help  of  wliich,  the  appa- 
rent magnitude  of  objects  viewed  through 
the  microscope  or  telescope,  is  measured 
with  great  exactness.  Encyc. 

MICROPHONE,  71.  [Gr.  ^.^-pos,  small,  and 
ijiui/jf,  somid.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds;  a 
microcoustic.  Bailey. 

MIC'ROSCOPE,  7!.  [Gr.  ;t:xpo5,  sn)all,  and 
axonius.  to  view.] 

An  optical  instrument  consisting  of  lenses 
or  mirrors,  which  magnify  objects,  and 
thus  render  visible  minute  objects  which 
cannot  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye,  or  en- 
large the  apparent  magnitude  of  small  vist- 


ai  I  D 


MID 


M  I  G 


blc  bodies,  so  as  to  enable  us  to  examinej 

their  texture  or  construction. 
MieROSeOP'IC,        }       Made  by  the  aid 
MICROSeOP'ICAL,  ^       of  a  microscope  ; 

as  microscopic  observation.  Arbuthnol. 

2.  Assisted  by  a  microscope. 

Evading  even  the  microscopic  eye. 

Thomson. 

3.  ResembHng   a   microscope ;    capable  of 
seeing  small  objects. 

Why  has  not  man  a  microscopic  eye  ?     Pope. 

4.  Very  small ;   visible  only  by  the  aid  of  a 
microscope;  as  a  microscopic  insect. 

MI€ROSCOP'I€ALLY,  adv.  By  the  micro- 
scope ;  with  minute  inspection.  Good. 
MICTURI"T10N,   n.    [L.   viiclnrio.]     The 
act  of  making  water,  or  passing  the  urine. 

Darwin. 
MID,  a.  [Sax.  midd,  midde ;  L.  medius  ;  W. 

mid,  an  inclosure.] 
3.  Middle  ;  at  equal  distance  from  extremes  ; 
as  the  mid  hour  of  night.  Rowe. 

2.  Intervening. 

No  more   the  mounting  larks,  while  Daphne 

sings, 
Shall,  lifting  in  mid  air,  suspend  their  wings 

Pope 
Ml'DA,  n.  [Gr.iuSa;.]  A  worm,  or  the  bean- 
fjy_  Chambers. 

MID'-AgE,  n.  The  middle  of  life,  or  persons 
of  tliat  age.  Shak 

MID-COURSE,  n.  The  middle  of  the  course 
or  way.  Milton.\ 

MID'-DAY,  a.  Being  at  noon  ;  meridional  ;j 
as  the  mid-day  sun.  Addison., 

ftllD'-DAY,  n.     The    middle  of  the   day  ; 
noon.  Donne. 

MID'DEST,  a.  superl.  of  mid. 

Among  the  middest  crowd.     [JVot  nsed.'[ 

.Spenser. 
MIDDLE,  a.  mid'l.  [Sax.  D.  middel ;  G. 
mitlcl ;  Dan.  middel;  perhaps  mid  and 
deel  ;  Sans,  medhi  and  madhyam  ;  L.  mc 
dius ;  Gr.  jwfoo;;  It.  mezzo;  Sp.  medio 
Port,  mayo,  mediano  ;  Ir.  modham,  muadh; 
Fr.  midi,  moyen,  [milan,  obs.;]  Cli.  yya. 
This  word  has  the  elements  of  the  Sax 
viid,  D.  mede,  Svv.  and  Dan.  mede,  G.  mil, 
with,  Gr.  /itra,  which  is  from  the  root  of 
the  English  meet,  which  see.  Qu.  has  not 
the  L.  viedius,  in  the  phrase  medius fidius, 
the  sense  of  with  or  by;  by  or  with  my 
faith.  In  W.  mid  signifies  an  inclosure,  a 
hem  or  list  round  a  place.  In  Russ.  mejdu 
signifies  among.  See  Class  Ms.No. 21.27. 

1.  Equally  distant  from  the  extremes;  as 
the  middle  point  of  a  line  or  circle;  the 
middle  station  of  life.  The  middle  path  or 
course  is  most  safe. 

2.  Intermediate;  intervening. 

Will,  seeking  good,  finds  many  midille  ends. 

Davies. 
Middle  ages,  the  ages  or  period  of  tiine  about 
equally  distant  Irom  the  decline  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  and  the  revival  of  letters  in 
Europe,  or  from  the  eighth  to  the  fifteenth 
century  of  the  christian  era. 
MID'DLE,  n.  The  point  or  part  equally  dis 
tant  from  the  extremities. 

See,  there  come  people  down  by  the  middle 
of  the  land.     Judges  ix. 
2.  The  time  that  passes,  or  events  that  hap- 
pen between  the  beginning  and  the  end. 

Dryden 

MID'DLE-AUED,  a.  Being  about  the  mid 

die  of  the  ordinary  age  of  man.     A  mid 


die-aged  man  is  so  called  from  the  age  of 
thirty  five  or  forty  to  forty  five  or  fifty. 
MID'DLE-EARTH,  n.  [Sax.  middan-eard. 
The  world.     Obs.  Shak. 

MID'DLEMOST,  a.  Being  in  the  middle,  or 
nearest  the  middle  of  a  number  of  things 
that  are  near  the  middle.  If  a  thing  is  in 
the  middle,  it  cannot  be  more  so,  and  in 
this  sense  the  word  is  improper.  But 
when  two  or  more  things  are  near  the 
middle,  one  may  be  nearer  than  another. 

MID'DLING,  a.  [Sax.  midlen.]  Of  middle 
rank,  state,  size  or  quality  ;  about  equally 
distant  from  the  extremes ;  moderate. 
Thus  we  speak  of  people  of  the  middling 
class  or  sort,  neither  high  nor  low ;  of  a 
man  of  niMMing- capacity  or  understand- 
ing ;  a  man  of  middling  size  ;  fruit  of  a 
middling  quality. 

MIDGE,  n.  [Sax.  myge,  mygge.]  A  gnat  or 
flea.     [J'^ot  used.] 

MID'-IIEAVEN,  n.  The  middle  of  the  sky 
or  heaven.  Mitton. 

MIDLAND,  a.  Being  in  the  interior  coun 
try ;  distant  from  the  coast  or  sea  shore 
as  midland  towns  or  inhabitants. 

Howell.    Hale. 

2.  Surrounded  by  the  sea;  mediterranean. 
And  on  the  midland  sea  the  French  had  aw'd 

Dryden . 

MID'LEG,  n.  Middle  of  the  leg.         Bacon. 
MID'MOST,  a.  Middle;  as  the  mtrfmo5<  bat- 
tles. Dryden.l 
MIDNIGHT,  n.    The  middle  of  the  night; 

twelve  o'clock  at  night. 
MID'NIGHT,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
night;  a.s  mid  night  studies.  Bacon. 

2.  Dark  as  midnight ;    very  dark ;    as  mid- 
night gloom. 
MID'RIFF,  n.  [Sax.  midhrife  ;  mtrfand/in/c, 

the  belly.] 
In   anatomy,   the    diaphragm;     the   nluscle 
which  divides  the  trunk  into  two  cavities, 
the  thorax  and  abdomen.  Q^uincy. 

MID'SEA,  n.  The  MediteiTanean  sea. 

Dryden. 
MID'SIIIP,   «.    Being  or  belonging  to  the 

middle  of  a  ship  ;  as  a  midship  beam. 
MID'SHIPM.\N,  n.  In  ships  of  war,  a  kindi 
of  naval  cadet,  whose  busiuess  is  to  sec- 
ond the  orders  of  the  superior  otficers  and 
assist  in  the  necessary  business  of  the  ship,| 
particularly  in  managing  the  sails,  that  hci 
may  be  trained  to  a  knowledge  of  the  ma-| 
chinery,  discipline  and  operations  of  ships 
of  war,  and  qualified  for  naval  service. 

Mar.  Diet. 
MIDSHIPS,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  a  ship; 

projierly  amidships. 
MIDST,   11.    [contracteil   from  middest,  the 
superlative  of  mid.]     The  middle. 

There  is  nothing  said  or  done  in  the  midst  of 
the  play,  which  might  not  have  been  placed  in 
the  beginning.  Vryden 

The  phrase,  in  the  midst,  often  signifies  in- 
volved in,  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  by, 
or  in  the  thickest  part,  or  in  the  deptlisof  ;| 
as  in  the  midst  of  afflictions,  troubles  or| 
cares  ;  in  the  midst  of  our  contemplations : 
in  the  midst  of  the  battle  ;  in  the  midst  of 
pagan  darkness  and  error  ;  in  the  midst  otj 
irospel  light;  in  the  midst  of  the  ocean;  in 
the  midst  of  civil  dissensions.  _       \ 

From  the  midst,  from  the  initldlc,  or   from 
among.     Deut.  xviii. 


MIDST,  adv.  In  the  middle. 

On  earth,  join  all  ye  creatures  to  extol 
Him  first.  Him  last.  Him  7nidst,  and  without 
end.  Milton. 

MIDSTREAM,  n.  The  middle  of  the 
stream.  Dryden. 

MID'SUMMER,  n.  The  middle  of  summer ; 
the  summer  solstice,  about  the  21st  of 
June.  Siviji.     Gay. 

MID'WARD,  orfo.  Midst.     [Mtinuse.] 
MID'WAY,  n.    The  middle  of  the  way  or 
distance. 
Paths  indirect,  or  in  the  midway  faint. 

Milton. 
MID'WAY,  a.    Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
way  or  distance  ;  as  the  midway  air. 

Shak. 
MID'WAY,  adv.   In  the  middle  of  the  way 
or  distance  ;  half  way. 

She  met  his  glance  midway.  Dryden. 

MID' WIFE,  n.  [supposed  by  Junius  and 
Skinner  to  be  meedwife,  a  woman  that  has 
a  reward.  This  is  probably  a  mistake. 
The  word  is  a  compound  o{  mid,  with,  and 
wif  a  woman ;  in  analogy  with  the  L.  ob- 
stetrix,  from  obsto,  ohstiti,  to  stand  before. 
The  Dutch  use  vroedvrouw,  a  wise  or  skill- 
ful woman.  The  Danish  equivalent  word  is 
iordemoder,  earth-mother  ;  the  Swedish, 
iord-gumma.  The  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese word  is  comadre  ;  co  for  L.  cum,  with, 
and  madre,  mother,  which  is  precisely 
analogous  to  midwife.] 
A  woman  that  assists  other  women  in  child- 
birth. 
MID' WIFE,  t>.  i.   To  perform  the  o£Bce  of 

midwife. 
MIDWIFE,  V.  t.  To  assist  in  childbirth. 
MID'WIFERY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of 
assisting  women  in    childbirth;    obstet- 
rics. 
2.  Assistance  at  childbirth. 


Help  or  cooperation  in  production. 

Stepney. 
MID'-WINTER,  n.  The  middle  of  winter, 
or  the  winter  solstice,  December  21.  As 
the  severity  of  winter  in  North  America 
falls  in  January  and  February,  the  word 
ordinarily  denotes  this  period,  or  some 
weeks  after  the  winter  solstice. 
MI'EMITE,  n.  Granular  raiemito  is  a  sub- 
variety  of  magnesian  limestone,  first  found 
at  Mierao,  in  Tuscany.  It  occurs  massive, 
or  crystalized  in  flat,  double,  three-sided 
pyramids.  Its  color  is  light  green  or 
greenish  white.  Jameson.     Cyc. 

MIEN,  n.  [Fr.  mine  ;  Dan.  Svv.  id.;  Arm. 
man  ;  Corn,  mein,  the  face  ;  Ice.  mind,  im- 
age.    See  Man.] 

Look;  air;  manner;  external  appearance  ; 
carriage ;  as  a  lofty  mien  ;  a  majestic 
mien.  Waller.     Pope. 

MIFF,  n.  A  slight  degree  of  resentment. 
[Colloquial.] 

MIF'FED,  a.  Slightly  offended.  [In  Norman 
French,  mefet  is  offense  or  misdeed,  and 
mejjet,  misdone  ;  mes  and  faire  ;  whence 
meffere,  to  do  mischief  But  qu.  whether 
this  is  the  English  miff.] 

MIGHT,  n.  pret.  of  may.  Had  power  or  lib- 
erty.    He  might  go,  or  might  have  gone. 

2.  It  sometimes  denotes  uas  pussible,  imply- 
ing ignorance  of  the  fact  in  the  speaker. 
Orders  might  have  been  given  for  the  pur- 
pose. 


M  I  G 


M  I  L 


M  I  L 


MIGHT,  n.  [Sax.  might,  mtht;  G.  macht; 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  magi ;  from  the  root  of  may, 
Sax.  magan,  to  be  able ;  Sans,  mahat, 
strong.     See  May.] 

1.  Strength;  force;  power;  primarily  and, 
chiefly,  bodily  strength  or  physical  power  ; 
as,  to  work  or  strive  with  all  one's  might. 

There  shall  be  no  might  in  thy  hand.  Deut. 
xxviii. 

2.  Political  power  or  great  achievments. 

The  acts  of  David — with  all  his  reign  and  his 
might.    1  Chron.  xxix.  1  Kings  xv. 

3.  National  strength ;  physical  power  or 
military  force. 

Wc  have  no  might  against  this  great  compa- 
ny that  cometh  against  us.    2  Chron.  xx. 

4.  Valor  with  bodily  strength ;  military  prow- 
ess ;  as  men  of  might.  1  Chron.  xii. 

5.  Ability  ;  strength  or  apphcation  of  means. 

1  have  prepared  with  all  my  might  for  the 
house  of  my  God —   1  Chron.  xxix. 

6.  Strength  or  force  of  purpose.  • 

Like  him  was  no  king  that  turned  to  the  Lord 
with  all  his  might.   2  Kings  xxiii. 

7.  Strength  of  affection. 

Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  (iod  with  all 
thine  heart,  and  with  all  tliy  soul,  aud  with  all 
thy  might.  Deut.  vi. 

8.  Strength  of  light ;  splendor ;  effulgence. 

Let  lliem  that  love  him  he  as  the  sun  when 
he  goeth  forth  in  his  might.  Judges  v. 

ShaUspeare  applies  the  word  to  an  oath. 
"  An  oath  of  mickle  m?g-/i(."  This  appli- 
cation is  obsolete.  AVe  now  use  strength 
or  force;  as  the  strength  or  force  of  anoutli 
or  covenant. 

IVith  might  and  main,  with  the  utnio.st 
strength  or  bodily  exertion  ;  a  tautological 
phrase,  as  both  words  are  from  the  same 
root,  and  mean  the  same  thing. 

MI'GHTILY,  adv.  [from  mighty.]  With 
great  power,  force  or  strength  ;  vigorous- 
ly ;  as,  to  strive  mightily. 

2.  Vehemently  ;  with  great  earnestness. 

Ciy  mightily  to  God.  Jonah  iii. 

3.  Powerfully  ;  with  great  energy. 

Whereto  I  also  labor,  striving  according  to  hi^ 
working,  which  worketh  in  me  mightily.  Col.  i. 

4.  With  great  strength  of  argument. 

He  mightily  convinced  the  Jews.  Actii  xviii. 

5.  With  great  or  irresistible  force  ;  greatly; 
extensively. 

So  mif^htily  grew  the  word  of  God  and  pre- 
vailed.  Acts'xix. 

6.  With  strong  means  of  defense. 

Fortify  thy  power  mightily.    Nah.  ii. 

7.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 

1  was  mightily  pleased  with  a  story  applica- 
ble to  this  piece  of  philosophy.  Spectator. 
[Admissible  in  colloquial  and  familiar  lan- 
guage.] 
MI'GHTINESS,    n.    Power;    greatness; 
highth  of  dignity. 

How  soon  this  mightiness  meets  misery ! 

Shak. 
2.  A  title  of  dignity  ;  as  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses. 
MIGHTY,  a.  [Sax.  mihtig.]    Having  great 
bodily  strength  or  physical  power;  very 
strong  or  vigorous ;  as  a  mighty  arm. 

2.  Very  strong;  valiant;  bold;  as  a  mighty 
man  of  valor.    Judges  vi. 

3.  Very  powerful ;  having  great  command. 

Cush  begat  Nimrod  ;  he  began  to  be  a  mighty 
one  on  the  earth.  Gen.  x. 

4.  Very  strong  in  numbers ;  as  a  vdghty  na- 
tion. Gen.  xviii. 


5.  Very  strong  or  great  in  corporeal  power  : 
very  able. 

Wo  to  them  that  are  mighty  to  drink  wine. 
Is.  V. 

C.  Violent ;  very  loud  ;    as  mighty  thunder- 
ings.  Ex.  ix.  Ps.  Ixviii. 

7.  Vehement ;  rushing  with  violence ;  as  a 
mighty  wind  or  tempest.  Ex.  x.  Rev.  vi. 

8.  Very    great ;    vast ;    us    mighty    waters. 
Neh.  ix. 

9.  Very  great  or  strong  ;  as  mighty  power. 
2  Chron.  xxvi. 

10.  Very  forcible  ;   efficacious  ;   as,  great  is 
truth  and  mighty.  Esdras. 

IL  Very  great  or  eminent  in  intellect  or  ac- 


ts soft  or  smootli,  L.  mollis,  Eng.  mellow, 
W.  mall :  allied  ]ierliaps  to  melt.  Class  Ml. 
No.  9.  l(j.  18.] 

1.  Soft ;  gently  and  pleasantly  affecting  the 
senses  ;  not  violent ;  as  a  mild  air  ;  a  mild 
sun  ;  a  mild  temperature  ;  a  mild  light. 

The  losy  mom  resigns  her  light 
And  milder  glory  to  the  noon.  Waller. 

And  with  a  milder  gleam  refreshed  the  sight. 

.idJiaoii. 

2.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive  or  drastic  ; 
operating  gently  ;  not  acrimonious ;  de- 
mulcent ;  niollilying  ;  lenitive  ;  assuasive  ; 
as  a  mild  liquor  ;  a  mild  cataplasm  ;  a  mild 
cathartic  or  emetic. 

quirements;  as  the  mighty  Scaliger   and  3.  Tender  and  gentle  in  temper  or  disposi- 


Selden.  Echard. 

12.  Great ;  wonderful ;  performed  with  great 
1)0 wer;  as  mighty  works.   Matt.  xi. 

13.  Very  severe  and  distressing ;  as  a  mighty 
famine.  Luke  xv. 

14.  Very  great,  large  or  populous ;  as  a 
mighty  city.  Rev.  xviii. 

15.  Important ;  iiiuinentous. 

I'll  smg  of  heroes  and  of  kings. 

In  mighty  numbers  mighty  things. 

Cowley. 

MI'GIITY,  adv.  In  a  great  degree;  very; 
as  mighty  wise  ;  mighty  thoughtful.  [Col- 
loquial.] Prior. 

MIGNIARD,  a.  [Fr.  mignard.]  Soft; 
dainty  ;  delicate  ;  pretty.  II.  Jouson. 

MIGNONETTE,  )      [Fr.]  An  annual  llow- 

MIG'ONET,  5  "•  er  or  plant  of  the  ge-' 

nus  Reseda,  having  the  scent  of  raspber- 
ries. Mason. 

MI'GRATE,  v.i.  [L.  migro.]  To  puss  or  re-l 
move  from  one  country  or  from  one  state 
to  another,  with  a  view  to  permanent  res- 
idence, or  residence  of  souje  contiiuiance. 
The  first  settlers  of  New  England  migrat-\ 
ed  first  to  Holland,  and  afterwards  to 
America.  Some  species  of  fowls  migrate 
in  autuuni  to  a  warmer  climate  for  a  tem-' 
porary  residence.  To  change  residence 
in  the  same  city  or  state  is  not  to  miarate.l 

-i.  lopass  or  remove  Irom  one  region  or 
district  to  another  for  a  temporary  resi- 
dence ;  as,  the  Tartars  migrate  for  the  sake 
of  linding  pasturage. 

IMI'GR.XTING,  ppr.  Removing  from  one 
state  to  another  for  a  permanent  resi- 
dence. The  people  of  the  eastern  states 
are  continually  migrating  to  the  westernl 
states. 

MIGRA'TION,  n.  [L.  migratio.]  The  art  of 
removing  from  one  kingdom  or  state  to 
another,  for  the  purpose  of  permanent  res- 
idence, or  a  residence  of  some  continu- 
ance. 

Change  of  place  ;  removal ;  as  the  migra-, 
lion  of  the  center  of  gravity.       If'oodward. 

MI'GR.\TORY,  a.  Removing  or  accustom- 
ed to  remove  from  one  state  or  country  to 
another  fur  permanent  residence. 

2.  Roving  ;  wandering;  occasionally  remov- 
ing for  pasturage  ;  as  the  migratory  Tar- 
tars. 

3.  Passing  from  one  climate  to  another  ;  as 
fowls. 

MILCH,  a.  [Sax.  melee.  See  Mlk.]  Giving 
milk  ;  as  a  milch  cow.  It  is  now  applied 
only  to  beasts. 

MILD,  a.  [Sax.  mild  ;  G.  D.  Sw.  Dan.  id. ; 
Russ.  melayu.  to  pity.    The  primary  sense. 


tion  ;    kind  ;    compassionate  ;    merciful  ; 
clement ;  indulgent ;  not  severe  or  cruel. 
It  teaches  us  to  adore  him  as  a  tnild  and  mer- 
ciful Being.  liogers. 

4.  Not  fierce,  rough  or  angry  ;  as  mild 
words. 

5.  Placid  ;  not  fierce  ;  not  stern  :  not  frown- 
ing ;  as  a  mild  look  or  aspect. 

6.  Not  sharp,  tart,  sour  or  bitter  ;  moderate- 
ly sweet  or  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as  mild 
fruit. 

7.  Calm  ;  tranquil.  When  passion  subsides 
the  temiier  beLomes  mild. 

8.  Moderate  ;  not  violent  or  intense  ;  as  a 
mild  heat. 

MILDEW,  71.  [Sax.  mildeaw;  L.  melligo, 
from  met,  honey  ;  G.  mehlthau,  as  if  from 
meld,  meal.] 

1.  Honey  dew  ;  a  thick,  clammy,  sweet  juice, 
found  on  the  leaves  of  plants,  which  is  said 
to  injure  the  plants  by  <  orroding  them,  or 
otherwise  preventing  them  from  coming 
to  perlection.  Hill.     Encyc. 

2.  Spots  on  cloth  or  paper  caused  by  mois- 
ture. 

MIL'DEW,  II.  t.  To  taint  with  mildew. 

Shak. 

MIL'DEWED,  pp.  Tainted  or  injured  by 
mildew. 

MIL'DEWING,  yjiyw.  Tainting  with  mildew. 

MILDLY,  adv.  5~oltly  ;  gently;  tenderly; 
not  roughly  or  violently ;  moderately  ;  as,, 
to  speak  mildly  ;  to  burn  mildly  ;  to  oper- 
ate mildly. 

MILDNESS,  71.  Softness;  gentleness;  as 
the  mildness  of  words  or  speech  ;  mildness 
of  voice. 

2.  Tenderness;  mercy;  clemency;  us  mild- 
ness of  temper. 

.3.  Gentleness  of  operation;  as  the  7ni7(/H«.s 
of  a  medicine. 

4.  Softness  j  the  quality  that  affects  the 
.senses  pleasantly ;  as  the  miUlness  of  fruit 
or  of  liijuors. 

5.  Temperateness ;  moderate  state  ;  as  the 
mildness  of  weather. 

MILD-SPIR'ITED,  a.  Having  a  mild  tem- 
per, .-irbuthnot . 

MILE,  71.  [h. mille passtis,  a  thousand  paces; 
passus  being  dropped  in  common  usage, 
the  word  became  a  noun  ;  Sa.x.  Sw.  mil ; 
Dan.  mill;  G.  meile ;  D.  myl ;  Fr.  mille; 
Sp.  milla  ;  Port,  milha  ;  It.  miglio.] 

A  measure  of  length  or  distance,  containing 
eight  furlongs,  390  rods,  poles  or  perches, 
1760  yards,  5280  feet,  or  80  chains.  The 
Roman  mile  was  a  thousand  paces,  equal 
to  IGOO  yards  English  measure. 

Ml'LEAtJE,  71.  Fees  paid  for  travel  by  the 
mile. 


MIL 


M  I  L 


MI  L 


JII'LESTONE,  n.  A  stoue  set  to  mark  the 

distance  or  space  of  a  mile. 
MIL'FOIL,  n.   [L.  millefolium,  a  thousand 

leaves.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea  ;  yarrow. 
MIL'IARY,    a.     [Fr.   miliaire,   L.    milium, 

millet.] 

1.  Resembling  millet  seeds  ;  as  a  miliary 
eruption ;  miliary  glands.  The  miliary 
glands  are  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the 
skin.  Coxe. 

2.  Accompanied  with  an  eruption  like  mil- 
let seeds  ;  as  a  miliary  fever. 

MILICE,  for  militia,  is  not  in  use. 
MIL'IOLITE,    n.    Fossil   remains   of   the 
Miliola,  a  genus  of  univalve  shells. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

MIL'ITANCY,  n.    Warfare.     [Little  used.] 

Mountague. 

MIL'ITANT,  a.  [L.  militans,  milito,  to  fight.] 

1.  Fighting ;  corabatiug  ;  serving  as  a  sol- 
dier. Spenser. 

2.  The  church  militant,  is  the  christian  church 
on  earth,  which  is  supposed  to  be  engaged 
in  a  constant  warfare  against  its  enemies ; 
thus  distinguished  froin  the  church  tri- 
umphant, or  in  heaven.  Hooker. 

MILITARILY,  adv.  In  a  soldierly  manner. 
MIL'ITARY,  «.  [Fr.  militaire  ;  L.  militans, 

from  miles,  a  soldier  ;  milito,  to  figlit ;  Gr. 

afii'KT.a,  contest.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  soldiers  or  to  arms ;  as  a 
mililarii  parade  or  appearance ;  military 
discipline. 

2.  Engaged  in  the  service  of  sohliers  or 
arms  ;  as  a  military  man. 

3.  Warlike;  becoming  a  soldier;  as  military 
virtue  ;  military  bravery. 

4.  Derived  from  the  services  or  exploits  of  a 
soldier ;  as  military  renown. 

5.  Conformable  to  the  customs  or  rules  of 
armies  or  militia.  The  conduct  of  the  of- 
ficer was  not  military. 

C.  Performed  or  made  by  soldiers  ;  as  a  mil- 
itary election.  Bacon. 

Military  tenure,  a  tenure  of  land,  on  condi- 
tion of  performing  military  service. 

MIL'ITARY,  n.  The  whole  body  of  sol- 
diers ;  soldiery  ;  militia ;  an  army. 

U.  States.     Mitford. 

MIL'ITATE,  V.  i.  [L.  milito.]    To   militate 

against,  is   to  oppose  ;  to  be  or  to  act  in 

opposition.  S?nollet. 

Paley  \vrites,  to   militate   ivilh ;  hut   in 

America,  against  is  generally  used. 

MILP'TIA,  n.  [L.  from  miles,  a  soldier  ;  Ir. 
mal  or  mil ;  W.  milwr ;  Gr.  fiu>.o;,  war ; 
(uw>.fu,  to  fight ;  a/.uT.'Ka.,  combat,  contention 
The  primary  sense  of  fighting  is  to  strive, 
struggle,  drive,  or  to  strike,  to  beat,  Eng. 
moil,  L.  molior,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Ar. 
h'ay,  to  labor  or  toil.  So  e.rcrcltus,  from 
exerceo,  to  exert,  to  strive.  Class  Ml.  No. 
15.] 

The  body  of  soldiers  in  a  state  enrolled  for 
discipline,  but  not  engaged  in  actual  ser- 
vice except  in  emergencies ;  as  distin- 
guished from  regular  troops,  whose  sole 
occupation  is  war  or  n;ilitary  service.  The 
militia  of  a  country  are  the  able  bodied 
men  organized  into  companies,  regiments 
and  brigades,  with  officers  of  all  grades, 
and  required  by  law  to  attend  military  ex- 
ercises on  certain  days  only,  but  at  other 


times  left  to  pursue  their  usual  occupa- 
tions. 
MILK,  71.  [Sax.  me/cf;  G.  milch;  T).  melk ; 
Sw.  miMk ;  Dan.  mmlk ;  Russ.  mleko  or 
moloko ;  Bohemian,  mliko ;  Ir.  meilg.  See 
the  Verb.] 

1.  A  white  fluid  or  liquor,  secreted  by  cer- 
j     tain  glands  in  female  animals,  and  drawn 

j    from  the  breasts  for  the  nourishment  of 
I    their  young. 

2.  The  white  juice  of  certain  plants. 
:3.  Emulsion  made  by  bruising  seeds. 

j  Bacon. 

MILK,   r.  t.   [Sax.  melcan,  meolcian ;  G.  D. 

melken;  Sw.  miolka;  Dan.  ma7A,fr;  Russ. 

melzyu ;  L.  mulgeo ;  Gr.  a/nTjyu.] 

1.  To  draw  or  press  milk  from  the  breasts 
t     by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  milk  a  cow. 

2.  To  suck.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
MILK'EN,   a.    Consisting    of  milk.     [JVot 

used-]  Temple. 

MILK'ER,  ji.  One  that  milks. 
MILK'-FEVER,  n.   A  fever  which  accom 

panics  the  first  flowing  of  milk  in  females 

after  childbirth. 
MILK'-HEDgE,  ji.  Ashrubgrowingon  the 

Coromandel    coast,    containing    a  milky 

juice. 
MILK'INESS,  n.    Qualities  like    those  of 

milk  ;  softness.  Dryden. 

MILK'-LIVERED,  a.  Cowardly ;  timorous. 

Shak. 
MILK'MAID,  n.  A  woman  that  milks  or  is 

employed  in  the  dairy. 
MILK'MAN,   n.    A  man  that  sells  milk  or 

carries  milk  to  market. 
MILK'PAIL,  )i.    A  pail  which  receives  the 

milk  drawn  from  cows. 
IMILK'PAN,  n.  A  pan  iu  which  milk  is  set. 
MILK' PORRIDGE,   ?       A  species  of  food 
MILK'POTTAgE,     s"'  composed  of  milk 

or   milk  and  water,  boiled  with  meal  or 

flour.  Locke. 

MILK'SeORE,  n.  An  account  of  milk  sold 

or  purchased  in  small  quantities,  scored  or 

marked.  Addison. 

MILK'SOP,    ii.  A  soft,  effeminate,  feeble- 
minded man.  Mdison.     Prior. 
MILK'-THISTLE,  n.  A  jdant  of  the  genus 

Carduus. 
MILK'TOOTII,  n.  The  foretooth  of  a  foal 

which  is  cast  within  two  or  three  years. 

Far.  Diet. 
MILK-TRE'FOIL,  n.  A  plant,  the  cytisus 

Johnson 
MTLK'-VETCH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 

Astragalus. 
MILK'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Eu- 
phorbia ;  si)urge. 
MILK'-WEED,  n.  A  plant,  the  Asclepias 

Syriaca. 
MILK'WHITE,  a.  White  as  milk.     Drydtn 
jMILK'WoMAN,    n.    A  woman   that  sells 

milk.  Arhuthnot 

MILK'Y,  a.  Made  of  milk. 

2.  Resetnbling  milk  ;  as  milky  sap  or  juice. 

Pope. 

3.  Yielding  milk  ;  as  milky  mothers. 

Rosccnnmon. 

4.  Soft ;  mild  ;  gentle";  timorous ;  as  a  milky 
heart.  Shak 

MILK'Y- WAY,  n.  The  galaxy  ;  a  broail 
luminous  ])ath  or  circle  in  the  licavens 
supposed  to  be  the  blended  light  of  innu- 


merable fixed  stars,  which  are  not  distin- 
guishable with  ordinary  telescopes. 

Harris. 

MILL,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand.]  A  money 
of  account  of  tlie  United  States,  value  the 
tenth  of  a  cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a 
dollar. 

MILL,  n.  [Sax.  miln  ;  W.  mtlin  ;  Ir.  meile 
or  muilean;  Corn,  melyn  ;  Arm.  viell  or 
melin  ;  Fr.  moulin  ;  L.  mola  ;  Gr.  iUvXi;, 
fiv't.oi  ;  G.  miihie  ;  D.  molen  ;  Sw.  mol  ; 
Dan.  miille  ;  Sp.  molino ;  It.  mulino ;  Russ. 
melnitsa  ;  Goth,  malan,  to  grind,  Ir.  mei- 
lim,  Fr.  moudre,  for  moutdre,  W.  malu, 
Arm.  mala  or  malein,  Sp.  moler,  L.  molo, 
G.  mahlen,  D.  mualen,  Sw.  miila,  Dan. 
maler.  Port,  motr,  by  contraction,  Russ. 
melyu.  It  is  not  certain  which  is  the  ori- 
ginal word,  the  noun  or  the  verb  ;  or 
whether  both  are  from  a  prior  radical 
sense.  We  observe  that  the  elements  of 
this  word  coincide  with  those  of  L.  mel, 
honey,  mollis,  Eng.  melloiv,  mild,  mold, 
mca/,  W.  maW,  &c.  all  expressive  of  softness. 
Grinding  is  now  breaking  by  friction  or 
])ressure,  but  not  improbably  grain  was 
pulverized  by  breaking  before  the  use  of 
the  quern.  If  so,  mill  may  coincide  in  ori- 
gin with  mallet.  We  observe  that  this 
word  is  in  the  languages  of  all  the  great 
European  families,  Celtic,  Teutonic  and 
Slavonic] 

1.  A  complicated  engine  or  machine  for 
grinding  and  reducing  to  fine  particles, 
grain,  fruit  or  other  siibstance,  or  for  per- 
forming other  operations  by  means  of 
wheels  and  a  circular  motion  ;  as  a  grist- 
mill  for  grain  ;  a  coffee-jniW ;  a  cider-mill  ; 
a  bark-mi'W.  The  original  purpose  of  mills 
was  to  conuninute  grain  for  food,  but  the 
word  mill  is  now  extended  to  engines  or 
machines  moved  by  water,  wind  or  steam, 
for  carrying  on  many  other  operations. 
We  have  oil-mills,  saw-mills,  slitting-mills, 
bark-mills,  fullijig- mills,  &c. 

2.  The  house  or  building  that  contains  the 
machinery  for  grinding,  &c. 

MILL,  V.  t.  To  grind  ;  to  comminute  ;  to  re- 
duce to  fine  particles  or  to  small  pieces. 

2.  To  beat  up  chocolate.  Johnson. 

3.  To  stamp  coin. 

4.  To  full,  as  cloth. 

MILL'€OG,  Ji.  The  cog  of  a  mill  wheel. 

Mortimer. 

MILL'DAM,  n.  A  dam  or  mound  to  ob- 
struct a  water  course,  and  raise  the  water 
to  an  altitude  sufficient  to  turn  a  mill 
wheel.  Mortimer. 

MILL'HORSE,  n.  A  horse  that  turns  a  mill. 

MILL'POND,  n.  A  jrond  or  reservoir  of 
water  raised  for  driving  a  mill  wheel. 

MILL'RACE,  n.  The  current  of  water  that 
drives  a  mill  wheel,  or  the  canal  in  which 
it  is  conveyed.  Franklin. 

MILL-SIXPENCE,  n.  An  old  Enghsh  coin 
first  milled  in  15(U.  Douce. 

MILL'STONE,  ji.  A  stone  used  for  grind- 
ing grain. 

MILL'-TOOTII,  )i.  plu.  mill-teeth.  A  grinder, 
dens  molaris.  Arhulhnot. 

MILLENA  RIAN,  a.  [Fr.  millenairc.  See 
JMilleninm.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand  years  ;  pertaining 
to  the  millenium.  Encyc 

MILLENA'RIAN,  n.  A  chiliast ;  one  who 
bcheves  iu  the  millenium,  and  that  Christ 


MIL 


M  I  M 


31  I  I^ 


will  reign  on  earth  with  his  saints  a  thou- 
sand years  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

Encyc 

MIL'LENARY,  a.  [Fr.  miUenaire.]  Con- 
siHtins  of  a  thousand.  Arbnlhnol 

MILIJ'N'IAL,  «.  Pertaining  to  the  millen- 
iuni,  iir  to  a  thousand  years ;  as  viillenial 
period  ;  millenial  happiness.  Burnet 

IMIL'LENIST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the 
niilleiiium.     [JVol  used.]  Johnson. 

IVlILI^KN'IUIVr,  n.  [L.  milk,  a  thousand, 
and  annus,  year.] 

A  thousand  years  ;  a  word  used  to  denote 
the  thousand  years  mentioned  in  Revela 
lions  XX.  during  which  period  Satan  shall 
be  bound  and  restrained  from  seducing 
men  to  sin,  and  Christ  shall  reign  on  earth 
with  his  saints. 

MIL'LEPICD,  n.  [L.  milk,  a.  thousand,  and 
pes,  foot.] 

The  wood-louse,  an  insect  having  many  feet, 
a  species  of  Oniscus. 

MIL'LEPORE,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and 

poms,  a  pore.] 
A  genus  of  lithophytcs  or  polypiers  of  vari 

ous  forms,  which  have  the  surface  pcrfo 

rated  with  little  holes  or  pores,  or  even 

without  any  apparent  perforation.    Cuvier. 
MIL'LEPORITE,  n.  Fossil  millepores. 
MIL'LER,  n.  [from  rnill.]    One  whose  oc 

cupation  is  to  atteml  a  grist-mill. 
2.  An  insect  whose  wings  appear  as  if  cov 

ered  with   white  dust  or  powder,  like  a 

miller's  clothes. 

MIL'LER'S-THUMB,  n.  A  small  fish  found 
in  small  streams. 

MILLES'IMAL,  a.  [L.  mitlesimus,  from  mil- 
le, a  thousand.] 

Thousandth  ;  consisting  of  thousandth  parts; 
as  millesimal  fractions.  tValls. 

MII-'LET,  n.  [Fr.  millet  or  mil ;  It.  miglio ; 
Sp.  mijo  ;  L.  milium  ;  Sax.  mil.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Milium,  of  several  spe- 
cies, one  of  which  is  cultivated  as  an  es- 
culent grain.  Encyc. 

The  Indian  millet  is  of  the  genus  Holcus. 

Lee. 

MIL'LIARY,  a.  [L.  milliarium,  a  mile- 
stone.] 

Pertaining  to  a  mile  ;  denoting  a  mile  ;  as  a 
millinry  column.  D\1nville. 

MIL'LIGRAM,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  Gr.  ypanna,  a  gram.] 

In  the  system  of  French  weights  and  meas- 
mes,  the  thousandth  part  of  a  gram,  equal 
to  a  cubic  millimeter  of  water.         Lunitr. 

The  milligram  is  equal  to  .0154  Englisli 
grains.  Ct/c. 

MIL'LILITER,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  liter.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  containing 
the  thousandth  part  of  a  liter  or  cubic  de- 
cimeter, equal  to  .0(310-3  decimals  of  a  cu- 
bic inch.  Cyc. 

MILLIM'ETER,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand, 
and  metnim,  a  measure.] 

A  French  lineal  measure  containing  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  meter  ;  equal  to 
.03937  decimals  of  an  inch.  It  is  the  least 
measure  of  length.  Lunier.     Cyc. 

MIL'LINER,  Ji.  [Johnson  supposes  this 
word  to  be  Milaner,  from  Milan,  in  Italy.] 

V  woman  who  makes  and  sells  head-dresses, 
hats  or  bonnets,  &c.  for  females. 

Vol.  11. 


MIL'LINERY,  n.  The  articlesmade  or  sold 
by  milliners,  as  head-dresses,  hats  or  bon- 
nets, laces,  ribins  and  the  like. 

MILLION,  n.miiyun.  [Vr.  million  ;  li.mil- 
ione  ;  S]>.  mitlon  ;    Poit.  milham  ;   proba 
bly  from  L.  mille,  a  thousand.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or 
a  thousand  thousand.  It  is  used  as  a  noun 
or  an  adjective,;  as  a  million  of  men,  or  a 
million  men.  As  a  noun,  it  has  a  regular 
))lural,  millions. 

2.  In  common  usage,  a  very  great  number, 
indefinitely. 

There  are  millions  of  truths  that  men  are  not 
concerned  to  know.  Locke. 

MILLION ARV,  «.  Pertaining  to  millions; 
consisting  of  millions  ;  as  the  miltionary 
chronology  of  the  Pundits.  Pinkerton. 

MILL'IONED,  a.  Multijjlied  by  millions. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

MILLIONTH,  a.  The  ten  hundred  thou- 
sandth. 

MILLRE'A,  )       A  coin  of  Portugal  of  the 

MILLREE',  S       value  of  $1.24  cents. 

MILT,  71.  [Sax.  Dan.  U.  milt ;  G.  7?ii7:  ;  Sw. 
miidle  ;  ]t.  mika  ;  probably  so  named 
from  its  softness,  and  allied  to  mild,  mellow, 
melt.] 

L  In  anatomy,  the  si)leen.  a  viscus  situated 
in  the  loft  ijypochondrium  under  the  dia- 
phragm. 

2.  The  soft  roe  of  fishe.s,  or  the  spermatic 
part  of  the  males.  Encyc. 

Ml  LT,  II.  /.  To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn 
of  the  female  fish.  Johnson. 

MILT'ER.  n.  A  male  fish.  H'alton. 

MILT'WORT,  Ji.  A  plant  of  the  geims  As- 
|)lenium. 

MIME,  ?i.   A  buftoon.     Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

2.  A  kind  of  dramatic  farce.     Obs. 

MIME,  V.  i.  To  mimic,  or  play  the  buflbon 
Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

MI'MER,  n.  Aminiic.     Obs.     [See  Mimic] 

MIME'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  ijnitation 
of  the  voice  or  gestures  of  another. 

Encyc. 

M1MET'I€,  a.  [Gr.  ^i^urjnxoj.]  Apt  to  imi- 
tate ;  given  to  aping  or  mimicry. 

MIM'IC,        }       [L.   mimus,   mimicus  ;   Gr. 

MlM'lCAL,  ^  ■  ^tjuoj,  /xvfiixos ;  fiifiiofiai,  ton 
imitate  ;  allied  probably  to  fiufio;.] 

1.  Imitative  ;  inclined  to  imitate  or  to  ape ; 
having  the  practice  or  habit  of  imitating 

Man  is  of  all   creatujes   the  most  7ni>nieal  in 
£:estures,  speech,  &c.  Wolton. 

2.  Consisting  of  imitation  ;  as  mimic  gestures, 

Mimic  implies  often  something  droll  or 
ludicrous,  or  less  dignified  than  imitative. 
MIM'I€,  )!.  One  who  imitates  or  mimics ; 
a  buffoon  who  attempts  to  excite  laughter 
or  derision  by  acting  or  speaking  in  the 
manner  of  another.  Prior. 

2.  A  mean  or  servile  imitator. 

Of  France  the  mimic,  and  of  Spain  the  prey. 

.^non. 

MIM'ICK,  I'.  /.  To  imitate  or  ape  for  sport: 

to  attempt  to  excite  laughter  or  derision 

by   acting   or  speaking   like   another ;  to 

ridicule  by  imitation. 

— The  walk,  the  words,  tlie  gesture,  could  sup, 

ply. 
The  habit  mimiek,  and  the  mien  belie. 

Dryden 

MIM'I€RY,  JI.  Ludicrous  imitation  for  sport 

or  ridicule.  Spectator. 

MIMOG'RAPIIER,  »i.  [Gr-fiitw;  and  ypo^u.] 

A  writer  of  farces.  Herbert. 

16 


Ml'NA.  n.  [Gr.  fira;  L.  mina.  Ar.  Class 
Mn.  No.  5.  9.  7.]  A  weight  or  denomina- 
tion of  money.  The  mina  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament was  valued  at  sixty  shekels.  Tlie 
Greek  or  Attic  mina,  was  valued  at  a  hun- 
ilred  drachmas,  about  £2.  \7s.  sterling, 
$10.  44  cents. 

Encyc. 

MINA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  minax;  from  minor,  to 
threaten.] 

Threatening  ;  menacing.  More. 

MINAC'ITY,  n.  [h.  minax.]  Disposition 
to  threaten.     [Ltttle  used.] 

MIN'ARET,  71.  [W.  Tiiic-n,  a  sjMre.  See 
Mound.] 

A  small  spire  or  .steeple,  or  spire-like  orna- 
ment in  Saracen  architecture.  Mason. 

MINATORY,  a.  Threatening  ;  menacing. 

Hacon. 

MINCE,  V.  t.  mins.  [Sa.t.  minsian,  from  the 
root  of  L.  minuo,  to  diminish  ;  W.  jnain. 
Arm.  maon,  Fr.  menu,  mince,  Ir.  min,mion, 
small,  fine  ;  L.  minor,  smaller ;  minuo, 
to  diminish  ;  Gr.  fimo;,  small,  slender  ; 
ftiivdu,    to  diminish  ;  L.  minutus,  minute: 

Sw.  minska,  to  diminish  ;  Ar.  ^  man- 
na, to  weaken,  to  diminish.  Class  Mn. 
No.  5.] 

1.  To  cut  or  chop  into  very  small  pieces  ; 
as,  to  mince  meat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  in  speaking  ;  to  retrencli,  cut 
off  or  omit  a  i)art  for  the  inirpose  of  sup- 
pressing the  truth  ;  to  extenuate  in  repre- 
sentation. 

I  know  no  way  to  mince  it  in  love,  hut  to 
say  direclly,  I  love  you.  •'ihak. 

Siren,  now  mince  the  sin, 

And  mollify  damnation  witli  a  phrase — 

Dryden. 

If,  to  mince  his  meaning,  I  had  either  omit- 
ted some  part  of  what  lie  said,  or  taken  from  the 
strcngtli  of  his  expression,  I  certainly  had  wrong- 
ed him.  Dryden. 

These — were  forced  to  mince  the  matter. 

IVuodu-ard. 

3.  To  speak  with  affected  softness  ;  to  clip 
words  ;  not  to  utter  the  full  sound.     Shak. 

4.  To  walk  with  short  or  diminished  steps. 
MINCE,  1'.  1.  To  walk  w  ith  short  steps  ;  to 

walk  with  affected  nicety  ;  to  affect  deli- 
cacy in  manner. 

I'll  turn  two  mincing  steps 
Into  a  manly  stride.  Sliak. 

Because  the  daughters  of  Zion  are  haughty — 
walking  and  mincing  as  Ihcy  go.     Is.  iii. 

2.  To  speak  softly,  or  with  affected  nicety. 

Dryden. 

MIN'CED,  pp.  Cut  or  chopped  into  very 
small  pieces. 

MINCE-PIE,     I       A  pie  made  with  minc- 

MINCED-PIE,  S  ed  meat  and  other  in- 
gredients, baked  in  paste.  Spectator. 

ftllN'CING,  ppr.  Cutting  into  small  pieces  ; 
speaking  or  walking  affectedly. 

MIN'CINGLY,  adv.  In  small  parts  ;  not 
fully.  Hooker. 

MIND,  71.  [Sax. gemind, gemynde  ;  Ir.  7iici»i, 
?iiian  ;  W.  myn  or  mcmc,  mind  or  will  ;  go- 
vyn,  a  demand  ;  Dan.  minde,  mind,  vote, 
consent  ;  minder,  to  remind  ;  Sw.  minne, 
memory  ;  minnas,  to  remember,  to  call  to 
mind,  as  L.  reminiscor ;  L.  mens ;  Gr. 
liftia,  memory,  mention  ;  ixianfiai,  to  re- 
member ;  jUJi'Of,  mind,  ardor  of  mind,  ve- 
hemence ;  f<i;i'if,  anger;  Sans.  man,mana, 
mind,  will,  heart,   thought  ;  Zend,  7ne7!o. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


Mind  signifies  properly  intention,  a  reach 
ing  or  inclining  forward  to  an  object,  from 
the  primary  sense  of  extending,  stretching 
or  inclining,  or  advancing  eagerly,  imshing 
or  setting  forward,  wlience  the  Greek 
sense  of  the  word,  in  analogy  with  the  Teu 
tonic  mod,  moed,  muth,  mind,  courage,  spir 
it,  mettle.  So  L.  animus,  animosus.  The 
Russ.  has  pominayu,  to  mention,  to  re- 
member ;  pomin,  retiiembrance,  and  umcnie 
or  umeime,  luiderstanding.  Qu.  Minos, 
Menu,  Menes,  Mentor.  Class  Mn.  No.  1 
9.] 

1.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  design. 

The  sacrifice  of  the  wicked  is  abomination 
how  much  more,  when   he   bringeth   it  with  a 
wicked  mind.     Prov.  xxi. 

3.  Inclination  ;  will  ;  desire  ;  a  sense  much 
used,  but  expressing  less  than  settled  pur- 
pose ;  as  in  the  common  plnases,  "  1  wish 
to  know  your  mind  ;"  "  let  me  know  your 
mind  ;"  "  he  had  a  mind  to  go  ;"  "he  has 
a  partner  to  his  mind." 

3.  Opinion  ;  as,  to  express  one's  7nind.  We 
are  of  one  mind. 

4.  Memory  ;  remembrance ;  as,  to  put  one 
in  mind ;  to  call  to  mind ;  the  face  is  out 
of  my  mind;  time  out  of  niinrf.  From  the 
operations  of  the  intellect  in  man,  this 
word  came  to  signify, 

fi.  The  intellectual  or  intelligent  power  in 
man  ;  the  understanding  ;  the  power  that 
conceives,  judges  or  reasons. 

I  fear  1  am  not  in  my  perfect  mind.  Shak. 
So  we  speak  of  a  sound  mind,  a  disor- 
dered mind,  a  weak  mind,  a  strong  mind, 
with  reference  to  the  active  powers  of  the 
understanding  ;  and  in  a  passive  sense,  it 
denotes  capacity,  as  when  we  say,  the 
mind  cannot  comprehend  a  subject. 
C.  The  heart  or  seat  of  affection. 

Wliich  were  a  grief  of  mind  to  Isaac  and  Re- 
bekah.     Gen.  xxvi. 

7.  Tlie  will  and  affection  ;  as  readiness  of 
mind.     Acts  xvii. 

8.  The  implanted  principle  of  grace.  Rom. 
vii. 

MIND,  V.  t.  To  attend  to  ;  to  fix  the  thoughts 
on  ;  to  regard  with  attention. 

Cease  to  request  me  ;  let  us  mind  our  way. 

Dryden. 
Mind  not  high  things.     Rom.  xii. 

'i.  To  attend  to  or  regard  with  submission  : 
to  obey.     His  fatiier   told  him  to  desist, 
but  he  would  not  mind  him. 
0.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind.     Oba. 

Locki 
4.  To  intend  ;  to  mean.  Chapman. 

MIND,  II.  i.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed  to 
incline. 

When  one  of  them  mindtth  to  go  into  rebel- 
lion.    Ohs.  Spenser. 

MINDED,  a.  Disposed  ;  inclined. 

If  men  were  minded  to  live  virtuously. 

Tillntson. 

Joseph  was  minded  to  put  her  awav  privilv- 

MaU.  i.  J  1        J 

Minded  is  much  used  in  composition  ; 
as  high-mtii(/f(i  ;  \o\v-minded ;  feeble-niMirf- 
ed ;  sohcr-minded  ;  douhle-mtiit/frf. 
MINDEDNESS,  n.  Disjjosition  ;  inclination 
towards  any  thing;  as  heavenly  minded- 
■"MS.  Milner. 

MINDFILLING,  a.  Filling  the  mind. 

Milford 


MINDFUL,  a.  Attentive  ;  regarding  with 
care  ;  bearing  in  mind  ;  heedful  ;  observ- 
ant. 

1  promise  to  be  mindful  of  your  admonitions 

Hammond 
What  is  man,  that  thou  art  mindful  of  him  .■ 
Ps.  vii. 

MINDFULLY,  adv.  Attentively  ;  heedfully. 
MINDFULNESS,   n.     Attention  ;  regard  ; 

heedfuiness. 
MINDING,  ppr.  Regarding ;  heeding. 
MINDING,  71.  Regard. 
MINDLESS,  a.  Inattentive  ;  heedless  ;  for- 
getful ;  negligent  ;  careless. 

Cursed  Athens,  mindless  of  thy  worth. 

Shak. 

2.  Not  endued  with  mind  or  intellectual 
powers  ;  as  mindless  bodies.  Davies. 

3.  Stupid  ;    unthinking  ;  as  a  mindless  slave. 

Shak. 

MIND-STRICKEN,  a.  Moved  ;  affected  in 
mind.     [JVot  used.]  Sidney. 

MINE,  a.  called  sometimes  a  pronominal 
adj.  [Sax.  Sw.  Dan.  min;  Goth,  meiiis ;  Fr. 
mon  ;  D.  myn  ;  G.  mein,  contracted  from 
migen ;  for  me,  in  Gothic  is  mik,  Dan.  mig, 
G.  mieh.  The  L.  inetts,  and  Russ.  moi, 
are  also  contracted.] 

My  ;  belonging  to  me.  It  was  formerly  used 
before  nouns  beginning  with  vowels.  "  1 
kept  myself  from  mine  iniquity."  Ps.. 
xviii.  But  this  use  is  no  longer  retained. 
We  now  use  my  before  a  vowel  as  well  as 
before  an  articulation ;  as  my  iniquity.  In 
present  usage,  my  always  precedes  the 
noun,  and  mine  follows  the  noun,  and  usu- 
ally the  verb ;  as,  this  is  my  book  ;  this  book 
is  mine  ;  it  is  called  my  book  ;  the  book  is 
called  mine  :  it  is  acknowledged  to  be 
7nM!e. 

Mine  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  a  noun. 
Your  sword  and  mine  are  different  in  con- 
struction. 

MINE,  )!.  [Fr.  mine,  a  mine  or  ore,  whence 
mineral ;  It.  mina,  miniera  ;  Sp.  mina,  a 
mine,  a  conduit,  a  subterraneous  canal,  a 
spring  or  source  of  water  ;  Port.  id. ;  Ir. 
men,  mianach  ;  Dan.  G.  inine ;  Sw.  mina  ; 
D.  myn  ;  W.  mivn,  whence  mwnai,  money  ; 
Arm.  min.  The  radical  signification  is 
not  obvious.] 

1.  A  pit  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  from 
which  metallic  ores,  mineral  substances 
and  other  fossil  bodies  are  taken  by  dig- 
ging. The  pits  from  which  stones  only 
are  taken,  are  called  quarries. 

2.  In  the  military  art,  a  subterraneous  canal 
or  passage  dug  under  the  wall  or  rampart 
of  a  fortification,  wliere  a  quantity  of 
powder  may  be  lodged  for  blowing  u()  the 
works. 

.3.  A  rich  source  of  wealth  or  other  good. 

MINE,  i'.  i.  To  dig  a  mine  or  pit  in  the 
earth.  Il'oodward. 

2.  To  form  a  subterraneous  canal  or  hole 
by  scratching ;  to  forui  a  burrow  or  lodge 
in  the  earth,  as  animals;  as  the  mining 
coney.  Wotton. 

2.  To  practice  secret  means  of  injury. 

MINE,  v.t.  To  sap;  to  undermine:  to  dig 
away  or  otherwise  remove  the  substratum 
or  foundation  ;  hence,  to  ruin  or  destroy 
by  slow  degrees  or  secret  m^eans. 

Tliey  mined  the  walls.  Hayward. 

In  a   metaphorical  sense,  undermine  is 

generally  used.. 


MINE-DIGGER,  n.  One  that  digs  miues- 

MI'NER,  71.  One  that  digs  for  metals  and 
other  fossils. 

2.  One  who  digs  canals  or  passages  under 
the  walls  of  a  fort,  &c.  Armies  have  sap- 
pers and  miners. 

MIN'ERAL,  n  [Fr.  Sp.  mineral;  Low 
L.  minera,  a  matri.v  or  vein  of  metals, 
whence  mincralia  ;  all  from  tnine.] 

A  body  destitute  of  organization,  and  which 
naturally  exists  within  the  earth  or  at  its 
surface.  Cleaveland. 

Minerals  were  formerly  divided  into  salts, 
earths,  inflammables  and  ores ;  a  divis- 
ion which  serves  for  a  general  distribu- 
tion, but  a  more  scientific  arrangement 
into  classes,  orders,  genera,  species,  subspe- 
cies and  varieties,  has  been  adopted  to 
meet  the  more  precise  views  of  modern 
mineralogists. 

MIN'ERAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  minerals;  con- 
sisting of  fossil  substances;  as  the  mineral 
kingdom. 

2.  Impregnated  with  minerals  or  fo.ssil  mat- 
ter ;  as  mineral  waters ;  a  mineral  sijring. 

MIN'ERALLST,  n.  One  versed  or  employ- 
ed in  minrr;jis. 

MINERALIZATION,  n.  [See Mineralize.-] 

1.  The  process  of  forming  an  ore  by  combi- 
nation with  another  substance;  the  natu- 
ral operation  of  uniting  a  metallic  sub- 
stance with  another. 

2.  The  process  of  converting  into  a  mineral, 
as  a  bone  or  a  plant. 

3.  The  act  of  impregnating  with  a  mineral, 
as  water. 

MIN'ERALiZE,  v.  t.  [from  mineral]  lu 
mineralogy,  to  cond)ine  with  a  metal  in 
forming  an  ore  or  mineral.  Sulphur  min- 
eralizes many  of  the  metals. 

2.  To  convertinto  a  mineral. 
In  these  caverns,  the  bones  are  not  minerali- 
zed. Buckland. 

3.  To  impregnate  with  a  mineral  substance  ; 
as,  to  mineralize  Water. 

MIN'ERALIZED,  pjt.  Deprived  of  its  usual 
properties  by  being  combined  with  anoth- 
er substance  or  formed  into  an  ore  ;  as, 
metallic  substances  are  mineralized. 

2.  Converted  into  a  mineral. 

3.  Impregnated  with  a  mineral. 
MIN'ERALIZER,    ji.    A  substance  which 

mineralizes  another  or  combines  with  it 
in  an  ore,  and  thus  deprives  it  of  its  usual 
and  peculiar  properties.  Sulphur  is  one 
of  the  most  common  mineralizers. 

ATicholson. 

MINERAL0G'I€AL,  a.  [See  Mineralogy.] 
Pertaining  to  the  science  of  minerals  ;  as 
a  mineralogical  table. 

MINERALO(i'ICALLY,  adv.  In  mineralo- 
gy. Phillips. 

MINERAL  OcilST,  n.  One  who  is  versed 
in  the  science  of  minerals,  or  one  who 
treats  or  discourses  of  the  properties  of 
mineral  bodies. 

MlNERAL'OuY,  n.  [mineraZ  and  Gr.  ^oyoj, 
discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  properties  of 
mineral  substances,  and  teaches  us  to 
characterize,  distinguish  and  class  them 
according  to  their  properties.  It  compre- 
hends the  study  or  science  of  all  inorganic 
substances  in  the  earth  or  on  its  surface. 
J^ncyc.     Cyc. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


MIN'GLE,  ti.  t.  [Sax.  mevgan  or  mencgan 
G.  D.  mengen.     This  word  seems  to  be  a 
derivative  I'rom  G.  menge,   Sax.  menigo,  a 
multitude,  or  IVoiii  the  same  root.     iTence 
among  .signifies  mingled,  or  in  the  crowd.] 

1.  To  mix;  to  blend;  to  unite  in  one  body ; 
as,  to  mingle  liquors  of  different  kind.s. 

2.  To  mix  or  blend  without  order  or  pro- 
miscuously. 

There  was  fire  mingled  with  hail.     Ex.  ix. 

3.  To  compound  ;  to  unite  in  a  mass,  as  solid 
substances  ;  as,  to  mingle  flour,  sugar  and 
eggs  in  cookery. 

4.  To  join  in  mutual  intercourse  or  in  soci- 
ety. 

The  holy  .seed  have  iningtcd  themselves 
with  the  people  of  those  lands.  Ezra  ix.  Ps. 
cvi. 

5.  To  contaminate ;  to  render  impure  ;  to 
debase  by  mixture. 

Tlie   best   of  us   appear   contented   with 
mingled  imperfect  virtue.  Sogers. 

G.  To  confuse. 

There  mingle  broils.  Milton. 

MIN'GLE,  V.  i.  To  be  mixed  ;  to  be  united 
with. 

She,  when  she  saw  her  sister  nymphs,  sup- 
pressed 
Her  rising  fears,  and  mingled  with  the  rest. 

Addison. 

MIN'GLE,  n.  Mixture  ;  medley  ;  promis- 
cuous mass.      [JVnt  used.]  Diyden. 

MIN'GLED,  pp.  Mixed;  united  promiscu- 
ously. 

MIN'GLEDLY,  adv.  Confusedly.      Barret. 

MLN'GLER,  «.  One  that  mingles. 

MIN'GLING,  ;);)r.  Mixing;  uniting  without 
oriler. 

MIN'IARD,  a.  [Fr.  mignard.]  Soft ;  dainty. 
[Little  used.] 

MlN'L\RDiZE,  V.  t.  To  render  soft,  deli-l 
cate  or  dainty.  Howell.] 

MIN'IATE,  V.  t.  [It.  miniare,  from  minio,\ 
L.  minium,  Vermillion.]  To  paint  or  tingel 
with  Vermillion.  Warton.^ 

MIN'IATURE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  miniatura,  froiii| 
It.  miniare,  supra  ;  Fr.  miniature.] 

1.  A  painting  in  water  colors  on  vellum, 
ivory  or  paper,  with  points  or  dots  ;  some- 
times in  oil  colors.  The  term  is  usually, 
applied  to  portraits  i)ainted  on  a  veryi 
small  scale.  I 

2.  A  picture  or  representation  in  a  small 
compass,  or  less  than  the  reality 


2.  a.  Designatiug   the  business  of  digging 
mines ;  as  the  mining  districts  of  Siberia. 


MINION,  a 

[jVo<  used.] 
MINION,   n. 

mignonc,  a 

menu,  small ;    W. 
A  favorite;  a   darlin 


[infra.]    Fine 


Sparks. 
trim ;  dainty 


min'yon.    [Fr.     mignon ;    It 

darling ;    from  W.  inain,  Fr. 

mwyn,  tender,  gentle.] 

g  ;    i)articularly,  the  fa 


k 


dv.  Finely  ;  daintily. 


Encyc. 

3.  Red  letter  ;  rubric  distinction.        Hickes.' 
MIN'IKIN,  a.  [Qu.   W.   main,  small,  and 

kin.]     Small  ;  diminutive  ;  used  in  slighi  ■ 

contempt. 
MIN'IKIN,  n.  A  small  sort  of  pins. 
2.  A  darling  ;  a  favorite.     [See  Minion.] 
MINIM,  n.  [W.  main,  small.     See  .Wince.] 

1.  A  little  man  or  being  ;  a  dwarf      .Milton. 

2.  One  of  a  certain  reformed  order  of  Fran- 
ciscans or  iAIinimi.  Ji'eever. 

.3.  A  note  in  music,  equal  to  half  a  semi- 
breve  or  two  crotchets. 

4.  A  short  poetical  encomium.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

.■>.  A  small  fish. 

MIN'IMUM,  n.  [L.]  The  least  quantity  as- 
signable in  a  given  case.  Encyc. 

MINIMUS,  n.  [L.]  A  being  of  the  small- 
est size.  Shak. 

MI'NING,  ppr.  Digging  into  the  earth,  as 
for  fossils  and  minerals;  sapping. 


vorite  of  a  prince,  on  whom  bo  lavishes  his 
favors  ;  one  who  gains  favors  by  flattery 
or  mean  adulation 

Edward  sent  an  army   into  Ireland,   not  for 
conquest,  but  to  guard  the  person   of  his  min- 
ion, Piers  Gaviston.  Dailies. 
The  drowsy  tyrant  by  his  minions  led. 

Swift. 

MIN'ION,  »i.  [W.  main,  Fr.  menu,  small ; 
L.  minor.  See  Mince.]  A  small  kind  of 
printing  types. 

MIN'IONING,  n.  Kind  treatment. 

Marslon. 

MINIONLIKE, 

MIN'IONLV, 

MIN'IO'NSIIIP,  n.  State  of  being  a  min- 
ion. 

MIN'IOUS,  71.  [from  L.  minium.]  Of  tliel 
color  of  red  lead  or  Vermillion.         Brown. 

MIN'ISH,  V.  t.  [L.  mimio,  to  lessen.]  To 
lessen  ;  to  diminish.  Obs.  [See  Dimin- 
ish.] 

MINISTER,     7i.     [L.  ;   probably  from  Ar. 

,,.4..<    to  serve,  wait,  attend.    Class  Mb 

No  2.  and  Sax.  steore,  helm,  direction ; 
steoran,  to  sfeer.] 

1.  Propei-lj',  a  chief  servant  ;  hence,  an 
agent  appointed  to  transact  or  manage 
business  under  the  authority  of  another  ; 
in  which  sense,  it  is  a  word  of  very  extensive 
application. 

Moses  rose  up  and  his  minister  Joshua.     Ex 
xxiv. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  king  or  prince  entrusts 
the  direction  of  affairs  of  state;  as  minis- 
ter of  state  ;  the  prime  minister.  In  mod 
ern  governments,  the  secretaries  or  heads 
of  the  several  departments  or  branches  of 
government  are  the  7ninisters  of  the  chief 
magistrate. 

3.  A  magistrate ;  an  executive  officer. 

For   he   is   the  7ninister  of  God  to  thee  for 
good.     Rom.  xiii. 

4.  A  delegate  ;  an  embassador ;  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  sovereign  at  a  foreign  court 


I  I  will  sanctify  also  both  Aaron  and  his  sons,  to 
minister  to  me  in  the  priest's  office.     Ex.  xxix. 

2.  To  afford  supplies  ;  to  give  things  need- 
ful;  to  supply  the  means  of  relief ;  to  re- 
lieve. 

When  saw  we  thee  hungrj',  or  tliirsty,  or  a 
stranger,  or  naked,  or  sick,  or  in  prison,  and  did 
not  minister  unto  thee  ?     Matt.  xxv. 

3.  To  give  medicines. 
Canst  tliou  not  minister  to  a  mind  diseasei)  ? 

Shak. 
Iti   this  sense,   we   commonly  use  ad- 

TJVt  Tltst^  f 

MINISTERED,    pp.     Served ;    afforded  ; 

supplied. 
MINISTE'RLVL,  a.  Attending  for  service; 
attendant;  acting  at  conimaml. 

Enlight'ning  spirits  and  ministerial  flames. 

Prior. 

2.  Acting  un<ler  superior  authority  ;  pertain- 
ing to  a  minister. 

For  the  ministerial  offices  in  court,  there 
must  be  an  eye  to  llieiii.  Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  executive  offices,  as  distinct 
from  judicial.     The  office  and   acts  of  a 

I     sheriff  are  ministerial. 

4.  Sacerdotal;  pertaining  to  ministers  of  the 
I  gospel ;  as  ministerial  garments ;  minis- 
!     terial  duties. 

Genuine  ministerial  prudence  keeps  back  no 
;  important  truth,  listens  to  no  compromise  with 
i      sin,    connives  at  no  fashionable  vice,  cringes 

before  no  lordly  worldling.  //.  Humphrey. 

,5.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state  ;  as  jnin- 

isterial  circles  ;  ministerial  benches. 
I  Burke. 

MINISTE'RIALLY,  adv.  In  a  ministerial 

manner  or  character.  fVaterland. 

MINISTERING,  ppr.  Attending  and  serv- 
1     ing  as  a  subordinate  agent;  serving  under 
'     superior  authority,     ifeb.  i. 
,2.  Affording  aid  or  supplies ;  administering 

things  needful. 
■MINISTERY.  [See  Ministry.] 
MIN'ISTRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  minister. 
I     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

MIN'ISTRANT,  a.  Performing  service  as 
i     a  minister ;  attendant  on   service  ;  acting 

under  command. 

Princedoms  and  doniinatioDs  ministrant. 

Milton. 
MINISTRA'TION,  7i.  [L.  ministratio.]  The 

act  of  performing  service  as  a  subordinate 

agent ;  agency  ;   intervention   for  aid   or 

service. 

— Because  their  widows  were   neglected  in 

the  daily  ministrations.     .\cts  vi. 


usually  such   as  is  resident  at  a  foreign!  2.  Office  of  a  minister;  serrice  ;  ecclesiasti- 


court,  but  not  restricted  to  such. 
One  who  serves  at  the  altar  ;  one  who 
performs  sacerdotal  duties  ;  the  pastor  of 
a  church,  duly  authorized  or  licensed  to 
preach  the  gospel  and  administer  the  sa- 
craments.    Eph.  iii. 

C.  Christ  is  called  a  minister  of  the  sanctua- 
ry.    Heb.  viii. 

7.  An  angel ;  a  messenger  of  God 

Who  maketli  his  angels  spirits,  his  ministers 
a  flaming  fire.     Ps.  civ. 

MIN'ISTER,  V.  f.  [L.  ministro.]    To  give ; 
to  afford  ;  to  supply. 

He  that  ministereth  seed  to  the  sower —    2|' 
Cor.  ix. 

That  it  may  minister  grace  to  the  hearers. i 
Eph.  iv. 

MIN'ISTER,  V.  i.  To  attend  and  serve  ;  to 


cal  function. 

As  soon  as  the  days  of  his  ministration  were 
ended.     Luke  i. 
MIN'ISTRESS,  71.  A  female  that  ministers. 

Menside. 
MIN'ISTRY,  7!.  [L.  77ii7iirferjuj7i.]    The  of- 
fice, duties  or  functions  of  a   subordinate 
agent  of  any  kind. 
2.  Agency  ;  service  ;  aid  ;  interposition  ;  in- 
strumentality. 

He  directs  the  affairs  of  tliis  world  by  the  or- 
dinary ministry  of  second  causes. 

Atierbury. 
'3.  Ecclesiastical  function  ;    agency   or  ser- 
vice of  a  minister  of  the  gospel  or  clergy- 
man in  the  modern  church,  or  of  priest.', 
apo.stles  and  evangelists  in    the   ancient. 
Rom.  xii 


Acts  i.     Rom.  xii.     2  Tim.  iv.     Num.  iv. 
perform  service  in  any  office,  sacred  orj  4.  Time  of  ministration  ;   duration   of  the 
secular.  i'     office  of  a  minister,  civil  or  ecclesiastical. 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


The  war    with    France   was   during   the 
ministry  of  Pitt. 
5.  Persons  who  compose  the  executive  gov- 
ernment or  the  council  of  a  supreme  mag- 
istrate ;  the  body  of  ministers  of  state. 

Hwift. 

0.  Business;  employment. 

He  abhorred  the  wicted  ministry  of  arms. 

Dryden. 

MINISTRYSHIP,  for  ministry,  is  little 
used  and  hardly  proper.  Stvijl. 

MIN'IUM,  n.  [L.]  The  red  oxyd  of  lead, 
produced  by  calcination.  Lead  exposed 
to  air  while  melting  is  covered  with  a  gray 
dusky  ijellicle.  This  taken  off  and  agita- 
ted becomes  a  greenish  gray  i>owder,  in- 
clining to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated 
by  sifting  from  the  grains  of  lead  which  it 
contains,  and  exposed  to  a  more  intense 
heat,  takes  a  deep  yellow  color,  and  in 
this  state  it  is  called  massicot.  The  latter, 
slowly  heated,  takes  a  beautiful  red  color, 
and  is  called  ;nini«)7i.  Fourcroy. 

MINK,  n.  An  American  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Mustela,  an  amphibious  animal  that 
burrows  in  the  earth  on  the  side  of  a  river 
or  pond,  whose  fur  is  more  valuable  than 
thatof  tlic  muskrat.  Belknap. 

MINNOC,  used  by  Sliakspeare,  is  supposed 
by  Johnson  to  be  the  same  as  minx.  Qu. 
mimic. 

MIN'NOW,  )  ,    fFr.  menu,   small.]    A   very 

MIN'OW,  ^  "■  small  fish,  a  species  of  Cy- 
prinus.  Encyc.     TValton. 

MI' NOR,  a.  [L.  ;  the  comparative  degree  of 
a  word  not  found  in  that  language,  but 
existing  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  W.  main. 
Arm.  moan,  Ir.  min,  mion,  the  root  of  L. 
minuo,  to  diminish.     SeeMince.] 

1.  Less  ;  smaller ;  sometimes  applied  to  the 
bulk  or  magnitude  of  a  single  object  ; 
more  generally  to  amount,  degree  or  im- 
portance. VVe  say,  the  minor  divisions  of 
a  body,  the  minor  part  of  a  body  ;  opposed 
to  the  major  part.  VVe  say,  minor  sums, 
minor  faults,  minor  considerations,  details 
or  arguments.  In  the  latter  phrases,  mi- 
nor is  equivalent  to  small,  petty,  incon- 
siderable, not  principal,  important  or 
weighty. 

2.  In  music,  less  or  lower  by  a  lesser  semi- 
tone ;  as  a  third  minor.  Encyc. 

Asia  Minor,  the  Lesser  Asia,  that  part  of 
Asia  which  lies  between  the  Euxine  on 
the  north,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
south. 
MI'NOR.  n.  A  person  of  either  sex  under 
age ;  one  who  is  under  the  authority  of 
his  parents  or  guardians,  or  who  is  not 
permitted  by  law  to  make  contracts  and 
manage  his  own  property.  By  the  laws 
of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  United  States, 
persons  are  minora  till  they  are  twenty  one 
years  of  age. 
I.  In  logic,  the  second  |)roposition  of  a  reg- 
ular syllogism,  as  in  the  following: 

Every  act  of  injustice  i>artakes  of  mean- 
ness. 

To  take  money  from  another  by  gaming, 
or  reputation  by  seduction,  are  acts  of  in- 
justice. 

Therefore  the  taking  of  money  from  an- 
other by  gaming,  or  reputation   by  seduc- 
tion, i)artakc  of  meanness. 
3.  A  Minorite,  a  Franciscan  friar. 


4.  A  beautiful  bird  of  the  East  Indies. 

DicLATaLHisl. 
MI'NORATE,     V.  t.     To  diminish.      [Xol 

MINORA'TION,  n.  A  lessening;  diminu- 
tion. 

MI  NORITE,  n.  A  Franciscan  friar. 

MINORTTY,  )i.  [Fr.  minoriti,  from  L.  mi- 
nor.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  under  age.  [See  Mi- 
nor.] 

2.  The  smaller  number ;  as  the  minority  of 
the  senate  or  house  of  representatives ; 
opposed  to  majority.  We  say,  the  minori- 
ty was  large  or  small  ;  AB  was  in  the 
minority ;  the  minority  must  be  ruled  by 
the  majority. 

MlN'OTAUri,  n.  [Fr.  ininolaure  ;  It.  mino- 
tauro ;  L.  minotaurus ;  from  man,  which 
must  have  been  in  early  ages  a  Latin 
word,  and  taurus,  a  bull.] 

A  fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull. 

Ovid.     Virgil.     Sliak. 

MIN'STER,  )i.  [Sax.  minsire  or  mynster. 
See  Monastery.] 

A  monastery ;  an  ecclesiastical   convent  or 
fraternity  ;  but  it  is  said  originally  to  have 
been  the  church  of  a  monastery  ;  a  cathe 
dral  church.  Encyc. 

INIIN'STREL,  n.  [Fr.  menelrier,  for  menes- 
trier;  Sp.  minislril,  a  minstrel,  and  a  tip- 
staff", or  petty  officer  of  justice  ;  Port. 
menestral ;  perhaps  a  derivative  from  men- 
ear,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  wield.  If  so,  the 
word  originally  signified  a  performer  on  a 
musical  instrument,  who  accompanied  his 
performances  with  gestures,  like  the  his- 
trio  auiXjoculator.] 

A  singer  and  musical  performer  on  instru- 
ments. INIinstrcls  were  formerly  poets  as 
well  as  musicians,  and  held  in  high  repute 
by  our  rude  ancestors.  Their  attendance 
was  sought  and  their  performances  lavish- 
ly rewarded  by  princes.  It  was  in  the 
character  of  a  minstrel  that  king  Alfred 
entered  the  camp  of  the  Danes  his  ene- 
mies, and  explored  their  situation. 

MIN'STRELSY,  n.  The  arts  and  occupa- 
tions of  minstrels  ;  instrumental  music. 

2.  A  number  of  musicians. 

Tlie  minstrchy  of  heaven.  Miltun. 

MINT.  J!.  [Sax.  mynet,  money  or  stamped 
coin ;  D.  munt,  mint,  coin  ;  G.  miinze  ;  Sw. 
mynl;  Uan.  myndt,  com.  This  word  is 
doubtless  a  derivative  from  mine,  or  L. 
moneta,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  The  place  where  money  is  coined  by  pub- 
lic authority.  In  Great  Britain,  formerly, 
there  was  a  mint  iii  almost  every  county  ; 
but  the  ])rivilege  of  coining  is  now  con- 
sidered as  a  royal  prerogative  in  that 
country,  and  as  the  prerogative  of  the 
sovereign  power  in  other  countries.  The 
only  mint  now  in  Great  Britain  is  in  the 
Tower  of  London.  The  7nint  in  the  Umted 
States  is  in  Philadelphia. 
A  place  of  invention  or  fabrication;  as  a 

mint  of  phrases;  a  mint  of  calumny. 

Shak.    Addison. 

3.  A  source  of  abundant  supply. 

MINT,  V.  t.  [Sax.  mynelian.]  To  coin  ;  to; 
make  and  stump  money.  liacnn. 

2.  To  invent;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate.    Bacon. 
MINT,  n.    [Sax.   mint;  Sw.    mynta ;    Dan. 

mynte ;    G.   miinze;     L.  mentltft  ;   It.    Sji. 
mcnta ;  Fr.   mentf ;  D.   krutsniant,    cross- 


mint  ;  Ir.  miontas ;  Arm.  mendl  or  mintys.1 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha. 
MINT'A6E,  n.   That  which  is  coined  or 

stamped.  Milton. 

2.  The  duty  paid  for  coining. 
MINT'ER,  n.  A  coiner;  also,  an  inventor. 
MINT'MAN,  n.  A  coiuer;   one  skilled  in 

coining  or  in  coins. 
MINT'M' ASTER,  n.  The  master  or  super- 
intendent of  a  mint.  Boyle. 
2.  One  who  invents  or  fabricates.         Locke. 
MIN'UEND,  n.    [L.   minuendus,  mintio,  to 

lessen.] 
In    arithmetic,    the     number     from    which 

another  number  is  to  be  subtracted. 
MIN'UET,  n.    [Sp.   minueto ;    Fr.   menuetf 

from  menu,  small,  VV.  7nain.     See  Mince.] 

1.  A  slow  graceful  dance,  consisting  of  a 
coupee,  a  high  step  and  a  balance. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  tune  or  air  to  regulate  the  movements 
in  the  dance  so  called  ;  a  movement  of 
three  crotchets  or  three  quavers  in  a  bar. 

MIN'UM,  n.  [from  VV.  main,  Fr.  menu, 
small.     See  Mince.] 

1.  A  small  kind  of  printing  types;  now  writ- 
ten minion. 

2.  A  note  of  slow  time  containing  two 
crotchets;  now  written  minim,  which  see. 

MINU'TE,  a.  [L.  minutxts ;  Fr.  menu,  W. 
main,  small.     See  Mince.] 

1.  Very  small,  little  or  slender;  of  very 
small  bulk  or  size  ;  small  in  consequence; 
as  a  minute  grain  of  sand  ;  a  minute  fila- 
ment. The  blood  circulates  through  very 
minute  vessels.  j>/irtu(e  divisions  of  a  sub- 
ject often  perplex  the  understanding. 
Minute  details  are  tedious. 

2.  Attending  to  small  things;  critical;  as 
minute  observation. 

MINUTE,  n.  min'it.  [L.  minutum,  that  is, 
a  small  portion.] 

1.  A  small  ])ortion  of  time  or  duration,  be- 
ing the  sixtieth  part  of  anhour. 

Since  you  are  not  sure  of  a  tninute,  throw 
not  away  an  hour.  Kranklin. 

2.  In  geomelnj,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree 
of  a  circle. 

:?.  In  architecture,  the  sixtieth,  but  some- 
times the  thirtieth  part  of  a  module. 

Encyc. 

i.  A  space  of  time  indefinitely  small.  I  will 
be  with  you  in  a  minute,  or  in  a  few  min- 
utes, that  is,  in  a  short  time. 

5.  A  short  sketch  of  any  agreement  or  other 
subject,  taken  in  writing ;  a  note  to  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  take 
minutes  of  a  contract;  to  take  minutes  of 
a  conversation  or  debate. 

MINUTE,  I',  t.  min'it.  To  set  down  a  short 
sketch  or  note  of  any  agreement  or  other 
subject  in  writing.  Spectator. 

MINuTE-BC.)pK,  n.  A  book  of  short  hints. 

MTN'UTE-GLASS,  n.  A  glass,  the  sand  of 
which  me.Tsiires  a  minute. 

MtN'UTE-GiJNS,  n.  Guns  discharged  ev- 
ery minute. 

[MINUTE-HAND.  n.  The  hand  that  points 

'.     to  the  minutes  on  a  clock  or  watch. 

MfNU'TELY,  adv.  [from  minute.]  To  a 
small  point  of  time,  space  or  matter  ;  ex- 
actly; nicely;  as,  to  measure  the  length 
of  any  thinj;  minutely:  to  ascertain  time 
minutely;  to  relate  a  story  minutely. 

MINUTELY,  a.  min'itly.  Happening  every 
minute.  Hammond. 


M  1  K 


MIS 


M  I  S 


wanton 

Shak. 


AboiuulinK  will 


MIN'UTELY,  adv.  [from  minute.]     Every 

minute  ;  with  very  little  time  intervening. 

As  if  it  were  minutely  proclaimed  in  thumicr 

from  heaven.  Hammond. 

MINUTENESS,  n.  Extreme  stiiallness, 
fineness  or  slenderness ;  as  the  minuteness 
of  the  particles  of  air  or  of  a  fluid  ;  the 
minuteness  of  the  filaments  of  cotton  ;  the 
minuteness  of  details  in  narration. 

2.  Attention  to  small  things;  critical  exact 
ness ;  as  the  minuteness  of  observation  or 
distinction. 

MIN'UTE-W^TCH,  ri.  A  watch  that  dis 
tinguishes  minutes  of  time,  or  ou  which 
minutes  are  marked.  Boyle. 

MlNU'TIiE,  n.  [L.]  The  smaller  particu 
lars. 

MINX,  n.  [  Qu.  minnoc]    A  pert, 
girl. 

2.  A  sbe-pui)py. 

MI'NY,  a.    [from  mine. 
mines. 

2.  Subterraneous.  Thomson 
MI'RABLE,  a.  Wonderful.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Shalt. 
MIR'ACLE,    n.    [Fr.   from   L.  miraculum, 
from  miror,   to  wonder ;    Arm.   miret,  to 
hold.     See  Marvel.] 

1.  Literally,  a  wonder  or  wonderful  thing 
but  appro|)riately, 

2.  In  theology,  an  event  or  effect  contrary  to 
the  establislicd  constitution  and  course  of 
things,  or  a  deviation  from  the  known  laws 
of  nature  ;  a  supernatural  event.  Miracles 
can  be  wrought  oidy  by  Almighty  power, 
as  when  Christ  healed  lepers,  saying,  "  I 
will,  be  thou  clean,"  or  calmed  the  tem- 
pest, "  Peace,  be  still." 

They  considered  not  the  miracle  of  the  loaves. 
Mark  vi. 

A  man  approved  of  God  by  miracles  and 
signs.     Acts  ii. 

3.  Anciently,  a  spectacle  or  dramatic  repre- 
seutatiou  exhibiting  the  lives  of  the  saints. 

Chaucer. 

MIR'ACLE,  V.  t.  To  make  wonderful.  [.Not 
used.]  Shak 

MIR'ACLE-MONGER,  n.  An  impostor  who 
pretends  to  work  njiracles.  Hallyu'cll. 

MIRACULOUS,  a.  Performed  supernatu- 
rally,  or  by  a  power  beyond  the  ordinary 
agency  of  natural  laws ;  efiected  by  the 
direct  agency  of  Almighty  power,  and  not 
by  natural  causes;  as  the  miraculous  heal 
ing  of  the  sick  or  raising  the  dead  by 
Christ. 

2.  Supernatural ;  furnished  supernaturally, 
or  con)pctent  to  perform  miracles  ;  as  the 
miraculous  powers  of  the  Apostles.  Mi- 
raculous, ajiplied  to  the  extraordinary 
powers  of  the  Apostles,  may  mean  con- 
ferred by  supernatural  agency,  or  compe- 
tent to  work  miracles.  I  believe  it  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  latter  sense. 

3.  In  a  less  dtjinite  sense,  wonderful ;  extra- 
ordinary. 

MIRACULOUSLY,  adv.  By  miracle ;  su- 
pernaturally. 

jEneas,  wounded  as  he  was,  could  not  have 
engaged  him  in  single  combat,  unless  his  hurt 
had  been  inirat-ulojii^ly  healed.  Dryden. 

2.  Wonderfully  ;  by  extraordinary  means. 

MIRACULoilSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing effected  by  miracle  or  by  supernatural 
agency. 


MIRADOR,  n.  [Sp.  from  L.  miror.]  A 
balcony  or  gallery  commanding  an  extens- 
ive view.  Lh-yden. 
MIRE,  n.  [See  Class  Mr.  No.  10.]  Deep 
mud  ;  earth  so  wet  and  soft  as  to  yield  to 
the  feet  and  to  wheels. 

MIRE,  I',  t.  To  plunge  and  fix  in  mire  ;  to 
set  or  stall  in  nmd.  We  say,  a  horse,  an 
ox  or  a  carriage  is  mired,  when  it  has  sunk 
deep  into  mud  and  its  progress  is  stopped 

2.  To  soil  or  daub  with  mud  or  foul  matter. 

Shak. 

MIRE,  V.  i.  To  sink  in  mud,  or  to  sink  so 
deep  as  to  be  unable  to  move  forward. 

MIRE,  n.  An  ant.     [See  Pismire.] 

MIRE-€ROW,  n.  The  sea-crow  or  pewit 
gull,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

MI'RINESS,  n.  [from  miry.]  The  state  of 
consisting  of  deep  mud. 

MIRK,  a.  [Sax.  mirce.]   Dark.     Obs. 
Murky.] 

MIRK'SOME,    a.    Dark;    obscure 
Murky.] 

MIRK'SOMENESS,    n.    Obscurity 
Murky.] 

MIR'ROR,  71.  [Fr.  miroir;  Sp.  mirar,  Corn. 
miras,  to  look  ;  L.  miror,  to  admire.] 

1.  A  looking  glass ;  any  glas.s  or  ))olished 
substance  that  forms  images  by  the  reflec- 
tion of  rays  of  light. 

In  tlie  clear  mirror  of  thy  ruling  star 
I  saw,  alas!  some  dread  event  depend. 

Pope. 

2.  A  pattern;  an  exemplar;  that  on  which 
men  ought  to  fix  their  eyes  ;  that  which 
gives  a  true  representation,  or  in  which  a 
true  image  may  be  seen. 

O  goddess,  heavenly  bright. 
Mirror  of  grace  and  majesty  divine. 

Spenser. 

MIRROR-STONE,  n.  A  bright  stone.  Obs. 

MIRTH,    n.   vierth.     [Sax.  mirht,   myrhth  ; 


2.  In  laiv,  homicide  by  misadventiue,  is  when 
a  man,  doing  a  lawful  act,  without  any  in- 
injury,  unfortunately 


[See 
[See 
[S.ee 


mirig,  merry  ;   Ar. 


ZJ-' 


to    be     very 


brisk  or  joyful.  Cla.ss  Mr.  No.  10.]  Social 
merriment ;  hilarity  ;  high  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  in  company  ;  noisy 
gayety  ;  jollity.  Mirth  differs  from  Jo^  anil 
cheerfulness,  as  always  implying  noise. 
With  genial  joy  to  warm  the  soul. 
Bright  Helen  mi.xed  a  /nirWi-inspiring  bowl 

Pope. 
I  will  cause  tacease  the  voice  of  mirth  from 
Juilali  and  Jerusalem.     Jer.  vii. 
MIRTHFUL,  a.  Merry;  jovial;  festive. 
The  feast  was  served,  the  bowl  was  crown'd, 
To   the   king's   pleasure   went    the  mirlhful. 
round.  Prior.] 

MIRTH'FULLY,  adv.  In  a  jovial  manner. 
MIRTH'LESS,    a.    Without  mirth  or  hi-j 
larity. 


tentiou  of  injury,  unfortunately  kills  an- 
other.    This  is  called  excusable  homicide. 

Blackstone. 
MISADVEN'TURED,  a.  Unfortunate. 

Shak. 
MISADVISED,    a.    [See  Advise.]    Ill   ad- 
vised; ill  directed.  Johnson. 
MISAFFECT',  V.  t.  To  dislike. 
MISAFFECT'ED,  a.  Ill  disposed. 
MISAFFIRM',  V.  I.  To  affirm  incorrecilv. 
MISA'IMED,  a.  Not  rightly  aimed   or  di- 
rected. Spenser. 
MISALLEDtiE,  i;.  t.  miaallej'.  To  state  er- 
roneously. 
MISALLEGA'TION,  n.   Erroneous  state- 
ment. 
MISALLI'ANCE,  n.  Improper  association. 
MISALLI'ED.  a.  Ill  allied  or  associated. 

liurkc. 

MIS'ANTHROPE,      I       [Gr. /uraa^9p^j«05 ; 

MISANTHROPIST,  \  ""  ftwru,     to    hate, 

and  avBfwTioi,  man.]     A  hater  of  mankind. 

Swift. 

MISANTHROP'IC,        )       Hating  or  liav- 

MISANTHROP'ICAL,  \  "'  ing  a  dislike  to 

mankind.  Walsh. 

MISAN'THROPY,  n.  Hatred  or  dishke  to 

mankiml  ;  opposed  to  philanthropy. 
MISAPPLICATION,  n.  A  wrong  applica- 
tion ;  an  application  to  a  wrong  person  or 
purpose. 
MISAPPLIED,  pp.    Applied   to   a  wrong 

l)ersoM  or  purpose. 
MISAPPLY',  V.   t.  To  apply   to  a   wrong 
person  or  purpose  ;  as  to  misapply  a  name 
or  title;  to  misapply   our  tah'nts  or  exer- 
tions ;  to  misapply  public  mniiey. 
MISAPPLY'ING,  ppr.  Ai)|)lyiiig  to  a  wrong 

person  or  purpo.se. 
MISAPPREHEND',    v.    I.    To    misunder- 
stand; to  take  in  a  wrong  sense.       L,ocke. 
MISAPPREHENDED,  pp.  Not  rightly  un- 
derstood. 
MISAPPREHEND'ING,   ppr.     Misunder- 
standing. 
MISAPPREHENSION,  n.  Amistakingor 
mistake ;    wrong    apprehension  of   one's 
meaning  or  of  a  fact. 
MISASCRI'BE,  f.  t.  To  ascribe  falsely  or 
erroneously.  Boyle. 

MISASSIGN,  V.  t.  [See  Assign.]  To  assign 
erroneously.  Boyle. 

MISATTEND',  v.  (.  To  disregard.    MUton. 
jMISBECOME,    1'.  t.    misbecum'.    [See  Be- 
come.]    Not  to  become  ;  to  suit  ill ;  not  to 
befit. 

Thy  f.itlier  will  not  act  what  misbecomes  him. 

JIddison. 
MISBECOJI  ING,    })pr.  or  a.     Unseemly  ; 
unsuitable;  ini|iroper ;  indecorous. 

n.    Unbecoming- 


MI'RY,    a.    [from   mire.]    Abounding  with 
deep  mud;  full  of  mire:  as  a  min/ road;iJ3iisBEC0M'INGNESS, 
a  miry  lane.  Gay.il     „ess  .  unsuitableness. 

2.  Consisting  ol  mire.  'S'^"^''!|MlSBEGOT'  } 

MIS,  a  prefix,  denotes  error,  or  erroneous.j  jji^BEGOT'TEN  \  ^^ 
wrong,  from  the  \  erb  miss,  to  err,  to  go      larly  begotten. 

wrong,  Goth,  mm-a ;  Sax.  mw,  from  mjss-iljnsBEHA'VE,  ti.  i'.  To  behave  ill ;  to"con^ 
ran,  to  err.  to  deviate  or  wander  ;  D.  mis,\\     ,i,]pt  one's  self  improperly. 
m^ssen  ;  G.  miss,  missen  :  Dan.  mis,  mister;]  MISBEHA'VED,  «.  Guilt'y  of  ill  behavior; 


Boyle. 

Unlawfully 

a.  .  -^ 

or    irregu- 

Shak.     Dryden. 


G.  miss,  missen  :  Dan.  mis,  mister 
Sw.  mis,  mista  ;  W.  mtth,  a  faiUng,  a  miss  ;| 
Fr.  mes,  or  7)ie,  in  composition ;  It.  mis. 

MIS.\CCEPTA'T10N,  ».  The  act  of  taking 
or  understanding  in  a  wrong  sense. 

MISADVEN'TURE,   n.   Mischance;   mis- 
fortune ;  ill  luck  ;  an  unlucky  accident. 


II  bred  ;  rude.  Shak. 

MISBEHAVIOR,  7i.  misbehu'vi/or.  Ill  con- 
duct :  improper,  rude  or  uncivil  behavior. 

Addisoti. 

MISBELIEF,  71.  Erroneous  belief:  false 
religion.  Mussinger. 


31  I  S 


M  I  S 


MIS 


JMISBELIE'VE,  v.  t.  To  believe  errone- 
ously. Shak. 

SIISBELIE'VER,  n.  One  who  believes 
wrong'ly  ;  one  who  holds  a  false  religion. 

Dryden. 

MISBELIE'VING.a.  Believing  erroneous- 
ly ;  irreligious.  Shak. 

MISBESEE'M,  v.  t.  To  suit  ill. 

3IISBEST0VV,  V.  t.  To  bestow  improperly. 

Milton. 

MIS'BORN,  a.  Born  to  evil.  Spenser. 

MISCAL'€ULATE,  v.  I.  To  calculate  er- 
roneously. Jlrbuthnot. 

MISCAL'eULATED,  pp.  Erroneously  cal- 
culated. 

MIS€AL'€ULATING,  ppr.  Committing 
errors  in  calculation. 

MISCALeULA'TlON,  n.  Erroneous  cal- 
culation. 

BIISeALL',  V.  t.  To  call  by  a  wrong  name ; 
to  name  improperly. 

MISCALL'ED,  pp.  "Misnamed. 

MISeALL'ING,  ppr.  Misnaming. 

MISCAR'RIAciE,  n.  Unfortunate  event  of 
an  undertaking  ;  failure. 

When  a  counselor,  to  save  himself, 
Would  lay  miscarriages  upon  his  prince. 

Dryilen. 

2.  Ill  conduct ;  evil  or  improper  behavior ; 
as  the  failings  and  miscarriages  of  the 
righteous.  Rogers. 

3.  Abortion;  the  act  of  bringing  forth  before 
the  time.  Encyc. 

JIISeAR'RY,  V.  i.  To  fail  of  the  intended 
effect ;  not  to  succeed  ;  to  be  unsuccess- 
ful; to  suffer  defeat;  applied  to  persons  or 
undertakings,  and  to  things.  We  say, 
a  project,  scheme,  design,  enterprise,  at- 
tempt, has  miscarried. 

Hav.e  you  not  heard  of  Frederick,  the  great 

soldier,  who  miscarried  at  sea  ?  Shak. 

My  ships  have  all  miscarried.  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  forth  young  before  the  proper 
time  ;  to  suffer  abortion. 

MISeAR'RYlNG,  ppr.  Failing  of  the  in- 
tended efl'ect ;  suffering  abortion.  Hos.  ix 

MISCAST,  V.  t.  To  cast  or  reckon  errone- 
ously. Brown. 

MISC'AST,  pp.  Erroneously  cast  or  reck- 
oned. 

MISCAST,  n.  An  erroneous  east  or  reck 
oning. 

MISCASTING,  ppr.  Casting  or  reckoning 
erroneously. 

MISCELLAiVA'RIAN,  a.  [See  Miscellany 
Belonging   to   miscellanies;   of  miscella- 
nies. 
MiseeUanarian  authors.  Sliaflshury 

MISCELLANA'RIAN,  n.  A  writer  of  mis- 
cellanies. Shaflshury. 

MIS'CELLANE,  Ji.  [h.  miscetUinexis.]  'A 
mixture  of  two  or  more  sorts  of  grain ; 
now  called  meslin.  Bacon. 

MISCELLA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  miscellanens, 
from  misceo,  to  mix.] 

Mixed ;  mingled ;  consisting  of  several 
kinds :  as  a  miscellaneous  publication  ;  a 
miscellaneous  rabble.  Milton. 

MISCELLA'NEOnSNESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  mixed ;  composition  of  various 
kinds. 

JMIS'CELLANY,  n.  [Fr.  miscellanies;  Sp. 
miscelanea ;  L.  miscellanea,  from  misceo,  to 
mix ;  Ch.  Ar.  Jtn,  to  mi,\.  Class  Ms. 
No.  7.1 

•1.  A  mass  or  mixture  of  various  kinds;  par 
ticularly, 


2.  A  book  or  pamphlet  containing  a  collec- 
tion of  compositions  on  various  subjects, 
or  a  collection  of  various  kinds  of  compo- 
sitions. Pope.     Sivifl. 

MIS'CELLANY,   a.    Miscellaneous.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

MISCEN'TER,  v.  t.  To  place  amiss.  [Not 
in  use.]  Donne. 

MISCHANCE,  71.111  luck;  ill  fortune;  mis- 
fortune ;  mishap ;  misadventure. 

It  is  a  man's  unliappiness,  his  mischance  or 
calamity,  but  not  his  fault.  South. 

MIS€IIAR'A€TERIZE,  v.  t.  [See  Charac- 
ter.']    To  characterize  falsely  or  errone- 
ously i  to  give  a  wrong  character  to. 
They  totally  mischaraclerize  the  action. 

Eton. 

MISCH'ARgE,  v.  I.  To  mistake  in  charg- 
ing, as  an  account. 

MISCirARcE,  n.  A  mistake  in  charging, 
as  an  account ;  an  erroneous  entry  in  an 
account. 

MIS'CHIEF,  n.  [Old  Fr.  meschef;  mes, 
wrong,  and  chef,  head  or  end,  the  root  of 
achieve,  Fr.  achever.] 

1.  Harm;    hurt:     injury;     damage;     evi 
whether  intended  or  not.     A  new  law  is 
made  to  remedy  the  mischief. 

2.  Intentional  injury ;  harm  or  damage  done 
!     by  design. 

Thy  tongue  deviseth  mischief.     Ps.  hi. 
.3.  Ill  consequence  ;  evil ;  vexatious  affair. 
The  mischief  was,  these  allies  would  never 

allow  that  the  commoD  enemy  was  subdued. 

Swift 
MIS'CHIEF,   V.  t.    To  hurt ;  to  harm ;  to 

injure.  Sprat 

MISCHIEF-MAKER,  n.  One  who  makes 

mischief;  one   who  excites   or  instigates 

quarrels  or  enmity. 
MISCHIEF-MAKING,  a.  Causing  harm  ; 

exciting  enmity  or  quarrels.  Rowe. 

MIS'CHIEVOUS,  a.  Harmful;  hurtful ;  in 

jurious;  making  mischief;  of  persons ;  as 

a  mischievous  man  or  disposition. 

2.  Hurtful;  noxious;  as  a  mischievous  thing. 

Arhuthnot. 

3.  Inclined  to  do  harm;  as  a  mischievous  ho-ij. 
MIS'CHIEVOUSLY,    adv.    With    injury, 

hurt,  loss  or  damage.     VVe  say,  the  law 
operates  mischievously. 

2.  With  evil  intention  or  disposition.  The 
injury  was  done  mischievously. 

MIS'CHIEVOUSNESS,  »i.  Hurtfulness ; 
noxiousness. 

2.  Disposition  to  do  harm,  or  to  vex  or  an- 
noy ;  as  the  mischievousness  of  youth. 

,1/iscftic/ denotes  injury,  harm  or  damage  of 
less  malignity  and  magnitude  than  what 
are  usually  called  crimes.  We  never  give 
the  name  of  mischief  to  theft,  robbery  or 
murder.  And  it  so  commonly  implies  in 
tention  in  committing  petty  offenses,  that 
it  shocks  us  to  hear  the  word  applied  to 
the  calamities  inflicted  by  Providence.  We 
say,  a  tempest  has  done  great  damage,  but 
not  mischief.  In  like  jnanner,  the  adjec- 
tive mischievous  is  not  applied  to  thieves, 
pirates  and  other  felons,  but  to  persons 
committing  petty  tres|)asscs  and  offenses 

MISCH'NA,  n.  A  part  of  the  Jewish  Tal- 
nnul.     [See  Mishna.] 

MISCHOOSE,  V.  t.   mischooz'.    To  choose 


wrong  ;  to  make  a  wrong  choice. 


MISCHO'SEN,  pp.  Chosen  by  mistake. 

MIS'CIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  misceo,  to  mix.] 
That  may  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  are 
not  miscible. 

MISCITA'TION,  »i.  A  wrong  citation  ;  er- 
roneous quotation.  Collier. 

MISCI'TE,  ■('.  I.  To  cite  erroneously  or 
falsely. 

MIS€LA'IM,  n.  A  mistaken  claim  or  de- 
mand. Bacon. 

MIS€OMPUTA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  com- 
putation ;  false  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

MISCOMPU'TE,  v.t.  To  compute  or  reck- 
on erroneously. 

MISCONCE'IT,  I        Erroneous    con- 

MISepNCEP'TION,  S  "■  ception  ;  false 
opinion  ;  wrong  notion  or  understanding 
of  a  thing. 

Great  errors  and  dangers  result  from  a  miscon- 
ception of  the  names  of  things.  Harvey. 

MISCONCEIVE,  1-.  t.  or  i.  To  receive  a 
false  notion  or  opinion  of  any  thing  ;  to 
misjudge  ;  to  have  an  erroneous  under- 
standing of  any  thing. 

To  yield  to  others  just  and  reasonable  causes 
of  those  tilings,  which,  for  want  of  due  consid- 
eration heretofore,  they  have  misconceived. 

Hooker. 

MISeONCE  IVED,  pp.  Wrongly  under- 
stood ;  mistaken. 

MISCONCEIVING,  ppr.  Mistaking  ;  mis- 
understanding. 

MISCON'DUCT,  n.  Wrong  conduct;  ill 
behavior  ;  ill  management.  Addison. 

MISCONDUCT',  v.\.  To  conduct  amiss; 
to  mismanage. 

MISCONDUCT',  V.  i.  To  behave  amiss. 

MISCONDUCT'ED,/)/).  Ill  managed;  bad- 
ly conducted. 

MISCONDUCT'ING,  ppr.  Mismanaging  ; 
misbehaving. 

MISCONJEC'TURE,  n.  A  wrong  conject- 
ure or  guess. 

MISCONJEC'TURE,  v.  t.  or  i.  To  guess 
wrong. 

MISCONSTRUCTION,  n.  Wrong  inter- 
pretation of  words  or  things  ;  a  mistaking 
of  the  true  meaning  ;  as  a  misconstruction 
of  words  or  actions. 

MISCONSTRUE,  v.  t.   To  interpret  erro- 
neously either  words  or  things.     It  is  im- 
portant not  to  misconstrue  the  Scriptures. 
Do  not,  great  sir,  misconstrtte  his  intent. 

Dryden. 

A  virtuous  emperor  was  much  affected  to  find 

his  actions  misconstrued.  Addison. 

MISCON'STRUED,  j9;>.  Erroneously  inter- 
preted. 

MISCON'STRUER,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
wrong  interpretation. 

MISCON'STRUING,  ppr.  Interpreting 
wrongly. 

MISCORRECT',  V.  t.  To  correct  erroneous- 
ly ;  to  mistake  in  attempting  to  correct 
another. 

He  passed  the  first  seven  years  of  his  life  at 
Mjntu.i,  not  seventeen,  as  Scaliger  miscorrects 
liis  author.  Dryden. 

MISCORRECT  ED,  pp.  Mistaken  in  the 
attempt  to  correct. 

MISCOUN'SEL,  I',  t.  To  advise  wrong. 

Spenser. 

MISCOUNT',  V.  t.  To  count  erroneously  ; 
to  mistake  in  counting. 

MISCOUNT',  1'.  1.  To  make  a  wrong  reck- 
.Milton.l     oning.  •B/''  Patrick. 


]>!  I  S 


MIS 


M  I  S 


MISCOUNT',  71.  An  erroneous  counting  or 

numbering. 
MJS'eRKANCE,  >        [See  Miscreant.]   Vn- 
MIS'CREANCY,  j  "'    belief  ;    false    faith  ; 

adherence  to  a  false  religion.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
MIS'CREANT,   n.    [Fr.   mkreant  ;    Norni.| 

mescreaunt ;  mes,  wrong,  and  creance,  belief, 

from  L.  credens,  credo.] 

1.  An  infidel,  or  one  who  embraces  a  false 
faith. 

2.  A  vile  wretch  ;  an  unprincipled  fellow. 

Addison. 
MISCREA'TE,  ?  Formed  unnaturally 
MISCREA'TED,  S  "  or  illegitimately  ;  de- 
formed. Obs.  Spenser. 
MISDATE,  n.  A  wrong  date. 
MISDA'TE,  t'.  {.  To  date  erroneously. 
MISDEE'D,  n.  An  evil  deed  ;  a  wicked 
action. 

Evils  which  our  own  misdeeds  have  wrought. 

Milton. 
MISDEE'M,   V.  t.    To  judge  erroneously  ; 
to  misjudge  ;  to  mistake  in  judging. 

Spenser. 
MISDEME'AN,  v.  t.  To  behave  ill.     Shak. 
MISDEMEANOR,    ?i.    Ill   behavior  ;    evil 
conduct  ;  fault  ;  mismanagement. 

South. 
2.  In  law,  an  offense  of  a  less  atrocious  na 
turc  than  a  crime.  Crimes  and  misde- 
meanors are  mere  synonymous  terms ;  but 
in  common  usage,  the  word  crime  is  made 
to  denote  offenses  of  a  deeper  and  more 
atrocious  dye,  while  small  faults  and  omiss 
ions  of  less  consequence  are  comprised 
under  the  gentler  name  of  misdeyneanors. 

Blackstone. 
MISDESERT',  n.  Ill  desert.  Spenser. 

MISDEVO'TION,  )i.  False  devotion  ;  mis 
taken  piety.     [LAttle  used.]  Donne. 

MISDI'ET,  ?».  Improper  diet  or  food.  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

MISDIRECT',  V.  t.  To  give  a  wrong  direc- 
tion to  ;  as,  to  misdirect  a  passenger. 
2.  To  direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place  ;  as, 

to  misdirect  a  letter. 
MISDIRECT'ED,  pp.   Directed  wrong,  or 

to  a  wrong  person  or  place. 
MISDIRECT'ING,  ppr.    Directing   wrong, 

or  to  a  wrong  person  or  place. 

MISDISPOSI"TION,  n.  Disposition  to  evil. 

[JVol  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MISDISTIN'GUISH,  v.  t.  To  make  wrongi 

distinctions.  Hooker. 

MISDO,  V.  t.  [See  Do.]     To  do  wrong  ;  to, 

do  amiss  ;  to  commit  a  crime  or  fault. 

Milton. 
MISD6ER,  n.  One  who  does  wrong  ;  one 
who  conmiits  a  fault  or  crime.        Spenser. 
MISDOING,  ppr.   Doing  wrong  ;  commit- 
ting a  fault  or  crime. 
MISDOING,  71.  A  wrong  done  ;  a  fault  or 
crime ;   an  offense.  L'Estrange. 

MISDOUBT,  V.  t.  misdout'.  [See  Doubt.] 
To  suspect  of  deceit  or  danger.  [An  ill 
formed  word  and  not  in  use.] 

Sidney.     Shah.     Dryden. 
MISDOUBT',  71.  Suspicion  of  crime  or  dan- 
ger.    [.Vot  used.]  Shak. 
2.  Irresolution  ;  hesitation.    [JVot  used.'] 

Shak. 
MISDOUBT'FUL,  a.  Misgiving.     [A'ot  us- 
ed.] Spenser.l 
MiSE,  71.  meie.     [Fr.  mis,  put,  laid,  pp.   of 
77K«re,  L.  viitto  ;  Norm,  mise.]  I 


Hale.] 
entry   or 


1.  In  law,  an  issue  to  be  tried  at  the  grand 
assize. 

2.  Expense  ;  cost. 

3.  A  tax  or  tallage ;  in  Wales,  an  honora- 
ry gift  of  the  people  to  a  new  king  or 
prince  of  Wales ;  also,  a  tribute  paid  in^ 
the  county  Palatine  of  Chester  at  the. 
change  of  the  owner  of  the  earldoms. 

Encyc.l 

MISEMPLOY',  i>.  t.  To  employ  to  no  pur-' 
pose,  or  to  a  bad  purpose  ;  as,  to  misemployi 
time,  power,  advantages,  talents,  &c. 

Locke.    Addison. 

MISEMPLOYED,  pp.  Used  to  no  purpose, 
or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISEMPLOY'ING,  ppr.  Using  to  no  pur- 
pose, Or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISEMPLOY'MENT,  »i.  Ill  employment ; 
application  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  pur 
pose. 

MISEN'TRY,   71.    An  erroneous 
charge,  as  of  an  account. 

MI'SER,  n.  sas:.  [L.  Tniser,  miserable.]  A 
miserable  person  ;  one  wretched  or  af- 
flicted.    Obs.  Spenser. 

2.  A  wretch  ;  a  mean  fellow.     Obs.      Shak: 
'.}.  An  extremely  covetous  person  ;  a  sordid 

wretch  ;  a  niggard  ;  one  who  in  wealth 
makes  himself  miserable  by  the  fear  of 
poverty.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which 
it  is  now  used.] 

No  silver  saints  by  dying  misers  given. 

Pope. 
MIS'ERABLE,    a.   s  or  :.     [Fr.   miserable, 
from  L.  miser,  miserabilis.] 

1.  Very  unhappy  from  grief,  pain,  calamity, 
poverty,  apprehension  of  evil,  or  other 
cause.  It  however  expresses  somewhat 
less  than  wretched. 

AVhat  hopes  delude  thee,  miserable  man  ?      | 

Zhryden., 
Very  poor  ;  worthless.  I 

Miserable  comroiters  are  ye  all.      Job  xvi. 

3.  Causing  unhappiness  or  misery. 
What's  more  miserable  dian  discontent .'         i 

Shak. 

4.  Very  poor  or  mean  ;  as  a  miserable  hut  ; 
miserable  clothing. 

a.  Very  poor  or  barren  ;  as  a  miserable  soil. 
6.  Very    low  or  despicable  ;  as  a  miserable 

person. 
MIS'ERABLENESS,  n.    State  of  misery  ; 

j)Oorness. 
MIS'ERABLY,    adv.    Unhappily  ;  calami 
tously. 

The  fifth  was  miserably  stabbed  to  death.       ! 

South. 

2.  Very  poorly  or  meanly ;  wretchedly.  They! 
were  miserably  entertained.  Sidney. 

3.  In  misery  or  unhappiness. 
MI'SERLY",  a.  [SeeMser.]  Very  covetous;! 

sordid  ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 
MIS'ERY,  71.  s  as  z.    [L.  miseria  ;   Fr.  mi- 
she.] 

1.  Great  unhappiness  ;  extreme  pain  of  body 
or  mind.  A  man  suffers  misery  from  the 
gout,  or  from  great  afflictions,  distress,  ca- 
lamity, and  other  evils.  Misery  expresses 
somewhat  less  than  wretchedness. 

Misery  is  as  really  the  fruit  of  vice  reigning 
in  the  heart,  as  tares  are  the  produce  of  tares 
sown  in  the  field.  J.  Lathrop.^ 

2.  Calamity;  misfortune ;  natural  evils  which 
are  the  cause  of  misery. 

And  mourn  the  niisenes  of  human  life. 

Dryden. 

3.  Covetousness.     [.Kot  used.]  Shak. 


MISES'TIMATE,  v.  t.  To  estimate  cnone- 
ously.  Mitford- 

MISFALL',  V.  t.  To  befall,  as  ill  luck;  to 
happen  to  unluckily.  Spenser. 

MISFA'RE,  71.  Ill  fare ;  misfortune. 

Spenser. 
MISFASII'ION,  V.  t.  To  form  wrong. 

HaketvUl. 

MISFE'ASANCE,  ti.  mlife'zance.   [Fr.  mes 

and/aisaiice,  from/aiVf,  to  do.]     In  law,  a 

trespass  ;  a  wrong  done.  Encyc. 

MISFORM  ,  V.  t.  To  make  of  an  ill  form  ;  to 

put  in  an  ill  shape.  Sptnmr. 

MISFORTUNE,  71.   Ill  fortune  ;  ill   luck  ; 

calamity  ;  an  eril  or  cross  accident ;  as  loss 

of  projierty  at  sea  or  by  fire. 

Consider  why  the  change  was  wrought. 
You'll  find  it  his  misfortune,  not  his  fault. 

Jiddison . 
MISFOR'TUNED,  a.  Unfortunate. 

Millon. 
MISGIVE,  v.t.  misgiv'.  [See  Give.]    To  fill 
with  doubt;  to  deprive  of  confidence  ;  to 
fail  ;  usually  applied  to  the  heart. 

So  doth  njy  heart  misgive  me.  Shak. 

His  heart  misgave  him.  Jiddison. 

2.  To  give  or  grant  amiss.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Laud. 
MISGIVING,  ppr.    Filling   with  doubt  or 

distrust ;  failing. 
MISGIV  IN'G,  71.  A  failing  of  confidence  ; 
doubt  ;  distrust. 

Doubts,  suspicions  and  misgivings.      South. 
MISGOT'TEN,  a.  Unjustly  obtained. 
MISGOV'ERN,  v.t.  To  govern  ill ;  to  ad- 
minister unfaithfully. 

Solyman    charged  hiru  bitterly   that  he  had 

misgoverned  tlie  state.  Knoltes. 

MISGOV'ERNANCE,  ?i.    Ill  government; 

lisorder ;  irregularity.  Spenser. 

MISGOVERNED,  pp.\\\  governed  ;  badly 

administered. 

2.  Rude;  unrestrained;  as  rude,  mwgforeni- 

ed  hands.  Shak. 

MISGOV'ERNMENT,  71.  Ill  administration 

of  public  affairs.  Raleigh. 

2.  Ill  njanagement  in  private  affairs. 

Taylor. 

3.  Irregularity  ;  disorder.  Shak. 
MISGR-AFF,  r.  /.  To  graft  amiss. 
MISGROUND',  v.t.  To  found  erroneonslv. 

Hall. 
MISGUIDANCE,    n.     Wrong    direction  ; 
guidance  into  error.  South. 

MISGUIDE,  V.  t.  To  lead  or  guide  into  er- 
ror ;  to  direct  ill ;  as,  to  misguide  the  un- 
derstanding or  mind.  Locke.     Pope. 
MISGUI'DED,  pp.  Led  astray  by  evil  coun- 
sel or  wrong   direction  ;  as  a  misguided 
prince. 
MISGUIDING,  ppr.   Giving 
tion  to  ;  leading  into  error. 
MIS'GUM,     ^      An  anguillifoim  fisli  about 
MIS'GURN,  (  "'the  size  of  a  common  eel. 

Diet.  Xat.  Hist. 
MISHAP',  71.  Ill  chance  ;  evil  accident  ;  ill 
luck  ;  misfortune. 

Secure  from  worldly  chances  and  mishaps. 

Shak. 
MISHAP'PEN,  V.  i.  To  happen  ill. 

Spenser. 
MISHEAR,  V.  t.  To  mistake  in  hearing. 
MISH'NA,  n.  A  collection  or  digest  of  Jew- 
ish traditions  and  explanations  of  Scrip- 
ture. 


Prior, 
wrong  direc- 


M  I  S 


MIS 


MIS 


MISH'Nie,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Mishna.  Enfield.     Encyc. 

MISIMPROVE,  V.  t.    misimproov'.    To  im- 
prove to  a  bad  purpose  ;  to  abuse  ;  as,  to 
viisimprove  time,  talents,  advantages. 
MISIMPROVE  D,    pp.  Used  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose. 
MISIMPR6VEMENT,  n.  misimproov' ment. 
Ill  use  or  employment ;  improvement  to  a 

bad  purpose. 
MISINFER',  I',  t.  To  draw  a  wrong  infer- 
ence. Hooker. 
MISINFORM',  V.  t.  To  give  erroneous  in- 
formation to  ;  to  communicate  an  incorrect 
statement  of  facts.  Bacon. 
MISINFORMA'TION,  n.  Wrong  informa- 
tions ;  false   account   or   intelligence   re- 
ceived.                                   Bacon.     Soiilh. 
MISINFORM'ED,;;;}.  Wrongly  informed. 
MISINFORM'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  wrong 

information. 
MISINFORMING,    ppr.    Communicating 

erroneous  information  to. 
MISINSTRUCT',  V.  t.  To  instruct  amiss. 

Hooker. 
MISINSTRUC'TION,   n.   Wrong  instruc- 
tion. More. 
MISINTEL'LIGENCE,    n.    Wrong  infor- 
mation ;  disagreement. 
MISINTERPRET,  v.  t.  To  interpret  erro- 
neously ;  to  understand  or  to  explain  in  a 
wrong  sense.                                  jirhuthnot. 
MISINTERPRETA'TION,  n.   The  act  of 

interpreting  erroneously. 
MISINTER'PRETED,  a.  Erroneously  un 

derstood  or  explained. 
MISINTER'PRETER,  n.  One  who  inter 

prets  erroneously- 
MISINTERPRETING,  ppr.  Erroneously 

interpreting. 
MISJOIN',  V.  t.  To  join  unfitly  or  improp- 
erly. Milton.     Drijden 
MISJOIN'ED,  pp.  Improperly  united. 
MISJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  unfitly  or  im- 
properly. 
MISJUDGE,   r.  t.   misjuilji.   To  mistake  in 
judging  of;  to  judge  erroneously. 

UEstrange. 
MISJUDGE,  V.  i.  misjudj'.  To  err  in  judg 
ment  ;  to  form  false  opinions  or  notions. 
MISJUDG'ED,  pp.  Judged  erroneously. 
MISJUDG'ING,   ppr.   Judging  erroneously 
of;  forming  a  wrong  opinion  or  inference 
MISJUDG'MENT,  )i.   A  wrong  or  unjust 
determination.  Hale. 

MIS'KIN,  n.  A  little  bagpipe. 
MISKIN'DLE,  ■!>.  t.    To  kindle  amiss ;  to 

inflauio  to  a  bad  purpose. 
MISLA'ID,  pp.  Laid  in  a  wrong  place,  or 

place  not  recollected  ;  lost. 
MISLA'Y,  v.  t.  To  lay  in  a  wrong  place. 
The  fault  is  generally  mislaid  upon  nature. 

Locke. 

9.  To  lay  in  a  place  not  recollected  ;  to  lose. 

Ifllie  biilk'i  be  the  tell-tule,  Hiis/oy  a  spoon 

so  as  he  may  never  find  it.  Swift. 

MISLA'YER.  ?).  One  that  lays  in  a  wrong 

place  ;  one  that  loses.  Bacon. 

MISL.\'YIN(J,    ppr.    Laying   in   a   wrong 

place,  or  place  not  remembered  ;  losing. 
MISLE,  V.  i.  mis'l.  [from  mist,  and  proper- 
ly mistlc] 
To  rain  in  very  fine  drops,  like  a  thick  mist. 

Gay.     Dtrham. 

MISLE'AD,  V.  I.  prct.  imd  i>i).  misled.    (See 

Lead.]  ^       I 


To  lead  into  a  wrong  way  or  path  ;  to  lead 
astray ;  to  guide  into  error  ;  to  cause  to 
mistake  ;  to  deceive. 

Trust  not  servants  who  mislead  or  misinform 
you.  Bacon. 

But  of  the  two,  less  dangerous  is  th'  offense, 
To  tire  our  patience,  than  mislead  out  sense. 

Pope 
MISLE'ADER,  n.  One  who  leads  into  error.' 
MISLE'ADING,  ppr.   Leading  into  error  ; 

causing  to  err  ;  deceiving. 
MISLED',  pp.  of  mislead.  Led  into  error ; 
led  a  wrong  way. 

— To  give  due  light 
To  the  misled  and  lonely  traveller.     Milton. 

MISLI'KE,  V.  t.  To  dislike  ;  to  disapprove  ; 

to  have  aversion  to  ;  as,  to  mislike  a  man 

or  an  opinion.  Raleigh.     Sidney.] 

[For  this  word,  dislike  is  generally  used.] 

MISLI'KE,  »i.  Dishke  ;  disapprobation  ; 
aversion. 

MISLI'KED,  pp.  Disliked ;  disapproved. 

MlSLI'KEIl,  n.  One  that  dislikes. 

MISLI'KING,  ppr.  Dishking  ;  disapprov- 
ing. 

MISLIN,     [See  Meslin.] 

MISLIVE,  V.  i.  misliv'.  To  live  amiss.  [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

MISLUCK',  n.  Ill  luck  ;  inisfortune. 

MIS'LY,  a.  [See  Misle  and  Mist.]  Raining 
in  very  small  drops. 

MISMAN'AgE,  r.  /.  To  manage  ill  ;  to  ad- 
minister improperly  ;  as,  to  mismanage 
public  afliairs. 

MISMAN'AgE,  v.  i.  To  behave  ill ;  to  con- 
duct amiss. 

MISiMAN'AGED,  pp.  Ill  managed  or  con- 
ducted. 

MISMAN'AgEMENT,  n.  Ill  or  improper 
management  ;  ill  conduct  ;  as  the  mis- 
management of  public  or  private  affairs. 

MISMAN'AgER,  n.  One  that  manages  ill. 

MISMAN'AGING,  ppr.  Managing  ill. 

MISM'ARK,  v.  I.  To  mark  with  the  wrong 
token  ;  to  mark  erroneously.  Collie 

MISM^ARKED,  pp.  Wrongly  marked. 

MISM'ARKING,;)pr.  Marking  erroneously. 

MISMATCH',  V.  t.  To  match  unsuitably. 

Southern. 

MISMATCII'ED,  pp.  Unsuitably  matched  ; 
ill  joined. 

MISMATCII'ING,  ppr.  Matching  in  an  un- 
suitable manner. 

MISNA'iME,  r.  t.  To  call  by  the  wrong 
name.  Boyle. 

MISNA'MED,  p/).  Called  by  a  wrong  name. 

MISNA'MING,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  wrong 
name. 

MISNO'MER,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mes,  wrong,  and 
nommer,  to  name.] 

In  laiv,  the  mistaking  of  the  true  name  of 
a  person  ;  a  misnaming.  [Misnosmer,  as 
written  by  Blackstone,  must  be  a  corrupt 
orthography.  In  no  dialect  has  name,  L.  no- 
men,  been  written  with  s,  unless  by  mis- 
take.] 

MISOBE'DIENCE,  n.  Erroneous  obedi- 
ence or  disobedience.     [JVb<  used.] 

Milton. 
MISOBSERVE,l^^  misohzerv'.  To  observe 
inaccurately  ;  to  mistake  in  observing. 

Locke. 
MISOG'AMIST,  n.  [Gr.  fuofw,  to  hate,  and 

yafios,  marriage.] 
A  hater  of  marriage. 


n.  [Gr.  fiifffu,  to  hate,  and 

[Unusual]  Fuller. 

[supra.]  Hatred  of  the  fe- 


MISOO'YNIST, 

yvvt],  woman.] 

A  woman  hater. 

MISOG'YNY,  n. 
male  sex. 

MISOPIN'ION,  n.  Erroneous  opinion. 

Bp.  Hall. 

MISOR'DER,  V.  t.  To  order  ill;  to  manage 
erroneously.     Obs.  Ascham. 

2.  To  manage  ill ;  to  conduct  badly.     Obs. 

Shak. 

MISOR'DER,  n.  Irregularity;  disorderly 
proceedings.     [We  now  use  disorder.] 

Camden. 

MISOR'DERLY,  a.  Irregular ;  disorderly. 

Ascham. 

MISPELL,  MISPEND,  &c.  [See  Miss- 
spell,  Miss-spend.] 

MISPERSUA'DE,  j;.  t.  To  persuade  amiss, 
or  to  lead  to  a  wrong  notion.  Hooker. 

MISPERSUA'SION,  Ji.  A  false  persuasion  ; 
wrong  notion  or  opinion.     Decay  of  Piety. 

MISPIK'EL,  n.  Arsenical  pyrite;  an  ore  of 
arsenic,  containing  this  metal  in  combina- 
tion with  iron,  sometimes  found  in  cubic 
crystals,  but  more  often  without  any  regu- 
lar form.  Fourcroy. 

MISPL.\'CE,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  wrong  place  ; 
as,  the  book  is  misplaced. 

2.  To  place  on  an  improper  object ;  as,  he 
misplaced  his  confidence.  South. 

JMISPLA'CED,;)/).  Put  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
on  an  improper  object. 

MISPLA'CING,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  wrong 
place,  or  on  a  wrong  object. 

MISPLE'AD,  I',  i.  To  err  in  pleading. 

Blackstone. 

MISPLE  ADING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake 
in  pleading. 

MISPLEADING,  n.  A  mistake  in  plead- 
ing. 

MISPOINT',  v.t.  To  point  improperly ;  to 
err  in  punctuation. 

MISPRINT',  v.t.  To  mistake  in  printing; 
to  i)rint  wrong. 

MISPRINT',  n.  A  mistake  in  printing;  a 
deviation  from  the  copy.  Ch.  t)bs. 

MISPRINT'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  printed. 

MISPRINT'ING,;7;jr.  Printing  wrong. 

MISPRI'SE,   ?       .  [Fr.  meprendre,  mepris; 

MISPRI'ZE,  ^  ■  '  mes,  v,vong,aud prendre, 
to  take.] 

1.  To  mistake.  Shak. 

2.  To  slight  or  undervalue. 
O  for  those   vanish'd  hours,  so  much  mis- 

pris'd.  ,  Ilillhouse. 

MISPRISION,?!,  misprizh'un.  [supra.]  Ne- 
glect ;  contempt. 

I.  Inlaw,  any  high  offense  under  the  degree  of 
capital, but  nearly  bordering  thereon.  Mis- 
prision is  contained  in  every  treason  and 
felony.  Misprisions  arc  divided  into  nega- 
tive and  positive  ;  negative,  vvliich  consist  in 
the  concealment  of  something  which  ought 
to  be  revealed  ;  and  po.^itire,  which  consist 
in  the  commission  of  something  which 
ought  not  to  be  done.  .Misprision  of  treas- 
on, consists  in  a  bare  knowledge  and  con- 
cealment of  treason,  without  assenting  to 
it.  Blackstone. 

Maladministration  in  offices  of  high 
pid>lic  trust,  is  a  positive  misprisioix.      Ibm. 

:!.  Mistake ;  oversight  ;  contempt.  [J^'ot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

MISPROOEE'DING,  n.  Wrong  or  irrcgu- 
j.'u-  ])r(ic(cding.  Bacon. 


MIS 


MIS 


M  I  S 


MISPROFESS',  V.  t.  To  make  a  false  pro- 
fession ;  to  make  pretensions  to  skill  whicli 
is  not  possessed.  Donne. 

MISPRONOUNCE,  v.  I.  mispronouns'.  To 
pronounce  erroneously ;  as,  to  mispro- 
nounce a  word,  a  name,  &c. 

MISPRONOUNCE,  v.  i.  mispronouns'.  To 
speak  incorrectly.  Milton. 

MISPRONUNCIA'TION,  n.  A  wrong  or 
improper  pronunciation.  &cnft. 

MISPROPO'RTION, «.  f.  To  err  in  propor- 
tioning one  thing  to  another  ;  to  join  with- 
out due  proportion. 

MISPROUD',  a.  Vitiously  proud.  [JVo«  used.] 

Shak. 

MISQUOTA'TION,  n.  An  erroneous  quo 
tation  ;  the  act  of  quoting  wrong. 

MISaUO'TE,  V.  t.  To  quote  erroneously ; 
to  cite  incorrectly. 

MISCiUO'TED,  pp.  Incorrectly  quoted  or 
cited. 

MISQUO'TING,  ppr.  Quoting  or  citing  er- 
roneously. 

MISRA'TE,  v.t.  To  rate  erroneously ;  to  es- 
timate falsely.  Barrow. 

MISRECI'TAL,  n.  An  inaccurate  recital. 

MISRECI'TE,  V.  t.  To  recite  erroneously. 

Branihall 

MISRECI  TED,  pji.  Recited  incorrectly. 

MISRECI'TING,;)pr.  Reciting  erroneously 

MISRECK'ON,  V.  t.  To  reckon  or  compute 
wrong.  Swi/l 

MISRECK'ONED,  pp.  Reckoned  or  com 
puted  erroneously. 

MISRECK'ONING,;j;)r.  Reckoning  wrong; 
and  as  a  noun,  an  erroneous  computation. 

MISRELA'TE,  v.  t.  To  relate  falsely  or  in- 
accurately. Boyle 

MISRELA'TED,;);;.  Erroneously  related  or 
told. 

MISRELA'TING,  ppr.  Relating  or  telling 
erroneously. 

MISRELA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  relation  or 
narration.  Branihall. 

MISREMEM'BER,  v.  t.  To  mistake  in  re- 
membering ;  not  to  remember  correctly. 

Boyle. 

ailSREMEM'BERED,  pp.  Inaccurately  re- 
collcclGti. 

MISREMEM'BERING,/i;)r.  Remembering 
inaccurately. 

MISREPORT,  V.  t.  To  report  erroneously  ; 
to  give  an  incorrect  account  of.         Locke. 

MISREPORT,  n.  An  erroneous  report;  a 
false  or  incorrect  account  given. 

Denham.     South 

MISREPORTED,  pp.  Incorrectly  reported. 

MISREPORTING,  ppr.  Reporting  incor- 
rectly. 

MISREPRESENT',  v.  t.  To  represent  false- 
ly or  incorrectly  ;  to  give  a  false  or  erro- 
neous representation,  either  maliciously, 
igiiorantly  or  carelessly.  Swift. 

MISREPRESENTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of 
giving  a  false  or  erroneous  representation. 

Swijl. 

9.  A  false  or  incorrect  account  given,  either 
from  mistake,  carelessness  or  malice. 

Jltterhury. 

MISREPRESENTED,  pp.  Falsely  or  erro- 
neously represented. 

3IISREPRESENT'ER,  71.  One  who  gives 
a  false  or  erroneous  account. 

MISREPRESENTING,  ppr.  Giving  a  false 
or  erroneous  representation. 

[J\'ole.    Tills  word  is  so  customarily  usetl  for 

Vol.  II. 


an  euphemism,  or  as  a  softer  expression  for  lie 
ot  falsehood.,  as  to  convey  the  idea  generally  of 
intenlional  falsehood.  This  signification  how- 
ever is  not  necessarily  implied.] 

MISREPU'TE,  V.  t.  To  have  in  wrong  esti- 
mation. 

MISREPU'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Erroneously  re- 
puted. Milton. 

MISRU'LE, n.  Disorder;  confusion  ;  tumult 
from  insubordination. 

Enormous  riot  and  misrule —  Pope. 

2.  Unjust  domination. 

MISRU'LY,  a.  Unruly  ;  ungovernable  ;  tur- 
bulent. Hall. 

MISS,  ?i.  [supposed  by  Bailey  to  be  con- 
tracted from  mistress.  But  probably  it  is 
from  the  Armoric  7nesell,  a  young  lady,  or 
contracted  from  Fr.  demoiselle,  Sp.  dami 
sola.     See  Damsel.] 

1 .  The  title  of  a  young  woman  or  girl ;  as 
little  masters  and  misses.  Swift. 

A  kept  mistress ;  a  prostitute  retained  ;  a 
concubine.  Dryden. 

MISS,  V.  t.  [Sax.  missian ;  D.  G.  misseri 
Sw.  mista;  Dan.  mister;  allied  perhaps  to 
L.  mitto,  misi ;  omitto,  omisi.  But  tliis  is  not 
certain.  The  Welsh  has  the  word  in  me 
thu,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  become  abortive,  to; 
miscarry,  to  decay.  See  Class  Md.  No.  8. 
12.  l;3.  14. 16.    Hence  the  prefix  mis.] 

1.  To  fail  in  aim  ;  to  fail  of  reaching  the  ob- 
ject ;  not  to  hit  ;  as,  to  miss  the  mark  ;  to 
miss  the  oliject  intended. 

2.  To  fail  of  finding  the  right  way ;  to  err  in 
attempting  to  find;  as,  to  miss  the  way  or 
the  road. 
To  fail  of  obtaining. 

Orgalus  feared  nothing  but  to  miss  Parthenia. 

Sidney. 

4.  To   learn  or  discover  that  something  is 

wanting,  or  not  where  it  was  supposed  to 

be  ;  as,  to  miss  one's  snuff-box ;  I  missed 

the  first  volume  of  Livy. 

Neither  missed  we  any  thing — .  Nothing  was 
missed  of  all  that  pertained  to  him.  1  Sam.  xxv 

To  be  without ;  as,  we  cannot  miss  him 
Ohs.  Sliak. 

To  omit ;  to  pass  by  ;  to  go  without ;  to 
fail  to  have ;  as,  to  miss  a  meal  of  vict- 
uals. 

She  would  never  tniss  one  day 

A  walk  so  line,  a  sight  so  gay.  Prior. 

To  perceive  the  want  of 

What  by  me  thou  hast  lost,  thou  least  shalt 
?niss.  Milton. 

He  who  has  a  iimi  sincere  friend,  may  want 
all  the  rest  without  ?nissing  them.  South. 

To  fail  of  seeing  or  finding. 
MISS,  V.  i.  To  fiiil  to  hit ;  to  fly  wide  ;  to  de- 
viate from  the  true  direction. 
Flying  bullets  now, 

To  execute  his  rage,  appear  too  slow  ; 

They    miss,    or  sweep   but  common  souls 
away.  Waller. 

Not  to  succeed  ;  to  fail. 

Men  observe  when  things  hit,  and  not  when 
they  miss —  Bacon. 

.3.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry,  as  by  accident. 

The  invention  all  admired,  and  each,  how  he 

To  be  the  inventor  missed.  Milton. 

4.  To  fail  to  obtain,  learn  or  find  ;  with  of. 
On  the   least  reflection,  we  cannot  miss  of 

them.  Attcrbury. 

5.  To  fail ;  to  mistake.  Spenser. 
MISS,  n.  Loss;  want. 

There  will  be  no  great  miss  of  those  which 
arc  lost.  Locke. 

17 


2.  Mistake ;  error. 
He  did  without  any  great  miss  in  tlic  hardest 

points  of  grammar,     [Little  used. 1        Ascham. 

3.  Harm  from  mistake.     Obs.  Spenser. 
MIS'SAL,  n.   [It.  messale;  Fr.  missel.    See 

Mass.] 
The  Romish  mass-book.  Stillingfleet. 

MISSA'Y,  V.  t.  To  say  wrong  ;  to  slander. 

i  Little  used.]  Spenser. 

SSA'Y,  V.  i.  To  speak  ill.  Spenser. 

MISSA'YING,  n.  Wrong  expression. 

Millon. 
MISSEE'M,  D.  J.  To  make  a  false  appear- 
ance. Spenser. 
2.  To  misbecome.  Obs.  Spenser. 
MISSEL,  >  .  <,.,  . 
MIS'SEL-BIRD,  \  "■  ^  ^^^"^^  of  thrush. 
MIS'SELDINE,  n.  The  mistletoe.  [Abt 
used.]  Barrel. 
MISSEM'BLANCE,  n.  False  resemblance. 

Spelrnan. 
MISSERVE,  V.  t.  misserv'.  To  serve  unfaith- 
fully. Arbuthnot. 
MISSHA'PE,  V.  t.   [See  Shape.]   To  shape 
ill ;  to  give  an  ill  form  to  ;  to  deform. 
And  horribly  misshapes  with  ugly  sights. 

Spenser. 
A  mis.»/i(7;)frf  figure.  Pope. 

.Mi.'<>!urjiui  mountains.  Bentley. 

MISSIIA  PKD,  I         III   formed;  deform- 
MISSHA'PEN,  \  PP-  ed  :  ugly. 
MISSHA'PING,  ;);)r.  Giving  an  ill  shape  to. 
MIS'SILE,  a.  [L.  missilis,  from  missus,se{H; 

mitto,  to  send.] 
Thrown   or  sent,  or  that  may  be   thrown. 
A  missile  weapon  is  one  that  is  thrown  by 
the  hand,  or  from   an  engine  in  war,  in 
distinction  from   such  as   are  held  or  re- 
tained in  the  hand,  or  fi.xed.     An  arrow,  a 
dart,  a  javelin,  a  stone,   a  bullet,  a  bomb, 
are  missile  weapons. 
MISS'ING,  ppr.  [from  miss.]  Failing  to  hit, 
to   reach  or  to   find ;   discovering  to  be 
wanting. 
2.  a.  Lost ;  absent  from  the  place  where  it 
was  expected  to  be  found  ;  wanting.    My 
horse  is  missing;  my  pen  or  my  book  is 
missing. 

For  a  time  caught  up  to  God,  as  once 
Moses  was  in  the  mount,  and  missing  long. 

Milton. 
MIS'SION,  n.   [L.   missio,  from    mi«o,   to 
send.] 

1.  A  sending  or  being  sent,  usually  the  lat- 
ter ;  a  being  sent  or  delegated  by  author- 
ity, with  certain  powers  for  transacting 
business ;  commission  ;  as  sent  on  a  for- 
eign mission. 

How  to  begin,  how  to  accomplish  best 
His  end  of  being  on  earth,  and  missi07i  high. 

.miton. 

2.  Persons  sent;  any  number  of  persons  ap- 
pointed by  authority  to  perform  any  ser- 
vice ;  particularly,  the  persons  sent  to 
propagate  religion,  or  evangelize  the 
heathen.  The  societies  for  propagating 
the  gospel  have  missions  in  almost  every 
country.  Last  week  a  mission  sailed  for 
the  Sandwich  isles.  We  have  domestic 
missions  and  foreign  missions. 

3.  Dismission  ;  discbarge  from  service ;  o 
Roman  use  of  the  word ;  in  English,  obso- 
lete. Bacon. 

4.  Faction  ;  party.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
MISSIONARY,  n.  [Fr.  missionaire.]  One 

sent  to  propagate  religion.    Christian  mis- 
sionaries are  called  missionaries  of  the  cross. 


MIS 


M  I  S 


M  1  i? 


MIS'SIO^fARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  missions; 
as  a  missionary  meeting  ;  a  missionary 
fund. 

MISSIONER,  for  missionary,  is  not  used. 

MIS'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Such  as  is  sent;  as  a 
letter  missive. 

2.  Thrown  or  sent,  or  such  as  may  be  sent ; 
as  a  missive  weapon.  Dryden 

MIS'SIVE,  n.  A  letter  sent,  or  a  messen- 
ger. Bacon.  Shak. 

MISSPE'AK,  V.  i.  [See  Speak.]  To  err  or 
mistake  in  speaking.  Shak 

MISSPE'AK,  V.  t.  To  utter  wrong. 

Donne 

MISSPELL',  V.  t.  To  spell  wrong  ;  to  write 
or  utter  with  wrong  letters. 

MISSPELL'ED,  >  Spelled   wrong,  or 

MISSPELT',        I    PP-  with  wrong  letters- 

MISSPELL'ING,  ppr.  Spelling  wrong. 

MISSPELL'ING,  n.  A  wrong  spelling; 
false  orthography. 

MISSPEND',  V.  t.  To  spend  amiss  ;  to  waste 
or  consume  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad 
one ;  as,  to  misspend  time  or  money ;  to 
misspend  life.  Dryden.     Rogers. 

2.  To  waste. 

The  genial  moisture  due 
To  apples,  otherwise  misspends  itself. 

Philips. 

MISSPEND' ER,  n.  One  that  consumes 
prodigally  or  improperly.  JVorris. 

MISSPEND'ING,  pp.  Spending  to  no  pur- 
pose, or  to  a  bad  one. 

MISSPENSE,  n.  misspens'.  A  spending  im- 
properly ;  a  wasting. 

MISSPENT',  ppr.  Ill  spent ;  expended  or 
consumed  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one ; 
as  misspent  time  or  life. 

MISSPO'KE,       (    „„    Uttered  or  spoken 


MISSPOKEN 


.1 


pp. 


MISSTA'TE,  I'.  /.  To  state  wrong  ;  to  make 
an  erroneous  representation  of  facts  ;  as, 
to  misstate  a  question  in  debate. 

Sanderson. 
MISSTA'TED,  pp.  Stated  erroneously. 
MISSTA'TEJIENT,  n.A  wrong  statement ; 
an    erroneous    representation,  verbal   or 
written  ;  as  a  misstatement  of  facts  in  tes- 
timony, or  of  accounts  in  a  report. 

Hamilton. 
iMlSSTA'TING,;)/)c.  Stating  falsely  or  erro- 
neously. 
MIS'SY,  n.  The  suli)hate  of  iron,  having  lost 
the  water  of  its  crystalization,  is  called 
sort;  more  thoroughly  calcined,  it  is  yel- 
low, and  called  missy.  Fourcroy. 
MIST,  n.    [Sax.   D.  misi ;   L.    mixtus,  mis- 

tus,  from  misceo,  to  mix.] 
1.  Water  falling  in  very  numerous,  but  fine 
and  almost  imperceptible  drops. 

A  mist  is  a  multitude  of  small  but  solid  glob- 
ules, whicli  therefore  descend.  Grew. 
'1..  That   which   dims  or  darkens,   and  ob- 
scures or  intercepts  vision. 

Hi.?  passion  cast  a  mist  before  his  sense. 

Dryden. 
MIST,  V.  t.  To  cloud ;  to  cover  with  vapor. 

Shnk. 
MIST-ENeUM'BERED,   a.    Loaded  with 
mist.  J.  Bartow. 

MISTA'KABLE,  a.   That  may  be  miscon- 
ceived or  mistaken.  Brown. 
MISTAKE,   r.t.   To  take  wrong  ;  to  con- 
ceive or  understand  erroneously ;  to  mis- 
understand or  misapprehend. 

'lis  to  mistake  tliem  costs  the  time  and  pain, 

Pope 


2.  To  take  one  thing  or  person  for  another. 
We  mistake  the  eloquence   of  self-apology 
tor  the  animation  of  conscious  integrity. 

Jiutkminster. 

A  man  may  mistake  the  love  of  virtue  for  the 

practice  of  it.  Johnson. 

MISTA'KE,  V.  I.  To  err  in  opinion  or  judg- 
ment. 

Ser^•auts  mistake,  and   sometimes  occasion 
misunderstanding  among  friends.  Stoift. 

MISTA'KE,  n.  An  errorin  opinion  or  judg- 
ment ;  njisconception. 

Infallibility  is  an  absolute  security  of  the  un- 
derstanding from  all  possibility  of  mistake. 

Tillotson. 

2.  A  slip ;  a  fault ;  an  error.  There  is  a 
mistake  in  the  account  or  in  the  date. 

MISTA'KEN.  In  the  use  of  this  participle, 
there  is  a  peculiarity  which  ought  to  be 
carefully  noticed.  When  used  of  persons, 
it  signifies  to  be  in  an  error,  to  be  wrong; 
as,  I  am  mistaken,  you  are  mistaken,  he  is 
mistaken.  But  when  used  of  things,  it 
signifies  misunderstood,  misconceived  ;  as, 
the  sense  of  the  passage  is  mistaken,  that 
is,  no(  rightly  understood. 

MISTA'KER,  ?!.  One  that  mistakes  or  mis- 
understands. 

MISTA'KING,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake;  er- 
ring from  the  truth  ;  misconceiving. 

MISTA'KING,  n.  An  error;  a  mistake. 

Hall. 

ailSTA'KINGLY,  adv.  Erroneously  ;  false- 
ly. Boyle. 

MISTAUGIIT',  pp.  Wrongly  taught ;  as  a 
mistnvght  youtli.  L^Estranse. 

MISTE'ACU,  11.  t.  [See  Teach.]  To  tea'ch 
wrong;  to  instruct  erroneously. 

Sanderson. 

MISTE'ACHING,  ppi:  Instructing  erro- 
neously. 

MISTELL',  V.  f.  [See  Tell.]  To  teil  erro- 
neously. 

MISTEM'PER,  V.  I.  To  temper  ill  ;  to  dis- 
order. Shak. 

MISTEM'PERED,  pp.  Tempered  ill. 

MIS'TER,    n.    [The  pronunciation  of  this 
word  is  i)robably   from   the  Welsh,  Ger 
man  or  Dutch  dialect.     See  Master.] 

The  common  title  of  address  to  gentlemen, 
and  to  men  of  all  classes.  In  writing,  it  is 
expressed  by  the  abbreviation  Mr. 

MIS'TER,  V.  I.  To  occasion  loss.  [Sw.  mis- 
ta.]     [J^Tol  in  use.] 

MISTERM',  V.  t.  To  term  or  denominate 
erroneoufilv.  Shak. 

MISTERM'ED,  pp.  Wrongly  denomina- 
ted. 

MISTERM'ING,  ppr.  Denominating  erro- 
neously. 

MIST'FUL,  a.  Clouded  with  mist. 

MISTIIINK',  V.  i.  [Sec  Think.]  To  think 
wrong.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

MISTHOUGIIT',  pp.  oC  misthink.  Thought 
wrong  of 

Adam,  misthought  of  her  to  thee  so  dear. 

Jifdlon. 

MISTI'ME,  V.  t.  To  time  wrong  ;  not  to 
adapt  to  the  time. 

MISTI'ME,  V.  i.  To  neglect  the  proper 
time. 

MISTI'MED,  pp.  Ill  timed ;  done  at  a 
wrong  time. 

MISTI'MING,  ppr.  Ill  timing  ;  doing  un 
seasonably. 


MIST'INESS,  n.  [See  Mist.]  A  state  of 
being  misty  ;  a  state  of  thick  rain  in  very 
small  drops.  Bacon. 

MIS'TION,  n.  [L.  mistus,  mixtus.  See 
Mix.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  mixed. 

2.  Mixture ;  a  mingling.  Boyle. 
MISTI'TLE,  V.  t.  To  call  by  a  wrong  title 

or  name.  Warhurton. 

MISTI'TLED,  pp.  Wrongly  named. 

MISTLE,  V.  i.  mis'l.  [from  mist.]  To  fall 
in  very  fine  drops,  as  rain.     [See  Missle.] 

MISTLETOE,  ?  .  „,      [Sax.  mistelta ; 

MISLETOE,  \  "•  '""  ""•  Dan.»mH  the 
same  shrub,  and  birdlime  ;  G.  id.] 

A  plant  or  shrub  that  grows  on  trees.  It  is 
of  the  genus  Viscum.  The  berry  contains 
a  glutinous  substance,  and  the  shrub  is 
said  to  be  propagated  by  birds.  This 
plant  was  held  in  great  veneration  by  the 
Druids.  Bacon.     Miller.     Encyc. 

MIrtT'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  mist.       Shak. 

MISTOLD,  pp.  Erroneously  told.  [See 
Tell.] 

MISTOOK',  pret.  of  mistake. 

MISTRA'IN,  V.  t.  To  train  or  educate 
amiss.  Spenser 

MISTRANSLA'TE,  v.  t.  To  translate  er- 
roneously. Macknight. 

MISTRANSLA'TED,  pp.  Erroneously  ren- 
dered into  another  language. 

MISTRANSLA'TING,  ppr.  Translating  in- 
correctly. 

MISTRANSLA'TION,    n.    An    erroneous 

translation  or  version. 
MIS'TRESS,  n.  [Fr.  maitresse ;  It.maestra, 

maestressa  ;  Sp.  maestra  ;  L.  magistra ;  Ir. 

maigh  is  treas.     See  .Master.] 

1.  A  woman  who  governs  ;  correlative  U' 
servant,  slave,  or  subject. 

RIy  mistress  here  lies  murdered  in  her  bed. 

Shak. 

2.  The  female  head  of  a  family. 

'■i.  That  which  governs  ;  a  sovereign.  Rome 
was  mistress  of  the  world. 

4.  One  that  conmiands,  or  has  possession 
and  sovereignty.  The  queen  is  mistress  of 
the  Indies. 

5.  A  female  who  is  well  skilled  in  any  thing ; 
as,  she  ismistrcss  of  arithmetic. 

6.  A  woman  teacher ;  an  instructress  of  a 
school.  Swi/t. 

7.  A  woman  beloved  and  courted. 

Clarendon. 

8.  A  woman  in  keeping  for  lewd  purposes. 

9.  A  term  of  contemptuous  address.     Shak. 
MIS'TRESS,  V.  t.  To  wait  upon  a  mistress; 

to  be  coiu'ting.  Donne. 

MISTRESS-SHIP,  n.  Female  rule  or  do- 
minion. Hall. 

MISTRUST',  n.  [Dan.  mistrOst.  See  Trust.] 
Want  of  confidence  or  trust;  suspicion. 

Milton. 

MISTRUST',  v.  t.  [Dan.  mistrocr ;  Sw.  miss- 
tro.     See  Trust.] 

To  suspect;  to  doubt ;  to  regard  with  jeal- 
ousy or  suspicion. 

Fate  her  own  book  mistrusted  at  the  sight. 

Cowley. 

MISTRUST'ED,  pp.  Suspected. 

MISTRUSTFUL,  a.  Suspicious  ;  doubt- 
ing; wanting  confidence  in.  tl'aller. 

MISTRUST'FyLNESS,  n.  Suspicion  ; 
doubt.  Sidney. 


M  I  T 


MIT 


JM  I  X 


WISTRUST'FULLY,  adv.  With  suspicion 

or  tloubt. 
MISTRUST'ING,  ppr.  Suspecting ;  having 

no  confidence  in. 
MISTRUST'INGLY,  adv.  With  distrust  or 


suspicion. 
MISTKUST'LESS, 


a.   Unsuspecting ;  un- 


suspicious. Carew. 

MISTU'NE,  V.  t.  To  tune  wrong  or  erro- 
neously ;  to  put  out  of  tune.  SktUon. 

MISTURN',  V.  I.  To  pervert.     [JVot  used.] 

MISTU'TOR,  V.  t.  To  instruct  amiss. 

MIST'Y,  a.  [irommisl.]    Overspread   with 
mist ;    filled   with  very   minute  drojis  of| 
rain ;  as  misty  weather  ;  a  misty   atmos 
phere  ;  a  misty  night  or  day. 

Spenser.     Pope. 

2.  Dim;  obscure;  clouded  ;  as  mi's/.!/ sight 

MISUNDERSTAND',  v.t.  To  misconceive  ; 
to  mistake  ;  to  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Locke.     Addison 

MISUNDERSTANDING,  ppr.  Mistaking 
the  meaning. 

MISUNDERSTANDING,  n.  Misconcep- 
tion ;  mistake  of  the  meaning  ;  error. 

Bacon 

2.  Disagreement  ;    difference  ;    dissension 
sometimes  a  softer  name  for  quarrd. 

Sunfl 

MISUNDERSTOOD,    pp.    Misconceived 
mistaken  ;  understood  erroneously. 

South 

MlSUSAtiE,  n.  misyu'zage.  Ill  usage  ; 
abuse. 

MISUSE,  V.  t.  viisyu'ze.  [Fi:  mesuser.  See 
Use.] 

1.  To  treat  or  use  improperly;  to  use  to  a 
bad  purpose.  Milton. 

2.  To  abuse  ;  to  treat  ill. 

MISUSE,  n.  misyu'se.  Ill  treatment;  im- 
proper use ;  employment  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  as  the  misuse  of  mercies.      Addison. 

2.  Abuse  ;  ill  treatment.  Shak. 

3.  Wrong  application  ;  misapplication  ;  er- 
roneous use  ;  as  the  misuse  of  words. 

Locke. 
MISUSED,  pp.  misyu'zed.  Improperly  used 

or    applied  ;    misapplied  ;    misemployed  ; 

abused. 
MISUSING,  ppr.  misyu'zing.  Using  improp- 
erly ;  abusing;  misapplying. 
MISVOUCir,  I'.  /.  To  vouch  falsely. 
MISWEAR,  V.  t.  To  swear  ill.     Obs. 

Bacon. 
MISWED',  V.  t.  To  wed  improperly. 
MISWED'DED,  pp.  Ill  matched. 
MISWEE'N,  v.i.  To  misjudge;  to  distrust. 

Speiiser. 
MISWEND',  V.  i.  To  go  wrong.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
MISWRI'TE,  V.  t.  [See   IFrite.]    To  write 

incorrectly.  Bp.  Cosin. 

AIISWROUGHT,       a.      misraut  .       Badly 

wrought.  Bacon. 

MISY.     [See  Missy.] 
MISZEALOUS,  a.  miszel'ous.  Actuated  by 

false  zeal.  Bp.  Hall. 

MITE,  n.  [Sax.  mite  :  D.  myl ;  Dan.  mid  ;  Fr. 

mile  ;  Heb.  Ch.   Bi'a,   small.     Class  Md. 

No.  17.] 

1.  A  very  small  insect  of  the  genus  Acarns. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  small  iiiece  of  money,  the 
quarter  of  a  denarius,  or  about  seven  Eng- 
lish farthings.  Encyc. 

8.  Any  thing  proverbially  very  small ;  a  very 
little  particle  or  quantity.  Dryden. 


4.  The  twentieth  part  of  a  grain. 

Arhuthnot. 
MITEL'LA,  n.  A  plant. 
MI'TER,    n.    [It.    Sp.   mitra  ;    Fr.   mitre  ; 
Ann.  mintr.] 

1.  A  sacerdotal  ornament  worn  on  the  head 
by  bisliops  and  certain  abbots,  on  solemn 
occasions.  Encyc. 

2.  In    architecture,   an   angle   of  45°. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  Irish  history,  a  sort  of  base  money  or 
coin.  Encyc. 

4.  Figuratively,  the  dignity  of  bishops  or  ab- 
bots. 

MI'TER,  V.  t.  To  adorn  with  a  miter. 

2.  To  unite  at  an  angle  of  45°. 

MI'TERED,  pp.  or  a.  Wearing  a  miter. 

2.  Honored  with  the  privilege  of  wearing  a 
miter. 

}.  Cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of  45°. 

MITHIe.     [See   Mythic.] 

MITH'RIDATE,  n.  In  pharmacy,  an  anti 
dote  against  poison,  or  a  composition  in 
form  of  an  electuary,  supposed  to  serve 
either  as  a  remedy  or  a  preservative 
against  poison.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  the  inventor. 

Encyc. 

MITHRIDAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  mithri 
date,  or  its  inventor,  Mithridates. 

MITIGABLE,  a.  That  may  be  mitigated. 

Barrow 

MIT  IGANT,  a.  [L.  mi/ro-ans,  mi/ig-o,  from 
mills,  mild;  \W.  mezal,  soft.] 

1.  Softening:  lenient;  lenitive. 

2.  Diminishing  ;  easing  ;  as  pain. 
MITIGATE,  V.  t.    [L.   mitigo,  from  mitis, 

soft,  mild,  W.  mezal,  Ir.  maolh,  muadh  ;  Ar. 

,  5  - 

i  l^     to  be  tender  or  smooth.     Class  Md. 

No.  I.  6.  2.5.  28.] 

1.  To  alleviate,  as  suffering;  to  assuage;  to 
lessen ;  as,  to  mitigate  pain  or  grief. 

And  counsel  mitigates  the  greatest  smart. 

Spensei' 

2.  To  make  less  severe  ;  as,  to  nu7ig'a(e  doom. 

Milton. 

•3.  To  abate  ;  to  make  less  rigorous ;  to  mod 
erate ;  as,  to  mitigate  cold  ;  to  mitigate  the 
severity  of  the  season. 

4.  To  temper ;  to  moderate  ;  to  soften  in 
harshness  or  severity. 

We  coulJ  wish  (hat  the  rigor  of  their  opinions 
were  allayed  and  mitigated.  Hooker. 

5.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  moderate  ;  as, 
to  mitigate  the  fierceness  of  party. 

Spectator. 

6.  To  diminish  ;  to  render  more  tolerable ; 
as,  to  mitigate  the  evils  or  calamities  of 
life;   to  mitigate  punishment. 

7.  To  reduce  in  amount  or  severity ;  as,  to 
mitigate  a  penalty. 

8.  To  soften,  or  make  mild  and  accessible ; 
in  a  literal  setise. 

It  was  this   opinion  which  mitigated  kings 
into  companions.     [Unusual.]  Burke 

MIT'IGATED,  pp.  Softened  ;  alleviated  ; 
moderated  ;  diminished. 

MITTGATING,  ppr.  Softening;  allevia- 
ting ;   tempering  ;  moderatinir  ;  abating. 

MITIGA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  mitigutio.]  Allevia- 
tion ;  abatement  or  diminution  of  any 
thing  painful,  harsh,  severe,  ntHictive  or 
calamitous  ;  as  the  mitigation  of  pain,  grief, 
rigor,  severity,  i)unishraent  or  penalty. 


MIT'IGATIVE,  a.  Lenitive ;  tending  to  al- 

MIT'IGATOR,  Ji.  He  or  that  which  miti- 
gates. 

MIT'TF.N,  n.  [Fr.  mitnine  ;  Ir.  mitog,  per- 
haps from  math,  the  hand.] 

1.  A  cover  for  the  hand,  worn  to  defend  it 
from  cold  or  other  injury.  It  differs  from 
a  glove,  in  not  having  a  separate  cover 
for  each  finger. 

2.  A  cover  for  the  arm  only. 

To  handle  without  mittens,  to  treat  roughly  ; 
a  popular  colloquial  phrase. 

MIT'TENT,  a.  [L.  inittcns,  from  mitto,  to 
send.] 

Sending  forth  ;  emitting.     [JVot  used.] 

H'lseman. 

MITTIMUS,  n.  [L.  we  send.]  In  law,  a 
precept  or  command  in  writing,  under  the 
hand  or  hand  and  seal  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace  or  other  proper  oflicer,  directed  to 
the  keeper  of  a  prison,  requiring  him  to 
imprison  an  offender  ;  a  warrant  of  com- 

!     mitment  to  prison. 

2.  A  writ  for  removing  records  from   one 

I     court  to  another.  Encyc. 

MITU,  )i.    A  fowl  of  the  turkey  kind,  found 

1     in  Brazil. 

MI'TY,  a.  [from  mite.]  Having  or  abound- 
ing with  mites. 

MIX,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  mixed  or  mixt.  [Sax. 
miscan ;  G.  mischen ;  Sp.  mecer ;  Port. 
mexer,  to  stir,  shake,  mix  ;  L.  misceo,  mix- 
turn;  It.  mischiarc ;  Ir.measgadh  ;  '\V./nys- 
gu  ;  Arii>. gemesga  ;  Russ.  nics/iaiyu.  The 
Gr.  fiiyiivu  forms  ^i|u.  These  words 
seem  to  coincide  with   the  Heb.  and  Ch. 

'  pn,  and  Ar.  -^-i.^  to  mi.x.  The  San- 
scrit misra,  to  ini.v,  may  be  the  same  woril. 
The  radical  sense  is  probably  to  stir,  shake 
or  agitate.] 

1.  To  unite  or  blend  promiscuously  two  or 
more  ingredients  into  a  mass  or  com- 
pound;  applied  both  to  solids  and  liquids; 
as,  to  mix  flour  and  salt ;  to  mix  wines. 

2.  To  join;  to  associate  ;  to  unite  with  in 
comjiany. 

E|)hraiin,  he  hath  mixed  himself  among  the 
people.     Hos.  vii. 

3.  Tojoin  ;  to  mingle. 
Von  mix  your  sadness  with  some  fear. 

I  Shak. 

4.  To  unite  with  a  crowd  or  multitude. 
MIX,  V.  i.    To  become  united  or  blended 

promiscuously  in   a  mass  or   compound. 

Oil  and  water  will  not  mix  without  the  iii- 
j     tervention  of  a  third  .substance. 
2.  To  be  joined  or  associated  ;  as,   to   mix 

with  the  multitude,  or  to  mix  in  society. 
MIX'ED,  pp.  United  in  a  promiscuous  mass 

or  compound  ;  blended  ;  joined ;  mingled  ; 

associated. 
2.  a.    Promiscuous ;   consisting   of    various 

kinds  or  different  things  ;  as  a  mixed  mul- 
titude. 
MIX'EN,  n.  A  dunghill ;  a  laystall. 

Johnson. 
MIX'ER,  n.  One  who  mixes  or  mingles. 
MIX  ING,  ppr.    Uniting   or  blending   in  a 

mass  or  compound  ;  joining  in  company  ; 

associating. 
MIXTILIN'EAL,  ?      [L.mix/us, mixed, and 
MIXTILIN  EAR,  <,  "■  tinea,  line.] 


M  O  A 


M  O  C 


31  O  C 


Containing  a  mixture  of  lines,  right,  curved,! 
&c.  Duncan} 

MIX'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  mixtus.]  Mix- 
ture ;  promiscuous  assemblage.       Brown. 

MIXT'LY,  adv.  With  mixture.  Bacon. 

MIX'TURE,  »i.  [L.  midura.]  The  act  of 
mixing,  or  state  of  being  mixed.  Com- 
pounds are  made  by  the  mixture  of  differ- 
ent substances. 

2.  Amass  or  compound,  consisting  of  differ- 
ent ingredients  blended  without  order. 
In  this  life  there  is  a  mixture  of  good  and 
evil.  Most  wines  in  market  are  base  mix- 
tures. 

3.  The  ingredient  added  and  mixed.  Cicero 
doubted  whether  it  is  possible  for  a  com 
munity  to  exist  without  a  prevailing  mix- 
ture of  piety  in  its  constitution. 

4.  In  pharmacy,  a  liquid  medicine  which  re 
ceives  into  its   composition   not  only  ex 
tracts,  salts  and  other  substances  dissolva- 
ble in  water,  but  earths,  powders  and  oth- 
er substances  not  dissolvable.  Encrjc 

;1.  In  chimistry,  mixture  differs  from  combi- 
nation. In  mixture,  the  several  ingredi- 
ents are  blended  without  an  alteration  of 
the  substances,  each  of  which  still  retains 
its  own  nature  and  properties.  In  combi- 
nation, the  substances  unite  by  chiraical 
attraction,  and  losing  their  distinct  proper- 
ties, they  form  a  compound  differing  in  its 
properties  from  either  of  the  ingredients. 

MIZ'MAZE,  n.  A  cant  word  for  a  maze  or 
labyrinth.  Locke. 

MIZZEN,  n.  miz'n.  [It.  mezzana,  mizzen, 
that  is,  middle,  from  mezzo,  middle,  half] 

In  sea-language,  the  aftermost  of  the  fixed 
sails  of  a  sliip,  extended  sometimes  by  a 
gaff,  and  sometimes  by  a  yard  which 
crosses  the  mast  obliquely.  Mar.  Diet. 

MIZ'ZEN-MAST,  n.  The  mast  which  sup- 
ports the  after-sails,  and  stands  nearest  to 
the  stern. 

MIZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  To  mistle.     [See  Mistle.] 

MIZ'ZY,  n.  A  bog  or  quagmire. 

Ainsworth. 

iVINEMONl€,  a.  nemon'ic.  [infra.]  Assist- 
ing the  memory. 

MNEMON'IeS,  n.  [from  Gr.  >t»^^wwoj, 
from  fiiuo/iai,  to  remember.] 

The  art  of  memory  ;  the  precepts  and  rules 
intended  to  teach  the  method  of  assisting 
the  memory.  Bailey. 

JMO,  a.  [Sax.  ma  ;  Scot,  mic.]    More.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

MOAN,  D.  t.  [Sax.  vianan,  to  moan,  also  to 
mean,  intend,  signify.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  reach  or  stretch  forward,  or  to  throw 
out.] 

To  lament ;  to  deplore ;  to  bewail  with  an 
audible  voice. 

Ve  floods,  ye  woods,  ye  echoes,  moan 

My  itear  Columbo  dead  and  gone.         Prior. 

MOAN,  V.  i.  To  grieve  ;  to  make  lamenta- 
tions. 

Unpiticd  and  unheard,  where  misery  moans. 

Thomsoii 

MOAN,  n.  Lamentation ;  audible  express 
ion  of  sorrow  ;  grief  expressed  in  words 
or  cries. 

Sullen  moans. 

Hollow  groans.  Pope 

MOANED,  pp.  Lamented  ;  deplored. 

MOANFUL,  a.  Sorrowful;  expressing  sor- 
row. 

MOANFULLY,  adv.  With  lamentation. 


MOANING,  ppr.  Lamenting  ;  bewailing. 

MOAT,  n.  [Ir.  jnote;  Sp.  id.;  Fr.  motte. 
The  word  signifies  a  bank  or  mound,  that 
is,  a  mass  or  collection.  This  sense  is 
transferred  to  the  ditch  adjoining,  as  dike 
is  transferred  to  the  bank.] 

In  fortification,  a  ditch  or  deep  trench  round 
the  rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified 
place.     It  is  sometimes  filled  with  water. 

Encyc. 

MOAT,  II.  t.  To  surround  with  a  ditch  for 
defense  ;  as  a  moated  castle.  Dryden. 

MOB,  n.  [from  L.  inobitis,  movable,  varia- 
ble.] 

A  crowd  or  promiscuous   multitude  of 
people,  rude,  tumultuous  and  disorderly. 
A  disorderly  assembly. 

Had  every  Athenian  citizen  been  a  Socrates, 
every  Athenian  assembly  would  still  have  been 
a  mob.  Federalist,  Madison. 

3.  A  huddled  dress.  Steele 

MOB,  V.  t.  To  attack  in  a  disorderly  crowd ; 
to  harass  tumultuously. 

3.  To  wrap  up  in  a  cowl  or  vail. 

MOB'BISH,  a.  Like  a  mob ;  tumultuous 
mean  ;  vulgar. 

MOB'€AP,  Ji.  [D.  mop.]  A  plain  cap  or 
head-dress  for  females. 

MO'BILE,  a.  [Fr.]  IJIovable.      [JVotused.] 

Skelton. 

MO'BILE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mobilis.]  The 
mob  ;  the  populace.  South. 

Primum  mobile,  [L.]  in  the  ancient  astron- 
omy, a  ninth  heaven  or  sphere,  suppos- 
ed to  be  beyond  tlie  fixed  stars,  and  to 
be  the  first  mover  of  all  the  lower  spheres. 

MOBILITY,  w.  [Fr.  mobilite ;  L.  mobilitas, 
from  moveo,  to  move.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  motion  ;  cajjacily  of  be- 
ing moved.  H'otton. 

2.  Aptitude  to  motion;  activity;  readiness 
to  move.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  In  cant  language,  the  populace.  Dryden. 
Fickleness;  inconstancy.  Ainsworth. 

MOB'LE,  V.  t.  To  wrap  the  head  in  a  hood. 

Shak. 

MOC'CASON,  n.  A  shoe  or  cover  for  the 
feet,  made  of  deer-skin  or  other  soft  leth- 
er,  without  a  sole,  and  ornamented  on  the 
upper  side  ;  the  customary  shoe  worn  by 
the  native  Indians. 

MO'€HA-STONE,  n.  [from  Mocha,  in  Ara 
bia.] 

Dendritic  agate  ;  a  mineral  in  the  interior  of 
which  appear  brown,  reddish  brown, 
blackisli  or  green  delineations  of  shrubs 
destitute  of  leaves.  These  in  some  cases 
may  have  been  produced  by  the  filtration 
of  the  o.xyds  of  iron  and  manganese  ;  but 
in  other  cases  they  appear  to  be  vegetable 
fibers,  sometimes  retaining  their  natural 
form  and  color,  and  sometimes  coated  by 
oxyd  of  iron.  Cleaveland. 

MOCK,  t).  t.  [Fr.  moquer;  Gr.  ^uxau ;  W. 
mociaio,  to  mock,  and  moc,  a  mimic ;  Ir. 
magadh or  mogadh,  a  mocking;  Ch.  Svr. 
plD.  Class  Mg.  No.  10.] 

L  Properly,  to  imitate  ;  to  mimick  ;  hence,  to 
imitate  in  contempt  or  derision  ;  to  mimick 
for  the  sake  of  derision  ;  to  deride  by 
mimicry. 

2.  To  deride ;  to  laugh  at ;  to  ridicule  ;  to 
treat  with  scorn  or  contempt. 

As  he  was  going  up  by  the  way,  there  came 
I'ortli  little  children  out  of  the  city,  and  mockedl 


hiffl,  saying,  go  up,  thou  bald  head.    2  Kings 
ii.     Mark  x. 

3.  To  defeat;  to  illude;  to  disappoint;  to 
deceive  ;  as,  to  mock  expectation. 

Thou  hast  mocked  me  and  told  roe  lies. 
Judg.  xvi. 

4.  To  fool ;  to  tantalize ;  to  play  on  in  con- 
tempt. 

He  will  not 
Mock  us  with  his  blest  sight,  then  snatch  him 
hence.  Milton. 

MOCK,  V.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt  or 
in  jest,  or  to  speak  jestingly. 

When  thou  mockest,  shall  no  man  make  thee 
ashamed  ?     Job  xi. 
MOCK,  n.  Ridicule  ;    derision ;   sneer ;   an 
act  manifesting  contempt. 

Fools  make  a  tnock  at  sin.     Prov.  .\iv. 
What  shall  be  the  portion  of  those  who  make 
a  mock  at  every  thing  sacred  ?  Tillotson. 

2.  Imitation ;  mimicry.     [Little  used.] 

CrashaiB. 
MOCK,    a.    False  ;   counterfeit ;  assumed  ; 
imitating  reality,  but  not  real. 

That  superior  greatness  and  mock  majesty 

Spectator. 
MOCK'ABLE,  a.  Exposed  to  derision. 

[Little  iised.]  Shak. 

MOCK'AUE,  n.  Mockery.     [ATot  used.] 

Elyot. 
MOCK'ED,  pp.   Imitated  or  mimicked  in 
derision  ;  laughed  at ;  ridiculed ;  defeated ; 
illuded. 
MOCK'ER,  n.  One  that  mocks;  a  scorner  ; 
a  scoffer ;  a  derider.  South. 

2.  A  deceiver;  an  impostor. 
MOCKERY,  n.  The  act  of  deriding  and 
exposing   to  contempt,   by  mimicking  the 
words  or  actions  of  another. 

2.  Derision;  ridicule;  sportive  insult  or  con- 
tempt ;  contemptuous  merriment  at  per- 
sons or  things. 

Grace  at  meals  is  now  generally  so  performed 
as  to  look  more  like  mockery  upon  devotion, 
than  any  solemn  application  of  the  mind  to  God. 

Law. 

3.  Sport;  subject  of  laughter. 
Of  the  holy  place  they  made  a  mockery. 

.Maccabees. 

4.  Vain  imitation  or  effort;  that  which  de- 
ceives, disappoints  or  frustrates. 

It  is  as  the  air,  invulnerable. 

And  our  vain  blows  malicious  mockery. 

Shak. 

5.  Imitation;  counterfeit  appearance;  false 
show. 

And  bear  about  the  mockery  of  woe 

To  midnight  dances.  Pope. 

MOCK'ESON,  n.  The  name  of  a  serpent. 

MOCK'ING,  ppr.  Imitating  in  contempt ; 
mimicking ;  ridiculing  by  mimicry ;  treat- 
ing with  sneers  and  scorn;  defeating;  de- 
luding. 

MOCK'ING,  n.  Derision  ;   insult. 

MOCKING-BIRD,  n.  The  mocking  thrush 
of  America;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Turdus. 

MOCKINGLY,  adv.  By  way  of  derision; 
in  contempt. 

MOCK'ING-STOCK,  n.  A  butt  of  sport. 

MOCKLE.     [See  Micklc] 

MOCK'-LEAD,  \      A  sulphuretof  zink,  the 

MOCK'-ORE,  5 '"same  as  hknd,  which 
see. 

MOCK'-ORANgE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  geinis 
Philadelphus. 

MOCK'-PRIVET,  Ji.  A  i)lant  of  the  genus 
Phillyrca. 


31  O  D 


M  O  D 


M  OT> 


MO'DAL,  a.  [See  Mode.]  Consisting  in 
mode  only  ;  relating  to  form  ;  having  the 
form  without  tlie  essence  or  reality ;  as 
the  modal  diversity  of  the  faculties  of  the 
soul.  Gtanville. 

MODAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mo- 
dal, or  being  in  form  only. 

MODE,  n.  [Fr.  mode ;  L.  modtis ;  Sp.  It. 
modo  ;  W.  moz ;  Ir.  modk  ;  Sax.  nic<e,  g-e- 
met  or  gemett,  from  nutan,  gemctan,  to 
meet,  to  find,  to  measure  or  mete,  L.  me- 
fior.  The  primary  sense  of  mode  is  meas- 
ure, hence  form.  Measure  is  from  ex- 
tending, the  extent,  hence  a  limit,  and 
hence  the  derivative  sense  of  restraining. 
See  Meet  and  Measure.] 

1.  Manner  of  existing  or   being;   manner; 
method  ;  form  ;    fashion  ;   custom  ;   way 
as  the  mode  of  speaking;    the   mode  of 
dressing ;  modes  of  receiving  or  entertain- 
ing company. 

The  duty  of  itself  being  resolved  on,  the 
mode  of  doing  it  may  be  easily  (ound.     Taylor 

It  is  applicable  to  particular  acts,  or  to  a 
series  of  act.s,  or  to  the  coumioii  usage  of 
a  city  or  nation.  One  man  has  a  particular 
mode  of  walking ;  another  has  a  singular 
mode  of  dressing  his  hair.  We  find  it  ne 
cessary  to  conform  in  some  measure  to 
the  usual  modes  of  dress. 

2.  Gradation ;  degree. 

What  modes  of  sight  between  each  wide  ex- 
treme !  Pope. 

3.  State ;  quality.  Shak. 

4.  In  metaphysics,  the  dependence  or  affec- 
tion of  a  substance.  Such  complex  ideas 
as  contain  not  in  them  the  supposition  of 
subsisting  by  themselves,  but  are  consider- 
ed as  dependencies  or  affections  of  sub- 
stances, Locke  calls  modes.  Of  these  he 
makes  two  kinds  ;  simple  modes,  which  are 
only  variations  or  different  combinations 
of  the  same  idea,  as  a  dozen,  which  con- 
sists of  so  many  units  added  together; 
and  vii.xed  modes,  which  are  compounded 
of  simple  ideas  of  several  kinds,  as  beauty, 
which  is  compounded  of  color  and  fig- 
ure. 

A  mode  is  that  which  cannot  subsist  in  and  of 
itself,  but  is  esteemed  as  belonging  to  and  sub- 
sisting by  the  helji  of  some  substance,  which  for 
that  reason  is  called  its  subject.  JVatts. 

5.  In  music,  a  regular  disposition  of  the  air 
and  accompaniments  relative  to  certain 
principal  sounds,  on  which  a  piecp  of  mu- 
sic is  formed,  and  which  are  called  the  es- 
sential sounds  of  the  mode.  Encyc. 

i).  In  grammar,  a  particular  manner  of  con- 
jugating verbs  to  express  manner  of  ac- 
tion or  being,  as  afiirmation,  connnand, 
condition  and  the  like ;  usually  and  not 
very  properly  written  «ioo(/.  Mood  is  a 
word  of  different  signification.  [Sec 
Mood.] 

7.  A  kind  of  silk. 

MODEL,  )i.  mod'l.  [Fr.  modelle  ;  L.  modu- 
lus, from  modus.] 

1.  A  pattern  of  sotnething  to  be  made  ;  any 
thing  of  a  particular  form,  shape  or  con- 
struction, intended  for  imitation ;  prim.a- 
rily,  a  small  pattern;  a  form  in  miniature 
of  something  to  be  made  on  a  larger 
scale  ;  as  the  model  of  a  building ;  the 
model  of  a  fort. 

'i.  A  mold;  something  intended  to  give 
shape  to  castings.  Shak. 


Pattern  ;  example ;  as,  to  form  a  govern- 
ment on  the  model  of  the  British  or  Ameri- 
can constitution. 

Standard  ;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  to  be 
measured. 

He  that  despair.'),  measures  Providence  by  his 

own  conti  acted  model.  South. 

5.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  that  which  is  to 
bo  copied  or  imitated ;  as  the  naked  hu- 
man form. 

6.  A  pattern ;  any  thing  to  be  imitated 
Take  Cicero,  lord  Chatham  or  Burke 
as  a  model  of  eloquence  ;  take  Washington 
as  a  model  of  prudence,  integrity  and  pa 
triotisni ;  above  all,  let  Christ  be  the  model 
of  our  benevolence,  humility,  obedience 
and  patience. 

7.  A  copy  ;  representation  ;  something  made 
in  imitation  of  real  life ;  as  anatomical 
models,  representing  the  parts  of  the  body 
General  Pfifler  constructed  a  model  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Switzerland. 

MOD'EL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  modeler.]  To  plat) 
or  form  in  a  ])articular  maimer  ;  to 
shape  ;  to  imitate  in  planning  or  forming  ; 
as,  to  model  a  house  or  a  government ;  to 
model  an  edifice  according  to  the  plan  do 
lineated. 

MOD'ELED,  pp.  F'ormed  according  to  a 
model ;  planned  ;  shaped  ;   formed. 

MOD'ELER,  n.  A  planner ;  a  contriver. 

Spectator. 

MOD'ELING,  ppr.  Forming  according  to 
a  model ;  planning;  fortning;  shaping. 

MOD'ERATE,  a.  [L.  moderatus,  from  mod- 
eror,  to  limit,  from  modus,  a  limit.] 

1.  Literally,  limited ;  restrained  ;  hence, 
temperate ;  observing  reasonable  bound; 
in  indulgence ;  as  moderate  in  eating  or 
drinking,  or  in  other  gratifications. 

2.  Limited  in  quantity  ;  not  excessive  or  ex 
pensive.     He  keeps  a  moderate  table. 

3.  Restrained  in  passion,  ardor  or  temper; 
not  violent ;  as  moderate  men  of  both  par- 
ties. 

[4.  Not  extreme  in  opinion ;  as  a  moderate 
Calvinist  or  Lutheran. 

5.  Placed  between  extremes ;  holding  the 
mean  or  middle  place ;  as  reformation  of 
a  moderate  kind. 

G.  Temperate  ;  not  extreme,  violent  or  rig- 
orous; as  moderate  weather;  a  moderate 
winter  ;  moderate  heat ;  a  moderate  breeze 
of  wind. 

7.  Of  a  middle  rate  ;  as  men   of  moderate 

j     abilities. 

[8.  Not  swift ;  as  a  moderate  walk. 

TiIOD'ERATE,  i'.  (.  To  restrain  from  excess 
of  any  kind  ;  to  reduce  from  a  state  of  vio- 
lence ;  to  lessen  ;  to  allay ;  to  repress  ;  as 
to  moderate  rage,  action,  desires,  &c. ;  to 
moderate  heat  or  wind. 

'2,  To  temper;  to  make  temperate  ;  to  qualify. 
By  its  astringent  quality,  it  moderates  the  re- 
laxing quality  of  warm  water.  Jlrbulhnot. 

MOD'ERATE,  V.  i.  To  become  less  vio- 
lent, severe,  rigorous  or  intense.  The  cold 
of  winter  usually  moderates  in  March  ;  the 
heat  of  summer  moderates  in  September. 

MOD'ERATED,  ;)/).  Reduced  in  violence, 
rigor  or  intensity;  allayed;  lessened; 
tempered ;  qualified. 

MOD'ERATELY,  adv.  Temperately ;  mild- 
ly ;  without  violence. 

'i.  in  a  middle  degree  ;  not  exces.sively :  as 
water  moderately  warm.  | 


Each  nymph  but  modcTcUelif  fair.        fVatler. 

MOD'ERATENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
moderate;  temperateness ;  a  middle  state 
between  e.xtremes  ;  as  the  moderateness  of 
the  weather;  used  commonly  of  things, 
as  moderation  is  of  persons.  Johnson. 

MOD'ERATING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  vio- 
lence or  excess;  allaying;  tempering; 
becoming  more  mild. 

MODERATION,  n.  [L.  moderatio.]  The 
state  of  being  moderate,  or  of  keeping  a 
due  mean  between  extremes  or  excess  of 
violence.  The  General's  moderation  after 
victory  was  more  honorable  than  the  vic- 
tory itseif 

In  moderation  placing  all  my  glory. 
While  tories  call  me  whig,  and  wbigs  a  tory. 

Pope. 
Restraint  of  violent  passions  or  indulgence 
of  appetite.  Eat  and  drink  with  modera- 
tion ;  indulge  with  moderation  in  pleasures 
and  e.xercise. 

Calmness  of  mind;  equanimity;   as,   to 
bear  prosperity  or  adversity  with  modera- 
tion. 
Frugality  in  expenses.  Ainsworth. 

MODERA'TOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  mod- 
erates or  restrains.  Contemplation  is  an 
excellent  moderator  of  the  passions. 

2.  The  person  who  presides  over  a  meet- 
ing or  assembly  of  people  to  preserve  or- 
der, propose  questions,  regulate  the  pro- 
ceedings and  declare  the  vote ;  as  the 
moderator  of  a  town  meeting  or  of  a  soci- 
ety. JVatts. 

MODERA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  ofi^ce  of  a 
moderator.  Elyot. 

MODERN,  a.  [Fr.  moderne ;  It.  Sp.  mod- 
erno.  This  word  seems  to  be  formed  from 
L.  7nodo,  and  ern,  which  we  find  in  other 
Latin  words  that  have  reference  to  time, 
as  in  hodierniis,  hesternus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  present  time,  or  time 
not  long  past ;  late  ;  recent ;  not  ancient 
or  remote  in  past  time  ;  as  modem  days, 
ages  or  time;  modern  authors ;  modern 
fashions;  morffni  taste;  modern  \)racuci:. 

Bacon.     Prior. 

2.  Common  ;  mean  ;  vulgar.     [.Vot  used.] 

Shak. 

MOD'ERNISM,  n.  Modern  practice;  some- 
thing recently  formed,  particularly  in  wri- 
ting. "  ■     Swift. 

MODERNIST,  7i.  One  who  admires  the 
moderns.  Su-ijl. 

MOD'ERNIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  modern  ;  to 
adapt  ancient  compositions  to  modern 
persons  or  things,  or  rather  to  adapt  the 
ancient  style  or  idiom  to  modern  style  and 
taste. 

MOD'ERNIZED,  pp.  Rendered  conforma- 
ble to  modern  usage. 

MOD'ERNIZER,  n.  He  that  renders  mod- 
ern. 

MOD'ERNIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  modern. 

MOD'ERNLY,  adv.  In  modern  times.  [JVot 
in  use.]  MHtoi\. 

MOD'ERNNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
modern  ;  rccentness  ;   novelty. 

MOD'ERNS,  71.  Those  who  have  lived  in 
times  recently  past,  or  arc  now  living;  op- 
posed to  the  ancients.  Boyle.     Pope. 

MOD' EST,  a.  [Fr.  modeste ;  L.  modestus, 
from  modus,  a  limit.] 

L  Properly,  restrained  by  a  sense  of  propri- 
ety ;  hence,  not  forward  or  bold ;  not  pre- 


31  O  D 


MOD 


M  O  I 


sumptuous  or  arrogant ;  not  boastful ;  as 
a  modest  youth  ;  a  mudest  man. 
2.  Not  bold  or  forward  ;  as  a  modest  maid. 
Tlie  word  may  be  thus  used  witliout  ref- 
erence to  chastity. 

The  blushing  beauties  of  a  modest  maid. 

Dryden 
S.  Not  loose  ;  not  lewd. 

Mrs.  Ford,  the  honest  woman,  the  modest 
wife.  Shak. 

4.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  or  extreme ;  not 
extravagant  ;  as  a  modest  request ;  modest 
joy  ;  a  modest  computation.  Addison.' 

MOD'ESTLY,  adv.  Not  boldly ;  not  arro- 
gantly or  presumptuously  ;  with  due  re- 
spect.   He  morfesJii/ expressed  his  opinions 

2.  Not  loosely  or  wantonly ;  decently ;  as, 
to  be  modestly  attired ;  to  behave  modestly. 

3.  Not  excessively  ;  not  extravagantly. 
MOD'ESTY,  n.  [L.  modestia.]  That  lowly 

temper  which  accompanies  a  moderate  es- 
timate of  one's  own  worth  and  impor- 
tance. This  temper  when  natural,  springs 
in  some  measure  from  timidity,  and  in 
j-oung  and  inexperienced  persons,  is  allied 
to  bashfulness  and  diffidence.  In  per- 
sons who  have  seen  the  world,  and  lost 
their  natural  timidit)',  modesty  springs  no 
less  from  principle  than  from  feeling,  and 
is  manifested  by  retiring,  unobtrusive 
manners,  assuming  less  to  itself  than  oth- 
ers are  willing  to  yield,  and  conceding  to 
others  all  due  honor  and  respect,  or  even 
more  than  they  expect  or  require. 

2.  Modesty,  as  an  act  or  series  of  acts,  con- 
sists in  humble,  unobtrusive  deportment, 
as  opposed  to  extreme  boldness,  forward- 
ness, arrogance,  presumption,  audacity  or 
impudence.  Thus  we  say,  the  petitioner 
urged  his  claims  with  modesty  ;  the  speak 
cr  addressed  the  audience  with  modesty. 

3.  Moderation  ;  decency.  Shak. 

4.  hi  females,  modesty  has  the  like  character 
as  in  males ;  but  the  word  is  used  also  as 
synonymous  with  chastity,  or  purity  of 
manners.  In  this  sense,  modesty  results 
from  purity  of  mind,  or  from  the  fear  of 
disgrace  and  ignominy  fortified  by  educa- 
tion and  principle.  Unaffected  modesty  is 
the  sweetest  charm  of  female  excellence, 
the  richest  gem  in  the  diadem  of  their 
honor. 

MOD'ESTY-PIECE,  )i.  A  narrow  lace 
worn  by  females  over  the  bosom. 

Addison. 

MOD'leUM,  n.  [L.]  A  httle  ;  a  small  quan- 
tity. Dn/deii. 

MOD'IFIABLE,  a.  [from  viodify.]  "That 
may  be  modified  or  diversified  by  various 
forms  and  differences  ;  as  modijiahle  mat- 
ter. Lock 

.MODIFIC.VTION,  n.  [from  modify.]    The 
act  of  modifying,  or  giving  to  any  thing 
new  forms,  or  differences  of  external  qua' 
ities  or  modes. 

If  these  powers  of  cogitation,  volition  and 
sensation  arc  not  inherent  in  matteras  such,  nor 
acquirable  to  matter  by  any  motion  or  modifira- 
tion  of  it —  Bentley 

9.  Particular  form  or  manner  ;  as  the  various 
modifimtions  of  light  or  sound.  The  trea- 
ty, in  several  of  its  modifications,  was  held 
to  he  objectionable.         Newton.     Holder. 

^,\0\VWW.D,  jip.  Changed  in  form  or  ex- 
tcrnrd  qualities;  varied  ;  diversified. 


2.  Moderated  :  tempered  ;  qualified  in  ex- 
ceptionable parts. 

MOI>'IFIER,n.  He  or  that  which  modifies. 

MOD'IFY,  t>.  <.  [Fr.  modifier ;  \t.  modificare  ; 
Sp.  modificar  ;  L.  modificor  ;  modni,  limit, 
manner,  and  j'ftcio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  change  the  Ibrm  or  external  qualities 
of  a  thing  ;  to  shape  ;  to  give  a  new  form 
of  being  to  ;  as,  to  modify  matter,  light 
or  sound.  jYewton.     Holder. 

2.  To   vary ;  to   give   a   new   form   to  any 
thing  ;  as,  to  viodify  the  terms  of  a  con 
tract.     A   pwfix  modifies  the  sense  of  a 
verb. 

3.  To  moderate  ;  to  qualify ;  to  reduce  in  ex 
tent  or  degree. 

Of  1113  grace 
He  modifies  his  first  severe  decree.     Dryden. 

MOD'IFY,  I',  i.  To  extenuate. 

VEstrange. 

MOD'IFVlNG,p/>r.  Changing  the  external 
qualities  ;  giving  a  new  form  to  ;  mode- 
rating. 

MODILLION.n.  modiVyun.  [h.  modiglio7ie ; 
Fr.  modillon;  from  L.  modiolus,  from  mo- 
dus.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  cornice 
of  the  Ionic,  Corinthian  and  Composite 
columns  ;  a  sort  of  bracket  serving  to  sup- 
port the  projecturc  of  the  larmier  or  drip; 
a  dental.  Encyc.     Harris. 

MO'DISII,  a.  [from  mode.]  According  to 
the  mode  or  customary  manner ;  fashion- 
able ;  as  a  modish  dress ;  a  modish  feast. 

Dryden. 

MO'DLSIILY,  adv.  Fashionably  ;  in  the 
customary  mode.  Locke. 

MO'DISHNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fash- 
ionable. 

2.  Aft'ectation  of  the  fashion.  Johnson. 

MOD'ULATE,  v.  t.  [L.  modular,  from  mo- 
rfits,  limit,  measure.] 

1.  To  form  sound  to  a  certain  key,  or  to  a 
certain  proportion.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  To  vary  or  inflect  sound  in  a  natural,  cus- 
tomary or  musical  manner.  Thus  the  or- 
gans of  speech  modulate  the  voice  in  read- 
ing or  speaking. 

Could  any  person  so  modulate  her  voice  as  to 
deceive  so  many.  Broome. 

MOD'ULATED,  pp.  Formed  to  a  certain 
key  ;  varied  ;  inflected. 

MOD'ULATING,  ppr.  Forming  to  a  cer- 
tain proportion  ;  varying  ;  inflecting. 

MODULATION,  n.  [L.  modulatio  ;  Fr. 
modulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  any  thing  to  a  certain 
proportion ;  as  the  different  proportion  and 
modulation  of  matter.  ft'oodivard. 

2.  The  act  of  inflecting  the  voice  in  reading 
or  speaking  ;  a  rising  or  fiilling  of  the 
voice.  Encyc. 

3.  In  music,  the  art  of  composing  melody  or 
harmony  agreeable  to  the  laws  prescribed 
by  any  particular  key,  or  of  changing  the 
key,  or  of  passing  from  one  key  to  another. 

Encyc. 
Modulation  is  the  mannerof  ascertaining 
and  managing  the  modes  ;  or  more  gene- 
rally, the  art  of  conducting  the  harmony 
and  air  through  several  modes  in  a  man- 
ner agreeable  to  the  ear  and  conformed  to 
rules.  Rousseau. 

4.  Sound  modulated  ;  melody.        Thomson. 


MODULATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  mod- 

idates.  The  tongue  is  a  principal  modula- 
tor of  the  human  voice. 

MODULE,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  modulus.]  A 
model  or  representation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  certain  measure  or  size 
taken  at  pleasure  for  regulating  the  pro- 
portion of  columns,  and  the  symmetry  or 
disposition  <if  the  whole  building.  The 
usual  module  of  a  column  is  its  semidiara- 
eter  at  the  base.  This  is  divided  into 
parts  or  minutes.  Encyc 

MOD'ULE,  V.  t.  To  model;  to  shape;  to 
modulate.     [Little  used.] 

MO'DUS,  n.  [L.]  A  compensation  for 
tithes;  an  equivalent  in  money  or  other 
certain  thing,  given  to  a  parson  or  vicar 
by  the  owners  of  land  in  heu  of  tithes. 
The  whole  phrase  is  modus  decimandi ;  but 
modus  alone  is  commonly  used. 

Blax:ksione. 

MOD'WALL,  n.  A  bird. 

MOE,  a.  More.     [JVot  used.]  Hooker. 

MOGUL',  n.  The  name  of  a  prince  or  em- 
peror of  the  nation  in  Asia  called  Moguls, 
or  Monguls. 

iMO'HAIR,  n.  [G.  viohr,  mohair,  and  a 
moor  ;  Fr.  moire  ;  Russ.  mor.] 

The  hair  of  a  kind  of  goat  in  Turkey,  of 
vyhich  are  made  camlets,  which  are  some- 
times called  by  the  same  name.        Encyc. 

MO'HAIR-SHELL,  n.  In  conchology,  a  pe- 
culiar species  of  Voluta,  of  a  closely  and 
finely  reticulated  texture,  resembling  on  the 
surface  mohair,  or  a  close  web  of  the  silk- 
worm. Encyc. 

MOHAMMEDAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mo- 
hammed or  Mahomet. 

MOHAMMEDAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Mo- 
hammed, the  founder  of  the  religion  of 
Arabia  and  Persia. 

MOHAMMEDANISM,  n.  The  religion  or 
doctrines  and  precepts  of  Mohammed,  con- 
tained in  a  book  called  the  Koran  or  Al- 
koran. 

MOHAM'MEDANIZE,  v.t.  To  render  con- 
formable to  the  modes  or  principles  of  the 
Mohammedans. 

MO'HAVVK,  I       The  appellation  given  to 

MO'HOCK,  ^  "■  certain  ruffians  who  in- 
fested the  streets  of  London  ;  so  called 
from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that  name  in 
America.  Prior 

MOI'DORE,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  Portugal, 
valued  at  $6,  or  £1.  7s.  sterling. 

MOI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  moiti^ ;  L.  medietas;  It. 
meta  ;  Sp.  viitad.] 

The  half;  one  of  two  equal  parts ;  as  a  moie- 
ty of  an  estate,  of  goods  or  of  profits  ; 
the  moiety  of  a  jury  or  of  a  nation. 

Clarendon.     Addison. 

MOIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  mouiller.]  To  daub ;  to 
make  dirty.     [Little  used.]  Knolles. 

2.  To  weary.  [See  the  next  word.]  ' 

Chapman. 

MOIL,  V.  {.  [Gr.  fioAo;,  /iu^o;,  labor,  combat ; 
fiu^i^,  to  strive,  to  fight ;  L.  molior,  and 

miles;   At.    \.^c     to    work,   labor,    per- 
form,  to  strive,  to   war  ;  Ileb.  Ch.   Syr. 
Sam.  So;;  id.    Class  Ml.  No.  15.  12.] 
To   labor ;  to  toil ;    to    work  with  painful 
eftbrts. 

Now  he   must  moil  and  drudge  for  one  he 
lotlics.  Dryden. 


M  O  L 


31  O  L 


M  O  L 


MOIL,  n.  A  spot.  [Sax.  mat.]  [Not  in  use.] 
MOIST,  a.  [Fr.  moite,  for  moisle  ;  Arm. 
mouest ;  Russ.  niolzu,  to  wet.  If  the  last 
radical  letter  is  a  denial,  tliis  word  may 
belong  to  the  family  of  L.  madeo.  Or.  ^v- 
Saa.  See  Clas8  Ms.  No.  1.  and  Class  Md. 
No.  1.] 

1.  Moderately  wet ;  damp ;  as  a  moist  at- 
mosphere or  air. 

Exhalation  dusk  and  moist.  Milton. 

2.  Containing  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  per- 
ceptible degree. 

MOISTEN,  V.  t.  mois'n.    To  make  damp  : 

to  wet  in  a  small  degree. 

A  jjipe  a  little  moislentd  on  the  inside. 

Bacon 
His  bones  are  moistened  with  marrow.      Job 

xxi. 
MOIST,  as  a  verb,  is  obsolete. 
M0ISTF;NED,  pp.  mois'nd.     Made  wet  in 

a  small  degree. 
MOISTLNER,     n.   mois'ner.    He  or  that 

which  moistens. 
MOISTENING,   ppr.  mois'ning.     Wetting 

moderately. 
MOIST  FUL,  a.  Fidl  of  moisture.     Drayton 
MOIST'NESS,  n.  Dampness;  a  small  de- 
gree of  wetness.  Addison. 
MOIST'URE,  n.  [Fr  moiteur.]  A  moderate 

degree  of  wetness. 

Set  such  plants  as  require  much  moisture,  on 

sandy,  dry  groimds.  Bacon. 

2.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid  ;  as  the 
moisture  of  the  bod  v.  Shak. 

MOIST' Y,  a.  Drizzlfng.     [.JVolinuse.] 
MOKES,  of  a  net,  the  meshes.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Ainsworih. 
MO'KY, a.  [VV.  mieg ;  from  the  root  oi smoke.] 

Muggy  ;  dark  ;  muiky.     Obs. 
MO'LAR,  a.  [L.  molaris.]     Having  power 
to  grind  ;  grinding  ;  as  the  molar  teetli. 

Bacon. 
MOLASSES,   an  incorrect  orthography  of 

melusses. 
MOLD,  Ji.  [Sax.  mold,  molda,  myl ;  W.  mol ; 
J).  Dan.mul;  Sw.G.hih// ;  probably  allied 
to  mellow,  L.   mollis.     See  Mellow,    Meal 
and  Mill.   It  is  incorrectly  written  mould.] 
1.  Fine  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulveriz- 
ed, such  as  constitutes  soil ;  as  black  mold. 
Ed.  ir.  Indies. 
A  mortal  substance  of  terrestrial  mold. 

Hoole. 

3.  A  substance  like  down  which  forms  on 
bodies  which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp 
air.  The  microscope  e.xhihiis  this  sub- 
stance as  consisting  of  small  plants. 

Encyc. 

3.  Matter  of  wliich  any  thing  is  formed. 
Nature  formed  me  of  her  softest  mold. 

Addison. 

MOLD,  n.  [Sp.  molde,  a  mold  or  matrix  ; 
moldar,  amoldar,  to  cast ;  Port,  molde,  mol- 
rfar,  id.;  Fr.mo!(/f;  Ann.  inoul ;  Dan.  mil/, 
mnld  ;  W.  mold,  whence  moldimv,  to  mold, 
work  or  knead.  This  may  be  radically 
the  same  word  as  mold,  fine  earth  ;  a: 
name  taken  from  the  tnaterial  of  molds. 
The  connection  of  m(!(n.r  with  »)ia/cr  and 
materia,  fortifies  this  conjecture.] 

I.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast 
and  receives  its  form.  IMolds  are  of  vari- 
ous kinds.  fllokls  for  casting  cannon 
and  various  vessels,  arc  composed  of  some" 
species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds' 
for  other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  inl 


some  species  of  metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the 
shape  designed,  or  are  otherwise  formed, 
each  for  its  jiarticular  use. 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as  a  writer  of  vulgar  mold. 

ffaller. 

i.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull. 

Ainsivorlh. 

4.  In  ship-buUding,  a  thin  flexible  piece  of 
timber,  used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form 
the  curves  of  the  timbers  and  compus.sing 
pieces.  Encyc. 

Amotig  gold  heaters,  a  number  of  iiiecew  of 
vellum  or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one 
another,  between  which  the  leaves  of  gokl 
and  silver  are  laid  for  beating.  Encyc. 

MOLD,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  contract  mold. 

Knolles. 

2.  To  cover  with  mold  or  soil.        Edwards. 
MOLD,  t'.  i.  To  contract  mold  ;  to  become 

moldy.  Bacon 

MOLD,  t'.  t.  To  form  into  a  particular  shape 
to  shape  ;  to  model. 

He  forgeth  and  moldeth  metals.  Hall. 

Did  I  request  tliee,  Maker,  from  my  clay 
To  mold  ine  man  ?  .Milton 

To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

Ainsworlh. 

MOLDAKLE,  a.  That  may  be  molded  or 
formed.  Bacon. 

MOLDED,  pp.    Formed   into  a   particular 
hape  ;  kneaded. 

3.  Covered  with  mold. 
MOLDER,  n.  He  who  molds  or  forms  iiit( 

shape. 

MOLDER,  V.  i.  [Dan.  mulner,  Sw.  multna, 
to  grow  moldy.] 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  natural  decay  ;  to 
crumble  ;  to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a 
gradual  separation  of  the  component  |)ar- 
tides,  without  the  presence  of  water.  Ii 
this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  sub 
stances  moldcr,  and  so  also  do  stones  and 
shells. 

When  statues  molder,  and  when  arches  tall. 

Prior 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  grad- 
ually. 

If  be  had  sat  still,  the  enemy's  army  would 
have  moldered  to  nothing.  Clarendon 

MOLDER,  V.  t.  To  turn  to  dust  ;  to  crum- 
ble ;  to  waste. 

Some  felt  the  silent  stroke  of  moldering  age. 

Pope 

MOLDERING,    ppr.     Turning    to    dust 
crumbling  ;  wasting  away. 

MOLDINESS,  7!.  [from  moldy.]  The  state 
of  being  moldy.  Bacon. 

MOLDING,  ppr.  [from  mold.]  F'orniinff 
into  shape  ;  kneading. 

MOLDING,  n.  Any  thing  cast  in  a  mold,  or 
which  ap])cars  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  archi- 
tecture, a  projpcture  beyond  the  wall,  col 
iiinii,  wainscot,  &c.  an  assemblage  of 
which  forms  a  cornice,  a  door-case,  or  oth- 
er decoration.  Encyc. 

MOLD-WARP,  n.  [Sax.  moW  and  lueorpan, 
to  turn.     See  Mole] 

A  mole  ;  a  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa, 
that  moves  under  ground  and  turns  up  the 
mold  or  surface  of  the  earth. 

Spenser.     Careir. 

MOLDY,  a.  [from  mold.]  Overgrown  with 
mold.  Addison. 

MOLE,  n.  [Sax.  mal,  mat ;  D.  maal  ;  G. 
mahl.] 


1.  A  spot,  mark  or  small  permanent  protu- 
berance on  the  human  body,  from  which 
usually  issue  one  or  moio  hairs. 

2.  [L.  mo/a.]  Amass  of  fleshy  matter  of  a 
siiherical  figure,  generated  in  the  uterus. 

Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.  [L.  moles  ;  Fr.  mole;  W.  moe/,  a 
heap,  or  mul,  a  mass.] 

1.  A  mound  or  massive  work  formed  of 
large  stones  laid  in  the  sea  by  means  of 
coffer  dams,  extended  either  in  a  right 
line  or  an  arch  of  a  circle  bi  fore  a  port, 
which  it  serves  to  defend  from  the  violent 
impulse  of  the  waves ;  thus  protecting 
ships  in  a  harbor.  The  word  is  sometimes 
used  for  the  harbor  itself.  Encyc. 

i.  Among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  mausoleum, 
built  like  a  round  tower  on  a  square  base, 
insulated,  encompassed  with  colunms  and 
covered  with  a  dome.  Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.  [D.  mol  ;  G.  mauluntrf,  mold- 
warp  ;  Sw.  mullsork,  mullvad  or  mull- 
icarpel ;  Dan.  muldvarp.] 

.\  small  animal  of  the  genus  Taljia,  which 
in  search  of  worms  or  other  insects,  forms 
a  road  just  under  the  surface  <if  the  ground, 
raising  the  soil  into  a  little  ridge  ;  from 
which  circumstance  it  is  called  a  mold- 
warp,  or  mold-turner.  The  mole  has  very 
small  eyes.  Hay. 

Learn  of  the  mole  to  plow,  the  worm    to 
weave.  Pope. 

MOLE,  r.  <.  Toclear  of  mole-hills.  [Local.] 

Pegge. 

MO'LE-BAT,  »i.  A  fish.  Ainsworlh. 

JIO'LE-€>AST,  n.  A  little  elevation  of  earth 
made  by  a  mole.  Mortimer. 

MO'LE-€ATCHER,  n.  One  whose  employ- 
ment is  to  catch  moles.  Tusser. 

MO'LE-€RICKET,  n.  An  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Gryllus. 

MO'LE€ULE,  n.  [Fr.  from  mole.]  A  very 
minute  particle  of  matter.  Molecules  are 
elementary,  constituent,  or  integrant.  The 
latter  result  from  the  union  of  the  ele- 
mentary. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist.     Fourcroy.     Kirwan. 

MO'LE-E^ED,  a.  Having  very  small  eyes ; 
blind. 

AIO'LE-HILL,  n.  [W.  malur.]  A  little  hil- 
lock or  elevation  of  earth  thrown  up  by 
moles  working  under  ground  ;  hence  pro- 
verbially, a  very  small  hill,  or  other  small 
thing,  compared  with  a  larger. 
— Having  leaped  over  such  mountains,  lie  down 
betbre  a  mole-hill.  South. 

IMOLEST',  V.  t.  [Fr.  molester  ;  It.  molestare  ; 
Sp.  molestar ;  Ironi  L.  molestus,  trouble- 
some ;  Sp.  moler,  to  grind,  to  molest,  to 
vex,  L.  molo.     Sec  .Mill.] 

To  trouble  ;  to  disturb ;   to  render  uneasy. 
They  have  molested  the  church  with  need- 
less opposition.  Hooker. 

MOLESTA'TIOX,  H.  Di.stui banco;  annoy- 
ance; uneasiness  given.  [It  usually  ex- 
presses less  than  vexation.]  Brown. 

MOLEST  ED, /i;?.  Disturbed  ;  troubled ;  an- 
noyed. 

MOLEST'ER,  n.  One  that  disturbs. 

MOLEST'FUL,  a.  Troublesome. 

MO LEST'ING,  ;;/))•.  Disturbing;  troubling. 

MO'LE-TRACK.  n.  The  course  of  a  mole 
under  ground.  Mortimer. 

MO'LK-WARP,  n.  A  mole.  [Sec  Mole  and 
Mold-tearp.] 


31  O  L 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


MO'LIEN,  n.  A  flowering  tree  of  China. 

Grosier 

MOLIM'INOUS,  a.  [from  L.  molimen.]  Very 
important.     [JVot  used.]  More. 

MO'LINIST,  )!.  A  follower  of  the  opinions 
of  Mohna,  a  Spanisli  .Jesuit,  in  respect  to 
grace ;  an  opposer  of  the  Jansenists. 

MOL'LIENT,  a.  [L.  niolliens,  mollio.  See 
Mellon'.] 

Softening;  assuaging;  lessening.  [See£moi- 
lietit,  which  is  generally  used.] 

3IOL'LIFiABLE,  a.  [from  mollify.]  That 
may  be  softened. 

3IOLLIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mollify- 
ing or  softening. 

2.  Mitigation  ;  an  appeasing.  Shak. 

MOL'LIFIED,  p;;.  Softened;  appeased. 

MOL'LIFIER,  n.  That  which  softens,  ap- 
peases or  mitigates. 

2.  He  that  softens,  mitigates  or  pacifies. 

MOL'LIFY,  u. «.  [h.-mollio;  Fr.  mollir.  See 
Melloic]  To  soften  ;  to  make  soft  or  ten- 
der.    Is.  i. 

2.  To  assuage,  as  pain  or  irritation. 

8.  To  appease  ;  to  pacify ;  to  calm  or  quiet. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  harshness  or  as- 
perity. Clarendon. 

MOLLUS'€A,  n.  [from  L.  mollis,  soft.]  In 
zoology,  a  division  or  class  of  animals 
whose  bodies  are  soft,  without  an  internal 
skeleton,  or  articulated  covering.  Some 
of  them  breathe  by  lungs,  others  by  gills ; 
some  live  on  land,  others  in  water.  Some 
of  them  are  naked  ,  others  testaceous  or 
provided  with  shells.  Many  of  them  are 
furnished  with  feelers  or  tentacula. 

Cuvier.    Ed.  Encyc. 

MOLLUS'CAN,    }      Pertaining  to  the  mol- 

MOLLUS'€OUS,  ^  lusca,  or  partaking  of| 
their  properties.  [Molluscous  is  used,  but 
is  less  analogical  than  molluscan.] 

MOLOS'SUS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  Greek  and  Latin 
verse,  a  foot  of  three  long  syllables. 

MOLT,  V.  i.  [W.  moel,  bald,  bare,  also  as 
a  noun,  a  heap,  pile  or  conical  hill  with  a 
smooth  top  ;  moeli,  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make 
bald.  So  bald,  in  English,  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  bold,  that  is,  prominent.] 

Toshed  or  cast  the  hair,  fethers,  skin,  horns, 
&c.;  as  an  animal.  Fowls  molt  by  losing 
their  fethers,  beasts  hy  losing  their  hair, 
serpents  hy  casting  their  skins,  and  deer 
their  horns.  The  molting  of  the  hawk  is 
called  meiving. 

MOLTEN,  ;<;>.  of  »neH.  Melted.     Obs. 

2.  a.  Made  of  melted  metal ;  as  a  molten  im- 
age. 

MOLTING,  ppr.  Casting  or  shedding  a  nat- 
ural covering,  as  hair,  fethers,  skin  or 
horns. 

MOLTING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  by 
w  liicli  certain  animals,  annually  or  at  cer- 
tain times,  cast  off  or  lose  their  hair,  feth- 
ers, skins,  horns,  &c. 

MO'LY,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  /iuXv.]  Wild  garhc, 
a  pl;nil  having  u  bulbous  root. 

MOLYIVDK.N,     (       [Gr./toiLSSaii'o,  amass 

MOLYl'.'DKNA,  <,  "■  of  lead.] 

An  ore  of  niolybdenunj,  a  scarce  mineral  of 
a  peculiar  form,  and  sometimes  confound- 
ed wiih  pliuiiliago,  from  which  however 
it  is  distinguislioil  hy  its  more  shining,  sca- 
ly appcaranci;,  and  a  more  greasy  feel. 

£)ic^e. 


MOLYB'DENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  molyb- 
den,  or  obtained  from  it.  The  molybden- 
ous  acid  is  the  deutoxyd  of  molybdenum. 

MOLYB'DENUM,  «.  A  metal  which  has 
not  been  reduced  into  masses  of  any  mag- 
nitude, but  has  been  obtained  only  in  small 
separate  globules,  in  a  blackish,  brilliant 
mass.  These  are  brittle  and  extremely 
infusible.  J\/icholson.     Ure. 

The  most  common  natural  compound 
of  this  metal  is  a  sulphuret. 

Webster's  Manual. 

MOME,  n.  [Fr.  momon.  See  Mum.]  A  dull, 
silent  person  ;  a  stupid  fellow  ;  a  stock  ; 
a  post.  Johnson.     Spenser. 

MO'MENT,  n.  [L.  momentum.  This  word 
is  contracted  from  motamentum,  or  some 
other  word,  the  radical  verb  of  which  sig- 
nifies to  move,  rush,  drive  or  fall  sudden- 
ly, which  sense  gives  that  of  force.  The 
sense  of  an  instant  of  time  is  from  falling 
or  rushing,  which  accords  well  with  that 
of  meet.] 

1.  The  most  minute  and  indivisible  part  of 
time;  an  instant. 

fn  a  moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye 
1  Cor.  XV. 

2.  Force ;  impulsive  power. 

— Touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse, 
His  free  will.       '  Milton 

Little  used ;  but  hence, 

3.  Importance  in  influence  or  effect ;  conse- 
quence ;  weight  or  value. 

It  is  an  abstruse  speculation,  but  also  of  far 
less  moment  to  us  than  the  others.         Bentley 

MOMENT' AL,  a.  Important.  [Xotimise.' 

MOMENT'ALLY,  adv.  For  a  moment. 

Brown. 

MOMENTANEOUS,  MOMENTANY,  not 
used.    [See  Momentary.] 

MOMENTARILY,  adv.  Every  moment. 

Shenstone 

MO'MENTARY,  a.    Done  in   a  moment; 
continuing  only  a  moment ;  lasting  a  very 
short  time  ;  as  a  momentary  pang. 
Momentary  as  a  sound. 
Swift  as  a  shadow,  short  as  any  dream. 

Shak. 

MO'MENTLY,  adv.  For  a  moment. 

In  a  moment ;  every  moment.     We  too 
menth)  expect  the  arrival  of  the  mail. 

MOMENT'OUS,  a.  Important  ;  weighty ; 
of  consequence.  Let  no  false  step  be  made 
in  the  momentous  concerns  of  the  soul. 

MOMENT'UM,  71.  [L.]  \n  mechanics,  impe 
tus;  the  quantity  of  motion  in  amoving 
body.     This  is  always  equal  to  the  quan 
tity  of  matter  multiplied  into  the  velocity. 

Encyc. 

MOM'MERY,  \      [Fr.   momerie,  from  Mo 

MUM'MERY,  ^  "•)««*,  the  god  of  raillery 
and  jesting.] 

An  entertainment  or  frolick  in  masks  ;  a  far 
cical  entertainment  in  which  masked  per- 
sons play  antic  tricks.  Rou-e. 

MO'MOT,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  birds 
in  S.  America,  whose  beak  and  tongue  re 
semhie  the  toucan's.  Ed.  Encyc. 

MON'ACHAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  monachtis, 
Gr.  /xovaxoi,  a  monk.] 

Pertaining  to  monks  or  a  monastic  life  ;  mon- 
astic. 

MON'ACHISM,  n.  [Fi-.'monachis7ne;  It.  mon- 
achisnio.  f^ee  Monk.]  The  state  of  monks 
a  monastic  life. 


MON'AD,  n.    [Gr.  fiwaf,  unity,  from  fiono;. 

sole.] 

1.  An  ultimate  atom,  or  simple  unextended 
point.  Leibnitz. 

2.  An  iudivisible  thing.  Goorf 
MON'ADELPH,  n.   [Gr.    ^ot-of,    sole,  and 

aiif.^0!,  brother.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  whose  stamens  are  united 

in  one  b(  dy  by  the  filaments. 
MONADELPH'IAN,  a.  Having  the  stamens 

united  in  one  body  by  the  filaments. 
MONAD'Ie,        I      Having   the   nature  or 
MONAD'l€AL,  I      character  of  a  monad. 

More. 
MONAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  /xows,  one,  and  owijp. 

a  male.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  having  one  stamen  only. 
MONAN'DRIAN,   a.   Having  one   stamen 

only. 
MON'AReH,  )i.  [It.  Sp.  monarca;  Fr.  mon- 

arque ;  Gr.  ^lovafzis ;  ^oioj,  sole,  and  apxos. 

a  chief.] 

1.  The  prince  or  ruler  of  a  nation,  who  ex- 
ercises all  the  powers  of  government 
without  control,  or  who  is  vested  with  ab- 
solute sovereign  power ;  an  emperor,  king 
or  prince  invested  with  an  unlimited  pow- 
er.    This  is  the  strict  sense  of  the  word. 

2.  A  king  or  prince,  the  supreme  magistrate 
of  a  nation,  whose  powers  are  in  some  re- 
spects limited  by  the  constitution  of  the  gov- 
ernment. Thus  we  call  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  a  monarch,  although  he  can  make 
no  law  without  the  consent  of  parhament. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  superior  to  others  of 
the  same  kind  ;  as,  an  oak  is  called  the 
monarch  of  the  forest ;  a  lion  the  monarch 
of  wild  beasts. 

4.  One  that  presides ;  president ;  as  Bac- 
chus, monarch  of  the  vine.  Shak. 

MON'AR€H,  a.  Supreme ;  ruHng ;  as  a  mon- 
arch savage.  Pope. 

MONARCH' AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mon- 
arch ;  suiting  a  monarch  ;  sovereign  ;  re- 
gal :  imperial. 

Satan,  whom  now  transcendant  glory  raised 
Above  his  fellows,  with  monarchal  pride — 

Milton. 

MON'ARCHESS,  n.  A  feihale  monarch ;  an 
empress. 

MONARCHIC,        I       Vested  in  a  single 

MONARCH'ICAL,  S  ruler  ;  as  monarch- 
ical government  or  power. 

2.  Pertaining  to  monarchy. 

MON'ARCHIST,  n.  An  advocate  of  mon- 
archy. Barrow. 

MON'ARCHIZE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  king; 
to  act  the  monarch.  Shak. 

MON'ARCHIZE,  v.  t.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

MON'ARCHY,  n.  [Gr.  lioiupxm.  See  Mon- 
arch.] 

1.  A  state  or  goverment  in  which  the  su- 
preme power  is  lodged  in  the  hands  of  a 
single  person.  Such  a  state  is  usually 
called  an  empire  or  a  kingdom  ;  and  we 
usually  give  this  denomination  to  a  large 
state  only.  But  the  same  name  is  some- 
times given  to  a  kingdom  or  state  in  which 
the  power  of  the  king  or  supreme  magis- 
trate is  limited  hy  a  constitution,  or  by 
fundamental  laws.  Such  is  the  British 
monarchy.  Hence  we  speak  of  absolute  or 
despotic  monarchies,  and  of  lin)ited  mon- 
archies. 

A   tree   government  has  a  great  advantage 
over  a  simple  monarchy.  J.  Mams 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


9.  A  kingdom ;  an  empire.  ShcJr. 

MON' ASTER Y,  ji.  [Fr.  monasUre ;  It.mon- 
astero ;  Up.  monasterio ;  Low  L.  monaste- 
rium ;  Gr.  luorajiypwi',  from  ixovof,  sole,  sep- 
arate ;  W.  mdn.] 

A  house  of  religious  retirement,  or  of  seclu 
sion    from    ordinary  temporal   concerns, 
whether  an  abbey,  a  priory  or  a  nunnery. 
The  word  is  usually  applied  to  the  houses 
of  monks,  mendicant  friars  and  nuns. 

Encyc. 

MONAS'Tie,         \       [Fr.  monastique ;  It, 

MONAS'TICAL,  J  monaslico ;  Low  L. 
monastieus ;  Gr.  ftotiafixoi,  from  /uoioj,  sole, 
separate.] 

Pertaining  to  monasteries,  monks  and  nuns 
recluse  ;  secluded  from  the  temporal  con- 
cerns of  life  and  devoted  to  rehgion  ;  as  a 
monastic  life  ;  monastic  orders.       Denham. 

MONAS'Tl€,  n.  A  monk. 

»IONAS'Tl€ALLY,  adv.  Reclusely  ;  in  a 
retired  manner;  in  the  manner  of  monks. 

Sivift. 

MONAS'TICISM,  n.   Monastic  life. 

Milner. 

MONDAY,  »i.  [Sa.\.  monandag ;  D.  maan- 
dag;  G.  montag ;  moon  and  day;  beini 
formerly  sacred  to  that  planet.]  The  sec 
ond  day  of  the  week. 

MONDE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  world;  also,  a  globe, 
an  ensign  of  authority.  Drummond. 

MONE'CL\N,  n.  [Gr.  fioio{,  sole,  and  01x05, 
house.] 

In  botany,  one  of  that  class  of  plants,  whose 
male  and  female  flowers  are  on  the  same 
plant. 

MONE'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  class  of 
plants  above  described. 

MONEY,  n.  plu.  moneys.  [Sax.  mynet ;  D 
munt,  mint  \  G.  innnze;  Sw.  mynt ;  Dan 
myndt,  money  or  mint ;  Fr.  monnoie  ;  Ir. 
monadh;  VV.  mwnai ;  Sp.  moneda ;  Port. 
moeda,  contracted  ;  L.  It.  moneta.  Money 
and  mint  are  the  same  word  varied.] 

1.  Coin;  stamped  metal;  any  piece  of  met 
al,  usually  gold,  silver  or  copper,  .stamped 
by  public  authority,  and  used  as  the  me- 
dium of  commerce.  We  sometimes  give 
the  name  of  money  to  other  coined  met- 
als, and  to  any  other  material  which  rude 
nations  use  as  a  medium  of  trade.  But 
among  modern  commercial  nations,  gold, 
silver  and  copper  are  the  only  metals  used 
for  this  purpose.  Gold  and  silver,  con- 
taining great  value  in  a  small  compass, 
and  being  therefore  of  easy  conveyance, 
and  being  also  durable  and  little  liable  to 
diminution  by  use,  arc  the  most  conven 
ient  metals  for  coin  or  money,  which  is 
the  representative  of  commodities  of  all 
kinds,  of  lands,  and  of  every  thing  that  is 
capable  of  being  transferred  in  commerce. 

2.  Bank  notes  or  bills  of  credit  issued  by  au- 
thority, and  exchangeable  for  coin  or  re- 
deemable, are  also  called  money ;  as  such 
notes  in  modern  times  represent  coin, 
and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  it.  If  a 
man  pays  in  hand  for  goods  in  bank  notes 
which  are  current,  he  is  said  to  pay  in 
ready  money. 

3.  Wealth  ;  affluence. 

Money  can  neither  open  new  avenues  to 
pleasure,  nor  block  up  the  passages  of  anguish. 

Ratniler. 

Vol.  II. 


MONEYAGE,  n.  Anciently,  in  England,  a 
general  land  tax  levied  by  the  two  first 
Norman  kings,  a  shilling  on  each  hearth. 

Hume. 

MONEY-BAG,  n.  A  bag  or  jjurse  for  holding 

money.  Addison. 

MONEY-BOX,  n.    A  box   or   till  to  hold 

money. 
MONEY-BROKER,  n.  A  broker  who  deals 
in  money.  Johnson. 

MONEY-CHANGER,  n.  A  broker  who 
deals  in  money  or  exchanges. 

Arbuthnot. 

MONEYED,    a.    Rich  in   money;   having 

money  ;  able  to   command  money  ;  used 

often  in  o])i)osition  to  such  as  have  their 

wealth  in  real  estate. 

Invite  moneyed  men  to  lend  to  the  merchants. 

Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  in  money  ;  as  moneyed  capital. 

Hamilton's  Report. 

MONEYER,   n.  A  banker ;  one  who  deals 

in  money. 
2.  A  coiner  of  money.     [LUtle  used  in  either 

MONEY-LENDER,  n.  One  who  lends  mon- 
ey. 

MONEYLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  money  ;  pcn- 
nyless.  Swifl. 

MONEY-MATTER,  n.  An  account  consist- 
ing of  charges  of  money;  an  account  be- 
tween debtor  and  creditor.  Arbuthnot. 

MONEY-SeRIVENER,  n.  A  person  who 
raises  money  for  others.  Arbuthnot. 

MONEY-SPINNER,  n.  A  small  spider. 

MONEY'S-WORTH,  n.  Something  that 
will  bring  money. 

2.  Full  value;  the  worth  of  a  thing  in  mon- 
ey. 

MONEY-WORT,  jt.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lysimachia. 

MONGER,  J!.  [Sax.  mangere,  from  man- 
gian,  to  trade,  D.  7tianger.] 

A  trader  ;  a  dealer  ;  now  used  only  or  chief- 
ly in  composition ;  as  fish-mong-cr,  iron- 
monger,  news-jnopger,  cheesc-mo7tger. 

MONGREL,  a.  [from  Sa.x.  mengan,  to  mix. 
See  Mingle.] 

Of  a  mixed  breed  ;  of  different  kinds. 

Swifl. 

MONGREL,  n.  An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 

MONIL'IFORM,  a.  [L.  monile,  a  necklace, 
nnd  form.] 

Like  a  necklace.  Encyc. 

MON'IMENT,  n.  [L.  monimenlum,  from  mo- 
neo,  to  admonish.] 

1.  An  inscription ;  something  to  preserve 
memory.     Obs. 

2.  A  mark  ;  an  image;  a  superscription. 

Spenser. 
MONTSH,   V.  t.    To  admonish  ;    to  warn. 

W^ot  used.]     [See  Admonish.] 
MON'ISHER,    n.    An   admonisher,  which 

SC6. 

MON'ISHMENT,  n.  Admonition.     06s. 

MONP'TION,    n.    [Fr.    from  L.   monitio.] 

\.  Warning ;  instruction  given  by   way   of 

caution  ;  as  the  monitions  of  a  friend. 

Swifl. 
2.  Information ;  indication. 

We  have  no  visible  7nonitions  of  other  peri 
ods,  such  as  we  have  of  the  Jay  by  successive 
light  and  darkness.  Holder 

MON'ITIVE,  a.  Admonitory ;  conveying  ad- 
monition. Barrow, 

18 


MON'IToR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  warns  oi 
faults  or  informs  of  duty ;  one  who  gives 
advice  and  instruction  by  way  of  reproof 
or  caution. 

You  need  not  be  a  mtmitor  to  the  king. 

Bacon. 
In  schools,  a  person  authorized  to  look  to 
the  scholars  in  the  absence  of  the  instruct- 
or, or  to  notice  the  absence  or  faults  of  the 
scholars,  or  to  instruct  a  division  or  class. 

MON'ITORY, a.  Giving  admonition;  warn- 
ing; instructing  by  way  of  caution. 

Losses,  miscarriages  and  disappointments  arc 
monitory  and  instructive.  V Estrange. 

MON'ITORY, n.  Admonition;  warning. 

Bacon. 

MON'ITRESS,n.  A  female  monitor. 

MONK,  n.  [Gr.  novaxoi,  from  ftoi/oj,  W.  »nd/i, 
sole,  separate ;  whence  L.  monachus  ;  Sax. 
monec,  munuc ;  Fr.  moine  ;  Arm.  mannach  ; 
W.  mynap  ;  Sans,  juuni.] 

\A  man  who  i-etires  from  the  ordinary  tem- 
poral concerns  of  the  world,  and  devotes 
himself  to  religion.  Monks  usually  live  in 
monasteries,  on  entering  which  they  take 
a  vow  to  observe  certain  rules.  Some 
however  live  as  hermits  in  solitude,  and 
others  have  lived  a  strolling  life  without 
any  fixed  residence.  Encyc. 

MONIvERY,  n.  The  life  of  monks ;  the 
monastic  life. 

MONKEY,  ji.  [It.  monicchio.]  The  popular 
name  of  the  ape  and  baboon.  But  in 
zoology,  monkey  is  more  properly  the 
name  of  those  animals  of  the  genus  Simla, 
which  have  long  tails.  Ray  distributes 
animals  of  this  kind  into  three  classes; 
apes  which  have  no  tads;  monkeys  with 
long  tails ;  and  baboons  with  short  tails. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  name  of  contempt  or  of  slight  kindness. 

1  Johnson. 

MONKHOOD,  n.  The  character  of  a  monk. 

Allerbury. 

MONKISH,  a.  Like  a  monk,  or  pertaining 
to  monks  ;  monastic  ;  as  monkish  manners ; 
monkish  dress  ;  inonkish  sohtude. 

MONK'S  HEAD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Leontodon. 

MONK'S  HOOD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Aconitum. 

MONK'S  RHCBARB,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Rumex,  a  species  of  dock. 

MONOC'EROS,  )!.  [Gr.  f.0105,  sole,  and 
xfpas,  horn.]    The  unicorn. 

MON'OCHORD,  n.  [Gr.  /uojos,  sole,  only, 
and  j;op5>;,  chord.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  one  string.  As  its 
name  imports,  it  had  originally  but  one 
string ;  but  it  is  generally  constructed 
with  two,  by  means  of  which  the  musi- 
cian is  better  enabled  to  try  the  propor- 
tions of  sounds  and  intervals,  and  judge  of 
the  harmony  of  two  tempered  notes. 

Encyc. 
In  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  a  trum- 
pet marine  is  considered  a  monochord. 

MONOCHROMAT'l€,  a.  [Gr.  ;uo.of,  sole, 
and  ;tpuji«»,  color.] 

Consisting  of  one  color,  or  presenting  rays 
of  light  of  one  color  only. 

Quart.  Joum.    Journ.  of  Science. 

MON'OCOTYLE,  )         Havin" 

MONOCOTYLED'ONOUS,   \°-    onlyoul 

I    seed-lobe  or  seminal  leaf. 

I  Marlyn.    Milne. 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


MONOeOTVL'EDON,  n.  [Gr.  "^woj,  sole, 
anJ  xortiXijSuf,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  witli  only  one  cotyledon 
or  seed-lobe. 

MONO€'ULAR,     {  „    [Gr.  fioio;,  sole,  and 

MONOCULOUS,   S       L.  oculus,  eye.] 

Having  one  eye  only.  Howdl. 

MON'OCULE,  n.  [supra.]  An  insect  with 
one  eye.  Pennant. 

MON'ODON,  n.  [Gr.  fiovoSmii,  having  one 
tooth  or  shoot.] 

The  unicorn  fish,  or  sea-unicorn,  which  has 
a  remarkable  horn  projecting  from  its 
head.  [This  horn  is  really  a  tusk,  of  which 
there  are  two,  but  only  one  of  them  is  usu- 
ally developed.  Cuvier.]  It  is  called  also 
the  monoceros,  or  horned  narwhal.  Its 
usual  size  is  from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet. 

Encyc. 

MON'ODY,  n.  [Gr.  ftovaSta;  ^woj,  sole,  and 
«6)j,  song.]  A  song  or  poem  sung  by  one 
person  only.  Johnson. 

MON'OGAM,  n.  [Gr.  fiom;,  sole,  and  yof"?, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  that  has  a  simple  flower, 
though  the  anthers  are  united.  Lee. 

MONOGAM'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  or- 
der of  plants  that  have  a  simple  flower. 

Lee. 

MONOG'AMIST,  n.  [supra.]  Ouewhodis- 
allows  second  marriages.  Johnson. 

MONOG'AMOUS,  a.  Having  one  wife  only 
and  not  permitted  to  marry  a  second. 

MONOG'AMY,  n.  [supra.]  The  marriage 
of  one  wife  only,  or  the  state  of  such  as 
are  restrained  to  a  single  wife. 

Bp.  Hall. 

MON'OGRAM,  n.  [Gr.  ^uoroj,  sole,  and 
ypaju^a,  letter.] 

A  character  or  cypher  composed  of  one,  two 
or  more  letters  interwoven,  being  an 
abbreviation  of  a  name  ;  used  on  seals,  &c. 

Encyc. 

MON'OGRAMiMAL,  a.  Sketching  in  the 
manner  of  a  monogram.  Fotherby. 

MON'OGRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  juoi-os,  sole,  and 
yfio^u,  to  describe.] 

An  account  or  description  of  a  single  thing 
or  class  of  things  ;  as  a  monograph  of  vio- 
lets in  botany ;  a  monograph  of  an  Egyp- 
tian mummy.  Journ.  of  Science. 

MONOGRAPH'! C,        ?       Drawn  in  lines 

MONOGRAPH'leAL,  ^  "■  without  colors, 

Bailey.    Ash. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  monograph. 

MONOG'RAPIIY,  n.  [Gr.  f^oroj,  sole,  and 
"/po^u,  to  describe.] 

A  description  drawn  in  lines  without  colors. 
Qu.  should  not  this  be  monogram') 

MON'0(iYN,  n.  [Gr.  juwoj,  sole,  and  ywr/, 
a  female.] 

In  botany,  a  ])lant  having  only  one  style  or 
Klisrmn.  Smith 

MONOoYN'lAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  or- 
der nionogynia ;  having  only  one  style 
or  sti};uia. 

MONOLOGUE,  n.  mon'olog.  [Gr.  hovo7m 
yia  ;  ^oi'oj,  sole,  and  ^.oyoj,  speech.] 

1.  A  soliloquy  ;  a  speech  uttered  by  a  person 
alone.  Dryden 

2.  A  poem,  song  or  scene  composed  for  a 
single  performer.  Busby. 

MONOM'ACHY,  n.  [Gr.  ^Lm'Ofiax^a■,  juoioj. 
sole,  and  ^a;i;)7,  combat.]  A  duel;  a  single 
coniWat. 


MON'OME,  n.  [Gr.  ^oios,  sole,  and  onofta, 
name.] 

In  algebra,  a  quantity  that  has  one  name 
only.  Harris. 

MONO'MIAL,  n.  In  algebra,  a  quantity  ex- 
pressed by  one  name  or  letter. 

MONOP'ATHY,  n.  [Gr.  luwo;,  sole,  and 
xaSiia,  suffering.]  Solitary  suffering  or 
sensibility.  Whitlock. 

MONOPET'ALOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ftoro;,  only, 
and  rtsraXor,  flower-leaf] 

In  ftoten?/,  having  only  one  petal,  or  a  one- 
petaled  corol ;  as  a  monopetalous  corol  oi 
flower.  Martyn 

MON'OPHTHONG,  n.  [Gr.  f.oroj,  sole,  and 
^9oyyo5,  sound.]     A  simple  vowel-sound. 

Beattie 

MONOPHTHON'GAL,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
simple  vowel-sound.  Beattie. 

MONOPH'YLLOUS,  a.  [Gr.  juoroj,  sole,  and 
41VXJ.01',  leaf.]     Having  one  leaf  only. 

MONOPH'YSITE,  n.  [Gr.  f<wo5,  only,  and 
4>vffij,  nature.] 

One  who  maintains  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but 
one  nature,  or  that  the  human  and  divine 
nature  were  so  united  as  to  form  one  na- 
ture only.  Encyc. 

MONOP'OLIST,     I       [Sp.  It.   monopoiis- 

MONOP'OLIZER,  I  "•  te.  See  Monopo- 
lize.] 

One  that  monopolizes ;  a  person  who  en- 
grosses a  commodity  by  purchasing  the 
whole  of  thatarticle  in  market  for  the  pur 
pose  of  selling  it  at  an  advanced  price  ;  or 
one  who  has  a  license  or  privilege  granted 
by  authority,  for  the  sole  buying  or  selling 
of  any  coimnodity.  The  man  who  re- 
tains in  his  hands  his  own  produce  or 
manufacture,  is  not  a  monopolist  within 
the  meaning  of  the  laws  for  preventing 
monopolies. 

MONOP'OLiZE,  I',  t.  [Gr.  fiovoi,  sole,  and 
rtiSKtu,  to  sell;  Fr.  monopoler.] 

1.  To  purchase  or  obtain  possession  of  the 
whole  of  any  commodity  or  goods  in  mar 
ket  with  the  view  of  selling  them  at  ad- 
vanced prices,  and  of  having  the  power  of 
commanding-  the  prices;  as,  to  monopo- 
lize sugar  or  tea. 

2.  To  engross  or  obtain  by  any  means  the 
exclusive  right  of  trading  to  any  place 
and  the  sole  power  of  vending  any  com- 
modity or  goods  in  a  particular  place  01 
country  ;  as,  to  monopolize  the  India  or 
Levant  trade. 

To  obtain  the  whole  ;  as,  to  monopolize  ad 
vantages.  Fcdvndisl,  Jay. 

MONOP'OLY,  n.  [Fr.  monopok;  L.  mon 
opolium;  Gr.  fiovonui'Kia;  ^oroj  and  rtu^eio. 

The  sole  power  of  vending  any  species  ol 
goods,  obtained  either  by  engrossing  the 
articles  in  market  by  purchase,  or  by  a  li 
cense  from  the  government  confirminj 
this  privilege.  Thus  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  Great  Britain  has  a  monopoly  of 
the  trade  to  the  East  Indies,  granted  to 
them  by  charter.  Monopolies  by  individu- 
als obtained  by  engrossing,  are  an  oflensc 
prohibited  by  law.  IJut  a  man  has  by 
natural  right  the  exclusive  power  of  vend- 
ing his  own  produce  or  manufactures,  and 
to  retain  that  exclusive  right  is  not  a  m.o- 
nopoly  within  the  meaning  of  law. 

Mf)NdP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  ^0.05,  only,  and 
ntuBi.;,  case.]  A  noun  having  only  one' 
obhque  case.  Clarke) 


MONOSPERM'OUS,    a.    [Gr.  juoi/os,  only, 

and  arCfpfia,  seed.]    Having  one  seed  only. 
MON'OSTICH,    n.    [Gr.    ftovoj i;toj' ;    fioiof, 

only,  and   s^x<>i,  verse.]     A    composition 

consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
MONOSTROPH'I€,     a.     [Gr.    f.wofpo^ios, 

having  one  strophe.] 
Having   one   strophe   only ;    not   varied   in 

measure  ;  written  in  unvaried  measure. 

Mason. 
MONOSYLLAB'IC,  a.  [See  Monosyllable.] 

1.  Consisting  of  one  syllable  ;  as  a  monosyl- 
labic word. 

2.  Consisting  of  words  of  one  syllable  ;  as  a 
monosyllabic  verse. 

MONOSYL'LABLE,   n.     [Gr.  m"""?,  only, 

and  avrkaSy;,  a  syllable.]     A  word  of  one 

syllable. 
MONOSYL'LABLED,  a.  Formed  into  one 

syllable.  Cteaveland. 

MONOTHEISM,  n.  [Gr.  ^0,05,  only,  and 

eeos,  God.] 
The  doctrine  or  belief  of  the  existence  of  one 

God  only.  Jlsial.  Res. 

MONOTH'ELITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^010;,  one,  and 

Si^fjais,  will.] 

One  who  holds  that  Christ  had  but  one 
will.  Milner. 

MON'OTONE,  ji.  [See  Monotony.]  In 
rhetoric,  a  sameness  of  sound,  or  the  utter- 
ance of  successive  syllables  on  one  unva- 
ried key,  without  inflection  or  cadence. 

Mason.     E.  Porter. 

MONOTON'IC,  o.  Monotonous.  [Little 
used.] 

MONOT'ONOUS,  a.  Continued  in  the  same 
tone  witliiiut  inflection  or  cadence;  un- 
varied in  tone. 

MONOT'ONOUSLY,  adv.  With  one  uni- 
form tone  ;  without  inflection  of  voice. 

JVares. 

MONOT'ONY,  n.  [Gr.  /.lovorona;  ^0,05, 
sole,  and  roioj,  sound.] 

1.  Uniformity  of  tone  or  sound  ;  want  of  in- 
flections of  voice  in  speaking  ;  want  of  ca- 
dence or  modulation. 

2.  Uniformity ;  sameness. 

At  sea,  every  thiii!;-that  bre-,iks  the  monotony 
of  the  surrounding  expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irvine. 

MONSIEUR,  ),.  [Fr.]  Sir;  Mr.  Pope. 

MONSOON',  n.  A  periodical  wind,  blowing 
six  months  from  the  same  quarter  or  point 
of  the  compass,  then  changing  and  blowing 
the  same  time  from  the  opposite  quarter. 
The  monsoons  prevail  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  are  called  also  trade  winds.  But  we 
usually  give  the  denomination  of  trade 
winds  to  those  which  blow  the  whole  year 
from  the  same  point,  as  the  winds  within 
the  tropics  on  the  Atlantic. 

MON'STER,  n.  [L.  monstrum,  from  mon- 
stro,  to  show.  So  we  say  in  English,  a 
sight.  See  Muster.] 

\.  An  animal  produced  with  a  shape  or  with 
parts  that  are  not  natural,  as  when  the 
body  is  ill  (brined  or  distorted,  or  the 
limbs  too  few  or  too  many,  or  when  any 
part  is  extravagantly  out  of  proportion, 
either  through  defect  or  excess. 

2.  Any  unnatural  production ;  something 
greatly  deformed.  Monsters  are  conmion 
in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Encyc. 

3.  A  person  so  wicked  as  to  appear  horrible ; 
one  luuiaturally  wicked  or  mischievous. 
So  a  parricide  is  called  a  monster. 


M  O  N 


M  O  N 


M  O  O 


MONSTER,   V.   t.    To  make   monstrous. 

[JVol  used.]  Shak. 

MON'STER-TAMING,  a.  Taming  mon- 
sters. Hamilton. 

MONSTROS'ITy,  n.  The  state  of  being 
monstrous,  or  out  of  the  common  order  of 
nature. 

We  often  read  of  moiistrous  births ;  but  we 
see  a  greater  monstrosity  in  education,  when  a 
father  begets  a  son  and  trains  him  up  into  a 
beast.  South. 

2.  An  unnatural  production ;  that  which  is 
monstrous. 

Fabri  arranges  distortions,  gibbosities,  tumors, 
&c.  in  the  class  of  morbific  monstrosities. 

Eneyc. 
A  monstrosity  never  changes  the  name  or  af- 
fects the  immutability  of  a  species.     Adanson. 

MON'STROUS,  a.  [L.  monslrosus]  Un- 
natural in  form ;  deviating  greatly  from 
the  natural  form ;  out  of  the  common 
course  of  nature ;  as  a  monstrous  birth  or 
production. 

2.  Strange  ;  very  wonderful ;   generally  ex 
pressive  of  dislike.  Shak. 

3.  Enormous ;  huge ;  extraordinary  ;  as  a 
monstrous  higlith  ;  a  7nonstrous  tree  or 
mountain.  Pope 

i.   Shocking  to  the  sight  or  other  senses 
hateful. 

MON'STROUS,  adv.  E.vceedingly ;  very 
much ;  as  monstrous  hard  ;  monstrous 
thick. 

And  will  be  monstrous  witty  on  the  poor. 

Drydcn 
[This  use  Is  colloquial  and  vulgar.] 

MON'STROUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  out 
of  the  common  order  of  nature ;  hence, 
shockingly  ;  terribly  ;  hideously ;  horri- 
bly ;  as  a  man  monstrously  wicked. 

2.  To  a  great  degree ;  enormously ;  extrava- 
gantly. 

Who  with  his  wife  is  monstrously  in  love. 

Drydcn 

MON'STROUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing monstrous. 

2.  Enormity  ;  irregular  nature  or  behavior. 

Shak. 

MONTAN'IC,  a.  [L.  montanus,  from  mans, 
mountain.] 

Pertaining  to  mountains;  consisting  m 
mountains.  Kirwan. 

MON'TANISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  Monta- 
nus. 

MON'TANIST,  n.  A  follower  of  the  her 
esiarch  Montanus,  a  Phrygian  by  birth, 
who  pretended  he  was  inspired  by  the 
Holy  Spirit  and  instructed  in  several 
points  not  revealed  to  the  apostles.  His 
sect  sprung  up  in  the  second  century. 

Encuc. 

SIONTANIST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
heresv  of  Montanus. 

MON'TANIZE,  v.  i.  To  follow  the  opin 
Ions  of  Montanus.  Hooker. 

MONT'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  from  monter,  to  mount.] 
A  term  In  fenclmj.  Shak. 

MONTE'RO,n.  [Sp.montera.]  A  horseman's 
cap.  Bacon. 

MONTETH',  n.  A  vessel  in  which  glasses 
are  washed  ;  so  called  from  the  name  o(] 
the  inventor.  King. 

MONTH,  n.  [Sax.  monafh,  from  mono,  the 
moon  ;  D.  maand ;  G.  monalh  ;  Sw.  m&nad; 
Dan.  maaned ;  L.  mensis ;  Gr.  ii>^,  a  month, 
from  iJi>]i't!,  the  moon.] 


A  space  or  period  of  time  constituting  a  di- 
vision of  the  year.  Month  originally  sig- 
nified the  time  of  one  revolution  of  the 
moon,  a  lunation,  or  the  period  from  one 
change  or  conjunction  of  the  moon  with 
the  sun  to  another,  a  period  of  27  days,  7 
hours,  43  minutes  and  5secon<l.'j.  This  is 
the  periodical  month,  or  as  we  generally 
call  It,  the  lunar  month.  In  this  sense  we 
still  use  the  word  month.  But  we  also  ap- 
ply the  term  to  the  space  of  time  In  which 
the  sun  passes  through  one  sign,  or  a 
twelfth  part  of  the  zodiac.  This  period 
contains  30  days,  10  hours,  29  minutes,  5 
seconds,  and  Is  called  a  solar  month.  In 
the  year,  there  are  twelve  solar  months, 
and  thirteen  lunar  mouths. 

In  popular  language,  four  weeks  are 
called  a  month,  being  nearly  the  length  of 
the  lunar  month.  A  calendar  month  dif- 
fers in  some  degree  from  a  solar  month  ; 
consisting  of  twenty  eight,  twenty  nine, 
thirty  or  thirty  one  days,  as  the  months 
stand  In  calendars  or  almanacks. 

MONTHLY,  a.  Continued  a  month  or 
performed  in  a  month  ;  as  the  monthly 
revolution  of  the  moon. 

2.  Done  or  happening  once  a  month,  or  eve- 
ry month ;  as  the  monthly  concert  of 
prayer  ;  a  monthly  visit. 

MONTHLY,  adv.  "Once  a  month;  in  eve- 
ry month.     The  moon  changes  monthly. 

2.  As  if  under  the  Influence  of  the  moon  ;  In 
the  manner  of  a  lunatic.     [jVo<  used.l 

Middleton. 

MONTH'S-MIND,  n.  Earnest  desire  ; 
strong  Inclination.  Hudibras. 

MONTM'ARTRITE,n.  A  mineral  of  a  yel 
lowish     color,     occurring    massive,    and 
found   at   Montmartre,  near   Paris.     It  is 
soft,  but  resists  the  weather.     It  Is  a  com 
pound  of  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of 
lime.  Ure 

MONTOIR,  )i.  [Fr.]  In  horsemanship,  a 
stone  used  for  aiding  to  mount  a  horse 

MON'UMENT,  n.  [L.  monumentum,  from 
moneo,  to  admonish  or  remind.] 

1.  Any  thing  by  which  the  memoi-y  of  a  per 
son  or  an  event  is  preserved  or  perpetua 
ted  ;    a   building,    stone    or   other    thing 
placed  or  erected  to  remind  men  of  the 
person  who  raised  it,  or  of  a  person  de- 
ceased, or  of  any  remarkable  event ;  as  a 
mausoleum,  a  pillar,  a  pyramid,    a  tri 
umphal  arch,  a   tombstone  and  the  like. 
A  pillar  of  200  feet  in  highth,  composed 
of  Portland  stone,  was  erected  in  London 
as  a  monument  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  great  conflagration  in  16C6.     A  monu- 
ment is  erected   on   Bunker  Hill  to  com 
memorate  the  battle  of  June  17, 1775. 

2.  A  stone  or  a  heap  of  stones  or  other  du- 
rable thing,  intended  to  mark  the  bounds 
of  states,  towns  or  distinct  possessions, 
and  preserve  the  memory  of  divisional 
lines.  J^eiD  England. 

•3.  A  thing  that  reminds  or  gives  notice. 
MONUMENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monu- 
ment ;  as  a  monumental  Inscription. 

2.  Serving  as  a  monument;  memorial;  pre- 
serving memory. 

Of  pine  or  monwnental  oak.  .Alilton 

A  work  outlasting  monumental  brass.     Pope 

3.  Belonging  to  a  tomb  ;  as  monumental  rest. 

Crashaw. 


MONUMENT' ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  me- 
morial. Gayton. 
MOOD,  n.  [Fr. mode ;L. modus.  SeeJMorfe.] 

1.  The  form  of  an  argument ;  the  regular 
determination  of  propositions  according  to 
their  quantity,  as  universal  or  particular, 
and  their  quality,  as  affirmative  or  nega- 
tive, ffatts.     Encyc. 

2.  Style  of  music.  .Milton.     Encyc. 

3.  The  variation  of  a  verb  to  express  man- 
ner of  action  or  being.     [See  Mode.] 

In  the  foregoing  senses,  and  in  all  cases, 
this  word  when  derived  from  the  Latin 
modus,  ought  to  be  written  mode,  It  being 
a  distinct  word  from  the  following. 
MOOD,  n.  [Goth,  mod,  anger;  Sax.  Sw. 
mod,  the  mind,  a  lofty  mind,  pride,  vio- 
lence ;  modig,  proud,  spirited ;  G.  muth, 
mind,  mood,  courage,  mettle,  spirit;  D. 
moid;  Dan.  mood,  mod,  heart,  courage, 
mettle.  We  observe  these  words  unite 
the  sense  of  mind  witli  that  of  spirit,  cour- 
age, anger,  for  the  primary  sense  is  de- 
rived from  moving,  driving  or  rushing  for- 
ward, or  from  exciting.  We  observe 
analogous  cases  in  the  L.  animus  and  Gr. 
Ov^wi.     Class  Md.  No.  19.  24.  2r,.] 

1.  Temper  of  mind  ;  temporary  state  of  the 
mind  in  regard  to  passion  or  feeling  ;  hu- 
mor ;  as  a  melancholy  mood;  an  angry 
mood ;  a  suppliant  mood. 

Dryden.    Mdison. 

2.  Anger;  heat  of  temper.  Hooker. 
[In  this  sense  little  used,  unless  qualifi- 
ed by  an  adjective.] 

MOOD'ILY,    adv.    [from    moody.]     Sadly. 

Obs. 
MOOD'INESS,  n.  Anger;  peevishness. 
MOOD'Y,  a.  [Sax.  morfi^,  angry.]    Angry; 

peevish;  fretful;  out  of  humor. 

Every  peevish  moody  malcontent.        Howe. 

2.  Mental ;  intellectual ;  as  moody  food.  Obs. 

Shak. 

3.  Sad ;  pensive. 

4.  Violent ;  furious. 
MOON,  n.  [Sax.  mono ;  Goth,  mena ;  Dan. 

maane  ;  Sw.  m&na  ;  D.  maan  ;  G.  mond  ; 
Gr.  |U>ji»7,  Doric,  fuiva ;  Lapponic,  mana.] 

1.  The  heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round 
the  earth  ;  a  secondary  planet  or  satellite 
of  the  earth,  whose  borrowed  light  is  re- 
flected to  the  earth  and  serves  to  dispel 
the  darkness  of  night.  Its  mean  distance 
from  the  earth  is  60.i  semidlameters  of  the 
earth,  or  240,000  miles.  Its  revolution 
round  the  earth  in  27  days,  7  hours,  43 
minutes,  constitutes  the  lunar  month. 

2.  A  month.  Thisis  the  sense  in  which  rude 
nations  use  the  name  of  the  moon ;  as 
seven  moons. 

Half-moon,  in  fortification,  a  figure  resemb- 
ling a  orescent. 

MOON  -BEAM,  n.  A  ray  of  light  from  the 
moon.  Dryden. 

MOON'-€.\LF,  n.  .\  monster;  a  false  con- 
ception. Shak. 

2.  A  mole  or  mass  of  fleshy  matter  genera- 
ted In  the  uterus. 

3.  A  dolt  :  a  stupid  fellow.  Dryden. 
MOONED,  a.  Taken  for  the  moon. 

.Milton. 
MOON'ET,  n.  A  iittle  moon.  Hall. 

MOON'-EVE,    n.    An  eye  affected  by  the 

moon. 
MOON'-EVED,  a.  Having  eyes  aflfected  by 

the  revolutions  of  the  moon. 


MOO 


MOO 


M  O  R 


3.  Dim-eyed ;  purblinil.  Ainsworth. 

MOON'-FISH,  n.  A  fish  whose  tail  is  shap- 
ed like  a  half-moon.  Grew. 

MOON'ISH,  a.  Like  the  moon ;  variable. 

Shak. 

MOON'LESS,  a.  Not  favored  with  moon- 
light. Dryden. 

MOON'LIGHT,  n.  The  light  afforded  by 
the  moon. 

MOON'LIGHT,  a.  Illuminated  by  the  moon ; 
as  moonlight  revels.  Shak 

MOON'LING,  n.  A  simpleton.     B.  Jonson 

MOON'LOVED,  a.  Loved  when  the  moon 
sliines.  MUton. 

MOON'-SAD,n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Meni- 
,    spermuna,  having  a  rosaceous  flower. 
• '  Miller. 

MOON'SHINE,  n.  The  light  of  the  moon. 

Dryden. 

3.  In  burlesque,  a  month.  Shak. 

A  matter  o/moonshine,  a  matter  of  no  conse- 
quence or  of  indifference. 

MOON'SHINE.   )        Illuminated    by    the 

MOON'SHINY,  I  "■  moon;  as  a  fair  mooji- 
shine  night.  Clarendon. 

I  went  to  see  them  in  a  moonshiny  night. 

Madison 

MOON'STONE,  n.  A  variety  of  adularia, 
of  a  white  color,  or  a  yellowish  or  green- 
ish white,  soniewliat  iridescent,  found  in 
blunt  amorphous  masses,  or  crystalized 
in  truncated  rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  rec- 
tangular tables,  or  in  hexahedral  prisms 
beveled  at  both  ends.  The  surface  is 
often  sulcated.  Kinoan. 

MOON'STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  moon  ;  lunatic  ;  as  moonstruck 
n)adness.  Milton. 

MOON-TRE'FOIL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Medicaeo. 

MOON'-WoRT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lu 
naria;  satin-flower;  honesty. 

MOON'Y,  a.  Lunated  ;  having  a  crescent 
for  a  standard  ;  in  resemblance  of  the 
moon  ;  as  the  moony  troops  or  moony  host 
of  the  sultans  of  Turkey. 

Philips.     Fenton. 

MOOR,  n.  [Sa.\.  mor,  a  mountain,  a  pool  or 
lake,  a  plain;  D.  moer ;  G.  mohr;  Fr. 
mare  ;  Dan.  myre.] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  overrun  with  heath. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  raarsh ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  wet  low 
ground,  or  ground  covered  with  stagnant 
water. 

MOOR,  n.  [D.  moor;  G.mohr;  Fr.  maure ; 
Gr.  aftavpos,  ftavpos,  dark,  obscure.] 

A  native  of  tlie  northern  coast  of  Africa,  call 
ed  by  the  Romans  from  the  color  of  the 
people,  Mauritania,  the  country  of  dark- 
complexioned  people.  The  same  country 
is  now  called  Morocco,  Tunis,  Algiers, 
&c. 

MOOR,  V.  I.  [Sp.  Port,  amaira,  a  cable, 
and  a  command  to  belay  or  fasten  ;  amar- 
rar,  to  moor,  as  a  ship  :  Fr.  amarrer ;  Arm. 
amarra ;  D.  maaren  ;  allied  probably  to  L. 
moror,  Fr.  demeurtr,  to  delay.  It  is  com 
posed  of  the  same  elements  as  the  Saxon 
merran,  amerran,  amyrran,  to  hinder,  to 
mar.^ 

To  confine  or  secure  a  ship  in  a  particular 
station,  as  by  cables  and  anchors  or  by 
chains.  A  ship  is  never  said  to  be  moored. 
when  she  rides  by  a  single  anchor. 

Mar.  Diet. 


MOOR,  V.  i.  To  be  confined  by  cables  or 
chains. 

On  oozy  ground  his  galleys  moor.     Dryden. 

MOOR'€OCK,  i       A  fowl  of  the   genus 

MOOR'FOWL,  >  n.  Tetrao,  found  in  moors ; 

MOORHEN,     >     red-game;  gor-cock. 

MOOR'ED,  pp.  Made  fast  in  a  station  by 
cables  or  chains. 

MOOR'ING,  ppr.  Confining  to  a  station  by 
cables  or  chains. 

MOOR'ING,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  moor 
iiigs  are  the  anchors,  chains  and  bridles 
laid  athwart  the  bottom  of  a  river  or  har- 
bor to  confine  a  ship. 

MOOR'ISH,    a.    Marshy;   fenny;  watery 
Along  the  moorish  fens.  Thomson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  in  Africa. 

MOOR'LAND,  n.  A  marsh  or  tract  of  low 
watery  ground.  Mortimer.     Swift. 

2.  Land  rising  into  moderate  hills,  foul, 
cold  and  full  of  bogs,  as  in  Staffordshire, 
England. 

MOOR'STONE,  ?!.  A  species  of  granite. 

Woodward. 

MOOR' Y,  a.  Marshy ;  fenny  ;  boggy ;  wa- 
tery. 

As  when  thick  mists  arise  from  moory  vales, 

Fairfax. 

MOOSE,  n.  moos,  [a  native  Indian  name.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Cervus,  and  the 
largest  of  the  deer  kind,  growing  some 
times  to  the  highth  of  17  hands,  and  weigh 
ing  1200  pounds.  This  animal  has  pahnat 
ed  horns,  with  a  short  thick  neck,  and  an 
upright  mane  of  a  light  brown  color.  The| 
eyes  are  small,  the  ears  a  foot  long,  veryl 
broad  and  slouching  ;  the  upper  lip  is! 
square,  hangs  over  the  lower  one,  and  has 
a  deep  sulcus  in  the  middle  so  as  to  ap- 
pear bifid.  This  animal  inhabits  cold 
northern  climates,  being  found  in  the 
American  forests  of  Canada  and  New 
England,  and  in  the  corresponding  lati- 
tudes of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  the  elk  of 
Europe.  Encyc. 

MOOT,  II.  t.  [Sax.  motian,  to  meet,  to  de- 
bate ;  Sw.  mota,  to  meet,  to  fall,  to  come 
to  or  on  ;  Goth,  motyan.  See  Meet,  of 
which  this  word  is  a  different  orthogra- 
phy. The  sense  of  debate  is  from  meet 
ing,  like  encounter,  from  the  French  ;  for 
meeting  gives  rise  to  the  sense  of  opposing, 
and  the  Dan.  mod  and  Sw.  emot,  against 
a  preposition  answering  to  L.  contra,  Fr. 
contre,  is  from  this  root.] 
To  debate ;  to  discuss  ;  to  argue  for  and 
against.  The  word  is  ap|)lied  chiefly  to 
the  disputes  of  students  in  law,  who  state 
a  question  and  discuss  it  by  way  of  exer- 
cise to  qualify  themselves  for  arguing 
causes  in  court. 
MOOT,  V.  i.  To  argue  or  plead  on  a  sup 

posed  cause. 
MOOT,  5     A  point,  case  or  ques 

MOOT'-€ASE,    Sji.tionto   be  mooted   or 
MOOT'-POINT,  5     debated  ;   a  disputable 
case  ;  an  unsettled  question. 

In  this  moot-case  your  juJgment  to  refuse. 

Dryden 
MOOT'ED,  pp.  Debated  ;  disputed  ;  con- 
troverted. 
MOOT'ER,  n.  A  disputer  of  a  mooted  case 
MOOT'-HALL,  ?  A  town  hall;  hall  of 
MOOT'-HOUSR,  S  "■  judgment.     Obs. 

Wickliffe 


MOOT'ING,  ppr.  Disputing  ;  debating  for 
exercise. 

MOOT'ING,  n.  The  exercise  of  disputing. 

MOP,  n.  [VV.  mop  or  mopa  ;  L.  mappa.]  A 
piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  thrums  or 
coarse  yarn  fastened  to  a  handle  and  used 
for  cleaning  floors.  Swift. 

2.  A  wry  mouth.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

MOP,  V.  t.  To  rub  or  wipe  with  a  mop. 

MOP,  11.  {.  To  make  a  wrv  mouth.  [J\/ot 
"-serf.]  ■  Shak. 

MOPE,  V.  i.  [I  have  not  found  this  word. 
unless  in  the  D.  moppen,  to  pout.] 

To  be   very    stupid  ;    to  be   very  dull ;    to 
drowse  ;  to  be  spiritless  or  gloomy. 
Demoniac  phrensy,  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 
— Or  but  a  sickly  part  of  one  true  sense 
Could  not  so  mope.  Shak. 

MOPE,  V.  t.  To  make  stupid  or  spiritless. 

MOPE,  ?!.  A  stupid  or  low  spirited  person  ; 
a  drone. 

MO'PED,  pp.  Made  stupid. 

A  young,  low  spirited,  mnped  creature. 

Loeke. 

MOPE-EYED,  a.  [Qu.  Gr.  ,.i<*^.]  Short- 
sighted; purblind.  BramhaU. 

MO'PING,  ppr.  Aflected  with  dullness : 
spiritless  ;  gloomy. 

MO'PI8H,  a.  Dull  ;  spiritless  ;  stupid  ;  de- 
jected. 

MO'PISHNESS,  n.  Dejection  ;  dullness  : 
stupidity. 

MOP'PET,  >  ^^    [from  mop  ;  L.  mappa.]     A 

MOP'SEY,  ^ '■  rag-baby  ;  a  puppet  made 
of  cloth;  a  fondling  name  of  a   little  girl. 

Dryden. 

MO'PUS,  n.  A  mope  ;  a  drone.  Swift. 

MOR'AL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  moral;  It.  morale; 
L.  moralis,  from  mos,  moris,  manner.  The 
elements  of  this  word  are  probably  Mr.; 
but  I  know  not  the  primary  sense.     The 

word  coincides  in  elements  with  Ar.  j.^ 
to  pass,  to  walk.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  practice,  manners  or  con- 
duct of  men  as  social  beings  in  relation 
to  each  other,  and  with  reference  to  right 
and  wrong.  The  word  moral  is  applica- 
ble to  actions  that  are  good  or  evil,  vir- 
tuous or  vicious,  and  has  reference  to  the 
law  of  God  as  the  standard  by  which  their 
character  is  to  be  determined.  The  word 
however  may  be  applied  to  actions  which 
affect  only,  or  primarily  and  principally,  a 
person's  own  happiness. 

Keep  at  (he  least  within  the  compass  of  mora! 
actions,  which  have  in  them  vice  or  virtue. 

Hooker. 
Mankind  is  broken  loose  from  moral  bands. 

Dryden. 
Subject  to  the  moral  law  and  capable  of 
moral  actions;  bound  to  perform  social 
duties  ;  as  a  moral  agent  or  being. 
Supported  by  the  evidence  of  reason  or 
probability  ;  founded  on  experience  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  things ;  as  moral  cer- 
tainty, distinguished  from  physical  or 
mathematical  certainty  or  demonstration. 
Physical  and  mathematical  certainty  may  be 
stiled  infallible,  and  moral  certainly  may  be 
properly  stiled  indubitable.  Wilkins. 

Things  of  a  moriil  nature  may  be  proved  by 
moral  arguments.  Tillotson. 

4.  Confi)rincd  to  rides  of  right,  or  to  the  di- 
vine  law  respecting  social  duties  ;    vir- 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


tuous;  just;  as  when  we  say,  a  particu- 
lar action  is  not  moral. 

0.  Conformed  to  law  and  right  in  exterior 
deportment  ;  as,  he  leads  a  good  tnoral 
life. 

6.  Reasoning  or  instructing  with  regard  to 
vice  and  virtue. 

Whilst  thou,   a  moral  [ool,   sitt'st  still  and 
cii'sl.  Wint- 

7.  In  general,  jnoro/ denotes  somethinf?  which 
respects  the  conduct  of  men  and  their  re- 
lations as  social  beings  whose  actions  liave 
a  bearing  on  each  otlier's  rif^hts  and  hap- 
piness, and  are  therefore  right  or  wrcjng, 
virtuous  or  vicious;  as  moral  character; 
morai views;  moral  linowledge;  nioro/ sen- 
timents ;  moral  maxims  ;  moral  approba- 
tion ;  moral  doubts ;  moral  justice  ;  moral 
virtue  ;  moral  obligations,  &c.  Or  moral 
denotes  something  which  respects  the  in- 
tellectual powers  of  man,  as  distinct  from 
his  physical  powers.  Tluis  we  speak  of 
moral  evidence,  moral  arguments,  moral 
persuasion,  moral  certainty,  moral  force  ; 
which  operate  on  tlie  mind. 

Moral  law,  the  law  of  God  wliich  prescribes 
the  moral  or  social  duties,  and  prohibits 
the  transgression  of  them. 

Moral  sense,  an  innate  or  natin-al  sense  of 
right  and  wrong;  an  instinctive  percep 
tion  of  what  is  riglit  or  wrong  in  moral 
conduct,  which  approves  some  actions  and 
disapproves  others,  independent  of  edu 
cation  or  the  knowledge  of  any  positive 
rule  or  law.  But  the  existence  of  any  such 
moral  sense  is  very  much  doubted. 

Paley.     Encyc. 

Moral  philosophy,  the  science  of  manners  and 
duty  ;  the  science  which  treats  of  the  na- 
ture and  condition  of  man  as  a  social  be 
ing,  of  the  duties  which  result  from  his 
social  relations,  and  the  reasons  on  which 
they  are  founded. 

MOR'AL,  71.  Morality ;  the  doctrine  or  prac- 
tice of  the  duties  of  life.     [M>t  much  iised.' 

Prior. 

2.  The  doctrine  inculcated  by  a  fiction  ;  the 
accommodation  of  a  fable  to  form  the 
morals. 

The  tnoral  is  the  first  business  of  the  poet. 

Z>ryde7i 

MOR'AL,  V.  i.  To  moralize.     [JVot  in  use.] 

MOR'ALER,  n.  A  moralizer.  [jYot  in  use.' 

Shak 

MOR'ALIST,  n.  [It.  moralisla ;  Fr.  moral- 
isle.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  duties  of  life,  or  a 
writer  of  essays  intended  to  correct  vice 
and  inculcate  moral  duties.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  practices  moral  duties ;  a  mere 
moral  person.  Hammond. 

MORAL'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  moratitl]  The  doc- 
trine or  system  of  moral  duties,  or  the  du 
ties  of  men  in  their  social  character ;  eth- 
ics. 

The  system  of  morality  to  be  gathered  from 
the  writings  of  ancient  sages,  falls  very  short  of 
that  delivered  in  the  gospel.  Sanft. 

2.  The  practice  of  the  moral  duties  ;  virtue. 
We  often  admire  the  politeness  of  men 
whose  morality  we  question. 

3.  The  quality  of  an  action  which  renders  it 
good ;  the  conformity  of  an  act  to  the  di-! 
vine  law,  or  to  the  principles  of  rectitude. 
This  conformity  implies  that  the  act  must: 
be  performed  by  a  free  agent,  and  from  a! 


motive  of  obedience  to  the  divine  wilLn 
This  is  the  strict  theological  and  .scriptural! 
sense  of  morality.     But  we  often  apply  the 
word  to  actions  which  accord  with  justice 
and  human  laws,  without  reference  to  the 
motives  liiim  which  thev  proceed. 

MORALIZA'TION,  Ji.  Moral  reflections, 
or  the  act  of  making  moral  reflections. 

ffurton. 

'i.  Explanation  in  a  moral  sense.  Klyot. 

MOR'ALIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  moraliser ;  Sp.l 
moralizar ;  It.  moralizzare.] 

1.  To  apply  to  a  moral  purpose,  or  to  ex- 
plain in  a  moral  sense. 

This  fable  is  moralized  in  a  common  proverb. 

L'Estrartge. 

Did  he  not  moralize  this  spectacle  .'       Shak. 

2.  To  furnish  with  manners  or  examples. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  render  moral  or  virtuous;  to  correct 
the  morals  of  i 

It  had  a  large  share  in   moralizing  the  poorj 

while  people  of  the  country.  Hamsay.l 

[This  sense,  though  the   most  strictlyl 

etymological,  is  rare,  but   not  to  be  con-j 

demned.] 

MOR'ALIZE,  V.  i.  To  speak  or  write  on 
moral  subjects,  or  to  make  moral  reflec- 
tions. 

MOR'ALIZED,  pp.  Applied  to  a  moral  pur- 
pose, or  explained  in  a  moral  sense. 

2.  Renrlered  moral  or  less  corrupt. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

MOR'ALIZER,  n.  One  who  moralizes. 

MOR'ALIZING,  ppr.  Applying  to  a  moral; 
purpose,  or  explaining  in  a  moral  sense,      i 

2.  Making  moral  reflections  in  words  or  wri- 
ting. 

MOR'ALIZING,  n.  The  application  of  facts 
to  a  moral  purpose,  or  the  making  of 
moral  reflections. 

His  moralizings  are  always  pleasant,  and  he 
does  not  spare,  where  he  thinks  it  useful  to 
moialize.  Ch.  Obs. 

MOR'ALLY,  adv.  In  a  moral  or  ethical 
sense ;  according  to  the  rules  of  morality. 
By  good,  morally  so  called,  bonum  honest- 
urn  ought  chiefly  to  be  understood.  South. 
Virtuously  ;  honestly  ;  according  to  moral 
rules  in  external  deportment.  He  resolves 
to  live  morally. 

•3.  According  to  the  rules  of  the  divine  law. 
An  action  is  not  in  strictness  morally  good, 
which  does  not  proceed  from  good  mo- 
tives, or  a  principle  of  love  and  obedience 
to  the  divine  law  and  to  the  lawgiver. 
Charity  bestowed  to  gratify  pride,  or  jus- 
tice done  by  compulsion,  cannot  be  morally 
good  ill  the  sight  of  God. 

4.  According  to  the  evidence  of  human  rea 
son  or  of  probabilities,  founded  on  facts 
or  experience  ;  according  to  the  usual 
course  of  things  and  human  judgment 

It  is  morally  impossible  ibr  u  hypocrite  to 
keep  himself  long  on  his  guard.  V Estrange 
From  the  nature  of  things,  I  am  morally  cer- 
tain that  a  mind  free  from  passion  and  prejudice 
is  more  fit  to  pass  a  true  juilginent  than  one 
biased  by  allection  and  interest.  Wilkins. 

MOR'ALS,  n.  plu.  The  practice  of  the  du- 
ties of  life  ;  as  a  man  of  correct  morals. 
2.  Conduct  ;  behavior  ;  course  of  life,  in  re- 
gard to  good  and  evil. 

Some,  a*  corrupt  in  their  morals  as  vice  could! 
make  them,  have  been  solicitous  to  have  theip 
cliildien  virtuously  and  piously  educated. 

South.} 


What  can  laws  do  without  morals  7 

Franklin . 

•MORASS',  n.  [D.  motras,  from  mwr,  a 
marsh  ;  Sw.  moras  ,•  G.  mjorasl ;  Sax.  mersc  ; 
Fr.  marais;  from  mare  or  moor,  a  tract 
of  level  ground.] 

A  marsh ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  low  moist  ground. 
ffatls.     Thomson. 

MORASS'Y,  a.  Marshy  ;  fenny.     Pennant. 

.MORA'VIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Moravia. 

MORA'VIAN,  II.  One  of  a  religious  sect, 
called  the  I'nited  Brelliren. 

MOR'BID,  a.  [L.  morhidus,  from  morbus,  a 
disease,  from  the  root  of  morior,  to  die  ; 
W.  manv,  to  die,  from  mar,  hiid  flat.  The 
sense  of  the  verb  then  is  to  liill,  fail  or  sink  ; 
Ir.  marbh,  W.  marw,  dead.  In  Ch.  JTID 
is  to  be  sick.     Class  Mr.  No.  12.] 

Diseased;  sickly;  not  sound  and  healthful; 
as  morbid  humors  ;  a  morbid  constitution  ; 
a  morbid  state  of  the  juices  of  a  plant 
morbid  sensibility. 

MORBIDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  diseas- 
ed, sickly  or  unsound. 

MORBIF'iC,        }        [Fr.    morbifique  ;     L. 

MORBIF'IeAL,  I  "■  morbus,  disease,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

Causing  disease  ;  generating  a  sickly  state  ; 
as  morbijic  matter. 

MORBIL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  morbilli,  measles,  a 
medical  term  from  morbus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  measles ;  measly  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  measles,  or  resem- 
bling the  eruptions  of  that  disease. 

MORBO'SE,  a.  [L.  morbosus.]  Proceeding 
from  disease  ;  unsound  ;  unhealthy  ;  as  a 
morbose  tumor  or  excrescence  in  plants. 

Ray. 

MORBOS'ITY,  n.  A  diseased  state. 

Brown. 

MORDA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  mordax,  infra.] 
Biting  ;  given  to  biting.  Evelyn. 

MORDA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  biting  man- 
ner ;  sarcastically.  JVuterhouse. 

MORDACITY,  n.  [L.  mordacitas,  from  mor- 
deo,  to  bite.] 

The  quality  of  biting. 

MOR'DANT,  n.  [Fr.  biting.]  A  substance 
which  has  a  chiniical  affinity  for  coloring 
matter  and  serves  to  fix  colors  ;  such  as 
alum.  Fourcroii. 

MOR'DIeANCY,  n.  A  biting  quahty  ;  cor- 
rosiveness.  Evelyn. 

MOR'DI€ANT,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  mordeo,  to 
bite.] 

Biting  ;  acrid  ;  as  the  mordicant  quality  of  a 
body.  Boyle. 

MORDl€A'TION.  ji.  [from  L.  mordeo,  to 
bite.] 

The  act  ofbiting  or  corroding  ;  corrosion. 
Another  cause  is  the  mnrdiiation  of  the  orifi- 
cns,  especially  of  the  mesentery  veins.     Bacon. 

MORE,  a.  [Sa.x.  more,  mora  or  mare,  more 
or  greater  ;  D.  meer ;  G.  mehr  ;  Dan. 
meere  ;  Sw.  mer.  The  Saxon  ma  and  mo, 
in  Chaucer,  have  the  same  sense.  In  \V. 
mawr,  Ir.  mor,  signifies  great,  in  the  posi- 
tive degree.  The  word  may  be  contract- 
ed from  mag,  the  root  of  L.  magis  ;  mare, 
for  mager ;  but  this  is  conjecture.] 

I.  Greater  in  quality,  degree  or  amount  ;  in 
a  general  sense  ;  as  more  land  ;  more  wa- 
ter ;  more  courage  ;  more  virtue  ;  more 
power  or  wisdom  ;  more  love  ;  7norc  praise  ; 
more  light.  It  is  applicable  to  every  thing, 
material  or  immaterial. 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


2.  Groater  in  number  ;  exceeding  in  nuni 
bers  ;   as  inore  men  ;  more  virtues  ;   more 
years. 

The  children  of  Israel   are   more  than  we. 
Ex.  i. 
3-  Greater. 

'I'he  7nore  part  knew  not  wliy  they  had  come 
together.     Acts  xix. 
4.  Added  to    some  former  number  ;  addi- 
tional. 

But  Montague  demands  one  labor  more. 

Addison. 
MORE,  adv.  To  a  greater  degree. 

Israel  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  chil- 
dren.    Gen.  xxxvii. 

2.  It  is  used  with  the. 

They  hated  him  yet  the  more.     Gen.  xxxvii. 

3.  It  is  used  to  modify  an  adjective  and 
form  the  comparative  degree,  having  the 
same  force  and  effect  as  the  termination 
er,  in  monosyllables  ;  as  inore  wise  ;  more 
illustrious  ;  more  contemptible  ;  more  du 
rable.  It  may  be  used  before  all  adjec- 
tives which  admit  of  comparison,  and 
must  be  used  before  polysyllables. 

4.  A  second  or  another  time  ;  again.     I  ex- 
pected to  hear  of  him  no  more. 

The  dove  returned  not  to  him  again  any  Tnore. 
Gen.  viii. 
JVo  more,  not  continuing  ;  existing  no  long- 
er ;  gone  ;  deceased  or  destroyed.     Cas- 
sius  is  no  more.     Troy  is  no  more. 

JVo  more  is  used  in  commands,  in  an  el- 
liptical form  of  address.  JVo  more  !  that  is, 
say  no  more ;  let  me  hear  no  more.  In  this 
use  however,  more,  when  the  sentence  is 
complete,  is  a  noun  or  substitute  for  a 
noun. 
Much  more,  in  a  greater  degree  or  with  more 

readiness ;  more  abundantly. 
More  and  more,  with  continual  increase. 

Anion  trespassed  more  and  more.     2  Chron. 
xxxiii. 
MORE,  a  noun  or  substitute  for  a  noun.     A 
greater  quantity,  amount  or  number. 

They  gathered  some  more,  some  less.  Ex. 
xvi. 

They  were  7nore  who  died  by  hail-stones, 
than  they  whom  the  children  of  Israel  slew 
with  the  sword.     Josh.x. 

God  do  so  to  thee  and  more  also.     1  Sam.  iii 

There  were  tnore  than  forty  who  had  made 

this  conspiracy.     Acts  xxiii. 

2.  Greater   thing  ;  other  thing  ;  something 

further.      Here  we  rest  ;   we  can  do  no 

more.     He  conciuered  his  enemies  ;  he  did 

more,  he  conquered  himself 

MORE,  V.  t.  To  make  more.     Ohs. 

Goive 
MOREE'N, )!.  A  stuff  used  for  curtains,  &c. 
MOREL',  Ji.  [It.  morella  ;  Fr.  morelle.]  Gar- 
den iiiglitsliade,   a  jilaiit  of  the  genus  So- 
lanum. 
2.  A  kind  of  cherry. 
MORELAND.     [See  Moorland.] 
MO'RENESS,  n.  Greatness.     Obs. 

H'kkUffe. 
MOREO'VER,  adv.  [more  and  over.]     Be- 
yond what  has  been  said;  further;  be- 
sides ;  also  ;  likewise. 

Moreover,  liy    them  is  thy    servant  Warned, 
Ps.  xix. 
MORESK',        I        [Er.  from     It.   moreseo. 
MORESQUE,   \  "■  from  Moro,  a  Moor.] 
Done  after  the  manner  of  the  Moors. 
MORESK',  )i.  A  species  of  painting  orcarv- 
ing    done    after    the    Moorish    manner 


consisting  of  grotesque  pieces  and  com- 
partments promiscuously  interspersed. 

Encyc. 

MOR'GLAY,!!.[L.  mors,  death,  and  Celtic 
glaive,  sword.] 

A  deadly  weapon. 

MOR'GRAY,  n.  A  Mediterranean  fish  of 
a  pale  reddish  gray  color,  spotted  witli 
brown  and  white.  It  is  called  also  the 
rough  hound-fish.  It  weighs  about  twen- 
ty ounces  and  is  well  tasted. 

Diet.  J\at.  Hist. 

MORICE.     [See  Morisco.] 

MORI6ERa'tION,  n.  [See  Morigerous.] 
Obsequiousness  ;  obedience.     Obs. 

Bacon. 

MORIG'EROUS,  a.  [L.  morigeras  ;  mos, 
maris,  manner,  and  gero,  to  carry.] 

Obedient  ;  obsequious.  [Little  used.]     Diet. 

MOR'IL,  n.  [Fr.  morille.]  A  mushroom  of 
the  size  of  a  walnut,  abounding  with  little 
holes.  Encyc. 

MORIL'LIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
the  moril,  a  mushroom. 

MOR'ILLON,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas 

Pennant. 

MOR'INEL,  n.  A  bird,  called  also  dotteril. 

MORIN'GA,  n.  A  plant. 

MOR'ION,  n.    [Fr.  from  It.  morione.]     At 
mor  for  the  head  ;  a  helmet  or  casque  to 
defend  the  head.  Raleigh.     Dn/den. 

MORIS'eO,  f  ^    [from  .Moor.]     A  dance,  or 

MO'RISK,  ^  ■  a  dancer  of  the  morris  or 
moorish  dance.  [See  Morris.]  Shak. 

MOR'KIN,  n.  [Sw.  murken,  putrefied  ;  or 
Fr.  mort,  L.  mortuus,  dead,  and  kin,  kind.] 

Among  hunters,  a  beast  that  has  died  by 
sickness  or  mischance.  Bailey 

MOR'LAND,     ?  ].!      1      1      1  •  I 

MO'RELAND,  \    "■  Moorland,  which  see 

MOR'LING,      }       [Fr.  mort,  dead.]    Wool 

MORT'LING,  I  "•  plucked  from  a  dead 
sheep.  Ainsworth. 

MOR'MO,  n.  [Gr.  ^opftw.]  A  bugbear  ;  false 
terror.  Johnson. 

MORN,  n.  [Sax.  marne,  margene,  mergen 
morgen,  Dan.  D.  G.  morgen,  Sw.  mor- 
gan, morn,  morning  or  morrow.  In  W. 
mory,  Ir.  marach  is  morrow  ;  Scot,  morn 
or  morne,  morrow.  In  Goth,  meryan  si^ 
nifies  to  publish,  that  is,  to  open  or  throw 
forth ;  Orient,  "ras.  In  Russ.  morgayu 
signifies  to  wink  or  twinkle  ;  Ice.  morgnar, 
to  grow  light.] 

The  first  part  of  the  day  ;  the  morning  ;  a 
word  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
And  blooming  peace  shall  ever  bless  thy  morn. 

Prior. 

MORN'ING,  n.  [Sax.  margene,  morgen.  See 
Morn.] 

1.  The  first  part  of  the  day,  beginning  at 
twelve  o'clock  at  night  and  extending  to 
twelve  at  noon.  Thus  we  say,  u  star  rises 
at  one  o'clock  in  the  morning.  In  a  more 
limited  sense,  morning  is  the  time  begin 
iiing  an  hour  or  two  before  sunrise,  or  at 
break  of  day,  and  extending  to  the  hour  of 
breakfast  and  of  beginning  the  labors  of 
the  day.  Among  men  of  business  in  large 
cities,  the  morning  extends  to  the  hour  of 
dining. 

2.  Tlic  first  or  early  part. 

In  the  morning  of  life,  devote  yourself  to  the 

.service  of  the  Most  High.  J.  Clarke. 

MORN'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  first  part 

or  early  part  of  the  day  ;  being  in  the  ear- 


ly part  of  the  day ;  as  morning  dew  ;  morn- 
ing light ;  morning  service. 
She  looks  as  clear 
As  morning  roses  newly  washed  with  dew. 

MORNING-GOWN, n.  A  gown  worn  in  the 
morning  before  one  is  formally  dressed. 

.  Addison. 

MORNING-STAR,  n.  The  planet  Venus, 
when  it  precedes  the  sun  in  rising,  and 
shines  in  the  morning. 

MOROCCO,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  lether;  leth- 
er  dressed  in  a  particular  manner  ;  said  to 
be  borrowed  from  the  Moors. 

MORO'SE,  a.  [L.  morosus;  It.  Sp.  mo- 
roso,  slow,  tardy.  In  Portuguese,  moroso 
signifies  dwelling  on  lewd  thoughts;  mo- 
rosidade,  the  act  of  dwelling  on  such 
thoughts.  Morose  then  is  from  the  root  of 
L.  moror,  to  delay,  stop,  hinder,  whence 
commoror,  to  dwell,  Fr.  demeurer,  Eng. 
demur.  ^  The  customary  sense  then  is  de- 
rived from  the  gloomy,  sullen  temper 
formed  by  habitually  fixing  the  thoughts 
on  some  object.] 

Of  a  sour  temper  ;  severe ;  sullen  and  austere. 
Some  have  deserved   censure  for  a  morose 
and    affected    taciturnity  ;    others  have    made 
speeches  though  they  had  nothing  to  say. 

Watts. 

MORO'SELY,  adv.  Sourly  ;  with  sullen 
austerity. 

MORO'SENESS,  n.  Sourness  of  temper  ; 
sulleuness.  Moroseness  is  not  precisely 
peevishness  or fretfulness,  though  often  ac- 
companied with  it.  It  denotes  more  of 
silence  and  severity  or  ill  humor,  than  the 
irritability  or  irritation  which  chjiracter- 
izes  peevishness. 

Leam  good  humor,  never  to  oppose  without 
just  reason ;  abate  some  degrees  of  pride  and 
moroseness.  Watts 

MOROS'ITY,  n.  Moroseness.     [mt  used.] 

Shak. 

MOROX'YLle,  a.  Moroxylic  acid  is  obtain- 
ed from  a  saline  exsudatiou  from  the  mor- 
rus  alba  or  white  mulberry. 

MOR'PHEW,  n.  [It.  morfea.]  A  scurf  on 
the  face. 

MOR'PHEW,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  scurf. 

Bp.  HaU. 

MOR'PHIA,  n.  A  vegetable  alkali  extract- 
ed from  opium,  of  which  it  constitutes  the 
narcotic  principle.  Bigelow.     Ure. 

MOR'RICE,  ^      [Fr.  ?HorfSj"'^;fi'0'n 

MORRIS,  yn.Moor.]     A  moorish 

MORRIS-DANCE,)  dance;  a  dance  in 
imitation  of  the  Moors,  as  sarabands,  cha- 
cons,  &c.  usually  performed  with  casta- 
nets, tambours,  &.c.  by  young  men  in  their 
shirts,  with  bells  at  their  feet  and  ribins  of 
various  colors  tied  round  their  arms  and 
flung  across  their  shoulders.  Encyc. 

JVine  men's  morrice,  a  kind  of  play  with  nine 
holes  in  the  ground.  Shak. 

MORRIS-DANCER,  n.  One  who  dances  a 
niorris-dance.  Temple. 

MORRIS-PIKE,  n.  A  tnoorish  pike. 

MORROW,  n.  [Sax.  morgen.  But  it  seems 
rather  to  be  the  Welsh  mory,  morrow.] 

1.  The  day  next  after  the  present. 
Till  this  stormy  night  is  gone, 
.Vnd  th'  eternal  morrow  dawn.  Crashaw. 

This  word  is  often  preceded  by  on  or  to. 
The  Lord  did  that  thing  on  the  morrow.  Ex. 
is. 

To  morrow  shidl  this  sign  be.     Ex.  viii. 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


So  we  say,  to  night,  to  day.    To  morrow 
is  equivalent  to  on  the  morrow. 
2.  The  next  day  subsequent  to  any  day  spe 
cified. 

But  if  the  sacrifice  of  his  offering  shall  be  a 
vow  or  a  voluntaiy  offering,  it  shall  be  eaten  the 
same  day  that  he  offereth  his  sacrifice  ;  and  or. 
the  monow  also  the  remainder  of  it  shall  be 
eaten.  Lev.  vii. 
Goorf  morrow,  a  term  of  salutation  ;  good 

mnriiing. 
MOR^^E,  n.  mors.  [Russ.  morj.]  In  zoolo- 
gy, the  sea-horse  or  walrus,  an  animal  of 
the  genus  Trichechus,  which  sometime! 
grows  to  the  length  of  18  feet.  This  ani 
nial  has  a  round  head,  small  mouth  and 
eyes,  thick  lips,  a  short  neck,  and  a  body 
thick  in  the  middle  and  tapering  toward 
the  tail.  His  skin  is  wrinkled,  with  slioit 
bairs  thinly  dispersed.  His  legs  are  short 
and  loosely  articulated,  and  he  has  five 
toes  on  each  foot  connected  by  webs. 
Teeth  of  this  animal  have  been  found 
which  weighed  thirty  pounds.  These  an- 
imals are  gregarious,  hut  shy  and  very 
fierce  when  attacked.  They  inhabit  the 
shores  of  Spitzbergen,  Hudson's  bay  and 
other  places  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

Encyc. 
MOR'SEL,  n.  [from  L.  morsus,  a  bite,  from 
mordeo.] 

1.  A  bite;  a  mouthful ;  a  small  piece  of  food. 

Every  morsel  to  a  satisfied  hunger  is  only  a 
new  labor  to  a  tired  digestion.  South 

2.  A  piece  ;  a  meal  ;  something  to  be  eaten, 

Oq  Oiese  herbs  and  fmits  and  flowers 

Feed  first,  on   each  beast  next  and  fish  and 

fowl, 
No  homely  morsels.  Milton. 

3.  A  small  quantity  of  something  not  eata- 
ble.    [Improper.]  Boyle. 

MOR'SIJRE,  )!.  The  act  of  biting. 

MORT,  n.  [Ft.  See  Mortal.]  A  tune  sound- 
ed at  the  death  of  game.  Shak. 

2.  A  salmon  in  his  third  year.  Todd. 

MOR'TAL,  a.  [L.  morlalis,  from  mors,  death, 
or  morior,  to  die,  that  is,  to  fall ;  W.  marw ; 
Fr.  mourir ;  Arm.  mervcl ;  It.  morire  ;  Sp 
morir.     See  Class  Mr.  No.  13.  14.] 

1.  Subject  to  death  ;  destined  to  die.  3Ian 
is  mortal. 

2.  Deadly  ;  destructive  to  life  ;  cau.smg 
death,  or  that  must  cause  death  ;  as  a  mor- 
tal wound  ;  mortal  poison. 

The  fruit 
Of  that  forbidden  tree  whose  mortal  taste 
Brought  death  into  the  world,  and  all  our  woe — 

Milton. 

3.  Bringing  death  ;  terminating  life. 

Safe  in  tlic  hand  of  one  disposing  power. 

Or  in  the  natal  or  the  mortal  hour.  Pope. 

4.  Deadly  in  malice  or  purpose  ;  as  a  mortal 
foe.     In  colloquial  language,  a  mortal  fo 
is  an  inveterate  foe. 

5.  Exposing  to  certain  death  ;  incurring  the 
penalty  of  death  ;  condemned  to  be  pun 
ished  with  death  ;  not  venial  ;  as  a  mortal 
sin. 

G.  Human  ;  belonging  to  man  who  is  mor 
tal  ;  as  mortal  wit  or  knowledge  ;  mortal 
power. 

The  voice  of  God 
To  mortal  ear  is  dreadful.  Mdton 

7.  Extreme  ;  violent.     [J^ot  elegant.] 

The  nymph  grew  pale,  and  in  a  mortal  fright — 

Dryilcn. 
MOR'TAL,   ?i.    Man  ;  a   being  subject  to 
death  ;  a  human  being. 


Warn  poor  mortals  left  behind.  7\ckel. 

It  is  often  used  in  ludicrous  and  collo- 
quial language. 
I  can  behold  uo  mortal  now.  Prior. 

MORTALITY,  n.  [L.  mortalitas.]    Subjec- 
tion to  death  or  the  necessity  of  dying. 
When  I  saw  her  die, 
I  tlicn  did  think  on  your  mortality.       Careiv 
2.  Death. 

Gladly  would  I  meet 

Mortality,  my  sentence.  Milton 

Frequency    of   death  ;   actual    death  of 

great  numbers  of  men  or  beasts  ;  as  a  time 

of  great  mortality.  Graunt 

4.  Human  nature. 

Take  these  tears,  mortality's  relief.         Pope 

5.  Power  of  destruction. 

Mortality  and  mercy  in  Vienna, 
Live  in  ihy  tongue  and  heart.  Shak 

MOR'TALIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  mortal. 

Broome. 

MOR'TALLY,    adv.    Irrecoverably  ;  in   a 

manner  that  must  cause  death  ;  as  mortal- 

b)  wounded.  Dryden 

2.  Extremely. 

Adrian  mortally  en\ied  poets,  painters  and 
artificers,  in  works  wherein  he  had  a  vein  to 
excel.  Bacon 

AlOR'TAR,  n.  [L.  mortarium  ;  Fr.  mortier  ; 
Sp.  morlero  ;  It.  morlaio  ;  I>an.  niorler ;  D. 
morlier ;  G.  morstr;  Russ.  niorter ;  Arm 
moHez  ;  Jr.  moirUal  ;  allied  perhaps  to 
Fr.  marteau,  Sp.  martillo,  a  hammer,  and 
named  from  beating.  See  Class  Mr.  No. 
10.  It).  25.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood  or  metal  in  form  of  an 
inverted  bell,  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  or  bruised  with  a  pestle. 

2.  A  short   piece   of  ordnance,    thick   and 
wide,  used  for  thi-owing  bombs,  carcases, 
shell.s,   &c.  ;   so   named   from  its   resem 
blance   in  shajje  to  the  utensil  above  de- 
scribed. 

MOR'TAR,  71.  [D.  moHtl ;  Fr.   morlier  ;  G. 


mortel  ;  Sp.  moHero  ;  Ir.  moirleal.  In  oth 
er  languages,  as  in  English,  the  orthogra- 
phy of  this  word  and  of  the  last  is  the 
same,  and  perhaps  this  name  is  taken  from 
beating  and  mixing.] 

.\  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water,  us- 
ed as  a  cement  for  uniting  stones  and 
bricks  in  walls.  If  the  lime  is  slaked 
and  the  materials  mixed  with  lime  water, 
the  cement  will  be  much  stronger. 

Encyc. 

Mori  d'anceslor.  [Fr.  death  of  the  ancestor.] 
In  law,  a  writ  of  assize,  by  which  a  de 
mandant  recovers  pos.session  of  au  estate 
fiom  which  he  has  been  ousted,  on  the 
death  of  his  ancestor.  Blackslone. 

MOR'TER,  n.  [Fr.  mortier.]  A  lamp  or 
liffht.     Ohs.  Chaucer. 

MORTGAGE,  n.  mor'gage.  [Fr.  mort,  dead, 
and  gage,  pledge.] 

1.  Literally,  a  dead  pledge  ;  the  grant  of  an 
estate  in  fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of 
money,  and  on  the  condition  that  if  the 
money  shall  be  paid  according  to  the  con- 
tract, the  gi-ant  shall  be  void,  and  the 
mortgagee  shall  re-convey  the  estate  to 
the  mortgager.  Formerly  the  condition 
was,  that  if  the  mortgager  should  repay 
the  money  at  the  day  specified,  he  might 
then  re-enter  on  the  estate  granted  in 
pledge;  but  the  modern  practice  is  for  the 
mortgagee,  on  receiving  payment,  to  re- 
convey  the  land   to  the  mortgager.     Be-I 


fore  the  time  specified  for  payment,  that 
is,  between  the  time  of  contract  and  the 
time  limited  for  payment,  the  estate  is 
conditional,  and  the  mortgagee  is  called 
tenant  in  mortgage  ;  but  on  failure  of  pay- 
nieut  at  the  time  limited,  the  estate  be- 
comes absolute  in  the  mortgagee.  But  in 
this  case,  comts  of  equity  interpose,  and 
if  the  estate  is  of  more  value  than  the 
debt,  they  will  on  application  grant  a  rea- 
sonable time  for  the  mortgager  to  redeem 
the  estate.  This  is  called  the  equity  of  re- 
demption. Blackslone. 
2.  The  state  of  being  pledged;  as  lands  giv- 
en in  mortgage. 

[The  term  mortgage  is  applicable  only 
to  real  estate.] 

MORTG.\tiE,  V.  t.  mor'gage.  To  grant  au 
estate  in  fee  as  .security  for  money  lent  or 
contracted  to  be  paid  at  a  certain  titne,  on 
condition  that  if  the  debt  shall  be  dis- 
charged according  to  the  contract,  the 
grant  shall  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain 
in  full  force.  It  is  customary  to  give  a 
inortgage  for  securing  the  repayment  of 
money  lent,  or  the  payment  of  the  pur- 
chase money  of  au  estate,  or  foratiy  other 
debt. 

2.  To  pledge ;  to  make  liable  to  the  pay- 
ment of  any  debt  or  expenditure. 

Alreaily  a  portion  of  the  entire  capital  of  the 
nation  is  mortgaged  for  the  support  of  drunk- 
ards. L.  Bcechcr. 

MORTGA6ED,  pp.  mor  gaged.  Conveyed 
in  fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  mo- 
money. 

MORTGAGEE,  n.  morgaget'.  The  person 
to  whom  an  estate  is  mortgaged. 

MORTGAGER,  n.  mor'gager.  [from  mort- 
gage. Mortgagor  is  an  orthography  that 
should  have  no  countenance.] 

The  person  who  grants  an  estate  as  security 
for  a  debt,  as  above  specified. 

MORTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  mortifer;  mors, 
death,  awAfero,  to  bring.] 

Bringing  or  producing  death  ;  deadly  ;  fa- 
tal; destructive.  Hammond. 

MORTIFICATION,  n.  [Fr.     See  Mortify.] 

1.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  the  death  and 
consequent  putrefaction  of  one  part  of  an 
animal  body,  while  the  rest  is  alive  ;  or 
the  loss  of  heat  and  action  in  some  part  of 
a  living  animal,  followed  by  a  dissolution 
of  organic  texture  ;  gangrene  ;  sphacelus. 
Morlijication  is  the  local  or  partial  death 
of  a  living  animal  body,  and  if  not  arrest- 
ed, soon  extinguishes  life  in  the  whole 
body.  We  usually  apply  morlijication  to 
the  local  extinction  of  life  and  loss  of  or- 
ganic texture  in  a  living  body.  The  dis- 
solution of  the  whole  body  after  death,  is 
called  putrefaction. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  act^of  subduing  the  pass- 
ions and  appetites  by  penance,  absti- 
nence or  painful  severities  inflicted  on  the 
body.  Tlie  morlif  cation  of  the  body  bv 
fasting  has  been  the  practice  of  almost  all 
nations,  and  the  tnortifcation  of  the  appe- 
tites and  passions  by  self-denial  is  always 
a  christian  duty. 

3.  Humiliation  or  slight  vexation;  the  state 
of  being  humbled  or  depressed  by  disap- 
pointment, ve.xation,  crosses,  or  any  thing 
that  wounds  or  abases  pride. 

It  is  one  of  the  vexatious  mortifications  of  a 


M  O  li 


M  O  S 


M  O  S 


aludioiis  man  to  have  tiis  thoughts  disordered 

by  a  tedious  visit.  L'Estrange. 

We  had  tlie   mortification  to  lose   sight  of 

Munich,  Augsburg  and  Ratisbon.         Addison. 

4.  Destruction  of  active  qualities ;  applied  to 
metals.  [See  Mortify ;  but  I  believe  not 
iisedj  Bacon 

MOR'TIFIED,;)^.  Affected  by  sphacelus  or 
gangrene. 

2.  Humbled  ;  subdued  ;  abased. 
MOR'TIFIEDNESS,  n.  Humiliation  ;  sub- 
jection of  the  passions.  Taylor. 

MOR'TlFiER,  n.  He  or  that  which  morti 

lies. 
MOR'TIFY,  II.   t.  [Fr.  mortijier ;  It.  moHifi- 

care  ;    Sp.  mortijicar ;  L.  mors,  death,  and 

facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  organic  texture  and  vital 
functions  of  some  part  of  a  living  animal; 
to  change  to  sphacelus  or  gangrene.    Ex 
treme  inflammation  speedily  »nor/j^e«  flesh. 

9.  To  subdue  or  bring  into  subjection,  as  the 
bodily  appetites  by  abstinence  or  rigorous 
severities. 

We  mortify  ourselves  vfith  fish.  Brown. 

With  fasting  mortified,  worn  out  with  tears. 

Harte. 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  abase ;  to  humble  ;  to  re- 
duce ;  to  restrain  ;  as  inordinate  passions. 

.Mortify  thy  learned  lust.  Prior. 

Mortify  therefore  your  members  which  are 
upon  the  earth.  Col.  iii. 

4.  To  humble  ;  to  depress ;  to  affect  witli 
slight  vexation. 

How  often  is  the  ambitious  man  mortified 
with  the  very  praises  he  receives,  if  they  do  not 
rise  so  high  as  he  thinks  they  ought. 

Addison 
He   is  controlled  by  a  nod,  mortified  by  a 
frown,  and  transported  with  a  smile. 

Addison 

5.  To  destroy  active  powers  or  essential 
qualities. 

He  mortified  pearls  in  vinegar —    Hakewill. 
Quicksilver — mortified  with  tui'pentine. 

Bacon. 
[/  believe  this  application  is  not  now  in 
use.] 
MOR'TIFY,  t>.  t.  To  lose  vital  heat  and  ac- 
tion and  suffer  the  dissolution  of  organic 
texture,  as  flesh  ;  to  corrupt  or  gangrene 

2.  To  be  subdued.  Johnson. 

3.  To  practice  severities  and  penance  from 
religious  motives. 

This  makes  him  give  alms  of  all  that  he  hath 
watch,  fast  and  mortify.  Law 

MOR'TIFYlNG,pp-.  Changing  from  sound- 
ness to  gangrene  or  sphacelus. 

2.  Subduing  ;  humbling  ;  restraining. 

3.  a.  Humiliating ;  tending  to  humble  or 
abase.     He  met  witli  a  mortifying  repulse. 

BIORTISE,  )!.  mor'lis.  [Fr.  morlaise  ;  Arm 
mortez  ;  Sp.  mortaja  ;  Ir.  mortis.  The  Ar- 
moric  mortez  signifies  both  a  mortar  and  a 
mortise,  and  the  Spanish  mortaja  signifies 
a  mortise  and  a  wiuding  sheet  or  shroud 
In  the  latter  sense,  the  Portuguese  use 
mortalha,  tiom  mortal.  These  alliances 
indicate  that  these  words  are  all  from  the 
root  of  mors,  death,  which  may  be  from 
beating  or  throwing  down.] 

A  cut  or  hollow  place  made  in  timber  by  the 
augur  and  chisel,  to  receive  the  tenon  of 
another  piece  of  limber. 

MOR'TISE,  V.  t.  To  cut  or  make  a  mortise 
in. 

2.  To  join  limbers  by  a  tenon  and  mortise ; 


as,  to  mortise  a  beam  into  a  post,  or  a  joist 
into  a  girder. 

MOR'TISED,  pp.  Having  a  mortise  ;  joined 
by  a  mortise  and  tenon. 

3IOR'TISING,^pr.  Making  a  mortise ;  unit- 
ing by  a  mortise  and  tenon. 

MORT'MAIN,  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead,  and  main, 
hand.] 

In  law,  possession  of  lands  or  tenements  in 
dead  hands,  or  hands  that  cannot  alienate. 
Alienation  in  mortmuin  is  an  alienation  of 
lands  or  tenements  to  any  corporation, 
sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical  or  tempo- 
ral, particularly  to  religious  houses,  by 
which  the  estate  becomes  perpetually  in- 
herent in  the  corporation  and  unaliena- 
ble. Btackstone. 

MORT'PAY,  n.  [Fr.  moti,  dead,  and  pay.] 
Dead  pay ;  payment  not  made.  [JVot  used.] 

Bacon 

MOR'TRESS,  n.  [from  m.oHar.]  A  dish  of 
meat  of  various  kinds  beaten  together. 
[A'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

MOR'TUARY,  n.  [Fr.  mortuaire,  pertaining 
to  the  dead.] 

1.  A  sort  of  ecclesiastical  heriot,  a  custom- 
ary gift  claimed  by  and  due  to  the  minis- 
ter of  a  parish  on  the  death  of  a  parish 
ioner.  It  seems  to  have  been  originally 
a  voluntary  bequest  or  donation,  intended 
to  make  amends  for  any  failure  in  the 
payment  of  tithes  of  which  the  deceased 
had  been  guilty.  Blackstone 

2.  A  burial  place.  JVhitlock 
MOR'TUARY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  burial  of 

the  dead. 
MOSA'l€,  a.  sasz.  [Fr.  mosaique ;  h.  mo- 
saico ;  Sp.  mosawco  ;  L.  vmsivum.] 

1.  Mosaic  work  is  an  assemblage  of  little 
pieces  of  glass,  marble,  precious  stones, 
&c.  of  various  colors,  cut  square  and  ce- 
mented on  a  ground  of  stucco,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  imitate  the  colors  and  gra- 
dations of  painting.  Eneyc. 

2.  [from  Moses.]  Peilaming  to  Moses,  the 
leader  of  the  Israehtes  ;  as  the  JMosaic  law, 
rites  or  institutions. 

MOS'CHATEL,  n.  [from  Gr.  iioixoi,  L.  mus- 
cus,  musk.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Adoxa,  hollow  root  or 
inglorious.     There   is    one   species   only 
whose  leaves  and  flowers  smell  like  musk  ; 
and  hence  it  is  sometimes  called  musk 
crowfoot.  Encyc. 

MOSK,  n.   [Fr.  mosquie ;  It.  moschea ;  Sp. 
s         o  - 
mezquiia;  Ar.    Jv^:Va*.^    masjidon,  from 


«X.^v.^ 


sajada,  to  bend,  bow,  adore.] 


A  Mohammedan  temple  or  place  of  religious 
worship.  Mosks  are  square  buildings, 
generally  constructed  of  stone.  Before 
the  chief  gate  is  a  square  court  paved  with 
white  marble,  and  surrounded  with  a  low 
gallery  whose  roof  is  supported  by  pillars 
of  marble.  In  this  gallery  the  worshipers 
wash  themselves  before  they  enter  the 
mosk.  Encyc. 

MOSS,  »i.   [Sax.  meos;  G.   moos;  D.  mos 
Sw.  mossa ;  W.  mwsivg,   from  mtvs,  that 
shoots  up,  and  of  a  strong  scent ;  L.  mus 
cus ;  Gr.  j.ioaxoi.     The  two  latter  signify 
moss  and  musk,  both  from  shooting  out 
heucG  il.  musco,  muschio ;  Sp.  musco ;  Port. 


musgo;  Fr.  mousse.  The  Greek  word 
signifies  also  a  young  animal,  and  a  shoot 
or  twig.  From  the  French  mousse,  comes 
mousseline,  muslin,  from  its  softness  or  re- 
semblance to  moss.  Lunier  says  it  is  from 
Mossoui,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia.] 

The  mosses  are  one  of  the  seven  families  or 
classes  into  which  all  vegetables  are  di- 
vided by  Linne  in  the  Philosophia  Botan- 
ica.  In  Ray's  method,  the  mosses  form 
the  third  class,  and  in  Tournefort's,  they 
constitute  a  single  genus.  In  the  sexual 
system,  they  are  the  second  order  of  the 
class  cryptogamia,  which  contains  all  the 
plants  in  which  the  parts  of  the  flower  and 
fruit  are  wanting  or  not  conspicuous. 

Milne. 
The  mosses,  musci,  form  a  natural  or- 
der of  small  plants,  with  leafy  stems  and 
narrow  simple  leaves.  Their  flowers  are 
generally  monecian  or  diecian,  and  their 
seeds  are  contained  in  a  capsule  covered 
with  a  calyptra  or  hood.  Ed.  Encyc. 

The  term  moss  is  also  applied  to  many 
other  small  plants,  particularly  lichens, 
species  of  which  are  called  tree-moss,  rock- 
moss,  coral-moss,  &c.  The  fir-moss  and 
club-moss  are  of  the  genus  Lycopodium. 

2.  [S  w.  m&se.]  A  hog  ;  a  place  where  peal 
is  found. 

MOSS,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  moss  by  natural 
growth. 
An  oak  whose  boughs  were  mossed  with  age. 

Shak. 

MOSS'-eLAD,  a.  Clad  or  covered  with 
moss.  LiHleton. 

MOSS'ED,  pp.  Overgrown  with  moss. 

MOSS-GROWN,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ; 
as  moss-grotm  towers. 

MOSS'INESS,  ji.  [from  mossy.]  The  state 
of  being  overgrown  with  moss.        Bacon. 

MOSS'-TROOPER,  n.  [moss  and  trooper.] 
A  robber  ;  a  bandit.  Bp.  ofDromore. 

MOSS' Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss  ;  abound- 
ing with  moss. 

Old  trees  are  more  mossy  than  young. 

Bacon. 

2.  Shaded  or  covered  with  moss,  or  border- 
ed w  ith  moss  ;  as  mossy  brooks  ;  mossy 
fountains.  Pope.     Cotvley. 

MOST,  o.  superl.  of  more.  [Sax.  mcest,  that 
is,  ma  and  est  ;  Goth,  maists ;  D.  Dan. 
meest ;  G.  meist ;  Sw.  mest,  mlist.] 

1.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  number.  That 
scheme  of  life  is  to  be  preferred,  which 
presents  a  prospect  of  the  most  advantages 
with  the  fewest  inconveniences. 

Most  men  will  proclaim  every  one  his  own 
goodness.     Prov.  xx. 

2.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  quantity ;  great- 
est ;  as  the  most  part  of  the  land  or  the 
mountain. 

MOST,  adv.  In  the  greatest  or  highest  de- 
gree. Pursue  that  course  of  life  which 
will  must  tend  to  produce  private  happiness 
and  public  usefulness.  Contemplations 
on  the  works  of  God  expand  the  mind  and 
tend  to  produce  most  sublime  views  of  his 
power  and  wisdom. 

As  most  is  used  to  express  the  superlative 
degree,  it  is  used  before  any  adjective  ;  as 
most  vile,  most  wicked,  most  illustrious. 

MOST,  ti.  [used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun, 
when  the  noun  is  omitted  or  understood.] 

1.  The  greatest  number  or  part. 


MOT 


M  O  T 


M  O  T 


Then  ho  began  to  upbraid  the  cities  wherein 
most  of  his  mighty  works  were  done.  Malt.  \i 
[This  use  seems  to  have  resultetl  from 
tlic  omission  of  part,  or  some  similar  word, 
and  most  in  this  case  signifies  grcatoi,  that 
is,  tlie  i^reatcsl  part.] 

2.  The  most,  the  greatest  vahie,  amount  or 
advantage,  or  the  utmost  in  extent,  de- 
gree or  eflect. 

A  covetous  man  makes  the  most  of  what  he 
has,  and  can  get.  V Estrange. 

At  the  most,  the  greatest  degree  or  quantity ; 
the  utmost  extent.  Stock  brings  six  per 
cent,  interest  at  the  most,  often  less. 

MOS'TI€,  n.  [G.  mahlerslock,  contracted.] 
A  j)ainter's  staffer  stick  on  which  he  rests 
his  hand  in  jiainting.  A'msivorth. 

MOSTLY,  adv.  For  the  greatest  part.  The 
exports  of  the  U.  States  consist  mostly  of 
cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  flour  and  lumber. 

MOSTVVIIAT,  adv.  For  the  most  part.  Obs. 

Hammond. 

MOT.     [See  Motto.] 

MO'TACIL,  »i.   [h.  motacilla.]  Abirdoftlie 

genus  Motacilla  or  wagtail. 
iTE,  in  folkmote,  &c.  signifies  a  meeting, 
Sax.  mot,  gemot. 
MOTE,  n.    [Sax.  mot :  Sp.  mota ;  W.  ysmot, 

a  patch  or  spot.] 
A  small   particle ;   any  thing    proverbially 
small ;  a  spot. 

Why  bcholdest  thou  the  mote  in  thy  broth- 
ev'a  eye  ?  Matt.  vii. 

The  little  motes  in  tlie  sun  do  ever  stir, 
though  tliere  is  no  wind.  Bacon. 

MOTE,  for  movght,  might  or  must,  obso- 
lete. Spenser. 

MO'TET,  71.  [Fr.]  A  musical  composition  ; 
an  air  or  hymn.  Herbert. 

MOTH,  n.  [Sax.  mogthe,  mohth,  moth  or 
matha;  Goth,  matha  ;  D.  mot;  G.  moltc.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  PhaUena,  whirl) 
breeds  in  yarn  and  garments,  and  olVen 
does  injury  by  eating  the  substance  and 
destroying  the  texture.    Matt.  vi. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  whole 
genus. 

2.  Figurativeli/,  that  which  gradually  and 
silently  eats,  consumes  or  wastes  any 
thing.  Idle  persons  are  a  inoth  to  the 
community. 

MOTH'EAT,  V.  t.  [moth  and  eat]  To  eat  or 
prey  upon,  as  a  moth  eats  a  garment. 

Herbert. 

MOTH'EATEN,  a.  Eaten  by  moths.  Job 
xiii. 

MOTH'EN,  a.  Full  of  moths.  [jVoJ  in  nsc] 

Falke. 

MOTHER,  n.  [Sax.  moder;  D.  moeder,  moth- 
er, and  modder,  mud  ;  baar-moedtr,  the 
womb;  moer,  mother,  dam,  womb,  lees 
moerspul,  hysterics  ;  [moer  seems  to  be 
a  contraction  of  moeder;]  moeder-naakt, 
stark  naked  ;  G.  mutter,  mother,  and  the 
thick  slimy  concretion  in  vinegar  ;  bar- 
mutter,  the  womb  or  matrix  ;  mutttr-Jieber, 
a  hysteric  fit ;  mutter-lamm  and  mutlcr- 
schaf,  a  owe  or  female  sheep ;  muttir- 
flecken  and  mutter-mahl,  a  mole  ;  miitter- 
pferd,  a  mare,  the  female  of  the  horse 
kind  ;  mutter-scheide,  the  vagina  ;  mutter- 
nackt,  stark  naked  ;  moder,  mud,  mold. 

Sw.  moder,  mother ;  vin-moder,  mother  of 
wine  ;  moderfall,  i)rolapsus  uteri ;  moderlif, 
the  womb  or  matrix. 

Dan.  moder,  mother ;  moderskeede,  the  va- 

Vol.  II. 


gina  ;  moderen  i  quinder,  the  matrix  ;  mod- 
der or  mudder,  mud. 

Ir.  mathair,  a  mother,  and  matter,  pus. 

Or.  juarjjp,  mother,  and  fijjtpa,  matrix. 

L.  mater,  motlier ;  matrix,  the   womb 
materia,  matter,  stufl',  materials  of  which 
any  thing  is  made. 

It.  madre,  mother,  cause,  origin,  root, 
spring,  a  mold  or  form  for  castings ;  ma- 
tera  or  materia,  matter,  subject,  cause; 
matrice,  the  matrix. 

Sp.  madre,  mother,  matrix,  womb,  the 
bed  of  a  river,  a  sink  or  sewer  ;  madriz,  ma 
trix;  materia,  matter,  purulent  running. 

Port,  madre,  a  mother,  the  matrix,  the 
channel  of  a  river  ;  materia,  matter,  pus 

c  .-     - 

Pers.       i  l^    madar,  a  mother. 

Sans,  mada,  madra,  meddra  or  viata, 
inothci-. 

Russ.  mat,  mother  ;  matka,  a  female,  a 
matrix. 

Fr.  mere,  mother,  contracted  from  the 
Latin. 

W.  madrez,  matter,  purulent  discharge. 

We  observe  that  in  some  other  langua- 
ges, as  well  as  in  English,  the  same  word 
signifies  a  female  parent,  and  the  thick 
slime  formed  in  vinegar;  and  in  all  the 
languages  of  Europe  here  cited,  the  or- 
thography is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
mud  and  matter.  The  ijuestion  then  oc- 
curs whether  the  name  of  a  female  parent 
originated  in  a  word  expressing  matter, 
mold  ;  either  the  soil  of  the  earth,  as  the 
producer,  or  the  like  substance,  when 
shaped  and  fitted  as  a  mold  for  castings  ; 
or  whether  the  name  is  connected  witl 
the  opinion  that  the  earth  is  the  mother  of 
all  productions  ;  w  hence  the  word  mothe. 
earth.  We  are  informed  by  a  fragment 
of  Sanchoniathon,  that  the  ancient  Pheni- 
cians  considered  mud,  fiut,  to  be  the  sub 
stance  fi'om  which  all  things  were  formed. 
See  Mud.     The  word  matter  is  evidently 

from    the    Ar.    j<^     madda,    to  secrete, 

eject  or  discharge  a  purulent  substance  ; 
and  I  think  cannot  have  any  dii'cct  con- 
nection with  mud.  But  in  the  Italian, 
Spanish  and  Portuguese,  the  same  word 
madre  signifies  mother,  and  a  mold  for 
castings ;  and  the  northern  languages, 
particularly  the  German  and  Danish,  seem 
to  establish  the  fact  that  the  proper  sense 
of  mother  IS  matrix.  Hence  mo(Aer  of  pear 
the  matrix  of  pearl.  If  this  word  had  its 
origin  in  the  name  of  the  earth  used  for 
the  forms  of  castings,  it  would  not  he  a 
singular  fact ;  for  our  word  mold,  in  this 
sense,  I  suppose  to  be  so  named  from 
mold,  fine  earth.  The  question  remains 
sub  judiee.] 

1.  A  female  parent ;  especially,  one  of  the 
human  race  ;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a 
child  ;  correlative  to  son  or  daughter. 

9.  That  which  has  produced  any  thing. 
Alas,  poor  country  !  it  cannot 
Be  called  our  mother,  but  our  grave.       Shtik. 
So  our  native  land  is  called  7HoMfr  coun- 
try, and  a  plant  from  which  a  slip  or  cion  is 
taken,  is  called  the  mother  plant.     In   this 
use,  mother  may  be  considered  as  an  ad- 
jective. 

3.  That  which  has  preceded    in  time ;  the 

19 


oldest  or  chief  of  any  thing  ;  as  a  mother- 
church. 

4.  Hysterical  passion.     [Aotvsed.]     Graunt. 

.5.  A  familiar  terra  of  address  or  appellation 
of  an  old  woman  or  matron. 

0.  An  appellation  given  to  a  woman  who 
exercises  care  and  tenderness  towards  an- 
other, or  gives  parental  advice  ;  as  when 
one  says,  "a  woman  has  been  a  mother  to 
inc." 

7.  A  thick  slimy  substance  concreted  in  h- 
quor.s,  particularly  in  vinegar,  very  differ- 
ent from  scum  or  common  lees. 

Mother  of  pearl,  n.  The  matrix  of  pearl ; 
the  shell  in  which  pearls  are  generated ; 
a  species  of  Mytilus  or  Mussel.         Encyc. 

MOTHER  of  thyme,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Thymus. 

MOTHER,  a.  Native;  natural ;  received  by 
birth  ;  as  mother-wit. 

2.  Native ;  vernacular;  received  from  pa- 
rents or  ancestors  ;  as  msther-tongue. 

MOTHER,  V.  i.  To  concrete,  as  the  thick 
matter  of  liquors.  Dryden. 

MOTHER,  V.  I.  To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daugh- 
ter. Howell. 

MOTHERHOOD,  n.  The  slate  of  being  a 
mother.  Donne. 

MOTHER-IN-LAW,  ,i.  The  mother  of  a 
husband  or  wife. 

MOTHERLES.S,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mother; 
having  lost  a  mother ;  as  motherless  chil- 
rlren. 

MOTHERLY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mother ; 
as  motherly  pow  er  or  authority.       Hooker. 

2.  Becoming  a  mother;  tender;  j)arcntal : 
as  motherly  love  or  care.  Arbuthnot. 

MOTHERLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
mother.  Donne. 

MOTHER- WATER,  n.  A  fluid  remaining 
after  the  evaporation  of  salt  water,  and 
containing  deliquescent  salts  and  imjiuri- 
ties.  Ure. 

MOTHER-WIT,  n.    Native   wit ;   common 

Sd1S6> 

MOTHER- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Leonurus. 

MOTHERY,  a.  Concreted;  resembling  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  mother  ;  as  the 
mothtn/  suTjstance  in  liquors. 

MOTH'MULLEN,  h.  A  plant.  Miller 

MOTH' WORT,  71.  A  plant. 

MOTH  Y,  a.  [from  moM.]  Full  of  moths  : 
as  an  old  mothy  saddle.  ishak. 

JIO'TION,  ?i.  [L.  7notio ;  Fr.  /notion.  See 
Jilove.]  The  act  or  process  of  changing 
place  ;  change  of  local  position  ;  the  pass- 
ing of  a  body  from  one  place  to  another; 
change  of  distance  between  bodies ;  op- 
posed to  rest. 

Animal  motion  is  that  which  is  performed 
by  animals  in  consequence  of  volition  or  an 
act  of  the  will ;  but  how  the  will  operates 
on  the  body  in  ])ro(lucing  motion,  we 
caimot  explain.  Mechanical  motion  is  ef- 
fected by  the  force  or  power  of  one  body 
acting  on  another.  Perpetual  motion  is 
that  which  is  effected  or  supplied  by  it- 
self, without  the  impulse  or  intervention  of 
any  external  cause.  Hitherto  it  has  been 
found  impossible  to  invent  a  machine  that 
has  this  principle. 

2.  Animal  life  and  action. 
Devoid  of  sense  and  motion.  Milton. 

3.  Manner  of  moving  the  body ;  port;  gait; 


MOT 


M  O  U 


M  O  U 


Each  member  move  and  every  motion  guide. 
Blackmore. 


4.  Change  of  posture  ;  action. 

Watching  the  motion  of  her  patron's  eye. 

liryden 

5.  Military  niarcli  or  movement.        Milton. 

6.  Agitation  ;  as  the  motions  of  the  sea. 

7.  Internal  action ;  excitement ;  as  the   7/10- 
/t'oni  of  the  breast.  Gay. 

8.  Direction ;  tendency. 

In  our  proper  motion  vpe  ascend.  Milton. 
0.  The  eftect  of  impulse  ;  action  proceeding 
from  any  cause,  external  or  internal.  In 
the  growth  of  plants  and  animals,  there 
must  be  a  motion  of  the  component  parts, 
though  invisible.  Attraction  or  chimical 
affinity  produces  sensible  motion  of  the 
parts  of  bodies.  Motions  of  the  mind  as- 
cribed to  the  invisible  agency  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  are  called  good  motions. 

Let  a  good  man  obey  every  good  ynotion  ris- 
ing in  his  heart,  knowing  that  every  such  mo- 
tion  proceeds  from  God.  South 

10.  Proposal    made ;    proposition    offered 
particularly,  a  proposition  made  in  a  de 
iiberative  assembly.     A  motion  is  made  for 
a  committee  ;  a  motion   for  introducing  a 
bill ;  a  motion  to  adjourn. 

11.  A  puppet-show  or  puppet.     [JVot  used. 

Shak. 
MO'TION,  V.  t.  To  propose.     [Little  used. 

See  Move.] 
MO'TIONER,  n.  A  mover.  [Xotused.] 
MO'TIONLESS,  a.  Wanting  motion  ;  be- 
ing at  rest. 

I  grow  a  statue,  fixed  and  motionless. 

Dry  den. 

MO'TIVE,  a.     [See   the  Noun.]     Causing 

motion  ;  having  power  to  move  or  tending 

to  move ;    as  a   motive   argument ;  motive 

power.  Hooker.     Bentley. 

MO'TIVE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Port,  motoo  ,•  Fr.  lao- 

tif  See  Move.] 
1.  That  which  incites  to  action  ;  that  which 
determines  the  choice,  or  moves  the  will. 
Thus  we  speak  of  good  motives,  and  bad 
motives ;    strong  and  weak  motives.     The 
motive  to  continue  at  rest  is  ease  or  satis 
faction  ;  the   motive   to  change  is  uneasi 
ness,  or  the  prospect  of  good. 
5.  That  which  may  or  ought  to  incite  to  ac- 
tion ;  reason  ;  cause. 
3.  A  mover.     [JVbf  in  use.]  Shak. 

MOTIV'ITY,  n.  The  i>ovver  of  producing 

motion. 
MOT'LEY,  a.  [W.  ysmot,  a  spot;  ysmotiaw, 
to  spot,  to  dapple;  Sp.  moicor,  id.;  Eng. 
mote.] 
J.  Variegated  in  color  ;  consisting  of  differ- 
ent colons;  dappled  ;  as  a  motley  coat. 

Shak. 
9.  Composed  of  different  or  various  parts, 
characters   or    kinds;    diversified;    as   8 
motley  style. 

And  doubts  of  motley  hue.  Dryden. 

[This   word  primarily   means  spotted;    but 

it  may  signify  also  .itn'ped.] 
JMO'TOR,  ji.  [L.  from  moneo,  to  move.]     A 
mover.    The  metals  are  called  motors  of] 
electricity.  Volta. 

MO'TORY,  a.    Giving   motion  ;   as  molory 
muscles.  Ray. 

MOT'TO,  n.  [It.  id. ;  Sp.  Port,  mote  ;    Fr. 
mot ;  Sax.  mathelan,  to  speak ;  Ir.  mead 
hair,   talk,  discourse ;  Goth,  mathlei,   id. 
_Gr.  uti9of,  fiv9fuu,  nvOionai.] 


Primarily,  a  word  ;  but  more  commonly,  a 
sentence  or  phrase  prefixed  to  an  essay  or 
discourse,  containing  the  subject  of  it,  or 
added  to  a  device. 

In  heraldry,  the  motto  is  carried  in  a  scroll, 
alluding  to  the  bearing  or  to  the  name  of 
the  bearer,  or  expressing  some  important 
idea. 

MOULD,  an  incorrect  orthography.  [See 
Mold,  and  its  derivatives.] 

MOULT.  [See  Molt.] 

MAUNCH  (    *"•  '•  '^°  '^''*"'-     ^^^-  ^'^""'■■ 
MOUND,  n.  [Sax.  mund;   W.  mumt,  from 

mum  ;  L.  tnons.  See  Mount.] 
Something  raised  as  a  defense  or  fortifica 
tion,  usually  a  bank  of  earth  or  stone  ;  i 
bulwark ;  a  rampart  or  fence. 
God  has  thrown 
That  mountain  as  his   garden  mound,  high 
raised.  Milton. 

To  thrid  the  thickets  or  to  leap  the  mounds. 

Dryden . 
MOUND,  V.  t.  To  fortify  with  a  mound. 

Johnson. 
MOUND'ED,  pp.  Surrounded  or  defended 
by  mounds. 

The  lakes  high  mounded.  J.  BarUnc. 

MOUND'ING,  ppr.  Defending  by  a  mound. 
MOUNT,  71.  [Fr.  mont;  Sax.  munt;  It.  Port. 
Sp.  monte ;  Arm.  menez,  mene;  W.mwnt, 
a  mount,  mountain  or  mound,  a  heap : 
L.  mons,  literally  a  heap  or  an  elevation  ; 
Ir.  main  or  muine ;  Basque,  mendia.  Qu. 
Gr.  jSovtoj.] 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  or  earth  and  rock,  risin 
considerably  above  the  common  surface 
of  the  surroimding  land.     Mount  is  used 
for  an  eminence  or  elevation  of  earth,  in 
definite  in  highth  or  size,  and  may  be  i 
hillock,  hill  or  mountain.     We  apply  it  to 
Moimt  Blanc,   in   Switzerland,  to  Mount 
Tom  and  Mount  Holyoke,  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  it  is  applied  in  Scripture  to  the 
small  hillocks  on  which  sacrifice  was  of- 
fered, as  well  as  to  Mount  Sinai.     Jacob 
offered  sacrifice  on  the  mount  or  heap  of 
stones  raised  for  a  witness  between  him 
and  Laban.     Gen.  xxxi. 

2.  A  mound ;  a  bulwark  for  offense  or  de 


fense. 

Hew  ye  down  trees  and  cast  a  mount  against 
Jerusalem.     Jer.  vi. 
3.  Formerly,  a  bank  or  fund  of  money. 

Obs.     Bacon. 
MOUNT,  v.L  [Pr.monter;  It.  7/iontore ;  Sp. 

montar.] 
1.  To  rise  on  high  ;  to  ascend  ;  with  or  with- 
out up. 

DoOi  the  eagle  mount  up  at  thy  command 
Job  xx.\ix. 

The  fire  of  trees  and  houses  mounts  on  high. 

Cowley. 
'2.  To  rise;  to  ascend ;  to  tower  ;  to  be  built 
to  a  great  altitude. 

Though  Babylon  should  mount  up  to   hea- 
ven.    Jer.  li. 

3.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shak. 

4.  To  leap  upon  any  animal. 
.5.  To  amoimt ;  to  rise  in  value. 

Bring  then  these  blessings  to  a  strict  account, 

Make    liiir   deductions,    see    to    what    ihcy 

mount.  Pope. 

MOUNT,   V.  t.    To  raise  aloft;  to  lift  on 

high. 

What  power  is  it  which  ?nounts  my  love  so 
high  .>  Shale. 


2.  To  ascend  ;  to  climb ;  to  get  upon  an  eic' 
vated  place  ;  as,  to  mount  a  throne. 

3.  To  ])lace  one's  self  on  horseback ;  as,  to 
mount  a  horse. 

4.  To  furnish  with  horses ;  as,  to  mount  a 
troop.   The  dragoons  were  well   mounted. 

5.  To  put  on  or  cover  with  something ;  to 
embellish  with  ornaments;  as,  to  mount  a 
sword. 

6.  To  carry ;  to  be  furnished  with ;  as,  a 
ship  of  the  line  mounts  seventy  four  guns; 
a  {onmou7its  a  hundred  cannon. 

7.  To  raise  and  place  on  a  carriage ;  as,  to 
mount  a  cannon. 

To  mount  guard,  to  take  the  station  and  do 

the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 
MOUNT'AIN,  )i.  [Fr.  montagne  ;  Sp.  mont- 
aha ;  It.  montagna ;  L.  adjective,  montanjts.J 
A  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock,  rising  above 
the  common  level  of  the  earth  or  adjacent 
land,  but  of  no  definite  altitude.  We  ap- 
ply mountain  to  the  largest  eminences  on 
the  globe ;  but  sometimes  the  word  is 
used  for  a  large  hill.  In  general,  mountain 
denotes  an  elevation  higher  and  larger 
than  a  hill ;  as  the  Altaic  mountains  in 
Asia,  the  Alps  in  Switzerland,  the  Andes 
in  South  America,  tlie  Alleghany  moun- 
tains  in  Virginia,  the  Kaatskill  in  New- 
York,  the  White  mountains  in  New- 
Hampshire,  and  the  Green  mountains  ia 
Vermont.  The  word  is  applied  to  a  sin- 
gle elevation,  or  to  an  extended  range. 

MOUNT'AIN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  moun- 
tain ;  found  on  mountains;  growing  or 
dwelling  on  a  mountain  ;  as  momitain  air; 
mountain  pines;  mountain  ^onis. 

MOUNT'AIN-BLUE,  n.  Malachite;  car- 
bonate of  copper. 

MOUNTAINE'ER,  \       An  inhabitant  of  a 

MOUNT'AINER,     S       mountain. 

2.  A  rustic ;  a  freebooter ;  a  savage. 

Milton. 

MOUNT'AINET,  n.  A  small  mountain;  a 
illock.     [.'Vot  used.]  Sidney. 

MOUNT'AIN-GREEN,  n.  A  carbonate  of 
copper. 

MOUNT'AINOUS,  a.  Full  of  mountains; 
as  the  mountainous  coimtry  of  the  Swiss. 

2.  Large  as  a  mountain  ;  huge  ;  as  a  moun- 
tainous heap.  Prior. 

3.  Inhabiting  mountains.      [JVb<  used.] 

Bacon. 

MOUNT'AINOUSNESS,  n.   The  state   of 

being  full  of  moimtain.*.  Brerewood. 

MOUNT'AIN-PAKSLEY,  n.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Athainanta.  Lee. 

MOUNTAIN-ROSE,  n.  A  plant. 
MOUNT'AIN-SOAP,  n.  A  inineralof  apalo 

brownish  black  color.  Ure. 

MOUNT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  montant.]  Rising  on 

hisrii.  Shak. 

MOilNT'EBANK,  n.  [It.  montere,  to  mount, 

and  banco,  bench.] 

1.  One  who  mounts  a  bench  or  stage  in  the 
market  or  other  public  jilace,  boasts  of 
his  skill  ill  curing  diseases,  vends  medi- 
cines which  he  pretends  are  infallible 
remedies,  and  thus  deludes  the  ignorant 
multitude.  Persons  of  this  character  may 
be  indicted  and  puhisIkhI. 

2.  Any  boastful  and  false  pretender. 
Nothing  so  impossible  in  nature,  but  moun- 
tebanks will  unileitake.  .Urbuttinot. 

MOUNT'EBANK,  v.  t.  To  cheat  by  bofjst- 
ing  and  false  pretenses ;  to  gulL        Shalu 


M  O  U 


M  O  U 


]M  O  U 


MOUNT'EBANKERY,  n.  Quackery ;  boast- 
ful and  vain  pretenses.  Hammond. 

MOUNT'ED,  pp.  Raised;  seated  on  horse- 
back; placed  on  a  carriage;  covered  or 
embellished ;  furnished  with  guns. 

MOUNT'ENAUNCE,  n.  Amount  in  space. 
[JVo<  ustd.\  Spenser. 

MOUNT'ER,  n.  One  that  mounts  or  as- 
cends. Swifl. 

MOUNT'ING,  ppr.  Rising  ;  soaring ;  pla- 
cing on  horseback  ;  ascending  an  emi- 
nence ;  embellishing. 

MOUNT'INGLY,  adv.  By  rising  or  ascend- 
ing. 

MOUNT  Y,  n.  The  rise  of  a  hawk. 

Sidney. 

MOURN,  I'.  {.  [Sax.  muriian,  myrnan ;  L. 
mareo ;  allied  perhaps  to  G.  D.  mur- 
ren,  to  77iurmur ;  Fr.  mome,  sad,  sullen. 
See  Murmur,  and  the  root  of  amarus,  bit- 
ter. Class  Mr.  No.  7.] 

1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow  ;  to  grieve  ; 
to  be  sorrowful.  Mourning  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  weeping  or  audible  sounds,  or 
by  sobs,  sighs  or  inward  silent  grief. 

Abraham   came   to   motirn.  for  Sarah  and  to 
weep.     Gen.  23. 

Blessed  are  they   that  mount,  for  they  shall 
be  comforted.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  wear  the  customary  habit  of  sorrow. 

We  7Hourn  in  black.  Shak 

Grieve  for   an   hour  perhaps,  then  mourn  a 
year.  Pope 

MOURN,  V.  t.  To  grieve  for;  to  lament. 
But  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  for,  the  verb  not 
being  transitive.  When  we  say,  we  mourn 
a  fi'iend  or  a  child,  the  real  sense  and  com- 
plete phrase  is,  we  mourn  for  a  friend 
or  mourn  for  the  loss  of  a  friend.  "  He 
mourn'd  his  rival's  ill  success,"  that  is,  he 
mourned  for  his  rival's  ill  success. 

Mdison 
8.  To  utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. 

The  love  lorn  nightingale 
Nightlv  to  thee  her  sad  song  mourneth  well 

MOURNE,  n.  murn.  \Fr.  inorne.]  The  round 

end  of  a  staff;  the  part  of  a  lance  to  which 

the  steel  is  fixed,  or  the  ferrel.  [J^oi  used.] 

Sidney.     Johnson 

MOURNER,  n.  One  that  mourns  or  is 
grieved  at  any  loss  or  misfortune. 

2.  One  that  follows  a  funeral  in  the  habit  of| 
mourning.  L^Estrange. 

3.  Something  used  at  funerals. 

The   mourner   eugh   and  builder  oak  were 
there.  Dryden. 

MOURNFUL,  a.  Intended  to  express  sor- 
row,   or    e.xliibiting    the   appearance    of 
grief;  as  a  mournful  bell ;  mournful  music. 
Shak.     Dryden. 
No  funeral  rites  nor  man  in  mournful  weeds, 

Shak 

2.  Causing  sorrow ;  sad  ;  calamitous ;  as  a 
mournful  death.  Shak. 

3.  Sorrowful ;  feeling  grief. 

The  mournful  fair — 

Shall  visit  her  distinguished  urn.  Prior. 

MOURNFULLY,    adv.    In   a  manner  ex 

pressive  of  sorrow  ;  with  sorrow.    Mai.  iii. 
MOURNFULNESS,     n.      Sorrow;    grief; 

state  of  mourning. 
2.  Appearance  or  expression  of  grief. 
MOURNING,  ppr.    Grieving ;    lamenting 

sorrowing ;   wearing  the  appearance  of 

sorrow. 


MOURNING,  n.   The  act  of  sorrowing  or| 
expressing  grief;  lamentation  ;  sorrow. 
The  dress  or  customary  habit  worn  by 
mourners. 

And  cv'n  the  pavements  were  with  mourn- 
ing hid.  Dryden. 

MOURNING-DOVE,  n.  A  species  of  dove 
found  in  the  U.  States,  the  Columha  Caro- 
liniensis. 

MOURNINGLY,  adv.  With  the  appearance 
of  sorrow.  Shak. 

MOUSE,  n.  plu.  mice.  [Sax.  Sw.  mus  ;  D, 
muis ;  G.inaus;  Dun.  mus,  muus  ;  h.tnusi 
Gr.  ju.i'5 ;  Russ.  tnishe.  The  L.  mus  forms 
muris  in  the  genitive,  and  the  root  is  not 
obvious.] 

1.  A  small  animal  of  the  genus  Mus,  inhab- 
iting houses.  The  name  is  also  applied  to 
many  other  species  of  the  genus,  as  the 

field  mouse,  meadow  mouse,  rock  mouse,  ^r. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  knob  formed  on  a  rope 
by  spun  yarn  or  parceling.  Mar.  Did. 

MOUSE,  V.  i.  mouz.  To  catch  mice.     Shak. 

MOUSE,  V.  t.  mouz.  To  tear,  as  a  cat  de- 
voiu's  a  mouse. 

To  mouse  a  hook,  with  seamen,  is  to  fasten  a 
small  line  across  the  upper  part  to  prevent 
unhooking.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOUSE-EAR,  n.  mous'-ear.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Hieracium  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  ge 
nus   Myosotis,  called   likewise  mouse-ear 
scorpion  grass.     The  mouse-ear  chickwecd 
is  of  the  genus  Cerastium.      Lee.     Encyc. 

MOUSE-HOLE,  )i.  mous'hole.  A  hole  where 
mice  enter  or  pass ;  a  very  small  bole  or 
entrance. 

He  can  creep  in  at  a  mouse-hole. 

Stilling  fleet. 

MOUSE-HUNT,  n.  mous'-hunl.  A  hunting  for 
mice. 

2.  A  mouser  ;  one  that  hunts  mice.        Shak. 

MOUSER,  n.  mouz'er.  One  that  catches 
mice.     The  cat  is  a  good  mouser. 

MOUSE-TAIL,  n.  mous'-lail.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Myosurus. 

MOUSE-TRAP,  n.  mous'-lrap.  A  trap  for 
catching  mice.  Prior. 

MOUTH,  n.  [Sax.  muth.  As  this  word  does 
not  occur  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects, 
and  as  n  is  sometimes  casually  introduced 
into  words  before  dentals,  it  is  not  itu- 
probable  that  the  Goth,  munths,  G.  Dan. 
nutnd,  Sw.  mun,  and  D.  mond,  may  be 
the  same  word.  The  Saxon  muth  co- 
incides in  elements  with  motto,  Gr.  fivSo;. 

1.  The  aperture  in  the  bead  of  an  animal, 
between  the  lips,  by  which  he  utters  his 
voice  and  receives  food.  In  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  the  mouth  consists  of  the  lips, 
the  gums,  the  insides  of  the  cheeks,  the 
palate,  the  salival  glands,  the  uvula  and 
tonsils.  Encyc. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  vessel  by  which  it  is 
filled  or  emptied  ;  as  the  mouth  of  a  jar  or 
pitcher. 

3.  The  part  or  channel  of  a  river  by  wliici 
I     its  waters  are  discharged  into  the  ocean  or 
[     into  a  lake.     The  Mississippi  and  the  Nile 
I     discharge  their  waters  by  several  mouMj. 
;4.  The  opening  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at  the 

end,  by  which  the  charge  issues. 
|5.  The  aperture  of  a  vessel  in  animal  bodies, 
by  which  fluids  or  other  matter  is  received 
or  discharged ;  as  the  mouth  of  the  lacte- 
als. 


6.  The  opening  or  entrance  of  a  cave,  pit, 
well  or  den.     Dan.  viii. 

7.  The  instrument  of  speaking;  as,  the  story 
is  in  every  body's  mouth.      South.     Locke. 

8.  A  princi|>al  speaker ;  one  that  utters  the 
common  opinion. 

Every  coffee  house  has  some  statesman  be- 
longing to  it,  who  is  the  mouth  of  the  street 
where  he  lives.  Mdison. 

9.  Cry ;  voice. 
Tlie  fearful  dogs  divide, 

.'Vll  spend  their  »iou(A  aloft,  but  none  abide. 

Dryden. 

10.  In  Scripture,  words  uttered.  Job  xix. 
Is.  xlix.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

11.  Desires;  necessities.     Ps.  ciii. 

12.  Freedom  and  boldness  of  speech ;  force 
of  argument.     Luke  sxi. 

13.  Boasting ;  vaunting.     Judg'es  ix. 

14.  Testimony.     Deut.  xvii. 
1.5.  Reproaches  ;  calumnies.     Job  v. 
To  make  a  mouth,   f    to  distort  the   mouth  ; 
To  make  mouths,     ^    to   make   a   wry  face  ; 
j    hence,  to  deride  or  treat  with  scorn. 
1  ShaA.    Addison. 
2.  To  pout ;  to  treat  disdainfully. 
Down  in  the  mouth,  dejected;  mortified. 

L"  Estrange. 

To  have  God's  law  in  the  mouth,  to  converse 
much  on  it  and  delight  in  it.     Ex.  .xiii. 

7*0  draw  near  to  God  with  the  mouth,  to  make 

I     an  external  appearance  of  devotion   and 

I     worship,  while  there  is  no  regard  to  him 

I     in  the  heart.     Is.  x.xix. 

[Jlfrotvard  mouth,  contradictions  and  disobe- 
dience.    Prov.  iv. 

Jl  smooth  mouth,  sot^  and  flattering  language. 
Prov.  v. 

To  stop  the  mouth,  to  silence  or  to  be  silent ; 
to  put  to  shame  ;  to  confound.     Rom.  iii. 

To  lay  the  hand  on  the  mouth,  to  be  struck  si- 
lent with  shame.     Mic  vii. 

To  set  the  mouth  against  the  heavens,  to  speak 
arrogantly  and  blasphemously.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

MOUTH,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  a  voice  afllect- 
edly  big  or  swelling  ;  as,  to  mouth  words 
or  language. 

Twitch'd  by  the  sleeve,  he  mouths  it  more 
and  more.  Dryden. 

2.  To  take  into  the  mouth  ;  to  seize  with  the 
mouth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  chew ;  to  grind,  as  food  ;  to  eat  ;  to 
devour.  Shak. 

4.  To  form  by  the  mouth,  as  a  bear  her  cub. 
[.'Vol  used.]  Brown. 

5.  To  reproach  ;  to  insult.  Blair. 
iMOUTH,  V.  i.  To  speak  with  a   full,  round, 

or  loud,  affected  voice  ;  to  vociferate  :  to 
rant;  as  a  »noutting- actor.  Dryden. 

I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome  and  for  my  country, 
And  mouth  at  Cesar,  till  I  shake  the  senate. 

.Addison. 
MOUTH'ED,  pp.  Uttered  with  a  full,  swell- 
ing, affected  voice. 

2.  Taken  into  the  mouth ;  chewed. 

3.  a.  Furnished  with  a  mouth  ;  used  chiefly 
in  composition ;  as  weW-mouthed  ;  foul- 
mouthed,  contumelious,  reproachful  or  ob- 
scene ;  mealy-MioiiMerf,  bashful,  reserved 
in  speaking  the  plain  truth  ;  hard-moulhed, 
as  a  horse,  not  obedient  to  the  bit,  difficult 
to  be  restrained  or  governed  by  the  bri- 
dle. 

4.  Borne  down  or  overpowered  by  clamor. 
MOUTH  FRIEND,  n.  One  who  professes 

friendship  without  entertaining  it ;  a  pre- 
tended friend.  -  Shak. 


MOV 


M  O  V 


M  O  X 


MOUTH'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  the  mouth 
contains  at  once. 

2.  A  quantity  proverbially  small;  a  small 
quantity.  VEstmnge.     Dryden. 

MOUTH'HONOR,  n.  Civility  expressed 
without  sincerity.  Shak. 

MOUTHING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  an  affected 
swelling  voice. 

MOUTH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mouth. 

MOUTH  ]VL\DE,  a.  Expressed  without  sin- 
cerity ;  hypocritical. 

MOUTH'PIECE,  n.  The  piece  of  a  music- 
al wind  instrument  to  which  the  mouth 
is  applied. 

2.  One  who  delivers  the  opinions  of  others. 

Movable,  a.  [from  move.]  That  may  be 
moved  ;  that  can  or  may  be  lifted,  carried, 
drawn,  turned  or  conveyed,  or  in  any  way 
made  to  change  place  or  posture  ;  suscep- 
tible of  motion. 

2.  That  may  or  does  change  from  one  time 
to  another  ;  as  a  movable  feast. 

^  movable  letter,  in  Hebrew  grammar,  is  one 
that  is  pronounced,  as  opposed  to  one  that 
IS  niji6scciit« 

M6VABLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  movable  ;  mobility  ;  susceptibili- 
ty of  motion. 

Movables,  n.  plu.  Goods,  wares,  com- 
modities, furniture  ;  any  species  of  pro- 
perty not  fixed,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  houses  and  lands. 

MoVABLY,  adv.  So  that  it  may  be  moved. 

Greiv. 

Move,  v.  t.  moov.  [L.  moveo  ;  It.  movere  ; 
Sp.  mover;  Fr.  mouvoir;  W.  mudaw.  It 
is  probably  a  contracted  word.  Class 
Md.] 

1.  To  impel ;  to  carry,  convey  or  draw 
from  one  place  to  another ;  to  cause  to 
change  place  or  posture  in  any  manner  or 
by  any  means.  The  wind  moves  a  ship  ; 
the  cartman  moves  goods  ;  the  horse  moves 
a  cart  or  carriage.  Mere  matter  cannot 
move  itself  jiachines  are  moved  by 
springs,  weights,  or  force  applied. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  ;  to  affect  ;  to  agi- 
tate ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  move  the  passions. 

3.  To  cause  to  act  or  determine  ;  as,  to  move 
the  will. 

4.  To  persuade  ;  to  prevail  on  ;  to  excite 
from  a  state  of  rest  or  indifference. 

Minds  desirous  of  revenge   were  not  moved 

with  gold.  KnolUs. 

But  when  no  female  arts  his   mind    could 

move. 
She  turn'd  to  furious  hate  her  impious  love. 

Dryden. 
.■).  To  excite  tenderness,  pity  or  grief  in  the 
heart ;  to  affect ;  to  touch  pathetically  ;  to 
excite  feeling  in. 

The  use  of  images  in  orations  and  poetry  is 

to  move  pity  or  terror.  Felton. 

When  he  saw  the  multitudes,  he  was  moved 

with  compassion  on  them —     Matt.  ix. 

G.  To  make  angry  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  irritate. 

Shak. 

7.  To  excite  tumult  or  commotion. 

When  they  had  come  to  Bethlehem,  all  the 
city  was  moved  about  them.  Ruth  i.  Matt. 
xxi. 

8.  To  influence  or  incite  by  secret  agency. 

God    moved   them   to  depart   from   him.     2 
Chron.  xviii.    2  Pet.  i. 
fi.  To  shake  ;  to  agitate. 

The  kingdoms  were  moved.  Ps.  xlvi.  Jer. 
xli.\. 


10.  To  propose ;  to  offer  for  considerationi 
and  determination  ;  as,  to  move  a  resolu- 
tion in  a  deliberative  assembly. 

11.  To  propose;  to  reconunend. 
They  are   to  be  blamed  alike  who  nwve  and 

who  decline  war  upon  particular  respects. 

Ilayward 

12.  To  prompt ;  to  incite  ;  to  instigate.  Acts 
xvii. 

M6VE,  I',  i.  To  change  place  or  pos- 
ture ;  to  stir ;  to  pass  or  go  in  any  manner 
or  direction  from  one  place  or  part  of 
space  to  another.  The  planets  move  in 
their  orbits  ;  the  earth  moves  on  its  axis  ; 
a  ship  moves  at  a  certain  rate  an  hour. 
We  move  by  walking,  running  or  turning 
animals  move  by   creeping,  switnming  or 

flying- 

On  the  green  bank  I  sat  and  listened  long. 
Nor  till  her  lay  was  ended  could  1  move. 

Dryden 

2.  To  have  action. 
In  him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being 

Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  have  the  power  of  action. 
Every  moving  thing  that  liveth,  shall  be  meat 

for  you.     Gen.  ix. 

4.  To  walk. 
He  moves  with  manly  grace.  Dryden 

5.  To  march.  The  army  moved  and  took 
a  position  behind  a  wood. 

6.  To  tremble ;  to  shake. 
The  foundations  also  of  the  hills  moved  and 

were  shaken,  because  he  was  wroth.     Ps.  xviii 

7.  To  change  residence.  Men  move  witli 
their  families  from  one  house,  town  or 
state  to  another. 

M6VE,  n.  The  act  of  moving ;  the  act 
of  transferring  from  place  to  place,  as  in 
chess.  Cowley 

Moved,  pp.  stirred ;  e.xcited. 

MOVELESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  moved  ; 
fixed. 

The  Grecian  phalanx,  moveless  as  a  tower. 

Pope 

Movement,  n.  [Pr.  mouvement.]  Motion  : 
a  passing,  progression,  sl)aking,  turning 
or  flowing;  any  change  of  position  in  a 
material  body  ;  as  the  movement  of  an  ar 
my  in  marching  or  maneuvering  ;  the 
movement  of  a  wheel  or  a  machine. 

2.  The  manner  of  moving. 

•3.  Excitement ;  agitation  ;  as  the  movement 
of  the  mind.  Pope 

4.  In  music,  any  single  strain  or  part  having 
the  same  measure  or  time. 

Any  change  of  lime  is  a  change  oi  movement. 

Busby. 

MO'VENT,  a.  [h.  movena.]  Moving:  not 
qifiescent.     [Little  used.]  Grew. 

MO'VENT,  n.  That  which  moves  any  thing. 
[Liltle  used.]  Glanville. 

MoVER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  gives 
motion  or  impels  to  action. 

'  Shak.     IVilkins. 

2.  He  or  that  which  moves. 

3.  A  proposer;  one  that  otters  a  proposition, 
or  recommends  any  thing  for  conaidera 
tion  or  adoption  ;  as  the  mover  of  a  re.solu 
tion  in  a  legislative  body. 

Moving,  ppr.  causing  to  move  or  act 
impelling;  instigating;  persuading;  inflii 
encing. 

2.  a.  Exciting  the   passions   or   aftVcti'ms 
touching;  pathetic;  affecting;  adapted  t( 
excite  or  affect  the  passions  ;  as  a  moving 
address  or  discourse. 


Moving,  n.  Motive  ;  impulse.  South. 

Movingly,  adv.  in  a  tnanner  to  excite 
the  passions  or  affect  sensibility ;  patheti- 
cally. 

His  air,  his  voice,  his  looks  and  hoaest  soul, 
Speik  all  so  movingly  in  his  behalf. 

Jiddison. 

MdVINGNESS,  n.  The  power  of  affect- 
ing, as  the  passions. 

MOW,  n.  [Sax.  mowe  or  muga  ;  It.  mitcchia, 
a  heap  or  mass  ;  Sp.  mucho,  much ;  Sw. 
mycken,  many,  much.] 

A  heap,  mass  or  pile  of  hay  deposited  in  a. 
barn. 

[We  never  give  this  name  to  hay  piled 
in  the  field  or  open  air.  The  latter  is  call- 
ed a  slack  or  rick.] 

MOW,  V.  t.  To  lay  liay  in  a  heap  or  mass  in 
a  barn,  or  to  lay  it  in  a  .suitable  manner. 

MOW,  V.  t.  pret.  mowed  ;  pp.  mowed  or  mourn. 
[Sax.  matvan  ;  i).  maaijen  or  muayen  ; 
tiw.ineya;  Dun.iiiejer;  G.  mahen.  In  Sp. 
and  Port,  mochar  is  to  cm  off.  The  L.  lias 
meto,  and  the  Gr.  apiu,  to  mow  or  reap. 
The  last  radical  letter  is  not  ascertained.] 

1.  To  cut  down  with  a  sytlie,  as  grass  or 
other  plants.     We  say,  to  mow  grass. 

2.  To  cut  the  grass  from;  as,  to  mow  a 
meadow. 

3.  To  cut  down  with  speed;  to  cut  down  in- 
discriminately, or  in  great  numbers  or 
quantity.  We  say,  a  discharge  of  grape 
shot  mows  down  whole  ranks  of  men. 
Hence  Saturn  or  Time  isrepreseutcU  with 
a  sytlie,  an  emblem  of  the  general  and 
indiscriminate  destruction  of  the  human 
race  by  death. 

MOW,  V.  i.  To  cut  grass ;  to  practice  mow- 
ing ;  to  use  the  sy the.  Does  the  man  mots 
well  ? 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  mowing  ;  to 
cut  and  make  grass  into  hay  ;  to  gatiier 
the  crop  of  grass,  or  other  crop. 

[In  America,  moio  is  not  applied  to  the 
cutting  of  wheat  or  rye.  When  tnese  are 
cut  with  a  sythe,  they  are  said  to  be  cra- 
dled. Outs  and  barley  are  sometimes 
mowed.] 

:MOW,  n.  [from  mouth.]  A  wry  face.     Obs. 

Shak. 

MOW,  V.  i.  To  make  mouths.     Obs. 

Ascham. 

MOW'BURN,  V.  i.  To  heat  and  ferment  in 
the  mow,  as  hay  when  housed  too  green. 

Mortimer. 

jMOWE,  V.  i.  To  be  able  ;  must ;  may.  Obs. 

Chaucer. 

MOWED,   I         ^  .     •,, 

MOWiN,      \  PP-  ^"'  ^^"''  ^  ®J''h^- 

2.  Cleared  of  grass  with  a  sythe,  as  land. 

MOWER,  n.  One  who  mows;  a  man  dex- 
trous in  the  use  of  tlie  sytlie. 

MOWING,  ppr.  Putting  into  a  mow. 

MOWING,  ppr.  Cutting  down  with  a  sythe. 

MOWING,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  with  a 
sythe. 

2.  Land  from  which  grass  is  cut. 

MOX'A,  n.  The  down  of  the  mugwort  of 
China  ;  a  soft  lanuginous  substance  pre- 
pared in  Japan  from  the  young  leaves  of 
a  species  of  Artemisia.  In  tiic  eastern 
countries,  it  is  used  for  the  gout,  &c.  by 
hiiniing  it  on  the  skin.  This  produces  a 
dark  colored  spot,  the  exulceration  of  which 
is  promoted  by  applying  a  little  garlic. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 


M  U  C 


M  U  C 


MUD 


MOVLE,  n.  A  mule.     [See  Mule.] 
MUCH,  a.  [Sw.   mtjcken ;    Sp.  mucho;    It. 
mucchio.  See  Moiv.     The  sense  is  probably 
a  heap  or  mass,  and  it  may  be   allied  to 
mickle,  great,  Gr.  fitya.] 

1.  Great  in  quantity  or  amount. 

Thou  shall  carry  7HUch  seed  into  the  field, 
and  gather  but  little  in.     Ueut.  xxviii. 

Manasseli  wrought  much  wickedness  in  the 
sight  ol'  the  Lord  to  provoke  him  to  anger.  2 
Kiogs  Kxi. 

Return  with  much  riches  to  your  tents.  Josh, 
xxii. 

2.  Long  in  duration.  How  much  time  is 
spent  in  trifling  amusements ! 

3.  Many  in  number. 

Kdoiii  came  out  against  him  with  much  peo 
pie.     Num.  XX. 

[This  application  of  much  is  no  longer 
used.] 

MUCH,  adv.  In  a  great  degree;  by  far; 
qualifying  adjectives  of  the  comparative  de- 
gree ;  us  much  more,  much  stronger,  much 
heavier,  much  more  splendid,  muck  higher. 
So  we  say,  much  less,  much  smaller,  much 
less  distinguished,  much  weaker,  much 
finer. 

2.  To  a  great  degree  or  extent ;  qualifying 
verbs  and  participles. 

Jonathan,  Saul's  son,  delighted  nmch  in  Da- 
vid.    1  Sam.  xix. 

It  is  a  night  to  be  much  observed.     Ex.  xii. 

The  sold  of  the  people  was  much  discouraged 
because  of  the  way.     Num.  xxi. 

A  tnuch  afflicted,  much  enduring  man. 

Pope. 

3.  Often  or  long. 

Think  much,  speak  litUc.  Dryden. 

4.  Nearly. 

All  left  the  world  much  as  they  found  it. 

Tem/ile. 
MUCH,  n.  A  great  quantity;  a  great  deal. 
He   that  gathered  ttiuch  had  nolhing  over, 
Ex.  xvi. 

To  whom  much  is  given,  of  him  much  shall 
be  required,     l.ukc  xii. 

They  have  much  of  tire  poetry  of  Majcenas, 
but  little  of  his  liberality.  Uryden. 

%  More  than  enough  ;  a  heavy  service  or 
burden. 

He  thought  not  much  to  clothe  his  enemies. 

Alilton. 

Who  thought  it  much  a  man  should  die  of 

love.  JJrydcn 

0.  An  uncommon  thing;  something  strange. 
It  was  much  (hat  one  who  was  so  great  a  lov- 
er of  peace  should  be  happy  in  war.         Bacon 

.is  much,  an  eqii.il  quantity  ;  zised  us  an  ad- 
jective or  noun.  Return  as  much  bread  as 
you  borrowed.  If  you  borrow  money,  re- 
turn as  much  as  you  receive.  So  we  say 
ttoicc  as  much,  Jive  times  as  much,  that  is, 
twice  or  five  times  the  quantity. 

2.  A  certain  or  suitable  quantity. 

Then  take  as  much  as  thy  soul  desirelh.  1 
Sam.  ii. 

3.  To  an  equal  degree;  adverbially.  One 
man  loves  power  as  much  as  another 
loves  gold. 

So  much,  an  equal  quantity  or  a  certain  quan 
tity,  as  a  noun  ;  to  an  equal  degree,  o 
to  a  certain  degree,  as  an  adverb. 

Of  sweet  cinnamon  half  So  much.    Ex.  xxx. 
In  all  Israel,  there  was  none  to  be  so  much 
praised  as  Absalom.     2  Sam.  xiv. 
Too  much,  an  excessive  quantity,  as  a  noun; 
to  an  excessive  degree,  o-s  an  adverb. 


To  make  much  of,  to  value  liiglily  ;  to  prize 
or  to  treat  with  great  kindness  and  atten- 
tion. MUner.' 

2.  To  fondle. 

Much  at  one,  nearly  of  equal  value,  effect  orl 
influence.  Dryden 

MUCllWlI.vT,  adv.  Nearly  ;  almost.  [.Vo(' 
elegant.]  Locke.' 

MU'ClC,  a.  [from  mucus.]  The  mucic  acid' 
is  the  same  as  the  saccholactic.  It  is  ob-j 
tained  from  gums,  &c.  Ure. 

MU'CIO,  a.  [L.  mucidus,  from  muceo.]  Mus- 
ty ;  moldy ;  slimy. 

MU'CIDNESS,  n.  Mustiness;  sliminess. 

Ainsworth. 

MU'CILAGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  mucus,  tlio 
slimy  discharges  from  the  nose ;  muceo, 
to  grow  moldy  or  musty  :  It.  mucillagffine  ; 
Sp.  mucitago.  The  L.  mucus,  in  Ir.  is 
smug;  smugaim,  to  blow  the  nose.  It  is 
probably  allied  to  Eug.  muck  ;  lleb. 
Cli.  Jia  or  piD,  to  dissolve,  to  putrefy. 
Class  Mg.  No.  8.  10.] 

1.  In  chimislry,  one  of  the  proximate  ele- 
ments of  vegetables.  The  same  substance 
is  a  gum  when  solid,  and  a  mucilage  when 
in  solution.  Thomson.t 

Both  the  ingredients  improve  one  another  ;, 
for  the  mucilage  adds  to  the  lubricity  of  the  oil, 
and  the  oil  preserves  tlie  mucilage  from  inspiss-l 
ation.  Ray. 

Mucilage  is  obtained  from  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substances.  A^icholson. 

The  liquor  which  moistens  and  lubricates 
the  ligaments  and  cartilages  of  the  articu- 
lations or  joints  in  animal  bodies. 

Kncyc. 

MUCILAG'INOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  .se- 
creting mucilage  ;  as  the  mucilaginous 
glands.  £ncyc. 

•-2.  Slimy  ;  ropy  ;  moist,  soft  and  lubricous  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  mucilage;  as  a 
mucilaginous  gimi.  Grew. 

MUClLAti'lNOUSNESS,  n.  Sliminess;  the 
state  of  being  mucilaginous. 

MU'CITE,  n.  A  combination  of  a  substauce 
with  mucous  acid.  Parke. 

MUCK,  n.  [Sax.  nieor,  mior  ;  Dan.  mijg, 
dung;  mug,  mold,  soil;  L.  mucus;  qn.' 
from  moisture  or  putrefaction.  In  VV. 
mtvg  is  smoke,  which  may  be  allied  lo| 
Eng.  muggy,  from  dissolving,  wasting.  So 
in  French  fumer,  to  smoke,  to  dung  or 
muck.  See  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  verbs  under 
mucilage.  In  Iluss.  mochu  is  to  moisten, 
and  makayu,  to  dip,  to  soak.] 

1.  Dur)g  in  a  moist  state,  or  a  mass  of  dung 
and  putrefied  vegetable  matter. 

With  fattening  muck  besmear  the  roots. 

Philips. 

2.  Something  mean,  vile  or  filthy. 

To  run  a  mxick,  to  run  madly  and  attack  all 
we  meet.  Pope.     Dryden. 

Running  a  muck,  is  a  phrase  derived  from 
the  Malays,  (in  whose  language  amock  sig- 
nifies to  kill,)  applied  to  desperate  persons 
who  intoxicate  themselves  with  opium 
and  then  arm  themselves  with  a  dagger 
and  attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
MUCK,  V.  t.  To  manure  with  muck. 

Tusser. 
MUCK'ENDER.    n.    [Sp.  mocadero,  from 

moco,  mucus  ;  Fr.  mouchoir.] 
A  pocket  haudkeicliief.      [Not  used.] 

Dorset. 


}      [L.  mucronatus,  from 
I  ^    ■  macro,  a  pomt.' 


MUCK'ER,  V.I.  [from  muck.]  To  scrape 
together  money  by  mean  labor  or  shifts. 
[Not  used  in  America.] 

MUCK'ERER,  n.  A  miser ;  a  niggard.  [Abt 
used.]  CJiaucer. 

MUCK'HEAP,  )       .    ,       , .,,  „     .   . 

MUCK'IIII  1  ^  "•  •'^  u""g'""-  Burton. 

MUCK'INESS,  n.  Filthiuess;  nastiness. 

Johnson. 

MUCK'LE,  a.  [Sax.  mycel.]  Much.         Obs. 

MUCK'SWEAT,  n.  Profuse  sweat. 

Johnson. 

MUCK'WORM,  n.  A  worm  that  lives  in 
muck. 

2.  \  miser ;  one  who  scrapes  together  money 
by  mean  labor  and  devices.  Bunyan. 

MUCK'Y,  a.  Filthy  ;  nasty.  Spenser. 

MUCOSO-SAecHARINE,  a.  Partaking 
of  the  qualities  of  mucilage  and  sugar. 

Fourcroy. 

MU'COUS,  a.  [See  Mucus.]  Pertaining  to 
mucus  or  resembling  it;  slimy,  rojiy  and 
lubricous  ;  as  a  mucous  substance. 

2.  Secreting  a  slimy  substance  ;  as  the  mu- 
cotis  membrane. 

The  mucous  membrane  lines  all  the 
cavities  of  the  body  which  open  external- 
ly, and  secretes  the  fluid  called  mucus. 

Bichat. 

MU'eOUSNESS,  ji.  The  state  of  being  mu- 
cous; sliminess. 

MU'CRON.'VTE, 

MUellONATED, 

NaiTowed  to  a  point ;  terminating  in  a  point. 

hood  ward. 

MU'CULENT,  «.  [I,,  mucultntus.]  Slimy; 
moist  and  moderately  viscous. 

MU'€US,  JI.  [L.  See  Mucilage  and  Muck.] 

1.  A  viscid  fluid  secreted  by  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, which  it  serves  to  moisten  and  de- 
fend. It  covers  the  lining  membranes  of 
all  the  cavities  which  open  externally, 
such  as  those  of  tlie  mouth,  nose,  lungs, 
iut(^stinul  canal,  urinary  passages,  &c.  It 
difl'ers  from  gelatine.  Parr.     Ure. 

In  the  action  of  chewing,  the  mucus  inixeth 
with  the  aliment.  Jirbuthnot. 

2.  This  term  has  also  been  applied  to  other 
animal  fluids  of  a  viscid  quality,  as  the  sy- 
novial fluid,  which  lubricates  the  cavities 
of  the  joints. 

MUD,  «.  [D.  modder ;  G.  moder.  See 
Mother.  Kx  tou  aufou  ouu?t?.oxjjj  rou  nviv- 
fiaroi  lyiisro  fiur.  Tovro  nvif  fatjiv  iXv*, 
otSf  i'6arto6ov'5  ^tlfuj  cr^t:.  Mot,  id  est, 
mod  ;  Phcenices  ita  scribebant.  Bochart, 
Phoen.  Lib.  2.  Chap.  2. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  fragment  of  Sancho- 
niathon's  Phenician  history,  translated  by 
Pliilo  and  preserved  by  Eusebius.  This 
Phenician  word  mod,  fiur,  rendered  in 
Gr.  avf,  is  precisely  the  English  mud, 
the  nwtter,  njaterial  or  substance  of 
which,  according  to  the  ancients,  all 
things  were  formed.  See  Castel.  Col. 
2010,  and  the  word  mot/ier.  Plutarch,  de 
Iside,  says  the  Egyptians  called  Isis  7nuth, 
that  is,  mother.  This  is  a  remarkable 
fact,  and  proves  beyond  controversy  the 
common  origin  of  the  Phenician,  Celtic 
and  Teutonic  nations.  .Mud  may  perhaps 
be  named  from  wetness,  and  be  connected 
with  L.  madco,  Gr.  ui6au.  W.  mu-udau\  to 
wet.] 


M  U  F 


i>I  U  L 


M  U  L 


Moist  and  soft  earth  of  any  kind,  such  as 
is  found  in  marshes  and  swamps,  at  the 
bottom  of  rivers  and  ponds,  or  in  iiigh- 
ways  after  rain. 

3IUD,  V.  t.  To  bury  in  mud  or  shme. 

Shak. 

2.  To  make  turbid  or  foul  with  dirt ;  to  stir 
the  sediment  in  liquors.  Glanvilk 

MUD'DILY,  nrfc.  [from  muddy.]   Turbidly; 
with  foul  mixture. 
Lucilius — writ  loosely  and  muddily.    Dryden 

MUD'DINESS,  n.  Turbidness  ;  foulness 
caused  by  mud,  dirt  or  sediment  ;  as  the 
muddiness  of  a  stream.  Addison. 

MUD'DLE,ti.  «.  [trom  mud.]  To  make  foul, 
turbid  or  muddy,  as  water. 

He  did  ill  to  muddle  the  water. 

L'Estrange. 
2.  To  intoxicate  partially  ;  to  cloud  or  stu- 
pe5',  particularly  witli  liquor. 

He  was  often  druuk,  always  muddled. 

Jirbuthnnt. 
Epicurus  seems  to  have  liad  his  brains  mud- 
dled. Benlley. 
MUD'DLED,;^/).  Made  turbid  ;  half  drunk; 

stupefied. 
MUD'DLING,  ppr.  Making  foul  with  dirt 
or  dregs;  making  half  drunk;  stupefying. 
MUD'DY,  a.  [from  mud.]  Foul  with  dirt  or 
fine  earthy  particles ;  turbid,  as  water  or 
other  fluids ;  as  a  muddij  stream.  Water 
running  on  fine  clay  always  appears  mud- 
dy. 

2.  Containing  mud ;  as  a  muddy  ditch  ;  a 
muddy  road.  Shak. 

3.  Dirty  ;  dashed,  soiled  or  besmeared  with 
mud  ;  as  muddy  boots. 

4.  Consisting  of  mud  or  earth  ;  gross  ;  im- 
pure ;  as  this  muddy  vesture  of  decay. 

Shak. 

5.  Dark  ;  of  the  color  of  mud  ;  as  muddy 
cheeks.  Smjl. 

6.  Cloudy  in  mind;  dull  ;  heavy  ;  stupid. 

Dost  think  I  am  so  mudt/y?  Sliak. 

MUD'DY,  V.  t.  To  soil  with  mud  ;  to  dirty. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  dull  or  heavy.     Grew. 

MUDDY-HEADED,  a.  Having  a  dull  un- 
derstanding. 

MUD'-FISH,  n.  A  fish,  a  species  of  the  cy- 
prinus  kinil.  Did.  J\/'at.  Hist. 

MUD'-SILL,  ?!.  In  bridges,  the  sill  that  is 
laid  at  the  bottom  of  a  river,  lake,  &c. 
[See  SitL] 

MUD'-SUCKER,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl. 

Derham 

MUD'-WALL,  11.  A  wall  composed  of  mud, 
or  of  materials  laid  in  mud  without  mor 
tar.  South. 

2.  A  bird,  the  apiastcr.  Jlinsivorth. 

MUD-WALLED,  a.  Having  a  mud  wal 

Prior. 

MUD'WORT,  Ji.  A  species  of  Limosella, 
the  least  water  plantain.  Lee. 

MUE.     [See  Mew.] 

MUFF,  Ji.  [Dan.jni// orHiH/c,-  D.  7ho/;  G. 
muff ;  Fr.  moufle,  mittens  ;  Sp.  mvjias, 
thick  gloves.] 

A  warm  cover  fur  the  hands,  usually  made 
of  fur  or  dressed  skins.      Locke.     Dryden. 

MUF'FIN,  71.  A  delicate  or  light  cake. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  I.  [D.  moffelen  ;  G.  muffeln  ; 
It.  camuffare,  to  disguise  or  mask.] 

1.  To  cover  from  the  weather  by  cloth,  fur 
or  any  garment ;  to  cover  close,  particu- 
larly the  neck  and  face. 


You  must  be  muffled  up  like  ladies. 

Dryden. 
The  face  lies  muffled  up  within  the  garment. 

Addison. 
To  blindfold. 
Alas  !  that  love  whose  view  is  muffled  still — 

Shak. 
He  muffled  with  a  cloud  his  mournful  eyes. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  cover;  to  conceal ;  to  involve. 
They  were   in   former  ages  muffled  in  dark- 
ness and  superstition.  Arhuthnot. 

4.  In  seamanship,  to   put  matting  or  other 
soft  substance  round  an  oar,  to  prevent 
its  making  a  noise. 
To  wind  something  round  the  strings  of 

a  drum  to  prevent  a  sharj)  sound,  or  to 
render  the  sound  grave  and  solemn. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  mutter  ;  to  speak  indis- 
tinctly or  without  clear  articulation. 

Holder. 

(MUF'FLE,  n.  [Sp.  mxijla.]  In  chimistry,  a 
vessel  in  the  shape  of  an  oblong  arch  or 
vault,  closed  beliind  by  a  semicircular 
plane,  the  floor  of  which  is  a  rectangular 
plane  ;  or  in  otlier  words,  a  little  oven  to 
be  placed  in  a  furnace,  and  under  which 
small  cupels  and  crucibles  are  placed,  in 
which  substances  are  subjected  to  heat 
without  coming  in  contact  with  fuel, 
smoke  or  ashes  ;  used  in  metallurgic  ope- 
rations. Fourrroy.     Encyc. 

MUF'FLED,  pp.  Covered  closely,  especial- 
ly about  the  face  ;  involved  ;  blindfolded. 

MUF'FLER,  71.  A  cover  for  the  face  ;  a 
part   of  female  dress.     Shak.     Arhuthnot. 

MUF'FLING,  ppr.  Covering  closely,  espe- 
cially about  the  face  ;  wrapping  close  ;  in- 
volving ;  blindfolding. 

MUF'FLON,  n.  The  wild  sheep  or  mus- 
raon. 

MUF'TI,  7!.  The  high  priest  or  chief  of  the 
ecclesiastical  order  among  the  Mohamme- 
dans. 

MUG,  7t.  [1  know  not  whence  derived.]  A 
kind  of  cup  from  which  liquors  are  drank. 
In  America,  the  word  is  applied  chiefly 
or  solely  to  an  earthen  cup. 

MUG'GARD,  a.  [See  Muggy.]  Sullen;  dis- 
pleased,    [jyot  in  use.] 

MUG'GENT,?!.  A  species  of  wild  fresh  wa- 
ter duck.  Diet.  ATat.  Hist. 

MUG'GISH,  }       [W.  mwean,  a  cloud  offog  ; 

MUG'GY,  I  "'  mu'g,  smoke ;  or  from  the 
root  of  muck.] 

1.  Moist ;  damp  ;  moldy  ;  as  muggy  straw, 

Mortimer. 

2.  Moist  ;  damp  ;  close  ;  warm  and  unelas 
tic  ;  as  muggy  air.  [This  is  the  principal 
use  of  the  U'ord  in  America.] 

MUG'HOUSE,  71.  [from  mug.]  An  ale 
house.  IHckel. 

MU'c;IENT,  n.  [L.  7»«g^'o,  to  bellow.]  Low- 
ing ;  bellowing.     [JVot  used.]  Brotim. 

MU'tilL,  n.  [L.]  The  mullet,  a  genus  of 
fishes  of  the  order  of  abdominals. 

MUG'WEED,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Va- 
lantia. 

MUG'WORT,  JI.  [Sa.x.mugwyrt.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Artemisia. 

MULAT'TO,  J!.  [Sp.  mulato,  that  is,  muled, 
of  a  mixed  breed,  from  7iiu/o,  L.  mulus, 
mide ;  Fr.  mulatre.] 

A  person  that  is  the  oflfspring  of  a  ncgrcss 
by  a  white  man,  or  of  a  white  woman  by 
a  negro. 


MUL'BERRY,   n.  [Sw.  mulbir  ;  G.  maul- 

beere.] 
The  berry  or  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the   genuF 

Morus. 
MUL'BERRY-TREE,  n.  The   tree  which 

l)roduces  the  mulberry. 

MULCH,  n.  [Heb.  nSo,  to  dissolve.]  Half 
rotten  straw.  Bailey. 

MULCT,  7!.  [L.  mulcta  or  multa.]  A  fine  im- 
posed on  a  person  guilty  of  some  offense 
or  misdemeanor,  usually  a  pecuniary  fine. 

MULeT,  ti.  t.  [L.  mulcto  ;  Fr.  7«u/c<er.]  To 
fine  ;  to  punish  for  an  offense  or  misde- 
meanor by  imposing  a  jjccuniary  fine. 

Bacon. 

MUL€T'UARY,  a.  Imposing  a  pecuniary 
penalty.  Overbury. 

MULE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  mulo  ;  L.  mulus  ;  Sax. 
mid  ;  D.  muil  or  muilezel ;  G.  tnaulesel  ; 
Sw.  mulSsne ;  Dan.  7nule  ;  Fr.  id. ;  Arm. 
viules ;  It.  muUe ;  W.  77iu;.  The  latter  sig- 
nifies a  mule,  and  bashful,  simple.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  a  mongrel  breed,  usually 
generated  between  an  ass  and  a  mare, 
sometimes  between  a  horse  and  a  she-ass. 
But  the  name  is  applied  to  any  animal 
produced  by  a  mixture  of  different  spe- 
cies. Encyc. 

3.  A  plant  or  vegetable  produced  by  impreg- 
nating the  pistil  of  one  species  of  plant 
with  the  farin  or  fecundating  dust  of  an- 
other.    This  is  called  also  a  hybrid. 

Encyc.     Martyn. 

MULETEER,  ti.  [It.  mulailiere ;  Fr.  muk- 
tier.] 

A  mule-driver. 

MULE-WORT,  71.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hemionitis. 

MULIEBRITY,  n.  [from  L.  vmliebrts,  from 
mulier,  a  woman.] 

Womanhood  ;  the  state  of  being  a  woman  ; 
a  state  in  females  corresponding  to  virility 
in  man  ;  also,  eft'eminacy  ;  softness. 

MU'LIER,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  lawful  issue  born 
in  wedlock  though  begotten  before. 

Encyc. 

MU'LISH,  a.  Like  a  mule  ;  sullen ;  stub- 
born. 

MULL,  V.  t.  [qu.  L.  mollio,  to  soften,  or  W. 
mwll,  warm,  or  Sp.  mullir,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  or  to  heat,  sweeten  and  en- 
rich with  spices  ;  as,  to  77i!(tt  wine. 

Drink  new  cider,  mull'd  with  ginger  warm. 

Gay. 
To  dispirit  or  deaden.  Shak. 

MULL,  n.  In  Scottish,  a  snuff-box,  made  of 
the  small  end  of  a  horn.     Obs. 

Cumberland. 

MULL,  n.  Dust.     [JVot  in  use.]  Goiver. 

MUL'LEN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  7»io/ene  ;  probably  so 
named  from  the  root  of  L.  mollis,  soft.  So 
in  German,  uollkraut,  wool-plant.] 

.A  plant  of  the  genus  Verbascum. 

MUL'LER,  77.  [Fr.  moliere,  molette ;  h.mola- 
ris,  from  ?7io/a,  a  mill-stone.] 

1.  A  stone  held  in  the  hand  with  which  col- 
ors and  other  matters  are  ground  on  an- 
other stone  ;  used  by  painters  and  apoth- 
ecaries. Bailey.    Encyc. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  glass  grinders, 
being  a  piece  of  wood  with  the  piece  of 
glass  to  be  ground  cemented  to  one  end, 
either  convex  in  a  bason,  or  concave  in  a 
sphere  or  bowl.  Encyc. 


M  U  L 


M  U  f. 


M  U  L 


MUL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  muht,  a  iiiullcl,  and  a 
great  mule  ;  Gr.  fnM.05  ;  L.  mullus.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Mugil.  The  hps  are 
membranaceous  ;  the  inferior  one  carinat- 
ed  inwards  ;  it  has  no  teeth,  and  the  body 
isof  a  whitish  color.  This  fish  frequents 
the  sliore  and  roots  in  the  sand  like  a  hog. 
It  is  an  excellent  fish  for  the  table. 

Enajc. 

MUL'LIGRUBS,  n.  A  twisting  of  the  intes- 
tines ;  sullenness.     [A  low  word.] 

MUL'LION,  n.  [Fr.  moidure.]  A  division 
in  a  window  frame  ;  a  bar. 

ML'L'LION,  t'.  t.  To  shape  into  divisions. 

Shxik. 

MUL'LOCK,  n.  Rubbish. 

MULSE,  Ji.  [L.  mulsus.]  Wine  boiled  and 
mingled  with  honey. 

MULTAN'GULAR,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  angulxLs,  angle  ;  Basque,  mola,  a  mul- 
titude ;  multsa,  much.] 

Having  many  angles  ;  polygonal.      Martyn. 

MULTAN'GULARLY,  «(/().  With  many  an- 
gles or  corners.  Gniv. 

MULTICAP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  cupsula,  a  chest.] 

In  botany,  having  many  capsules.       Martyn. 

MULTlCA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  n:any,  and 
cavus,  hollow.] 

Having  many  holes  or  cavities.  Did. 

MLLTIFA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  multifanus.  Qu. 
varius.] 

Having  great  multiplicity  ;  having  great  di- 
versity or  variety  ;  as  tnullifarious  artifice. 

.Voire. 

MULTIFA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  VVitli  great 
multiplicity  and  diversity  ;  with  great  va- 
riety of  modes  and  relations. 

Btv.tlet). 

MULTIFA'RIOUSNESS,  n.  Multiplied  di- 
versity. JVorris. 

MUL'TIFID,  a.  [L.  mullifidus ;  midtus,many, 
and/firfo,  to  divide.] 

Having  many    divisions ;    many-cleft ;    di 
vidcd  into  several  parts  by  linear  sinuses 
and  straight  margins  ;  as   a  mullifid  leal 
or  corol.  Marlyn. 

MULTIF'LOROUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
anil  Jlos,  tlowcr.] 

Many-fli>wered  ;  having  many  flowers. 

Martyn. 

MUL'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  mulliformis  ;  mulhis, 
many,  amlfonna,  form.] 

Having  many  forms,  shapes  or  appearances ; 
as  the  multiform  operations  of  the  air- 
pump.  Jf'alls. 

MULTIFORMITY,  n.  Diversity  of  forms; 
variety  of  shapes  or  appearances  in  the 
same  thing.  Johnson. 

MULTIOEN'EROUS,  a.  [L.  muttigains : 
mulhis,  many,  and  genus,  kind.] 

Having  many  kinds.  Did. 

MULTIJU'GOUS,  a.  [h.  viullus,  many,  and 
jugum,  a  yoke,  a  pair.] 

Consisting  of  many  pairs. 

MULTILAT'ERAL,  a.  [L  multus,  many, 
and  lulus,  side.] 

Having  many  sides.  A  multilateral  figure 
must  also  he  multangular. 

MULTILIN'EAL,a.  Having  many  Unes. 

MULTILOC'L'LAR,  a.  [L.  muitus,  many, 
and  loculus,  a  cell.] 

Having  many  cells ;  as  a  multilocular  peri- 
carp. Martyn. 

MULTIL'OQUOUS,  a.  [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.] 


Speaking  much  ;  very  talkative  ;  loquacious. 

Did. 

MULTINO'MIAL,     ?       [L.  mullus,  many, 

MULTINOM'INAL,  \  "■  and  nomfn, name.] 

Having  many  names  or  terms.  Did. 

Ml'LTIP'AROl':^,  a.  [L.  viullus,  many,  and 
pario,  to  bear.] 

Producing  many  at  a  birth.     A  serpent  is  a 
multiparous  animal. 

MULTIPARTITE,    a.    [L.  mullus,  many, 
and  partitus,  divided.] 

Divided  into   many   parts  ;   having  several 
parts. 

MUL'TIPED,  11.   [L.   mullus,    many,    and 
pes,  foot.] 

An  insect  that  has  inany  feet. 

MUL'TIPED,  a.  Having  many  feet. 

MUL'TIPLE,  a.  [h.  multiplex ;  multtts,  ma- 
ny, and  plico,  to  fold.] 
ontaining  many  times. 

MUL'TIPLE,  n.  In  arithmetic,  a  common 
multiple  of  two  or  more  numbers  con- 
tains eacli  of  them  a  certain  number  of 
times  e.xactly  ;  thusli4isa  common  mul 
tiple  of  3  and  -1.  But  the  least  common  mul 
liple,  is  the  least  number  which  will  do 
this ;  thus  12  is  the  least  common  multi- 
ple of  .3  and  4. 

MULTIPLEX,  a.  [L.]  Many-fold  ;  having 
petals  lying  over  each  other  in  folds. 

Martyn. 

MUL'TI PLIABLE,  a.    [Fr.     See  Multiply.] 
That  mav  he  multiplied. 

MUL'TIPLIABLENESS,    n.   Capacity   of 
being  multiplied. 

MUL'TIPLICABLE,  a.  That  may  be  mul- 
tiplied. 

MULTIPLICAND',  n.    [L.  multiplicandus 
Sec  Multiply.] 

In  aritlimdic,  the  number  to  he  multiplied  by 
another,  which  is  called  the  multiplier. 

MUL'TIPLICATE,    o.     [L.   multiplicalus.'] 

1.  Consisting  of  many,  or  more  than  one. 

Derham. 

2.  A  multiplicate  flower  is  a  sort  of  luxuri 
ant  flower,  having  the  corol  multiplied  so 
far  as  to  exclude  only  some  of  the  stamens. 

Martijn 
IMULTIPLICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mulliplicatio.] 
1.  The  act  of  multiplying  or  of  increasing 
number ;  as  the  multiplication  of  the  hu- 
man species  by  natural  generation. 
•2.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  or  operation  by  which 
any  given  number  may  be  increased  ac 
cording  to  any  number  of  times  proposed. 
Thus  10  multiplied  by  5  is  increased  to  50. 
MULTIPLICATIVE,  a.  Tending  to  multi- 
ply; having  the  power  to  multiply  or  in- 
crease numbers.  Med.  Repos 
MULTIPLICA'TOR,    71.  The   number    by 
which  another   number   is  multiplied  ;  a 
multiplier. 

MULTIPLICITY,  n.  [Fr.  multiplicity,  from 
L.  multiplex:] 

1.  A  state  of  being  many;  as  a  multiplicity 
of  thoughts  or  objects. 

2.  Many  of  the  same  kind.    The  pagans  of 
antiquity  had  a  multiplicity  of  deities. 

MUL'TIPLIED,  pp.  Increased  ill  nimihers, 
2.  Numerous  ;  often  repeated ;  as  multiplied 

aggressions. 
MUL'TIPLIER,  n.  One  who  multiplies,  or 

increases  number. 
2.  The  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  an 

other  is  multiplied  ;  the  multiplicator. 


MUL'TIPLY,  I',  t.  [L.  mulliplico  ;  multus, 
many,  and  plico,  to  told  or  double,  Gr. 
rCK/xu,  W.  plygu,  Fr.  plier,  multiplier.] 

1.  To  increase  in  number;  to  make  more  by 
natural  generation  or  production,  or  by 
addition  ;  as,  to  multiply  men,  horses  or 
other  animals  ;  to  multiply  evils. 

1  H-ill  multiply  my  signs  aod  wonders  in 
Egypt.     Ex.  vii. 

Impunity  nill  multiply  motives  to  disobedi- 
ence. Ames. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  to  increase  any  given  num- 
ber as  many  times  as  there  are  units  in 
any  other  given  number.  Thus  7X8=50, 
that  is,  7  muUiplied  by  8  produces  the  num- 
ber 50. 

MUL'TIPLY,  V.  i.  To  grow  or  increase  in 
number. 

He  I'ruitful  and  multiply.     Gen.  i. 
Wjien  men  began  to  multiply  on  the  face  of 
the  eartli.     Gen.  vi. 

2.  To  increase  in  extent  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
spread. 

The  word  of  God  grew  and  multiplied.  Acts 
xii. 

iMUL'TIPLYlNG,ppr.  Increasing  in  num- 
ber. 

2.  Growing  or  becoming  numerous. 

MULTIP'OTENT,  a.  [L.  multipotens ;  mul- 
tus, many,  much,  and  potens,  powerful.] 

Having  manifold  power,  or  power  to  do  ma- 
ny things;  as  Jove  multipotent.  Shak. 

MULTIPRES'ENCE,n.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  prwsentia,  presence.] 

The  power  or  act  of  being  present  in  many 
places  at  once,  or  in  more  pl.ncesthan  one. 

Halt. 

MULTISIL'IQUOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  sxliqua,  a  pod.] 

Having  many  pods  or  seed-vessels.     Bailey. 

MULTIS'ONOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
sonus,  sound.] 

Having  many  sounds,  or  sounding  much. 

Bailey. 

MULTISYL'LABLE,  n.  A  word  of  many 
syllables  ;  a  polysyllable.  [The  latter  is 
mostli/  used.] 

MULTITUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  multitudo, 
from  multus,  many.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  many  ;  a  great  num- 
ber. 

2.  A  number  collectively  ;  the  sum  of  many. 

Hale. 

3.  A  great  number,  indefinitely. 
It  is  a  fault  in  a  multitude  of  preachers,  that 

they  utterly  neglect  method  in  their  harangues. 

4.  A  crowd  or  throng;  tlie  populace;  appli- 
ed to  the  populace  when  assembled  in 
great  numbers,  and  to  the  mass  of  men 
without  reference  to  an  assemblage. 

He  tlie  vast  hissing  multitude  admires. 

Addison . 

The  multitude  have  always  beca  credulous, 

and  the  few  artful.  J.  Adams. 

MULTITUDINOUS,    a.    Consisting    of  a 

mullitu<le  or  great  number. 
2.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  multitude  ; 
as  the  multitudinous  sea.  Shak. 

.3.  Manifold  ;  as  the  multitudinous  tongue. 

Shak. 

SIULTIV'AGANT,  )        [L.    multivagus.] 

MULTIV'AGOUS,    ^  ""    Wandering  much. 

[.Vol  used.)   ^  Diet 

MUL'TIVALVE,  n.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 

vali(B,  valves,  folding  doors.] 


M  U  M 


MUM 


M  U  N 


Au  animal  which  has  a  shell  of  many  valves. 

Zoology. 

MUL'TIVALVE,  )    „     Having  many 

MULTIVALVULAR,  S         valves. 

MULTIV'ERSANT,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  verto,  to  form.] 

Protean;  turning  into  many  shapes;  assum- 
ing many  forms.  Journ.  of  Science 

MULTIV'IOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
via,  way.] 

Having  many  ways  or  roads-.     [Little  used.] 

Did. 

MULTO€'ULAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
oculus,  eye.] 

Having  many  eyes,  or  more  eyes  than  two 

Derham. 

MUL'TURE,  n.  [L.  molitura,  a  grinding. 
See  Mill.] 

1.  In  Scots  laiv,  the  toll  or  emolument  given 
to  the  proprietor  of  a  mill  for  grinding 
corn.  Encyc. 

2.  A  grist  or  grinding. 

MUM,  a.  [See  Mumble,  Mumm,  and  Micm- 
mery.] 

1.  Silent:  not  speiJ<ing. 

The  citizens  are  mum  ;  say  not  a  word. 

Shak. 
i2.  As  an  exxlamation  or  command,  be  si- 
lent ;  hush. 

Mum  then,  and  no  more  proceed.  Shale) 

3.  As  a  noun,  silence.  Hudibras. 
MUM,  «.  [G.  Dan.  mumme ;  D.  mom.]  A  spe-' 

cies  of  malt  liquor  much  used  in  Gernia-; 
ny.  It  is  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  sev-; 
en  bushels,  with  one  bushel  of  oat  meal 
and  a  bushel  of  ground  beans,  or  in  the! 
same  proportion.  This  is  brewed  with  6.3 
gallons  of  water,  and  boiled  till  one  third' 
is  evaporated.  Encyc) 

MUM'-CHANCE,n.  A  game  of  hazard  withj 
dice.     [Local.]  1 

2.  A  fool.     [Local] 

MUM'BLE,  V.  i.  [G.  mummeln ;  D.  mom-\ 
elen,  mompelen  ;  Sw.  mumta  ;  Dan.  mumler. 
This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mum,  in  the  sense  of  closeness  of  the  lips.] 

1.  To  mutter;  to  speak  with  the  lipsoroth-j 
er  organs  partly  closed,  so  as  to  render, 
the  sounds  inarticulate  and  imperfect ;  to' 
utter  words  with  a  grumbling  tone. 

Peace,  you  mumbling  fool.  Shalt. 

— A  wrinkled  hag,  with  age  grown  double 
Picking  dry  sticks  and  mumbling  to  herself. 

Olway. 

2.  To  chew  or  bite  softly ;  to  eat  with  the 
lips  dose.  Dryden. 

MUM'BLE,  V.  t.  To  utter  with  a  low  inar- 
ticulate voice. 

He  with  mumbled  prayers  atones  the  deity. 

Drydeyi. 

2.  To  mouth  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  mutter- 
ing sound.  Pope, 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly. 

Dryden. 
MVM'BLET),  pp.  Uttered  with   alovvuiar-| 

ticulate   voice ;  chewed  softly  or  with  a 

low  muttering  sound.  ] 

MUM'HLER,   H.    One  that  speaks  with   a 

low  inarticulate  voice. 
MUM'BLING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  low  in 

articulate  voice  ;  chewing  softly  or  with  a 

griunhliiig  sound. 
MUM'BLINGLY,  atlv.  With  a  low  inartic 

ulate  utterance.     [Mumble  and  mutter  are 

not  always  synonymous ;  mutter  often  ex- 


presses peevishness,   which  mumhlt  does| 
not.] 

MUMM,  V.  t.  [Dan.  inumme,  a  mask;  D. 
mommen,  to  mask  ;  G.  mumme,  a  mask  or 
muffle ;  mumvieln,  to  mask,  to  mumble ;! 
Fr.  mummer ;  Sw.  fbrmumma,  to  person 
ate  ;  probably  allied  to  the  Gr.  iM/ioi,  Mo- 
mus,  the  deity  of  sport  and  ridicule,  a  buf- 
foon ;  for  in  Rabbinic,  this  word  is  used 
for  a  mask.  Buxt.  1219.  The  primary 
sense  of  this  word  and  mum  is  evidently 
to  clo.se,  shut  or  cover.] 

To  mask ;  to  sport  or  make  diversion  in  a 
mask  or  disguise.  Hubberd's  Tale. 

MUM'MER,  n.  One  who  masks  himself  and 
makes  diversion  in  disguise  ;  originally, 
one  who  made  sport  by  gestures  without 
speaking. 

Jugglers  and  dancers,  antlcks,  mummers. 

Miltun. 

MUM'MERY,  n.  [Fr.  momerie ;  Sp.  mome- 
ria.     See  Mumm.] 

1.  Masking;  sport;  diversion;  frolicking  in 
masks  ;    low    contemptible    amusement 
buffoonei7. 

Your  fathers 
Disdained  the  mummery  of  foreign  strollers. 

Fenton. 

2.  Farcical  show  ;  hypocritical  disguise  and 
parade  to  delude  vulgar  minds. 

MUM'MIFY,   V.  t.    [infra.]  To  make  into  a 

mummy.  Journ.  of  Science 

MUM'MY,  71.  [It.  miimmia  ;  Sp.  Port,  momia 


In  Arabic    La 


momia,  is  wa.x,  bees 


wax,  and  a  mummy  ;  Pers. 


rr 


wax.  A  substance  thus  called  is  iound  m 
Corasan  and  in  the  deserts  of  Kerman, 
Persia,  and  according  to  Chardin,  it  is  a 
gum  distilling  from  rocks.  It  seems  to 
liave  some  resemblance  to  asphalt.  Qu. 
the  pissasphallus  of  Pliny.] 

1.  A  dead  human  body  embalmed  and  dried 
after  the  Egyptian  manner  ;  a  name  per- 
haps given  to  it  from  the  substance  used 
in  preserving  it.  There  are  two  kinds  of 
mummies.  The  first  are  bodies  dried  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun.  Such  are  found  in 
the  sands  of  Libya.  The  other  kind  is 
taken  from  the  catacombs  in  Egypt. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  name  of  two  substances  prepared  fo 
medicinal  use,  which  according  to  Hill 
are,  the  one,  the  dried  flesh  of  human 
bodies  embalmed  with  myrrh  and  spice  ; 
the  other,  a  liquor  running  from  such 
mummies  when  newly  piepared,  or  when 
affected  by  great  heat  and  damps.  This 
is  preserved  in  vials,  and  if  suffered  to  dry, 
becomes  solid.  But  it  is  alledgcd  that  tlie 
first  sort  consists  of  pieces  of  the  flesh  of 
executed  criminals,  or  other  flesh  filled 
with  bitumen  and  other  ingredients.  But 
see  the  opinion  of  Chardin,  supra. 

•3.  There  are  foimd  in  Poland  natural  mum 
mies  lying  in  caverns,  supposed  to  be  tin 
remains  of  persons  who  in  titne  of  war 
took  refuge  in  caves,  but  being  discovered 
were  sufjbcated  by  their  enemies.  These 
bodies  are  dried,  with  the  flesh  and  skinj 
shrunk  almost  close  to  the  bone.s,  and  are 
of  a  blackish  color.  Encyc.l 

i.  Among  gardeners,  a  sort  of  wax  used  in' 
grafting  and  planting  trees.  Chambers.', 


To  beat  to  amummy,  to  beat  soundly,  or  to  a 

senseless  mass. 
MUM'MY-CHOG,    n.   A  small  fish  of  the 

carp  kind.  Pennant. 

MUMP,   V.  t.  [D.  mompen.    See  Mum  and 

Mumble.] 

1.  To  nibble ;  to  bite  quick ;  to  chew  with 
continued  motion ;  as  a  mumping  squirrel. 

Otzvav. 

2.  To  talk  loud  and  quick. 

3-  To  go  begging.  Ainswmih. 

4.  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat. 
MUMP'ER,  n.  A  beggar.  Johnson. 

MUMP'ING,    n.    Begging    tricks;    foolish 

tricks ;  mockery. 
MUMPISH,  a.  Dull;  heavy;  sullen;  sour. 
MUMPS,   n.  [See   Mum,   Mumble,  Mumm.] 

1.  Sullenness  ;  silent  displeasure.  [Little 
«««'';]  Skinner. 

2.  A  disease,  the  cynaticheparotidaia,  a  swell- 
ing of  the  parotid  glands.  C'oie. 

MUNCH,  V.  t.  [perhaps  Fr.  manger,  or  from 
the  same  root.] 

To  chew  by  great  raouthfuls.     [  Vulgar.] 

Shak. 

MUNCH,  V.  i.  To  chew  eagerly  by  great 
mouthfuls.     [Vulgar.]  Dryden. 

MUNCH'ER,  n.  One  that  munches. 

Johnson. 

MUND,  Sax._  mund,  protection,  patronage, 
peace,  is  found  in  old  laws ;  as  mund- 
brece,  that  is,  a  breaking  or  violation  of  the 
peace.  It  is  retained  in  names,  as  in  Ed- 
mimd.  Sax.  eadmund,  happy  peace,  as  in 
Greek  Irenceus,  Hesychius.  Gibson. 

MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  mundanus,  from  mun- 
dus,  the  world.] 

Belonging  to  the  world ;  as  mundane  sphere ; 
mundane  .space.  Bentley. 

MUNDAN'ITY,  n.  Woridliness.  [J^otiised.] 

Mountague. 

MUNDA'TION,  n.  [L.  mundus,  clean.]  The 
act  of  cleansing.     [JVot  used.] 

MUN'DATORY,  a.  [L.  mundo,  to  cleanse.] 
Cleansing  ;  having  power  to  cleanse.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

MUN'DIe,  n.  A  kind  of  marcasite;  a  min- 
eral substance,  so  called  from  its  shining 
a|)pearance.     Obs.  Woodward. 

MUNDIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  mundus,  clean, 
and yncjo,  to  make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  any  body 
from  dross  or  extraneous  matter. 

Quinai. 

MUNDIF'I€ATIVE,  a.  Cleansing  ;  having 
the  power  to  cleanse.  Wiseman. 

MUNDIF'l€ATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that 
has  the  quality  of  cleansing. 

MUN'DIFY,  v.  t.  [L.  mundus,  clean,  and/a- 
cio,  to  make.] 

To  cleanse.     [Little   used.]  Harvey. 

MU'NERARY,a.  [L.  nmnus,  a  gift.]  Having 
the  nature  of  a  gift.     [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 

MUNERATE,  MUNERATION.  [JVotused. 
See  Remunerate.] 

MUN'GREL,  «.  [Sec  .Mongrel.]  An  animal 
generated  between  diflerent  kinds,  as  u 
dog. 

MUN'GREL,  a.  Generated  between  diflfer- 
ent  kinds;  degenerate.        Shak.     Dryden. 

MUNICIPAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  municlpalis, 
fi'om  municeps,  a  person  who  enjoys  the 
rights  of  a  free  citizen  ;  munus,  office,  du 
ty,  and  capio,  to  take.] 


M  U  R 


M  U  R 


M  U  R 


1.  Pertaining  to  a  corporation  or  city;  as 
municipal  rights  ;  municipal  officers. 

9.  Tertaining  to  a  state,  kiugdoiii  or  nation. 

Municipal  law  is  properly  defined  to  be  a 

rule  of  civil  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme 

power  in  a  state —  Blackstone. 

Municipal,  us  used  by  the  Romans,  originally 
designated  that  which  pertained  to  a  mu- 
nicipium,  a  free  city  or  town.  It  still  re- 
tains this  limited  sense;  but  we  have  ex- 
tended it  to  what  belongs  to  a  state  or  na- 
tion, as  a  distinct,  independent  body.  Mu- 
nicipal law  or  regulation  respects  solely 
the  citizens  of  a  state,  and  is  thus  distin- 
guished from  commercial  \a\v,  political  law, 
and  the  latv  of  nations. 

MUNICIPALITY,  n.  In  France,  a  certain 
district  or  division  of  the  country  ;  also,  its 
inhabitants.  Burke. 

BIUNIF'ICENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  munifi 
centia  ;  munus,  a  gift  or  favor,  and  /fln'o, 
to  make.] 

1.  A  giving  or  bestowing  liberally;  bounty 
liberality.     To  constitute  mumficence,  the 
act  of  conferring  must  be  free,  and  pro 
ceed  from  generous  motives. 

A  state  of  poverty  obscures  all  the  virtues  of 
liberality  and  munificence.  Addison. 

9.  In  Spenser,  fortification  or  strength.  [L 
munio,  to  fortify.]     [N'ol  used.] 

MUNIF'ICENT,  a.  Liberal  in  giving  or  be 
stowing;  generous  ;  as  a  munificenl  bene 
factor  or  patron.  Atterbury. 

MUNIF'ICENTLY,  adv.  Liberally  ;  gen- 
erously. 

MU'NIMENT,  n.  [L.  munimenlum,  from 
munio,  to  fortify.] 

1.  A  fortification  of  any  kind;  a  strong  hold  ; 
a  place  of  defense. 

2.  Support;  defense.  Shak. 

3.  Record ;  a  writing  by  which  claims  and 
rights  are  defended  or  maintained.  Termcs 
de  la  ley.  Johnson''s  Rep. 

MU'NITE,  V.  t.  To  fortify.     [Ml  in  use.] 

Bacon . 

MUNP'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  munilio,  fiorii 
munio,  to  fortify.  The  primary  sense  is 
that  which  is  set  or  fi.\cd,  or  that  which 
defends,  drives  back  or  hinders.  Indeed, 
both  senses  may  be  from  the  same  root 

Heb.   [ax 


Heb.  Ch.  i'JD,  Ar.     ^i.<,  or 

amen.     Class  Mn.  No.  10.  12.] 

1.  Fortification.     Obs.  Hale 

2.  Ammunition;  wliatever materials  arc  us- 
ed in  war  for  defense,  or  for  annoying  an 
enemy.  The  word  includes  guns  of  all 
kinds,  mortars,  «fec.  and  their  loading, 

3.  Provisions  of  a  garrison  or  fortress,  or  for 
ships  of  war,  and  in  general  for  an  army  ; 
stores  of  all  kinds  for  a  fort,  an  army  or 
navy. 

Munition-ships,  ships  which  convey  military 
and  naval  stores  of  any  kind,  and  attend 
or  follow  a  fleet  to  supply  ships  of  war. 

MU'NITV,  n.  Freedom  ;  security.  [JVot 
used.^     [See  Immunity.] 

AIUNNION,  n.  mun'yon.  [See  Munition.] 
An  upright  piece  of  timber  which  sep- 
arates the  several  lights  in  a  window- 
frame.     [See  Mullion.]  Moxon 

MUNDS,S"-   The  mouth.     [Vulgar.] 
MU'RAtJE,  n.   [L.  mums,  a  wall.]    Money 
paid  for  keeping  walls  in  repair.     Termes 
delaley.  Johnson. 

Vol.  II. 


MU'R  AL,  a.  [L.  muralis,  from  murus,  a  wall ; 
W.  mur,  that  which  is  fixed  or  firm ;  mu- 
riaw,  to  fix  or  establish.  It  seems  to  be- 
long to  the  root  of  moor,  to  make  fast,  as  a 
ship.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

— Soon  repaired  her  7nnral  breach.  Milton 
Resembling  a  wall ;  perpendicular  or 
steep ;  as  a  mural  precipice. 

Mural  croivn,  among  the  ancient  Romans,  a 
golden  crown  or  circle  of  gold,  indented 
and  embattled,  bestowed  on  him  who  first 
mounted  the  wall  of  a  besieged  place  and 
there  lodged  a  standard.  Encyc. 

MUR'DER,  n.  [Sax.  morther,  from  morth, 
death ;  myrthian,  to  murder ;  D.  moord ;  G. 
Dan.  Sw!  morrf  ;  Ir.  marbh  ;  h.  mors ;  Sp, 
muerte  ;  It.  morte  ;  Pehlavi,  murdan,  to  die  ; 
Sans,  marana ;  VV.  mariv,  to  die,  which 
seems  to  be  from  marlh,  lying  flat  or  plain; 
marthn,  to  flatten,  to  deaden.  If  this  is 
the  sense,  the  primary  idea  is  to  fail  or 
fall,  or  to  beat  down.  The  old  orthog 
raphv,  murther,  is  obsolete.] 

I.  Thcact  of  unlawfully  killing  a  human  be- 
ing with  premeditated  malice,  by  a  person 
of  sound  mind.  To  constitute  murder  in 
law,  the  person  killing  another  must  be  of 
sound  mind  or  in  possession  of  his  reason 
and  the  act  must  be  done  with  malice  pre- 
pense, aforethought  or  premeditated  ;  but 
malice  may  be  implied,  as  well  as  express 
Coke.  Blackstone. 
An  outcry,  when  life  is  in  danger. 

MUR'DER,  r.  /.  [Sax.  myrthian ;  D.  moor 
den  ;  G.  morden ;  Sw.  morda.] 

1.  To  kill  a  human  being  with  premeditated 
malice.     [See  the  Noun.] 

To  destroy  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Canst  thou  murder  thy  breath  in  middle  of 
a  word  ?  Shak. 

MUR'DERED,  pp.  Slain  with  malice  pre- 
pense. 

MUR'DERER,  n.  A  person  who  in  possess- 
ion of  his  reason,  unlawfully  kills  a  hu- 
man being  with  premeditated  malice. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  ordnance. 
MUR'DERESS,  n.  A  female  who  commits 

murder.  Dryden. 

MUR'DERlNG,;)pr.  Killing  a  human  being 

with  malice  jjremeditated. 
MURDEROUS,   a.   Guilty  of  murder;  as 

the  murderous  king.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  in  murder;  done  with  mur- 
der ;  bloody ;  cruel ;  as  murderous  rapine 

3.  Bloody  ;  sanguinary  ;  committing  murder 
as  murderous  tyranny. 

4.  Premeditating  murder  ;  as  murderous  in- 
tent or  design. 

MURDEROUSLY,  adv.  In  a  murderous  or 

cruel  manner. 
MURE,  n.  fL.  mw•us^  A  wall.     [JVo<  used. 

Shak. 
MURE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  murer.]  To  inclose  in  walls ; 

to  wall.  KnoUes. 

[But  immure  is  chiefly  used.] 
MU'RIACITE,   J).    [See  Muriate.]   A  stone 

composed  of  salt,  sand  and  gypsum. 
MU'RIATE.n.  [L.?nuna,mMrie*,  salt  water, 

brine;  oinarus,  bitter ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam. 

Eth.  Ar.  TTO,  to  be  bitter.  Class  Mr.  No.  7.] 
A   salt  formed  by  muriatic  acid   combined 

with  a  base. 
MU'RIATED,  a.  Combined  with  muriatic 

acid.  Kirwan. 

2.  Put  in  brine.  Evelyn. 

20 


MURIATIC,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  brine 
or  salt  water  ;  pertaining  to  sea  salt.  The 
muriatic  acid  is  the  acid  of  marine  salt. 

MURIATIF'EROUS,  a.  Producing  muri- 
atic substances  or  salt. 

MURICAL'CITE,  n.  Rhomb-spar.         lire. 

MU'RICATED,  a.  [L.  muricatus,  from  mu- 
rex,  the  point  of  a  rock.] 

1.  Formed  with  sharp  points;  full  of  sharp 
jioints  or  prickles. 

2.  In  botany,  having  the  surface  covered  with 
sharp   points,    or    armed    with    prickles. 

Lee.    Martyn. 
MU'RICITE,  n.  Fossil  remains  of  the  mu- 

rex,  a  genus  of  shells. 
MU'RINE,  a.  [L.  murinus.  from  mus,  muris, 
a  mouse.]     Pertaining  to  a  mouse  or  to 
mice. 
MURK,n.  [Sw. mSrier;  Han. morkhed ;'Rnss. 
mrak.]     Darkness.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 
MURK'Y,  a.   [Dan.  miirk ;  Sw.  mort,  dark, 
obscure  ;  morka,  to  darken  ;  Russ.  merknii. 
to  obscure  ;  allied  perhaps  to.l/oor,  an  Af- 
rican ;  Gr.  afMvfio(.] 
Dark  ;  obscure  ;  gloomy. 

A  niurA'y  storm  deep  lowering  o'er  our  heads. 

Addison. 

MUR'ftlUR,  71.   [L.   See  the  Verb.]    A  lovs- 

sound  continued  or  continually  repeated, 

as  that  of  a  stream  running  in   a  stony 

chaunel,  or  that  of  flame. 

Black  melancholy  sits, 
Deepens  the  »)iiirni«rof  the  falling  floods. 
And  breathes  a  browner  horror  on  the  woods. 

Pope. 

A  comi)laint  half  suppressed,   or  uttered 
n  a  low,  muttering  voice. 
Some  discontents  there  are,  some  idle  mur- 
mur.^. Dryden. 

MUR'MUR,  v.i.  [L.  murmuro:  Gr.  fiopjiupu; 
Fr.  murmurer ;  Arm.  murmuli  ;  Sp.  Port. 
murmurar  ;  It.  mormorare.  This  seems  to 
be  a  duplication  of  the  root,  which  is  re- 
tained in  the  D.  morren,  G.  murren,  Sw. 
murra,  Dan.  murrer,  to  mutter,  growl  or 
murmur ;   Sp.  morro,   purring,  as   a   cat ; 


Sw.     morr,    a    grumbling  ;    Ar.   »^  »<c . 

Class  Mr.  No.  7.     It  seems  also  to  be  con- 
~        murnan,  murc- 


Sax. 


nected  with   mourn, 
nian,to  murmur.] 

1.  To  make  a  low  continued  noise,  like  the 
hum  of  bees,  a  stream  of  water,  roll- 
ing waves,  or  like  the  wind  in  a  forest  ; 
as  the  murmuring-  surge.  Shak. 

The  forests  tnurmur  and  the  surges  roar. 

Pope. 

2.  To  grumble  ;  to  complain  ;  to  utter  com- 
plaints in  a  low,  half  articulated  voice;  to 
utter  sullen  discontent ;  with  at,  before 
the  tiling  which  is  the  cause  of  discontent ; 
as,  murmur  not  at  sickness  ;  or  with  al  or 
against,  before  the  active  agent  which  pro- 
duces the  evil. 

The  Jews  murmured  at  him.     John  vi. 
The  people  murmured  against  Moses.     Ex. 
xiii. 

MUR'MURER,  n.  One  who  murmurs ;  one 
who  complains  sullenly  ;  a  grumbler. 

MUR'MURING,  ppr.  Uttering  complaints 
in  a  low  voice  or  sullen  manner ;  grum- 
bling; complaining. 

MUR'MURINGLY,  adv.  With  a  low  sound ; 
wjth  complaints. 

MUR'MUROUS,  a.  Exciting  murmur  or 
complaint. 


M  U  S 


M  U  S 


M  U  S 


MURR,  n.  A  catarrh.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Gaseoigne. 

MURRAIN,  n.mur'rin.  [Sp.  J?iomi!a,  a  dis- 
ease among  cattle,  sadness  ;  Port,  morrin- 
ha ;  It.  moria ;  morire,  Port,  momr,  Sp. 
morir,  L.  morior,  to  die.] 

An  infectious  and  fatal  disease  among  cattle. 
Ex.  i.\.  Bacon.     Garth. 

MUR'RE,  n.  A  kind  of  bird.  Came. 

MUR'REY,  a.  [from  the  root  of  Moor,  an 
African.]     Of  a  dark  red  color. 

Bacon.    Boyle. 

MUR'RHINE,  a.  [L.  murrhinus.]  An  ejii- 
thet  given  to  a  dehcate  kind  of  ware  or 
porcelain  brought  from  the  east ;  Pliny 
says  from  Carmania,  now  Kerman,  in  Per- 
sia. Encyc.     Pinkerlon. 

MUR'RION,  n.  [Port.  ?Hom'am  ;  It.  morione  ; 
from  the  root  of  L.  murus,  a  wall.  See 
Mural.] 

A  helmet ;  a  casque;  armor  for  the  head; 
written  also  morion.  King 

MUSTARD,  n.  [Fr.  See  Muse.]  A  dream 
er;  one  who  is  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind. 
Obs.  Chaucer. 

MUS'€ADEL,    ■)      [It.  moscaW/o  ;  Port.  Sp. 

MUS'CADINE,  I      moscatd  ;     Fr.    muscat. 

MUS€AT',  \  "' muscadin,       muscadet  . 

MUS'CATEL,  )  from  It.  moscado,  musk 
or  muscata  [noce  tnoscada,]  a  nutmeg,  Fr 
muscade,  from  muse.  Hence,  in  Italian 
rid  muscato,  muscat,  or  muscadine  wine. 

1.  An  appellation  given  to  a  kind  of  ricl 
wine,  and  to  the  grapes  which  produce  it 
The  word  is  also  used  as  a  noun. 

2.  A  sweet  pear. 
MUS'CLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  musculus,  a  mus 

cle,  and  a  little  mouse ;  D.  Sw.  Dan.  mus- 
kel ;  G.  muschel ;  Gr.  juvj,  a  mouse,  and  a 
muscle.] 
1.  In  anatomy,  the  muscles  are  the  organs 
of  motion,  consisting  of  fibers  or  bundles 
of  fibers  inclosed  in  a  thin  cellular  mem 
brane.  The  muscles  are  susceptible  of 
contraction  and  relaxation,  and  in  a  healthy 
state  the  proper  muscles  are  subject  to  the 
will,  and  are  called  voluntary  muscles. 
But  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  heart, 
the  urinary  bladder,  the  stomach,  &c.  are 
of  a  muscular  texture,  and  susceptible  of 
contraction  and  dilatation,  but  are  not  sub- 
ject to  the  will,  and  are  therefore  called 
Vnj)o/un(ari/ tnuscles.  The  red  color  of  the 
muscles  is  owing  to  the  blood  vessels 
which  they  contain.  The  ends  of  the  mus 
cles  are  fastened  to  the  bones  which  they 
move,  and  when  they  act  in  opposition  to 
each  other,  they  are  called  antagonists. 

Encyc. 
Muscles  are  divided  into  the  head,  belly 
and  tail.  The  head  is  the  part  fixed  on 
the  immovable  joint  called  its  origin,  and 
is  usually  tendinous;  the  belly  is  the  mid 
die  fleshy  part,  which  consists  of  the  true 
muscular  fibers;  the  tail  is  the  tendinous 
portion  inserted  into  the  part  to  lie  moved, 
called  the  insertion  ;  but  in  the  tendon,  the 
fibers  are  more  compact  than  in  the  belly 
of  the  muscle,  and  do  not  admit  the  red 
globules.  Parr. 

2.  A  bivalvular  shell  fish  <jf  the  genus  Myti 

lus;  sometimes  written  mussel, 
JIUS€OS'ITY,  Ji.  Mo.ssiness. 
MUStOVA'DO,   n.   Unrefined  sugar;   the 
raw  material  from  vvliich  loal'  and  lump 


sugar  are  procured  by  refining.  Musco- 
vado is  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar 
cane  by  evaporation  and  draining  otl"  the 
liquid  part  called  melasses.  Edwards., 

[This  word  is  used  either  as  a  noun  or 
an  adjective.] 
MUS'€OVY-DUCK,    n.    Tlie    musk-duck, 

Anas  moschata. 
MUS'€OVY-GLASS,  )i.    Mica,  which  see 
MUS'€ULAR,  a.  [from  muscle.]    Pertaining 
to  a  muscle  ;  as  a  »(iuscu/ar  fiber. 

2.  Performed  by  a  muscle ;  as  muscular  mo 
tion. 

3.  Strong ;  brawny  ;  vigorous  ;  as  a  muscular 
body  or  frame. 

MUS€ULAR'1TY,  n.    The  state  of  being 
muscular.  Greif. 

MUS'€ULITE,   n.    A  petrified   muscle  or 
shell.  Kirwan. 

MUS'€ULOUS,  a.  [L.  musculosus.]  FuU  of 
muscles. 
Strong ;  brawny. 
3,  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to  muscles. 
MUSE,  Ji.  s  as  z.  [L.  musa  ;  Gr.  (nouoa.  See 

the  Verb.] 
1.  Proi)erly,  song;  but  in  usage,  the  deity 
or  power  of  poetry.  Hence  poets  in  mod- 
ern times,  as  in  ancient,  invoke  the  aid  of 
the  Muse  or  Muses,  or  in  other  words,  the 
genius  of  poetry. 

Granville  conmiaads  ;   your  aid,   0   Muses 

bring, 
flliat  Muse  for  Granville  can  refuse  to  sing  ■ 

Pojie. 
3.  Deep  thought  ;   close  attention    or  con- 
templation which  abstracts  the  mind  fron 
passing  scenes ;  hence  sometimes,  absence 
of  mind. 

As  in  great  muse,  no  word  to  creature  spake 

Spensei-. 
He  was  fiU'd 
With  admiration  and  deep  muse  to  hear 
or  things  so  high  and  strange. 

Mittcm  ■ 
MUSE,  V.  i.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  muser,  to  loiter  or 
trifle ;  It.  musare,  to  gaze,  to  stand  idle ; 
allied  to  this  word  probably  are  L.  musso 
and  mussito,  to  mutter  or  murmur,  to  de 
mur,  to  be  silent.     The  Greek  ,uiiju  signi 
fies  to  press,   or  utter  sound  with  the  lips 
compressed.     The  latter  verb  belongs  to 
Class  Mg ;    for    Aiuyf  a,  a  sound   uttered 
through  the  nose  or  with  close  lips,  is  of 
the  same  family,  L.  jnussitatio.     The  word 
then  primarily  denotes  what  we  call  hum- 
ming, to  hum,  us  persons  do  when  idle,  or 
alone  and  steadily  occupied.     If  the  ele 
ments  of  the  word  are  .\ls,  it  may  be  re 


UT' 


.jj).  Class  Ms. 


fen-ed  to   the  Ar.  Syr. 

No.  35.] 

1.  To  j)onder;  to  think  closely  ;  to  study  in 
silence. 

He  mused  upon  some  dangerous  plot. 

Sidney 
I  muse  on  the  works  of  tliy  hands.  Ps.  cxliii 

2.  To  he  absent  in  mind  ;  to  he  so  occupied 
in  study  or  contemplation,  as  not  to  oh 
serve  passing  scenes  or  things  present. 

Shak. 

3.  To  wonder. 

Do  uot  mu$c  ol'inc.     Obs.  Shak 

MUSE,  V.  t.  To  think  on  ;  to  meditate  on. 

Tho>nso7i. 
MU'SEFUL,  a.  Thinkingdceply  or  closely; 
sileiitlv  thoughllul. 


Full  of  museful  mopings.  Drydert- 

MU'SELESS,  a.  Disregarding  the  power  of 
poetry.  Milton. 

MU'SER,  n.  One  who  thinks  closely  in  si- 
lence, or  one  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind. 

Johnson. 

MU'SET,  n.  The  place  through  which  the 
hare  goes  to  relief;  a  hunting  term. 

Bailey. 

MUSE'U3I,  >!.  [Gr.  /imaim,  a  place  for  the 
muses  or  for  study.] 

A  house  or  apartment  appropriated  as  a  re- 
pository of  things  that  have  an  immediate 
relation  to  the  arts;  a  cabinet  of  curiosi- 
ties. 

MUSH,  Ji.  [G.mus,\mp.]  Themeal  of  maiz 
boiled  in  water. 

MUSH'ROOM,  n.  [Fr.  mousseron,  the  white 
mushroom,  from  ?nousse,  moss,  or  the  same 
root,  bearing  the  sense  of  softness  or 
iiap.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  numerous  crypto- 
gamian  plants  of  the  natural  order  of  Fungi. 
Some  of  them  are  esculent,  others  poison- 
ous. Mushrooms  grow  on  dunghills  and 
in  moist  rich  ground,  and  often  spring  up 
in  a  short  time. 

The  origin  of  man,  in  the  view  of  the  atheist, 
is  the  same  with  that  of  the  mushroom. 

Dwight. 

2.  An  upstart ;  one  that  rises  suddenly  from 
a  low  condition  in  life.  Bacon. 

MUSH'ROOM-STONE,  n.  A  fossil  or  stone 
that  j)roduces  mushrooms ;  the  Lynciirius. 

Uoodward. 

MU'SI€,  n.  sasz.  [l...  musica  ;  Oi.  umaixr; ; 
Fr.  musique.     See  Muse.] 

1.  Melody  or  harmony;  any  succession  of 
sounds  so  modulated  as  to  please  the  ear, 
orany  combination  of  simultaneous  sounds 
in  accordance  or  harmony.  Music  is  vo- 
cal or  instrumental.  Vocal  music  is  the 
melody  of  a  single  voice,  or  the  harmony 
of  two  or  more  voices  in  concert.  Instru- 
mental nmsic  is  that  produced  by  one  or 
more  instruments. 

By  music  minds  an  equal  temper  know. 

Pope. 

"2.  Any  entertainment  consisting  in  melody 
or  harmony. 

What  music  and  dancing  and  diversions  and 
songs  are  to  many  in  the  world,  that  prayers  and 
devotions  and  psalms  arc  to  you.  Law. 

3.  The  science  of  liarmonical  sounds,  which 
treats  of  the  principles  of  iiarmony,  or  the 
properties,  dependencies  and  relations  of 
sounds  to  each  other.  This  may  be  call- 
ed speculative  or  theoretical  nuisic.     Encyc. 

4.  The  art  of  combining  sounds  in  a  man- 
ner to  please  the  car.  This  is  practical 
music  or  composition.  Encyc. 

5.  Order;  harmony  in  revolutions;  as  the 
music  of  the  spheres. 

MU'SICAL,  a.  Belonging  to  music  ;  as  mu- 
sical piopovlion  ;  s.  musical  instrument. 

2.  Producing  nuisic  or  agreeable  sounds;  as 
a  musical  voice. 

3.  Melodious;  harmonious;  pleasing  to  the 
ear ;  as  musical  sounds  or  numbers. 

MU'SICAl.LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  or  har- 
monious manner;  with  sweet  sounds. 

MU'SICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
melodious  or  harmonious. 

MU'SlC-BOOK,  n.  A  book  containing  tunes 
or  songs  for  the  voice  or  for  instruments. 

MUSU'CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  the 
science  of  music,  or  one  that  sings  or  per- 


M  U  S 

■  forma  on  instruments  of  music  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  art.       Bacon.     Dryden. 

MU'SIC-ArASTER,  n.  One  who  teaches 
music. 

MU'SING,  ppr.  Meditating  in  silence. 

MU'SING,    n.    iMeditation ;  contemplation. 

MUSK,  n.  [L.  muscus  ;  Gr.  ftosx's,  musk, 
and  moss ;  It.  imisco  and  muschio ;  Sp. 
musco;  Fr.  Arm.  7imsc;  W.  viws^.  Tiie 
latter  Owen  derives  from  mws,  wliich  as  a 
noun  signifies  something  that  shoots  out, 
efliuvia,  and  as  an  adjective,  of  a  strong 
scent.    The  Arabic  word  coinciding  witli 

these  is  found  under  ,jC«»^  masaka,  to 

liold  or  contain,  and  the  name  is  interpret- 
ed to  signity  both  the  follicle  containing  the 
matter,  unci  the  substance  contained.] 

A  strong  scented  substance  obtained  from 
a  cyst  or  bag  near  the  navel  of  the  Thibet 
musk  [Moschus  moschiferus,]  an  animal 
that  inhabits  the  Asiatic  Alps,  especially 
the  Altaic  chain.  This  animal  is  a  little 
more  than  three  feet  in  length;  the  head 
resembles  that  of  the  roe,  the  fur  is  coarse, 
like  that  of  the  cervine  race,  but  thick, 
erect,  smooth  and  soft.  It  has  no  horns, 
but  the  male  has  two  long  tusks,  one  on 
each  side,  projecting  from  the  moutl 
The  female  is  smaller  than  the  male,  and 
has  neither  tusks  nor  follicle.  The  cyst  o! 
the  male  is  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egi;, 
oval,  flat  on  one  siile  and  rounded  on  the 
other,  liaving  a  small  oritice.  This  con- 
tains a  clotted,  oily,  friable  matter  of  a 
dark  brown  color,  which  is  the  true  musk, 
one  of  the  strongest  odors  or  perfumes  in 
nature.  We  give  the  name  to  the  sub- 
stance and  to  the  auimal.  Encyc. 

MUSK,  n.  Grape-hyacinth  or  grape-flower. 

Johnson. 

MUSK,  V.  t.  To  perfume  with  musk. 

MUSK'-APPLE,  n.  A  particular  kind  of 
apple. 

MUSK'-CAT,  n.  The  musk,  which  see. 
MUSK'-CHEIIRV,  n.  A  kind  of  cherry. 
MUSK'ET,  ?i.  [U.  moschetio ;  S]^.  mosquetc  ; 

Fr.  moiisquct.     It  seems  to  be  formed  from 

Sp.  mosca,  L.  musca,  a  fly.] 

1.  A  species  of  fire-arm.s  used  in  war,  and 
fired  by  means  of  a  lighted  match.  This 
manner  of  firing  was  in  use  as  late  as  the 
civil  war  in  England.  But  the  proper 
musket  is  no  longer  in  use.  The  name, 
however,  in  common  speech,  is  yet  appli- 
ed to  fusees  or  fire-locks  fired  by  a  spring 
lock.  Encyc. 

2.  A  male  hawk  of  a  small  kind,  the  female 
of  which  is  the  sparrow  hawk. 

Dryden.     Hanmei: 

MUSKETEE'R,  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  a 

musket.  Clarendon. 

MUSKE'TOE,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  mosqxdto,  from 

Sp.  ?«osrn!,  L.miisca,  afly.] 
A  small  insect  of  the  genus  Culex,  that  is 
bred  in  water ;  a  species  of  gnat  that 
abounds  in  marshes  and  low  lands,  anri 
whose  sting  is  peculiarly  painful  and  vex- 
atious. 

MUSKETOON',  n.  [Fr.  imnsqucton.  See 
Musket.] 

A  short  thick  musket,  carrying  five  ounces 
of  iron,  or  seven  and  a  half  of  lead ;  the 
shortest  kind  of  blunderbuss.  Encyc. 


M  U  S 

One  who  is  armed  with  a  musketoon. 

Herbert. 

MUSK'INESS,  n.  [from  miwA.]  The  scent 
of  nmsk.  Johnson. 

MUSK'MELON,  n.  [musk  and  melon.]  A 
delicious  species  of  melon  ;  named  proba- 
bly from  its  fragrance. 

MUSK'-OX,  n.  A  species  of  the  genus  Bos, 
which  inhabits  the  country  about  Hudson's 
Bay.  It  has  large  horns  united  at  the 
skull,  but  turned  downward  on  each  side 
of  the  head.  The  hair  of  this  animal  is 
very  long  and  fine.  Encyc. 

MUSK'-PEAR,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  pear. 

Johnson. 

MUSK'RAT,    }       An  American  animal  of 

MUS'QUASH,  I  "■  the  murine  genus,  the 
Mas  zibethicus.  It  has  a  compressed,  lan- 
ceolated  tail,  with  toes  separate.  It  has 
the  smell  of  musk  in  summer,  but  loses  it 
in  winter.  The  fur  is  used  by  hatters.  Its 
popular  name  in  America  is  muijuasA. 

Belknap. 

MUSK'-ROSE,    71.    A  species  of  rose  ;  so 
died  from  its  fragrance.    Bacon.    Milton. 

MUSK'-SEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hi- 
biscus. 

MUSK'-W00f>,  «•  A  species  of  plant  of 
the  genus  Trichilia. 

MUSK'Y,  a.  Having  the  odor  of  musk;  fra- 
grant. Milton. 

MUS'LIN,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  mousseline  ;  It 
mussoliiia,  mussolo ;  Sp.  moselinaor  musu- 
Una.  This,  if  a  compound  word,  is  formed 
of  Fr.  mousse,  moss,  or  its  root,  on  account 
of  its  soft  nap,  and  lin,  flax.  The  opinion 
of  Lunier  that  it  is  named  from  Moussoul 
in  Mesopotamia,   is  probably  unfounded.] 

A  sort  of  fine  cotton  cloth,  which  bears 
downy  knot  on  its  surface.  Encyc. 

MUS'LIN,  a.  Made  of  muslin  ;  as  a  muslin 
gown. 

MtJSLINET',  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  cotton 
cloth. 

MUS'MON, 

MUS'IMON, 


An  animal  esteemed  a  spe- 
cies of  sheep,  described  by 
the  ancients  as  common  in  Corsica,  Sardi- 
nia and  Barbary.  Buffon  considers  it  to 
be  the  sheep  in  a  wihl  state.  Encyc. 

MUS'ROLE,  71.  [Fr.  miJsooWc,  from  museau, 
muzzle.]  The  nose  band  of  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. Bailey. 

MUSS,  n.  A  scramble.     [Mot  used.]     Sha'k. 

MUSSEL.     [See  Muscle.] 

MUS'SITE,  M.  [from  the  valley  of  Mussa, 
in  Piedmont.] 

A  variety  of  pyroxene  of  a  greenish  white 
color  ;  otherwise  called  diopside. 

Diet.  Mit.  Hist. 

MUS'SULMAN,  n.  A  Mohanmiedan  or  fol- 
lower of  Mohammed.  The  word,  it  is 
said,  signifies  in  the  Turkish  language  a 
true  believer,  or  orthodox.  It  may  he  from 
Ar.  eslam,  salvation.  Cyc.    Thomson. 

MUS'SULMANISH,  a.  Mohammedan. 

Herbert. 

MUST,  V.  i.  [Sax.  most ;  D.  moeten,  moest ;  S  w. 
m&ste  ;  G.  miissen.  It  is  used  as  an  auxil- 
iary verb,  and  has  no  variatioTi  to  express 
person,  time  or  number.  Its  primary 
sense  is  probably  to  be  strong  or  able,  as 
it  is  rendered  in  Saxon  ;  from  pressing, 
straining.  Class  Ms.  No.  2.5.  Ch.  and  No. 
31.] 

I.  To  be  obliged;  to  be  necessitated.  It  ex- 
presses both  physical  and  moral  necessi- 


M  U  S 

ty.  A  man  must  eat  for  nourishmeni. 
and  he  must  sleep  for  refreshment.  We 
must  submit  to  the  laws  or  be  exposed  to 
punishment.  A  bill  in  a  legislative  body 
mtist  have  three  readings  before  it  can 
pass  to  be  enacted. 
2.  It  expresses  moral  fitness  or  propriety,  as 
necessary  or  esseniial  to  the  character  or 
end  proposed.  "  Deacons  must  be  grave  ;" 
"a  bishop  musUiave  a  good  report  of  them 
that  are  without."  1  Tim.  iii. 
MUST,  n.  [L.  musium ;  Sax.  must ;  It.  Sp. 
Port,  mosto  ;  Russ.  msl ;  Fr.  mout ;  D.  G. 
most ;  Heb.  Ch.  SDH  to  ferment.  Class 
Ms.  No.  38.] 
New  wine  ;  wine  pressed  from  the  grape 
but  not  fermented.  Encyc. 

MUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  moisi,  moldy  ;  Ir.  musgam, 
to  be  musly.  Qu.  W.  mws,  of  a  strong 
scent.]     To  make  moldy  and  sour. 

Morliyncr. 
MUST,  V.  I.  To  grow  moldy  and  sour ;  to 

contract  a  fetid  smell. 
MUS'TA€,  n.  A  small  tufted  monkey. 
MUSTA'CHES,    Ji.     [Fr.   moustaches  ;  Sp. 
mostacho,  a  whisker  ;  It.  mostacchio  ;  Gr. 
nv;ai,  the  upper  lip,  and  the  hair  growing 
on  it.] 
Whiskers  ;  long  hair  on  the  upper  lip. 
MUS'TARD,    n.     [It.  moslarda ;    Fr.  mou- 
tarde  ;  .Arm.  mustard  ;  Port,  mostarda  ;  Sp. 
mostaza  ;  W.  mwstarz ;   mics,   that  has  a 
strong  scent,  and  tarz,  a  breaking  out.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Sinapis.  and  its  seed, 
which  has  a  pungent  taste  and  is  a  pow- 
erful stimulant.     It  is  used  externally  in 
catai)lasms,  and  internally  as  a   diuretic 
and  stimulant.  Encyc. 

MUSTEE',   I  ,   A  person  of  a  mixed  breed. 
MESTEE',  ^  "■  jr.  Indies. 

MUS'TELINE,  a.  [L.  mustelinus,  from  mus- 

tela,  a  weasel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  weasel  or  animals  of  the 

genus  Mustela;  as  a  musteline  color;  the 

musteline  genus. 

MUS'TER,  I',  t.  [G.  muslern,  D.  monsteren, 

Svv.    mSnstra,  Dan.  mynstrtr,  to  muster: 

It.   mostrare,  Sp.   Port,  mostrar,  Fr.  mon- 

trcr,  L.    monstro,  to   show.     Either  n   has 

been  lost  in  some  of  these  languages,  or  it 

is  not  radical  in  the  Latin.] 

Properly,  to  collect  troops  for  review,  parade 

and  exercise ;   but   in  general,   to  collect 

or   assemble   troops,   persons    or    things. 

The  officers  muster  their  soldiers  regtdar- 

ly  ;  they  muster  all  tlieir  forces.     The  j)hi- 

losopher  musters  all  the  wise  sayings  of  the 

ancients.  Spenser.     Locke.     Tillotson. 

MUS'TER,  I',  i.  To  assemble ;   to  meet  in 

one  place. 
MUS'TER,  n.  [It.  Port,  mostra,  a  show  or 
muster ;  Sp.  muestra,  a  pattern,  a  mod- 
el, a  mu«(cr-roll ;  G.  muster,  a  pattern,  a 
sample;  D.  7nonster ;  Dan.  mynster;  L. 
7nonslrum,  a  show  or  jirodigy.] 
1.  An  assembling  of  troops  for  review,  or  a 
review  of  troops  under  arms.  Eticyc. 

3.  A  register  or  roll  of  troops  mustered. 
Ye  publish  tlie  musters  of  your  own  hands. 

Hooker. 
3.  A  collection,  or  the  act  of  collectin"'. 

.linsworth. 
To  pass  7nusler,  to  be  approved  or  allowed. 

South. 

MUS'TER-BOOK,    n.    A   book  in    which 

forces  are  registered.  Shak. 


M  U  T 

MUS'TER-M'ASTER,  n.  One  vrho  takes 
an  account  of  troops,  and  of  their  arms 
and  other  military  apparatus.  The  chief 
officer  of  this  kind  is  called  muster-master- 
general.  Encyc 

MUS'TER-ROLL,  n.  A  roll  or  register  of 
the  troops  in  each  company,  troop  or 
regiment.  Encyc. 

MUS'TILY,  adv.  [from  musty.]  Moldily; 
sourly. 

MUS'TINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
musty  or  sour;  moldiness;  damp  foulness. 

Evelyn. 

MUS'TY,  a.  [from  must.]  Moldy;  sour; 
foul  and  fetid;  as  a  musty  cask;  musty 
corn  or  straw  ;  musty  books. 

2.  Stale  ;  spoiled  by  age. 

The  proverb  is  somewhat  musty.  Skak. 

3.  Having  an  ill  flavor;  as  musty  wine. 

Pope. 

4.  Dull;  heavy;  spiritless. 

That  he  may  not  grow  musty  and  unfit  for 
conversation.  Addison. 

MUTABIL'ITY,  n.  [FT.mutabilit^ ;  It.muta- 
bilitii ;  L.  mutabilitas,  from  mulabUis,  mu- 
to,  to  change.] 

1.  Changeablencss  ;  susceptibility  of  change  ; 
the  quality  of  being  subject  to  change  or 
alteration,  either  in  form,  state  or  essen- 
tial qualities. 

Plato  confesses  that  tlie  heavens  and  the 
frame  of  tlie  world  are  corporeal,  and  therefore 
subject  to  mutability.  Stillingfleet. 

%  The  state  of  habitually  or  frequently 
changing. 

3.  Changeableness,  as  of  mind,  disposition 
or  will ;  inconstancy  ;  instability  ;  as  the 
mutability  of  opinion  or  purpose. 

MU'TABLE,  o.  [It.  viutabile ;  L.  mutabilis, 
from  muto,  to  change,  W.  mudaw.  See 
Mew.] 

1.  Subject  to  change;  changeable;  that  may 
be  altered  in  form,  qualities  or  nature. 
Almost  every  thing  we  see  on  earth  is 
mutable;  substances  are  mutable  in  the\t 
form,  and  we  all  know  by  sad  experience 
how  mutable  are  the  conditions  of  life. 

5.  Inconstant ;  unsettled  ;  unstable  ;  suscep 
tible  of  change.     Our  opinions  and  our 
purposes  are  mutable. 

MU'TABLENESS,     n.     Changeableness 

mutability ;  instability. 
MUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  mutatio.]  The  act  or 

process  of  changing. 

2.  Change :  alteration,  either  in  form  or 
quaUties. 

The  vicissitude  or  mutations  \a  the  superior 
globe  are  no  fit  matter  for  this  present  argument. 

Bacon. 

MUTE,  a.  [L.  mutus ;  W.  mud;  Fr.  muet  ; 
It.  muto;  Sp.  nmrfo;  Ir.  muite;  Ann.  mud 
or  simudet.] 

1.  Silent ;  not  speaking ;  not  uttering  words 
or  not  having  the  power  of  utterance ; 
dumb.  Mute  may  express  temporary  si- 
lence, or  permanent  inability  to  speak. 

To  the  mute  ray  speech  is  lost.  Dryden. 

In  this  phrase,  it  denotes  unable  to  utter 
words.  More  generally,  it  denotes  tempo- 
rarily silent  ;  as,  all  sat  mute. 

All  the  heavenly  choir  stood  «»!((<;.     Milton. 

2.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  as  mute  sorrow. 

3.  Silent;  not  pronounced;  as  a  mute  letter. 
MUTE,    n.    In  law,  a  person   that    stands 

speechless  when  he  ought  to  answer  or 
plead. 


M  U  T 


M  U  T 


2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  that  represents  nollMU'TINY,  n.  [Fr.  mutin,  refractory,  stub 


sound;  a  close  articulation  wliich  mtcr- 
cepts  the  voice.  Mutes  arc  of  two  kinds, 
pure  and  impure.  The  pure  mutes  instant- 
ly and  entirely  intercept  the  voice,  aak,p 
and  t,  in  the  syllables  ek,  ep,  et.  The  im 
pure  mutes  intercept  the  voice  less  sudden- 
ly, as  the  articulations  are  less  close.  Such 
are  b,  d  and  g,  as  in  the  syllables  eb,  ed,  eg. 
3.  In  music,  a  little  utensil  of  wood  or  brass, 
used  on  a  violin  to  deaden  or  soften  the 
sounds.  Busby 

MUTE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  mutir.]  To  eject  the   con- 
tents of  the  bowels,  as  birds.      B.  Jonson. 
MUTE,  n.  The  dung  of  fowls. 
MU'TELY,  adv.  Silently ;  without  uttering 
words  or  sounds.  Milton. 

MU'TENESS,  n.   Silence  ;  forbearance  of 

speaking. 
MUTILATE,    V.  t.    [L.    mutilo,   probably 
froin  the  root  ofmeto,  to  cut  off;  Fr.  mu- 
tiler;  It.  mutilare.] 

To  cut  off  a  limb  or  essential  part  of  an 
animal  body.  To  cut  off  the  hand  or  foot 
is  to  mutilate  the  body  or  the  person. 
To  cut  or  break  off,  or  otherwise  sepa- 
rate any  important  part,  as  of  a  statue  or 
building.  Encyc. 

To  retrench,  destroy  or  remove  any  ma- 
terial part,  so  as  to  render  the  thing  im- 
perfect ;  as,  to  mutilate  the  poems  of  Ho 
mer  or  the  orations  of  Cicero. 

Among  the  mutilated  poets  of  antiquity,  there 

is  none   whose  fragments   are   so  beautiful   as 

those  of  Sappho.  Addison. 

MU'TILATED,  pp.  Deprived  of  a  limb  or 

of  an  essential  part. 
MU'TILATED,  )       In  botany,  the  reverse 
MU'TILATE,     ^""  oiluxurianl;  not  pro- 
ducing a  corol,  when  not  regularly  apeta- 
lous  ;  applied  tofioioers.         Lee.     Martyn 
MU'TILATING,  ppr.   Retrenching  a  limb 

or  an  es.sential  part. 
MUTILA'TION,  n.  [L.  mutilatio.]  The  act 
of  mutilating  ;  deprivation  of  a  limb  or  of 
an  essential  part. 

Mutilation  is  a  term  of  very  general  iin 
port,    applied   to    bodies,   to   statues,    to 
buildings  and  to  writings;  but   appropri 
ately,  it  denotes  the  retrenchment  of  a  hu 
man  limb  or  member,  and  particularly  of 
the  male  organs  of  generation. 
MU'TILATOR,  n.  One  who  mutilates. 
MU'TILOUS,  a.  Mutilated  ;  defective ;  im- 
perfect. Ray. 
Mutine,  a  mutineer,  and  mutine,  to   mutiny, 

are  not  in  use. 
MUTINE'ER,  n.  [See  Mutiny.]  One  guilty 
of  mutiny;  a  person  in  military  or  naval 
service,  who  rises  in  opposition  to  the  au- 
thority of  the  officers,  who  openly  resists 
the  government  of  the  army  or  navy,  or 
attempts  lo  destroy  due  subordination. 
MU'TING,  »i.  The  dung  of  fowls.        More. 
MU'TINOUS,   a.    Turbiih-nt;    disposed    toi 
resist  the  authority  of  laws  and  regula- 
tions in  an  army  or  navy,  or  opcidy  resist- 
ing such  authority. 
2.  Seditious.     [See  Mutiny.] 
MU'TINOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  witli 
intent  to  oppose   lawful  authority  or  due 
subordination  in  military  or  naval  service. 
MU'TINOUSNKSS,  »•.  The  state  of  being 
nuitinous;  op|M)sition  to  lawful  authority 
among  military  men. 


born ;  mxUmer,  to  mutmy  or  rise  in  arms ; 
mutinerie,  mutiny;  Sp.  molin,  a  mutiny; 
amotinar,  to  excite  rebellion ;  It.  muti- 
nare,  to  mutiny  ;  Port,  motim  ;  \>.  muiten, 
mutiny,  and  as  a  verb,  to  mutiny,  ami  to 
mew,  to  molt  or  cast  the  felhers,  coinci- 
ding with  the  Fr.  muer,  Eng.  to  mew;  G. 
meuterey,  mutiny,  and  mausen,  to  mew  or 
molt;  Dan.  mytene;  iiw.  mytteri,  mutiny; 
Arm.  muza,  to  mew  or  molt.  We  see  that 
these  words,  mutiny  and  mew,  are  from 
the  same  root  as  L.  muto,  to  change,  W. 
mudaw,  which  is  radically  the  same  word 
as  L.  moto,  to  move.  Mutiny  is  formed 
from  the  French  muh'n,  a  derivative  word, 
and  mew  from  the  root  or  verb.  So  motin, 
in  Spanish,  is  a  derivative,  while  muda, 
change,  and  Port,  mudar,  to  change  fethers, 

are  directly  from  the  verb ;    Eth.   ^^({\ 
to  turn  ;  Ar.   L  la .«    to  move  or  drive,  or 

i:  l  ^  to  drive.  Class  Md.  No.  14.  10.] 

An  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen 
against  the  authority  of  their  command- 
ers ;  open  resistance  of  officers  or  oppo- 
sition to  their  authority.  A  mutiny  is  prop- 
erly the  act  of  numbers,  but  by  statutes 
and  orders  for  governing  the  army  and 
navy  in  different  countries,  the  acts  which 
constitute  nmtiny  are  multiplied  and  de- 
fined;  and  acts  of  individuals,  amounting 
to  a  resistance  of  the  authority  or  lawful 
commands  of  officers,  are  declared  to  be 
mutiny.  Any  attempt  to  excite  opposition 
to  lawful  authority,  or  any  act  of  con- 
teiupt  towards  officers,  or  disobedience  of 
commands,  is  by  the  British  mutiny  act 
declared  to  be  mutiny.  Any  concealment 
of  mutinous  acts,  or  neglect  to  attempt  a 
suppression  of  them,  is  declared  also  to 
be  mutiny. 

[JVote.  In  good  authors  who  Uved  a  century 
ago,  mutiny  and  mutimnis  were  applied  to  in- 
surrection and  sedition  in  civil  society.  But  I 
believe  these  words  are  now  applied  exclusively 
to  soldiers  and  seamen.] 

MU'TINY,  V.  i.  To  rise  against  la%vful  au- 
thority in  military  and  naval  service  ;  to 
excite  or  attempt  to  excite  opposition  to 
the  lawful  commands  of  military  and  na- 
val officers ;  to  commit  some  act  which 
tends  to  bring  the  authority  of  officers  in- 
to contempt,  or  in  any  way  to  promote  it»- 
subordination. 

MUT'TER,  V.  i.  [L.  mutio,  muttio,  and 
musso,  mussito ;  allied  perhaps  to  muse, 
which  sec.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  a  low  voice  and  com- 
pressed lips,  with  sullenness  or  in  com- 
plaint; to  grumble  ;  to  murmur. 

Meantime  your  filthy  foreigner  will  stare. 
And  mutter  to  himself.  Dryden. 

3.  To  sound  with  a  low  rumbling  noise. 

Thick  lightnings  flash,  tlie  muttering  thun- 
der rolls.  Pope. 
MUT'TER,    V.  t.   To  utter  with  imperfect 
articulations,  or  with    a   low  murmuring 
voice. 

Your  lips  have  spoken  lies,  youi'  tongue  hath 
muttered  perversoness.     Is.  lix. 

They  in  sleep  will  mutter  their  afTaii*. 

57iai5r 


M  y 


M  Y  R 


M  Y  S 


MUT'TER,  n.  Murmur ;  obscure  utterance 

Milton. 
MUT'TERED,  pp.  Uttered  in  a  low  raur-j 

muring  voice. 
MUT'TERER,  n.    A  grumbler;  one  that] 

mutters. 
MUT'TERING,  ppr.  Uttering  with   a  low 

murmuring  voice  ;   grumbling  ;  murmur- 
ing. 
MUT'TERINGLY,  adv.  With  a  low  voice 

without  distinct  articulation. 
MUTTON,  n.  mul'n.  [ Fr.  mou<on,  for  moui- 

ton  ;  W.  molll,  a  wetiier ;  Arm.  maud  :  Ir. 

molt.  Qu.  Gr.  ^ijj.or.] 

1.  The  flesh   of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed  for 
food. 

2.  A  sheep.  [But  this  sense  is  now  obsolete 
or  ludicrous.]  Bacon. 

MUT'TONFIST,  n.  A  large  red  brawny 
hand.  Dryden. 

MU'TUAL,  a.  [Fr.  mutuel;  L. muhtws,  from 
muto,  to  change.] 

Reciprocal ;  interchanged  each  acting  in 
return  or  correspondence  to  the  other 
given  and  received.  Mutual  love  is  that 
which  is  entertained  by  two  persons  each 
for  the  other ;  mutual  advantage  is  that 
which  is  conferred  by  one  person  on  an 
other,  and  received  by  him  in  return.  So 
we  say,  mutual  assistance,  mutual  aver- 
sion. 

And,  what  should  most  excite  a  mutual  flame, 
Your  rural  cares  and  pleasures  are  the  same. 

Pope. 

MUTUALITY,  n.  Reciprocation;  inter- 
change. Shak. 

MU'TUALLY,  adv.  Reciprocally ;  in  the 
manner  of  giving  and  receiving. 

The  tongue  and  the  pen  mutuaUy  assist  one 
another.  Holder. 

[Note.  Mutual  and  mutually  properly  refer 
to  two  ](ersons  or  their  intercourse  ;  but 
they  may  be  and  often  are  applied  to 
numbers  acting  together  or  in  concert.] 

MUTUA'TION,  n.  [L.  viutuatio.]  The  act 
of  borrowing.     [Little  used.]  Hall 

MIJ'TULE,  71.  [Fr.  mulnle.]  In  architecture, 
a  square  modillion  under  the  cornice.  In 
French,  it  is  rendered  a  corbel  or  bracket. 

MUZ'ZLE,  71.  [Fr.  muscnu,  muzzle  or  snout ; 
Arm.  musell ;  probably  from  the  root  of 
mouth.] 

1.  The  mouth  of  a  thing  ;  the  extreme  or 
end  for  entrance  or  discharge;  applied 
chiefly  to  the  end  of  a  tube,  as  the  open 
end  of  a  common  fusee  or  pistol,  or  of  a 
bellows. 

2.  A  fastening  for  the  mouth  whicli  hinders 
from  biting. 

With  golden  muzzles  all  their  mouths  were 
bound.  Dryden. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  To  bind  the  moutli ;  t6  fas- 
ten the  mouth  to  pre\ent  biting  or  eating. 
Thou  shall  not  muzzle  the  ox  when  he  tread- 
eth  out  the  corn.     Ueut.  xsv. 

3.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth  close.     [Lou:] 
3.  To  restrain  from  hurt. 

My  dagger  muzzled—  Shak. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  To  bring  the  mouth  near. 
The  bear  /nuzzles  and  smells  to  him. 

L^Kstranse. 
MUZ'ZLE-RING,    n.   The   metalline  ring 
or  circle  that  surroimds   the  mouth  of  a 
cannon  or  other  piece.  Encyc.l 

MY,  pronom.  adj.  [contracted  from  7nige7i, 
mine.  Me  was  originally  mig,  and  the  ad- 
iective  migen.  So  in  L.  ineus.    See  Mine.] 


Belonging  to  me  ;  as,  this  is  my  book.  For- 
merly, mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and 
my  before  a  consonant ;  my  is  now  used 
before  both.  We  say,  my  book  ;  my  own 
book ;  my  old  friend.  Mine  is  still  used 
after  a  verb;  as,  this  book  is  mine. 

MYNHEE'R,  n.  [D.  my  lord  or  muster.] 
A  Dutchman. 

MYOGRAPH'I€AL,  a.  [See  Myography.] 
Pertaining  to  a  description  of  the  muscles. 

MfOG'RAPHIST,  n.  One  who  describes 
the  muscles  of  animals. 

MYOG'RAPHY,  ji.  [Gr.  nvs,  fivoi,  a  muscle, 
and  ypaju,  to  describe.]  A  description  of 
the  muscles  of  the  body. 

MVOLOG'ICAL,  a.    [See  Myology.]     Per 
taining  to  the  description  and  doctrine  of 
the  muscles 

MyOL'OGY,  n.  [ftvi,  iMios,  muscle,  and  xoyo;, 
discourse.' 

A  description  of  the  muscles,  or  the  doctrine 
of  the  muscles  of  the  human  body 

Cheyne.     Encyc. 

MY'OPE,  J!.  [Gr.  fivu^,;  ^vu,  to  shut,  and 
wil'i  the  eye.]     A  short-sighted  person. 

Mams. 

MY'OPY,  n.  Short-sightedness.  Encyc. 

MYR'IAD,  n.  [Gr.  /wv|)ca{,  from  fivptof,  ex- 
treme, innumerable  ;  W.  myr,  that  is  infi- 
nite, fluctuating,  ants,  emmets ;  myrz,  in 
finity,  a  myriad,  ten  thousand.  Here 
we  see  the  origin  of  the  Gr.  jurp^uo;,  /xvp/jijl, 
an  ant,  so  named  from  numbers  or  mo- 
tion.    See  Fervent.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  thousand. 

2.  An  immense  number,  indefinitely. 

Milton. 

MYRIAM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  ^vp.o,  ten  thou- 
sand, and  ftfrpoi',  measure.] 

In  the  new  system  of  French  measures,  the 
length  of  ten  thousand  meters,  equal  to 
two  mean  leagues  of  the  ancient  meas- 
ure. Lunier. 

MYR'IARCII,  71.  [Gr.  /uvpia,  ten  thousand,! 
and  apxos,  chief.]  | 

A  captain  or  commander  of  ten  thousand 
men. 

MYR'IARE,  71.  [Gr.  ^vpia  and  are,  L.  area.] 

A  French  linear  measure  of  ten  thousanti 
ares,  or  100,000  square  meters.        Lunier. 

.MYR'ICIN,  7!.  The  substance  which  re- 
mains after  bees-wax,  or  the  wax  of  the 
iMyrica  cordifolia,  lias  been  digested  in  al- 
cohol. Dr.  John. 

MYRIOL'ITER,  71.  [Gr.  ^ip.oj  and  x^rpa,  a 
pound.]     A  French  measure  of  capacity 


MYROP'OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  nv^,  uugueui, 
and  nuXiu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  un- 
guents.    [Little  used.] 

MYRRH,  n.  7Her.  [L.  myrrha  ;  Gr.  ftvffa  or 
Bftvpva;  S|).  It.  Tnirra  ;  Fr.  myirhe  ;  Arabic, 

from   J.  ^     marra,  to  be  bitter.  Class  Mr.] 

A  gum-resin  that  comes  in  tlie  form  of 
drops  or  globules  of  various  colors  and 
sizes,  of  a  pretty  strong  but  agreeable 
smell,  and  of  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  imported 
from  Egy[)t,  but  chiefly  from  the  southern 
or  eastern  parts  of  Arabia ;  from  what 
species  of  tree  or  plant  it  is  procured,  is 
unknown.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  a  good 
stomachic,  antispasmodic  and  cordial. 

Parr.     Eourcroy.     Encyc. 

MYR'RHINE,  a.  [L.  «ii/rr/,iniw.]  Made  of 
the  myrrhine  stone.     [See  Murrine.] 

Milton. 

MYR'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  myrlus,  myrtle,  and 
form.]  Reseiubhng  myrtle  or  myrtle  ber- 
ries. 

MYR'TLE,  n.  [h.myrtus;  Gr.  fivfioi.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Myrtus,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  myrtle  rises  with  a 
shrubby  upright  stem,  eight  or  ten  feet 
high.  Its  branches  form  a  close  full  head, 
closely  garnished  with  oval  lanceolate 
leaves.  It  has  numerous  small,  pale  flow- 
ers from  the  axillas,  singly  on  each  foot- 
stalk. Encyc. 

MY'RUS,  71.  A  species  of  sea-serpent,  of  the 
anguilliform  kind.  Dirt.  MU.  Hist. 

MYSELF',  pro)i.  A  compound  of  7711/  and 
self,  used  after  I,  to  express  emphasis, 
marking  emphatically  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  speaker  and  another  person ; 
as,  I  myself  will  do  it ;  I  have  done  it  my- 
self. 

In  the  objective  case,  the  reciprocal  of  I. 
I  will  defend  myself. 

•3.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  I,  particu- 
larly in  poetry. 

Myself  shin  mount  the  rostrum  in  liis  favor. 

jiddisojt. 

MYSTAGOGUE,  >i.  mys'tagog.  [Gr.  fivfr;. 
one  initiated  in  mysteries,  and  ayoyyof,  a 
leader.] 

1.  One  who  interprets  mysteries.        Bailey. 

2.  One  that  keeps  church  relics  and  shovi:? 
them  to  .strangers.  Bailey. 

MYSTE'RIAL,  a.  Containing  a  mystery  or 
enigma.  B.  Jonson. 

JNIYSTE'RIARCH,  n.  [Gr.  ^Dcijp.oi.,  myste- 
ry, and  op;i;o;,  chief) 


containing  ten  thousand  liters,  or  ClO,2eiO|'One  presiding  over  mysteries.  Johnson. 


cubic  iiiciics. 

MYR'MIDON,  71.  [Gr.  t^v^unS^r,  3  multi- 
tude of  ants:  W.myr;  qu.  so  called  from 
their  numbers  or  from  their  industry.] 

Primarily,  the  Myrmidons  are  said  to  have 
been  a  people  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly 
who  accompanied  Achilles  to  the  war 
against  Troy.  Hence  the  name  came  to 
signify  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character,  a 
desperate  soldier  or  ruflian. 

MYROB  .\L.AN,  n.  [L.  myroholanum;  Gr. 
iuvipoffa?.oros ;  fivfiap,  uuguent,  and  SaS^avos, 
a  luit.] 

A   dried  fruit   of  the   plum   kind    brought 

from  the  East  Indies,  of  which  there  are 

several  kinds,  all  slightly  purgative   and 

astringent,  but  not  now  used  in  medicine. 

Parr.    Encyc. 


MYSTE'RIOUS,a.  [See Mystery.]  Obscure; 
hid  from  the  understanding ;  not  clearly 
understood.  The  birth  and  connections  of 
the  man  with  the  iron  mask  in  France  are 
mysterious,  and  have  never  been  explained. 

2.  In  religion,  obscure  ;  secret ;  not  revealed 
or  explained  ;  hidden  from  human  under- 
.standing,  or  uiiiDtelligible  ;  beyond  human 
comprehension.  Applied  to  the  divine 
counsels  and  government,  the  word  often 
implies  something  awfully  obscure  ;  as, 
the  ways  of  God  are  often  mysterious. 

MYSTE'RIOUSLY,  adv.  Obscurely;  enig- 
matically. 

2.  In  a  manner  wonderfully  obscure  and 
unintelligible. 

MYSTE'RIOUSNESS,  ,1.  Obscurity ;  the 
quality  of  beiug  hid  from  the  understand- 


N  A  C 


N  A  I 


N  A  K 


ing,  and  calculated  to  excite  curiosity  or 
wonder. 

2.  Artful  perplexity. 

MYS'TERY,  n.  [L.  mystmum,  Gr.  jUDj'jjpioi', 
a  secret.  This  word  in  Greek  is  render- 
ed also  murium  latibulum ;  but  probably 
both  senses  are  from  that  of  hiding  or  shut- 
ting ;   Gr.  livu,  to  shut,  to  conceal.] 

1.  A  profound  secret ;  something  wholly  un- 
known or  something  kept  cautiously  con- 
cealed, and  therefore  exciting  curiosity  or 
wonder ;  such  as  the  mystery  of  the  man 
with  the  iron  mask  in  France. 

2.  In  religion,  any  thing  in  the  character  or 
attributesof  God,  or  in  the  economy  ofdi 
vine  providence,  which  is  not  revealed  to 
man.  President  Moore. 

3.  That  which   is  beyond  human  comjjre 
liension  until   explained.     In   this  sense, 
mystery  often  conveys  the  idea  of  some- 
thing awfully  snblime  or  important ;  some- 
thing that  excites  wonder. 

Great  is  the  mystery  of  godliness.     1  Tim.  iii. 

Having  made  known  to  us  the  mystery  of 
Ids  will.     Eph.  i. 

We  speak  tlie  wisdom  of  God  in  a  mystery. 
1  Cor.  ii. 

4.  An  enigma  ;  any  thing  artfully  made  dif- 
ficuli. 


A  kind  of  ancient  dramatic  representa- 
tion. Bp.  Percy. 
6.  A  trade  ;  a  calling ;  any  mechanical  oc- 
cupation which  supposes  skill  or  knowl- 
edge peculiar  to  those  who  carry  it  on, 
and  therefore  a  secret  to  others. 

[The  word  in  the  latter  sense  has  been 
snpposed  to  have  a  different  origin  from 
the  foregoing,  viz.  Fr.  metier,  Norm,  mes- 
tier,  business,  trade,  occupation,  as  if  from 
Norm,  mestie,  master.  But  this  is  proba- 
bly incorrect.] 
MYS'TIC,  )  [L.  mysticus  ;  Gr.  fivfixoj.] 
MYS'TICAL,  I  "•  Obscure  ;  hid  ;  secret. 

Dryden. 
Sacredly  obscure  or  secret ;  remote  from 
human  comprehension. 

God  hatli  revealed  a  way  mystical  and  super- 
natural. Hooker. 

3.  Involving  some  secret  meaning  ;  allegor- 
ical ;  emblematical ;  as  mystic  dance  ;  mys- 
tic Babylon.  Milton.     Burnet. 

MYSTICALLY,  adv.  lu  a  maimer  or  by  an 
act  implying  a  secret  meaning.         Donne. 

MYS'TleALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be 
ing  mystical,  or  of  involving  some  secret 
meaning. 

MYS'TICISM,  n.  Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  Mystics,  who  profess 
a  pure,    sublime    and    perfect  devotion 


wholly  disinterested,  and  maintain  that 
they  hold  immediate  intercourse  with  the 
divine  Spirit. 

MYSTICS,  n.  A  religious  sect  who  profess 
to  have  direct  intercourse  with  the  Spirit 
of  God. 

MYTII'IC,  a.  [from  Gr.  f»v9oj,  a  fable.]  Fab- 
ulous. Shuckford. 

MYTHOLOG'IGAL,  a.  [See  Mythology.] 
Relating  to  mythology  ;  fabulous. 

MYTHOLOg'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  way  suit- 
ed to  the  system  of  fables. 

MYTHOL'OGlST,  n.  One  versed  in  my- 
thology ;  one  who  writes  on  mythology, 
or  explains  the  fables  of  the  ancient  pa- 
gans. A'brrw. 

MYTHOL'OtiiZE,  v.i.  To  relate  or  explain 
the  fabulous  history  of  the  heathen. 

MYTHOLOGY,  ii.'[Gr.  i^veo,,  a  fable,  and 
T-oyo;,  discourse.] 

A  sy.stein  of  fables  or  fabulous  opinions  and 
doctrines  respecting  the  deities  which  hea- 
then nations  have  supposed  to  pre.side 
over  the  world  or  to  influence  the  affairs 
of  it. 

MYT'ILITE,  n.  [Gr.  ixvuxo,,  a  kind  of 
shell.] 

In  geology,  a  petrified  muscle  or  shell  of  the 
genus  Mytilus.  Kinoan. 


N. 


IN  is  the  fourteenth  letter  of  the  Englishl 
Alphabet,  and  an  articulation  formed  by 
placing  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the 
root  of  the  upper  teeth.  It  is  an  imperfect 
mute  or  semi-vowel,  and  a  nasal  letter ; 
the  articulation  being  accompanied  with 
a  sound  through  the  nose.  It  has  one 
sound  only,  and  after  m  is  silent  or  nearly 
so,  as  in  hymn  and  condemn. 

N,  among  the  ancients,  was  a  numeral  let- 
ter signifying  900,  and  with  a  stroke  over 
it,  N,  9000.  Among  the  lawyers,  N.  L. 
stood  for  non  liquet,  the  case  is  not  clear. 

In  commerce.  No.  is  an  abbreviation  of  the 
French   nombre,   and   stands   for  number. 

N.  S.  stands  for  New  Style. 

NAB,  n.  The  summit  of  a  mountain  or  rock. 
{Local.']  Grose 

NAB,  II.  t.  [Svv.  nappa;  Dan.  napper ;  G.  D. 
knappen.     See  Knap.] 

To  catch  suddenly  ;  to  seize  by  a  sudden 
grasp  or  thrust;  a  word  little  used  and  only 
in  low  language. 

NA'BOB,  n.  A  deputy  or  prince  in  India, 
subordinate  to  the  Subahs;  hence, 

2.  A  man  of  great  wealth. 

NACKER.     [See  J\raker.] 

NA'CREOUS,  n.  [See  jVaAer.]  Having  a 
pearly  luster.  Phillips. 

NA'CRITE,  n.  [See  JVaker.]  A  rare  mine- 
ral, cidled  also  talckite,  consisting  of  scaly 
parts ;  gliunnrring,  pearly,  friable,  with  a 
greasy  feel ;  the  color,  a  greenish  white. 

Jameson.     Ure. 


NA'DIR,  ji.  [Ar.  ^li; ,    from     tiJ    nata- 

ra,  to  be  like,  proportional,  corresponding 
to,  opposite.] 
That  point  of  the  heavens  or  lower  hemi- 
sphere directly  opposite  to  the  zenith  ;  the 
point  directly  under  the  place  where  we 
stand. 

NA'DLE-STEIN,  n.  [G.  nadel  and  stein.] 
Needle-stone  ;  rutile.  Ure. 

N/EVE,  n.  [L.  nccmis.]    A  spot.        Dryden. 

NAFE,  l^     A  kind  of  tufted  sea-fowl. 

NAFF,   ^"-  Todd. 

NAG,  n.  A  small  horse  ;  a  horse  in  general, 
or  rather  a  sprightly  horse.      UEstrange. 

2.  A  paramour  ;  in  contempt.  Shah. 

NAID,        }       [Gr.  juiaSf 5,  naiads, from  vau, 

NA'IAD,   \  "•  to  flow.] 

In  mythology,  a  water  nymph  ;  a  deity  that 
presides  over  rivers  and  springs. 

NAIL,  n.  [Sax.  na:gel ;  Svv.  G.  D.  nagel ;  Dan. 
nagle  ;  Russ.  nagot  ;  Sans,  naga  or  7iak- 
ha.  If  the  word  was  originally  applied  to 
a  claw  or  talon,  the  primary  sense  may  be 
to  catch,  or  it  may  be  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a  fowl  or  other 
animal. 

2.  The  horny  substance  growing  at  the  end 
of  the  human  fingers  and  toes. 

3.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  metal,  usually 
with  a  head,  to  be  driven  into  a  board  or 
other  piece  of  timber,  and  serving  to  fas- 
ten it  to  other  timber.  The  larger  kinds 
of  instruments    of   this   son  are    called 


spikes ;  and  a  long  thin  kind  with  a  flat 
tish  head,  is  called  a  brad. 

4.  A  stud  or  boss  ;  a  short  nail  with  a  large 
broad  head.  Swifl. 

5.  A  measure  of  length,  being  two  inches 
and  a  quarter,  or  the  l(5th  of  a  yard. 

On  the  nail,  in  hand  ;  immediately  ;  with- 
out delay  or  time  of  credit ;  as,  to  pay  mon- 
ey on  the  nail.  Sivi/l. 

To  hit  the  nail  on  the  head,  to  hit  or  touch  the 
exact  point. 

NAIL,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  nails;  to  unite, 
close  or  make  compact  with  nails. 

2.  To  stud  with  nails. 
The  rivets  of  your  arms  were  naiVd  with  gold. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  stop  the  vent  of  a  cannon  ;  to  spike. 
NA'ILED,  pp.  Fastened  with  nails  ;  stud- 
ded. 

NA'ILER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  nails. 

N.\'ILERY,  n.  A  manufactory  where  nails 
are  made. 

NA'ILING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  nails  ;  stud- 
ding. 

NA'IVELY,  adv.  [Fr.  naif,  from  L.  nativus.] 
With  native  or  unaffected  simplicity. 

NA'IVETE,  I J     Native   simplicity  ;   unaf- 

NA'IVTY,  \  "■  fected  plainness  or  ingen- 
uousness. Gray. 

NAKED,  a.  [Sax.  nacod  :  G.  nacket,  nackt ; 
D.  naakt ;  Sw.  nakcn  ;  Dan.  nogen  ;  Russ. 
nagei,  nagosl  and  nngota,  nakedness  ;  Ir. 
nochla,  open,  discovered  :  nochduighe,  na- 


N  A  M 


NAM 


NAP 


keil ;  nochduighim,  to  strip.      Class  Ng. 
No.  5.  10.  47.  and  15.  IC] 

.  Not  covered  ;  bare ;  Laving  no  clothes 
on  ;  as  a  naked  body  or  a  nuked  limb. 

.  Unarmed ;  defenseless  ;  open  ;  exposed  ; 
having  no  means  of  defense  or  protection 
against  an  enemy's  attack,  or  against  oth- 
er injury. 

Behold  my  bosom  naked  to  your  swords. 

Addison . 


3.  Open  to  view ;  not  concealed ;  manifest 
Heb.  iv. 

4.  Destitute  of  worldly  goods.     Job  i. 

5.  Exposed  to  shame  and  disgrace.  Ex, 
xxxii. 

6.  Guilty  and  exposed  to  divine  wrath 
Rev.  iii. 

7.  Plain ;  evident ;  undisguised  ;  as  the  na- 
ked truth. 

8.  Mere  ;  bare  ;  simple  ;  wanting  the  neces- 
sary additions.  God  requires  of  man 
something  besides  the  natcrf  belief  of  his 
being  and  his  word. 

9.  Not  inclosed  in  a  pod  or  case  ;  as  naked 
seeds  of  a  plant. 

10.  Without  leaves,  fuleres  or  arms ;  as  a 
naked  stem  or  trunk.  MaHijn 

11.  Not  assisted  by  glasses;  as  the  naked 
eye. 

NA'KEDLY.  adv.  Without  covering. 

2.  Simply  ;  barely  ;  merely  ;  in  the  abstract. 

Holder. 

3.  Evidently. 
NAKEDNESS,    n.  Want   of  covering   or 

clothing;  nudity;  bareness. 

Ham,  the  father  of  Canaan,  saw  the  naked- 
ness of  his  father.     Gen.  ix. 

2.  Want  of  means  of  defense. 

Ye  are  spies  ;  to  see  the  nakedness  of  the 
land  are  ye  come.     Gen.  xlii. 

3.  Plainness  ;  openness  to  view.  Shak. 
To  uncover  nakedness,  in  Scripture,  is  to  liavc 

incestuous  or  unlawful  conunerce  with  a 

female. 
NA'KER,  n.  A  violent   flatulence  passing 

from  one  limb  to  another  with  pain. 

Parr. 
NA'KER,  n.  [Sp.  nacar ;  It.  nacchera ;  Fr. 

nacre.] 
Mother  of  pearl ;  the  white  substance  which 

constitutes  the  interior  surface  of  a  shell 

producing  a  pearl. 
XALL,   71.    [Dan.  naal,  a  needle.]    An  awl, 

such  as  collar-makers  or  shoe-makers  use. 

[Afot  used  or  local.]  Johnson. 

NAME,  n.  [Sax.  numa  ;  D.  nnam  ;  G.  namej 

Sw.   namn  ;   Dan.    navn  ;  Ice.  nafn  ;    L 

nomen ;  Gr.  oi'ofia  ;   It.    Port,  name;   Sp. 

nombre  ;  Fr.  nom  ;  Pers.  nam,  namah  ;  Sans. 

and  Hindoo,  nama,  nom  ;  Malay  and  Ben 

galee,  namma  ;  Ostiak,  nemen.    Qu.  Heb. 

bsj.] 

1.  That  by  which  a  thing  is  called  ;  the 
sound  or  combination  ol'  sounds  used  to 
express  an  idea,  or  any  material  substance 
quality  or  act ;  an  appellation  attached  to 
a  thing  by  customary  use,  by  which  it 
jnay  be  vocally  distinguished  from  other 
things.  A  name  may  be  attached  to  an 
individual  only,  and  is  then  proper  or  ap- 
propriate, as  John,  Thomas,  London,  Paris  : 
or  it  may  be  attached  to  a  species,  genus 
or  class  of  things,  as  sheep,  goat,  horst,  tree, 
animal,  which  are  called  common  names. 
spccijic  or  generic. 


2.  The  letters  or  characters  written  or  en- 
graved, expressing  the  sounds  by  which 
a  person  or  thing  is  known  and  distin- 
guishsd. 

•3.  A  person. 

1  hey  list  with  women  each  degenerate  name. 

Dry  den. 
Reputation  ;  character  ;  that  which  is 
commonly  said  of  a  person  ;  as  a  good 
name  ;  a  bad  name.  Clarendon. 

5.  Renown  ;  fame  ;  honor  ;  celebrity  ;  emi- 
nence ;  praise  ;  distinction. 

What  men  of  name  resort  to  him  ?  Shak. 

But  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  qual- 
ified by  an  epithet ;  as  a  great  name ;  a 
mighty  name. 

G.  Remembrance;  memory.     /I  i'/  ;. 

The  Lord  shall  blot  out  his  name  from  under 
heaven.     Deut.  xxix. 

;7.  Appearance  only  ;  sound  only  ;  not  reali 

;     ty;  as  a  friend  in  name.     Rev.  iii. 

8.  Authority;  behalf;  part;  as  in  the  Jiamc 
of  the  people.  Wheti  a  man  speaks  or 
acts  in  the  name  of  another,  he  does  it  by 
their  authority  or  in  their  behalf,  as  their 
representative. 

0.  Assumed  character  of  another. 

j         — Had  forged  a  treason  in  my  patron's  name 

1  Dryden 

10.  In  Scripture,  the  name  of  God  signifies 
his  titles,  his  attributes,  his  will  or  pur- 
pose, his  honor  and  glory,  his  word,  his 
grace,  his  wisdom,  power  and  goodness, 
his  worship  or  service,  or  God  himself 

11.  Issue  ;  posterity  that  preserves  the  name. 
Dcut.  XXV. 

12.  In  grammar,  a  noun. 
To  call  names,  to  apply  opprobrious  names: 

to  call  by  reproachful  appellations. 

Swijl. 

To  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain,  to  swear 
falsely  or  profanely,  or  to  use  the  name  of 
God  with  levity  or  contempt.     Ex.  xx. 

To  know  by  name,  to  honor  by  a  particular 
friendship  or  familiarity.     Ex.  xxxiii. 

Christian  name,  the  name  a  person  receives 
by  baptism,  as  distinguished  from*urna/nc 

NAME,   V.  t.  [Sax.  nunian,  nemnan,  Goth 
namnyan,   to    call,  to   name,  to   invoke 
D.noemen;  G.nennen;  Sw.  nlimna;  Dan.j 
mctmer.]  \ 

II.  To  set  or  give  to  any  pei-son  or  thing  al 

I  sound  or  combination  of  sounds  by  whichi 
it  may  be  known  and  distinguished ;  to' 
call ;  to  give  an  appellation  to.  t 

I  She  named  the  child  Icbabod.     1  Sam.  iv.     i 

;  Thus  was  the  building  left 

Ridiculous,  and  the  work  confusion  named. 

J\rdton.\ 

;2.  To  mention  by  name ;  to  utter  or  pro- 
nounce the  sound  or  sounds  by  which  a 
person  or  thing  is  known  and  distinguish- 

{     ed. 

Neither  use  thyself    to  the  naming  of  the] 

'      Holy  One.  Ecctus. 

3.  To  nominate  ;  to  designate  for  any  pur-! 
I  pose  by  name.  I 
I         Tliou  shalt  anoint  to  me  liim  whom  I  name  to 

thee.  1  Sam.  xvi.  I 

4.  To  entitle.  MHlo7i. 
To  name  the  name  of  Christ,  to  make  profess- 
ion of  faith  in  him.     2  Tim.  iv. 

NAMED,;;;).  Called;  denominated;  desig- 
nated bv  name. 

NA'MELESS,  n.  Without  a  name  ;  not  dis- 
tinguished by  an  appellation;  as  a  Jianie- 

!    less  star.  Jf'alle- 


2.  He  or  that  whose  name  is  not  known  or 
mentioned.  JUlerbury. 

NA'MELY,  adv.  To  mention  by  name  ;  par- 
ticularly. 

For  the  excellency  of  llic  soul,  namely,  its 
power  of  divining  in  dreams  ;  tliat  several  such 
divinations  have  been  made,  none  can  question. 

Jlddison. 

NA'MER,  71.  One  that  names  or  calls  by 
name. 

NA'MESAKE,  n.  One  that  has  the  saiiio 
name  as  another.  Addison. 

NA'MING,  ppr.  Calling;  nominating  ;  men- 
tioning. 

NAN,  a  Welsh  word  signifying  tDhat,  used 
as  an  interrogative.  [This  word  has 
been  extensively  used  wiihiii  my  memory 
by  the  common  people  of  New  England.] 

NANKEE'N,  n.  [.'Va7!A:i7i,  a  Chinese  word.] 
A  species  of  cotton  cloth  of  a  firm  tex- 
ture, from  China,  now  imitated  by  the 
manufacturers  in  Great  Britain. 

NAP,  n.  [Sax.  hnappian.  Qii.  its  connection 
with  hnepan,  to  lean,  that  is,  to  nod.] 

■\  short  sleep  or  slumber.  Sidney. 

N.'VP,  V.  t.  To  have  a  short  sleep ;  to  be 
drowsy. 

2.  To  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state. 

Jf'ickliffe. 

NAP,    71.    [Sax.  hnoppa,   nap ;  It.  nappa,  a 


tassel ;  Ar.    ^,1; 


kinabon.  ClassNh. 


No.  20.] 

1.  The  woolly  or  villous  substance  on  the 
surface  of  cloth. 

2.  The  downy  or  soft  hairy  substance  on 
j)lants.  Martyn. 

3.  A  knop.     [See  Knop.] 

NAPE,  71.  [Sax.  c7ieE;?,  a  knob  ;  Ar.   ._^i  tii, 

kanaba,  to  he  hard  or  callous,  whence  a 

callus.     Class  Nb.  No.  20.] 
The  prominent  joint  of  the  neck  behind. 

i?crco7i. 
NA'PERY,  71.  [Fr.  nappe ;  It.  nappa,  nap- 

parie.] 
Linen   for  the  table ;  table  cloths  or  linen 

cloth  in  general.     Ohs.  Shellon. 

NAPH  EW',    71.    [L.  »in;)i(5,  a  turnep  ;  Sax. 

cn(sp,  a  knob.]     A  plant. 
NAPHTHA,  71.  [L.  Gr.  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  from 

laij  nafata,  to  push  out,  as  pustules,  to 
throw  out,  to  boil,  to  be  angry.  In  Amliar- 
ic,  nefl  or  nepht,  from  this  sense,  signifies 
a  gun  or  musket.] 

.'Vn  inflammable  mineral  substance  of  the  bit- 
uminous kind,  of  a  light  brown  or  yellow- 
ish color,  sharp  taste,  and  incapable  of  de- 
composition. By  long  keeping  it  hardens 
into  a  substance  rcsonibling  vegetable  re- 
sin, and  becomes  Mark.  It  is  as  inflam- 
mable as  ether.  It  is  said  to  i.ssue  from 
the  earth  at  Baku,  in  Persia,  and  to  be  re- 
ceived into  cisterns.  Encyc.  Kirwan. 
Naphtha  consists  of  carbon  and  hydro- 
gen. TTiomson. 

NAPHTHALINE,  tj.  A  peciiliar  ciystal- 
izable  substance,  deposited  from  naphtha 
distilled  from  coal  tar,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen and  carbon.  Jf'ebsler's  Manual. 

NAPKIN.  71.  [Fr.  nape,  cloth  ;  of  which  nap- 
kin is  a  diminutive.] 

1.  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands;  a 
towel. 


N  A  R 


N  A  R 


N  A  S 


2.  A  handkerchief.     Obs.  Shak. 

NAP'LESS,  a.  Witliout  nap  ;  threadbare. 

Shak. 

NAP'PAL,  n.  Soap  rock.  Pinkerion. 

NAP'PINESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sleepy  or  inclined  to  take  naps. 

2.  The  quality  of  having  a  nap  ;  abundance 
of  nap;  as  on  cloth. 

NAP'PY,  a.  [from  nap.']  Frotliy ;  spumy ; 
as  nappy  beer.  Gay 

NAP'TAKING,  a.  Taking  naps. 

NAP'TAKING,  n.  A  taking  by  surprise,  as 
when  one  is  not  on  his  guard ;  unexpected 
onset  when  one  is  unprepared.  Canw. 

NARCIS'SUS,  n.  [L.;  Gr.  wpxiffffoj.]  In 
botany,  the  daffodil,  a  genus  of  plants  of 
several  species.  They  areof  the  bidbous- 
rooted  tribe,  perennial  in  root,  but  with 
annual  leaves  and  flower  stalks.       Encyc. 

NARCOT'Ie,        I       [Gr.  lupxwnxos,  from 

NAR€OT'leAL,  $  "'  mpxo^,  to  render  tor- 

P'J-] 
Causing  stupor,  stupefaction,  or  insensibility 

to  pain;  soporific;  inducing  sleep. 

Qitincy.     Encyc. 

NARCOT'I€,  71.  A  medicine  which  stupe- 
fies the  senses  and  renders  insensible  to 
pain  ;  hence,  a  medicine  which  induces 
sleep  ;  a  soporific  ;  an  opiate. 

Qxiincy.     Encyc. 

NARCOT'l€ALLY,  adv.  By  producing  tor- 
por or  drowsiness.  UTiitlock. 

NAReOT'ICNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  in- 
ducing sleep  or  removing  pain. 

N'AReOTINE,  Ji.  The  pure  narcotic  prin- 
ciple of  opium.  Journ.  of  Science. 

N*ARD,  »!.   [h.  nardus,nardttm;  Gr.  lopjoj; 
from   the   Arabic,   Phenician,  Syriac    or 
Persian,  probably  the   latter.     It  is  a  na 
live  of  India,  where  it  is  called  jatamansi 
and  sumbul.     Sir  Wm.  Jones.^ 

1.  A  plant  usually  called  spikenard,  spica 
nardi;  highly  valued  by  the  ancients,  both 
as  an  article  of  luxury  and  of  medicine. 
It  is  an  odorous  or  aromatic  plant. 

2.  An  unguent  prepared  from  the  plant. 
N'ARDINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  nard  ;  having 

the  qualities  of  spikenard.  Asial.  Res.\ 

NARE,  n.    [L.  naris.']    The  nostril.     [jYot 

used.^  Hudiiras.l 

NAR'RABLE,  a.   [L.  narrabilis.     See  JVar-\ 

rate.] 
That  may  be  related,  told  or  narrated.   [JVot 

used.] 
NAR'RATE,  v.  t.  [L.  narro ;    It.   narrare ; 

Sp.  narror;  Fr.  Jiarrer.     Class  Nr.  No.  2. 

5.C.] 

1 .  To  tell,  rehearse  or  recite,  as  a  story ;  to 
relate  the  particulars  of  any  event  or  trans 
action,  or  any  series  of  incidents. 

2.  To  write,  as  the  particulars  of  a  story  or 
history.  We  never  say,  to  narrate  a  sen- 
tence, a  sermon  or  an  oration,  but  we  nar- 
rate a  story,  or  the  particular  events  which 
have  fallen  imder  our  observation,  or 
which  we  have  heard  related. 

NAR'RATKD, ;)p.  Related;  told. 

NAR'RATING,  ;»pr.  Relating;  telling;  re 
citing. 

NARRA'TION,  n.  [L.  narratio.]  The  act  of 
telling  or  relating  the  particulars  of  an 
event ;  rehearsal ;  recital. 

2.  Relation;  story;  history;  the  relation  in 
words  or  writing,  of  the  particulars  of  any 
transaction  or  event,  or  of  any  series  of 
transactions  or  events.  H 


3.  In  oratory,  that  part  of  a  discourse  vvliich 


recites  the  time,  manner  or  consequences 
of  an  action,  or  simply  states  the  facts 
connected  with  the  subject. 

NAR'RATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  narratif.]  Relating 
the  particulars  of  an  event  or  transaction ; 
giving  a  particular  or  continued  account. 
Apt  or  inclined  to  relate  stories,  or  to  tell 
particulars  of  events  ;  story -telling. 

But  wise   through  time  and  narrative  with 
age.  Pope. 

NAR'RATIVE,  »t.  The  recital  of  a  story,  or] 
a  continued  account  of  the  particulars  of 
an  event  or  transaction  ;  story. 

Cyntliio  was  much  taken  with  my  narrative 

Tatter. 

NAR'RATIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of  narra- 
tion, story  or  recital.  ^yliffe 

NARRA'TOR,  n.  One  that  narrates ;  one 
that  relates  a  series  of  events  or  transac- 
tions. Watta. 

NAR'RATORY,  a.  Giving  an  account  of 
events.  Hoivell. 

NAR'ROW,  a.  [Sax.  neara,  nearo,  nearu, 
nearew.  I  suspect  this  word  and  near  to 
be  contracted  by  the  loss  of  g,  W.  nig. 
narrow,  strait ;  nigiaii',  to  narrow ;  for  the 
D.  has  naauw,  narrow,  close,  G.  genau, 
with  a  prefix.  In  this  case,  the  word  be 
longs  to  the  root  of  nigh;  D.  naahen,  to 
approach.] 

1.  Of  little  breadth  ;  not  wide  or  broad  ;  hav 
ing  little  distance  from  side  to  side  ;  as  a 
naiTow  board  ;  a  narrow  street ;  a  narrow 
sea  ;  a  narroio  hem  or  border.  It  is  only 
or  chiefly  applied  to  the  surface  of  flat  or 
level  bodies. 

2.  Of  little  extent ;  very  limited  ;  as  a  nar 
rotv  space  or  compass. 

3.  Covetous;  not  hberal  or  bountiful;  as  a 
narrow  heart. 

4.  Contracted  ;  of  confined  views  or  senti- 
ments; very  limited. 

The  greatest  understanding  is  narrow. 

Grew. 

In  this  sense  and  the  former,  it  is  often 
prefixed  to  mind  or  soul,  &c.  ;  as  narrow- 
minded  ;  narroio-souled  ;   narroiv-hearted 

5.  Near  ;   within  a  small  distance. 

Dryden 

6.  Close  ;  near  ;  accurate  ;  scrutinizing  ;  as 
a  narroio  search  ;  narroio  inspection 

7.  Near;  barely  sufiicient  to  avoid  evil ;  as 
a  narrow  escape. 

NAR'ROW,  }  A  strait  ;  a  narrow  pass 
NAR'ROWS,  I  "•  age  through  a  mountain, 
or  a  narrow  channel  of  water  between 
one  sea  or  lake  and  another  ;  a  sound.  It 
is  usually  in  the  plural,  but  sometimes  in 
the  singular.  Washington.    Milford. 

NAR'ROW,  I',  t.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of; 
to  contract. 

A  government,  by  alienating  the  affections 
of  the  people,  may  be  said  to  narrow  its  bot- 
tom. Temple 

2.  To  contract  in  extent ;  as,  to  narrow  one's 
influence  ;  to  narrow  the  faculties  or  ca 
pacity. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  con 
tract ;  to  limit ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  narrow 
our  views  or  knowledge ;  to  narrow  a  ques 
tion  in  discussion. 

4.  In  knitting,  to  contract  the  size  of  a  stock- 
ing by  taking  two  stitches  into  one 

NAR'ROW,  V.  i.  To  become  less  broad ;  to 
contract  in  breadth.  At  that  place,  the 
sea  narrows  into  a  strait. 


2.  In  horsemanship,  a  horse  is  said  to  narrow, 
when  he  does  not  take  ground  enough,  or 
bear  out  enough  to  the  one  hand  or  the 
other.  Far.  Did. 

3.  To  contract  the  size  of  a  stocking  by  tak- 
ing two  stitches  into  one. 

NAR'ROWED,  pp.   Contracted ;  made  less 

wide. 
NAR'ROWING,;)pr.  Contracting;  making 

less  broad. 
NAR'ROWINGS,  n.  The  part  of  a  stocking 

which  is  narrowed. 
NAR'ROWLY,  adv.  With  little  breadth. 

2.  Contractedly ;  without  much  extent. 

3.  Closely  ;  accurately  ;  with  minute  scruti- 
ny ;  as,  to  look  or  watch  narrowly ;  to 
search  narrowly. 

4.  Nearly;  within  a  little;  by  a  small  dis- 
tance ;  as,  he  narrowly  escaped. 

5.  Sparingly. 

NARROWNESS,  n.  Smallness  of  breadth 
or  distance  from  side  to  side ;  as  the  nar- 
rowness of  cloth,  of  a  street  or  highway,  of 
a  stream  or  sea. 

2.  Smallness  of  extent ;  contractedness  ;  as 
the  narrowness  of  capacity  or  comprehen- 
sion ;  narrowness  of  knowledge  or  attain- 
ments. 

3.  Smallness  of  estate  or  means  of  living  ; 
poverty  ;  as  the  narroioness  of  fortune  or 
of  circumstances.  South. 

4.  Contractedness  ;  penuriousness  ;  covet- 
ousness;  asnarrot/;nfOT  ofheart. 

5.  Illiberality ;  want  of  generous,  enlarged 
or  charitable  views  or  sentiments  ;  as  nar- 
rowness of  mind  or  views. 

N>ARWAL,     }  ^  [G.  narwalL]    The  Mono- 

N'ARWHAL,  \  'don  monoceros,  a  ceta- 
ceous animal  found  in  the  northern  seas, 
which  grows  to  twenty  feet  in  length. 
The  spiracle  of  this  animal  is  on  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  skull.  When  young  it 
has  two  teeth  or  horns,  but  when  old  it 
has  but  one,  which  projects  from  the  up- 
per jaw  and  is  spiral.  From  this  circum- 
stance of  its  having  one  horn  only,  it  has 
obtained  the  name  of  the  sea  unicoi^,  or 
unicornfish.  Pennant.     Encyc. 

NAS,  for  ne  has,  has  not.     Obs.         Spenser. 

NA'SAL,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  nasus,  nose  ;  It.  na- 
sale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  nose ;  formed  or  affected 
by  the  nose ;  as  a  nasal  sound ;  a  nasal 
letter. 

NA'SAL,  n.  s  as  z.  A  letter  whose  sound  is 
affected  by  the  nose. 

2.  A  medicine  that  operates  through  the 
nose  ;  an  errhine.  Barton, 

NAS'CAL,  n.  A  kind  of  medicated  pessary. 

Ferrand. 

A  pessary  made  of  wool  or  cotton,  to 

raise  the  nose  when  compressed.        Parr. 

NAS'CENT,  a.  [L.  nasccns,  itasco,  to  be 
born.] 

Beginning  to  exist  or  to  grow  ;  coming  into 
being.  Black. 

NA'SEBERRY,  n.  The  naseberry  tree  is  a 
species  of  the  genus  Sloanea. 

Earn,  of  Plants. 

NAS'leORNOUS,  a.  [L.  nasus,  nose,  and 
co)7iM,  horn.] 

Having  a  horn  growing  on  the  nose.  / 

Brown . 

N'ASTILY,  adv.  [from  nasty.]  In  a  nasty 
manner;  filthily;  dirtily. 

2.  Obscenely. 


NAT 


NAT 


NAT 


N^ASTINESS,  )i.  Extreme  filthiness ;  dirt-, 

iness;  filth. 
2.  Obscenity ;  ribaldry.  South. 

NASTUR'TION,  n.   [L.  nastuHium;  quod 

nasutn  torqaeat.     Varro.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Tropoeolum  ;  Indian 

cresses. 
N'ASTY,  a.  [origin  unknown.  Qu.  G.  nass, 

wet.] 

1.  Disgustingly  filthy ;  very  dirty,  foul  or  de- 
filed ;  nauseous.  Atterbury. 

2.  Obscene. 

NA'SUS,  n.  A  fresli  water  fish,  about  nine 
inches  in  length,  resembhng  the  chub.  It 
is  found  in  the  Danube,  Rhine  and  other 
large  rivers  of  Germany. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

NA'TAL,  a.  [L.  nalalis,  from  nascor,  to  be 
born.] 

Pertaining  to  birth.  The  natal  day  is  the 
day  of  birtli  or  nativity.  So  we  say,  natal 
hour ;  natal  place.  Camden.     Prior. 

NATALr'TIAL,    )  „    [L.   natalitius,  from 

NATALI"TIOUS,  \  "'  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  to  one's  birth  or  birtli  day,  or  con- 
secrated to  one's  nativity.  Evelyn. 

NA'TANT,  a.  [L.  natans,  from  nalo,  to 
swim.] 

In  botany,  swimming ;  floating  on  the  surface 
of  water  ;  as  the  leaf  of  an  aquatic  plant. 
Lee.     Martyn. 

NATA'TION,  n.  [L.  natatio,  from  nolo,  to 
swim.] 

A  swimming  ;  the  act  of  floating  on  the  wa- 
ter.    [IaIIU  used.]  Brown. 

NA'TATORY,  o.  Enabling  to  swim. 

Brit.  Crit. 

NATCH,  n.  [tor  notch.]  The  part  of  an  ox 
between  the  loins,  near  the  rump. 

Marshal. 

NATH'LESS,  adv.  [Sax.  nalheles ;  na,  the 
and  less,  not  the  less.] 

Nevertheless ;  not  the  less ;  notwithstanding. 
Obs.  Milton. 

NATH'MORE,  adv.  [na,  the  and  more.] 
Not  the  more ;  never  tlie  more.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

NA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  natio,  from  natus,  born  :I 
nascor,  to  be  born  ;  perhaps  Heb.  ]'U.]        > 

1.  A  body  of  people  inhabiting  the  same! 
countr)',  or  united  under  the  same  sove- 
reign or  government;  as  the  English  na- 
tion ;  the  French  nation.  It  often  hap-' 
pens  that  many  nations  are  subject  to  one' 
government;  in  which  case,  the  word  na- 
tion usually  denotes  a  body  of  people' 
speaking  the  same  language,  or  a  body! 
that  has  formerly  been  under  a  distinct! 
government,  but  has  been  conquered,  or| 
incorporated  with  a  larger  nation.  Thus' 
the  empire  of  Russia  comprehends  many' 
nations,  as  did  formerly  the  Roman  and; 
Persian  empires.  JVation,  as  its  etymol- 
ogy imports,  originally  denoted  a  family 
or  race  of  men  descended  from  a  common 
progenitor,  like  tribe,  but  by  emigration, 
conquest  and  intermixture  of  men  of  dif- 
ferent families,  this  distinction  is  in  most 
countries  lost. 

2.  A  great  number,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

Young. 
NA'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining    to   a  nation; 

as  naiiona/ customs,  dress  or  language. 
2.  Public  ;  general ;   common  to  a  nation  j 

as  a  national  calamity. 

Vol.  II. 


3.  Attached  or  unduly  attached  to  one's  ownj 
country.  yUe  writer  manifested  much! 
national  prejudice.  He  was  too  national 
to  be  imj)artial. 

NATIONALITY,  n.  National  cliaracter; 
also,  the  quality  of  being  national,  or 
strongly  attached  to  one's  own  nation. 

Bosicell. 

NA'TIONALIZE,  v.  t.  To  make  national ; 
to  give  to  one  the  character  and  habits  of 
a   nation,   or    the    peculiar    attachments 
which  belong  to  citizens  of  the  same  na 
tion. 

NA'TIONALLY,  adv.  In  regard  to  the  na 
tion  ;  as  a  whole  nation. 

The  Jews — being  nationally  espoused  to  God 
by  covenant.  South 

iNA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  n^itiws,  from  nascor,  na- 

I     tu$,  to  be  born.] 

jl.  Produced  by  nature ;  original;  boni  with 

j     the  being ;  natural ;  not  acquired  ;  as  na 
live  genius  ;  native  affections  ;  a  native  tal- 
ent or  disposition ;  native  cheerfulness ;  na- 

I     live  simplicity. 

2.  Produced  by  nature  ;  not  factitious  or  ar- 

j     tificial ;  as  native  ore  ;  native  color. 

|3.  Conferred  by  birth ;  as  native  rights  and 

[     |)rivileges. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  place  of  birth  ;  as  na- 
tive soil ;  native  country  ;  native  graves. 

Shak 

5.  Original  ;  that  of  which  any  thing  is 
!  made  ;  as  man's  native  dust.  Milton 
G.  Born  with  ;  congenial.  Shak 
NA'TIVE,  n.  One  born  in  any  place  is  said 
1     to  be  a  native  of  that  place,  whether  coun 

try,  city  or  town. 
\2.  Offspring.     [Not  in  use.]  Shak. 

iNA'TIVELY,  adv.    By   birth  ;    naturally 
I     originally.  Taylor.     Lighlfoot 

INA'TIVENESS.ti.  State  of  being  produced 

by  nature.  Johnson. 

NATIVITY,  n.  Birth  ;  the  coming  into  life 

or  the  world.     The  feast  of  Christmas  is 

observed  in  memory  of  Christ's  nativity. 

2.  Time,  place  and  manner  of  birtli;  as,  to 
I     calculate  one's  nativity. 

3.  State  or  place  of  being  produced. 

These,  in  their  dark  nativily,  the  deep 
Shall  yield  us  pregnant  with  infernal  flame. 

.fllillon 
NAT'KA, )!.  A  bird,  a  species  of  sin-ike. 

Pennant. 

NA'TROLITE,  ?!.  A  variety  of  mesotype  or 

zeolite,  so  called  by  Klaproth  on  account 

of  the  great  quantity  of  soda  it  contains. 

Diet.  .Vat.  Hist 

NATRON,  JI.  Native  carbonate  of  soda,  or 

mineral  alkali.     [See  JViter.] 
NAT'URAL,  a.   [Fr.  naturel ;  L.  Jiaturalis, 
from   natura,  nature,  from  nascor,  to  be 
born  or  produced.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nature  ;  produced  or  effect- 
ed by  nature,  or  by  the  laws  of  growth, 
formation  or  motion  impressed  on  bodies 
or  beings  by  divine  power.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  natural  growtli  of  animals  orj 
plants  ;  the  »io/i))v// motion  of  a  gravitatingj 
body  ;  natural  strength  or  disposition  ;  the 
natural  heat  of  the  body  ;  natural  color  ;i 
natural  beauty.  In  this  sense,  natural  is 
opposed  to  artificial  or  acquired. 

2.  According  to  the  stated  course  of  things. 
Poverty  and  shame  are  the  natural  conse- 
quences of  certain  vices. 

21 


3.  Not  forced ;  not  far  fetched ;  such  as  is 
dictated  by  nature.  The  gestures  of  the 
orator  are  natural. 

4.  According  to  the  life  ;  as  a  natural  repre- 
sentation of  the  face. 

5.  Consonant  to  nature. 

Fire  and  warmth  go  together,  and  so  seem  to 
carry  with  them  as  natural  an  evidence  as  self- 
evident  truths  themselves.  Locke. 
G.  Derived  from  nature,  as  opposed  to  habit- 
ual. The  love  of  pleasure  is  Jin/urai;  the 
love  of  study  is  usually  habitual  or  ac- 
quired. 

7.  Discoverable  by  reason  ;  not  revealed  ;  as 
natural  rehgion. 

8.  Produced  or  coining  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  things,  or  the  progress  of  ani- 
mals and  vegetables ;  as  a  natural  death  ; 
opposed  to  violent  or  premature. 

9.  Tender  ;  affectionate  by  nature.        Shak. 

10.  Unaffected  ;  unassumed  ;  according  to 
truth  and  reality. 

VThat  can  be  more  natural  than  the  circum- 
stances of  the  behavior  of  those  women  who 
had  lost  their  husbands  on  this  fatal  day  ? 

.Addison . 

11.  Illegitimate  ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  as  a 
natural  son. 

12.  Native  ;  veraacular  ;  as  one's  natural 
language.  Swift. 

13.  Derived  from  tlie  study  of  the  works  of 
nature  ;  as  natural  knowledge.      Addison. 

14.  A  natural  note,  in  music,  is  that  which 
is  according  to  the  usual  order  of  the  scale  ; 
opposed  to  flat  and  sharp  notes,  which 
are  called  artificial. 

Natural  history,  in  its  most  extensive  sense, 
is  the  description  of  whatever  is  created, 
or  of  the  whole  univei-se,  including  the 
heavens  and  the  earth,  and  all  the  produc- 
tions of  the  earth.  But  more  generally, 
natural  history  is  limited  to  a  description 
of  tlie  earth  and  its  productions,  including 
zoology,  botany,  geology,  mineralogy,  me- 
teorology, &c. 

Natural  philosophy,  tlie  science  of  material 
natural  bodies,  of  their  properties,  powers 
and  motions.  It  is  distinguished  from  in- 
tellectual and  moral  philosophy,  which 
respect  the  mind  or  understanding  of  man 
and  the  qualities  of  actions.  Natural  phi- 
losophy comprehends  mechanics,  hydro- 
statics, optics,  astronomy,  cliimistry,  mag- 
netism, electricity,  galvanism,  &c. 

NATURAL,  n.  An  idiot;  one  born  with- 
out the  usual  powers  of  reason  or  under- 
standing. This  is  probably  elliptical  for 
natural  fool. 

2.  A  native  ;  an  original  inhabitant.  [Not 
in  use.]  Raleigh. 

3.  Gift  of  nature ;  natural  quality.  [Not  in 
use.]  B.  Jonson.     Wotton. 

NAT'URALISM,  n.  Mere  state  of  nature. 

Lavington. 

NAT'URALIST,  ?i.  One  that  studies  natu- 
ral history  and  philosophy  or  physics  ;  one 
that  is  versed  in  natural  history  or  philos- 
ophy. It  is  more  generally  applied  to  one 
that  is  versed  in  natural  history. 

NATURALIZA'TION,  n.  [See  Naturalize.] 
Tlie  act  of  investing  an  alien  with  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  a  native  subject  or 
citizen.  Naturalization  in  Great  Britain 
is  only  by  act  of  parliament.  In  the  United 
States,  it  is  by  act  of  Congress,  vesting 
certain  tribui^als  with  the  power. 


NAT 


N  A  U 


N  A  V 


NAT'URALIZE,  v.  t.  [from  natural,  nature.] 

1.  To  confer  on  an  alien  the  rights  and  priv- 
ileges of  a  native  subject  or  citizen  ;  to 
adopt  foreigners  into  a  nation  or  state,  and 
place  them  in  the  condition  of  natural 
born  subjects. 

2.  To  make  natural  ;  to  render  easy  and  fa- 
miliar by  custom  and  habit ;  as,  custom 
naturalizes  labor  or  study.  South. 

.3.  To  adapt ;  to  make  suitable  ;  to  accli- 
mate; as,  to  naturalize  one  to  a  climate. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native,  natural  or 
vernacular ;  to  make  our  own  ;  as,  to  nat- 
uralize foreign  words. 

5.  To  accustom  ;  to  habituate  ;  as,  to  natu- 
ralize the  vine  to  a  cold  climate.      Gibbon. 

NAT'URALIZED,  pp.  Invested  with  the 
privileges  of  natives;  rendered  easy  and 
familiar  ;  adapted  to  a  climate ;  acclimat- 
ed ;  received  as  native. 

NAT'URALIZING,  ppr.  Vesting  with  the 
rights  of  native  subjects ;  making   easy 
acclimating ;  adopting. 

NAT'URALLY,  adv.  According  to  nature  ; 
by  the  force  or  impulse  of  nature ;  not  by 
art  or  habit.  We  are  naturally  prone  to 
evil. 

9.  According  to  nature  ;  without  affecta 
tion  ;  with  just  representation  ;  according 
to  life. 

3.  According  to  the  usual  course  of  things  ; 
as,  the  efl'ect  or  consequence  naturally  fol- 
lows. 

4.  Spontaneously  ;  without  art  or  cultiva- 
tion. Every  plant  must  have  grown  nal 
urally  in  some  place  or  other. 

NAT'URALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
given  or  produced  by  nature  ;  as  the  nat- 
uralness of  desire.  South. 

2.  Conformity  to  nature,  or  to  truth  and  re- 
ality ;  not  affectation  ;  as  the  naturalness 
of  the  eyebrows.  Dryden. 

NATURALS,   n.  flu.  Among   physicians, 
whatever  belongs  naturally  to  an  animal 
opposed  to  non-naturals.     [It  may  perhaps 
be  sometimes  used  in  the  singidar.] 

NA'TURE,  )i.  [Fr.  id. ;  L.  Sp.  It.  natura ; 
from  natus,  born,  produced,  from  nascor.) 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  made  or 
produced;  a  word  that  comprehends  a" 
the  works  of  God ;  the  universe.  Of  a 
phenix  vfe  say,  there  is  no  such  thing  in 
nature. 

And  look  through  nature  up  tonature's  God. 

Pope. 

2.  By  a  metonymy  of  the  effect  for  the 
cause,  nature  is  used  for  the  agent,  crea- 
tor, author,  producer  of  things,  or  for  the 
powers  that  produce  them.  By  the  ex- 
pression, "trees  and  fossils  are  ]>roduced 
by  nature,"  we  mean,  they  are  formed  or 
produced  by  certain  inh.erent  powers  in 
matter,  or  we  mean  that  they  arc  pro- 
duced by  Go<!,  the  Creator,  the  Author  of 
whatever  is  made  or  produced.  The  opin- 
ion that  things  are  produced  by  inherent 
powers  of  matter,  independent  of  a  su 
prenie  intelligent  author,  is  atheism.  But 
generally  men  mean  by  nature,  thus  used, 
the  Author  i)f  created  things,  or  the  opera- 
tion of  his  power. 

3.  The  es.scnce,  essential  qualities  or  attri- 
butes of  a  thing,  which  constitute  it  what 
it  is;  as  the  nature  of  the  soul;  the  nature 
of  blood;  the  jio/i(ie  of  a  f.uid  ;  iIk  nature 
of  plants,  or  of  a  metal ;  the  nature  of  a  cir- 


cle or  an  angle.  When  we  speak  of  the 
nnfiireof  man,  we  understand  the  pecuhar 
constitution  of  his  body  or  mind,  or  the 
qualities  of  the  species  which  distinguish 
him  from  other  animals.  When  we  speak 
of  the  nature  of  a  man,  or  an  individual  of 
the  race,  we  mean  his  particular  qualities  or 
constitution  ;  either  the  peculiar  tempera- 
ment of  his  body,  or  the  affections  of  his 
mind,  his  natural  appetites,  passions,  dis 
position  or  temper.  So  of  irrational  ani- 
mals. 

4.  The  established  or  regular  course  of 
things;  as  when  we  say,  an  event  is  not 
according  to  nature,  or  it  is  out  of  the  or- 
der of  nature.  Boyle. 

5.  A  law  or  principle  of  action  or  motion  in 
a  natural  body.  A  stone  by  nature  falls, 
or  inclines  to  fall.  Boyle. 

6.  Constitution  ;  aggregate  powers  of  a  body, 
especially  a  living  one.  We  say.  nature 
is  strong  or  weak ;  nature  is  almost  ex- 
hausted. Boyle. 

7.  The  constitution  and  appearances  of 
things. 

The  works,  whether  of  poets,  painters,  mor 
alists  or  historians,  wliich  are  built  upon  general 
nature^  live  forever.  Reynolds 

8.  Natural  affection  or  reverence. 
Have  we  not  seen 

The  murdering  son  ascend  his  parent's  bed, 
Through  violated  nature  force  his  way  ? 

Pope. 

9.  System  of  created  things. 

He  binding  nature  fast  in  fate, 

Left  conscience  free  and  will.  Pope. 

10.  Sort ;  species  ;  kind  ;  particular  charac- 
ter. 

A  dispute  of  this  nature  caused  mischief  to 
a  king  and  an  archbishop.  Dryden. 

11.  Sentiments  or  injagcs  conformed  to  na 
ture,  or  to  truth  and  reality. 

Only  nature  can  please  those  tastes  which 
are  unprejudiced  and  refined.  Addison 

12.  Birtli.     No  man  is  noble  by  nature. 
NA'TURE,   V.   t.    To  eiulow  with  natural 

qualities.     [JVot  in  use.]  Goioer 

NA'TURIST,  n.  One  who  ascribes  eve- 
ry thing  to  nature.  Boyle. 
NATU'RITY,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  be 
ing  produced  by  nature.  [A  very  bad  word 
and  not  used.]  Brown. 
NAU'FRAliE,  n.  [L.  naufragitim ;  navis,  a 
ship,  and  frango,  to  break.  See  Wreck, 
which  is  from  the  same  root,  break,  L 
fractus.]     Shipwreck.     [Not  in  use.] 

Broum 
NAU'FRAGOUS,    a.    Causing    shipwreck 
[Little  used.]  Taylor. 

NAUGHT,    n.    naut.     [Sax.    naht,    nauht 
compounded  of  ne  and  aught  or  iviht.  a 
creature,  wight;  Goth,  niwaiht.   Jf'aiht  co- 
incides  with  uight,    L.   quid,  quod.     See 
Jlught.]     Nothing. 

Doth  Job  serve  God  for  naught  ?     Job  i. 
Thou  sellest  thy  people  for  nau/^ht.     Ps.  xliv 
To  set  at  naught,  to  slight,  disregard  or  des- 
pise. 

Ye   have  set    at    naught    all   my   counsel. 
Prov.  i. 
NAUGHT,  adv.  naut.  In  no  degree. 

To  wealth  or  sovereign  power  he  naught  ap- 
plied. Fairfax. 

NAUGHT,  a.  naut.  Bad;  worthless;  of  no 
value  or  account. 

Things  naught  and  things  indifferent. 

Hooker. 


adv.    naut'ily.    Wickedly ; 


It  is  naught,  it  is  naught,  says  the   buyer 
Prov.  XX. 
NAUGHTILY, 

corruptly. 

NAUGHTINESS,  n.  naut'iness.  Badness; 
wickedness;  evil  principle  or  purpose. 

I  know  thy  pride  and  the  naughtiness  of  thy 
heart.     1  .Sam.  xvii. 
2.  Slight  wickedness  of  children  ;  perverse- 
ness ;  mischievousness. 

Dn/den.    Shah.     Sidney. 
NAUGHTY,  a.  naut'y.  Wicked  ;  corrupt. 
A  naughty  person,  a   wicked   man,   wadketh 
with  a  froward  mouth.     I'rov.  6. 

2.  Bad  ;  worthless. 
The   other  basket   had  very   naughty  figs. 

Jer.  xxiv. 

3.  Mischievous;  perverse;  froward;  as  a 
naughty  child.  It  is  now  seldom  used  ex- 
cept in  the  latter  sense,  as  applied  to  chil- 
dren. 

NAUL'AliE,  n.  [L.  naulum.]  The  freight 
of  passengers  in  a  ship.     [Little  used.] 

NAU'MACHY,  n.  [L.  naumachia ;  Gr.  j-an- 
HaxM ;  va/vi,  a  ship,  and  t^axi,  fight.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  show  or 
spectacle  representing  a  sea-fight. 

2.  The  place  where  these  shows  were  exhib- 
ited. Encye. 

NAU'SEA,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  ravata,  from 
vavi,  a  ship.] 

Originally  and  properly,  sea-sickness;  hence, 
any  similar  sickness  of  the  stomach,  ac- 
companied with  a  propensity  to  vomit ; 
qualm  ;  lothing  ;  squeamishness  of  the 
stomach. 

NAU'SEATE,  v.  i.  [L.nauseo.]  To  become 
squeamish  ;  to  feel  disgust ;  to  be  inclined 
to  reject  from  the  stomach. 

NAU'SEATE,  v.  t.  To  lothe ;  to  reject 
with  disgust. 

The   patient  tiauseates  and    lothes  whole- 
some foods.  Blackmore. 
Old  age,  with  sileut  pace,  comes  creeping  on, 
A''auseates  the  praise  which  in  lier  youth  she 
won.  Dryden. 

I2.  To  afiect  with  disgust.  Swiff. 

(NAU'SEOUS,  a.  Lnthesome;  disgustful; 
disgusting  ;  regarded  with  abhorrence  ;  as 
a  nauseous  drug  or  medicine. 

NAU'SEOUSLY,  adv.  Lothesomely;  dis- 
gustfully. 

NAU'SEOUSNESS,  n.  Lothesoraeiiess ; 
quality  of  exciting  disgust ;  as  the  nau- 
seo^isness  of  a  drug  or  medicine. 

The  7iauseousness  of  such  company  disgusts 
a  reasonable  man.  Dryden. 

NAU'TIC,        I       [L.  naulicus,  from  nauta, 

iNAU'TI€AL,  S  '  a  seaman,  from  navis,  a 
ship.     See  SVavy.] 

Pertaining  to  seamen  or  navigation ;  as  7iau- 
ticat  skill ;  a  nautical  almanack. 

NAU'TILITE,  »i.  [fromL.  ?i(iu(i7ui,  asliell- 
fish.]     A  fossil  nautilus.      Kirwan.     Diet. 

NAU'TILUS,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  ravtiJioj,  fromTOv;, 
a  ship.] 

A  genus  of  marine  animals,  whose  shell 
consists  of  one  spiral  valve  divided  into 
several  apartments  by  partitions.  There 
are  many  species.  This  animal,  wjien  it 
sails,  extends  two  of  its  arms,  and  between 
these  supports  a  membrane  that  serves  as 
a  sail.  With  two  other  arms  it  rows  or 
steers.  Encyc. 

l.earn  of  the  little  nautilus  to  sail.         Pope. 

NA'VAL,  (I.  [L.  navalis,  from  navis,  Gr. 
vai'jj  a  ship.] 


N  A  V 


N  E  A 


N  E  A 


).  Consisting  of  ships;  as  a  naval  force  or 

armament. 
2.  Pertaining  to  ships ;  as  naval  stores. 
NA'VALS,  n.  Naval  affairs.     [JVot  used.] 

Clarendon. 
NA'VAReH,  n.  [Gr.  i-omopjros.]     In  ancient 
Greece,  tlie  commander  of  a  Heet. 

Mitford. 

NAV'ARCHY,  n.    [from  L.   navarchus,   an 

admiral. 1     Knowledge  of  managing  ships. 

Pelly. 
NAVE,  n.  [Sax.  nafa,  nafu  ;  Dan.  nav ;  G. 
note ;  Sw.  naf.] 

1.  The  thick  piece  of  timber  in  the  center 
of  a  wheel,  in  which  the  spokes  are  insert- 
ed; calUid  also  the  fcoi. 

2.  The  middle  or  body  of  a  church  extend 
ing  from  the  balluster  or  rail  of  the  door,  to 
the  chief  choir.  Encyc. 

NAVEL,  n.  na'vl.  [Sax.  nafda,  from  nafa, 
nave  ;  D.  navd ;  G.  nabel ;  Sw.  nafle  ; 
Dan.   navte ;   Zend,  nafo ;    Pehlavi,  ran/; 

Sans. TiaiAa  ;  Pers.    ij\.i   naf] 

The  center  of  the  lower  part  of  the  abdo- 
men, or  the  point  where  the  umbilical 
cord  passes  out  of  the  fetus.  The  um- 
bilical cord  is  a  collection  of  vessels  by 
which  the  fetus  of  an  animal  communi- 
cates with  the  parent  by  means  of  the  pla- 
centa, to  which  it  is  attached.  Ena/c. 

NA'VEL-GALL,  n.  A  bruise  on  the  tup"i)f 
the  chine  of  the  back  of  a  horse,  behind 
the  saddle.  Johnson. 

NA'VEL-STRING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord. 
[See  JVavel.] 

NA'VEL-VVORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cotyledon.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
houseleek.  Miller. 

NAV'EW,  n.  [L.  napus ;  Sax.  n(rpe.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Brassica.  It  has  a  spin- 
dle-shaped root,  less  than  the  turnep. 

Encyc.     Miller. 

NAVICULAR,  a.  [L.nowcuia,  a  little  ship.] 

1.  Relating  to  small  ships  or  boats.     Bryant. 

3.  Shaped  like  a  boat ;  cymbiform.  The 
navicular  bone  is  the  scaphoid  bone  of  the 
wrist.  Coxe.     (^uincy. 

NAV'IGABLE,    a.     [L.   navigabilis,    froii 

navigo,  to  sail,  from  navis,  a  ship,] 
That  maybe  navigated  or  passed  in  ships  or 

vessels ;  as  a  navigable  river. 
NAVIGABLENES'S,    n.    The    quality   or 

state  of  being  navigable. 
NAVIGATE,  V.  i.  [L.  navigo,  from  navis. 

a  ship ;  Ir.  snamhaim.] 
To  pass  on  water  in  ships  ;  to  sail. 

The  Phffinicians  navigated  to  the  extremities 
of  the  Western  ocean.  Jlrbuthnot. 

NAV'IGATE,  V.  t.  To  pass  over  in  ships 

to  sail  on  ;  as,  to  navigate  the  Atlantic. 

2.  To  steer,  direct  or  manage  in  sailing  ;  as 
to  navigate  a  ship. 

NAVIGATED,  pp.  Steered  or  managed  in 
passing  on  the  water ;  passed  over  in 
sailing. 

NAVIGATING,  ppr.  Passing  on  or  over  m 
sailing  ;  steering  and  managing  in  sailing. 

NAVIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  riaiigatic]  The 
act  of  navigating;  the  act  of  passing  on 
water  in  ships  or  other  vessels. 

2.  Tlie  art  of  conducting  ships  or  vessels 
from  one  place  to  another.  This  art  com 
prehends  not  only  the  management  of  the 
sails,  but  the  directing  and  measuring  of 


I  the  course  of  ships  by  the  laws  of  geome- 
try, or  by  astronomical  principles  and  ob- 
servations. Encyc. 

3.  Ships  in  general. 

\Aerial  navigation,  the  saiUng  or  floating  in 

'     the  air  by  means  of  balloons. 

Inland  navigation,  the  passing  of  boats  or 

i     small  vessels  on  rivers,  lakes  or  canals,  in 

i     the  interior  of  a  country  ;  conveyance  by 

!     boats  or  vessels  in  the  interior  of  a  coun 

i    try. 

NAVIGATOR,  n.  One  that  navigates  or 
sails  ;  chiefly,  one  who  directs  the  course 
of  a  ship,  or  one  who  is  skillful  in  the  art  of 
navigation.  We  say,  a  bold  navigator,  an 
experienced  navigator,  an  able  navigator. 

NA'VV,  n.  [L.  navis;  Gr.  vauj,  from  jeu,  to 
swim,  L.  no,  nato  ;  Sans,  nau  ;  Armenian 
naw;  Vers,  naodan.  The  elements  of  the 
verb  are  probably  JVd,  coinciding  with 
Eng.  nod,  L.  nuto.  To  swim  then  is  to 
move  up  and  down.  Class  Nd.  No.  3.  9.] 

,1.  A  fleet  of  ships;    an  assemblage  of  mer- 
chantmen, or  so  many  as  sail  in  company. 
The  nary  of  Hiram  brought  gold  from  Ophir. 
1  Kings  X. 

Tlie  whole  of  the  ships  of  war  belonging! 
to  a  nation  or  king.  The  navy  of  Great 
Britain  is  the  defense  of  the  kingdom  and 
its  connnerce.  This  is  the  usual  accept- 
ation of  the  word. 
N.^WL,  n.  An  awl.  [JVol  in  use.] 
NAY,  adv.  [a  contracted  word  ;  L.  nego  ; 
Sw.  ney  or  nej,  from  neka,  to  deny ;  W. 
nac,  from  7iaca,  to  deny.] 

1.  No ;  a  word  that  expresses  negation. 
I  tell  you  nay,  but  except  ye  repent,  ye  shall 

all  likewise  perish.     Luke  xiii. 

2.  It  expresses  also  refusal. 
He  that  will  not  wlien  he  may, 
When  he  would  he  shall  have  nay. 

Proverb. 
[In  these  senses  it  is  now  rarely  used ; 
no  being  substituted. 

3.  Not  only  so ;  not  this  alone ;  intimating 
that  something  is  to  be  added  by  way  of 
amplitication.  He  requested  an  answer; 
nay,  he  urged  it. 

NAY,  n.  Denial;  refusal. 

NAY,  V.  t.  To  refuse.     [N'ol  in  use.] 

NA'YVVARD,  n.  Tendency  to  denial.   [N'ol 

used.]  Shak. 

NA'YWORD,  n.  A  by-word  ;  a  proverbial,^ 

reproach  ;  .a  watch-word.  Obs.     76ni.'lNEAR,  adv 


[This  word  may  belong  to  the 
neb,  nib ;    Ice.  nif,  nose ;    Eth. 


NEAP,  n. 

root  of 
anaf.] 
The  tongue  or  pole  of  a  cart,  sled  or  wag- 
on. A".  England. 
NE-fVP,  a.  [Sax.  hnipan,  to  incline,  to  fall.] 
Low.     The   neap   tides  are   those   which 
happen  in  the  middle  of  the  second  and 
fourth  quarters  of  the  moon.     They  are 
low  tides,  and  opposed  to  spring  tides. 
NE.\P,  n.  Low  water.     [Litlk  used.] 
NE'APED,        }       Left   aground.     A  ship 
BENE'APED,  ^  "•  is   said    to    be    neaped, 
when   left   aground,   particularly   on   the 
highth  of  a  spring  tide,  so  that  she  will  not 
float  till  the  return  of  the  next  spring  tide. 

Mar.  Did. 
NEAPOLITAN,  a.  Belonging- to  Naples,  in 

Italv. 
NEAPOL'ITAN,  n.   An  inliabitant  or  na- 
tive of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
NEAP-TIDE,  n.  Low  tide.     [See  AeoD.] 
NEAR,  a.  [Sax.  ner  or  7ieara,  nigher.   This 
seems   to  be    a    contracted   word,    from 
nigher,  the   comparative   of  neh,   nih  or 
nieh,  D.   naauw,  G.  nahe,  Sw.  nar,  Dan. 
nar  ;  VV.  nig,  strait,  narrow  ;  nigiaw,  to 
narrow.] 

1.  Nigh  ;  not  far  distant  in  place,  time  or  de- 
gree. Regularly,  near  should  be  followed 
by  to,  but  this  is  often  omitted.  We  say, 
a  house  stands  near  a  river ;  a  friend  sits 
7iear  me ;  the  man  fell  and  was  near  de- 
struction. 

And  Jacob  went  near  to  Isaac  his  father. 
Gen.  xxvii. 

Now  is  our  salvation  nearer  than  when  we 
believed.     Rom.  xiii. 

2.  Closely  related  by  blood. 
She  is  thy  father's  near  kinswoman.  Lev.  xviii. 

3.  Not  distant  in  affection,  support  or  as- 
sistance ;  present ;  ready  ;  willing  to  aid. 

Call  upon  the  Lord,  while  he  is  near.     Is.  Iv. 

4.  Intimate;  united  in  close  ties  of  affection 
or  confidence  ;  as  a  near  friend. 

5.  Dear;  affecting  one's  interest  or  feelings  ; 
as  a  near  concern. 

My  nearest  life.  Shak. 

G.  Close  ;  parsimonious. 

7.  Close  ;  not  loose,  free  or  rambling ;  as  a 
version  7iear  the  original. 

8.  Next  to  one ;  opposed  to  off;  as  the  near 
horse  or  ox  in  a  team. 

Almost;  within  a  little.     It  i.s 


NAZARE'NE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Naza-| 
retli ;  one  of  the  early  converts  to  Chris-il 
tianity  ;  in  contempt.     Acts  xxiv.  |! 

NAZ'ARITE,  n.  A  Jew  who  professed  ex- 
traordinary purity  of  life  and  devotion. 

Encyc. 

NAZ'ARITISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  prac- 
tice of  the  Nazarites.  Burdcr. 

NE,  [Sax.]  not,  is  obsolete.  We  find  it  in! 
early  English  writers,  prefixed  to  other| 
words;  as  nill,  for  ne  will,  will  not ;  nas,' 
for  ne  has,  has  not ;  m's,  forne  is,  is  not. 

Spenser.] 

NEAF,  n.  [Ice.  neji ;  ScoU  nieve.]  Thefist.i 
Obs.  Shak: 

NEAL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  analan,  to  kindle.]  To| 
temper  and  reduce  to  a  due  consistence 
by  heat.  But  ntal  is  now  rarely  used. 
[See  Anneal.] 

NEAL,  D.  I.  To  be  tempered  by  heat.  [Lit- 
tle used.]    [See  Anneal.]  Bacon. 


near   twelve    o'clock.     The    payment   of 
such  a  sum  would  go  near  to  ruin  him. 

.iddison. 

NE.\R,  t'.  t.  To  approach  ;  to  come  nearer; 
as,  the  ship  neared  the  land  ;  a  seaman's 
phrase. 

NE'AREST,  a.  [superl.  of  near.]  Short- 
est ;  most  direct ;  as  the  nearest  way  to 
London.  So  we  use  nearer  for  shorter. 
[This  use  of  these  words  is  not  correct,  but 
very  common.] 

NE'ARLY,  adv.  At  no  great  distance;  not 
remotely. 

2.  Closely;  as  two  persons  nearh/ related  or 
allied. 

3.  Intimately  ;  pressingly  ;  with  a  close  re- 
lation to  one's  interest  or  happiness.  It 
nearly  concerns  us  to  preserve  peace  with 
our  neighbor. 

4.  Almost ;  within  a  httle.  The  fact  is  near- 
ly demonstrated. 

5.  In  a  parsimonious  or  niggardly  manner. 


NEB 


N  E  G 


NEC 


NE'ARNESS,  n.  Closeness;  small  dis- 
taiice.  The  nearness  of  a  place  to  a  mar- 
ket enhances  the  value  of  lands. 

2.  Close  alliance  by  blood  ;  propinquity  ;  as 
the  7ieamess  of  brothers  and  sisters,  pa- 
rents and  children. 

3.  Close  union  by  affection ;  intimacy  of 
friendship. 

4.  Parsimony  ;  closeness  in  expenses. 

Bacon. 

NEAT,  n.  [Sax.  neat,  neten,  niten,  nylen 
Sw.  no* ;  Dan.  nod.  In  Sax.  geneai  is  a 
herdsman.  In  Spanish,  ganado  is  cattle, 
and  vermin;  doubtless  the  same  word 
with  a  prefix.  In  VV.  cnud  is  a  group 
JVeat  coincides  with  the  root  of  need  in 
elements,  and  if  connected  with  it,  the 
sense  is  a  herd  or  collection,  from  crowd 
ing,  pressing  ;  but  this  is  doubtful.] 

1.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen 
and  cows.  In  America,  this  word  is  used 
in  composition,  as  in  neaVs  tongue,  neaVs 
foot  oil,  and  tautologically  in  neat  cattle. 

2.  A  single  cow.  Tusser. 
NEAT,  a.  [It.   netto;    Sp.   neto ;    Fr.  ?ie<; 

Arm.  neat  or  neet;  L.  nitidus,  niteo,  to 
shine,  to  be  clean,  fair  or  fine  ;  W.  nith, 
pure  ;  nilhiaio,  to  purify,  to  wiimow.i 

1.  Very  clean  ;  free  from  foul  or  extraneous 
matter ;  as  neat  clothes.  The  vessels  are 
kept  neat;  the  woman  keeps  her  house 
very  neat. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  impure  words  and 
phrases ;  as  a  neat  style. 

3.  Cleanly ;  preserving  neatness  ;  as  a  neat 
woman. 

4.  Pure  ;  unadidterated ;  as  neat  wine.  Obs. 

Chapman. 

5.  Free  from  tawdry  appendages  and  well 
adjusted  ;  as  a  7teat  dress. 

G.  Clear  of  the  cask,  case,  bag,  box,  &c. ;  as 
neat  weight.  It  is  usually  written  net  or 
nett. 

NE'ATHERD,  n.  [Sax.  neathyrd.]  A  per 
son  who  has  the  care  of  cattle ;  a  cow 
keeper.  Dryden. 

NE' ATLY,  adv.  With  neatness ;  in  a  neat 
manner ;  in  a  cleanly  manner ;  as  a  gar 
ment  neatly  washed. 

2.  With  good  taste  ;  without  tawdry  orna- 
ments ;  as  a  lady  neatly  dressed. 

3.  Nicely;  handsomely;  as  a  vessel  neatly 
gilt. 

NE'ATNESS,  n.  Exact  cleanliness ;  entire 
freedom  from  foul  matter ;  as  the  neatness 
of  a  floor  or  of  a  garment. 

2.  Purity  :  freedom  from  ill  chosen  words; 
as  the  neatness  of  style. 

3.  Freedom  from  useless  or  tawdry  orna- 
ments; with  good  adjustment  of  the  seve- 
ral parts;  as  the  neatness  of  a  dress. 

NE'.\TRESS,  Ji.  [from  )iea(,  cattle.]  Afe 
male  who  takes  rare  of  cattle.  [A/ot  used 
in  ike  United  States.]  IVarner. 

NEB,  n.  [Sax.  neb  or  nebbe ;  Ice.  nebbe  or 
nef;  Dan.  ntb,  nab,  and  with  a  prefix, 
.viabel ;  Sw.  naf;  D.  neb,  sneb  ;  G.  schna- 
bel.  In  the  difiereiit  dialects,  it  signifies 
a  bill,  beak,  the  nose,  or  the  face,  from  ex- 
tending or  shooting.  See  Class  Nb.  No 
2.  3.  G.  8.  10.  13.  15.  21.  24.  It  is  also 
written  nib.] 

The  no.se  ;  the  beak  of  a  fowl ;  the  bill ;  the 
moutli. 


NEBULA,  ) 


3. 


[h.  nebula;  Gr.  rffSi  •'**'■ 

NEB'ULE,   ^"'  7.ri;  G.  nebel;  D.nevel;  Ir. 

Ilea//,  ?ieu/,  by  contraction  ;  It.  nebbia;  Sp. 

niebla,  fog,  mist.     Probably  the   primary 

sense  is  thick  or  mixed.] 

1.  A  dark  spot,  a  film  in  the  eye,  or  a  slight 
opacity  of  the  cornea.  Cyc 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  cluster  of  fixed  stars,  not 
distinguishable  from  each  other  or  scarce 
ly  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  exhibiting 
a  dim  hazy  light,  appearing  like  dusky 
specks  or  clouds  through  the  telescope. 

Cyc. 
NEBULOS'ITY,  n.  [from  nebulous.]     The 
state  of  being  cloudy  or  hazy. 

Med.  Repos. 
NEB'ULOUS,  a.    [L.  nebulosus.]     Cloudy; 

hazy.     [See  J^ebule.] 
2.  Resembling  a  small  cloud  or  collection  of 

vapor?. 
NECESSA'RIAN,  n.  [See  ATecessary.]     An 
advocate  for  the  doctrine  of  philosophical 
necessity  ;  more  properly  necessitarian. 

Priestley. 
NECESSARIES,  n.  plu.  [from  necessary.] 
Things  necessary  for  some  purpose  ;   as 
the  necessaries  of  life.  Locke. 

NECESSARILY,  adv.  By  necessity ;  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  cannot  be  otherwise. 
Truth  is  necessarily  opposite  to  falsehood. 
A  square  is  necessarily  different  from  a 
circle. 

Indispensably.     Most  men  are  necessarily 
occupied  in  procuring  their  subsistence 
By   unavoidable  consequence.      Certain 
inferences  necessarily  result  from  particu 
lar  premises. 
NECESSARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  beinj 

necessary. 
NECESSARY,  a.  [L.   necessarius.]     That 
must  be  ;  that  cannot  be  otherwise  ;  indis- 
pensably  requisite.     It   is  necessary   that 
every  effect  should  have  a  cause. 
Indispensable  ;  requisite  ;  essential ;  that 
cannot  be  otherwise  without  prcventin 
the  purpose  intended.     Air  is  necessary  to 
support  animal  life ;  food  is  necessa>-y  to 
nourish  the  body  ;  holiness  is  a  necessary 
qualification  for  happiness;  health   is  Jic- 
cessary  to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  ;  sub- 
jection to  law  is  necessaty  to  the  safety  of 
persons  and  property. 

Unavoidable ;    as  a  necessa)y   inference 
or  consequence  from  facts  or  arguments. 
4.  Acting  from  necessity  or  compidsion  ;  op- 
posed to  free.     Whether  man  is  a  neces- 
sary or  a  free  agent  is  a  question  much 
discussed. 
NECESSARY,  n.  A  privy. 
NECESSITA'RIAN,  )       One   who  main- 
NECESSA'RIAN,       ^       tains  the  doctrine 
of  philosophical  necessity  in  regard  to  the 
origin  and  existence  of  things.        Beattie. 
NECES'SITATE,  ti. /.  [from  L.  7iecesxi7a».] 
To  make  necessary  or  indispensable ;  to 
render  unavoidable  ;  to  compel. 

The  marquis  of  Newcastle,  being  pressed  on 

both  sides,  was  necessitated  to  draw  all  liis  army 

into  York.  Clarendon. 

Sickness  might  necessitate  his  removal  from 

court.  South 

NECES'SITATED,  pp.    Made   necessary, 

indispensable  or  unavoidable. 
NECES'SITATING,  ppr.  Making  necessa- 
ry or  indispensable. 


NECESSITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
necessary  ;  compulsion.     [Little  used.] 

Bramhall. 

NECES'SITIED,  a.  In  a  state  of  want. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

NECESSITOUS,  a.  Very  needy  or  indi- 
gent ;  pressed  with  poverty. 

There  are  multitudes  of  necessitous  heirs  and 
penurious  parents.  Jirbuthnot. 

2.  Narrow ;  destitute ;  pinching ;  as  necessi- 
tous circumstances. 

NECES'SITOUSNESS,  n.  Extreme  pov- 
erty or  destitution  of  the  means  of  liv- 
ing ;  pressing  want.  Burnet. 

NECES'SITUDE,  n.  Necessitousness ; 
want.     [M>t  used.]  Hale. 

NECES'SITY,  n.  [L.  necessitas.]  That 
which  must  be  and  cannot  be  otherwise, 
or  the  cause  of  that  which  cannot  be  oth- 
erwise. It  is  of  necessity  that  a  thing  can- 
not be  and  not  be  at  the  same  time.  It  is 
of  necessity  that  two  contradictory  propo- 
sitions caunot  both  be  true. 

Irresistible  power;  compulsive  force, 
physical  or  moral.  If  man's  actions  are 
determined  by  causes  beyond  his  control, 
he  acts  from  necessity,  and  is  not  a  free 
agent.  JVecessity  couqielled  the  general  to 
act  on  the  defensive. 

3.  Indispensableness;  the  state  of  being  re- 
quisite. The  necessity  of  funds  to  support 
public  credit,  no  man  questions.  The  ne- 
cessity of  economy  in  domestic  concerns  is 
admitted.  No  man  can  plead  necessity  in 
excuse  for  crimes. 
Extreme  indigence;  pinching  poverty; 
pressing  need. 

The  cause  of  all  the  distractions  in  his  court 
or  army  proceeded  from  the  extreme  poverty 
and  necessity  his  majesty  was  in.      Clarendon. 

5.  Uuavoidableness ;  inevitableness ;  as  the 
necessity  of  a  consequence  from  certain 
premises. 

6.  In  the  plural,  things  requisite  for  a  pur- 
pose. 

These  should  be  hours  for  necessities. 

Not  for  delights.  Shak. 

NECK,  n.  [Sax.  hnece,  hnecca,  necca ;  G. 
nick,  genick,  the  nape  of  the  neck  ;  D.  nek  ; 
Sw.  nacke ;  Dan.  nakke ;  It.  Port.  Sp. 
nuca.  This  word  is  properly  the  nape 
or  vertebrte  of  the  neck  behind,  and  is  so 
rendered  in  other  languages,  L.  nux, 
that  is,  a  knob  or  mass ;  W.  cmvc] 

1.  The  part  of  an  animal's  body  which  is 
between  the  head  and  the  trunk,  and 
connects  them.  In  man  and  many  other 
animals,  this  part  is  more  slender  than  the 
trunk;  hence, 

A  long  narrow  tract  of  land  projecting 
from  the  main  body,  or  a  narrow  tract 
connecting  two  larger  tracts ;  as  the  neck 
of  land  between  Boston  and  Roxbury. 

3.  The  long  slender  part  of  a  vessel,  as   a 
retort ;  or  of  a  plant,  as   a  gourd  ;  or  of 
any  instrument,  as  a  guitar. 
i  stiff  neck,  in  Scripture,  denotes  obstinacy 
In  sin. 

0)1  the  neck,  immediately  after ;  following 
closely. 

First  by  committing  one  sin  on  the  neck  of 
another.  Perkins. 

[This  phrase  is  not  much  used.     We  moro 
frcqupntly  say,  on  the  heels.] 
To  break  the  neck  of  an  affair,  to  hinder,  or  to 
do  the  principal  thing  to  prevent. 


NEC 


NEE 


N  E  G 


laud. 

NECK'VERSE, 

read  to  entitle 

clergy,   saiil  to 


To  harden  the  neck,  to  grow  obstinate  ;  to  bej|NE€'TARlNE,  a. 

more  and  more  perverse  and  rebellious. 

Nell.  ix. 
NECK'BEEF,  »i.  The  coarse  flesh  of  the 

neck  of  cattle,  sold  at  a  low  price. 

As  clieap  as  neckbcef.  Swift. 

NECK'CLOTH,  n.  A  piece  of  cloth  worn 

ou  the  ueck. 
NECK' ED,  o.  Having  a  neck  ;  as  in  stiff- 
necked. 
NECK'ERCHIEF,  ?        A   gorget ;  a  ker- 
NECK'ATEE,         S       chief    for    a    wo- 
man's ueck.     [JVot  in  much  use.]      Bailey. 
NECK'LACE,  n.  A  string  of  beads  or  pre- 
cious stones,  worn  by  women  on  the  neck. 

Arbuthnot. 
NECK'LACED,  a.  Marked  as  with  a  neck- 
lace. Sir  iV.  Jones. 
NECK'LAND,  n.  A  neck  or  loug  tract  ot' 

Hakewill.', 
n.  The  verse  formerly 
a  party  to  the  benefit  of 
be  the  first  verse  of  the 

fifty  first  Psalin,  "  Miserere  mei,  &.c." 

TindaU. 
NECK'WEED,  n.  Hemp  ;  in  ridicule. 
NE€ROLOG'l€AL,    a.    Pertaining  to   or 

giving  an  account  of  the  dead  or  of  deaths 
NECROL'OOIST,    n.    One  who   gives   ar 

account  of  deaths. 
NE€ROL'0(iY,  n.    [Gr.  iixpoi,  dead,  and 

X.oyos,  discourse.] 
An  account  of  the  dead  or  of  deaths  ;  a  reg 

ister  of  deaths. 
NECROMANCER,    n.    [See  JVecromancy.] 

One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future  events 

by  holding  converse  witli  departed  spirits ; 

a  conjurer.  Swijl. 

NECROMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  wxpoj,  dead,  and 

^ovTfia,  divination.] 
1.  The   art   of  revealing  future   events  by 

means  of  a  pretended  coniniunication  with 

the  dead.    This  imposture  is  prohibited 

Deut.  xviii. 
'3.  Enchantment ;  conjuration.  Abbot. 

NE€ROMAN'TI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  necro 

maucy  ;  performed  by  necromancy. 
NE€ROMAN'Tl€,  n.   Trick  ;  conjuration. 

Young 
NE€ROMAN'TICALLY,   adv.   By  necro 

niancy  or  the  black  art ;  by  conjuration. 

Gregoiy. 
NEC'RONITE,  n.  [Gr.  .fxpoj,  dead.]  Fetidj 

feldspar,  a  mineral  which  when  struck  or 

pounded,  exhales  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of 

putrid  flesh.  Hayden. 

NECTAR,  n.  [L.  from  the  Greek.] 

1.  In  fabulous  history  and  poetry,  the  drink  of 
the  gods ;  hence, 

2.  Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant  drink. 
NE€TA'REAN,     )       Resembling   nectar  ; 
NE€TA'REOUS,  S      very  sweet  and  pleas- 
ant. 

The  juice  nectarcotis  and  the  balmy  dew. 

Pope. 

NECTARED,    a.    Imbued    with    nectar; 

mingled   with    nectar  ;    abounding    with; 

nectar.  Milton^] 

NE€TA'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  nectary 

of  a  plant. 

Stamens  inserted  into  the  margin  ofaglandu- 

lous  nectariat  ring.  As.  Ses. 

NECTARIFEROUS,    a.     [nectar  and   L. 

fero.to  bear.] 
Producing  nectar  or  nomus ;  as  a  nectarif- 
erous glandule.  Lee. 


Sweet  as  nectar. 

Milton. 

|NE€'TARINE,  n.  A  fruit,  a  variety  of  the 
peach  with  a  smooth  rind. 

NECTARIZE,  v.  t.  To  sweeten. 

I  Cockeram. 

INEC'TAROUS,  a.  Sweet  as  nectar. 

Milton. 

NECTARY,  n.  [from  nedar.]  In  botany,  the 
melliferous  part  of  u  vegetable,  peculiar 
to  the  flower.  It  usually  makes  a  part  of 
the  corol,  but  is  sometimes  distinct  from  it. 
Sometimes  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  horn  or 
spur :  sometimes  in  that  of  a  cup ;  whence 
it  is  called  the  honey  cup.  Martyn. 

NED'DER,  n.  [W.  nadyr  ;  Sax.  nedder.] 
An  adder.     06*. 

NEED,  Ji.  [Sax.  nead,  neod,  nyd;  D.  nood 

G. noth ;  Sw.  nod ;  Dan.  niid ;  Etli.  iKi 
nadei,  to  be  in  want.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  press.  Class  Nd.  No.  7.  'M.] 
Want :  occasion  for  something  ;  necessi- 
ty ;  a  state  that  requires  supply  or  rehef. 
It  sometimes  expresses  urgent  want  ; 
pressing  exigency. 

What   further  7ieed   have  we  of  witnesses  .' 
Matt.  xxvi. 
For  ye  have  need  of  patience —     Heb.  x. 
2.  Want  of  the  means  of  subsistence ;  pov- 
erty ;  indigence. 

I  know  how  to  abound  and  lo  suffer  need. 
Phil.  iv. 
NEED,    V.  t.    [Sax.  geneadan,  genedan,  to 

compel;  Dan.  noder.'] 
To  want ;  to  lack  ;  to  require,  as  supply  or 
relief. 

They  that  be  whole  need  not  a  physician.bnt 
they  that  arc  sick.     Matt.  ix. 

NEED,  V.  i.  To  be  wanted  ;  to  be  neces- 
sary. 

When  we  have  done  it,  we  have  done  all  (bat 
is  in  our  power,  and  all  that  needs.    \_A'ot  used.'\ 

Locke. 
N'eed  is  often   used   as  an  auxiliary,  or  at 
least  without  the  personal  terniinatioB. 

And  the  lender  need  not  fear  he  shall  be  in- 
jured. Anacharsis,  Trans 
NEEDED,  pp.  Wanted. 
NEE'DER,  n.  One  that  wants. 
NEE'DFUL,  a.  Necessary,  as  supply  or  re- 
lief;  requisite. 

All  things  needful  for  defense  abound. 

Dry  den. 
NEE'DFULLY,  adv.  Necessarily. 

B.  Jonson. 
NEE'DILY,  adv.  [from  needy.]  In  want  or 

poverty. 
NEE'DINESS,   n.    [from   needy.]    W\-int 

poverty  ;  indigence.  Bacon. 

NEE'DING,   ppr.   Wanting  ;  requiring,  as 

supjilv  or  relief. 
NEE'DLK,  n.   [Sax.  nedl,  na:dl  ;  G.  nadel  ; 
Goth,  ndhal  ;  Arm.  nadoz  ;   Ir.  snathad  ; 
W'.nyjwyz,  from  ntod,  something  sharp  or 
pointed.     It  may  be  allied  to  nettle,] 

1.  A  small  instrument  of  steel  pointed  at  one 
end,  with  an  eye  at  the  other  to  receive  a 
thread  ;  used  in  sewing  and  embroidery. 
Needles  are  also  used  by  surgeons  in  sew- 
ing up  wounds. 

2.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  steel  used  in  the 
mariner's  compass,  which  by  its  magnetic 
quality  is  attracted  and  directed  to  the 
pole,  and  thus  enables  navigators  to  steer 
their  ships  the  course  intended. 


|3.  Any  crystalized  substance  in  the  form  of 
a  needle. 

Dipping  needle,  a  magnetic  needle  that  dips 
or  inclines  downwards. 

NEE'DLE,  I',  t.  To  form  crystals  in  the 
shape  of  a  needle. 

NEE'DLE,  f.  i.  To  shoot  in  crystalizatiou 
into  the  form  of  needles ;  as  needled  prisms. 

Fourcroy. 

NEEDLE-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Syngnathus.  The  middle  of  the  body  is 
hexangular.     Also,  the  sea-urchin. 

NEE'DLEFUL,  n.  As  much  thread  as  is 
put  at  once  in  a  needle. 

NEE'DLE-MAKER,  \       One  who  manu- 

NEE'DLER,  \  "■  facturcs  needles. 

NEE'DLE-ORE,     n.     Acicular     bismuth 
lance.  Ure. 

NEEDLE-SHELL,  n.  The  sea-urchin. 

Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

NEE'DLE-STONE,  n.  A  mineral  of  the 
zeolite  family.  Cleaveland. 

NEE'DLEWdRK,  n.  Work  executed  with 
a  needle  ;  or  the  business  of  a  seamstress. 
It  is  used  particularly  for  embroidery. 

NEEDLE-ZEOLITE,  n.  A  species  of  zeo- 
lite of  a  grayish  white  color.  Ure. 

NEE'DLESS",  a.  Not  wanted;  unnecessa- 
ry ;  not  requisite  ;  as  needless  labor  ;  need- 
less expenses. 

_.  Not  wanting.     Obs.  Shak. 

NEEDLESSLY,  adv.  Without  necessity. 

NEE'DLESSNESS,  n.  Unnecessariness. 

Locke. 

NEE'DMENT,  n.  Something  needed  or 
wanted.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

NEEDS,  adv.  [from  Jif erf  ;  Sax.  ?ierffs.]  Ne- 
cessarily ;  indispensably  ;  generally  used 
with  must. 

A  trial  at  law  must  needs  be  innocent  in  it- 
self. Kettlewell. 

NEE'DY,  a.  Necessitous ;  indigent  ;  very 
poor  ;  distressed  by  want  of  the  means  of 
living. 

To  relieve  the  needy  and  comfort  the  afflict- 
ed, are  duties  that  fall  in  our  way  eveiy  day. 

Addison. 
Spare  the  blushes  of  needy  merit.       Dtvighl. 

NE'ER,  a  contraction  of  jieuer. 

NEESE,   v.i.  neez.     [G.    neesen;   D.  nie- 


:en ;  Sw.  niusa  ;  Dan. 


Ar. 


Sherwood. 


nyser;  nr.    -^j 

I    nasbaa ;  hence  sneeze.     Class  Ns.  No.  30.] 

jTo  sneeze.      Obs.     [See   Sneeze,  which  is 

I     formed  on  this  word.] 

JNEE'SEWORT,  n.  A  plant. 

iNEE'SING,  »i.  A  sneezing.     Obs. 

jNEF,  »!.  The  nave  of  a  church.     [JVot  used. 

I     See  JVave.] 

{NEFAND'OUS,  a.  [L.  nefandus,  not  to  be 
spoken.] 

Not  to  be  named  ;  abominable.  Sheldon. 

NEFARIOUS,  a.  [L.  nefirius,  from  nefas, 
unlawful,  or  ne  amlfor.fari,  to  utter.] 

Wicked  in  the  extreme ;  abominable  ;  atro- 
ciously   sinful    or   villainous;   detestably 

NEFA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  With  extreme 
wickedness  ;  abominably.  Milton 

NEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  negatio,  from  nego, 
to  deny,  Sw.  neka,  Dan.  na-gfer,  W.  naca, 
naciiu,  nagu,  Fr.  ?!i>r,  from  L.  ntgo.  The 
sense  is  to  thrust,  to  stop  or  repel ;  for  in 
Italian,  negare  is  to  deny,  and  annegare  is 
to  deny,  and  to  drown,  to  stifle  in  water; 


N  E  G 


N  E  G 


N  E  G 


Sp.  negar,  lo  deny ;  anegar,  to  drown  or 
inundate,  Fr.  noyfr.] 

1.  Denial ;  a  declaration  that  something  is 
not ;  opposed  to  affirmation ;  as,  the  soul  is 
not  matter. 

2.  In  logic,  description  by  denial,  exclusion 
or  exception. 

J\'egation  is  the  absence  of  that  which  does: 
not  belong  to  the  thine  we  are  speaking  of. 

IVatts. 

3.  Argument  drawn  from  denial.  | 

It  may  be  proved  by  way  of  negation,  thati 
they  came  not  from  Europe,  as  having  no  re- 
mainder of  the  arts,  learning  and  civilities  of  it. 

Heylin. 
NEG'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  negatif;  L.  negativus.] 

1.  Implying  denial  or  negation ;  opposed  to 
affirmative,  as  a  negative  proposition  is 
that  which  denies.    Matter  is  not  spirit. 

2.  Implying  absence  ;  opposed  to  positive. 

There  is  a  negative  way  of  denying;  Christ, 
when  we  do  not  acknowledge  and  confess  him. 

South. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  stopping  or  restrain-' 
ing.  A  negative  voice  in  legislation  is  aj 
voice  or  vote  to  prevent  the  passing  of  a^ 
law  or  decree. 

JVegative  sign,  in  algebra,  the  sign  of  sub-| 
traction,  a  sign  which  indicates  that  the 
quantity  to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be 
subtracted.  It  is  opposed  to  positive  or 
affirmative ;  as  ab—n. 

JVegative  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, is  a  deficiency  of  the  fluid  in  a  sub-j 
stance,  or  less  than  the  substance  nat-j 
urally  contains.  I 

NEG'ATIVE,  n.  A  proposition  by  which; 
something  is  denied  ;  as,  matter  has  not 
the  power  of  moving  itself. 

2.  A  word  that  denies  ;  as  not,  no. 

3.  In  legislation,  the  right  or  power  of  pre- 
venting the  enaction  of  a  law  or  decree. 
The  governor  has  not  a  negative  on  the 
proceedings  of  the  legislature,  but  each 
branch  has  a  negative  on  the  other. 

JVegative  pregnant,  a  negation  of  one  thing 

implying  the  affirmation  of  another. 
NEG'ATIVE,  v.t.    To  disprove;  to  prove 
the  contrary. 

The  omission  or  infrequency  of  such  recitals 
does  not  negative  the  existence  of  miracles. 

Paley 

2.  To  reject  by  vote  ;  to  refuse  to  enact  or 
sanction.     The  senate  negatived  the  bill. 

3.  To  resist  a  choice  or  what  is  proposed. 
NEG'ATIVELY,  adv.  With  or  by  denial ; 

as,  he  answered  negatively.  Boyle. 

2.  In  the  form  of  speech  implying  the  ab 
sence  of  something;  opposed  to  positively. 

1  shall  show  what  this  image  of  God  in  man 
is,  negatively,  by  showing  wherein  it  does  not 
consist,  and  positively,  by  showing  wherein  it 
it  does  consist.  South. 

3.  Negatively  cliarged  or  electrified.  [See 
Positively.] 

NEG'ATORY,  a.  That  denies  ;  belonging 
to  negation.     [Little  used.] 

NE'GER,  n.  [L.  niger.]  A  black  person  ; 
one  of  the  .African  race.     [See  JVegro.] 

NEGLECT',  1'.  t.  [L.  negleclns,  from  negli- 
go.  In  G.  the  corresponding  word  is] 
nachlassen,  D.  nalaaten,  compounds  of 
nach,  na,  after,  and  lassen,  laaten,  to  let,  to 
leave,  to  snflbr  to  jiass,  Eng.  let,  Fr.  lais- 
ser.  The  srM.sr;  of  the  latter  words  then  is 
to  leave  hoiiind,  or  permit  to  remain  ; 
Dan.  nachtassig,  negligent.     I  suspect  the 


L.  negligo  to  be  composed  of  the  samel 
prefix,  neg  for  nach,  and  linquo,  lictum,  as, 
n  is  not  radical  in  the  latter.  But  of  this  I 
am  not  confident.] 

1.  To  omit  by  carelessness  or  design ;  to  for- 
bear to  do,  use,  employ,  promote  or  attend 
to  ;  as,  to  neglect  duty  or  business  ;  to  neg- 
lect to  pay  honest  debts ;  to  neglect  our  in- 
terest or  policy  ;  to  neglect  the  means  in 
our  power. 
To  omit  to  receive  or  embrace ;  to  slight. 

How  shall  we  escape,  if  we  neglect  so  great 
salvation?     Heb.  ii. 

.3.  To  slight ;  not  to  notice  ;  to  forbear  to 
treat  with  attention  or  respect.  Among 
people  of  good  breeding,  strangers  seldom 
complain  of  being  neglected. 

4.  To  postpone.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shah. 

NEGLECT',  n.  Omission  ;  forbearance  to, 
do  any  thing  that  can  be  done  or  that  re- 
quires to  be  done.  JVeglect  may  be  froini 
carelessness  or  intention.  The  negkct  of 
business  is  the  cause  of  many  failures,  but 
neglect  of  economy  is  more  frequent  and 
more  injurious. 

2.  Slight;  omission  of  attention  or  civilities. 
JVeglect  of  due  notice  and  attention  to 
strangers  is  characteristic  of  ilj  breeding. 

.3.  Negligence ;  habitual  want  of  regard. 

Age  bveeis neglect  in  all.  Denham. 

4.  Stateof  being  disregai-ded. 

Rescue  my  poor  remains  from  vile  neglect. 

Prior. 
NEGLECTED,  p;).    Omitted  to  be  done; 

slighted  ;  disregarded. 
NEGLECT'ER,  n.  One  that  neglects. 
NEGLECT'FUL,    a.    Heedless  ;  careless  ; 
inattentive.  Locke. 

2.  Accustomed  or  apt  to  omit  what  may  or 
ought  to  be  done. 

3.  Treating  with  neglect  or  slight. 

4.  Indicating  neglect,  slight  or  indifference  ; 
as  a  neglectful  countenance.  Locke. 

NEGLECT'FULLY,  adv.  With  neglect; 
with  heedless  inattention  ;  with  careless 
indifference. 

NEGLECT'ING,  ppr.  Omitting  ;  passing 
by  ;  forbearing  to  do  ;  slighting  ;  treating 
with  indifference. 

NEGLECT'INGLY,  adv.  Carelessly ;  heed- 
lessly. Shak. 

NEGLEC'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
negligent.     [JVot  wserf.]  Shak. 

NEGLECT'IVE,  a.  Inattentive  ;  regardless 
of.     [Little  tised.]  K.  Charles. 

NEGLIGEE',  n.  A  kind  of  gown  formerly 
worn.  Goldsmith. 

NEG'LIgENCE,  n.  [L.  negligentia.]  Neg- 
lect ;  omission  to  do  ;  more  generally. 
Habitual  omission  of  that  which  ought  to 
be  done,  or  a  habit  of  omitting  to  do 
things,  either  from  carelessness  or  design. 
JVegligence  is  usually  the  child  of  sloth  or 
laziness,  and  the  parent  of  disorders  in 
business,  often  of  poverty. 

NEG'LIGENT,  (I.  Careless  ;  heedless  ;  apt 
or  accustomed  to  omit  what  ought  to  be 
done  ;  inattentive  to  business  or  necessary 
concerns.  It  is  applied  to  a  particular  in- 
stance of  neglect,  or  it  denotes  habitually 
careless  or  inattentive.     2  Chron.  xxix.    'J 

Pet.  i. 

He  that  thinks  he  can  aftbrd  to  be  negligent. 
is  not  far  Iroin  being  poor.  liambltr 

Regardless. 

Be  thou  negligent  of  fame.  Swift 


NEG'LIgENTLY,  adv.  Carelessly;  hee* 
lessly  ;  without  exactness  ;  as  a  person 
negligently  dressed  ;  a  piece  negligently 
written  ;  a  farm  negligently  cultivated. 

2.  With  slight,  disregard  or  inattention. 

NEGOTIABILITY,  n.  The  quaUty  of  be- 
ing negotiable  or  transferable  by  indors- 
ment.  Sewall.     Walsh. 

NEGO'TIABLE,  a.  [from  negotiate.]  That 
may  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  in- 
dorsment;  that  may  be  passed  from  the 
owner  to  another  person  so  as  to  vest  the 
property  in  the  assignee  ;  as  a  negotiable 
note  or  bill  of  exchange.  Walsh. 

NEGO'TIANT,  n.  One  who  negotiates;  a 
negotiator.     [JVot  used.]  Raleigh. 

NEGO'TIATE,  v.  i.  [Unegotior  ;  It.  nego- 
ziare  ;  Sp.  negociar  ;  Fr.  negocier  ;  from 
L.  negotium,  business,  employment  ;  W. 
neges,  an  errand,  business ;  negeseua,  to 
go  on  errands,  to  negotiate.] 

1.  To  transact  business ;  to  treat  with  an- 
other respecting  purchase  and  sale ;  to 
hold  intercourse  in  bargaining  or  trade, 
either  in  person  or  by  a  broker  or  substi- 
tute ;  as,  to  negotiate  urith.  a  man  for  the 
purchase  of  goods  or  a  farm. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  with  another  respect- 
ing a  treaty,  league  or  convention  ;  to 
treat  with  respecting  peace  or  commerce. 

It  is  a  crime  for  an  embassador  to  betray  his 
prince  for  whom  he  should  negotiate. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

NEGOTIATE,  v.  t.  nego'shate.  To  procure 
by  mutual  intercourse  and  agreement  with 
another  ;  as,  to  negotiate  a  loan  of  money. 
Ship   brokers  and  interpreters  negotiate  af- 
freightments. Walsh. 

2.  To  procure,  make  or  establish  by  mutual 
intercourse  and  agreement  with  others. 
Mr.  Jay  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Brit- 
ish ministry  in  1794. 

To  sell ;  to  pass  ;  to  transfer  for  a  valua- 
ble consideration ;  as,  to  negotiate  a  bill  of 
exchange. 

The  notes  were  not  negotiated  to  them  in  the 
usual  course  of  business  or  trade.  Kimt. 

NEGO'TIATED,  pp.  Procured  or  obtained 
by  agreement  with  another ;  sold  or  trans- 
ferred for  a  valuable  consideration. 

NEGO'TIATING,  ppr.  Treating  with; 
transacting  business. 

NEGOTIATION,  n.  The  act  of  negotiat- 
ing ;  the  transacting  of  business  in  traf- 
fick ;  the  treating  with  another  respecting 
sale  or  purchase. 

2.  The  transaction  of  business  between  na- 
tions ;  the  mutual  intercourse  of  govern- 
ments by  their  agents,  in  making  treaties 
and  the  hke  ;  as  the  negotiations  at  Ghent. 

NEGO'TIATOR,  n.  One  that  negotiates ; 
one  that  treats  with  others  either  as  prin- 
cipal or  agent,  in  respect  to  purchase  and 
sale,  or  public  compacts.  Swyi. 

NE'GRESS,  n.  [See  JVegro.]  A  female  of 
the  black  race  of  Africa. 

NE'GRO,  n.  [It.  Sp.  negro,  black,  from  L. 
niger.  It  is  remarkable  that  our  common 
people  retain  the  exact  Latin  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word,  neger.] 

A  native  or  descendant  of  the  black  race 
of  men  in  Africa.  The  word  is  never 
applied  to  the  tawny  or  olive  colored  in- 
habitants of  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
but  to  the  more  southern  race  of  men  who 
are  quite  black. 


N  E  1 


N  E  N 


N  E  P 


NE'GUS,  n.  A  liquor  made  of  wine,  Water, 
sugar,  nutmeg  and  lemon  juice  ;  so  culled, 
it  is  said,  from  its  first  maker,  Col.  JVegus. 

NEIF,  »i.  [Ice.  nfji.]  The  neaf  or  fist.  [JVot 
used.]  *'"'*• 

2.  A  slave.     [JVot  used.] 

NEIGH,  v.i.  na.  [Sax.  hncegan ;  Sv/.gn&g- 
ga  ;  Dan.  knwgger  ;  It.  annuchiare.  In 
W.  cnecu  signilies  to  jar  or  quarrel  ;  cnec, 
a  sharp  noise.] 

To  utter  the  voice  of  a  horse,  expressive  of 
want  or  desire  ;  to  whinny. 

NEIGH,  n.  na.  The  voice  of  a  liorse  ;  a 
whinnving. 

Neighbor,  \         na'bur.      [Sax.     .itlihur, 

NEHBOOR,  S  '  nehgebur,  a  mgli  boor 
a  boor  or  countryman  living  nigh,  [see 
f^igh;]  G.  nachbar;  D.  nnbuur  i  t^w.  na 
bo  ;  Dan.  naboe.  See  Boor.  Tlie  ti  ue  or- 
thography, as  this  word  is  now  pronounc- 
ed, is  nehboor  ;  Sax.  neh,  nigh,  and  boor.^ 

1.  One  who  lives  near  anotlier.  In  large 
towns,  a  neighbor  is  one  who  lives  witlim 
a  few  doors.  In  the  country,  a  neighbor 
may  live  at  a  greater  distance ;  and  in 
new  settlements,  where  the  people  are 
thinly  scattered  over  the  country,  a  neigh- 
bor may  be  distant  several  miles,  eiiicli  is 
the  use  of  the  word  in  tlie  United  Stales. 

2.  One  who  lives  in  familiarity  witli  aiioili 
er;  a  word  of  civility.  Shak. 

3.  An  intimate  ;  a  confidant.     [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

4.  A  fellow  being.     Acts.  vii. 

5.  One  of  the  human  race  ;  any  one  that 
need.s  our  help,  or  to  whom  we  have  an 
opportunity  of  doing  good.     Luke  x. 

6.  A  country  that  is  near. 
NEIGHBOR,  V.  t.  To  adjoin  ;  to  confine  on 

or  be  near  to. 

These  gi'ow  on  the  hills  that  neighbor  the 
shore.  Saiulys 

2.  To  acquaint  with  ;  to  inake  near  to  or 
make  familiar.     [JVot  rtsed.]  Shak. 

To  neighbor  it,  in  colloquial  language,  to 
cultivate  friendly  intercourse  by  mutual 
visits. 

NEIGHBORHOOD,  n.  A  place  near;  vi- 
cinity ;  the  adjoining  district  or  any  (dace 
not  distant.     He  lives  in  my  neighborhood 

2.  State  of  being  near  each  otiier  :  as  several 
states  in  a  neighborhood.  Swift 

•i.  The  inhabitants  who  live  in  the  vicimty 
of  each  other.  The  fire  alarmed  all  the 
neig'/ifcor/ioorf. 

NEIGHBORING,  a.  Living  or  being  near  ; 
as  the  neighboring  inhabitants ;  neighbor 
ing  countries  or  nations.  Paley. 

NEIGHBORLINESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  neighborly.  Scott. 

NEIGHBORLY,  a.  Becoming  a  neighbor  ; 
kind  ;  civil. 

Judge  if  tliis  be  neighborly  dealing. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  Cultivating  familiar  intercourse  ;  inter- 
changing frequent  visits  ;  social.  Friend 
you  are  not  neighborly. 

NEIGHBORLY,  adv.  With  social  civility; 
as,  to  live  neighborly. 

NEIGHBORSHIP,  n.  State  of  being  neigh 
bors.     [JVot  in  use.]  Miss  Baitlie. 

NE'ITHER,  n.  compound  pronoun,  pronom- 
inal adjective,  or  a  substitute.  [Sax.  nather. 
nulhor,  nauther  or  nouthcr  ;  na,  not,  and 
either  or  other,  not  either,  or  not  other.  So 


in  L.  neuter,  ne  and  uter.]     Not   either ; 
not  the  one  nor  the  other. 

1.  It  refers  to  individual  things  or  persons  ; 
as,  which  road  shall  I  take.'  JVeiiher,  take 
««i7/jer  road.  The  upright  judge  inclines 
to  neither  party. 

It  is  used  as  a  substitute;  as,  the  up- 
right judge  inclines  to  neither  of  the  par- 
ties. 

He  neither  loves 

Nor  either  caies  for  hiin.  Shak 

2.  It  refers  to  .i  sentence ;  as,  "ye  shall  not 
cat  of  it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it."  That 
is,  ye  shall  not  eat,  not  either  or  other  shai 
ye  touch  it  ;  ye  shall  not  eat,  nor  shall  ye 
do  the  other  thmg  here  mentioned,  that  is 
touch  it.     Gen.  iii. 

"  Fight  neither  with  small  nop  great 
save  only  with  the  king  ;"  that  is,  fight 
not,  either  with  small  or  great.  1  Kings 
xxii. 

JVeiiher,  in  the  first  part  of  a  negative  sen 
tence,  is  followed  by  nar,  in  the   subse 
qnent  part.     It  is  neither  the  one  nor  the 
other.     But  or  would  be  most  projier,  for 
the  negative   in   neither,  applies   to  both 
parts  of  tlie  sentence. 

it  is  often  used  in  the  last  member  of  a 
negative  sentence  instead  oi' nor,  as  in  the 
passage  above  cited.  "  Ye  shall  not  eat 
it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it."  Here  neither 
is  improperly  used  for  nor,  for  not  in  the 
first  clause  refers  only  to  that  clause,  and 
the  second  negative  refers  only  to  the 
second  clause.  '•  Ye  shall  not  eat  it,  rioi' 
shall  ye  touch  it. 

In  the  sentences  above,  neither  is  con- 
sidered to  be  a  conjunction  or  connecting 
word,  though  in  fact  it  is  a  pronoun  or 
representative   of  a  clause  of  a  sentence. 

3.  JVeither  primarily  refers  to  two;  not  eithe 
of  two.  But  by  usage  it  is  applicable  to 
any  number,  referring  to  individuals  sepa- 
rately considered.  Five  or  ten  persons 
being  charged  with  a  misdemeanor  or 
riot,  each  may  say,  neither  of  us  was  pres 
ent. 

4.  A'either  sometimes  closes  a  sentence  in  i 
peculiar  manner,  thus,  "men  come  not  to 
the  knowledge  of  ideas  thought  to  be  in 
nate,  till  they  come  to  the  use  of  reason  ; 
nor  then  neither.'^  Locke. 

That  is,  not  either  when  they  come  to 

the  use  of  reason,  or  before. 

Formerly,  in  English,  as  in  Greek  and 

Frencii,  two  negatives  were  used  for  one 

negation.     But  in    such   phrases   as  that 

above,    good   speakers  now    use    either; 

"  nor  then  either." 
NEM.  CON.  for  nemine  conlradicente.     [L.] 

No  one  contradicting  or  opposing,  that  is, 

unanimously;  without  opposition. 
NEM'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  .tf.oj,   a  wood,   and 

?.cflo{,  a  stone.]     An  arborized  stone. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 
NEM'ORAL,  a.  [L.  nemoralis,  from  nemus, 

a  wood.] 
j Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove.  jDi'c^. 

NEM'OROUS,  a.  [h.  nemorosus.]     Woody. 

Evelyn. 
NEIMP'NE,  r.  t.  [Sax.  nemnan,  to  name  or 

call.]     To  call.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

NE'NIA,  71.  [Gr.]  A  funeral   song;  an  ele 

gy.     [JVot  used.] 


NENUPHAR,  n.  The  water  lily  or  water 

rose,  a  species  of  Nympha^a. 
NEOD'AMODE,    n.   [Gr.  itoiauuit,r,  "fJ, 

new,  and  iijfiuiijs,  popular ;  S>;mo5,  people.] 
In  ancient  Greece,  a  person  newly  admitted 
I     to  citizenship.  MitJ'ord. 

NEOLO(i'l€,  \  [from  neology.]  Per- 
NEOLOO'IeAL,  \  "■  taining  to  neology  ; 
I     employing  new  words.  Cliesterfield. 

NEOL'OgISM,  n.  A  new  word  or  express- 
!     ion. 
NEOL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  introduces  new 

words    into   a  language.      Lavoisier  has 

been  a  successful  neologist.        .Wet/.  Rtpos. 
NEOL'OOY,  n.   [Gr.  ifoj,  new,  and  Xoyoj,  a 
'     word.] 
The  introduction  of  a  new  word  or  of  new 

words  into  a  language.  The  present  no- 
I     menclature  of  clrimistry  is  a  remarkable 

instance  of  neology. 
NEONO'MIAN,  n.  [Gr.  t-toj,  new,  and  lojioj, 
I     law.] 

One  who  advocates  new  laws,  or  desires 
i     God's  law  to  be  altered.  Scott. 

NE'OPHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  itoj,  new,  and  (firw,  a 

plant.] 

1.  A  new  convert  or  proselyte;  a  name  giv- 
en by  the  early  christians  to  such  heathens 
as  had  recently  embraced  the  christian 
faith,  and  were  considered  as  regenerated 
by  baptism.  Encyc. 

2.  A  novice  ;  one  newly  admitted  to  the  or- 
der of  priest. 

.3.  A  tyro  ;  a  beginner  in  learning. 

NEOTERIC,        \      [Gr.  .fuTtpixof,  young, 

NEOTER'ICAL,  \  "•  from  vioi,  new  ;  Low 
L.  neotericus.] 

New;  recent  in  origin  ;  modern.  Bacon. 

JNEOTER'IC,  n.  One  of  modern  times. 

Burton. 

NEP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta  ;  cat- 
mint. 

NEPEN'THE,  n.  [Gr.  njTtevOjjs ;  ))7,not,  and 
rtcvBo;,  grief] 

A  drug  or  medicine  that  drives  away  pain 

1     and  grief     [Little  used.]  jyiilton. 

iNEPH'ELIN,     I         [Gr.  ti^iT-r,,  a  cloud.] 

NEPH'ELINE,  S    "•   A  mineral  found  mix- 

!  ed  with  other  substances,  primitive  or  vol- 
canic, in  small  masses  or  veins,  grano- 
lamellar  and  in  hexabedral  crystals.  It 
is  while  or  yellow. 

Diet.  .\'at.  Hist.     lire. 

NEPH'EW,  n.  [Ft.  neveu  ;  L.  nepos ;  It. 
nepote  ;  D.  neef;  G.  neffe ;  Sans,  naptri ; 
W.  nai,  contracted.] 

1.  The  son  of  a  brother  or  sister.       Dn/den. 
j2.  A  grandson ;  also,   a  descendant.     [AW 

much  used.]  Hooker. 

NEPHRITE,  n.   [Gr.  yifp^Tr,;,  from  iifpof, 

I     the  kidneys.] 

'A  mineral,  a  subspecies  of  jade,  of  a  leek 
green  color,  massive  and  in  rolled  pieces. 
It  occurs  in  granite  and  gneiss,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  hardness  and  tenacity. 
It  was  formerly  worn  as  a  remedy  for  dis- 

[     eases  of  the  kidneys,  but  is  now  cut  into 

:     handles  of  sabers  and  daggers. 

Ctcaveland.     Ure.     Cyc. 

JNEPHRIT  IC,        I        [Gr.  »$pirixo5,  from 

iNEPHRIT  ICAL,  J  "•   .t^po;,  the  kidneys.] 

jl.  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  organs  of 
urine  ;  as  a  nephritic  disease. 

2.  Aflected  with  the  stone  or  gravel ;  as  a 
I     nephritic  patient. 


N  E  R 


N  E  S 


NET 


3  Relieving  or  curing  the  stone  or  gravel, 
'  or  disorders  of  the  kidneys  in  general ;  as 
a  nephritic  medicine. 

.Yephritic  stone,  a  stone  of  the  silicious  kind, 
called  jade. 

.Yephritic  wood,  a  species  of  compact  wood  of 
a  fine  grain,  brought  from  New  Spain, 
which  gives  a  blue  color  to  spirit  of  wine 
and  to  water ;  which  color  is  changed  to 
yellow  by  acids,  and  again  to  blue  by  al- 
kalies. JVicholson.     Enci/c. 

NEPHRITIC,  n.  A  medicine  adapted  to 
relieve  or  cure  the  diseases  of  the  kid 
neys,  particularly  the  gravel  or  stone  in 
the  bladder.  Q/<^' 

NEPH'RITIS,  n.  In  medicine,  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys. 

NEPHROTOMY,  n.  [Gr.  vf^poj,  a  kidney, 
and  refifu,  to  cut.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation   of   extracting 
stone  from  the  kidney.  Cyc. 

NEP'OTISM,  n.  [Fr.  nepotisme,  from  L.  ne- 
pos,  nephew.] 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  Addison. 

2.  Undue  attachment  to  relations;  favorit- 
ism shown  to  nephews  and  other  relations. 

NEPTU'NIAN,  a.  [from  JVepiunus,  the  fa 
bled  deity  of  the  ocean.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea. 

2.  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solution ;  as 
neptunian  rocks. 

NEPTU'NIAN,  \         One  who  adopts  the 

NEP'TUNIST,  S  "'  theory  that  the  whole 
earth  was  once  covered  with  water,  or 
rather  that  the  substances  of  the  globe 
were  formed  from  aqueous  solution  ;  op- 
posed to  the  Plutonic  theory. 

Pinkerton.     Good. 

NE'REID,  n.  [Gr.  vijfnjiicSjplu.  o{rr,pr;i;,  from 
Nijptvs,,  a  marine  deity ;  Sans,  nara,  wa- 
ter ;  Ar.  Heb.  "irH,  to  flow.  See  JVar- 
rate.] 

In  mythology,  a  sea  nymph.  In  ancient  mon- 
uments,"the  Nereids  are  represented  as 
riding  on  sea  horses,  sometimes  with  the 
human  form  entire,  and  sometimes  with 
the  tail  of  a  fish.  They  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  Nereus,  and  constantly  attended 
Neptune.  Enajc. 

NERF'LING,  n.  A  fresh  water  fish  of  Ger- 
many, of  the  lether-mouthed  kind,  and  ap 
parently  a  variety  of  the  rudd. 
^  Did.  ATat.  Hist. 

NER'ITE,  n.  A  genus  of  univalvular  shells. 

NER'ITITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Nerita. 
NERVE,  n.  nerv.  [L.  nervus ;  Fr.  nerf;  W 
neiih,  strength  ;  Gr.  revpov,  nerve  ;  proba- 
bly allied  to  ovjjp,  a  man,  L.  vir;    Pers. 


NERVE,  V.  t.  To  give  strength  or  vigor ;  to 
arm  with  force ;  as,  fear  nerved  his  arm. 

Ames. 

NERVED,  pp.  Armed  with  strength. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  having  vessels  simple  and 
unbranched,  extending  from  the  base  to- 
wards the  tip ;  as  a  nerved  leaf 

NERVELESS,  a.  nerv'less.  Destitute  of 
strength ;  weak.  Pope 

NERVINE,  a.  [Low  L.nemn«s.]  That  has 
the  quality  of  relieving  in  disorders  of  the 
nerves. 

NERVINE,  n.  A  medicine  that  affords  re 
lief  from  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

NERVOUS,  a.  [L.  nervosus.]  Strong ;  vig- 
orous ;  as  a  nervous  arm. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  ;  seated  in  or 
affecting  the  nerves;  as  a  nervous  disease 
or  fever. 

3.  Having  the  nerves  affected  ;  hypochon- 
driac ;  a  colloquial  use  of  the  ivord. 

4.  Possessing  or  manifesting  vigor  of  mind  ; 
characterized  by  strength  in  sentiment  or 
style  ;  as  a  nervous  historian.  Adams. 

NERVOUS,  >       In  botany.     [See  JVen'ed, 
NERVOSE,  S"'  No.  2.] 
NERVOUSLY,  adv.  With  strength  or  vig- 
Q,._  fVaiion. 

NERVOUSNESS,  n.  Strength;  force;  vig- 


j    nar,   the  male  of  any  animal ;  Sans. 

nar,  a  man.  In  Welsh,  ner  denotes  one 
that  possesses  self-energy,  and  hence  an 
epithet  of  God.] 

1.  An  organ  of  sensation  and  motion  in  ant 
nials.  The  nerves  are  prolongations  of 
the  medullary  substance  of  the  brain, 
which  ramify  and  extend  to  every  part  of 
the  body.  Encyc.     Parr. 

2.  A  sinew  or  tendon.  Pope 

3.  Strength ;  firmness  of  body ;  as  a  man  of 
nerve. 

4.  Fortitude  ;  firmness  of  mind  ;  courage 

5.  Strength  ;  force  ;  authority  ;  as  the  nerves 
of  discipline.  Gibbon. 


Jf^arton. 
The  state  of  being  composed  of  nerves. 

Goldsmith 

NERVY,  a.  Strong  ;  vigorous.  Sliak 

NESCIENCE,  n.  nesh'ens.  [L.  ncseiens,  nes- 

CIO ;  ne  and  scio.] 
Want  of  knowledge  ;  ignorance.      Bp.  Hall. 
NESH,  o.  [Sax.  nesc]    Soft;  tender;  nice. 

[J^ot  used.]  Chaucer. 

NESS,  a  termination  of  names,  signifies  a 

promontory,  from  the  root  of  nose,  which 

see. 
NESS,  a  termination  of  appellatives,  [Sax. 

nesse,  nysse,]  denotes  state  or  quality,  as  in 

goodness,  greatness. 
NEST,  n.  [Sax.  G.  D.  id. ;  Sw.  n&ste ;  W, 

nyth;  L.  nidiis ;   Fr.   nid;   It.  Sp.  nido : 

Arm.   neiz  ;  Ir.  nead  ;   Russ.  gnizdo  ;  Gr. 

vtoume,   noaaia,  rsoffia,   unless  the  latter 

are  from  vioc.     In  Persic,  nisini  is  a  nest, 

nashiman,  a  mansion,  and  nishashtan,  to 

sit  down,  to  dwell  or  remain.] 

1.  The  place  or  bed  formed  or  used  by  a 
bird  for  incubation  or  the  mansion  of  her 
young,  until  they  are  able  to  fly.  The 
word  is  used  also  for  the  bed  in  which  cer- 
tain insects  deposit  their  eggs 

2.  Any  place  where  irrational  animals  are 
'  produced.  Bentley. 

3.  An  abode  ;  a  place  of  residence;  a  recep 
tacle  of  numbers,  or  the  collection  itself; 
usually  in  an  ill  sense  ;  as  a  nest  of  rogues. 

A  warm  close  place  of  abode ;  generally 
in  contempt.  Spenser. 

A  number  of  boxes,  cases  or  the  like, 
inserted  in  each  other. 
NEST,  I',  i.  To  build  and  occupy  a  nest. 


The  king  of  birds  nested  with  its  leaves. 

^  Howell. 

NEST'EGG,  n.  An  egg  left  in  the  nest  to 
prevent  the  hen  from  forsaking  it. 

Hudihras. 
NESTLE,  V.  i.  nes'l.  To  settle ;  to  harbor: 
to  lie  close  and  snug,  as  a  bird  in  her  nest. 
Tlie  king-fisher  nestles  in  hollnw  banks. 

L'Estranse 


Their  purpose  was  to  fortify  in  some  strong 
place  of  the  wild  country,  and  there  nestle  till 
succors  came.  Bacon. 

To  move  about  in  one's  seat,  like  a  bird 
when  forming  her  nest ;  as,  a  child  nes- 
tles. 

NESTLE,  V.  t.  nes'l.  To  house,  as  in  a  nest. 

Donne. 

2.  To  cherish,  as  a  bird  her  young. 

Chapman. 

NEST'LING,  n.  A  young  bird  in  the  nest, 
or  just  taken  from  the  nest. 

2.  A  nest.     [JVot  used.] 

NEST'LING,  a.  Newly  hatched;  being  yet 
in  the  nest.  Barringlon. 

NESTO'RIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Nestorius, 
a  heretic  of  the  fifth  century,  who  taught 
that  Christ  was  divided  into  two  persons. 

NET,  n.  [Sax.  net,  nyt ;  D.  Dan.  net; 
G.  netz ;  Sw.  nS/,  not ;  Goth,  nati,  from 
the  root  of  knit,  Sax.  cnyttan,  whence 
knot,  L.  nodus.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  catching  fish  and 
fowls,  or  wild  beasts,  formed  with  twine 
or  thread  interwoven  with  meshes. 

2.  A  cunning  device  ;  a  snare.    Micah  vii. 
.3.  Inextricable  difiiculty.   Job  xviii. 

Severe  afflictions.    Job  xix. 
NET,  V.  t.  To  make  a  net  or  net-work ;  to 

knot.  Seward. 

NET,  a.   [Fr.   net;    It.   netto.     See   Mat. 

1.  Neat;  pure;  unadulterated.  [Little used. 

2.  Being  without  flaw  or  spot.   [lAttle  used. 

3.  Being  beyond  all  charges  or  outlay ;  as 
net  profits. 

Being  clear  of  all  tare  and  tret,  or  all  de- 
ductions ;  as  net  weight.  It  is  sometimes 
written  netl,  but  improperly.  JVet  is  prop- 
erly a  mercantile  appropriation  of  neat. 

NET,  V.  t.  To  produce  clear  profit. 

NETH'ER,  a.  [Sax.  neother ;  G.nieder  ;  D. 
Dan.  neder.  This  word  is  of  the  compar- 
ative degree  ;  the  positive  occurs  only  in 
composition,  as  in  beneath.  Sax.  neothan. 
It  is  used  only  in  implied  comparison,  as 
in  the  nether  part,  the  7iether  millstone  : 
but  we  never  say,  one  part  is  nether  than 
another.  It  is  not  much  used.] 
Lower;  lying  or  being  beneath  or  in  the 
lower  part ;  opposed  to  iipper;  as  the  neth- 
er millstone. 

Distorted  all  my  nether  shape  thus  grew 
Transform'd.  Milton. 

2.  In  a  lower  place. 
'Twtxt  upper,  nether  and  surrounding  fires. 

Milton . 

3.  Belonging  to  the  regions  below. 

Dryden. 

NETH'ERMOST,  a.  Lowest;  as  the  ne(/i- 
ermost  hell ;  the  nethermost  abyss. 

South.    Milton. 

NETTING,  n.  [from  net.]  A  piece  of  net- 
work. 

2.  A  complication  of  ropes  fastened  across 
each  otlier,  to  be  stretched  along  the  up- 
per part  of  a  ship's  quarter  to  contain 
hunnnocks.  Netting  is  also  employed  to 
hold  the  fore  and  main-top-raast  sails 
when  stowed.  Netting  is  also  extended 
along  a  ship's  gunwale  in  engagements, 
to  prevent  the  enemy  from  boarding. 

Mar.  Did. 

NETTLE,   n.   net'l.    [Sax.  netl,  ndcle ;  D. 
netcl;  G.   nessel ;   Sw.   n'assla ;  Gr.  xvihr^, 
from  the  root  of  xnju,  xmw,  to  scratch.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Urtica,  whose  prickles 


N  E  U 


N  E  U 


NEW 


fret  the  skin  and  occasion  very  painful 
sensations. 

And  near  the  noisome  nettle  blooms  the  rose. 
Rambler,  motto. 

NET'TLE,  V.  t.  To  fret  or  sting  ;  to  irritate 
or  vex  ;  to  excite  sensations  of  displeasure 
or  uneasiness,  not  amounting  to  wrath  or 
violent  anger. 

The  princes  were  nettled  at  tlie  scandal  of 
this  affront.  L'Estrange. 

NET'TLED, /)/).  Fretted;  irritated. 

NET'TLER,  n.  One  that  provokes,  stings 
or  irritates.  Milton. 

NET'TLE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  gctius 
Celtis,  whose  leaves  are  deeply  serrated, 
and  end  in  a  sharj)  point.  Encyc. 

NET'TLING,  ppr.  Irritating ;  vexing. 

NET' -WORK,  »i.  A  complication  of  threads, 
twine  or  cords  united  at  certain  distances, 
forming  meshes,  interstices  or  open  spaces 
between  the  knots  or  intersections  ;  retic- 
ulated or  decussated  work.  Addison 

NEUROLOG'l€AL,    a.    [See    Keurologij. 
Pertaining  to  neurology,  or  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  nerves  of  animals. 

NEUROL'OtilST,  n.  One  who  descril)cs 
the  nerves  of  animals. 

NEUROLOGY,  >!.  [Gr.  vtvfw,  a  nerve,  and 
>/>yo{,  discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  nci-ves  of  animal  bod- 
ies, or  the  doctrine  of  the  nerves. 

NEU'ROPTER,      \       [Gr.  rtvpo.',  a  nerve 

NEUROP'TERA,  S  ""<!  rtrtpoi,  a  wing.] 
The  neuroplers  are  an  order  of  insects 
liaving  four  membranous,  transparent, 
naked  wings,  reticulated  with  veins. 

NEUROP'TERAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  neuropters. 

NEU'ROSPAST,  n.  [Gr.  tivpo^ftasiu,  to  draw 
with  strings.] 

A  puppet ;  a  little  figure  put  in  motion. 

More. 

NEUROT'I€,a.  [Gr.  >£vpor,  a  nerve.]  Useful 
in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

NEUROT'Ie,  n.  A  medicine  useful  in  dis- 
orders of  the  nerves.  Encyc. 

NEUROTOM'ICAL,  a.  [See  jVeurotom't/.' 
Pertaining  to  the  anatomy  or  dissection  of 
nerves. 

NEUROT'OMIST,  n.  One  who  dissects  the 
nerves. 

NEUROT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  rnpo,-,  a  nerve,  and 
■rsjKKj,  to  cut.] 

1.  The  dissection  of  a  nerve.  Core. 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  dissecting  the 
nerves. 

NEUTER,  a.  nu'ler.  [L. ;  compounded  of 
ne  and  nter,  not  either.] 

1.  Not  adhering  to  either  party  ;  taking  no  part 
with  either  side,  either  when  persons 
are  contending,  or  questions  are  discussed. 
It  may  be  synonymous  with  indifferent,  or 
it  may  not.  The  United  States  remained 
neuter  during  the  French  revolution,  but 
very  few  of  the  people  were  indifferent  as 
to  the  success  of  the  parties  engaged.  A 
man  may  be  neuter  from  feeling,  and  he 
is  then  indifferent ;  but  he  may  be  neu- 
ter in  fact,  when  he  is  not  in  feehng  or 
principle.  A  judge  should  be  perfectly 
neuter  in  feehng,  that  he  may  decide  with 
impartiality. 

2.  In  grammar,  of  neither  gender;  an  epi- 
thet given  to  nouns  that  are  neither  mas- 
culine nor  feminine  ;  primarily  to  nouns 
which  express  neither  sex.  I 

Vol.  II. 


NEU'TER,  n.  A  person  that  takes  no  pan 
in  a  contest  between  two  or  more  indi 
viduals  or  nations  ;  a  person  who  is  either 
indifferent  to  the  cause,  or  forbears  to  in 
terfere. 

3.  An  animal  of  neither  sex,  or  incapable  of 
propagation.     The  working  bees  are  neu 
ters.  Ed.  Encyc. 

J^euter  verb,  in  grammar,  a  verb  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  state  limited  to  the 
subject,  and  which  is  not  followed  by  an 
object ;  as,  I  go  ;  I  sit ;  I  am  ;  I  run  ;  I 
u'alk.  It  is  better  denominated  intrans- 
itive. 

NEU'TRAL,  a.  [Fr.  neutre  ;  L.  neutralis. 
from  neuter.] 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side;  not  taking 
an  active  part  with  either  of  contending 
j)arties.  It  is  policy  for  a  nation  to  be 
neutral  when  other  nations  are  at  war. 
Belligerents  often  obtain  supplies  from 
neutral  states. 

2.  Indifferent ;  having  no  bias  in  favor  of 
either  side  or  party. 

3.  InditTerent ;  neither  very  good  nor  bad 

Some  tilings  good,  and  some   things  ill  do 

seem. 
And  neutral  some  in  her  fantastic  eye. 

Davies 
JVeutral  salt,  in  chimistry,  a  salt  or  body  com- 
posed of  two  primitive  saline  substances 
in  combination,  and  possessing  the  char- 
acter neither  of  an  acid  or  alkaline  salt ; 
or  a  combination  of  an  acid  with  any  sub 
stance  which  destroys  its  acidity  ;  any  salt 
saturated  with  an  alkali,  an  earth  or  a 
metal.  But  it  is  more  usual  to  denominate 
neutral,  a  salt  which  is  united  with  an  al- 
kaline substance,  and  to  call  the  others 
earthy  or  metallic. 

Hooper.    Nicholson.     Encyi 
NEU'TRAL,   n.    A  person  or  nation  that 
takes  no  part  in  a  contest  between  others. 
The  neutral,  as  far  as  his  commerce  extends 
becomes  a  party  in  the  war.         i?.  G.  Harper. 

NEU'TRALIST,  n.  A  neutral.  [LilUeused.] 

NEUTRAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  un 
engaged  in  disputes  or  contests  between 
others  ;  the  state  of  taking  no  part  on  ci- 
ther side.  States  often  arm  to  maintain 
their  nndrality. 

i.  A  state  of  indifl'ercnce  in  feeling  or  prin 
ciple. 

.3.  Indifference  in  quality  ;  a  state  neither 
very  good  nor  evil.     [Little  used.] 

Donne. 

4.  A  combination  of  neutral  powers  or 
states  ;  as  the  armed  neutrality. 

NEUTRALIZA'TION,  n.  [from  neutralize.] 

1.  The  act  of  neutralizing  or  destroying 
the  peculiar  properties  of  a  body  by  com- 
bination with  another  body  or  substance. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  a  state  of  indif- 
ference or  neutrality. 

NEU'TRALIZE,  v.  t.  To  render  neutral ; 
to  reduce  to  a  state  of  indifference  be-i 
tween  different  parties  or  opinions.  I 

In  chimistry,  to  destroy  or  render  inert  or 
imperceptible  the  peculiar  properties  of  a 
body  by  combining  it  with  a  different  sub- 1 
stance.  Thus  to  neutralize  acids  and  al-|| 
kalies,  is  to  combine  them  in  such  propor- 
tions that  the  compound  will  not  exhibit 
the  qualities  of  either.  This  is  called  a 
neutral  salt.  i 

.3.  To  destroy  the  pccidiar  properties  or  op-' 
0Q 


positc  dispositions  of  parties  or  other 
things,  or  reduce  them  to  a  state  of  indif- 
ference or  inactivity;  as,  to ncu/raZiie par- 
ties in  government ;  to  neutralize  opposi- 
tion. 

TIic  benefits  of  universities — neutralized  by 

moral  evils.  Ch.  Obs. 

A  cloud  of  counter  citations  that  neutralize 

each  other.  E.  Everett. 

NEUTRALIZED,  pp.  Reduced  to  neutral- 
ity or  indifference. 

NEU'TRALlZER,  n.  That  which  neutral- 
izes; that  which  destroys,  disguises  or 
renders  inert  the  peculiar  properties  of  a 
body.     The  base  of  a  salt  is  its  neutralizer. 

NEUTRALIZING,  ]>pr.  Destroying  or 
rendering  inert  the  peculiar  projierties  of 
a  substance ;  reducing  to  indifference  or 
inactivity. 

NEU'TRALLY,  adv.  Without  taking  part 
with  either  side  ;  indiflt-rentlj'. 

NEV'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  nafre;  ne,  not,  and 
cefrc,  ever.] 

1.  Not  ever;  not  at  any  time;  at  no  time. 
It  refers  to  the  past  or  the  future.  This 
man  was  never  at  Calcutta ;  he  will  never 
be  there. 

2.  It  has  a  particular  use  in  the  following 
sentences. 

"  Ask  me  never  so  much  dower  and  gif^." 
Gen.  xxxiv. 

"  Which  will  not  hearken  to  the  voice  of 
charmers,  charming  never  so  wisely."  Ps. 
Iviii. 

"  A  fear  of  battery — though  never  so   well 

grounded,  is  no  duress."  Blaekstone. 

This  is  a  genuine  English  use  of  never, 

found  in  our  Saxon  authors,  and  it  ought 

to  be  retained.     "Ask  me  so  much  dower 

as  never  was  done  ;"  that  is,  dower  to  any 

extent.     The  practice  of  using  ever  in  such 

phrases,  is  corrupt.     It  not  only  destroys 

the  force  but  the  propriety  of  the  phrase. 

Burke.     Camden.     fVashinglon. 

Goldsmith.     Hooke. 

3.  In  no  degree  ;  not. 
Whoever  has  a  friend  to  guide  him,  may  car- 
ry his  eyes  in  another  man's  head  and  yet  see 
never  the  worse.  South. 

4.  It  is  used  for  not.  He  answered  him  nct'er 
a  word ;  that  is,  not  ever.  This  use  is  not 
connnon. 

5.  It  is  much  used  in  composition;  as  in  nev- 
C)--ending,  ncter-failing,  nerer-dying,  never- 
ceasing,  never- fad'wg;  but  in  all  such  com- 
pounds, never  retains  its  true  meaning. 

NEVERTHELESS',  adv.  [never,  the  and 
less.]  Not  the  less  ;  notwithstanding;  tl^at 
is,  in  opposition  to  any  thing,  or  without 
regarding  it.  "  It  rained,  nevertheless,  we 
proceeded  on  our  joinney ;"  we  did  no<  the 
less  proceed  on  our  joiunej'  ;  we  proceed- 
ed in  opposition  to  the  rain,  without  re- 
garding it,  or  without  being  prevented. 

NEW,  a.  [Sax.  neotv;  D.  nieuiv:  G.  neu; 
Sw.  Dan.  )i^  ,•  L.  novus ;  It.  nuovo ;  Sp. 
nuevo ;  Gr.  isoj ;  Fr.  neuf;  Arm.  nci'Cj; 
Ir.  )ma,  tiuadh  ;  W.  neivyz ;  Russ.  novie ; 
Hindoo,    nava,nou;  Sans,   naiva;    Pers. 

p.] 
I.  Lately  made,  invented,  produced  or  come 
into  being ;  that  has  existed  a  short  time 
only  ;  recent  in  origin  ;  novel ;  opposed  to 
old,  and  used  of  things  ;  as  a  new  coat ;  a 
new  house  ;  a  new  book :  a  new  fashion ; 


NEW 


N  I  B 


NIC 


a  new  theory ;  the  new  chiraistry ;  a  new 
discovery. 
9.  Lately  introduced  to  our  knowledge ;  not 
before"  known  ;  recently  discovered  ;  as  a 
new  metal ;  a  new  species  of  animals  or 
plants  found  in  foreign  countries ;  the 
jiciti  continent. 

3.  Modern  ;  not  ancient. 

4.  Recently  produced  by  change ;  as  a  new 
hfe. 

Put  on  the  neiv  man.     Eph.  iv. 

5.  Not  habituated  ;  not  famihar  ;  unaccus- 
tomed. 

Heretics  and  such  as  instill  their  poison  into 

new  minds.  Hooker 

JVew  to  the  plough,  unpracticed  in  the  trace 

Pope 

6.  Renovated;  repaired  so  as  to  recover  the 
first  state. 

Men,  after  long  emaciating  diets,  wax  plump 
fat  and  almost  new.  Bacon 

7.  Fresh  after  any  event. 

JVew  from  her  sickness  to  that  northern  air. 

Dryden 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  or  a  family  of] 
ancient  distinction. 

By  superior   capacity  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge, a  new  man  often  mounts  to  favor. 

Addison. 

9.  Not  before  used  ;  strange  ;  unknown. 

They  shall  speak  with  7iew  tongues.     Mark 
xvi. 

10.  Recently  commenced  ;  as  the  new  year. 

11.  Having  passed  the  change  or  conjunction 
with  the  .sun  ;  as  the  new  moon. 

12.  Not  cleared  and  cultivated,  or  lately 
cleared  ;  as  neio  land.  America. 

13.  That  has  lately  appeared  for  the  first 
time  ;  as  a  netv  star. 

JVew  is  much  used  in  composition  to  qual- 
ify other  words,  and  always  bears  its 
true  sense  of  late,  recent,  novel,  fresh  ;  as 
in  ncm-borii,  neut-made,  new-grov/n,  neio- 
formed,  ncio-found.  In  this  use,  new  mtiy 
be  considered  as  adverbial,  or  as  a  part  of 
the  compound. 

NEW,  V.  t.  To  make  new.     [JVot  used.] 

Cower. 

NEW'EL,  n.  In  archileclure,  the  upright 
post  about  which  are  formed  windin_ 
stairs,  or  a  cylinder  of  stone  formed  by  the 
end  of  the  steps  of  the  winding  stairs. 

2.  Novelty.     [JVot  iised.]  Spenser. 

NEW-FANG'LED,  a.  [new  and /angle.] 
New  made ;  formed  with  the  aflectation 
of  novelty ;  in  contempt. 

J\'ew-fa)isled  devices.  Atterbury. 

NEW-FANG'LEDNESS,  n.  Vain  or  af- 
fected fashion  or  form.       Sidney.     Carew. 

NEW-FASHIONED,  a.  Made  in  a  new 
form,  or  lately  come  into  fashion. 

NEW'ING,  «.  Yeast  or  barm.     Mnsworlh. 

NEWISH,  a.  Somewhat  new;  nearly  new. 

Bacon. 

NEW'LY,  adv.  Lately ;  freshly  ;  recently. 
He  rubb'd  it  o'er  witii  newly  gathered  mint. 

Dryden. 

2.  With  a  new  form,  different  from  the  for- 
mer. 

And  the  refined  mind  doth  newly  fashion 
Into  a  fairer  form.  Spenser. 

3.  In  a  manner  not  existing  before. 
NEW-MOD'EL,  v.  t.  To  give  a  new  form 

to. 

NEW-MOD'ELED,  a.  Formed  after  a  new 
model. 


NEW-MODELING,  ppr.    Giving  a  new 

form  to. 
NEWNESS,   n.    Lateness  of  origin ;    re- 

centness ;  state  of  being  lately   invented 

or  produced;  as  the  newness   of  a  dress; 

the  newness  of  a  system. 

Novelty  ;  the  state  of  being  first  known 

or  introduced.     The  newness  of  the  scene 

was  very  gratifying. 

3.  Innovation ;  recent  change. 

And  happy  newness  that  intends  old  right 

Shak. 

4.  Want  of  practice  or  familiarity. 

His  newness  shamed  most  of  the  others'  long 
exercise.  Sidney 

5.  Different  state  or  qualities  introduced  by 
change  or  regeneration. 

Even  so  we  also  should  walk  in  newness  of 
life.     Rom.  vi. 

NEWS,  n.  [fromnfty;  Fr.  nouvelles.     This 
word  has  a  plural  form,  but  is  almost  a 
ways  united  with  a  verb  in  the  singular.] 

1.  Recent  account ;  fresh  information  of 
sometliing  that  has  lately  taken  place  at 
a  distance,  or  of  sometliing  before  un 
known ;  tidings.  We  have  netvs  from 
Constantinople.  JVeivs  has  just  arrived. 
This  neu'S  is  favorable. 

Evil  news  rides  fast,   while  good  news  baits 

Milton 
It  is  no  netvs  for  the  weak  and  poor  to  be  a 
prey  to  the  strong  and  rich.  L'Estrange 

A  newspaper. 

NEWS'-MONGER,  n.  One  that  deals  in 
news ;  one  who  employs  much  time  in 
hearing  and  telling  news.  Jlrbuthnot. 

NEWS'PAPER,  n.  A  sheet  of  pajier  print 
ed  and  distributed  for  conveying  news;  a 
public  print  that  circulates  news,  adver- 
tisements, proceedings  of  legislative  bod- 
ies, public  docuiiiciits  and  the  like. 

NEWT,  n.  A  small  lizard  ;  an  eft.     Encyc. 

NEWTO'NIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  or  formed  or  discovered  by  him; 
as  the  JVeictonian  philosophy  or  system. 

NEWTO'NIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Newton 
in  philosophy. 

NEW-YEAR'S  GIFT,  n.  A  present  made 
on  the  first  day  of  the  year. 

NEXT,  a.  superl.  of  nigh.  [Sax.  next  or 
7uxsla,  from  neh,  neah,  nigh;  G.  nachst ; 
D.  naast  ;  Sw.  nlist ;  Dan.  na:s.] 

1.  Nearest  in  place ;  that  has  no  object  in- 
tervening between  it  and  some  other;  im 
mediately  preceding,   or  preceding  in   or- 
der.    We  say,  the  next  person  before  or 
after  another. 

Her  princely  guest 
Was  nep:t  her  side,  in  order  sat  the  rest. 

Dryden. 

2.  Nearest  in  time ;  as  the  next  day  or  hour; 
the  next  day  before  or  after  Easter. 

3.  Nearest  in  degree,  quality,  rank,  right  or 
relation ;  as,  one  man  is  next  to  another  in 
excellence  ;  one  is  next  in  kindred  ;  one  is 
7ieit  in  rank  or  dignity.  Assign  the  prop- 
erty to  him  who  has  the  next  claim. 

NEXT,  adv.  At  the  time  or  turn  nearest  or 
immediately  succeeding.  It  is  not  mate- 
rial who  follows  next. 

NIAS,  for  an  eyas,  a  young  hawk. 

B.  Jomon. 

NIB,  71.  [Sax.  neh,  nehb.  See  JVeb,  the  same 
word  differently  written.] 

1.  The  bill  or  beak  of  a  fowl. 

2.  The  point  of  any  thing,  particularly  ofa| 
pen. 


NIB'BED,  a.  Having  a  nib  or  point. 
iMB'BLE,  V.  t.  [from  nib.]  To  bite  by  little 

at  a  time ;  to  eat  slowly  or  in  small  bits. 

So  sheep  are  said  to  nibble  the  grass. 

Sliak. 
2.  To  bite,  as  a  fish  does  the  bait ;  to  carp 

at ;  just  to  catch  by  biting.  Gay. 

NIB'BLE,  V.  i.  To  bite  at ;  as,  fishes  nibble  at 

the  bait.  Grew. 

2.  To  carp  at ;  to  find  fault ;  to  censure  little 

faults. 

Instead  of  returning  a  full  answer  to  my  book, 

he  manifestly  nibbles  at  a  single  passage. 

Tillotson. 

NIB'BLE,  n.  A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 
NIB'BLER,  n.    One  that  bites  a  little  at  a 

time  :  a  carper. 
NIB'BLING,    ppr.    Biting   in    small    bits; 

carping. 
NICE,  a.  [Sax.  nesc  or  hnesc  ;  D.  »icsc/i,  soft, 

tender ;    G.   nascheii,   to   eat    dainties   or 

sweetmeats;  Dan.  knws,  dainties.] 

1.  Properly, soft ;  whence, delicate  ;  tender; 
dainty ;  sweet  or  very  pleasant  to  the 
taste  ;  as  a  nice  bit ,  nice  fond. 

2.  Delicate  ;  fine  ;  applied  to  texture,  compo- 
sition or  color  :  as  clotli  of  a  nice  texture  ; 
nice  tints  of  color. 

3.  Acciiiatc  ;  exact;  precise;  as  nice  pro- 
portions ;  nice  symmetry ;  nice  workman- 
slii|i ;  ?iice  rules. 

4.  Requiring  scrupulous  exactness;  as  a 
nice  point. 

5.  Perceiving  the  smallest  diflference  ;  dis- 
tinguishing accurately  and  minutely  by 
perception  ;  as  a  person  of  ?iiee  taste  ; 
iience, 

G.  Perceiving  accurately  the  smallest  faults, 
errors  or  irregularities  ;  distinguishing  and 
judging  with  exactness ;  as  a  nice  judge  of 
a  subject ;  nice  discernment. 

Our  author  happy  in  a  judge  so  tiice.    Pope. 

7.  Over  scrupulous  or  exact. 
Curious,  not  knowing  ;  not  exact,  but  nice. 

Pope. 

8.  Delicate ;  scrupulously  and  minutely  cau- 
tious. 

The  letter  was  no't  nice,  but  full  of  charge 
Of  dear  import.  Shak. 

Dear  love,  continue  nice  and  chaste. 

Donne. 

9.  Fastidious;  squeamish. 
And  to  taste, 

TTiink  not  I  shall  be  nice.  Alilttm. 

10.  Delicate  ;  easily  injured. 
How  nice  the  reputation  of  the  maid  ! 

Boscommon. 

11.  Refined;  as  nice  and  subtle  happiness. 

J^ilton. 

12.  Having  lucky  hits.  [.Yot  used.]        Shak. 

13.  Weak  ;  foolish  ;  efleminate.     Obs. 

Gower. 

14.  Trivial ;  unimportant.  Shak. 
To  make  nice,  to  be  scrupulous.  Shak. 
NI'CELY,  adv.  With   delicate  perception; 

as,  to  be  nicely  sensible. 

2.  Accurately  ;  exactly ;  with  exact  order 
or  |)roportion  ;  as  the  parts  of  a  machine 
or  building  nicely  adjusted  ;  a  shape  nicely 
proportioned ;  a  dress  nicely  fitted  to  the 
body  ;  the  ingredients  of  a  medicine  nicely 
proportioned  and  mixed. 

3.  In  colloquial  language,  well ;  cleverly ; 
dextrously  ;  handsomely  ;  in  the  best 
manner ;  as,  a  feat  is  nicely  done. 

NI'CENE,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nice,  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor.    The  JVicene    creed,  was  a 


NIC 


N  I  E 


N  I  G 


summary  of  christian  faith  composed  by 
the  council  of  Nice  against  Arianism,  A. 
D.  325,  altered  and  confirmed  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Constantinople,  A.  D.  381.  Enajc. 
NI'CENKSS,  n.  Delicacy  of  perception; 
the  fjuality  of  perceiving  small  differences 
as  mceness  of  taste. 

2.  Extreme  delicacy ;  excess  of  scrupulous 
ness  or  exactness. 

Unlike  the  niceitess  of  our  modem  dames. 

Dry  den. 

3.  Accuracy ;  minute  exactness  ;  as  nice- 
ness  of  work ;  niceness  of  texture  or  pro 
portion. 

\Vhere's  now   the  labored   niceness    in  thy 
dress .'  Dryden 

NI'CETY,  n.  Niceness;  delicacy  of  percep- 
tion. 

2.  Excess  of  delicacy ;  fastidiousness 
squeamishness. 

So  love  doth  lothe  disdainful  nicety. 

Spenser. 

3.  Minute  difference ;  as  the  niceties  of 
words. 

4.  Minuteness  of  observation  or  discrimina 
tion;  precision.     The  connoisseur  judges 
of  the  beauties  of  a  painting  with  great 
nicety. 

5.  Delicate  management ;  exactness  in  treat- 
ment. 

Love  such  nicely  requires. 

One  blast  will  put  out  all  his  fires.         SwIJi. 

6.  JViceties,  in  the  plural,  delicacies  for  food  ; 
dainties. 

NICII,     >  J    [Fr.  niche;    Sp.   Port,    nicho , 

NICHE,  ^  ■  It.  nicchia,  properly  a  nook. 
corner,  and  nicchio,  a  shell.  It  seems  to  be 
a  different  orthography  of  nooA.] 

A  cavity,  hollow  or  recess  witliin  the  thick- 
ness of  a  wall,  for  a  statue  or  bust.     Pope. 

NICK,  n.  In  the  northern  mythology,  an  evil 
spirit  of  the  waters ;  hence  the  modern 
vulgar  phrase.  Old  JVick,  the  evil  one. 

NICK,  n.  [Sw.  nick;  Dan.  nik ;  D.  knik,  a 
nod ;  G.  nicken,  to  nod  ;  genick,  the  nape  ; 
geidcke,  a  continual  nodding.  The  word 
seems  to  signify  a  point,  from  shooting 
forward.] 

1.  The  exact  point  of  time  required  by  ne- 
cessity or  convenience  ;  the  critical  time. 

UEstrange. 

2.  [G.  knick,  a  flaw.]  A  notch  or  score  for 
keeping  an  account ;  a  reckoning.     Ob.?. 

Shak. 

3.  A  winning  throw.  Prior. 

NICK,  V.  t.  To  hit ;  to  touch  luckily ;  to  per- 
form by  a  slight  artifice  used  at  the  lucky 
time. 

The  just  reason  of  doing  tilings  must  be  nick- 
frf,  and  all  accidents  improved.      L'Estrange. 

2.  To  cut  in  nicks  or  notches.    [See  jYotch.] 

Shak. 

3.  To  suit,  as  lattices  cut  in  nicks.     Obs. 

Camden. 

4.  To  defeat  or  cozen,  as  at  dice  ;  to  disap- 
point by  some  trick  or  unexpected  turn. 
Obs.  Shak. 

NICK,  V.  I.  [G.  knicken,  to  flaw.]  To  notch 
or  make  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tail,  to 
make  him  carry  it  higher. 

NICKAR-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Guilaiidina,  which  grows  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  U.  States,  and  bears  a  nut  of 
the  size  of  a  pignut.  Mease. 

NICK'EL,  n.  .\  metal  of  a  white  or  reddish 
white  color,  of  great  hardness,  very  difii- 


cult  to  be  purified,  always  magnetic,  and 
when  perfectly  pure,  malleable.  It  is 
generally  obtained  from  its  .sulfihiiret. 

NICK'ELlC,  a.  The  nickelic  acid  is  a  satu- 
rated combination  of  nickel  and  oxygen. 

NICK'ER,  n.  One  who  watches  for  oppor- 
tunities to  pilfer  or  practice  knavery. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

NICK'NAME,  n.  [In  Fr.  nique  is  a  terra  of 
contempt.  In  G.  necken  is  to  banter.  In 
Ch.  Iin  signifies  to  surname,  to  call  by  a 
name  of  reproach.] 

A  name  given  in  contempt,  derision  or  re- 
proach ;  an  opprobrious  appellation. 

Bacon. 

NICK'NAME,  V.  t.  To  give  a  name  of  re 
proach  ;  to  call  by  an  opprobrious  appel- 
lation. 

Vou  nickname  virtue  vice.  Shak 

NICK'NAMED,  p-p.  Named  in  derision. 

NICK'NAMING,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  name 
in  contempt  or  derision. 

NICOLA'ITAN,  n.  One  of  a  sect  in  the  an- 
cient christian  church,  so  named  from 
Nicolas,  a  deacon  of  the  church  of  Jerusa 
lem.  They  held  that  all  married  women 
should  be  common  to  prevent  jealousy. 
They  are  not  charged  with  erroneous 
opinions  respecting  God,  but  with  licen 
tious  practices.     Rev.  ii. 

NICO'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  denoting 
tobacco  ;  and  as  a  noun,  tobacco  ;  so  call 
ed  from  Nicot,  who  first  introduced  it  in 
to  France,  A.  D.  1560. 

NIC'OTIN,  n.  The  peculiar  principle  in  the 
leaves  of  tobacco  ;  a  colorless  substance 
of  an  acrid  taste.  It  is  precipitated  from 
its  solution  by  the  tincture  of  nutgalls. 

Vauquelin. 

Nie'TATE,  V.  i.  [L.  nicto,  to  wink.]  To 
wink.  Rav. 

NICTATING,        I  Winking. 

NICTITATING,   \    PP- or  «•     The  nicti- 
tating membrane  is  a  thin  membrane  that 
covers  and  protects  the  ej'es  of  some  ani 
mals,    without    entirely    obstructing    the 
sight.  Paley. 

NICTA'TION,  ji.  The  act  of  winking. 

NIDE,  71.  [L.  nidus,  a  nest.]  A  brood ;  as 
a  nide  of  pheasants.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

NIDg'ET,  ji.  a  dastard.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Camden. 

NID'IFICATE,  v.  i.  [L.  nidifico,  from  nidus, 
a  nest.]     To  make  a  nest. 

NIDIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  building  a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and 
feeding  of  young  in  the  nest.         Derham. 

NID'ING,  n.  [Sax.  nithing ;  Dan.  Sw.  nid- 
ing.]  A  despicable  coward ;  a  dastard. 
Obs. 

NI'DOR,  n.  [L.]  Scent;  savor.   Bp.  Taylor. 

NIDOROS'ITY,  n.  Eructation  with  the 
taste  of  undigested  roast  meat.         Floyer. 

NI'DOROUS,  a.  Resembling  the  smell  or 
taste  of  roasted  meat.  Bacon 

NID'ULANT,  a.  [L.  nidulor,  from  nidus, 
nest.] 

In  botany,  nestling ;  lying  loose  in  pulp  or 
cotton,  within  a  berry  or  pericarp. 

Martyn.     Lee. 

NIDULA'TION,  n.  The  time  of  remaining 
in  the  nest ;  as  of  a  bird.  Brown. 

NIDUS,  n.  [L.]  A  nest ;  a  repository  for 
the  eggs  of  birds,  insects,  &.C. 

NIECE,  JI.  Jicse.  [Fr.  niice ;  Arm.  nizes, 
nyes;  W.  nith;  qu.    Tlie  D.  has  nigt,  and 


the  G.  nichte.]    The  daughter  of  a  brother 
or  sister. 
NIF'LE,  n.  [Norm.]     A  trifle.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
NIG'GARD,  J!.  [W.  nig,  straight,  narrow, 
or  G.  knicker,    a  niggard,  and  a  nod   or 
nodding ;  knickern,  to  haggle,  to  be   sor- 
didly parsimonious;  l>ar\. gnier,ior gniker 
or  gmger,  a   niggard.     This   word  seems 
to  belong  to  the   family  of  D.  knikken,  G. 
nicken,  Dan.  nikker,   to  nod,   and  this  to 
Dan.  knikker,  to  crack  ;  exhibiting  analo- 
gies similar  to  those  of  wretch,  wreck  and 
haggle.    Ard  is  a  termination,  as  in  dot- 
ard.] 
A  miser ;  a  person  meanly  close  and  cov- 
etous ;  a  sordid  wretch  who  saves  every 
cent,  or  spends  grudgingly. 
Serve  him  as  a  grudging  master. 
As  a  penurious  niggard  oiXus  wealth. 

Milton . 
Be  niggards  of  advice  on  no  pretense. 

Pope. 
NIG'GARD,  a.  Miserly;  meanly  covetous ; 
sordidly  parsimonious.  Dryden. 

2.  Sparing  ;  wary. 

Most  free  of  question,  but  to  our  demands 
JViggard  in  his  reply.  Shak. 

NIG'GARD,  v.  t.  To  stint ;  to  supply  spar- 
ingly.    [Lillle  used.]  Shak. 
NIG'GARDISE,  ji.  Niggardliness.  LVot  in 
use.]                                                  Spenser. 
NIG'GARDISH,  a.  Somewhat  covetous  or 
niggardly.                                        Johnson. 
NIGGARDLINESS,    n.    Mean   covetous- 
ness  ;  sordid  parsimony  ;  extreme  avarice 
manifested  in  sparing  expense. 

jyiggardliness  is  not  good  husbandry. 

Addison . 
NIG'GARDLY.    a.    Meanly    covetous    or 
avaricious;    sordidly    parsimonious;    ex- 
tremely sparing  of  expense. 

Where  the  owner  of  the  house  will  be  boun- 
tiful, it  is  not  for  the  steward  (o  be  niggardly. 

Hall. 
2.  Sparing;  wary;  cautiously  avoiding  pro- 
fusion. Sidney. 
NIG'GARDLY,  adv.  Sparingly  ;  with  cau- 
tious parsimony.  Shak. 
NIG'GARDNESS,  n.  Niggardliness.    [A'o< 
used.  ]                                                    Sidnei/. 
NIG'GARDY,  ji.  Niggardliness.  [Mtused.] 
NIGGLE,  V.  t.  and  i.  To  mock ;  to  trifle 
with.     [.Yot  in  use.]                         Beaum. 
NIGH,  a.  Jii.  [Sax. neah,  neahg,  neh,  for  nig; 
G.  tiahe,  nigh.     This  is  the  G.  nach,  D. 
na,  a  preposition  signifying  to,  on  or  after. 


that  is,  approaching,  pressing  on,  making 

~  VV. 

nig,  strait,  narrow.] 


towards  ;  D.   naaken,  to   approach  ;  VV 


1.  Near  ;  not  distant  or  remote  in  place  or 
time. 

The  loud  tumult  shows  the  battle  nigh. 

Prior. 
WHicn  the  fig-tree  putteth  forth    leaves,  ye 
know  tliat  suminor  is  nigh.     Matt.  sxiv. 

2.  Closely  allied  by  blood;  as  a  nigh  kins- 
man. Knolles. 

3.  Easy  to  be  obtained  or  learnt;  of  easy 
access. 

The  word  is  very  nigh  unto   thee.     Deut. 

XXX. 

4.  Ready  to  support,  to  forgive,  or  to  aid  and 
defend. 

The  Lord  is  nigh  unto  them  who  are  of  a 
broken  heart.     Ps.  xxxiv. 

5.  Close  in  fellowship  ;  intimate  in  relation. 


N  I  G 


Ye  are  made  nigh  by  the  blood  of   Christ.! 
Eph.  ii.  . 

6.  Near  in  progress  or  conilition.     Ueb.  vi. 

NIGH,  adv.  ni.    Near;  at  a  small  distance 
in  place  or  time,  or  in  the  course  of  events. 
He  was  sick,  nigh  to  death.     Phil.  ii. 

9.  Near  to  a  place. 

He  drew  nigh.  Milton. 

3.  Almost  ;  near.     He  was  ni^h  Jead. 

Nigh  is  never  a  preposition.  In  the  phrase, 
"  nigh  this  recess,  with  terror  they  sur- 
vey," there  is  an  ellipsis  of  to.  They, 
nigh  to  this  recess,  survey,  &c. 

NIGH,  V.  i.  ni.  To  approach  ;  to  advance 
or  draw  near.     [.Mot  used.]  Hubberd. 

NIGHLY,  adv.  ni'ly.  Nearly  ;  within  a  lit- 
tle. 

A  cube  and  a  sphere  nighly  of  the  same  big- 
ness.    {JVbt  used.]  Locke. 

NiGHNESS,  n.  ni'ness.  Nearness ;  prox- 
imity in  place,  time  or  degree. 

NIGHT,  71.  nite.  [Sax.  nHU;  Goth,  nahts 
D.  nagt ;  G.  nacht  ;  Sw.  natt ;  Dan.  nat, 
contracted  ;  L.  7iox ;  Gr.  »vS  ;  Sp.  noche  ; 
Port,  noile  ;  It.  notte  ;  Fr.  7iuit ;  Ir.  7iochf 
Russ.  noch  ;  Slav,  nosch  ;  Sans,  nischa. 
The  sense  may  be  dark,  black,  or  it  may 
be  the  decline  of  the  day,  from  declining, 
departing,  like  the  Sheniitic  2"^.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  natural  day  when  the 
sun  is  beneath  the  horizon,  or  the  time 
from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

1.  The  time  after  the  close  of  life ;  death. 
John  ix. 

She  closed  her  eyes  in  everlasting  night. 

bryden 

3.  A  state  of  ignorance  ;  intellectual  and 
moral  darkness ;  heathenish  ignorance. 
Rom.  xiii. 

4.  Adversity  ;  a  state  of  affliction  and  dis 
tress.     Is.  sxi. 

5.  Obscurity  ;  a  state  of  concealment  from 
the  eye  or  the  mind  ;  unintelligibleness. 

Nature  and  nature's  works  lay  hid  in  night. 

Pope 
III  the  night,  suddenly ;  unexpectedly.    Luke 

xii. 
To-night,  in  tliis  night.     To-night  the  moon 

will  be  eclipsed. 

NIGHT-ANGLING,  n.  The  angling  for  or 

catching  fish  in  the  night.  Encyc. 

NIGHT-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  that  flies  only  in 

the  night.  Hall. 

NIGHT-BORN,  a.  Produced  in  darkness. 

NIGHT-BRAWLER,  n.  One  who  excites 

brawls  or  makes  a  tumult  at  night. 

Shalt. 

NIGHT-CAP,  II.  A  cap  worn  in  bed  or  in 

undress.  Simfl 

NIGHT-€RO\V,  n.  A  fowl  that  cries  in  the 

night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-DEW,  )!.   The  dev/  formed  in  the 

uiglit.  Dryden. 

NIGHT-DOG,?!.    A  dog  that  hunts  in  the 

niulit  ;  used  by  deer-stealers.  Shak. 

N'TGIIT-DRESS,  n.  A  dress  worn  at  night 

Pope. 
NKJIITED,  a.  Darkened;  clouded;  black 


NIG 

NIGHT-FLY,  n.  An  insect  that  flies  in  the 
night.  Sliak. 

NIGHT-FOUNDERED,  a.  Lost  or  distress- 
ed in  the  night.  Mlton. 

NIGHT-GOWN,  n.  A  loose  gown  used  for 
undress.  Addison. 

NIGHT-HAG,  n.  A  witch  supposed  to  wan- 
der in  the  night.  Milton. 

NIGHTINGALE,   »i.  [Sax.  nihtegale  ;  Sw. 
nachtergal ;  D.  nagtegaal  ;  G.  nachtigall 
Dan.  nattergal ;    composed  of  night   and 
Sax.  galan,  to  sing.] 

1.  A   small   bird  that  sings  at  night,  of  the 
genus  Motacilla  ;  Philomela  or  Philomel 

Shak.     Waller. 

2.  A  word  of  endearment.  Shak. 
NIGHTISH,  a.   Pertaining  to  night,  or  at 

tached  to  the  night. 
NIGHTLY,  a.   Done  by  night  ;  happening 
in  the  night,  or  appearing  in  the  night;  as 
nightly  sports  ;  nightly  dews. 
2.  Done  every  night.     The  watch  goes  his 

nightly  round. 
NIGHTLY,  adv.  By  night. 

Thee,  Sion,  and  the  flowery  brooks  beneath, 
Mghtly  I  visit.  Milton 

Addison 
removes   filth 


m 


the 
in  the 


[Lillle  used.] 
NIGHTFALL,   n. 

evening. 
NIGHT-FARING, 

night. 
NIGHT-FIRE,  n. 

a  wisp  ;  Jack  with  a  lantern. 
2.  Fire  burning  in  the  night. 


Shak. 
The  close  of  the  day : 

Swiji. 

a.    Traveling    in    the 

Gay. 

Ignis  iatiuis  ;  Will  with 

Herbert. 


2.  Every  night. 
NIGHT-MAN,  n.  One  who 

from  cities  in  the  night. 
NIGHTMAR,    n.     [night  and  Sax.   mara, 
incubus,  nightmar.     Mara  may   be    from 
the  root  of  merran,  to  stop,  to  hinder,  [see 
Moor  ;]  or  it  may  be  the  Rabbinic  N'lD,  an 
evil  spirit  or  demon. J 
Incubus ;  a   sensation  in   sleep    resembling 
the  ]iressure  of  a  weight  on  the  breast  or 
about  the    praecordia.     It  is   usually   the 
effect  of  indigestion  or  of  a  loaded  stom- 
ach. 
NIGHT-PIECE,  n.  A  piece  of  painting  so 
colored  as  to  be  supposed  seen  by  candle- 
light. Addison. 
NIGHT-RAIL,  n.   [night  and  Sax.  regl,  or 

rather  hrcegle,  a  garment  or  robe.] 

A  loose   robe   or   garment   worn   over  the 

dress  at  night.     [JVot  used.]  Addison 

NIGHT-RAVEN,   n.    A   fowl  of  ill   omen 

that  cries  in  the  night.         Spenser.     Shak. 

NIGHT-REST,  n.  Rest  or  repose  at  night. 

Shak. 
NIGHT-ROBBER,    Ji.    One   that  robs  or 
steals  in  the  night.  Spenser. 

NIGHT-RULE, "n.  A  tumult  or  frohck 

the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHTSHADE,  n.  [Sax.  nihtscada.] 
\  plant  of  the  genus  Solanum.  The  deadly 
nightshade  is  of  the  genus  Atropa;  the 
American  nightshade  of  the  genus  Phyto- 
lacca; the  bastard  nightshade  of  the  ge 
nus  Riviua  ;  the  cnchanter^s  nightshade  of 
the  genus  Circiea  ;  the  Malabar  nightshade 
of  the  genus  Basella;  and  t\ie  three-leaved 
nightshade  of  the  genus  Trillium. 

Fnni.  of  Plants. 
NIGHT-SHINING,      a.      Shining    in    the 
night ;  luminous  in  darkness.  Uilkins. 

NIGHT-SHRIEK,  n.  A  shriek  or  outcry 
in  the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-SPELL,  n.  A  charm  against  acci- 
dents at  nisht.  Chaucer. 
NIGHT-TRIPPING,  a.  Tripping  about  in 
the  night ;  as  a  night-tripping  fairy. 

Shak. 
NIGHT-VISION,  7J.  A  vision  at  night 
I    Dan.  ii.  ^     . 


N  I  M 

NIGHT-WAKING,  a.    Watching   in   the 

night. 
NIGHT-WALK,  n.  A  walk  in  the  evening 
or  night.  Walton. 

NIGHT-WALKER,  n.  One  that  walks  in 

his  sleep  ;  a  somnambulist. 
2.  One  that  roves  about  in  the  night  for  evil 
purposes.    Alight-walkers  are  punishable 
by  law. 
NIGHT-WALKING,    a.    Roving 

night. 
NIGHT- WALKING,  n.    A   roving 

streets  at  night  with  evil  designs. 
NIGHT-WaNDERER,  n.    One   roving  at 

night.  Shak. 

NIGHT-WANDERING,  a.   Wandering  in 

the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT- WARBLING,  a.  Warbling  or  sing- 
ing in  the  night.  Milton. 
NIGHTWARD,   a.    Approacliing  towards 

night.  .Milton. 

NIGHT-WATCH,  n.  A  period  in  the  night, 

as    distinguished   by    the   change   of  the 

watch.     JVighl-watches,   however,    in   the 

Psalms,  seeins  to  mean  the  night  or  time 

of  sleep  in  general. 
2.  A  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 
NIGHT-WATCHER,  n.  One  that  watches 

in  the  night  with  evil  designs. 
NIGHT-WITCH,  n.  A  night  hag  ;  a  witch 

that  appears  in  the  night. 
NIGRES'CENT,  a.    [L.  nigresco,  to  grow 

black. 
Growing  black  ;  changing  to  a  black  color  : 

approacliing  to  blackness. 
NIG'RIN,      (        An  ore  of  titanium,  found 
NIG'RINE,  ii  "■  in   black  grains  or  rolled 

pieces.  lire. 

NIHIL'ITY,  n.  [L.  nihihim,  nihil,  nolhing  ; 

ne  and  hilum.] 
Nothingness  ;  a  state  of  being  nothing. 

Halts. 
NILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  nillan,  that  is,  ne,  not,  and 

unllan,  to  will ;  L.  nolo  ;  ne  and  volo.] 
Not  to  will ;  to  refuse  ;  to  reject.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
NILL,  V.  i.  To  be  unwilling.  Shak. 

NILL,  n.   The  shining  sparks  of  brass  ia 

trying  and  melting  the  ore.  Johnson. 

NILOM'ETER,    n.    [.We  and   Gr.  fiETpo., 

measure. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  wa- 
ter in  the  Nile  during  the  flood. 
Nim,  I',  t.  [Sax.   neman,   niman,   Goth.  ?!i- 

man,  D.  neemen,  Gr.  nehmen,  to  take.] 
To  take  ;  to  steal  ;  to  filch.     Obs. 

Hudihras.     L'Estrange. 
NIM'BLE,  a.  [qu.  W.  nwyv,  liveliness.    In 

Dan.  nem  is  sliarp,  acute.] 
Light  and  quick  in  motion ;  moving  with  ease 

and  celerity  ;  lively  ;  swift.     It  is  ap])lied 

chiefly  to  U)otions  of  the  feet  and   hands, 

sometimes  to  other   things;  as   a  nimble 

boy;  the  7iim6/s-footed  deer. 

Through  the  mid  seas  tlie  nimble  pinnace 

"sails.  Pope. 

NIMBLE-FOOTED,    a.     Running    with 

speed  ;  light  of  foot. 
NIM'BLENESS,  n.    Lightne.«s  and   agility 

in   motion  ;  quickness  ;  celerity  ;   speed  ; 

swiftness.    It  implies  lightness  and  spring- 
iness. 

The  stag   thought  it  better   to  trust  to   the 

nimbUness  of  his  leet.  Sidney. 

Ovid  ranged  over  Parnassus  with  great  ni7n- 

blmess  and  agility.  .iddisan. 


N  I  P 


N  I  S 


NIT 


NIM' BLESS,  n.  Nimbleness.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

NIM'BLE-WITTED,  a.   Quick  ;  ready  to 

speak.  ■'*,'"•'"'• 

NIM'BLY,  adv.    With   agility  ;  witli  light, 

quick  inotion. 

He  capers  nimblu  in  a  lady's  chamber. 

Shak. 

NIM'lETY,  n.  [L.  nimietns.]  The  state  of 
being  too  much.     [JVot  in  use.] 

NIM'MEK,  n.  [Sax.  mman,  to  take.]  A 
thief.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hudibras. 

NIN'COMPOOP,  n.  [said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  non  compos,  not  uf  sound  mind.] 

A  fool ;  a  blockliead  ;  a  trifling  dotartl.  [^1 
low  word.]  Addison 

NINE,  a.  [Goth,  niun ;  G.  neun ;  Sw.  nijo  , 
Dan.  »ii;  h.nomis;  probably  contracted, 
as  the  Saxon  is  nigan,  and  the  Dutch  iii 
gen,  Hindoo  noiv,  liurinan  no  or  nonaw. 

Denoting  the  number  compo.sed  of  eight  and 
one  ;  as  nine  men  ;  nine  days. 

NINE,  n.  The  number  composed  of  eight 
and  one  ;  or  the  number  less  by  a  unit 
than  ten  ;  tliree  times  three. 

NI'NE-FOLl),  a.  Nine  times  repeated. 

Milton. 

NINE-HOLES,  n.  A  game  in  which  lioles 
are  made  in  tlie  ground,  into  which  a  pel- 
let is  to  be  bowled.  Drayton. 

NI'NE-PENCE,  n.  Asilvercoin  of  the  val- 
ue of  nine  pence. 

Nl'NE-PINS,  n.  A  play  with  nine  pins  or 
sharpened  pieces  of  wood  set  on  end, 
at  which  a  bowl  is  rolled  for  throwing 
them  down.  We  say,  to  play  at  nine-pins, 
or  a  game  at  nine-pins. 

NI'NE-SCORE,  a.  Noting  nine  times  twen- 
ty, or  one  hundred  and  eighty.  [See 
Score] 

NI'NE-SCORE,  n.  The  number  of  nine 
times  twenty. 

NI'NETEEN,  a.  [Sax.  mg-f(?i(^jie.]  Noting 
the  number  of  nine  and  ten  united  ;  as 
nineteen  year.''. 

NINETEENTH,  a.  [Sax.  nigantothe.]  The 
.   ordinal    of   nineteen  ;  designating   nine- 
teen. 

NI'NETIETH,  o.   The  ordinal  of  ninety. 

NI'NETY,    a.    Nine  times  ten  ;  as   ninctij 


nippers 


years. 

NIN'NY,  n. 

At.  lu: 


[Sp.  niiio  ;  L.  nanus,  a  dwarf 
weak  in  niiiid.l 


A  fool  ;  a  simpleton.  Swift. 

NIN'NYHAMMEK,  n.  A  simpleton.    [Lit 

tie  used.]  Jlrbuthnot. 

NINTH,    a.     [Sax.  nigeiha,  nigotha  ;    but 

ninth,  in  English,  is  formed  directly  from 

nine  ;  Sw.  nijude.] 
The  ordinal  of  nine  ;  designating  the  num 

ber   nine,  the  next  preceding  ten  ;  as  the 

ninth  day  or  month. 
NINTH,  71.  In  music,  an  interval  containing 

an  octave  and  atone. 
NIP,  V.  t.    [D.   knippen,  to  nip,  to  cli)),  to 

pinch  ;  Sw.  knipa  ;  G.   kneif,   a  knife,  a 

nipping  tool ;  kneifen,  to  nip,  to  cut  off,  to 

pinch  ;  kniff,  a  pinch,  a  nipping  ;  knipp, 

a    fillip,   a    snap  ;  W.   cneiviuw,   to    clip. 

These   words   coincide  with   knife,    Sax. 

cnif  Fr.  ganif  or  canif] 
1.  To  cut,  bite  or  pinch  off  the  end  or  nib, 

or  to  pinch  cfi'  with  the  ends  of  the  fin- 


gers. The  word  is  used  in  both  senses ; 
the  former  is  probably  the  true  sense. 
Hence, 

2.  To  cut  off  the  end  of  any  thing  ;  to  clip, 
as  with  a  knife  or  scissors ;  as,  to  nip  off 
a  shoot  or  twig, 

3.  To  blast ;  to  kill  (jr  destroy  the  end  of  any 
thing;  hence,  to  kill ;  as,  the  frost  has  nip- 
ped the  corn  ;  the  leaves  are  nipped  ;  the 
jilaiit  was  nipped  in  the  bud.  Hence,  to 
nip  in  the  bud,  is  to  kill  or  destroy  in  in- 
fancy or  youth,  or  in  the  lirst  stage  of 
growth. 

4.  To  pinch,  bite  or  affect  the  extremities  of 
any   thing  ;  as  a   nipping  frost ;  hence,  to 

t     pinch  or  bite  in  general ;  to  check  growth 

5.  To  check  circulation. 
i  When  blood  is  ?iip(.     [Unusual.]         Shak. 

6.  To  bite  ;  to  vex. 

1  And  shiirp  remorse  his  heart  did  prick   and 

I  nip.  Spenser. 

17.  To  satirize  keenly;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 
I  Hubberd. 

NIP,  n.  A  pinch  with  the  nails  or  teeth. 
I  Ascham. 

9.  A  small  cut,  or  a  cutting  off  the  end. 
pj.  A  blast  ;  a  killing  of  the  ends  of  plants  ; 
I     destruction  by  frost. 

A.   A  biting  sarcasm  ;  a  taunt.  Slepney. 

5.  A  sip  or  small  draught ;  as  a  nip  of  toddy. 
I     [G.  nippen,  Dan.  nipper,  to  sip.] 
NIP'PED,  (  Pinched  ;  bit  ;    cropped  ; 

NIPT,  S   ^'     blasted. 

NIPPER,  n.  A  satirist.     [JVot  uscd.^ 

Ascham. 

3.  A   fore  tooth  of  a  horse.    The 
are  four. 

NIP'PERS,  n.  Small  pinchers. 

NIP'PING,  ppr.  Pinching  ;  pinching  off; 
biting  off  the  end  ;  cropping  ;  clipping  ; 
blasting  ;  killing. 

NIP'PINGLY,  adv.  With  bitter  sarcasm. 

Johnson 

NIP'PLE,  n.  [Sax.  nypele  ;  dim.  of  nib,  neb. 

I.  A  teat ;  a  dug  ;  the  spungy  |)rotuberance 
by  which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breasts 
of  females.  ^".V-     Encyc' 

The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liquor  is 
separated.  Derham. 

NIP'PLEWoRT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Lapsana. 

NIS'AN,  n.  .\  month  of  the  Jewish  calen- 
dar, the  first  month  of  the  sacred  year 
and  seventh  of  the  civil  year,  answering 
nearly  to  our  IMarch.  It  was  originally 
called  Abib,  but  began  to  be  called  Nisan 
after  the  captivity.  Encyc. 

NISI  PRIUS,  71.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ  which 
lies  in  cases  where  the  jury  being  impan- 
neled  and  returned  before  the  justices  of 
the  bench,  one  of  the  parties  requests  to 
have  this  writ  for  the  ease  of  the  country, 
that  the  cause  may  be  tried  before  the 
justices  of  the  same  county.  The  purport 
of  the  writ  is,  that  the  sheriff  is  command- 
ed to  bring  to  Westminster  the  men  im- 
panneled  at  a  certain  day,  before  the  jus- 
tices, nisi  prius,  that  is,  unless  the  justices 
shall  first  come  into  the  county  to  take 
assizes.  Hence  the  courts  directed  to  try 
matters  of  fact  in  the  several  counties  are 
called  courts  of  J^isi  Prius,  or  .Yisi  Prius 
courts.  Ill  some  of  the  United  States, 
similar  courts  are  established,  with  powers 
defined  by  statute. 


|N1T,  n.     [Sax.  hnitu;    G.  niss;   D.  neei; 
Sw.  gnet ;   Dan.    gnid ;  W.  nezen,  )ie:.] 
The  egg  of  a  louse  or  other  small  insect. 

Derham. 
NI'TENCY,  n.   [from   L.   ni7eo,   to  shine.] 

1.  Brightness  ;  luster.     [Little  used.] 

2.  [L.  nitor,  to  strive.]    Endeavor  ;  effort  ; 
spring  to  expand  itself.     [Little  ttsed.] 

Boyle. 
NIT'ID,  a.  [L.  nitidus.]  Bright  ;  lustrous  ; 

shilling.  Boyle. 

2.  Gay  ;  spruce  ;  fine  ;  applied    to   persons. 

[Little  used.]  Heeve. 

Nl'TER,     n.      [Fr.     nitre;    Sp.     It.     m- 

Iro  ;   L.   nitrum  ;   Gr.    rtTpoi'  ;    Heb.  Syr. 


inj;   .\r. 


u}.f 


la  j    nitrona.    In  Hebrew, 


the  verb  under  which  this  word  appears 
signifies  to  spring,  leap,  shake,  and  to 
strip  or  break  ;  in  Gh.  to  strip  or  to  fall 
ofl';  in  Syriac,  the  same  ;  in  Sam.  to  keep, 
to  watch  or  guard  ;  in  Ar.  the  same  ;  iu 
Eth.  to  shine.] 

A  salt,  called  also  salt-peter  [stone-salt,] 
and  in  the  modern  nomenclature  of  chim- 
istry,  nitrate  of  potash.  It  exists  in  large 
fiuaiilities  in  the  earth,  and  is  continually 
formed  in  inhabited  places,  on  walls  shel- 
tered from  rain,  and  in  all  situations  where 
animal  matters  are  decomposed,  under 
stables  and  barns,  &c.  It  is  of  great  use 
in  the  arts  ;  is  the  principal  ingredient  iu 
gunpowder,  and  is  useful  in  medicines, 
in  preserving  meat,  butter,  &c.  It  is  a 
white  substance,  and  has  an  acrid,  bitter- 
ish taste.  Hooper.     Fourcroy. 

NITH'ING,  n.  [Sax.]  A  coward  ;  a  das- 
tard ;  a  poltroon.     [See  .V'irfing-.] 

NI'TRATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  nitric  acid  with  a  base  ;  as  nitrate 
of  .soda.  Lavoisier.     Fourcroy. 

NITRATED,  a.  Combined  with  niter. 

Kirwan. 

NITRIC,  a.  Impregnated  with  niter.  A"- 
t lie  acid  is  the  acid  saturated  with  oxygen, 
or  an  acid  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitro- 
gen or  azote. 

NITRITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  the  nitrous  acid  with  a  base. 

NI'TROgEN,  7!.  [Gr.  «rpo;',  niter,  and 
yfji'ou,  to  produce.] 

The  element  of  niter ;  that  which  produces 
niter;  that  element  or  component  part  of 
air  which  is  called  azote.     [See  .-Izole.] 

NITROg'ENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  nitro- 
gen ;  producing  niter. 

NITROLEU'CIe,  a.  Designating  an  acid 
obtained  from  leucine  acted  on  by  niter. 

Brnconnet. 

NiTROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  nrpo.  and  ^frptu, 
to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  quality 
or  value  of  niter.  Ure. 

NITRO-MURIAT'IC,  a.  Partaking  of  niter 
and  muria  or  sea-salt.  The  nitio-niiiri- 
atic  acid  is  a  combination  or  nii.\ture  of 
nitric  and  muriatic  acid. 

NITROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  niter ;  partak- 
ing of  the  qualities  of  niter,  or  resembling 
it.  .Wilruus  acid  is  one  of  the  compounds 
formed  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen,  in  which 
the  oxygen  is  in  a  lower  proportion  than 
tl)at_  in  which  the  same  elements  form 
nitric  acid. 


NOB 


NOB 


3. 


,  not  one.    Rom 


NI'TRY,  a.    Nitrous;  pertaining  to   niter; 

prnducing  niter.  Gay. 

NIT'TER,  11.  [from  nil.]    The    horse  bee 

that  deposits  nits  on  horses.     Med.  Repos. 
NIT'TILY,  adv.  [from  niliy.]  Lousily.  [ATot 

used.]  Hayward. 

NIT'TV,  a.  [from  nil.]  Full  of  nits;  aboutid- 

ing  with  nits.  Johnson. 

NIVAL,    a.    [L.    nivalis,   from   nix,  nivis, 

snow.] 
Abounding  with  snow  ;  snowy.     [JVot  used 

Diet. 
Nl'VEOUS,  a.  [L.  niveus.]  Snowy  ;  resem 

bling  snow  ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of 

snow.  Broivn. 

NO.  an  abbreviation  of  nitmber,  Fr.  nomhre  ; 

as  JVo.  8.  No.  10. 
NO,  adv.  [Sax.  na  or  ne;  W.  na;  Russ.  ne; 

Sans,  na  ;  Pers.  Zend,  id.] 

1.  A  word  of  denial  or  refusal,  expressing  a 
negative,  and  equivalent  to  nay  and  not. 
When  it  expresses  a  negative  answer,  it  is 
opposed  to  yes  or  yea.     VVill  you  go  ?    .Vo. 

It  is  frequently  used  in  denying  propo 
sitions,  and  opposed  to  affirmation  or  con 
cession.  "  Tliat  I  may  prove  tliem,  wheth- 
er they  will  walk  in  my  law,  or  no."  Ex 
xvi.  JVo,  in  this  use,  is  deemed  less  ele- 
gant than  not,  but  the  use  is  very  general 

2.  After  another  negative,  it  repeats  the  ne- 
gation with  great  emphasis. 

There  13  none  righteous,  no 
iii.     1  Cor.  v. 

Sometimes    it    follows  an    affirmative 
proposition  in  like  manner,  but  still  it  de 
nies  with  emphasis  and  gives  force  to  the 
following  negative. 

To  whom  we  gave  place  by  subjection,  no, 
not  for  an  hour.     Gal.  ii. 

Sometimes  it  begins  a  sentence  with  a 
like  emphatical  signification,  strengthen- 
ing the  following  negative. 

JVo,  not  the  bow  which  so  adorns  the  skies 

So  glorious  is,  or  boasts  so  many  dyes. 
.  ^  Waller 

3.  Not  in  any  degree  ;  as  no  longer ;  no 
shorter ;  no  more  ;  no  less. 

4.  When  710  is  repeated,  it  expresses  nega- 
tion or  refusal  with  emphasis  ;  as  no,  no 

NO,  a.  Not  any  ;  none. 

Let  there  be  no  strife  between  thee  and  me. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  one. 

Thou  shall    worship   no  other   God. 
xxxiv. 

3.  When  it  precedes  where,  as  in  no  where,  it 
may  be  considered  as  adverbial,  though 
originally  an  adjective 

NOBIL'IARY,  n.  [SeeJVoiic]  A  history  of] 

noble  families.  Encyc. 

NOBIL'ITATE,  v.t.  [L.  nobilito.     SeeJVo- 

ble.]     To  make  noble  ;  to  ennoble. 
NOBILITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
noble.  More 

.NOBIL'ITY,  ji.  [L.  nobilitas.]  Dignity  of 
mind  ;  greatness  ;  grandeur  ;  tliat  eleva- 
tion of  soul  which  comprehends  bravery, 
generosity,  magnanimity,  intrepidity,  and 
contempt  of  every  thing  that  dishonors 
t'haracter. 

Though  she  hated  Amphialus,  yet  the  nobili- 
ty of  her  courage  prevailed  over  it.  Sidney 
They   thought  it   great    their  sovereign   to 

control, 
And  named  their  pride,  nobility  of  soul. 

Vryden. 


Ex 


Antiquity  of  family  ;  descent  from  noble! 
ancestors ;  distinction  by  blood,  usually, 
joined  witli  riches. 

When  I  took  up  Boccaee  unawares,  I  fell  on^ 
the  same  argument  of  preferring  virtue  to  jso-j 
bility  of  blood  and  titles,  in  the  story  of  Sigis-i 
munda.  Dryden) 

The  qualities  which  constitute  distinction 
of  rank  in  civil  society,  according  to  the 
customs  or  laws  of  the  country  ;  tliat  em- 
inence or  dignity  which  a  man  derives 
from  birth  or  title  conferred,  and  which 
places  him  in  an  order  above  oommon 
men.  In  Great  Britain,  nobility  is  ex- 
tended to  five  ranks,  those  of  duke,  mar- 
quis, earl,  viscount  and  baron. 

4.  The  persons  collectively  who  enjoy  rank 
above  commoners ;  the  peerage  ;  as  the 
English  »ioij7i7_i/ ;  French,  German,  Rus 
sian  nobility. 

NO'BLE,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  noble  ;  Port,  nobre  ;  It. 
nobile ;    L.    nobilis,    from   nosco,  novi, 
know.] 

Great ;  elevated  ;  dignified  ;  being  above 
every  tiling  that  can  dishonor  reputation 
as  a  noble  mind ;  a  noble  courage  ;  noble 
deeds  of  valor.  Milton. 

Exalted  ;  elevated  ;  sublime. 

Statues,  with  winding  ivy  crown'd,  belong 
To  nobler  poets  for  a  nobler  song.      Dryden. 
Magnificent ;  stately  ;  splendid  ;  as  a  no- 
ble parade  ;  a  noble  edifice. 
Of  an  ancient  and  splendid  family ;  a 
ble  by  descent. 

5.  Distinguished  from  commoners  by  rank 
and  title  ;  as  a  noble  personage. 

6.  Free ;  generous ;  liberal ;  as  a  7ioWe  heart. 

7.  Principal ;  capital ;  as  the  noble  parts  of 
the  body.  Johnson. 

Ingenuous;  candid;  of  an  excellentdispo- 
sition ;  ready  to  receive  truth.     Acts,  xvii 

9.  Of  the  best  kind;  choice;  excellent;  as  a 
noble  vine.     Jer.  ii. 

NO'BLE,  n.  A  person  of  rank  above  a 
commoner;  a  nobleman;  a  peer;  as  a 
duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount  or  baron 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  of  honorable  family 
or  distinguished  by  station.  Ex.  xxiv. 
Neh.  vi. 

3.  Originally,  a  gold  coin,  but  now  a  money 
of  account,  value  6s.  8d.  sterling,  or  $1 
48  cts.  Camden. 

NO'BLEMAN,  n.  A  noble  ;  a  peer ;  one 
who  enjoys  rank  above  a  commoner,  ei- 
ther by  virtue  of  birth,  by  office  or  patent. 

Dryden 
NO'BLEWoMAN,  n.    A  female   of  noble 
i-ank.  Cavendish. 

NOBLENESS,  n.  Greatness;  dignity;  in- 
genuousness; magnanimity;  elevation  of 
mind  or  of  condition,  particularly  of  the 
mind. 

His  purposes  are  full  of  honesty,  nobleness 
and  integrity.  Taylor 

Greatness  of  mind  and  nobleness  tlieir  seat 
Build  in  her  loveliest.  Milton 

The  noble/iess  of  life  is  to  do  this —       Shak. 
2.  Distinction  by  birth ;  honor  derived  from 

a  noble  ancestry. 
NOBLESS',  n.  [Fr.  noblesse,  from  Sp.  no- 
bleta.] 

1.  The  nobility  ;  persons  of  noble  rank  col- 
lectively, including  males  and  females. 

Dryden 

2.  Dignity  ;  greatness  ;  noble  birth  or  con- 
dition.    [In  these  senses,  not  now  iised.] 

Spenser.    B.  Jonson. 


N  O  C 

NO'BLY,  adv.  Of  noble  extraction  ;  de- 
scended from  a  family  of  rank  ;  as  nobly 
born  or  descended.  Dryden. 

With  greatness  of  soul ;  heroically;  with 
inaa;nanimity  ;  as  a  deed  nobly  Aone.     He 
7iobiy  preferred  death  to  disgrace. 
Splendidly;  magnificently.     He  was  »jo- 
bly  entertained. 

Where  could  an  emperor's  ashes  have  been 
so  nobly  lodged  as  in  the  midst  of  his  metropo- 
lis and  on  the  top  of  so  exalted  a  monument  ? 

.Addison . 

NO'BODY,  n.  [no  and  body.]  No  person ; 
no  one.  Sioi/l. 

NO'CENT,  a.  [L.  nocens,  from  noceo,  to 
hurt,  from  striking,     iiee  Annoy.] 

Hurtful  ;  mischievous  ;  injurious ;  doing 
hurt;  as  noceni  qualities.  Watts. 

NO'OIVE,  a.  [L.  nocivus.]  Hurtful  ;  injuri- 
ous. Hooker. 

NOCK,  n.  A  notch.     Obs.     [See  Notch.] 

NOCK,  t'.  t.  To  place  in  the  notch.     Obs. 

Chapman. 

NOCTAMBULA'TION,  n.  [L.  nox,  night, 
and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 

A  rising  from  bed  and  walking  in  sleep. 

Beddoes. 

NOeTAM'BULIST,  n.  One  who  rises 
fiom  bed  and  walks  in  his  sleep.  Arbuth- 
not  uses  noctambulo  in  the  same  sense; 
but  it  is  a  less  analogical  word. 

NOCTID'IAL,  a.  [L.  nox,  night,  and  dies, 
day.] 

Comprising  a  night  and  a  day.     [Little  used.] 

Holder. 

NOeTIF'EROUS,   a.    [L.   jio.r,  night,  and 

fero,  to  bring.]      Bringing  night.      [Not 

used.]  Diet. 

NOeTIL'UGA,  n.  [L.  nox,  night,  and  luceo, 

to  shine.] 
A  species  of  phosphorus   which  shines  in 
darkness  without  the  previous  aid  of  solar 

Encyc. 
in  the  night. 


NO€TIL'U€OUS,  a. 


Shining 

Pennant. 

[L.  nox,  night,   and 

Wandering  in    the 


NOeTIV'AGANT,  a. 

vagor,  to   wander.] 
night. 
NO€TIVAGA'TION,  n.    A  roving  in  the 
night.  Gaylon. 

NOC'TUARY,  ?!.  [from  L.  nox,  night.]   An 
account  of  what  passes  in  the  night. 

Addison. 
NOC'TULE,    71.    [from  L.  Jiox,  night.]     A 

large  species  of  bat. 

NOC'TURN,    7!.    [L.  nocturnus,  by  night.] 

An  office  of  devotion,  or  religious  service 

by  night.  Stillingjleet. 

NOCTURN'AL,  a.  [L.  ?ioc<un!Ms,  from  Tior, 

night.] 
L  Pertaining  to  night;  as  nocturnal  dark- 
ness. 
2.  Done  or  happening  at  night ;   as  a  noc- 
turnal expedition  or  assault  ;  a  nocturnal 
visit. 

Nightly;  done  or  being  every  night. 
From  gilded  roofs  depending  lamps  display 
Nocturnal  beams,  that  emulate  the  day. 

IJryden. 

NOCTURN'AL,  7!.  An  instrument,  chiefly 
used  at  sea  to  take  the  altitude  of  stars 
about  the  pole,  in  order  to  ascertain  the 
latitude.  This  may  be  a  hemisphere,  or  a 
planisphere  on  the  plane  of  the  equinoc- 
tial. Encyc. 


NOD 


N  O  I 


N  O  M 


NO€'UMENT,  n.  [L.  nocumfntum,  from 
noceo,  to  luirt.]     Harm.     [A'o<  xised.] 

NOD,  V.  i.  [L.  nuto  ;  Cir.  rfvu,  contracted ; 
W.  amnaid,  a  nod  ;  amneidiaw,  to  nod,  to 
beckon,  Iroiii  naid,  a  leap,  a  spring  ;  nei- 
diaw,  to  leap,   to   throb  or   beat,  as  the 

pulse;  Ar.   ^  L;    to  nod,  to  shake;  Heb. 

Ch.  Syr.  nu  to  move,  to  shake,  to  wander. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  L.  nolo,  to 
swim.    Class  Nd.  No.  3.  9.  10.] 

1.  To  incline  the  head  with  a  quick  motion, 
either  forward  or  sidewise,  as  persons 
nod  in  sleep. 

2.  To  bend  or  incline  with  a  quick  motion  ; 
as  nodding  plumes. 

The  nodding  verdure  of  its  brow. 

Thomson. 

3.  Te  be  drowsy. 

Your  predecessors,  contraiy  to  other  authors, 
never  pleased  their  readers  more  than  when  ihey 
were  nodding.  Addison. 

4.  To  make  a  slight  bow ;  also,  to  beckon 
with  a  nod. 

NOD,  V.  t.  To  incline  or  bend  ;  to  shake. 

Shak. 
NOD,  n.  A  quick  declination  of  the  head. 
A  look  or   a  nod  only  ought  to  coriect  then 
when  Ihcy  do  amiss.  Locke 

3.  A  quick  declination  or  inclination. 
Like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 
Ready  with  every  nod  to  tumble  down. 

Shak. 

3.  A  quick  inclination  of  the  head  in  drowsi 
ness  or  sleep.  Locke. 

4.  A  slight  obeisance.  Shak 

5.  A  command  ;  as  in  L.  numen,  for  nuta- 
men. 

NO'DATED,  a.  [L.  nodahis.]  Knotted.    A 

noddled  hyperbola   is  one  that  hy  turning 

round  crosses  itself. 
NODA'TION,  n.  [L.  nodatio,  from  nodn,  to 

tie.] 
The  act  of  making  a  knot,  or  state  of  being 

knotted.     [Lntlk  used.] 
NOD'DEN,  a.  Bent;  iuclined.  [JVolinuse.] 

Thomson. 
NOD'DER,    n.   One  who  nods ;  a  drowsy 

person.  Pope. 

NOD'DING,  ppr.  Inclining  the  head  with  a 

short  quick  motion. 
NOD'DLE,  n.  [qu.  L.   nodnlus,  a  lump  ;  or 

from  tiod.]     The  head  ;  in  contempt. 
Come,  master,  1  have  a  project  in  my  noddle. 
VEstrange. 
NOD'DY,  71.  [qu.   Gr.  i-wSj^s.]  A  simpleton  ; 

a  fool. 

2.  A  fowl  of  tlie  genus  Sterna,  very  simple 
and  easily  taken. 

3.  A  game  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 
NODE,    n.    [L.    nodus ;    Eng.  knot ;  allied 

probably  to  knit.  Sax.  cnytlan.] 

1.  Properly,  a  knot ;  a  knob  ;  hence, 

2.  In  surgery,  a  swelling  of  the  periosteum, 
tendons  or  bones. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  poitjt  where  the  orbit  of 
a  ])lanet  intersects  the  ecliptic.  These 
points  are  two,  and  that  where  a  planet 
ascends  northward  above  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic,  is  called  the  ascending  node,  or 
dragon^s  head;  that  where  a  planet  de- 
scends to  the  south,  is  called  the  descend- 
ing node,  or  dragon''s  tail.  Encyc. 

4.  In  poetry,  the  knot,  intrigue  or  plot  of  a 
piece,  or  the  principal  ditiicidty. 

5.  In  dialing,  a  point  or  hole  in  the  gnomon 


of  a  dial,  by  the  shadow  or  light  of  whicli, 
either  the  hour  of  the  day  in  dials  without 
furniture,  or  llie  parallels  of  the  sun's  de- 
clination and  his  place  in  the  ecliptic,  &c. 
in  dials  with  furniture,  are  shown. 

NODO'SE,  a.  [L.  nodosus,  from  nodus, 
knot.] 

Knotted  ;  having  knots  or  swelling  joints. 

Martyn. 

NODOS'ITY,  »i.  Knottincss.  Broicn. 

NO'DOUS,  a.  [L.nodotus.]  Knotty;  full  of 
knots.  Brown. 

NOD'ULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  the 
form  of  a  nodule  or  knot. 

NOD'ULE,  n.  [L.  nodulus.]  A  little  knot  or 
ump. 

NOD'ULED,  a.  Having  little  knots  or 
limps.  Dariein. 

NOG,  n.  [ahbrev.  of  nog-gen.]    A  little  pot 
ilso,  ale.  Skinner.     Swijl. 

NOG'GEN,  a.  Hard;  rough;  harsh.  [JVot 
used.]  A.'i/ig'  Charles 

NOGGIN,  tt.  A  small  mug  or  wooden  cup 

NOG'GING,  n.  A  partition  of  scantlings 
filled  with  bricks.  Mason. 

NOl'ANCE,  n.  [See^nnoy.]    Annoyance 
trouble  ;  mischief;    inconvenience.     [.Not 
\ised.]  Shak. 

^?JiW°l  """''^'  I  are  not  in  use. 

NOILR,  for  annoyer,     >  T,iiier 

NOIOUS,  troublesome,  )  ^  '"^^'^ 

NOISE,  »i.  noiz.  [Fr.  noisp,  strife,  squabble, 

dispute  ;  Arm.   noes.     Class   Ns.   Ar.    11. 

Syr.  24.  and  L.  noxa,  noxia.    Class  Ng 

No.  2.3.] 

1.  Sound  of  any  kind,  or  proceeding  from 
any  cause,  as  the  sound  made  by  the  or- 
gans of  speech,  hy  the  wings  of  an  insect, 
the  rushing  of  the  wind,  or  the  roaring  ol 
the  sea,  of  cannon  or  thunder,  a  low  sound, 
a  high  sound,  &c.  ;  a  word  of  general  sig- 
nification. 

2.  Outcry ;  clamor  ;  loud,  importunate  or 
continued  talk  c,i;pressive  of  boasting, 
complaint  or  quarreling.  In  quarreling,  it 
expresses  less  than  uproar. 

What  noise  have  we  about  transplantation  of 
diseases  and  tr.in«fusiou  of  blood  ?  Baker 

3.  Frecpient  talk ;  much  public  conversa- 
tion. 

Socratos  lived  in  Athens  during  the  c^-eat 
plague  which  has  made  so  much  noise  in  all 
ages,  and  never  caught  the  least  infection. 

Spectator. 

NOISE,  V.  i.  noiz.  To  sound  loud. 

Harm   those   terrors   did   me   none,   though 
noising  loud.  Milton 

NOISE,  V.  t.  naiz.  To  spread  by  rumor  or 
report. 

All   these    sayings    were    noised   abroad — 
Luke  i. 
2.  To  disturb  with  noise.     [.Vo<  authorized.] 

Dry  den. 
NOIS'ED,    pp.  s  as  z.    Spread  by  report  ; 

much  talked  of. 
NOISEFL'L,    a.    noiz'fid.    Loud  ;   clamor- 
ous ;  making  much  noise  or  talk. 

Drydtn. 

NOISELESS,  a.  noiz'less.  Making  no  noise 

or  bustle  ;  silent  ;  as  the   noiseless  foot  of 

time.  Shak. 

So  noiseless  would  I  live.  Dryden. 

NOISE-MAKER, n.  noiz'-maker.  One  who 

makes  a  clasnor.  UBslrange. 

NOISILY,  adv.  noiz'ily.  With  noise;  with 

making  a  noise. 


NOISINESS,  )!.  noiziness.  Tlie  state  of 
being  noisy  ;  loudness  of  sound  ;  clamor- 
ousness. 

NOISING,  ppr.  noiz'ing.  Spreading  by  re- 
port. 

NOISOME,  a.  noi'sum.  [Norm,  noisife;  It. 
nocivo,  noioso.  This  word  is  formed  with 
the  Teutonic  some,  united  with  the  It. 
noiare,  Fr.  nuire,  nuisant,  from  the  L. 
)ioj-a,  7iocfo,  to  hint.     Class  Ng.] 

1.  Noxious  to  health  ;  hurtful ;  mischievous; 
unwholesome  ;  insalubrious  ;  destructive  ; 
as  noisome  winds;  noisome  effluvia  or  mi- 
asmata ;  noisome  pestilence. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  Noxious  ;  injurious. 

3.  Offensive  to  the  smell  or  other  senses ; 
disgusting ;  fetid. 

Foul  breath  is  noisome.  Shak. 

NOI'SOMELY,  adv.  With  a  fetid  stench  ; 

with  an  infectious  steam. 
NOI'SOMENESS,  ji.  Offensiveness  to  the 

smell ;  quality  that  disgusts.  South. 

NOISY,  a.  noiz'y.  [from  noise.]    Making  a 

"oud  sound. 

2.  Clamorous ;  turbulent  ;  as  the  noisy 
crowd. 

3.  Full  of  noise. 
O  leave  the  noisy  town.  Dryden. 

.Xolens  vohns,  [L.]     unwilling   or   willing; 

whether  he  will  or  not. 
NOLI-ME-TANtiERE,    n.    [L.  touch  me 

not.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Impatiens,  called  also 
balsamine;  also,  a  |)lant  of  the  genus  Mo- 
mordica,  or  male  balsam  api)le,  one  spe- 
cies of  which  is  called  the  wild  or  spurting 
cucumber.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  physicians,  an  ulcer  or  cancer,  a 
species  of  herpes.  Coxe. 

NOLP'TION,  n.  [L.  nolo,  that  i.s,  ne  volo,  I 
will  not.] 

Unwillingness;  opposed  to  volition.  [Little 
used.]  Hale. 

NOLL,  n.  [Sax.  htwl,  cnoll,  knoll.]  The 
head  ;  the  noddle.     [.Yot  used.] 

NO'MAD,  71.  [Gr.  lo^oj,  tofiaios,  living  on 
pasturage,  from  iiftu,  to  distribute  or  di- 
vide, to  feed.  This  verb  is  connected 
with  itfioi,  L.  nemus,  a  wood,  a  place  over- 
grown with  trees,  and  also  a  pasture,  the 
primary  setise  of  which  is  probably  to 
spring  or  shoot,  for  the  verb  it^u  signifies 
among  other  things,  to  leap,  to  dance,  and 
may  be  allied  to  Eng.  nimble.  Cattle  orig- 
inally subsisted  by  browsing,  as  they  still 
do  ill  new  settlements.] 

One  who  leads  a  wandering  life,  and  sub- 
sists by  tending  herds  of  cattle  whicli 
graze  on  herbage  of  spontaneous  growth. 
Such  is  the  practice  at  this  day  in  the 
central  and  northern  parts  of  Asia,  and 
the  Numidians  in  Africa  are  supposed 
to  have  been  so  called  from  this  practice. 
Tooke.     Encyc. 

NOMAD'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rouoSixoj.]  Pastoral  ; 
subsisting  hy  the  tending  of  cattle,  and 
wandering  for  the  sake  of  pasturage;  as 
the  nomadic  tribes  of  Asia. 

NO'MADIZE,  V.  i.  To  wander  with  flocks 
and  herds  for  the  sake  of  finding  pastur- 
age ;  to  subsist  by  the  grazing  of  herds  ou 
herbage  of  natural  growth. 

The   Vojiules   nomadize    chiefly   about   tlie 
rivers  Irtish,  Oby,  Kama  imd  Volga. 

Tookc. 


N  O  M 

NO'MADIZING,  ppr.    Leading  a  pastoral  1.  To  name 
life  ami  wandering  or  removing  from  place 
to  place  for  the  sake  of  finding  pasture. 

NO'MANCY,  n.  [Gr.  oj-ofio,  L.  nomen,  name, 
and  liavfHa,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destniy 
of  persons  by  the  letters  which  form  their 
names.  Ihct. 

NOM'BLES,  n.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  deer. 

Johnson. 

NOM'BRIL,  n.  [Fr.  the  navel.]  The  center 
of  an  escutcheon.  Q/<^- 

NOME,  n.  [Gr.  vo/toj.]  A  province  or  tract 
of  country,  an  Egyptian  government  or 
division.  Maunce. 

2.  In  the  ancient  Greek  music,  any  melody  de- 
termined by  inviolable  rules.  Cyc. 

n.  [L.  )iomen.]  In  algebra,  a  quantity  with  a 
sign  prefixed  or  added  to  it,  by  which  it  is 
connected  with  another  quantity,  upon 
which  the  whole  becomes  a  binomial,  tri- 
nomial, and  the  like.  Q/*^- 

4.  [Gr.  »£,iM,  to  eat.]  In  surgery,  a  phageden- 
ic ulcer,  or  species  of  herpes.  C)/c. 

NOMENeLA'TOR,  n.  [L. ;  Fr.  noviencla- 
teur  ;  L.  nomen,  name,  and  calo,  Gr.  xa'Kiu. 
to  call.] 

1.  A  [lerson  who  calls  things  or  persons  by 
their  names.  In  Rome,  candidates  for 
office  were  attended  each  by  a  nomcncia 
tor,  who  informed  the  candidate  of  the 
names  of  the  persons  they  met,  and  whose 
votes  they  wished  to  sohcit.  Cyc 

2.  In  modern  vsage,  a  person  who  gives 
names  to  things,  or  who  settles  and  ad- 
justs the  names  of  things  in  any  art  or 
science. 

NOMENCLA'TRESS,  n.  A  female  nomen- 
clator.  .Iildison. 

NOMEN€LA'TURAL,  a.  Pertaining  or 
according  to  a  nomenclature.  Barton. 

NO'MENCLATURE,  li.  [L.  nomenclatura. 
See  J^omendalor.] 

1.  A  list  or  catalogue  of  the  more  usual  and 
important  words  in  a  language,  with  their 
significations;  a  vocabulary  or  dictionary. 

2.  The  names  of  things  in  any  art  or  science 
or  the  whole  vocabulary  of  names  or  tech- 
nical terms  which  are  appropriated  to 
any  particular  branch  of  science;  as  the 
nomenclature  of  botany  or  of  chimistry ; 
the  new  nomenclature  of  Lavoisier  and  his 
associates. 

NO'MIAL,   n.    [from  L.  nomen,  name.] 

single  name  or  term  in  mathematics. 
NOM'INAL,  a.  [L.  nominalis,  from  nomen. 

See  .VaJiK?.] 

1.  Titular ;  existing  in  name  only ;  as,  a  nom- 
inal distinction  or  difference  is  a  differ- 
ence in  name  and  not  in  reality. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  name  or  names ;  consist- 
ing in  names. 

NOM'INAL,  }      The  Nominalists  were 

NOM'INALIST,  S  "'  a  sect  of  school  phi- 
losophers, the  disciples  of  Ochani  or  Oc- 
cam, in  the  14th  century,  who  maintained 
that  words  and  not  things  are  tlie  object 
of  dialectics.  They  were  the  founders  of 
the  university  of  Leipsic.  Encyc. 

NOM'INALIZE,  ti.  t.  To  convert  into  a 
noun.     [A'bf  mi  vse  and  ill  formed.] 

NOM'INALLY,  adi:.  By  name  or  in  name 
only. 

NOM'INATE,  V.  I.  [L.  nomino,  from  nomen 
name.     See  JVume.] 


N  O  N 


to  mention  by  name.  H 

}Votton.\\ 
To  call ;  to  entitle ;  to  denominate. 

Spenser. 
To  name  or  designate  by  name  for  an  of- 
fice or  ])lace  ;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  nominate 
an  heir  or  an  executor.  Locke. 

Usually,  to  name  for  an  election,  choice 
or  appointment;  to  propose  by  name,  or 
offer  the  name  of  a  person  as  a  candidate 
for  an  office  or  place.  This  is  the  princi- 
pal use  of  the  word  in  the  United  States ; 
as  in  a  public  assembly,  where  men  are  to 
be  selected  and  chosen  to  office,  any  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  or  meeting  nominates, 
that  is,  proposes  to  the  chairman  the  name 
of  a  person  whom  he  desires  to  have 
elected. 

NOM'INATED,  pp.  Named ;  mentioned  by 
name  ;  designated  or  proposed  for  an  of- 
fice or  for  election. 

NOM'INATELY,  adv.  By  name  ;  particu- 
lai-ly.  Spelman. 

NOM'INATING,  ppr.  Naming;  proposing 
for  an  office  or  for  choice  by  name. 

NOMINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naming  or 
of  nominating :  the  act  of  proposing  by 
name  for  an  office. 

3.  The  power  of  nominating  or  appoint 
ing  to  office. 

The  nomination  of  persons  to  places  being  a 
prerogative  of  the  king —  Clarendon 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated.  AB  is 
in  nomination  for  governor. 

NOM'INATIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  name 
which  precedes  a  verb,  or  to  the  first  case 
of  nouns  ;  as  the  nominative  case  or  nomi 
vatire  word. 

NOM'INATIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  first 
case  of  names  or  nouns  and  of  adjectives 
which  are  declinable. 

NOMINATOR,  n.  One  that  nominates. 

NOMINEE',  n.  In  laio,  tlie  person  wlio 
named  to  receive  a  copy-hold  estate  on  sur- 
render of  it  to  the  lord ;  the  cestuy  que 
use,  sometimes  called  the  surrenderee. 

Blackstone. 

2.  A  person  named  or  designated  by  anoth- 
er. Palcy. 

3.  A  person  on  whose  life  depends  an  an- 
nuity. 

NOMOTIIET'If,        ?   „     [Gr.    yo^toSfrr,!.] 
NOMOTHETICAL,  5         Legislative  ;  en 
acting  laws.  Bp.  Barlow. 

NON,  adv.   [L.]  Not.     This  word  is  used  in 
the  English  language  as  a  prefix  only,  for 
giving  a  negative  sense  to  words  ;  as  in 
non-residence,  non-performance,   non-e\- 
istence,    no7!-payment,    ?ion-concurrence, 
non-admission,    non-appearance,    7ion-at- 
tendance,  non-conformity,  non-compliance 
non-communion,  and  the  like. 
NON-ABIL'ITY,  n.  A  want  of  ability  ;  in 
laiv,  an  exception  taken  against  a  plaintiff" 
in  a  cause,  when  he  is   unable  legally  to 
commence  a  suit. 
NON'.AgE,  n.  [non,  not,  and  age.]  Minori- 
ty ;  the  time  of  life  before  a  person,  ac 
cording  to  the  laws  of  his   country,  be 
comes  of  age  to  manage  his  own  concerns. 
Legal  maturity  of  age  is  different  in  dif- 
ferent countries.     In   this  country,   as  in 
Great  Britain,  a  man's  nonage  continues 
till  he  has  completed  twenty  one  years. 


NON 

Nonage  is  sometimes  the  period  under  14 
years  of  age,  as  in  case  of  marriage. 

Bailey.    Encyc. 
NONAtiES'IMAL,  a.  [L.  nonagesimxis,  nine- 
tieth.] 
Noting  the  90th  degree  of  the  ecliptic ;  be- 
ing in  the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic. 
NON'AGON,   n.   [L.  nonus,  nine,  and  Gr. 

■yuna,  an  angle.] 
A  figure  having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

.  Bailey. 
NON-APPEARANCE,  «.    Default  of  ap- 
pearance, as  in  court,  to  prosecute  or  de- 
fend. 
NON-APPOINTMENT,  n.  Neglect  of  ap- 
pointment. Franklin. 
NON-ATTEND'ANCE,.n.  A  failure  to  at- 
tend; omission  of  attendance. 
NON-ATTENTION,  n.  Inattention. 

SwiJI. 
NON-BITU'MINOUS,  a.  Containing  no  bit- 
umen. Journ.  oj"  Science, 
NONCE,  n.  Purpose  ;  intent ;  design.    [jVo< 
in  use.]                          Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 
NON'-€LAIM,  n.  A  failure  to  make  claim 
within  the  time  limited  by  law  ;  omi.«.Nion 
of  claim.  Bailey. 
NON-€OMMU'NION,  n.  Neglect  or  failure 
of  communion.                          B.  Trumbull. 
NON-COMPLI'ANCE,   n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure of  compliance. 
NON-€OMPLYING,  a.  Neglecting  or  re- 
fusing to  comply.                            Hamilton. 
JVon  compos  mentis,  or  non  compos,    [L.]  not 
of  sound  mind  ;  not  having  the  regular  use 
of  reason  ;  as  a  noun,  an  idiot ;  a  lunatic  ; 
one  devoid  of  reason,  either  by  nature  or 
by  accident. 
NON-€ONDU€T'ING,  a.  Not  conducting  ; 
not  transmitting  another  fluid.     Thus  in 
electricity,  wax  is  a  non-conducting  sub- 
stance. 
NON-€ONDU€'TION,  n.  A  non-conduct- 
ing. Ure. 
NON-€ONDUCT'OR,  n.  Asubstance  which 
does  not  conduct,  that  is,  transmit  another 
substance  or  fluid,  or  which  transmits   it 
with  difficulty.     Thus  wool  is  a  non-con- 
ductor of  heat ;  glass   and  dry  wood  are 
non-conductors  of  the  electrical  fluid. 
NON-€ONFORM'IST,   n.  One  who   neg- 
lects or   refuses  to  conform  to  the  rites 
and  mode   of  worship  of  an  estabhshed 
church.                             Blackstone.     Swift. 
NON-CONFORMITY,  n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure of  conformity. 
2.  The  neglect  or  refusal  to  unite  with  an 
established  clnirch  in  its  rites  and  mode  of 
worship.                                         Blackstone. 
NON-CONTA'GIOUS,  a.  Not  contagious. 
NON-CONTA'UIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  not  communicable 
from  a  diseased  to  a  healthy  body. 
NON-COTEMPORA'NEOUS,  a.  Not  being 
cotemporary,  or  not  of  cotemporary  origin. 
Journ.  of  Science. 
NON-DESCRIPT',    a.    [L.   non,  not,  and 
descriptus,  descrilied.]     That  has  not  been 
described. 
NON-DESCRIPT',   n.  Any  thing  that  has 
not  been  described.     Thus  a  plant  or  ani- 
mal   newly   discovered  is  called  a  non- 
descript. 
none;,  a.  [Sax.  nan;  ne,  not,  and  ane,  one. 
The  I.,atins  use  nemo,  neminis,  that  is,  ne 
and  man.] 


N  O  N 


N  O  N 


N  O  N 


1.  Not  one ;  used  of  persons  or  things. 

There  is  none  that  doeth  good ;  no,  not  one. 
Ps.  xiv. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  a  part ;  not  the  least  por- 
tion. 

Six  days  sliall  ye  gather  it,  but  on  the  sev- 
enth <lay,  which  is  the  sabbath,  in  it  there  shall 
be  none.     Ex.  xvi. 

0.  It  was  formerly  used  before  nouns ;  as, 
"  thou  shalt  have  none  assurance  of  thy 
life."  Tills  use  is  obsolete  ;  we  now  use 
no  ,•  thou  shalt  have  no  assurance.  "  This 
is  none  other  but  the  house  of  God  ;"  we 
now  say,  no  other. 

4.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute,  the  noun  beinp 
omitted.  "  fie  walketh  thronf,'b  dry  places,' 
seeking  rest  and  finding  ri07ie ,"  that  is,  no 
rest.    Matt.  xii. 

.■).  In  the  following  phrase,  it  is  used  for 
nothing,  or  no  concern.  "  Israel  would 
none  of  me,"  that  is,  Israel  would  not  lis-j 
ten  to  me  at  all ;  they  would  have  no  con-l 
ccrn  with  me ;  they  utterly  rejected  myl 
counsels. 

C.  As  a  substitute,  none  has  a  plural  signifi- 
cation. 

Terms  of  peace  were  noyie  vouchsafed. 

Afilton 

NON-ELECT',  n.  [L.  non,  not,  and  elecluSy 
elected.]  j 

One  who  is  not  elected  or  chosen  to  salva- 
tion, lliinlington. 

NON-ELEC'TRI€,  a.  Conducting  the  elec-' 
trie  fluid. 

NON-ELECTRIC,  n.  A  substance  that  is' 
not  an  electric,  or  which  transmits  the' 
fluid  ;  as  metals. 

NON-EMPHATIC,        >       Having  no  em- 

NON-EMPHAT'ICAL,  ^  "•  phasis  ;  uneni-j 
phatic.  Beatlie. 

NON-EN'TITY,  n.  Non-existence  ;  the  ne-; 
gation  of  being.  Benlley. 

2.  A  thing  not  existing.  I 

There  was  uo  such  thing  as  rendering  evil  for 

evil,  when  evil  was  a  non-entity.  South.'. 

NON-EPIS'COPAL,  a.  Not  episcopal ;  not 
of  the  episcopal  cluncli  or  denomination.; 

J.M.  Mason. 

NON-EPISCOPA'LIAN,  n.  One  who  does' 
not  belong  to  the  episcopal  church  or  dc-' 
nomination.  J.  M.  JMnson. 

NONES,  n.  ]}hi.  [L.  nonce  ;  perhaps  Goth. 
niun,  Eng.  7iine.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,iho  fifth  day  of  the 
months  January,  February,  April,  June, 
August,  September,  November  and  De- 
cember, and  the  seventh  day  of  March,' 
May,  July  and  October.  The  nones  were' 
nine  days  from  the  ides. 

2.  Prayers,  formerly  so  called.  Todd.i 
NON-ESSEN'TIAL,  n.  Non-essentials  are' 

things  not  essential  to  a  particular  pur-i 
pose.  J.  M.  Mason!] 

NO'NESUCH,  n.  [none  and  such.]  An  ex-' 
traordinary  thing  ;  a  thing  that  has  not  its| 
equal.  1 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lvchnis.  Lee: 

ftfON-EXECU'TlON,  n.  Neglect  of  execu- 
tion ;  non-performance. 

NON-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Absence  of  exist-j 
ence  ;  the  negation  of  being.  I 

2.  A  thing  that  has  no  existence  or  being. 

Broun  i 

NON-EXPORTA'TION,  n.  A  failure  of  ex- 
portation ;  a  not  exporting  goods  or  com- 
nioditics. 

Vol.  n. 


NONIL'LION,  n.  [L.  nanus,  nine,  and  miil- 
ion.]  The  number  of  nine  million  millions. 

NON-IMPORTATION,  n.  Want  or  failure 
of  importation  ;  a  not  importing  goods. 

NON-JU'RING,  a.  [L.  7ion,  not,  and  ji/ro, 
to  swear.] 

Not  swearing  allegiance  ;  an  e[iithet  applici 
to  the  party  in  Great  Rritain  that  would 
not  swear  allegiance  to  the  Hanoverian 
family  and  government. 

NON-J'U'ROR,  n.  In  Grenl  Britain,  one  who 
refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  government  and  crown  of  England  at 
the  revolution,  when  Jan)es  II.  abdicated 
the  throne,  and  the  Hanoverian  family 
was  introduced.  The  non-jurors  were 
the  adherents  of  James. 

NON-MANUFACTURING,  a.  Not  carry- 
ing on  manufactures ;  as  non-manvfactur- 
ing  states.  Hamilton. 

NON-METAL'LIC,  a.  Not  consisting  of 
metal.  Core's  Oifda. 

NON-NAT'URALS,  n.  In  medicine,  things 
which,  l)y  the  abuse  of  them,  become  tlie 
causes  of  disease,  as  meat,  drink,  sleep, 
rest,  motion,  the  passions,  retentions,  ex- 
cretions, &c. 

Functions  or  accidents  not  strictly  be- 
longing to  man.  Parr. 

NON-ORSERV'ANCE,  n.  Neglect  or  fail- 
ure to  observe  or  fulfill. 

J^on  obstante,  [L.  notwithstanding.]  a  clause 
in  statutes  and  letter.*  patent,  importing  a 
license  from  the  king  to  do  a  thing  which 
at  common  law  might  be  lawfully  done 
but  being  restrained  by  act  of  parliament, 
cannot  be  done  without  such  license. 

Encyc 

NONPAREIL,  n.  nonpnreV.  [Fr.  non,  not  or 
no,  and  pared,  equal.] 

1.  Excellence  unequaled.  Shak. 

2.  A  sort  of  apple. 
.3.  A   sort  of  ]irinting  type  very  small,  and 

the  smallest  now  used  except  three. 

NONPAREIL,  a.  nonparel'.  Having  no 
equal;  peerless.  ffhitlock. 

NON-PA'YftlENT,  n.  Neglect  of  payment. 

S.  E.  Dwight. 

NON'PIiUS,  n.  [L. non,  not,  and /)/us,  more, 
further.] 

Puzzle :    insuperable   difficulty  ;    a  state  in 

which  one  is  unable  to  proceed  or  decide. 

Locke.     South. 

NON'PLUS,  r.  t.  To  puzzle ;  to  confound  ; 
to  put  to  a  stand :  to   sto])  by  embarrass- 
ment. Drydcn. 
Your  situation  has  nonptussed  me. 

Th.  Scott. 

NON-PONDEROS'ITY,  n.  Destitution  of 
weiglit ;  levit}'.  Black. 

NON-PON'DEROrS,  a.  Having  no  weight. 

NON-PRODUCTION,  n.  A  failure  to  pro 
ducc  or  exhibit. 

NON-PROFI"CIENCY,  n.  Failine  to  make 
progress. 

NON-PROFI"CIENT,  n.  One  who  has 
failed  to  improve  or  make  progress  in  any 
study  or  pursuit.  Bp.  Hall. 

J^on  Pros,  contraction  of  nolle  prosequi,  the 
plaintif}' will  not  prosecute.  It  is  used  al- 
so as  a  verb. 

NON-REG-ARDANCE,  n.  Want  of  due 
regard.  Diet. 

NON-RENDI  TION,  n.  Neglect  of  rendi- 
tion ;  the  not  rendering  what  is  due. 
The   non-paviiicnt   of  a  debt,  or   the   non- 

■       23 


rendition  of  a  service  whicli  is  due,  is  an  injuiv 
for  which  the  subsequent  reparation  of  die  loss 
sustained — is  an  atonement.         S.  E.  Dwigltt. 

NON-RESEM'BLANCE,n.  sas:.  Unlike- 
ness  ;  dissimilarity. 

NON-RESIDENCE,  n.  s  as  z.  Failure  or 
neglect  of  residing  at  the  place  where  one 
is  stationed,  or  where  official  duties  re- 
quire one  to  reside,  or  on  one's  own  lands. 

Sirifl. 

NON-RESIDENT,  a.  Not  residing  in  a 
particular  place,  on  one's  own  estate,  or 
in  one's  proper  place  ;  as  a  non-resident 
clergyman  or  proprietor  of  lands. 

NON-RES'IDENT,  n.  One  who  does  not 
reside  on  one's  own  lands,  or  in  the  place 
where  ofiicial  duties  require.  In  the 
United  States,  lands  in  one  state  or  town- 
ship belonging  to  a  person  residing  in 
another  state  or  township,  are  called  the 
lands  of  iron-residents. 

NON-RESIST'ANCE,  n.  sas  :.  The  omis- 
sion of  resistance  ;  passive  obedience;  sub- 
mission to  authority,  power  or  usurpation 
without  opposition. 

NON-RESISTANT,  a.  Making  no  resist- 
ance to  power  or  oppression.      Arhidhnot. 

NON-SA'NE,  a.  [L.  non,  not,  and  sanus, 
sound.] 

Unsound  ;  not  perfect ;  as  a  person  of  ncn- 
sane  memory.  Blackstone. 

NON'SENSE,  n.  No  sense ;  words  or  lan- 
guage which  liave  no  meaning,  or  which 
convey  no  just  ideas  ;   absurdity. 

Drrjden. 

2.  Trifles;  things  of  no  importance. 

I  Thomson. 

NONSENS'ICAL,  a.  Unmeaning  ;  absurd  ; 
foolish.  Ray. 

NONSENS'ICALLY.arft).  Absurdly ;  with- 
out meaning. 

NONSENS'ICALNESS,  n.  Jargon;  ab- 
surdity ;  that  which  conveys  no  proper 
ideas. 

NONSENS'ITIVE,  a.  Wanting  sense  or 
perception.  Feltham. 

NON-SOLU'TION,  n.  Failure  of  solution 
or  explanation.  Broome. 

,NON-SOLV'ENCY,  n.  Inability  to  pay 
debts.  "        Swift. 

NON-SOLV'ENT,  a.  Not  able  to  p.ny  debts ; 
insolvent.  Johnson. 

NON-SPA'RING,  a.  Sparing  none  ;  all- 
destroying;  merciless.  Shak. 

NONSUCH.  [See  A'bncsnc/i.] 

NON'St'IT,  >i.  In  law,  the  default,  neglect 
or  non-ajipearance  of  the  plaintiff  in  a  suit, 
when  called  in  court,  by  which  the  ])lain- 

I  tiff  signifies  his  intention  to  drop  the  suit. 
Hence  a  noiuiuit  amounts  to  a  stoppage  of 
the  suit.  A  no)W!(i(  differs  from  a  retrax- 
it;  a  nonsuit  is  the  default  or  neglect  of 
the  plaintiff,  and  after  this  he  may  bring 
another  suit  for  the  same  cause  ;  but  a 
retraxit  is  an  open  positive  renunciation  of 
the  suit,  by  which  lie  forever  loses  his  ac- 
tion.    [See  the  Verb.]  Blackstone. 

NON'SCIT,  r.  t.  To  determine  or  record 
that  the  plaintiff  drops  his  suit,  on  default 
of  appearance  when  called  in  court. 
When  a  plaintiff  being  called  in  court, 
declines  to  answer,  or  when  he  neglects 
to  deliver  his  declaration,  he  is  supposed 


NOR 


NOR 


N  O  S 


to  drop  his  suit ;  he  is  therefore  nonsuited, 
that  is,  his  non-appearance  is  entered  on 
the  record,  and  this  entry  amounts  to  a 
judgment  of  the  court  that  the  plaintiff 
has  dropped  the  suit. 

When  two   are  joined  in  a  writ,  and  one  is 
nonsuited —  Z.  Swift 

NON'SOIT,  a.  Nonsuited. 

The  plaintitr  must  become  nonsuit. 

Tyng's  Rep. 

NON'SCITED,  pp.  Adjudged   to'  have  de 
sorted  tlie  suit  by  defauh  of  appearance  ; 
as  a  plaintiff". 

NON'SUITING,  ppr.  Adjudging  to  have 
abandoned  tlie  suit  by  non-appearance  or 
otiier  neglect ;  as  a  plaintifl'. 

NON-tlSANCE,  71.  non-yu'zance.  Neglect  of 
use.  Broivn. 

NON-CSER,    n.  non-yu'zer.    A  not  usiu 
failure   to  use ;  neglect  of  official   duty  ; 
default  of  performing  the  duties  and  ser 
vices  required  of  an  officer. 

An  office  may  be  forfeited  by  misuser  or  non- 
vser.  Blackstone 

2.  Neglect  or  omission  of  use. 

A  francliise  may  be  lost  by  misuser  or  non- 
tiger.  Supreme  Court,  U.  S. 

NOO'DLE,  n.  A  simpleton.  [A  vulgar 
word.] 

NOQK,  n.  [See  JVYc/i.]  A  corner ;  a  narrow 
place  formed  by  an  angle  in  boilies  or  be 
tween  bodies  ;  as  a  hollow  JiooA".      Milton. 

NOON,  n.  [Sax.  non ;  D.  noen ;  W.  nawn. 
that  is  at  tlie  summit ;  said  to  he  from 
naw,  that  is  up  or  ultimate,  that  limits, 
also  nine.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the 
ninth  hour,  among  the  Romans,  was  the 
time  of  eating  the  chief  meal  ;  this  hour 
was  three  o'clock,  P.  M.  In  Danish,  none 
is  an  afternooning,  a  collation.] 

1.  The  middle  of  the  day;  the  time  when 
the  sun  is  in  the  meridian  ;  twelve  o'clock 

'2.  Dryden  used  the  word  for  midnight.  "  At 
the  noon  of  night." 

NOON,  a.  Meridional. 

How  of  the  Jioyrebell.  Voung. 

NOON'DAY,  n.  Mid-day  ;  twelve  o'clock  in 
the  day.  Boyle. 

NOON'DAY,  a.  Pertaining  to  mid-day ;  me- 
ridional ;  as  the  noonday  heat. 

NOON'ING,  71.  Repose  at  noon  ;  sometimes, 
repast  at  noon.  Mdison. 

NOON'STEAD,  ?i.  The  station  of  the  sun 
at  noon.  Drayton. 

NOON'TIDE,  n.  [See  Tide,  which  signities 
lime.] 

The  time  of  noon  ;  miil-day.  Shak.i 

NOON'TIDE,  n.  Pertaining  to  noon  ;  nie-j 
ridional.  Milton.\ 

NOOSE,  n.  nooz.  [Ir.  nas,  a  band  or  tic ;! 
nasgaini,  to  bind  or  tie.] 

A  rumiing  knot,  which  hinds  the  closer  the 
more  it  is  drawn. 

Where  the  hangman  does  dispose 
To  special  friend  tire  knot  of  noose. 

Hudibras. 

NOOSE,  v.l.  nooz.  To  tie  in  a  noose;  to 
catch  in  a  noose;  to  entrap;  to  ensnare. 

NO'PAL,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Cactus,! 
from  which  the  cochineal  is  collected  in 
IMexicn;  Indian  fig  or  raquette.  The  fruir 
resembles  a  fig.  Encyc. 

NOPE,  n.  A  provincial  name  for  the  biill- 
fiiicli  or  red  tail.  Eng.  Diet 

NOR.  connective,  [ne  and  or.]  A  word  thai 
denies  or  renders  negative  the  second  or 


subsequent  part  of  a  proposition,  or  al 
proposition  following  another  negative 
proposition;  correlative   to  neither  or  7io(. 

I  neither  love  nor  fear  thee.  Shak. 

Fight  neither  witli  small  nor  great.  1  Kings 
xxii. 

Eye  hath  not  seen,  nor  ear  heard —  1  Cor.  ii. 

2.  J^or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in 
this  case  a  negative  proposition  has  pre- 
ceded it  in  the  foregoing  sentence. 

3.  In  some  cases,  usually  in  poetry,  neither 
is  omitted,  and  the  negation  which  it 
would  express  is  included  in  7ior. 

Simois  nor  Xanthus  shall  be  wanting  there. 

Dryden 

That  is,  neither  Simois  nor  Xanthus. 

4.  Sometimes  in  poetry,  ?ior  is  used  for  nei- 
ther, in  the  first  part  of  tlie  proposition. 

I  whom  nor  avarice  nor  pleasures  move. 

Walsh 

NOR'MAL,  a.  [L.  normalis,  from  norma,  a 
square,  a  rule.] 

1.  According  to  a  square  or  rule  ;  perpen 
dicular ;  forming  a  right  angle. 

2.  According  to  a  rule  or  iiriiiciide. 

3.  Relating  to  rudiments  or  elements ;  teach 
ing  rudiments  or  first  priucijiles  ;  as  nor- 
mal schools  in  France. 

NOR'MAN,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  a  short 
wooden  bar  to  be  thrust  into  a  hole  of  the 
windlass,  on  which  to  fasten  the  cable. 

Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'MAN,  n.  [norlh-mayi  or  nord-?nan.] 
A  Norwegian,  or  a  native  of  Normandy. 

NOR'MAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy ;  as 
the  JVorman  language. 

NOR'ROY,  n.  [north  and  roy,  north  king. 
The  title  of  the  third  of  the  three  kings  at 
arms  or  provincial  heralds.  Burke 

NORTH,  n.  [Sax.  north ;  G.  Sw.  Dan.  nord , 
D.  noord ;  It.  norte  ;  Fr.  norrf ;  Arm.  id.  j 
Sp.  nord,  the  north  wind,  and  norte,  nonh. 
the  arctic  pole,  and  a  rule  or  guide.  I 
know  not  the  origin  of  this  word,  nor  its 
primary  sense.  It  may  have  been  applied 
first  to  the  pole  star,  or  to  the  wind,  like 
Boreas.] 

One  of  the  cardinal  points,  being  that  point 
of  the  horizon  which  is  directly  opposite 
to  the  sun  in  the  meridian,  on  the  left 
hand  when  we  stand  with  the  face  to| 
the  east;  or  it  is  that  point  of  intersection! 
of  the  horizon  and  meridian  which  isl 
nearest  our  pole.  Cyc' 

NORTH,  a.  Being  in  the  north  ;  as  the 
north  polar  star. 

NORTHE'AST,  n.  The  point  between  the 
north  and  east,  at  an  eipial  distance  from 
each. 

NORTHE'AST,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  north- 
east, or  proceeding  from  that  point ;  as  a 
nortlitast  wind. 

NORTH'ERLY,  a.  Being  towards  the 
north,  or  nearer  towards  the  north  than 
to  any  otiier  c.-irdiiial  |ioiiit.  [We  use  this 
word  and  northern  with  considerable  lati- 
tude.] 

NORTH'ERLY,  adv.  Towards  the  north  ; 
as,  to  sail  northerly. 

2.  In  a  northern  direction  ;  as  a  northerly 
coinse. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  northern  point. 
NORTH'EHN,   a.  Being   in    the   north,  or 

nearer  to  that  point  than  to  the  east  or 
west. 


2.  In  a  direction  towards  the  north,  or  a 
point  near  it ;  as,  to  steer  a  northern 
course. 

NORTH' ERNLY.arfv.  Toward  the  north. 
[jVol  used.]  Hakeivill. 

NORTH'ING,  n.  The  motion  or  distance  of 
a  planet  from  the  equator  northward. 

As  the  tides  of  the  sea  obey  the  southing  and 
northing  of  the  sea —  Darwin. 

2.  Course  or  distance  northward  of  the 
equator. 

NORTH-STAR,  n.  The  north  polar  star. 

NORTH'VVARD,  a.  [Sax.  north  and  weard.] 
Being  towanls  the  north,  or  nearer  to  the 
north  than  to  tlie  east  and  west  points. 

NORTH'WARD,  adv.  Towards  the  north, 
or  towards  a  point  nearer  to  the  north  than 
the  east  and  west  points.     Bacon.    Dri/den. 

NORTHWEST',  n.  The  point  in  the  hori- 
zon between  the  north  and  west,  and 
equally  distant  from  each. 

NORTHWEST',  o.  Pertaining  to  the  point 
between  the  north  and  west ;  being  in  the 
northwest ;  as  the  northwest  coast. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  northwest ;  as  a 
northwest  wind. 

NORTHWEST'ERN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
being  in  the  northwest,  or  in  a  directiou 
to  the  northwest  ;  as  a  northwestern 
course. 

NORTH'-WIND,  n.  The  wind  that  blowa 
from  the  north.  H^atts. 

NORWE'uIAN,  a.  Belonging  to  Norway. 

NORWE'GIAN,  n.  A  native  of  Norway. 

NOSE,  71.  s  as  :.  [Sax.  nose,  nase,  nase;  G. 
nuse;  D.  neiis ;  Sw.  nlisa ;  Dan.  nwse; 
h.  7iasus  ;  ll.  naso ;  Fr.  nez  ;  Russ.  nos  ; 
Dalmatian,  nooss ;  Sans.  »iasff.  Qu.  Gr. 
I'jjflos,  an  isle.  It  occurs  in  Peloponnesus, 
the  (iromontory  of  Pelops.  It  seems  to 
be  the  same  word,  or  from  the  same  root 
as  ness,  in  Sheerness.] 

1.  The  )nominent  part  of  the  face  which  is 
the  organ  of  smell,  consisting  of  two  sim- 
ilar cavities  called  nostrils.  The  nose 
serves  also  to  modulate  the  voice  in 
speaking,  and  to  discharge  the  tears 
which  flow  through  the  lachrymal  ducts. 
Through  this  organ  also  the  air  usually 
passes  in  respiration,  and  it  constitutes  no 
small  part  of  the  beauty  of  the  face.  In 
man,  the  nose  is  situated  near  the  middle 
of  the  face;  hut  in  quadrupeds,  the  nose 
is  at  or  near  tlie  lower  extremity  of  the 
head. 

2.  The  end  of  any  thing;  as  the  nose  of  a 
bellows.  Holder. 

3.  Scent ;  sagacity. 

We  are  not  offimded  with  a  dog  for  a  better 
nose  than  his  master.  Collier. 

To  lead  by  the  nose,  to  lead  blindly. 

To  be  led  hy  the  nose,  to  follow  another  obse- 
quiously, or  to  be  led  without  resistance 
or  enquiring  the  reason. 

To  thrust  07!e's  nose  into  the  affairs  of  others, 
to  meddle  oflirjously  in  other  people's 
matters;  to  be  a  busy-body. 

To  put  ont''s  nose  out  of  joint,  to  alienate  the 
atlbctions  from  another. 

NOSF,   V.  t.  To  .smell;  to  scent.  Slmk. 

'<!.  To  face ;  to  oppose  to  the  face.         Wood. 

XOSK,  u.  i.  To  look  big ;  to  bluster.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

NOSEBLEED,  n.  A  hemorrhage  or  bleed- 
ing at  the  nose. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 


NOT 


NOT 


NOT 


NOSED,  a.  Having  a  iioso ;  as  in  long- 

nosed. 
2.  Having  sagacity.  Middleton. 

NO'SE-FISH,    7!.    A   fisii    of  the    letlier 

moiitliod   liiiiil.   Willi  a  flat   blunt   snout; 

called  also  broad-snout.       Did.  ATat.  Hist 
NO'SEGAY,  n.    [nose   and   Celtic  geac,  a 

hough.] 
A  hunch  of  flowers  used  to  regale  the  sense 

of  smelling. 

As  on  the  nosegay  iu  her  breast  reclined. 

Pope. 
NO'SELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  nose. 

Shak. 
NO'SE-SMART,  ii.    A  plant,  nasturtium; 

NOSETIIRIL.     [See  J^Tostril.] 

NOS'LE,  re.  [from  nose.]  A  little  nose  ;  the 
extremity  of  a  thing;  as  the  nosle  of  a 
bellows.     [See  .Nozzle.] 

NOSOLOG'ICAL,  a.  [See  JVosology.]  Per- 
taining to  nosology,  or  a  systematic  class- 
ification of  diseases. 

NOSOL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  classifies  dis 
cases,  arranges  them  in  order  and  gives 
them  suitable  names. 

NOSOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  wso;,  disease,  and 
>.»)os,  discourse.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  diseases,  or  a  .systematic  ar- 
rangement or  classification  of  diseases 
with  names  and  definitions,  according  to 
the  distinclive  character  of  each  class,  or- 
der, genus  and  species.  Eneijc. 

2.  That  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  classification  of  diseases. 

NOSOPOET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  roso;,  disease,  and 
rtoifu),  to  produce.]  Producing  diseases. 
[Little  ttscd.]  Arbulhnot. 

NOS'TRIL,  n.  [Sax.  nosethyrl,  ncesethyrl. 
Thyrl  or  Ihirel  is  an  ojjening  or  (lerfora- 
tion  ;  thirlian,  thyriian,  to  bore,  to  perfo- 
rate, to  thrill,  to  drill.     See  DnlL] 

An  aperture  or  passage  through  the  nose. 
Tlie  nostrils  are  the  passages  tlirough 
which  air  is  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respi- 
ration. 

NOS'TRUM,  n.  [I.,  from  noster,  ours.]  A 
medicine,  the  ingredients  of  which  are  kept 
secret  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the 
profits  of  sale  to  the  inventor  or  proprie- 
tor. Pope. 

NOT,  adi>.  [Sax.  naht  or  noht,  naught,  that 
is,  ne  and  awiU,  not  any  thing;  D.  niet : 
G.  nicht;  Russ.  niete ;  Scot,  nocht.  See 
J^augtit.] 

1.  A  word  that  expresses  negation,  denial  or 
refusal ;  as,  lie  will  not  go ;  will  you  re- 
main? I  will  not.  In  the  tirst  member 
of  a  sentence,  it  may  be  followed  by  nor 
or  neither;  as  not  for  a  jirice  nor  reward  ; 
1  was  not  in  safety,  neither  had  I  rest. 

2.  With  the  substantive  verb  in  the  follow- 
ing phrase,  it  denies  being,  or  denotes  ex- 
tinction of  existence. 

Thine  eyes  are  open  upon  me,  and  I  am  not. 
Jol)  vii. 

NOT' ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  notable;  L.  notabilis, 
from  7iotns,  known  ;  nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  Remarkable  ;  worthy  of  notice ;  memo- 
rable ;  observable  ;  distinguished  or  noted. 

Tliey  bore    two  or   three   charge's    from  llie 

horse  with  notable  courage.  Clarendon. 

Two  young  men  of  notable  strength.    2  Mace. 

2.  Active ;  industrious ;  careful ;  as  a  notable 
woman. 

[In  both  senseSjiMs  word  is  obsolete  in  ele- 


gant style,  or  used  only  in  irony.  The  second 
sense  is  in  colloquial  %ise  inATciv  England.] 

3.  In  Scrijjture,  conspicuous  ;  sightly  ;  as  a 
notable  horn.     Dan.  viii. 

4.  Notorious.     Matt,  xxvii. 

5.  Terrible.     Acts  ii. 

6.  Known  or  apparent.     Acts  iv. 
NOTABLE,  n.  In  France,  the  nobles  or 

persons  of  rank  and  distinction  were  for- 
merly called  notables. 

2.  A  thing  worthy  of  observation.     Addison. 

NOT'ABLENESS,    n.    Activity;    industri 
ousness;  care.     [Lilllc  used.] 

2.  Reiiiarkableness. 

NOTABLY,  adv.  Memorably ;  remarka- 
bly ;  eminently.  Bacon. 

2.  With  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Addison. 

NOTA'RIAL,  a.  [from  notary.]  Pertaining 
to  a  notary  ;  as  a  notarial  seal ;  notarial 
evidence  or  attestation. 

2.  Done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 

NO'TARY,  n.  [Ii.  notarius,  from  notus, 
known,  from  nosco.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  person  employed  to  take 
notes  of  contracts,  trials  and  proceedings 
in  courts  among  the  Romans. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  an  ollicer  authorized  to 
attest  contracts  or  writings  of  any  kind, 
to  give  them  the  evidence  of  authenticity. 
Tliis  ofKcer  is  often   styled  notaiy  public. 

NOTA'TION,  n.  [L.  notatio,  from  nolo,  to 
mark.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  recording  any  thing 
by  marks,  figures  or  characters  ;  particu- 
larly in  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  ex- 
pressing of  numbers  and  quantities  by 
figures,  signs  or  characters  appropriate 
for  the  purpose. 

2.  Meaning  ;  signification. 
Conscience,  according  to  the  very  notation 

of  the  word,  imports  a  double  knowledge.   [  Vn- 
usuaL]  South. 

NOTCH,  J!,  [qu.  G.  knicken,  to  crack  or 
flaw,  Dan.  knikker.  It  seems  to  be  the 
same  word  in  origin  as  niche,  nick.  Class 
Ng.  No.  49.] 

1.  A  hollow  cut  in  any  thing;  a  nick;  an 
indentation. 

And  on  the  stick  ten  equal  notches  makes. 

Swift. 

2.  An  opening  or  narrow  passage  through  a 
mountain  or  hill.  We  say,  the  nofc^  of  a 
mountain.  U.  States. 

NOTCH,  V.  f.  To  cut  in  small  hollows  ;  as 
to  notch  a  stick.  Pope. 

NOTCH-WEED,  n.  A  plant  called  orach 

Johnson 

NOTE,  for  ne  icole,  knew  not  or  could  not. 
Chaucer.  Spenser. 
NOTE,  n.  [L.  nola ;  Fr.  note;  W.  nod; 
from  L.  notus,  nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  A  mark  or  token;  something  by  which  a 
thing  may  be  known  ;  a  visible  sign. 

They  wlio  appertain  to  the    visible  church 
have  all  the  7iotes  of  external  profession. 

Hooker. 

2.  A  mark  made  in  a  book,  indicating  some- 
tiiing  worthy  of  particular  notice. 

3.  A  short  remark  ;  a  passage  or  explanation 
in  the  margin  of  a  book. 

4.  A  minute,  memorandum  or  short  writing 
intended  to  assist  the  memory. 

5.  Notice;  heed. 

Give  order  to  my  scr^'ants  that  they  take 
No  note  at  all  of  our  being  absent  hence. 

Shak. 


G.  Reputation;  consequence;  distinction; 
as  men  of  nofe.     Acts  xvi. 

7.  State  of  being  observed. 

.Small  matters,  continually  in  use  and  note. 
[Little  used.'\  Bacon. 

8.  In  music,  a  character  which  marics  a 
sound,  or  the  sound  itself;  as  a  seraibrevc, 
a  minim,  &c.  Notes  are  marks  of  sounds 
in  relation  to  elevation  or  depression,  or 
to  the  time  of  continuing  sounds. 

9.  Tune;  voice  ;  harmonious  or  melodious 
sounds. 

The  wakeful  bird  tunes  her  nocturnal  note. 

.miton. 
One  common  note  on  cither  lyre  did  strike. 

Dryden . 

10.  Abbreviation  ;  symbol.  Baker. 

11.  A  short  letter  ;  a  billet.  Dryden. 

12.  Annotation  ;  commcntiiry ;  as  the  notes 
in  Scott's  Bible  ;  to  write  notes  on  Ho- 
mer. 

13.  A  written  or  printed  paper  acknowledg- 
ing a  debt  and  promising  payment;  as  a 
promissory  note;  a  bank-?iO?c;  a  nofe  of 
hand  ;  a  negotiable  note. 

14.  JVoks,  plu.  a  writing ;  a  written  dis- 
course ;  applied  equally  to  minutes  or 
heads  of  a  discourse  or  argument,  or  to  a 
discourse  fully  written.  The  advocate  of- 
ten has  notes  to  assist  his  memory,  and 
clergymen  preach  with  notes  or  without 
them. 

15.  A  diplomatic  communication  in  writing; 
an  official  paper  sent  from  one  minister  or 
envoy  to  another. 

My  note  of  January   10th  still  remains  unan- 
swered. Gallatin. 
NOTE,  V.  t.  [L.  nolo.]  To  observe ;  to   no- 
tice  with  particular  care ;  to  heed ;  to  at- 
tend to. 
No  more  of  that ;  I  have  noted  it  well. 

Shak. 
Their  manners  noted  and  their  states  survey 'd. 

Pope. 
2.  To  set  down  in  writing. 

j\'oie  it  in  a  book.     Is.  xxx. 
•3.  To  charge,  as  with  a  crime ;  with  of  or 
for. 

They  were  both  noted  (^incontinency.   Obs. 

Dry  den. 
NOTE,    V.  t.  [Sax.  hnitan.]    To  butt;    to 
push  with  the  horns.     [.Vaf  used.]       Ray. 
NO'TE-BOQK,  n.  A  book  in  which  memo- 
randums are  w  ritten.  Shak. 
2.  A  book  in  which  notes  of  hand  are  regis- 
tered. 
NO'TED,  pp.  Set  down  in  writing. 

2.  Observed ;  noticed. 

3.  a.  Remarkable  ;  much  known  by  reputa- 
tion or  report;  eminent ;  celebrated;  as  a 
no<c(/ author ;  a  ?!ofc(/ commander;  anofcd 
traveler. 

NOTEDLY,  adv.  With  observation  or  no- 
tice. Shak. 

NO'TEDNESS,  n.  Conspicuousness ;  emi- 
nence; celebrity.  Boyle. 

NO'TELESS,  a.  Not  attracting  notice ;  not 
conspicuous.  Decker. 

NO'TER,  n.  One  who  takes  notice ;  an  an- 
notator.  Gregory. 

NOTEWORTHY,  a.  Worthy  of  ob.'^erva- 
tion  or  notice.  Shak. 

NOTHING,  n.  [no  and  thing.]  Not  any 
thing  ;  not  any  being  or  existence  ;  a  word 
that  denies  the  existence  of  any  thing; 
non-entity  ;  opposed  to  somefhing.  The 
wmld  was  created  from  nothing. 


NOT 


NOT 


NOT 


2.  Nou-existence ;  a  state  of  annihilation. 

Shak. 

3.  Not  any  thing  ;  not  any  particular  thing, 
deed  or  event.  JVoihinir  was  done  to  re- 
deem our  character.  He  thought  nothing 
done,  while  any  thing  remained  to  be 
done. 

A  determination  to  choose  nothing  is  a  deter- 
loiaation  not  to  choose  the  truth. 

/.  M.  Mason. 

4.  No  other  thing. 

JS'othing  but  tliis  will  entitle  you   to  God's 
acceptance.  IVakt. 

5.  No  part,  portion,  c[iiantity  or  degree.  The 
troops  manifested  nothing  of  irresolution 
in  the  attack. 

Yet  had  his  aspect  nothing  of  severe. 

Dry  den. 
G.  No  importance  ;  no  value  ;  no  use. 

Behold,  ye  are  of  nothing,  and  your  work  of 
naught.     Is.  xli. 

7.  No  possession  of  estate  ;  a  low  condition. 

A  man  that  from   very  nothing  is  grown   to 
an  unspeakable  estate.  Shak. 

8.  A  thing  of  no  proportion  to  something,  or 
of  trifling  value  or  advantage. 

The  charge  of  making  the  ground,  and  other- 
wise, is  great,  but  nothing  to  the  profit. 

Bacon. 

9.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  consideration  or 
importance. 

'lis   nothing,    says  the  fool ;  but   says  the 

friend, 
Tliis  nothing,  sir,  will  bring  you  to  your  end 

Dry  den. 
To  make  nothing  of,  to  make  no  difficulty  or 
to  consider  us  trifling,  liglit  or  unimpor- 
.    tant. 

We  are  industrious   to   preserve  our  bodies 

from  slavery,  but  we  make  nothing  y/'suffering 

our  souls  to  be  slaves  to  our  lusts.  Jiay. 

NOTHING,  adv.  In  no  degree  ;  not  at  all. 

Adam,  with  such  counsel  nothing  sway'd — 

Milto7i. 

In  the  phrase,  nothing  worth,  the  words 

are  transposed  ;  the  natural  order  being, 

worth  nothing. 

NOTH'INGNESS,    n.    Nihility;  non-e\ist- 

euce.  Donne. 

2.  Nothing;  a  thing  of  no  value.     Uudibras. 

NO'TICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  notitia,  from  no- 

to  or  jiodts.] 

1.  Observation  by  the  eye  or  by  the  other 
senses.  We  take  notice  of  objects  passing 
or  standing  before  us  ;  we  take  notice  of 
the  words  of  a  speaker  ;  we  take  notice  of 
a  peculiar  taste  of  food,  or  of  the  smell  of 
an  orange,  and  of  our  peculiar  sensations. 
Notice  tiien  is  the  act  by  which  we  gain 
knowledge  of  something  within  the  reach 
of  the  seHses,  or  the  effei-t  of  an  impress- 
ion on  some  of  the  senses. 

2.  Observation  by  the  mind  or  intellectua 
power ;  as,  to  take  notice  of  a  distinction 
between  truth  and  veracity. 

■).  Information  ;  intelligence  by  whatever 
means  cumnumicated ;  kiiowle<lge  given 
or  received  :  as,  I  received  notice  by  a 
messenger  or  by  letter.  He  gave  notice  of] 
his  arrival.  The  bell  gives  notice  of  tin 
hour  of  the  day.  The  merchant  gives  7!0 
lice  that  a  hill  of  exchange  is  not  accept 
ed. 

1.  A  paper  that  communicates  information. 

5.  Attention  ;  respectful  treulniciit ;  civility.' 

C).  Remark ;  observation. 


NO'TICE,  V.  t.  To  observe;  to  see.  We 
noticed  the  conduct  of  the  sjjeaker;  we 
noticed  no  improper  conduct. 

2.  To  heed ;  to  regard.  His  conduct  was 
rude,  but  I  did  not  notice  it. 

3.  To  remark  ;  to  mention  or  make  observa- 
tions on. 

This  plant  deserves  to  be  noticed  in  this 
place.  Tooke. 

Another  circumstance  was  noticed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  suggestion  last  discussed. 

Hamilton. 

4.  To  treat  with  attention  and  civiUties;  as, 
to  notice  strangers. 

~).  To  observe  intellectually. 

NO'TICEABLE,  a.  That  may  be  observed  ; 
worthy  of  observation. 

NO'TICED,  pp.  Observed  ;  seen  ;  remark- 
ed ;  treated  with  attention. 

NO'TICING,  ppr.  Observing;  seeing;  re- 
garding; remarking  on;  treating  with  at 

NOTIFICATION,  n.  [See  jVotify.]  The 
act  of  liotifying  or  giving  notice;  the  act 
of  making  known,  particularly  the  act  of 
giving  official  notice  or  infortnation  to  the 
public,  or  to  individuals,  corporations, 
companies  or  societies,  by  words,  by  wri- 
ting or  by  other  means. 

2.  Notice  given  in  words  or  writing,  or  by 
signs. 

3.  The  writing  which  communicates  infor- 
mation ;  an  advertisement,  citation,  &c. 

NO'TIFIED,  pp.  Made  known  ;  applied  to 
things.  This  design  of  the  king  was  no- 
tified to  the  court  of  Berlin. 

Informed  by  words,  writing  or  other 
means;  applied  to  persons.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  the  city  have  been  notified  that  a 
meeting  is  to  be  held  at  the  State  House. 

NO'TIFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  nollfier ;  It.  notificare ; 
L.  J10/U5,  known,  and_/acio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  known  ;  to  declare  ;  to  publish. 
The  laws  of  God  notify  to  man  his  will 
and  our  duty. 

2.  To  make  known  by  private  communica- 
tion ;  to  give  information  of.  The  allied 
sovereigns  have  notified  the  Spanish 
court  of  their  purpose  of  maintaining  le- 
gitimate government. 

3.  To  give  notice  to ;  to  inform  by  words  or 
writing,  in  ijcrson  or  by  message,  or  by 
any  signs  which  are  understood.  The 
constable  has  notified  the  citizens  to  meet 
at  the  City  Hall.  The  bell  notifies  us  of  the 
time  of  meeting. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  has  noti- 
fied the  House  of  Representatives,  that  he  has 
approved  and  signed  the  act. 

Journals  of  the  Senate. 

[JVote.  This  application  of  notify  has  been 

condenmed,  but  it  is  in  constant  good  use  in  the 

U.  States,  and  in  perfect  accordance   with  the 

use  o{  certify.] 

NO'TIFYING,  ppr.  Making  known  ;  giving 
notice  to. 

NO'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  notio,  from  no- 
tus,  known  ;  nosco,  to  kin)w.] 

l.CiJonception  ;  mental  apprehension  of  what- 
ever may  be  known  or  imagined.  We 
may  liave  a  just  notion  of  power,  or  false 
notions  respecting  spirit. 

.Yution  and  idea  are  primarily  different ; 
idea  being  the  conception  of  somclhiuf 
visible,  as  the  idea  of  a  square  or  a  trian 
glc  ;  and  notion  the  conce|(tion  of  things 


invisible  or  intellectual,  aa  the  notion  we 
have  of  spirits.  But  from  negligence  it; 
the  use  of  idea,  the  two  words  are  con- 
stantly confounded. 

What  hath  been  generally  agreed  on,  I  con- 
tent myself  to  assume  under  tlie  notion  of  prin- 
ciples. J\rewton. 
Few  agree  in  tlieir  notions  about  these  words. 

Cheyne. 
That  notion  of  hunger,  cold,  sound,  color, 
thought,  wish  or  fear,  which  is  in  the  mind,  is 
called  the  idea  of  hunger,  cold,  &c.         IVatts. 
Sentiment  ;  ojiinion  ;    as   the    extrava- 
gant notions  they  entertain  of  themselves. 

Addison . 

3.  Sense  ;  understanding  ;  intellectual  pow- 
er.    [Mtt  used.]  Shak. 

4.  Inclination  ;  in  vidgar  use ;  as,  I  have  a 
notion  to  do  this  (ir  that. 

NO'TIONAL,  a.  Imaginary;  ideal;    exist- 
ing in  idea  only  ;  visionary  ;  fantastical. 
JVotional  good,  by  fancy  only  luade.      Prior. 
A  notional  and  imaginary  thing.        Bentley. 
2.  Dealing  in  imaginary  things;  whimsical; 

fanciful  ;  as  a  notional  man. 
NOTIONAL' ITY,  n.    Empty    ungrounded 
opinion.     [JVot  used.]  Glanville. 

NOTIONALLY,    adv.    In    mental    appre- 
lension  ;  in  conception  ;  not  in  reality. 
Two  faculties  notionalty  or  really  distinct. 

JVorris. 

NO'TIONIST,    n.    One   who  holds  to  an 

ungrounded  opinion.  Bp.  Hopkins. 

NOTORIETY,  n.  [Fr.  notoriety,  from  no- 

toire.     See  .yotorious.] 
1.  Exposure  to  tlie   public  knowledge  ;  the 
state  of  being  pidilicly  or  generally  known; 
as  the  notoriety  of  a  crime. 
Public  knowledge. 

They  were  not  subjects  in  their  own  nature 
so  exjiosed  to  jmblic  notoriett/.  Addison. 

NOTO'RIOUS,  a.  [It.  Sp.  notorio ;  Fr.no- 
toire ;  from  Low  L.  notorius,  from  notus, 
known.] 
1.  Publicly  known;  manifest  to  the  world; 
evident;  usually,  known  to  disadvan- 
tage ;  hence  almost  always  used  in  an  ill 
sense;  as  a  notorious  thief;  a  noforiotts 
crime  or  vice;  a  man  notorious  for  lewd- 
ness or  gaming. 
In  a  good  sense. 

Your  goodness, 
Since  you  provoke  me,  shall  be  most  notori- 
ous. Shak. 
NOTO'RIOUSLY,  adv.  Publicly  ;   openly  ; 
in  a  manner  to  be  known  or  manifest. 

Sieijl.     Dn/den. 
NOTO'RIOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
open  or  known;  notorietv.  Overbury. 

NOTT,  a.  [Sax.  hnot.]     Shorn.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 
NOTT,  i^  t.  To  shear.     OIjs.  Stowe. 

NO'TUS,  n.  [L.]  The  south  wind.    Milton. 
NOT'WHEAT,     n.    [Sax.     hnot,    smooth, 
horn.]     Wheat  not  bearded.  Careiv. 

NOTWITHSTAND'ING,  the  participle  of 
xvithstand,  with  not  prefixed,  and  siginfy- 
ing  not  opposing;  nevcrlhele.-is.  It  re- 
tains in  all  cases  its  participial  significa- 
tion. For  example,  "  I  will  surely  rend  the 
kingdom  from  thee,  and  will  give  it  to  thy 
servant;  notwithstanding,  \\\  thy  <li\ys  I 
will  not  do  it,  fur  David  thy  fiilhcr's  sake." 
I  Kings  xi.  In  this  passage  there  is  an 
ellipsis  nf  that,  after  notwithstanding:  That 
refers  ti)  the  fn-rjier  part  of  the  sentence, 
1  will  rend  the  kingdom  from  thee ;  notwith- 


IN  O  U 


NOV 


NOW 


standing  that  (declaration  or  determina- 
tion,) ill  tiiy  days  I  will  not  do  it.  In  this 
and  in  all  cases,  notwUhslixnding,  eitlier 
witli  or  without  tkal  or  tkia,  constitutes 
the  case  absolute  or  independent. 

"It  is  a  rainy  day,  but  nulwithslanding 
that,  tlie  troofis  must  be  reviewed  ;"  that 
is,  the  rainy  day  not  opposing  or  prevent- 
ing. That,  in  this  case,  is  a  substitute  for 
the  wliole  first  clause  of  the  sentence.  It 
is  to  that  clause  what  a  relative  is  to  an 
antecedent  noun,  and  ivhich  may  be  used 
in  the  place  of  it ;  notwithstanding  which, 
that  is,  the  rainy  day. 

"Christ  enjoined  on  his  followers  not  to 
publish  the  cures  he  wrought ;  but  jio<- 
wilhstandiiig  his  injunclioits,  they  pro- 
claimed them."  Here,  notwithstanding  his 
injunctions,  is  the  case  independent  or  ab- 
solute ;  the  injunctions  of  Christ  not  op 
posing  or  jireventiug. 

This  word  answers  precisely  to  the  Lat 
iu  non  obstante,  and  both  are  used  with 
nouns  or  with  substitutes  for  nouns, 
for  sentences  or  for  clauses  of  sentences. 
So  in  the  Latin  phrase,  hoc  non  obstante, 
hoc  may  refer  to  a  single  word,  to  a  sen- 
tence or  to  a  series  of  sentences. 

NOUGHT.    See  jYaught. 

NOUL,  n.  [Sa.\-. /ino<.J  The  top  of  the  head. 
[JVot  in  Jise.]  Spenser. 

NOULD,  ne  would,  would  not.  Spenser. 

NOUN,  n.  [altered  from  L.  nomen,  name.] 
In  grammar,  a  name;  that  soiiiul  or  com- 
bination of  sounds  by  which  a  thing  is 
called,  whether  material  or  immaterial. 
[SeejVame.] 

NOURISH,  V.  t.  nur'ish.  [Fr.  nourrir;  It. 
nutrire;  Sp.  I'ort.  nutrir ;  from  L.  nutrio. 
The  G.  niihren,  Sw.  n'ara,  Dan.  narer. 
to  nourish,  cannot  be  the  same  word  un- 
less they  have  lost  a  denial,  which  may 
perhaps  be  the  fact.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow;  to  supply  a 
living  or  organized  body,  animal  or  vege- 
table, with  matter  which  increases  its 
bulk  or  supplies  the  waste  occasioned  by 
any  of  its  functions;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment. 

%  To  support;  to  maintain  by  feeding.  Gen 
xlvii. 

Wliilst  I  hi  Ireland  nourish  a  mighty  band, 
I  will  slir  up  in  England  some  black  storm. 

S}iak 

3.  To  supply  the  ineans  of  sup))ort  and  in- 
crease ;  to  encourage ;  as,  to  nounsh  re- 
bellion ;  to  nourish  tlie  virtues. 

What  madness  was  it,   witli  such  proofs,  to 
nouriih  their  coutentions  !  Hooker. 

4.  To  cherish  ;  to  coratbrt.     James  v. 

5.  To  educate ;  to  instruct  :  to  promote 
growth  in  attainments.     1  Tim.  iv. 

NOURISH,  V.  i.  nur'ish.  To  promote 
growth. 

Grains  and  roots  nourk'!  more  than  leaves. 
[EUiptical.-i  Bacn. 

2.  To  gain  nourishment.     [Unusual.] 

Bacon. 
NOURISHABLE,  n.  nur'ishable.  Si:scepti- 

ble   of  nomishment ;    as  the   nourishable 

parts  of  the  body.  Grew. 

NOURISHED,    pp.    nur'ished.    Fed;    sup 

plied  wiih  nutriment;  caused  to  grow. 
NOURlSiiER,  71.  nur'isher.  The  person  or 

thing  that  nourishes.  Bacon.    MUlon 


tNOURISHING,  ppr.  nur'ishing.  Feeding ;: 
supplying  with  aliment ;  supporting  with' 
food.  I 

2.  a.  Promoting  growth;  nutritious;  as  aj 
nounshiiig  diet.  1 

NOURISHMENT,  n.  nur'ishmtnl.  That! 
which  serves  to  promote  the  growth  of 
animals  or  plants,  or  to  repair  the  waste 
of  animal  bodies;  food;  sustenance;  nu-j 
triment.  JVeivton^ 

2.  Nutrition;  support  of  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies.  Blackmore.\ 

3.  Instruction,  or  that  which  promotes 
growth  in  attainments;  as  nourishment 
and  growth  in  grace. 

So   they  may  learn  to  seek  the  nourishment 
of  their  souls.  Hooker. 

NOUIUTURE.  [See  JVurture.] 

NOURSLING.  [See  JVursling.] 

NOVA€'ULITE,  n.  [L.  tinvacuta,  a  razor.] 
Razor-stone ;  Turkey-hone ;  coticularl 
shist;  whet-slate,  a  variety  of  argillaceous! 
slate.  Brogniart.     Ure.' 

NOV-A'TLAN,  Ji.  In  church  history,  one  of 
the  sect  of  Novatus  or  Novatianus,  who! 
held  tliat  the  lapsed  might  not  be  received 
again  into  communion  with  the  church, 
and  that  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

NOVA'TIANISM,  n.  The  opinions  of  the 
Novatians. 

One    Hypolitus,    a   Roman    presbyter,    had; 
been  seduced  into  A'ovalianism.  Jililner. 

Nf (VATION.     [See  Innovalion.] 

NOVATOR.    [See  Innovator.] 

NOV' EL,  a.  [L.  novtUus,  from  novus,  new  ; 
It.  novella  ;  Sp.  novel.]  i 

1.  New;  of  recent  origin  or  introduction; 
not  ancient ;  hence,  unusual  ;  as  a  novel 
heresy;  ?!0iieZ opinions.  The  proceedings! 
of  the  court  were  novel. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  the  7iovel  constitutions  are 
those  which  are  su])plemcntal  to  the  code, 
and  posterior  in  tune  to  the  other  books. 
These  contained  new  decrees  of  success- 
ive emperors. 

■i.  In  the  common  taw,  the  assize  of  novel  dis- 
seizin is  an  action  in  which  the  demand-' 
ant  recites  a  complaint  of  the  disseizin  in 
terms  of  direct  averment,  whercu))Oii  thei 
sheriff  is  commanded  to  rescize  the  land 
and  chattels  thereon,  and  keep  the  same! 
in  custody  till  the  arrivalof  the  justices  ofi 
assize.  Blackstone.l 

NOVEL,  n.  Anew  or  supplemental  consti-! 
tution  or  decree.     [See  the  Adjective.] 

2.  A  tictitious  tale  or  narrative  in  prose,  in- 
tended to  exhibit  the  operation  of  the  pass- 
ions, and  particularly  of  love. 

The  coxcomb's  novel  and    the    drunkard's 
toast.  Prior: 

NOV'ELISM,  n.  Innovation.    [Little  iised.] 

Bering.) 

NOV'ELIST,  n.  An  innovator  ;  an  assert- 
er  of  novelty.  Bacon.     White!' 

2.  A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.  j 

Warton.) 

3.  A  writer  of  news.     [J\i'ol  used.]        Taller. 
NOVELIZE,    V.  i.   To  innovate.     [Xot  jnl 

use.]  I 

NOVELTY,    )i.    Newness  ;  recentness  of; 

origin  or  introduction.  Hooker.i 

A'ovelty  is  the  great  parent  of  pleasure.  ! 

South: 

NOVEMBER,  ii.  [L.  froranoue?n,  nine  ;  the 

ninth  month,  according  to  the  ancient  Ro-l 


man  year,  beginning  in  March.]  The 
eleventh  month  of  the  year. 

NO'VENARY,  n.  [I.,  novenarius,  from  ?io- 
vem,  nine.]  The  number  nine  ;  nine  col- 
lectively. 

NOVENARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  number 
nine. 

NO'VEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  novem,  nine,  and  an- 
nus, year.]  Done  every  ninth  year.  Potter. 

NOVER'€AL,  a.  [L.  noverca,  a  step-moth- 
er.] 

Pertaining  to  a  step-mother ;  suitable  to  a 
step-mother ;  in  the  manner  of  a  ste])- 
mother.^  Derham. 

NOVICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  novitius,  from 
novus,  new.] 

1.  One  who  is  new  in  any  business ;  one 
unacquainted  or  unskilled  ;  one  in  the  ru- 
diments ;  a  beginner. 

I  am  young,  a  novice  in  the  trade.      Dryden. 

2.  One  that  has  entered  a  religious  house, 
but  has  not  taken  the  vow  ;  a  probationer. 

Shak. 

3.  One  newly  planted  in  the  church,  or  one 
newly  converted  to  the  christian  faith.     1 

NOyi'-TIATE,  n.  [Fr.  noviciat ;  It.  novi- 
ziato.  See  A'ovice.] 

\.  The  state  or  time  of  learning  rudiments. 

2.  In  religious  houses,  a  year  or  other  time  of 
probation  for  the  trial  of  a  novice,  to  de- 
termine whether  he  has  the  necessary 
qualities  for  living  up  to  the  rule  to  which 
his  vow  is  to  bind  him. 

NOVP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  novitius.]  Newly  in- 
vented.    [.Yotused.]  Pearson. 

NOVITY,  n.  [L.  iiovitas.]  Newness.  [Xot 
used.]  Brown. 

NOW,  adv.  [Sax.  D.  Sw.  Dan.  Goth.  nu. 
The  G.  has  nun,  Gr.  nv,  L.  nunc] 

1.  At  the  present  time. 
I  have  a  patient  noiv  living  at  an  advanced 

age,  who  discharged  blood  from  his  liinsjs  thirty 
years  af;o.  "  Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  A  little  while  ago  ;  very  lately. 
Tliey  that  but  now  for  honor  and  for  plate. 
Made  the  sea  blush  with    blood,  resign  their 

hate.  Waller. 

3.  At  one  time  ;  at  another  time. 
J\~ow  high,  now  low,   now  master  up,  now 

mi.ss.  Pope. 

4.  .VoiP  sometimes  expresses  or  implies  a 
connection  betw(^en  the  subsequent  and 
preceding  proposition  ;  ofteu  it  iutrodnces 
an  inference  or  an  explanation  of  what 
precedes. 

Not  this  man,  but  Harabbas  ;  now  BaiTtbbas 
was  a  robber.     John  x\iii. 

Then  said  Micab,  now  I  know  that  the  Lord 
will  do  me  good,  seeing  1  have  a  Levite  for  my 
priest.     Judges  xvii. 

The  other  great  mischief  which  befalls  men, 
is  by  their  being  misrepresented.  Xow  by 
calling  evil  good,  a  man  is  misrepresented  to 
others  in  the  ivay  of  slander —  South. 

After  this  ;  things  being  so. 

How  shall  any  man  distinguish  now  betwi.xt 
a  parasite  and  a  man  of  honor  ?       L'Estran<'e. 
6.  In  supplication,  it  appears  to  be  some- 
what cni|)batical. 

1  beseech  thee,  0  Lord,  remember  now  how 
I  have  walked  before  thee  in  truth  and  with  a 
perfect  heart.  2  Kings  xx. 
.Voic  sometimes  refers  to  a  particular 
time  past  specified  or  understood,  and 
m;iy  be  defined,  at  that  time.  He  was  now 
sensible  of  bis  mistake. 


NUB 


J\/vw  and  then,  at  one  time  and  another,  in-] 
definitely  ;  occasionally  ;  not  often  ;  at 
intervals. 

They  now  and  then  appear  in  offices  of  reli- 
gion. Rogers. 
If  there  were  any  such  thing  as  spontaneou; 
eeneration,  a  new  species  would  now  and  then 
appear. 
2.  Applied  to  places  which  appear  at  inter- 
vals or  in  succession. 

A   mead   here,  there  a  heath,  and  now  and 
then  a  wood.  Drai/lon. 

JVbrv,   now,  repeated,   is  used  to  excite  at- 
tention to  something  immediately  to  hap- 
pen. 
NOW,  n.  The  present  time  or  moment. 
Nothing  is  there  to  come,  and  nothing  past, 
But  an  eternal  noiv  does  ever  last.      Cowley. 
J^ow  a  days,  adv.  In  this  age. 
W\i3t  men  of  spiritnojf  a  days, 
Come  to  give  sober  judgment  of  new  plays? 

Garrick. 
[This  is  a  common  colloquiai  phrase,  but 
not  elee^ant  in  ivriting,  unless  of  the  more 
familiar  kinds.] 
NO'WAY,      }      ,      [no   and   jvay.]     In  no 
NO'WAYS,   \  manner      or       degree 

[These  can  hardly  he  considered  as  com 
pound  words.] 
NOWED,  a.  [Fr.  nouL]  Knotted;  tied  in 
a  knot;  used  in  heraldry.  Encyc. 

NOW'EL,  n.  [Fr.  noel.]  A  shout  of  joy  or 
Christmas  song.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

NOWES,  n.  [Fr.  nou.]  The  marriage  knot. 
Obs.  Crashaw. 

NO'WHERE,    adv.    [no  and  where  ;    Sax. 

na-u'htere.] 
Not  in  any  place  or  state.    Happiness  is  no- 
where  to  he  foimd  but  in  the  practice  of 
virtue. 

But  it  is  better  to  write  no  and  xohcre  as 
separate  words. 
NO'WISE,    adv.    [no   and   wise 

mistake  written  noways.] 
Not  in  any  manner  or  degree. 
NOXIOUS,  a.    nok'shus.    [L. 
noceo,  to  hurt.] 

1.  Hurlfnl  ;  harmfid  ;  baneful 
destructive  ;  unwholesome 
as  no.rious  im;  food,  climate;  pernicious 
corrupting  to  morals  ;  as  7ioxious  practices 
or  examples  ;  iio.rious  haunts  of  vice. 

2.  Guilty  ;  criminal. 

Those  who  are  noxious  in  the  eye  of  the  law. 
[Little  used.]  Bramhall 

3.  Unfavorable  ;  injm-ious. 

Too  frequent  appearance  in  places  of  public 
resort  is  noxious  to  spiritual  promotion. 

Swift. 
NOX'IOUSLY,      adv.     Ilurtfidly  ;    perni- 
ciously. 

NOX'IOUSNESS,  n.  Ilurtfulness  ;  the 
quality  that  injures,  impairs  or  destroys  ; 
insalubrity  ;  as  the  noxiousness  of  foul  air 

2.  The  finality  that  corrupts  or  perverts  ; 
as  the  no.riousness  of  doctrines. 

jVoi/,  noyance,  noyer,  noyfiil,  noyous,  noysance. 
[Sec  Annoy  and  JVnisancc] 

NOYAU,  J!,  noiy'o.  A  rich  cordial. 

NOZ'LE,      )    ■    [from   nose.]     The    nose  ; 

NOZ'ZLE,  \  "■  the  extremity  ofany  tiling; 
the  snout.  Arhulhnol. 

NUP.'BLE,  V.  t.  [fur  knnbble,  from  knob,  the 
fist.] 

To  beat  or  bruise  with  the  fist.     [A''ol  used.] 

.'linsworlh. 


N  U  L 

NUBIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  nuhiftr ;  nubes,  a 
cloud  or  fog,  and  fero,  to  produce.]  Bring- 
ing or  producing  clouds.  Diet. 

NU'BILF.,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  nubilis,  from  nu- 
bo,  to  marry.] 

Marriageable ;  of  an  ago  suitable  for  mar- 
riage. Pnor. 

NU'BILOUS,  a.  [L.  nubilus,  from  nubes.] 
Cloudy.  Bailey. 

NUCIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  nur,  nut,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]     Bearing  or  producing  nuts. 

Diet. 

NU'€LEUS,  n.  [L.  from  mix,  a  nut.] 

1.  Properly,  the  kernel  of  a  nut  ;  but  in 
usage,  any  body  about  which  matter  is 
collected.  n'oodward. 

2.  The  body  of  a  comet,  called  also  its  head, 
which  appears  to  be  surrounded  with 
light. 

NUD.\'TION,  n.  [L.  nudatio,  from  nudo,  to 
I     make  bare.] 

The  act  of  stripping  or  making  bare  or  na- 
ked. 
NUDE,  a.  [L.  mubis.]  Bare. 
2.  In  law,  void  ;  of  no  force.  Blackstone. 

NU'DITY,  n.  [L.  nuditas.]  Nakedness. 

2.  Midities,  in  the  plural,  naked  parts  which 
decency  requires  to  be  concealed 

Dryden. 

3.  In  painting  and  scrdpture,  the  naked  parts 
of  the  hinuan  figure,  or  parts  not  covered 
with  drapery. 


often  by 

Bentley. 
noxius,  from 


pernicious 
:  insalubrious 


according  to  the 
Blackstone. 
from   nugce 


Mtrfum  Pactum,  [L.]  in  laiv,  an  agreement 

that  is  void  or  not  valid 

laws  of  the  land. 
NUGAC'ITY,   n.    [L.  7iugax, 

trifles.] 
Futility  ;  trifling  talk  or  behavior. 

More.     Johnson. 

NUGA'TION,  )i.  [L.  nugor,  to  trifle.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  trifling.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

NU'GATORY,  a.  [h.nugatorius.]  Trifling; 
vain  ;  futile  ;  insignificant.  Bentley. 

2.  Of  no  force  ;  inoperative  ;  ineffectual. 
The  laws  are  sometimes  rendered  nuga- 
tory by  inexecution.  Any  agreement  may 
be  rendered  nugatory  by  something  which 
contravenes  its  execution. 

NU'ISANCE,  ?       [Fr.  nuisance,  from  nuire, 

NU'SANCE,  I  "■  L.  noceo,  to  annoy.  Black- 
stone writes  nusance,  and  it  is  desirable 
that  his  example  may  he  followed.] 

1.  That  which  annoys  or  gives  trouble  and 
vexation  ;  that  which  is  offensive  or  nox 
ious.  A  liar  is  a  nusance  to  society. 
In  law,  that  which  incommodes  or  an- 
noys ;  something  that  produces  inconven- 
ience or  damage.  Nusances  are  public 
or  private  ;  public,  when  they  annoy  ci'  - 
zens  in  general,  as  obstructions  of  ..le 
highway ;  private,  when  they  affect  indi- 
viduals only,  as  when  one  man  erects  a 
house  so  near  his  neighbor's  as  to  throw 
the  water  off  the  roof  upon  his  neighbor's 
land  or  house,  or  to  intercept  the  light 
that  his  neighbor  before  enjoyed. 

Blackstone. 

JVul,  in  law,  signifies  no,  not  any  ;  as  nul  dis- 
seizin ;  nul  tiel  record  ;  nul  tort. 

NULL,  v.  I.  [L.  nullus ;  ne  and  utlus,  not 
any.] 

To  annul ;  to  deprive  of  validity  ;  to  destroy. 
[jVot  much  used.]     [See  Annul.]      Milton. 


N  U  M 

NULL,  «.  [L.  nullus.]  Void  ;  of  no  legal  or 

binding  force  or  validity  ;  of  no  efficacy  ; 

invalid.     The  contract  of  a  minor  is  null 

in  law,  except  for  necessaries. 
NULL,  n.  Something  that  has  no  force  or 

meaning.    A  cipher  is  called  a  nidi.     [J^ot 

used.]  Bacon. 

NULLIFID'IAN,  o.  [L.  nullus,  none,  and 

fdes,  faith.] 
Of  no  faith  ;  of  no  religion  or  honesty.  [JVbf 

used.]  Feltham. 

NULLIFIED,  pp.  Made  void. 
NUL'LIFY,  V.  t.  [L.  nuUua,  none,  and  facio, 

to  make.] 
To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  render  invalid  ; 

to  deprive  of  legal  force  or  efficacy. 

Ames. 
XUL'LITY,    n.    [It.   nullita ;   Fr.   nuUit^  ; 

from  L.  nullus.] 

1.  Nothingness  ;  want  of  existence. 

Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  legal  force,  validity  or  efficacy. 

South. 

NUMB,  a.  num.  [Sax.  numen,  the  parti- 
ciple of  Sax.  Goth,  niman,  to  take,  to 
seize,  whence  beniman  or  benyman,  to  de- 
prive ;  benum,  benuman,  stupefied,  that  is, 
seized,  arrested,  held,  stopped  ;  D.  nee- 
men  ;  G.  nehmen.     Class  Nni.  No.  7.  0.] 

I.  Torpid  ;  destitute  of  the  power  of  sensa- 
tion and  motion  ;  as,  the  fingers  or  litnbs 
are  7iutnb  vvith  cold. 

Producing  numbness  ;  benumbing  ;  as  the 
numb  cold  night,      [JVot  used  nor  proper.] 

Shak. 

NUMB,  V.  t.  num.  To  make  torpid ;  to  de- 
prive of  the  power  of  sensation  or  motion  ; 
to  deaden  ;  to  benumb  ;  to  stupefy. 
For  lazy  winter  numbs  the  laboring  hand. 

Dryden. 
And  numbing  coldness  has  embraced  the  ear. 

Prior. 

NUMBED,  pp.  num'med.  Rendered  torpid. 

NUM'BER,  n.  [Fr.  nombre  ;  L.  numerus ; 
It.  Sp.  Port,  numero  ;  Arm.  W.  niver  ;  Ir. 
nuimhir.  I  know  not  whether  the  ele- 
ments are  JVm,  or  J^b.  Probably  the  radi- 
cal sense  is  to  speak,  name  or  tell,  as  our 
word  tell,  in  the  other  dialects,  is  to  num- 
ber. j\fumber  may  be  allied  to  name,  as 
the  Spaniards  use  nombre  for  name,  and 
the  French  word  written  with  the  same 
letters,  is  number.     Class  Nm.  No.  1.] 

1.  The  designation  of  a  unit  in  reference  to 
other  units,  or  in  reckoning,  counting, 
enumerating  ;  as,  one  is  the  first  lutmber  ; 
a  simple  number. 

An  assemblage  of  two  or  more  imits. 
Two  is  a  number  composed  of  one  and 
one  added.  Five  and  three  added  make 
the  number  eight.  .Yumber  may  be  appli- 
ed to  any  collection  or  multitude  of  units 
or  individuals,  and  therefore  is  indefinite, 
unless  defined  by  other  words  or  by 
figures  or  signs  of  definite  signification. 
Hence, 

3.  3Iore  than  one ;  many. 
Ladies  are  always  of  great  use  to  the  party 

they  espouse,  and  never  fail  to  win  over  ni(»»- 
brrs.  Addison. 

4.  Multitude. 
JVumber  itself  importeth  not  much  in  armies, 

where  the  men  are  of  weak  courage.  Bacon. 
In  poetni.  measure  ;  the  order  and  qunn- 
litv  of  syllables  constituting  ti'Ct,  which 
rciider  verse  iiuisical  to  the  car.  The  liar- 


N  U  31 

mony  of  verse  consists  in  llie  proper  dis- 
tribution of  the  long  and  short  syllables, 
with  suitable  pauses. 

In  oratory,  a  judicious  disposition  ot 
words,  syllables  and  cadences  constitutes 
a  kind  of  measure  resembling  poetic  num- 
bers. 

6.  Poetry  ;  verse. 

I  Usped  in  numbers,  for  the  numbers  came. 
■^  Pope. 

Here  the  first  word  numbers  may  be 
taken  for  -poelnj  or  verse,  and  the  second 
for  measure. 

Yet  should  the  Muses  bid  my  numbers  roll. 

Pope. 

7.  In  grammar,  the  difference  of  termination 
or  form  of  a  word,  to  express  unity  or  plu- 
rality. The  termination  which  denotes 
one  or  an  individual,  is  the  singular  mtm- 
ler  ;  the  termination  that  denotes  two  or 
more  individuals  or  units,  constitutes  the 
plural  number.  Hence  we  say,  a  noun,  an 
adjective,  a  pronoun  or  a  verb  is  in  the 
singular  or  the  plural  number. 

8.  In  mathematics,  number  is  variously  dis 
tinguished.     Cardinal  numbers  are  those 


They  arc  said  to 
but  the  Andiians 
them  from  India. 


which  cxi)ress  the  ainoiml  of  units  ;  as  1. 
2.  3.  4.  5.  ti.  7.  8.  9.  10.  Ordinal  numbers 
are  those  wliicli  express  order;  as  first 
second,  third,  fourth,  &c-. 

Determinate   number,   is  tliat   referred   to   a 
given   unit,  as  a  ternary  or  three  ;  an  in 
determinate  number,  is  referred  to  unity  in 
general,  and  called  quantity. 

Homogeneal  numbers,  are  those  referred  to 
thesame  units  ;  those  referred  to  differ- 
ent units  are  termed  heterogeneal. 

Whole  numbers,  are  called  integers. 

A  rational  number,  is  one  commensurable 
with  unity.  A  number  incoimneiisurable 
with  unity,  is  termed  irrational  or  surd. 

\  prime  or  primitive  number,  is  divisible  only 
by  unity  ;  as  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

A  perfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliquot  parts 
added  together,  make  the  whole  number, 
as  28,  whose  aliquot  i)arls,  11.  7.  4.  2,  1. 
make  the  number  28. 

.\t\  imperfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliquot 
parts  added  together,  make  more  or  less 
than  the  number.  This  is  abundant  or 
defective  ;  abundant,  as  Vi,  whose  aliquot 
parts,  C.  4.  3.  2.  1.  make  1(1 ;  or  defective, 
as  10,  whose  aliquot  parts,  8.  4.  2.  1.  make 
15  only. 

A  square  number,  is  the  product  of  a  number 
multiplied  by  itself;  as,  16  is  the  square 
number  of  4. 

A  cubic  nuinber,  is  the  product  of  a  square 
number  by  its  root;  as,  27  is  the  product 
of  the  square  number  9  by  its  root  3. 

Encyc. 
Golden  number,  the  cycle  of  the  moon,  or 
revolution  of  19  years,  in  which  time  the 
conjunctions,  oppositions  and  other  as-l|ivuj>iER'l£;^ 
pects  of  the  moon  are  nearly  the  same  as 
they  were  on  the  same  days  of  the  month 
19  years  before. 
NUM'BER,  V.  t.  [L.  nximero.]  To  count ;  to 
reckon  ;  to  ascertain  the  units  of  any  sum, 
collection  or  multitude. 

If  a  man  can  numher  tlie  i!u.«t  of  the  earth, 
then  shall  Uiy  seed  also  be  nwnhcred.  Gen. 
xiii. 

2.  To  reckon  as  one  of  a  collection  or  mul- 
titude. 


N  U  M 

He  was   numbered  wilh   the  tiausgretisors. 
Is.  liii. 

NUM'UERED,  pp.  Counted  ;  enumerated. 
NUM'BEUER,  n.  One  that  numbers. 
NUM'BERING,  h;»-.  Countuig  ;  ascertain- 
ing the  iniits  ol  a  multitude  or  collection. 
NUM'BERLESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  count- 
ed ;  innumerable.  Milton 
NUiVl'BERS,     n.    The  title  of  the   fourth 

book  of  the  Pentateuch. 
NUMBING, /)/«•.  num'ming.  Making  torpid 
NUM'BLES,  ji.  [Vr.nombles.]  The  entrails 
of  a  deer.  Bailey. 

NUMBNESS,    JI.    num'ness.   Torpor  ;  that 
state  of  a  living  body  in  which  it  has  not 
the  power  of  feeling  or  motion,  as  when 
paralytic  or  chilled  by  cold. 
NUMERABLE,    a.  [L.  mtmeralnlis.]  That 

may  be  numbered  or  counted. 
NU'MERAL,  a.  [Fr.  ;  L.  numcralk.}    Per- 
taining to  number  ;  consisting  of  number. 
'I  he  dependence  of  a  long  train  of  numeral 
progressions.  Lucke. 

E.xpressing  number  ;  representing  num- 
ber ;  standing  as  a  substitute  for  figures  ; 
as   numeral  letters  ;  as  X  for    10  ;  L  for 
fifty  ;  Cfor  100  ;  D  for  500;  M  for  1000. 
3.  Expressing  numbers  ;  as  numeral  charac- 
ters.    The  figures  we  now  use  to  e.x|)ress 
numbers   are  1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  G.  7.  8.  9.  0, 
he  of  Arabian  origin 
might    have    received 
This  is  a  controverted 


question. 

NU'MERALEY,   adv.   According  to  num 
her  ;  in  number. 

NU'MERARY,  a.  Belonging  to  a  certain 
number. 

A  supernumerary  canon,  when  he  obtains  i 
prebend,  becomes  a  nwmoa/i/ canon.     Jhjliffe 

NU'MERATE,  v.  t.  To  count  or  reckon  in 
numbers  ;  to  calculate.  [But  enumerate  is 
generally  used.]  Lancaster. 

NUMERA'TION,  Ji.  [L.  numeratio.]  The 
act  or  art  of  numbering. 

A'ltmcraiion  is  but  still  the  adding  of  one 
unit  more,  and  giving  to  the  whole  a  new  name 
or  .sign.  Locke. 

2.  In  nriWwnefic,  notation  ;  the  art  of  express- 
ing in  characters  any  number  proposed  in 
wonls,  or  of  e.xpressing  in  wonis  any  num 
her  pni])oscd  in  characters;  the  ait  or  art 
of  writing  or  reading  numbers.  Thus  we; 
write  1000,  tor  thousand,  and  50,  we  read 
fifty. 

NU'iMERATOR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  num- 
bers. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  in  vulgar  frac- 
tions which  shows  how  many  parts  of  a 
unit  are  taken.  Thus  when  a  unit  is  di- 
vided into  9  parts,  and  we  take  5,  we  ex- 
press it  thus,  ^,,  that  is,  five  ninths;  5  be- 
ing the  numerator,  and  9  the  denomina- 
tor. 

[It.   numerico ;  Fr.  nu- 

NVMER'lCAh,^"' meriijue  ;  from  L.  nu- 
mfn(S,  number.] 

1.  Belonging  to  mmiber;  denoting  number ; 
consisting  in  niunbers  ;  as  numerical  alge- 
bra ;  numerical  characters. 

2.  J\rumerical  difference,  is  that  by  which 
one  individual  is  distinguished  liom  an- 
other. The  same  numerical  body  is  idcn 
ticallv  the  same. 

NUMERICALLY,  adv.  In  numbers;  as 
parts  of  a  thing  numerically  expressed. 


.\  U  N 

2.  With  respect  to  number  or  sameness  ill 
number ;  as,   a    thing   is  numerically   the 
same,  or  numerically  different. 
NU'MERIST,  71.  One  that  deals   in  num- 
hers.     [Ao<  used.]  Brown. 

NUMEROS'lTY,    n.    The  state  of  being 
numerous.     [J\'ot  used.]  Brown. 

NU'MEROUS,  a.  [L.  numerosus.]  Beiiig^ 
many,  or  consisting  of  a  great  number  of 
individuals;  as  a  numerous  army;  a  nu- 
merous body  ;  a  nutnerous  people. 
Consisting  of  poetic  numbers;  melodi- 
ous; musical.  In  prose,  a  style  becomes 
■numerous  by  the  alternate  dl^positilln  or 
intermixture  of  long  and  short  sjllablcs, 
or  of  long  and  short  words  ;  or  by  a  judi- 
cious selection  and  disposition  of  smooth 
flowing  words,  and  by  closing  tlie  periods 
with  important  or  uell  sounding  words. 

Encyc. 

NU'MEROUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing numerous  or  many ;  the  quality  of 
consisting  of  a  great  number  of  inilivid- 
uals  ;  as  the  numerousness  of  an  army  or 
of  an  assembly. 
2.  The  quality  of  consisting  of  poetic  num- 
bers ;  melodiousness ;  musicalness. 

Encyc. 

NUMISMATTC,  a.    [L.   r.umisjita,   money, 

coin  ;  Gr.  i-o^iofia,  from  lofn'iu,  to  suppose, 

to  sanction,  liom  yofio;,   law   or  custom.] 

Pertaining  to  money,  coin  or  medals. 

NUJIISMAT'ICS,  n.  The  science  of  coins 

and  medals. 
NUMISMATOL  OtilST,  n.  One  versed  in 

the  knowledge  of  coins  and  medals. 
NUMISMATOLOGY,  7i.  [Gr.  TOfitof<o,  coin, 

and  ?^/05,  discourse.] 
The  branch  of  historical  science  which  treats 

of  coins  and  meilals. 
NUM'MARY,     i       [L.  jiHm?(i!(,?,   a    coin.] 
NUM'MULAR,  S"'  Pertaining    to    coin  or 
Arbuthnot.     Diet. 
[L.   nuiumus,   money.] 
a   chambered   shell    of 
formerly  mistaken    for 
money.  Ed.  Encyc. 

NUMPS,    Ji.    A   dolt;   a  blockhead.     [.Vol 
used.]  Parker. 

NUM'SKULL,    JI.    [numb   and    skull.]      A 
dunce  ;  a  dolt ;  a  stupid  lidlow.  Prior. 

NUM'SKULLEl),  a.  Dull  in  intellect  :  stu- 
pid ;  dollish.  •hbulhnot. 
NI'N,  JI.  [Sax.   Dan.    jiKJinc  ;    D.   Jion  ;  G. 

nonne  ;  Sw.  nunna  ;  Vr.  jio»nf.] 
A  woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life,  and 
who  lives  in  a  cloister  or  nuiiiieiy,  se- 
cluded from  the  world,  under  a  vow  of 
perpetual  chastity. 
NUN,  n.  A  web-liioted  fiiwl  of  the  size  of  a 
duck,  with  a  white   heatl  and  neck. 

Diet. 
2.  The  blue  titmouse.  S/icritoorf. 

NUN'CIIION,  n.  A  portion    of  food    taken 
between  meal.-;,     [qu.  from  nooJi,  or  ;•.  cor- 
ruption of /luic/ieoii.]  Ainsu-orth. 
NUN'OIATURE,    n.    [See  Kuncio.]     The 
ffice  of  a  nuncio.  Clarendon. 
NUN'CIO,  JI.  I  It.  nitJ!:to,  from  L.  nuncius, 
a  messenger.] 

An  embassador  from  the  pope  to  some 
catholic  prince  or  state,  or  w  ho  attends 
some  congress  or  assembly  as  the  pope's 
representative.  Encyc. 

A  messenger  ;  one  who  brings  inn  lli- 
gence.        "  Shak. 


money. 
NUM'MULITE,  ii. 

Fossil  remains  of 
a  flattened  lurm. 


N  U  R 


NUT 


NUT 


Nl'N'CUPATE,  V.  t.  [L.  nuncupo.]  To  de- 
clare publicly  or  solemnly.     [jVot  used.] 

Barrow. 
NUNCUPA'TION,   n.    A  naming. 

Chaucer. 
NUNCU'PATIVE,  \  {\t.mLncupativo;¥r. 
NUNCU'PATOKY,  S      minrupatlf;  froniL. 

nuncupo,  to  declare.] 
1.  Nominal  ;   existing  only  in  name. 

Encyc. 
8.  Publicly  or  solemnly  declaratory. 

Fotherby. 

3.  Verbal,  not  written.  A  nuncupative  will 
or  testament  is  one  wliicli  is  made  by  tlie 
verbal  declaration  oftlie  testator,  and  de- 
pends merely  on  oral  testimony  for  proof, 
though  afterwards  reduced  to  writing. 

Blackslone. 

NUN'DINAL,  a.  [L.  nundinalis,  from  nun- 
dina,  a  fair  or  market,  ([uasi  novem-dinm, 
every  nine  days.] 

1.  Pertaining  to" a  fair  or  to  a  m.irketday. 

a.  A  nundinal  letter,  among  the  Romans, 
was  one  of  the  eight  first  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet, which  were  repeated  successively 
from  the  first  to  the  last  day  of  the  year. 
One  of  these  always  expressed  the  market 
days,  which  returned  every  nine  days. 

NUN'DINAL,  n.  A  nundinal  letter. 

NUN'DINATE,  v.  i.  To  buy  and  sell  at 
fairs.     [JVot  used.] 

NUNDINA'TION.  n.  Traffick  in  fairs. 
[JVot  used.] 

NUNNA'TION,  «,  In  .irahic grammar,  from 
the  name  of  .V,  the  pronunciation  of  n 
at  the  end  of  words. 

NUN'NERY,  n.  A  house  in  which  nuns  re- 
side ;  a  cloister  in  which  females  under  a 
vow  of  chastity  and  devoted  to  religion, 
reside  during  life. 

NUP'TIAL,  o"  [L.  miptialis,  from  nuplus, 
iiuho,  to  marry.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage ;  done  at  a  wed- 
ding ;  as  nuptial  rites  and  ceremonies ; 
nuptial  torch. 

8.  Constituting  marriage  ;  as  the  nuptial 
knot  or  band. 

The  Bible  has  mitigated  the  horrors  of  war ; 
it  has  given  eftcctuarobligatioii  to  the  nuptial 
vow.  (^-  Spring. 

NUP'TIALS,  n.  plu.  Marriage,  which  see. 

Dryden. 

NURSE,  n.  nurs.  [Fr.  nourrice,  from  nour- 
rir,  to  nourish.] 

1.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  infants,  or 
a  woman  employed  to  tend  the  children  of 
others. 

2.  A  woman  who  suckles  infants. 
;5.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  a  sick  per- 
son. 

4.  .\  man  who  has  the  care  of  the  sick. 

5.  A  person  that  breeds,  educates  or  |)rotects : 
hence,  that  which  breeds,  brings  up  or 
causes  to  grow;  as  Greece,  the  nurse  of  the 
liberal  arts. 

C.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt. 

Blackinore. 

7.  The  state  of  being  ninsed  ;  as,  to  put  a 
child  to  nurse.  Cleaveland. 

8.  In  composition,  that  which  supplies  food  ; 
as  a  Jiurae-pond.  Hallon. 

NURSE,  v.t.  nurs.  To  tend,  as  infants  ;  as, 

to  nurse  a  child. 
2.  To  suckle  ;  to  nourish  at  the  breast. 
a.  To  attend  and  take  care  of  in  child-bed  ; 

as,  to7ii(rse  .'i  winnanin  her  illness. 


To  tend  the  sick  ;  applied  to  males  and  fe- 
males. 

To  feed  ;  to  maintain ;  to  bring  up.     Is. 
Ix. 

().  To  cherish ;  to  foster ;  to  encourage ;  to 
promote  growth  in.  We  say,  to  nurse 
a  feeble  animal  or  plant. 

By  what  hands  lias  vice  been  nursed  into  so 
uncontrolled  a  dominion  ?  Locke. 

7.  To  manage  with  care  and  economy,  with 
a  view  to  increase  ;  as,  to  nurse  our  na- 
tional resources. 

NURS'ED,  pp.  Tended  in  infancy  or  sick- 

I  ness;  nourished  from  the  breast;  main- 
tained ;  cherished. 

NURS'ER,  n.  One  that  cherishes  or  en- 
courages growth. 

NURS'ERY,  n.  The  place  or  apartment  in 
a  house  appropriated  to  the  care  of  child- 
ren. Bacon. 

2.  A  place  where  young  trees  are  propaga- 
ted for  the  purpose  of  being  transplanted  ; 
a  plantation  of  young  trees.  Bacon 

3.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  fostered  and 
the  growth  promoted. 

To  see  fair  Padua,  nursfr)/ of  arts.         Sbak 
So  we   say,   a   nursery  of  thieves  or  of 

rogues.     Alehouses  and    dram-shops  are 

the  mirseries  of  intemperance. 

Christian  families   are  tlie   nurseries  of  the 

church  on  earth,  as  she  is  the  nursery  of  Ihe 

church  in  heaven.  ./.  J\I.  .Mason 

4.  That  which  forms  and  educates.  Com- 
merce is  the  nursery  of  seamen. 

5.  The  act  of  nursing.     [Little  used.]     Shak. 

6.  That  which  is  the  object  of  a  nurse's  care. 

Jililton. 

NURS'ING,  ppr.  Tending  ;  nourishing  at 
the  breast  ;  educating  ;  maintaining. 

NURS'LING,  n.  An  infant ;  a  child. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  that  is  nursed.  Spenser. 

NUR'TURE,  »!.  [Fr.  Jiouriiture,  from  nour- 
rir,  to  nom'ish.] 

1.  Tliat  which  nourishes  ;  food  ;  diet. 

Milton. 

2.  That  which  promotes  growth  ;  education  ; 
instruction.     Epli.vi. 

NUR'TURE,  I',  t.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish. 

2.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  or  train  up. 
He  was  nurtured  where  he  was  born. 

Wotton. 

NUSANCE.     [SeeAWsaiice.] 

NUT,  71.  [Sax. /ini(<;  D.  ?ioo< ;  G.nuss;  Sw. 
no/;  Tis.n.nodd ;  h.cnudh;  \\'.cna,cnau. 
It  seems  to  be  allied  to  knot,  a  bunch  or 
hard  lump.] 

jl.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  con- 
sisting of  a  hard  shell  inclosing  a  kernel. 

1  A  nut  is  properly  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit 
Various  kinds   of  nuts  are  distinguished  ; 

I     as  walnut,  chestnut,  hazlenut,  butternut. 

i2.  In  mechanics,   a  small  cylin<ler   or   other 

I  body,  with  teeth  or  projections  corres- 
ponding with  the  teeth  or  grooves  of  a 
wheel.  U'ilkins.     Raij.\ 

3.  The  projection  near  the  eye  of  an  anchor.l 
[  J\Iar.  Diet.] 
NUT,  V.  t.  To  gather  nuts.  H'ood. 
INUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  nutatio,  a  nodding, 
.  from  mito,  to  nod.] 
In  astronomy,  a  kind  of  tremulous  motion  of 

the  axis  of  the  earth,  by  which  in   its  an- 
nual revolution  it  is  twice  inclined  to  the 
1     ecliptic,  and  as  often  returns  to  its  (bruier 
I     position.  Encyc. 


NUT-BREAKER.     [See  Nutcracker.] 

NUT'-BROWN,  a.  Brown  as  a  nut  long  kept 
and  dried.  Milton. 

NUT'-€RACKEK,  n.  An  instrument  for 
cracking  nuts.  Addison. 

2.  A  bird  of  the  genns  Corvus  ;  the  nut- 
breaker.  Pennant. 

NUT'GALL,  Ji.  An  excrescence  of  the  oak. 

Brown. 

NUT'-HATCII,  n.  The  common  name  of 
birds  of  the  genus  Sitta.  The  common 
Euro[)ean  nut-hatch  is  called  also  nut-joh- 
ber  and  nut-pecker.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

NUT'-HQQK,  n.  A  pole  with  a  hook  at  the 
end  to  pull  down  boughs  for  gathering 
the  nuts ;  also,  the  name  given  to  a  thief 
that  stole  goods  from  a  window  by  means 
of  a  hook.  Shak. 

NUT'MEG,  n.  [L.  nuxmoschata;  It.  noce 
moscada;  Von.  no:  moscada  ;  Fr.  muscade 
or  i(oi,r  wuscade.  But  it  may  be  question- 
ed whether  the  last  syllable  in  English, 
meg,  is  not  from  L.  mncis,  mace,  the  bark 
that  envelops  the  nut.] 

The  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the  genus  Myristica, 
growing  in  the  isles  of  the  East  Indies  and 
South  Sea.  The  tree  grows  to  the  hightli 
of  thirty  feet,  [iroducing  numerous  branch- 
es. The  color  of  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
a  reddish  brown  ;  that  of  the  young 
branches  a  bright  green.  Tlie  fruit  is  of 
the  kind  called  drupe,  that  is,  a  pulpy  peri- 
carp without  valves,  containing  a  nut  or 
kernel.  The  covering  of  this  nut  is  the 
mace.  The  nutmeg  is  an  aromatic,  very 
gratefid  to  the  taste  and  smell,  and  much 
used  in  cookery. 

NUTRIC.VTION,  n.  Maimer  of  feeding  or 
being  fed.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

NU'TRIENT,  a.  [L.  nutrio.]  Nourishing ; 
jjiomoting  growth. 

NU'TRIENT,  Jl.  Any  substance  which 
nourishes  by  promoting  the  growth  or  re- 
pairing ihe  waste  of  animal  bodies. 

NU'TRIMENT,  n.  [L.  nutrimentmn,  from 
nutrio,  to  nourish.] 

1.  That  which  nourishes ;  that  which  pro- 
motes the  growth  or  repairs  the  natural 
waste  of  animal  bodies,  or  that  which  pro- 
motes the  growth  of  vegetables  ;  food  ;  ali- 
ment. South. 

2.  That  which  promotes  enlargement  or  im- 
provement :  as  the  nutriment  of  the  mind. 

NUTRIMENT'AL,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  food;  alimental.  Arbulhnot. 

NUTRI'TION,  >i.  [L.  nutritin,  from  nutrio, 
to  nourish.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  promoting  the 
growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of  animal 
bodies ;  the  act  or  jirocess  of  promoting 
grow  th  in  vegetables.  Daru'iii. 

2.  That  which  nourishes;  nutriment. 
Fixed  like  a  plant  on  his  peculiar  spot, 
To  draw  nutrition,  propagate,  and  rot. 

Pope. 
There  is  no  nulrilion  in  ardent  spirits. 

L.  Beecher. 
NUTRF'TIOUS,    a.    Nourishing;    promo- 
ting the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of 
animal  bodies.     Milk  is  very  nutritious. 
NU'TKITIVE,    a.    Having   the   (|u,ility  of 
nourishing;  niitrimental ;  alinienlal  :  as  a 
nutritive  food. 
:|NU'TRITURE,  n.  The  quality  of  nourish- 
'iig.     [.Vc<  ttscd.]  Harvey. 


o 


OAK 


OAT 


NUT'-SIIELL,  n.  The  hard  shell  of  a  nut ; 
the  covering  of  the  kernel. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  thing  of  little  compass  or 
of  little  value.  L' Estrange. 

•VUT'-TREK,  n.  A  tree  that  bears  nuts. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  from  noursk.]  To 
nurse  ;  to  foster.     [  Vulgar.] 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  from  nose  or  noursk.] 
To  hide  the  head,  as  a  child  in  the  moth- 
er's bosom.  Baiky. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [qu.  noursk  or  neslk.]  To 
nestle ;  to  house  as  in  a  nest. 

NUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.  [qu.  from  nose]  To  go  with 
the  nose  near  the  ground,  or  thrusting  the 
nose  into  the  ground  like  a  swine. 

Arbuthnot.    Pope. 

NYC'TALOPS,  n.  [Gr.  vvx-ca.-ku^;m%,  night, 
and  a\,  the  eye.] 

1.  One  that  sees  best  in  the  night.         Coks. 

a.  One  who  loses  his  sight  as  night  comes 
on,  and  remains  blind  till  mornitig. 


NYC'TALOPY,  n.  The  faculty  of  seeing 
best  in  darkness,  or  the  disorder  from 
which  this  faculty  proceeds.  Todd. 

2.  In  present  usage,  the  disorder  in  which 
the  patient  loses  his  sight  as  night  ap- 
proaches, and  remains  blind  till  morning. 

NYE,  ji.  A  brood  or  (lock  of  pheasants. 

NYL'GAU,  JI.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Bos,  a  native  of  the  interior  of  India,  of  a 
middle  size  between  the  cow  and  tbe  deer. 
Its  body,  horns  and  lail  are  not  unlike 
those  of  a  bull  ;  the  head,  neck  and  legs 
resemble  those  of  the  dcci-.  The  color  is 
an  ash  gray.  Encyc. 

[NYMPH,  n.  [L.  nyinpha;  Gr.  iv(i^.]  In 
mtfthology,  n  goddess  of  the  mountains, 
forests,  meadows  and  waters.  According 
to  the  ancients,  all  the  world  was  full  of 
nymphs,  some  terrestrial,  others  celestial ; 
and  these  had  names  assigned  to  them  ac- 


cording to  their  place  of  residence,  or  the 

parts  of  the  world  over  which  they  were 

supposed  to  preside.  Encyc. 

3.  In  poetry,  a  lady.  Walkr. 

NYMPH,      >      Another  name  of  the  pupa, 

NYMPH'A,  J  "-chrysalis,   or   aurelia  ;    the 

second  state  of  an  insect,  passing  to  it.": 

perfect  form. 

NYMPHE'AN,  a.    Pertaining   to  nymphs; 
inhabited  by  nymphs  ;  as  a  nymphean  cave. 

Faber. 
NYMPIMCAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nynqihs. 

I'ausanias,  Trans. 
NYMPH'ISn,  a.  Relating  to  nymphs ;  lady- 
like Drayton. 
NYMPH  LIKE,  t  „  Resembling  uvmphs. 
NYMPH  LY,  I  "•  'Drayton. 
NYS,  [ne  and  is.]  None  is ;  is  not.     Obs. 

Spenser. 


o. 


\J  is  the  fifteenth  letter,  and  the  fourth 
vowel  in  the  English  Alphabet.  The 
shape  of  this  letter  seems  to  have  been 
taken  from  the  circular  configuration  of 
the  lips  in  uttering  the  sound.  It  corres- 
ponds in  figure  with  the  Coptic  O,  and 
nearly  with  the  Syriac  initial  and  final 
vau,  and  the  Ethiopic  ain.  In  words  de- 
rived from  the  oriental  languages,  it  often 
represents  the  vau  of  those  languages,  and 
sometimes  the  ain  ;  the  original  soimd  of 
the  latter  being  formed  deep  in  the  throat, 
and  with  a  greater  aperture  of  the  mouth. 

In  English,  O  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  lone, 
hone,  groan,  cloke,  roll,  droll;  a  short 
sound,  as  in  lot,  plod,  rod,  song,  lodge,  and 
the  sound  of  oo,  or  the  Italian  «,  and 
French  ou,  as  in  move,  prove.  This  sound 
is  shortened  in  words  ending  in  a  close 
articulation,  as  in  book,  fool. 

The  long  sound  of  O,  is  usually  denoted 
by  e,  at  the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable,  as 
in  bone,  lonely  ;  or  by  a  servile  a,  as  in  moan, 
foal.  It  is  generally  long  before  II,  as  in 
roll;  but  it  is  short  in  doll,  loll,  and  in 
words  of  more  syllables  than  one,  as  in 
folly,  volley. 

As  a  numeral,  O  was  sometimes  used  by 
the  ancients  for  11,  and  with  a  dash  over 
it,  0,  for  11,000. 

Among  the  Irish,  O  prefixed  to  the  name 
of  a  family,  denotes  progeny,  or  is  a 
a  character  of  dignity  ;  as  O'Neil ;  O'Car 
rol. 

Among  the  ancients,  O  was  a  mark  of 
triple  time,  from  the  notion  that  the  terna- 
ry or  numbers,  is  the  most  perfect  of  num- 
bers, and  properly  expressed  by  a  circle, 
the  most  perfect  figure. 

O  is  often  used  as  an  exclamation,  express- 
ing a  wis!). 

O,  were  he  present.  Dryden. 

It  sometimes  expresses  surjjrise. 

Shakspearo   uses  O   for    a  circle  or   oval. 
Wiihin  this  wooden  O. 


Vol.  II. 


0.  S.  stands  for  Old  Style. 
OAF,  n.  [said  to  be  a  corruption  of  ouph  or 

elf,  a  fairy  or  demon,  and  to  denote  a  fool- 
ish child  left  by  fiiries  in  the  place  of  one 
of  better  intellects  which  they  steal.  John- 
son.] 

1.  A  changeling ;  a  foolish  child  left  by  fai- 
ries in  the  place  of  another.  Drayton. 

2.  A  dolt;  an  idiot;  a  blockhead. 
OAFISH,  a.  Stupid ;  dull  ;  doltish.     [LiUk 

US€(i,  1 

lOAFISHNESS,  n.  Stupidity;  dullness  ;  fol- 

I     ly.     [Link  used.] 

OAK,  n.  [Sax.  ac,  tec;  D.  eik  or  eikboom ; 
G.  eiche  or  eichbaum  ;  Sw.  ek  ;  Dan.  eege- 
trcee,  oak-tree.  It  is  probable  that  the  first 
syllable,  oak,  was  originally  an  adjective 
expiessing  some  quality,  as  hard  or  strong, 
and  by  the  disuse  of  ^-ee,  oak  became  the 
name  of  the  tree.] 

tree  of  the  genus  Quercus,  or  rather  the 
popular  name  of  the  genus  itself,  of  which 
there  are  .several  species.  The  white  oak; 
grows  to  a  great  size,  and  furnishes  a  mostj 
valuable  timber ;  but  the  live  oak  of  the 
United  States  is  the  most  durable  timber! 
for  ships.  In  Hartford  still  stands  the  ven-i 
erable  oak,  in  the  hollow  stem  of  which! 
was  concealed  and  preserved  the  colonial 
charter  of  Connecticut,  when  Sir  E.  An-! 
dros,  by  authority  of  a  writ  of  quo  war-l 
ranto  from  the  British  crow  n,  attempted  toj 
ohiain  possession  of  it,  in  1087.  As  it  was 
then  a  large  tree,  it  must  now  be  nearly 
three  hundred  years  old. 

OAK-APPLE,  n.  A  kind  of  spungy  excres- 
cence on  oak   leaves  or  tender  branches, 
&c.  produced  in  consequence  of  the  punc 
ture  of  an  insect.     It  is  called  also  oak  leaf 
gall,  or  gall-nut.  Baron.     Encyc 

OAKEN,  a.  o'kn.  JMado  of  oak  or  consist- 
ing of  oak  ;  as  un  oaken  plank  or  bench ; 
an  oaken  bower.  Milton. 

2.  Com])osed  of  branches  of  oak ;  as  an  oaken 
carland.  Mdxson. 

24 


lOAKENPIN,  n.  An  apple ;  so  called  from 
its  hardnesss.  Mortimer. 

OAKLING,  n.  A  young  oak.  Evelyn. 

Oakum,  «.  [Sax.  acemba,  a;cumbe,  tow. 
The  latter  part  of  the  word  may  be  Sax. 
cemb,  a  comb.] 

The  substance  of  old  ropes  untwisted  and 
pulled  into  loose  hen)p ;  used  for  calking 
the  .seams  of  ships,  stopping  leaks,  &c. 
That  formed  from  untarred  ropes  is  called 
white  oakum. 

OAKY,  a.  [from  oak.]  Hard;  firm;  strong. 

Hall. 

Oar,  n.  [Sax.  ar;  Sw.  Ura  ;  Norm,  oicer.] 
An  instrument  for  rowing  boats,  being  a 
piece  of  limber  round  or  square  at  one  end, 
and  flat  at  the  other.  The  round  end  is 
the  handle,  and  the  flat  end  the  blade. 

To  boat  the  oars,  in  seamanship,  to  cease  row- 
ing and  lay  the  oars  in  the  boat. 

To  ship  the  oars,  to  place  them  in  the  row- 
locks. 

To  unship  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  the 
row-locks.  Mar.  Diet. 

0.\R,  V.  i.  To  row.  Pope. 

Oar,  v.  I.  To  impel  by  rowing.  Shak. 

OARY,  a.  Having  the  former  use  of  an  oar; 
as  the  swan's  oary  feet. 

Milton.    Addison. 

O  A  ^T*    "i 

OST  '  >       fl"'  '^"''  ""^  ^'  "*'"*•]  -^  kiln  to 

OUST  S    '  dry  hops  or  malt.         Mortimer. 

OAT,  n.  [Sax.  ate,  oat  or  cockle,  darnel ; 
Ru.ss.  oves  or  ovelxi.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Avena,  and  more  usu- 
ally, the  seed  of  the  plant.  The  word  is 
commonly  used  in  the  plural,  oats.  This 
plant  flourishes  best  in  cold  latitudes,  and 
degenerates  in  the  warm.  The  meal  of 
this  grain,  oatmeal,  forms  a  considerable 
and  \ery  valuable  article  of  food  for  man 
in  Scotland,  and  every  where  oats  are  ex- 
celler.t  fjod  for  horses  and  cattle. 

0AT€.'\KE,  n.  A  cake  made  of  the  meal  of 
oats.  Peacham. 


O  B  D 


O  B  E 


Made  of  oatmeal;  as  ootenjlOB'DURATE,  v.  t.  To  harden. 


as  an 

Milton} 


OATEN,  a-  o'tn. 

cakes. 
2.  Consisting  of  an  oat  straw  or  stem 

onteu  pipe. 

OATH,  n.  [Sax.  ath;  Goth,  aiths  ;   V.eed; 

G.  ei'l ;  Sw.  ed  ;  Dan.  aed.]  \ 

A  solemn  atiirmation  or  declaration,  made, 

with  an  appeal   to  God  for  the  truth  of 

■what  is  aflirnied.     The  appeal  to  God  in 

an  oath,  implies  that   the   person  impre-j 

Gates  his  vengeance  and  renounces  his  fa-, 

vor  if  the  declaration  is  false,  or  if  the  dc-^ 

claration  is  a  promise,  the  person  invokes 

the  vengeance  of  God  if  he  should  fail  to 

fulfill  it.     A  false  oath  is  called  perjury. 

OATHABLE,  a.  Capahle  of  having  an  oath 

administered  to.     [Not  used.]  Shak. 

OATHBREAKING,  ji.  The  violation  of  an 

oath  ;  perjury.  Shak. 

OATMALT,  ^^.  Malt  made  of  oats. 

Mortimer. 
OATMEAL,  n.  Meal  of  oats  produced  by 
grinding  or  pounding.  Gay. 

2.  A  plant.     [JVot  used.] 
OAT-THISTLE,  n.  A  jilant.     [Not  used.] 

Ainsworth 
OB,    a    Latin    preposition,     signifies     pri-| 
marily,  in  front,  before,  and  hence  against 
towards  ;  as  in  objicio,   to   object,  that  is, 
to  throw  against.     It  has  also  the  force  of 
in  or  on  ;  as  in  obtrude.     In  composition, 
the  letter  b  is  often  changed  into  the  first 
letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefi.xed  ; 
as  in  occasion,  offer,  oppose 
OBAM'BULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  obambulo.]     To 
walk  about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram 

OBAMBULA'TION,  n.  A  walking  about. 
[JVot  used.]  Diet. 

OBBLIGA'TO,  a.  [It.  bound.]     A  term  in 
music,  signifying  on  purpose  for  the  in- 
strument named.  Q/c 
OBCORD'ATE,  a.  [L.  from  ob  and  cor,  the 

heart.] 
In   botany,   shaped   like   a   heart,  with   the 
apex  downward ;    as    an  obcordate  petal 
or  legume.  Marty 

OBDORMI"TION,     ji.     [L.    obdormio,    to 
sleep.]     Sleep;  sound  sleep.  [Little  used. 

Hall. 
OBDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  obduco ;   ob  and  duco, 
to  lead.]     To  draw  over,  as  a  covering.! 
[Little  used.]  Hale.\ 

OBDUCT',  V.  t.  [L.  obduco.]  To  draw  over ; 
to  cover.     [JVot  in  use.]  Broivn.] 

OBDUe'TION,  n.  [L.  obductio.]  The  act  of] 
drawing  over,  as  a  covering ;  the  act  of 
laying  over.     [Little  used.]  Cockeram 

OB'DURACY,     n.     [See     Obdurate.]      In- 
vincible hardness  of  heart ;    impenitence 
that  cannot  be   subdued ;    inflexible  per 
sistency  in  sin  ;  obstinacy  in  wickedness. 
God  may  by  almighty  ^race  hinder  the  abso 
lute  completion  of  sin  in  tinal  obduracy. 

South. 

[L.   obdiiro,  to  harden  ; 


OBDURATE, 

ob  and  rfitro.] 

1.  Hardened  in  heart;  inflexibly  hard;  per- 
sisting obstinately  in  sin  or  impenitence. 

2.  Hardened  against  good  or   favor ;  stub- 
born;  unyielding;  inllexiblo. 

The  custorn  of  evil  makes  the  heart  obdu 
rale  against  whatsoever  instructions  to  the  con- 
trai-y.  Hooker 

3.  Harsh  ;  rugged ;    as   an  obdurate   conso- 
nant.    [Link  used.]  Siiiijl 


[JVot  used.] 
More. 
OB'DURATELY,  adv.  Stubbornly  ;  inflexi- 
bly ;  with  obstinate  impenitence. 
OB'DURATENESS,  n.    Stubbornness;  in- 
flexible persistence  in  sin. 
OBDURA'TION,  n.  The  hardening  of  the 
heart;  hardness  of  heart ;  stubbornness. 
Hooker.     Hammond. 
OBDU'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  ohduro.]     To  harden 
to  render  obstinate  in  sin.     [Litile  used.] 

Herbert 

2.  To  render  inflexible.     [Liltle  used.] 

Hall. 
OBDU'RED,  pp.  or  a.  Hardened ;  inflexi- 
ble ;  impenitent.  Mxllon. 
OBDU'REDNESS,  n.  Hardness  of  heart ; 
stubbornness.  [Little  used.]  Hall. 
OBE'DIENCE,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  L.  obedienlia 
I     See  Obey.] 

'Compliance  with  a   command,   prohibition 
j     or  known  law  and  rule  of  duty  prescribed  ; 
I     the  performance  of  what  is  required  or  en- 
joined by  authority,  or  the  abstaining  from 
what   is   prohibited,  in  compliance  with 
the  command  or  prohibition.     To  consti- 
tute  obedience,   the   act   or   forbearance 
to  act  must  be  in  submission  to  authority  ; 
the  command  must  be  known  to  the  per 
son,  and  his  compliance  must  be  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  or  it  is  not  obedience.  Obe 
dience  is  not  synonytnous  with  obsequious 
ness;  the  latter  often  implying  meanness 
or  servility,  and  obedience  being  merely 
a  proper  submission   to  authority.     That 
which  duty   requires   implies   dignity    of 
conduct  rather  than  servility.     Obedience 
may  be  voluntary  or  involuntary.     Volun- 
tary obedience  alone  can  be  acceptable  to 
God. 

Government  must  compel  the  ohedieiue  of 
individuals  ;  otherwise  who  will  seek  its  pro- 
tection or  fear  its  vengeance  ?  Jimes 
OBE'DIENT,  a.  [Uobediens.]  Submissive 
to  authority  ;  yielding  compliance  witl 
commands,  orders  or  injunctions ;  per- 
forming what  is  required,  or  abstaining 
from  what  is  forbid. 

The   chief  his   orders   gives ;    the   obedient 

band, 
With  due  observance,  wait  the  chief's  com- 
mand. Pope 
OBEDIEN'TIAL,  a.  [Fr.  obcdienciel.]   Ac 
cording  to  the  rule  of  obedience  ;  in  com 
pliance   with  commands ;    as    obediential 
submission.                                    Hammond. 
OBE'DIENTLY,     adv.    With    obedience; 
with  due  submission  to  connnands ;  with 
submission  or  compliance  with  orders. 

Tillotson 
OBE'ISANCE,    n.    [Fr.     obeissance,    from 

obeir,  to  obey,  L.  obedio.] 
A  bow  or  courtesy  ;    an   act   of  reverence 
made  by  an  inclination  of  the  body  or  the 
knee.     Gen.  xxxvii. 
OBELIS'CAL,  a.  In  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 

Stukeley 
OB'ELISK,  n.  [L.  obeliscus ;  Gr.  oStUaxoi,'' 
dim.  oi'uSf7.o(,  a  spit.] 
A  truncated,  quadrangular  and  slender 
jiyramid  intended  as  an  ornament,  and  of- 
ten charged  with  inscriptions  or  hiero- 
glyphics. Some  ancient  obelisks  a()pear 
to  have  been  erected  in  honor  of  disiin- 
guished  persons  or  their  achievments. 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus  raised   one  of  88 


O  B  I 

cubits  high  in  honor  of  Arsinoe.  Augus- 
tus erected  one  in  the  Campus  Martius  at 
Rome,  which  served  to  mark  the  hours 
on  a  horizontal  dial  drawn  on  the  pave- 
ment. Encyc. 
In  writing  and  printing,  a  reference  or 
mark  referring  the  reader  to  a  note  in  the 
margin,  thus,  f.  It  is  used  also  for  a  mark 
of  censure,  or  for  designating  obsolete 
words,  or  for  other  purposes  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  writer. 

OBEQ'UITATE,  v.  i.  [L.  obequito;  oh  and 
equito,  to  ride  ;  equus,  a  horse.]  To  ride 
about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

OBEQUITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  riding 
about.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

OBERRA'TION,  n.  [L.  oboro ;  ob  and  er- 
ro,  to  wander.]  The  act  of  wandering 
about.     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 

OBE'SE,  a.  [L-obesus.]  Fat;  fleshy.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Gayton. 

OBE'SENESS,  \       [I.,  obesitas.]  Fatness; 

OBESTTY,  \  fleshiness;  incum- 
brance of  flesh.  Grew. 

OBEY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  obeir,  contracted  from  L. 
obedio.  It.  ubbidire ;  supposed  to  be  con- 
tracted from  ob  and  audio,  to  hear.  See 
Gr.  tlaxovu.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  commands,  orders 
or  instructions  of  a  sujierior,  or  with  the 
requirements  of  law,  moral,  political  or 
municipal;  to  do  that  which  is  command- 
ed or  required,  or  to  forbear  doing  that 
which  is  prohibited. 

Children,  obey  your  parents  in  the  Lord. 
Eph.  vi. 

Servants,  obey  in  all  tilings  your  masters. 
Col.  iii. 

He  who  has  learned  to  obey,  will  know  how 
to  command. 

2.  To  submit  to  the  government  of;  to  be 
ruled  by. 

All  Israel  obeyed  Solomon.  1  Chron.  xxix. 
Dan.  vii. 

3.  To  submit  to  the  direction  or  control  of. 
Seamen  say,  the  ship  will  not  obey  the  helm. 

Let  not  sin  tberefore  reign  in  your  mortal 
body,  that  ye  should  obey  it  in  the  lusts  thereof. 
Rom.  vi.     James  iii. 

To  yield  to  the  impulse,  power  or  opera- 
tion of;  as,  to  obey  stimulus.  Darivin. 
Relentless  time,  destroying  power. 
Whom  stone  and  brass  obey. 
OBEYED,  pp.   Complied  with  ;  performed; 

as  a  command  ;  yielded  lo. 
OBEYER,  Ji.  One  who  yields  obedience. 
OBEYING,    ppr.     Complying    with    com- 
mands; submitting  to. 
OBFIRM,  I      ,    obfrrm.',      \  To  make 

OBFIRMATE,  S  oh/erm'ate.  <,  firm  ;    to 

harden  in  resolution.     [JVot  used.] 

Hall.     Sheldon. 
OBFUS'CATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oft  and /usco,  to  ob- 
scure.]    To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

ff'aterhouse. 
OBFUS'€ATED,  pp.  Darkened  in  color. 

Shenstone. 
OBFUS'CATION,  n.  The  act  of  darkening 
or  rendering  obs<-ure  :  a  clouding. 

OhJ'iiM'atians  of  the  fornea.  Varwin. 

OB'IT,  n.  [L.  obiit,  obivit  ;  ob  and  co,  to  go.] 
Properly,  death;  decease  ;  hence,  funeral 
solemnities  or  anniversary  .service  for  the 
soul  of  the  deceased  on  the  day  of  his 
death.  Encyc.     Mount  gu. 

OBIT'UAL,  a.  [L.  obeo,  to  die;  obitus, 
death.] 


OBJ 


O  B  L 


O  B  L 


Pertaining  to  obits,  or  the  days  when  funeral 
solemnities  are  celebrated ;  as  obilual 
days.  Encyc. 

OBIT'UARY,  n.  [Fr.  obUuaire.]     A  list  of] 
the  doiiil,  or  a  register  of  obitiial  anniver 
sary  days,  wiieii  service  is  performed  for 
the  dead.  Encyc. 

2.  An  account  of  persons  deceased  ;  notice 
of  the  death  of  a  person,  often  accompa- 
nied witli  a  brief  biographical  sketch  of 
his  character. 

OBIT'UARY,  a.  Relating  to  the  decease  of 
a  person  or  persons;  as  an  obituary  notice. 

OB'JECT,  n.  [Fr.  objel ;  L.  ohjectam,  objcc 
tus.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  That  about  which  any  power  or  faculty 
is  employed,  or  something  apprehended 
or  presented  to  the  mind  by  sensation  or 
imagination.  Thus  that  cpiality  of  a  rose 
which  is  perceived  hy  the  sense  of  smell, 
is  an  object  of  |)erception.  When  the  06 
ject  is  not  in  contact  with  the  organ  of 
sense,  there  must  be  some  medium 
through  which  we  obtain  the  perception 
of  it.  The  impression  which  objects  make 
on  the  senses,  must  be  by  the  immediate 
applicationof  thein  to  the  organs  of  sense, 
or  by  means  of  the  medium  that  inter 
venes  between  the  organs  and  tlie  objects. 

2.  That  to  which  the  mind  is  directed  for' 
accomplishment  or  attainment ;  end  ;  ul-| 
timate  purpose.  Happiness  is  the  object  of 
every  man's  desires ;  we  all  strive  to  at- 
tain that  object.  VV'ealth  and  honor  are 
pursued  with  eagerness  as  desirable  06- 
jects. 

3.  Something  presented  to  the  senses  or 
the  mind,  to  excite  emotion,  aflection  or 
passion. 

This  passenger  felt  some  degree  of  concern 
at  the  sight  of  so  moving  an  object.     Jitterbury. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  uttered  with  a 
particular  emphasis,  signifies  something 
that  may  strongly  move  our  pity,  abhor- 
rence or  disgust.     What  an  object! 

4.  In  grammar,  that  which  is  produced,  in- 
fluenced or  acted  on  by  something  else; 
that  which  follows  a  transitive  verb. 
When  we  say,  "  God  created  the  world 
world  denotes  the  thing  produced,  and  is 
the  object  after  the  verb  created.  When 
we  say,  "  the  light  aflTects  the  eye,"  eye  de-i 
notes  that  which  is  aflected  or  acted  on.' 
When  we  say,  "instruction  directs  the 
niintl  or  opinions,"  mind  and  opinions  are 
theobjects  influenced. 

OB'JECT-GLASS,  n.  In  a  telescope  or  mi 
croscope,  the  glass  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
tube  next  the  object. 

OBJE€T',  V.  t.  [L.  objicio ;  ob  and  jacio,  to 
throw  against.] 

1.  To  oppose  ;  to  present  in  opposition. 

Pallas  to  their  eyes 
The  mist  objected,  and  condens'd  the  skies. 

Pope. 

2.  To  present  or  offer  in  opposition,  as  a 
charge  criminal,  or  as  a  reason  adverse] 
to  something  supposed  to  be  erroneous  or 
wrong;  with  (0  or  agauis?. 

The  book — giveth  liberty  to  object  any  crimo] 
against  such  as  are  to  be  ordered.     Whitgifte 

The  adversaries  of  religion  object  against 
professors  the  irregularity  of  their  lives,  and 
too  often  with  justice. 

There  was  this  single  fuilt  that  Erasmus 
though  an  enemy,  could  olject  to  him. 

Alterbiiry 


OBJEeT',  V.  i.  To  oppose  in  words  or  ar- 
guments; to  offer  reasons  against.  The 
council  objected  to  the  admission  of  the 
plaintiff's  witnesses. 

OB.IECT',  (I.  Opposed;  presented  in  oppo- 
sition.    [JVot  used.]  Sandys. 

OBJEeT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  he  opposed. 

Taylor. 

OBJECTION,  n.  [L.  ohjectio.]  The  act  of 
ohjccting. 

2.  That  which    is  jircsented  in   opposition 
adverse   reason   or   argument.     The   de 
fendant  urged   several   objections    to   the 
plaintiffs   claims.     The  ])laintiff  has  re 
moved  or  overthrown  those  objections. 

3.  That  which  may  be  oflored  in  opposition 
reason  existing,  though  not  offered,  against 
a  measure  or  an  opinion.     We  often  have 
objections  in  our  minds  which    we  never 
offer  or  present  in  opposition. 

4.  Criminal  charge  ;  fault  found. 
OB.rE€'TIONABLE,  a.  Justly  liable  to  ob- 
jections ;  such  as  may  he  objected  against. 

OBJECT'IVE,  a.  [Vr.objeclif.]  Belonging 
to  tlie  object;  contained  in  the  object. 

Objective  certainty,  is  when  the  proposition 
is  certainly  true  in  itself;  and  subjective,  when 
we  are  certain  of  the  truth  of  it.  The  one  is  in 
things,  the  other  in  our  minds.  H^atts 

'I.  In  grammar,  the  objective  case  is  that 
which  follows  a  transitive  verb  or  a  pre- 
position ;  that  ca.se  in  which  the  object  of 
the  verb  is  placed,  when  produced  or  af- 
fected by  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb, 
This  case  in  English  answers  to  the  ob- 
lique cases  of  the  Latin.  Loivth. 

OBJECTIVELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
an  object ;  as  a  determinate  idea  objectively 
in  the  mind.  Locke. 

2.  In  the  state  of  an  object.  Broum.l 

OBJECT'IVENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
an  object. 

Is  there  such  a  motion  or  objectiveness  of  ex- 
ternal bodies,  which  produceth  light  ?         Hale. 

OBJEeT'OR,  )!.  One  that  objects;  one 
that  offers  arguments  or  reasons  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  proposition  or  measure. 

Bentley. 

OBJURGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  objurgo;  ob  and 
jtirgo,  to  chide.]  To  chide ;  to  reprove. 
[.'Vu(  used.] 

OBJURGA'TION,  n.  [L. objurgalio.]  The 
act  of  chiding  hy  way  of  censure  ;  reproof; 
rp[)rehension.     [Little  used.]        Bramhall. 

OBJURGATORY,  a.  Containing  censure 
or  reproof;  culpatory.     [Little  used.] 

Howell.' 

OBLA'DA,  n.  A  fish  of  the  sparus  kind,, 
variegated  with  longitudinal  lines,  and 
having  a  large  black  spot  on  each  side, 
near  the  tail.  Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 

OBLA'TE,  a.  [L.  oblattis,  offero ;  ob  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Flattened  or  depressed  at  the  poles ;  as  an 
oblate  spheroid,  which  is  the  figure  of  the 
earth.  Cheyne 

OBLA'TENESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  oblate.  Fleming, 

OBLATION,  n.  [L.  ablatio,  from  offero ;  ob 
i\ui\  fero,  to  hear  or  bring.] 

Any  tiling  offered  or  presented  in  worship 
or  sacred  service ;  an  offering ;  a  sac- 
rifice. 

Bring  no  more  vain  oblations.     Is.  i. 

OBLEC'TATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oblecto.]  To  de 
light ;  to  please  highly.     [.Vo/  used.] 


OBLECTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pleasing 
highly  ;  delight.  Feltkam. 

OBLIGATE,  v.t.  [L.  obligo;  06  and  ligo, 
to  bind.] 

To  bind,  as  one's  self,  in  a  moral  and  legal 
sense;  to  impose  on,  as  a  duty  which  the 
law  or  good  faith  may  enforce.  A  man 
may  obligate  himself  to  pay  money,  or 
erect  a  house,  either  by  bond,  by  covenant 
or  by  a  verbal  promise.  A  man  obligates 
himself  only  by  a  positive  act  of  his  own. 
We  never  say,  a  man  obligates  his  heirs  or 
executors.  Until  recently,  the  sense  of 
this  word  has  been  restricted  to  positive 
and  personal  acts ;  and  when  moral  duty 
or  law  binds  a  person  to  dosoin(;tljing,  the 
word  oblige  has  been  used.  But  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  now  observed. 

The  millions  of  mankind,  as  one  vast  fratei- 
nity,  should  feel  obligated  by  a  sense  of  duty 
and  the  impulse  of  alfcction,  to  realize  the 
equal  rights  and  to  subserve  the  best  interests 
of  each  other.  Proudfil. 

That's  your  true  plan,  to  obligate 
The  present  minister  of  state.  Churchill. 

OB'LIGATED,  pp.  Bound  by  contract  or 
promise. 

OBLIGATING,  ppr.  Bound  by  covenant, 
contract,  promise  or  bond. 

OBLIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  obligatio.]  The 
binding  power  of  a  vow,  promise,  oath  or 
contract,  or  of  law,  civil,  political  or  mor- 
al, independent  of  a  promise;  that  which 
constitutes  legal  or  moral  duty,  and  which 
renders  a  person  liable  to  coercion  and 
punishment  for  neglecting  it.  The  laws 
and  commands  of  God  impose  on  us  an 
obligation  to  love  him  supremely,  and  our 
neighbor  as  ourselves.  Every  citizen  is 
under  an  obligation  to  obey  the  laws  of  the 
state.  Moral  obligation  binds  men  with- 
out promise  or  contract. 

2.  The  binding  force  of  civility,  kindness  or 
gratitude,  when  the  performance  of  a  du- 
ty cannot  be  enforced  by  law.  Favors 
conferred  impose  on  men  an  obligation  to 
make  suitable  returns. 

•3.  Any  act  by  which  a  person  becomes  bound 
to  do  something  to  or  for  another,  or  to 
forbear  something.  Taylor. 

4.  In  law,  a  bond  with  a  condition  annexed 
and  a  penalty  for  non-fulfillment. 

OBLIGATO.     [See  Obhligalo.] 

OBLIGATORY,  a.  Binding  in  law  or  con- 
science ;  imposing  duty  ;  requiring  per- 
formance or  forbearance  of  some  act  ;  fol- 
lowed by  on  ;  to  is  obsolete. 

As  long  as  law  is  obligatory,  so  long  our  obe- 
dience is  due.  Taylor. 

OBLI'tiE,  V.  t.  pronounced  as  written,  not 
obleege.  [Fr.  obliger ;  It.  obbligare  ;  Sp. 
obligar;  from  L.  obligo;  ob  and  ligo,  to 
bind ;  Russ.  oblagayu  or  oblegayu,  to  en- 
compass or  surround.] 

1.  To  constrain  by  necessity:  to  compel  by 
physical  force.  .\n  admiral  may  be  obli- 
ged to  surrender  his  ships,  or  he  may  be 
obliged  by  adverse  winds  to  delay  sailing. 

2.  To  constrain  by  legal  force ;  to  bind  in 
law.  We  are  obliged  to  pay  toll  lor  sup- 
porting roads  and  bridges. 

3.  To  bind  or  constrain  by  moral  force.  We 
are  obliged  to  believe  positive  and  unsus- 
pected testimony. 

4.  Tu  bind  in  conscience  or  honor;  to  con- 
strain by  a  sense  of  propriety.     We   are 


O  B  L 


O  B  L 


O  B  S 


often  obliged  to  conform  to  established 
customs,  rites  or  ceremonies.  To  be 
obliged  to  yield  to  f'asliion  is  often  the 
worst  species  of  tyranny. 

5.  To  do  a  favor  to  ;  to  "lay  under  obliga- 
tion of  gratitude  ;  as,  to  oblige  one  with 
a  loan  of  money. 

C.  To  do  a  favor  to ;  to  please ;  to  gratify. 
Oblige  us  with  your  company  at  dinner. 

7.  To  iiidebt. 

To  those  hills  we  are  obliged  for  all  our  mct- 
aJs.  Bentley. 

OBLI'GED,  pp.  Bound  in  duty  or  in  law  ; 
compelled  ;  constrained  ;  favored  ;  in- 
debted. 

OBLIGEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  an- 
other is  bound,  or  the  person  to  whom 
a  bond  is  given.  Blackslone. 

OBLI'(iEMENT,  n.  Obligation.  [LiUk 
used.']  Milton.     Dryden. 

OBLI'GER,  n.  One  that  obliges. 

OBLI'GING,  ppr.  Binding  in  law  or  con- 
scicnoe;  compelling;  constraining. 

2.  Doing  a  favor  to. 

No  man  can  long  be  the  enemy  of  one  whom 
he  is  in  the  habit  of  obliging.       H.  Humphrei/. 

OBLI'GING,  a.  [Fr.  o'bligeanl.]  Having  the 
disposition  to  do  favors,  or  actually  con- 
ferring them  ;  as  an  obliging  man  ;  a  man 
of  an  obliging  disposition  ;  hence,  civil ; 
complaisant ;  kind. 

Mons.  Strozzi  has  many  curiosities,  and  is 
very  obliging  to  a  stranger  that  desires  the 
sight  of  them.  Addison 

OBLI'GINGLY,  adv.  With  civility  ;  kindly 
coniplaisantly.  Addison.     Swift. 

OBLI'GINGNESS,  n.  Obligation.  [Little 
used.]  Hammond. 

2.  Civility;  complaisance ;  disposition  to  ex- 
ercise kindness.  ff'alton.' 

OBLIGOR',  n.  The  person  who  binds  him- 
self or  gives  his  bond  to  another. 

Blackslone. 

OBLIQUA'TION,  n.  [L.  obli/juo,  from  ob- 
liquus,  oblique.] 

1.  Declination  from  a  strait  line  or  course; 
a  turning  to  one  side  ;  as  the  obliquation 
of  the  eyes.  JVeidon. 

2.  Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 
OBLI'QUE,  ?        ,,■,,     {'L.obliquus;¥t.ob- 
OBLI'KE,     \  "■  """  '''■  lique.] 
L  Deviating  from  a  right  line  ;  not  direct : 

not  perpendicular :  not  parallel ;  aslant. 

It  has  a  direction  oblique  to  that  of  the  for- 
mer motion.  Cheyne 

An  oblique  angle  is  either  acute  or  ob- 
tuse; any  angle  except  a  right  one. 

An  oblique  line  is  one  that,  falling  on  an- 
other, makes  oblique  angles  with  it. 

Oblique  planes,  in  dialing,  arc  those 
which  decline  from  the  zenith,  or  incline 
towards  the  horizon. 

Oblique  sailing,  is  when  a  ship  sails  up 
on  some  rhomb  between  the  four  cardinal 
points,  making  an  oblique  angle  with  the 
meridian.  Encijc. 

2.  Indirect ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  as  an  oblique 
hint.  Shak. 

3.  In  grammar,  an  oblique  case  is  any  case 
except  the  nominative. 

OBLrClUELY,a(/i'.  In  a  line  deviating  from 
a  right  line  ;  not  directly  ;  not  perjiendic- 
ularly. 

Declining  from  the  noon  of  day. 

The  suu  obliquely  shoots  his  burning  ray. 

Pope. 


Indirectly  ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  by  an  allu- 
sion ;  not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. 
His  discourse  tends  obliquely  to  the  detract- 
ing from  otliers.  Addison. 

OBLI'dllENESS,  n.  Obliquity. 

OBLia'UITY,  n.  [L.  obliquitas;  Fr.  ob- 
liquity.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  right  line ;  deviation 
from  parallelism  or  perpendicularity  ;  as 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  to  the  equator. 
Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 

To  disobey  God  or  oppose  liis   will  in  any 
thing  imports  a  moral  obliquity.  South. 

Irregularity  ;    deviation    from    ordinary 
rules. 

OBLITERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  ohlitero;  oh  and 
litera,  letter.] 

1.  To  efface  ;  to  erase  or  blot  out  any  thing 
written  ;  or  to  eflace  any  thing  engraved. 
A  writing  may  be  obliterated  by  erasure, 
by  blotting,  or  by  the  slow  operation  of 
time  or  natural  causes. 

2.  To  efface ;  to   wear  out ;  to  destroy  by 
time  or  other  means  ;  as,  to  obliterate  ideas 
or  impressions  ;    to  obliterate  the    monu 
ments  of  antiquity  ;  to  obliterate  reproach. 

Hale.     Locke. 

3.  To  reduce  to  a  very  low  or  impercei)tible 
state. 

The  torpor  of  the  vascular  system  and  oblit- 
erated pulse.  Med.  Repos 
OBLITERATED,   pp.    Effaced;    erased 

worn  out ;  destroyed. 
OBLIT  ERATING,;ii/)r.  Effacing ;  wearing 

out ;  destroying. 
OBLITERATION,  n.  The  act  of  effacing, 
effacement  :  a  blotting  out  or  wearing  out ; 
extinction.  Hale 

OBLIVION,  n.  [L.  oblivio.]  Forgetfulness 
cessation  of  remembrance. 

Among  our  crimes  oblivion  may  be  set. 

Dryden. 
2.  A  forgetting  of  offenses,  or  remission  of 
punishment.  An  act  of  oblivion  is  an  am- 
nesty, or  general  pardon  of  crimes  and  of- 
fenses, granted  by  a  sovereign,  by  which 
punishment  is  remitted. 
OBLIVIOUS,  a.  [L.  obliviosus.]  Causing 
forgetfulness.  Shak. 

The  oblivious  calm  of  indifference. 

J.  .M.  Mason. 
Behold  the  wonders  of  th'  oblivious  lake. 

Pope. 
2.  Forgetful.  Cavendish. 

OB'LOeUTOR,  n.  A  gainsayer.  [JVol  in 
use.]  Bull. 

OB'LONG,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  oblongus.]  Long- 
er th.in  broad.  Harris. 
OB'LONG,  n.    A  figure  or  soHd  which  is 

longer  than  it  is  broad. 
OB'LONGISH,  a.  Somewhat  oblong. 
OB'LONGLY,  a.  In  an  oblong  form. 

Cheyne. 
OB'LONGNESS,    n.    The    state   of  bein 

longer  tlian  broad. 
OBLONG-OVATE,  a.  In  botany,  between 
oblong  and  ovate,  but  inchned  to  the  lat- 
ter. Martyu.\ 
OBLO'QUIOUS,  a.  [See  Obloquy.]  Contain-j 
ing  obloquy  ;  reproachful.     [Little  used.]  | 

JVaunton.' 
OB'LOQIIY,  n.  [L.  obloquor ;  ob  and  loquor, 

to  speak.] 
1.  Censorious  speech ;  reproachful  language  ; 
language  that  casts  contenq)l  on  men  or 
their  actions. 


Shall  names  that  made  your  city  the  glory  of 
the  earth,  be  mentioned  wiUi  obloquy  and  de- 
tracUon  ?  '.dddison. 

Cause  of  reproach;  disgrace.  [J^Tot  used.] 

Shak. 

OBLU€TA'TION,  n.  [L.  obluctor;  06  and 
luctor,  to  struggle.] 

A  struggling  or  striving  against ;  resistance. 
[Little  itsed.]  Fotherby. 

OBMUTES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  obmuteaco,  to 
be  silent.] 

1.  Loss  of  speech;  silence.  Brown. 


A  keeping  silence.  Paley. 

OBNOX'IOUS,  a.  [\j.  obnoxius ;  o&  and  nox- 
ius,  hurtful,  from  noceo.] 

1.  Subject;  answerable. 
The  writings  of  lawyers,  which  are  tied  and 

obnoxious  to  their  particular  laws.  Bacon. 

Liable ;  subject  to  cognizance  or  punish- 
ment. 

We  know  ourselves  obnoxious  to  God's  se- 
vere justice.  Calamy. 

3.  Liable ;  exposed  ;  as  friendship  obnorious 
to  jealousies.  Hayward. 

Reprehensible  ;  censurable  ;  not  approv- 
ed ;  as  obnoxious  authors.  Fell. 

5.  Odious  ;  hateful ;  offensive  ;  with  to  ; 
as,  the  minister  was  obnoxious  to  the 
whigs. 

OBNOXIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  state  of  sub- 
jection or  liability. 

2.  Reprehensiblv  ;  odiously;  offensively. 
OBNOX'IOUSNESS,  n.  Subjection  or  lia- 

bleness  to  punishment.  Hall. 

2.  Odiousness  ;  offensiveness.  The  obnox- 
iousness  of  the  law  rendered  the  legisla- 
ture uiqiopular. 

OBNU'BIL.\TE,  v.  t.  [L.  ohnuhUor;  ob  and 
nuhilo  ;  nubes,  mist,  cloud.] 

To  cloud  ;  to  obscure.  Burton. 

OBNUBILA'TION,  n.  The  act  op  opera- 
tion of  making  dark  or  obscure. 

Beddoes.     Waterhouse. 

OB'OLE,  n.  [L.  obolus.]  In  pharmacy,  the 
weight  often  grains  or  half  a  scruple. 

Encyc. 

OB'OLUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  oSoxoj.]  A  small 
silver  coin  of  Athens,  the  sixth  part  of  a 
drachma,  about  two  cents  in  value,  or  a 
penny  farthing  sterling. 

OBO'V.4.TE,  a.  In  botany,  inversely  ovate  ; 
iiaving  the  narrow  end  downward  ;  as  an 
obovate  leaf  Martyn. 

OBREP'TION,  «.  [h.obrepo;  ob  and  repo, 
to  creep.] 

The  act  of  creeping  on  with  secrecy  or  by 
surprise.  Cudworlh. 

OBREPTI"TIOUS,  a.  [supra.]  Done  or 
obtained  by  smprise  ;  with  secrecy  or  by 
concealment  of  the  truth.  Encyc. 

OBSCE'NE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  obscienus.]  Of- 
fensive to  chastity  and  delicacy  ;  im[)ure  ; 
expressing  or  presenting  to  the  mind  or 
view  something  which  delicacy,  purity 
and  decency  forbid  to  be  exposed  ;  as  06- 
scene  language  ;  obscene  pictures. 

2.  Foul ;  filthy  ;  oftunsive  ;  disgusting. 

A  girdle  foul  with  grease  binds  his  obscene 
attire.  Dryden. 

Inauspicious ;  ill  omened. 

At  the  cheerful  light, 
The  groaning  ghosts  and  birds  obscene  take 
flight.  Dryden. 

OBSCE'NELY,  adv.  In  a  manner  offensive 
to  chastity  or  purity  ;  impurely ;  unchaste- 
ly.  Milton. 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


, )       [Fr.    obscenili ; 
\  "■   ohscatnilas.] 


OBSCE'NENESS 
OBSCENITY, 

1.  Impurity  in  expression  or  representation 
that  quality  in  words  or  things  which  pre- 
sents what  is  offensive  to  chastity  or  pu- 
rity of  mind;  ribaldry. 

Cowley  asserts  plainly  that  obscenity  has  no 

place  in  wit.  Dryden. 

Those  fables  were  tempered  with  the   Italian 

severity,  and  free  from  any  note  of  infamy  or 

obscenenes:.  Dryden 

No  Dardon  vile  obscenity  should  find. 

'  Pope 

2.  Unchaste  actions;  lewdness. 

To  wash  tir  obsce7ilties  of  night  away. 

Dryden 

OBSCURA'TION,  n.  [L.  obscuratio.]    The 

act  of  darkening. 
2.  The  state  of  being  darkened  or  obscured ; 

as  the  obscuration  of   the   moon    in  an 

eclipse. 
OBSeU'RE,   a.    [L.  obscurus;  It.   oscuro.] 

1.  Dark;  destitute  of  light. 

Whoso  cursetli  his  father  or  mother,  his  lamp 
shall  be  put  out  in  obscure  darkness.    Prov.  xx. 

2.  Living  in  darkness  ;  as  the  obscure  bird. 

Shak. 

3.  Not  easily  understood;  not  obviously  in- 
telligible ;  abstruse ;  as  an  obscure  pass- 
age in  a  writing.  Dryden 

4.  Not  nntcli  known  or  observed  ;  retired  ; 
remote  from  observation  ;  as  an  obscure 
retreat. 

5.  Not  noted  ;  unknown  ;  unnoticed  ;  hum- 
ble ;  mean  ;  as  an  obscure  person  ;  a  per- 
son of  obscure  birth.  Atterbury. 

6.  Not  easily  legible  ;  as  an  obscure  inscrip- 
tion. 

7.  Not  clear,  full  or  distinct ;  imperfect ;  as 
an  obscure  view  of  remote  objects.  J 

OBSeU'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  obscuro.]  To  darken  ;1 
to  make  dark.  The  shadow  of  the  earth 
obscures  the  moon,  and  the  body  of  the 
moon  obscures  the  sun,  in  ati  eclipse. 

2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  partially  dark.  Thick 
clouds  obscure  the  day.  I 

3.  To  hide  from  the  view  ;  as,  clouds  obscure 
the  sun. 

4.  To  make  less  visible. 

Why,  'tis  an  office  of  discovery,  love, 

And  I  should  be  obscured.  Shak. 

5.  To  make  less  legible ;  as,  time  has  ob- 
scured the  writing. 

6.  To  make  less  intelhgible. 

There  is  scarce  any  duty  which  has  been  so 
obscured  b\  the  writings  of  the  learned  as  tliisJi 

Wal;e.\ 

7.  To  make  less  glorious,  beautiful  or  illus-| 
trious. 

— And  see'st  not  sin  obscures  thy  godlikej 
frame  ?  Dryden. 

8.  To  conceal ;  to  make  unknown.     Milton. 

9.  To  tarnish  ;  as,  to  obscure  brightness. 
OBS€U'RELY,  adv.  Darkly  ;  not   clearly  ; 

imperfectly  ;  as  an   object  obscurely  seen ; 
obscurely  visible. 

2.  Out  of  sight ;  in  a  state  not  to  be  noticed  ; 
privately  ;  in  retirement ;  not  conspicu- 
ously. 

There  live  retired. 
Content  thyself  to  be  obscurely  good. 

Mdison. 

3.  Not  clearly ;  not  plainly  to  the  mind ; 
darkly  ;  as  future  events  obscurely  re- 
vealed. 

4.  Not  plainly  ;  iadirectly  ;  by  hints  or  allu- 
sion. 


OBSCU'RENESS,  >      [L.oi«cur£<«M.]Dark-|[OBSERV'ANCE,  n.  s  as  z.   [Fr.  See  Ob- 
OBSCU'BITY,         ^  ""ness;  want  of  light.      serve.] 

We  wait  for  light,  but  behold  obscurity.    Is.  jl.  The  act  of  observing;  the  act  of  keeping 


lix. 

2.  A  state  of  retirement  from  the  world 
state  of  being  unnoticed;  privacy. 

V  ou  are  not  for  obscurity  designed. 

Dryden. 

3.  Darkness  of  meaning;  unintelligibleness; 
as  the  obscurity  of  writings  or  of  a  par 
ticular  pas.sage. 

Illegibleness;  as  the  oiicurii^  of  letters  or 
of  an  inscription. 

5.  A  state  of  being  unknown  to  fame  ;  hum 
hie  condition  ;  as  the  obscurity  of  birth  or 
parentage. 

OB'SECRATE,  i'.  t.  [L.  obsecro.]  To  be- 
seech ;  to  intreat ;  to  supplicate ;  to  pray 
earnestly.  Cockeram. 

OBSE€RA'TION,  n.  Intreaty;  supplica- 
tion. Slillingfleet. 

2.  A  figure  of  rhetoric,  in  whicli  the  orator 
implores  the  assistance  of  God  or  man. 

Encyc' 

OB'SEQUENT,  a.  [L.  obsequens.]  Obedi- 
ent ;  submissive  to.     [Little  used.] 

Fotherby. 

OB'SEQUIES,  n.  plu.  [Fr.  obsiqucs,  from 
L.  obsequium,  complaisance,  from  obsequor, 
to  follow.] 

Funeral  rites  an<l  solemnities  ;  the  last  du- 
ties performed  to  a  deceased  person. 

Dryden 

[Milton  uses  the  word  in  the  singular,  but 

the  common  usage  is  different.] 
OBSE'QUIOUS,    a.    [from  L.    obsequium, 

complaisance,   from  obsequor,  to   follow ; 

ob  and  sequor.] 
1.  Promptly  obedient  or  submissive  to  the 

will   of  another;  compliant;   yielding  to: 

the 


)  desires  of  others,  properly  to  the  willj  oBSKRVA'TION,  n.  s  , 
command  of  a  superior,  but  iii  actual}      o  >     /-)/      ,■(>  1 
3,  it  often  signifies  yielding  to  the  will  or,  ,   "J;.  :'  ,         . 

■  <■        1         u  •   1  .  .     „„„  i  !•   ihc  act  of  observmg 


or 

use 

desires  of  such  as  have  no  right  to  con 

trol. 

His  ser\ants  weeping. 
Obsequious  to  his  orders,  bear  him  hither 

Addison. 

2.  Servilely  or  meanly  condescending ;  com- 
pliant to  excess ;  as  an  obsequious  flatterer, 
minion  or  parasite.  ^ 

3.  Funereal  :  pertaining  to  funeral  rites. 
[.Xot  used.]  Skak. 

OBSEQUIOUSLY',  adv.  With  ready  obe- 
dience ;  with  prompt  compliance. 
They  rise  and  with  respectful  awe. 
At  tlie  word  given,  obsequiously  withdraw. 

Dryden 
With  reverence  for  the  dead.    [.Vo<  used.] 

Shak 
OBSE  QUIOUSNESS,    n.     Ready    obedi 
ence  ;  prompt  compliance  with  the  orders 
of  a  superior. 
2.  Servile   submission ;  mean    or  excessive 
complaisance. 

They  apply  themselves  both  to  his  interest 
and  humor,  with  all  the  arts  of  llattery  and  ob- 
sequiousness. South. 
OBSERVABLE,  a.  s  as  :.    [See  Observe.] 
I.  That  may  be  observed  or  noticed. 
i2.  Worthy  of  observation  or  of  particular 
notice ;  remarkable. 

I  took  a  just  account  of  every  observable  cir- 
cumstance of  Uie  earth,  stone,  metal  or  other 
matter.  JVoodwarJ.i 

OBSERVABLY,  adv.  s  as  :.  In  a  manueri 
worthy  of  note.  Brown.l 


or  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  perforinauce  ; 
as  the  observance  of  rules,  rites,  ceremo- 
nies or  laws. 

Love  rigid  honesty. 
And  strict  observance  of  impartial  laws. 

Roscommon. 

2.  Respect;  ceremonial  reverence  in  jiriic- 
tice. 

To  do  observance  ou  the  morn  of  May. 

Shak. 

3.  Performanceof  rites,  religious  ceremonies 
or  external  service. 

Some  represent  to  themselves  the  whole  of 
religion  as  consisting  in  a  few  easy  observances. 

Rogers. 

4.  Rule  of  practice;  thing  to  be  observed. 

Shak. 

5.  Observation;  attention  to.     [Little  used.] 

Hale. 

6.  Obedient  regard  or  attention. 

Having  had  experience  of  his  fidcUty  and  ob- 
servance abroad.      [A'ot  vsed.^  Tl^otton. 

OBSERVAND'A,n./?/ij.  sasz.  [L.]  Things 
to  be  observed.  Sieifl. 

OBSERVANT,  a.  s  as  :.  Taking  notice  ; 
attentively  view  ing  or  noticing  ;  as  an  ob- 
servant spectator  or  traveler. 
Obedient ;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  with 
of.  He  is  very  observant  q/'tlie  rules  of  his 
order. 

We  are  told  how  observant  Alexander  was  of 
his  master  Aristotle.  Digby. 

3.  Carefully  attentive  ;  submissive. 

Raleigh. 
OBSERV'ANT,  n.  s  as  z.  A  slavish  attend- 
ant.    [.\'ot  in  use.]  .Shak. 
A  diligent  observer.                           Hooker. 
as  :.   [L.  observatio. 


or  taking  notice ; 
the  act  of  seeing  or  of  fixing  the  mind  on 
any  thing.  We  .'ipply  the  word  to  sim- 
ple vision,  as  when  one  says,  a  spot  on  the 
sun's  disk  did  not  fall  under  his  observa- 
tion ;  or  to  the  notice  or  cognizance  of 
the  mind,  as  when  one  says,  the  distinc- 
tion made  by  the  orator  escaped  his  obser- 
vation. ^^'ilen  however  it  expresses  vis- 
ion, it  often  represents  a  mure  fixed  or 
particular  view  than  a  mere  transient 
sight ;  as  an  astronomical  observation. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing;  the  effect 
or  result  of  seeing  or  taking  cognizance  in 
the  iiiiiid,  and  either  retained  in  tlie  mind 
or  exjiressed  in  words:  inference  or  some- 
thing arising  out  of  the  act  of  seeing  or 
noticing,  or  that  which  is  produced  by 
thinking  and  reflecting  on  a  subject ;  note; 
remark  ;  animadversion.  We  often  say, 
I  made  the  observation  iti  my  own  mind  ; 
but  pro|)erly  an  observation  is  that  whicli 
is  expressed  as  the  result  of  viewing  or  of 
thinking. 

In  matters  of  human  prudence,  we  shall  find 
the  greatest  advantage  by  making  wise  obser- 
vations on  our  conduct.  JVatts. 

3.  Observance  ;  adherence  to  in  practice ; 
performance  of  what  is  prescribed. 

He  freed  the  christian  church  from  the  ex- 
ternal observation  and  obedience  of  legal  pre- 
cept-s  not  formally  moral.  White. 

In  navigation,  the  taking  of  the  altitude 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


O  B  S 


of  the  sun  or  a  star  in  order  to  find  the  lat- 

iniile.  Encyc. 

OBSERVA'TOR,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  observateur.] 

1.  One  that  observes  or  takes  notice.     Hate. 

2.  A  reinarker.  Dryden. 
OBSERVATORY,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  observa- 

toire.] 
•  A  place  or  building  for  making  observations 

^  on  the  heavenly  bodies  ;  as  the  royal  ob- 
servttton/  at  Greenwich. 

OBSERVE,  J).  <.  obzerv'.  [h.ohservo;  06  and 
servo,  to  keep  or  hold.  The  sense  is  to 
hold  in  view,  or  to  keep  the  eyes  on.  See 
Class  Sr.  No.  34.  38.  45.  and  Class  Dr. 
No.  32.] 

1.  To  see  or  behold  with  some  attention  ; 
to  notice  ;  as,  to  observe  a  halo  round  the 
raoon  ;  I  observed  a  singular  phenomenon  ; 
we  observe  strangers  or  their  dress.  I 
saw  the  figure,  hut  observed  nothing  pecul- 
iar in  it. 

2.  To  take  notice  or  cognizance  of  by  the  in- 
tellect. We  observe  nice  distinctions  in 
arguments,  or  a  peculiar  delicacy  of 
thought. 

3.  To  utter  or  express,  as  a  remark,  opinion 
or  sentiment  ;  to  remark.  He  observed 
that  no  man  appears  great  to  his  domes- 
tics. 

4.  To  keep  religiously  ;  to  celebrate. 

A  night  to  be  much  obsei-ved  to  the  Lord. 
Ex.  xii. 

Ye  shall  observe  the  feast  of  unleavened 
bread.     Ex.  xii. 

Ye  observe  days,  and  months,  and  times,  and 
years.     Gal.  iv. 

5.  To  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice  ;  to 
comply  with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  observe  the 
laws  of  the  state  ;  to  observe  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  a  society. 

Teaching  them  to  observe  all  things  whatso- 
ever I  have  commanded  you.     Matt,  xxvnii. 

6.  To  practice. 

In  the  days  of  Enoch,  the  people  observed 
not  circumcision  or  the  sabbath.  White. 

OBSERVE,    II.   i.   obzerV.    To   remark.     I 
have  heard  the    gentleman's   arguments, 
and  shall  hereafter  observe  upon  them. 
2.  To  be  attentive. 
OBSERVED,   pp.   susz.   Noticed  by  the 

eye  or  the  mind. 
2.  Kept  religiously  ;  celebrated  ;  practiced. 
OBSERV'ER,  n.  sasz.  One  who  observes; 
one  that  takes  notice  ;  particularly,  onei 
who  looks  to  with  care,  attention  or  vigil-1 
ance. 

Careful  obsenyers  may  foretell  the  hour, 
By  sure  prognostic,  when  to  dread  a  shower. 

SwiftA 

Creditors  are  great  observers  of  set  days  and] 

times.  Franklin. 

2.  A  beholder  ;  a  looker  on  ;  a  spectator. 

iSouth. 

3.  One  who  keeps  any  law,  custom,  regula-1 
tion  or  rite  ;  one  who  adheres  to  any! 
thing  in  practice;  one  who  performs;  as 
a  great  observer  of  forms  ;  an  observer  of 
old  customs.  Bacon.l 

4.  One  who  fulfills  or  performs  ;  as,  he  is  a 
strict  observer  of  his  word  or  promise. 

Prior. 

5.  One  who  keeps  religiously  ;  as  an  observ- 
er of  the  sabbath.  AUerbury. 

OBSERVING,  ppr.   s  as  :.  Taking  uoticei 

by  the  eye  or  the  intellect. 
2.  Remarking. 


3.  Keeping;  adhering  to  in  practice;  fulfiU-i 
ing. 

4.  a.  Giving  particular  attention ;  habitually 
taking  notice  ;  attentive  to  what  passes.' 
He  is  an  observing  man. 

OBSERVINGLY,  adv.  sasz.  Attentively;' 
carefully  ;  with  close  observation.     Shak. 

OBSESS',  V.  t.  [L.  obsideo,  obsessus  ;  ob  andj 
sedeo,  to  sit.]     To  besiege.     [.Yol  xised.]     | 

Elyol.l 

OBSESSION,  n.  [L.  obsessio.]  The  act  ofj 
besieging  ;  the  first  attack  of  Satan  ante- 
cedent to  possession.     [Little  tiscd.]  j 

Burton.] 

OBSIDTAN,  n.  A  mineral  of  two  kinds,' 
translucent  and  transparent.  The  trans-' 
lucent  has  a  velvet  black  color  ;  the  trans-, 
parent  is  of  a  dark  blue.  These  occur 
massive  in  porphyry,  gneiss  or  granite,, 
generally  invested  with  a  gray  opake 
crust.  Diet.  ,Yat.  Hist.  Ure.  Kirtvan.'. 
The  fracture  of  obsidian  is  vitreous  orj 
pearly  ;  hence  the  two  varieties,  vitreous^ 
obsidian  and  pearlstone.  Jameson.] 

OBSIDTONAL,  a.  [L.  obsidionalis  ;  06  andi 
ifrfeo,  to  sit.]  Pertaining  to  a  siege.  Broivn.\ 

OB'SIGNATE,  v.  t.  [L.  obsigno ;  ob  and 
signo,  to  seal.]  To  seal  up ;  to  ratify.  [Lit-\ 
tie  used.]  Barrow.' 

OBSIGNA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sealing  ; 
ratification  by  sealing  ;  confirmation. 

Taylor. 

OBSIG'NATORY,  a.  Ratifying  ;  confirm- 
ing by  sealing.  Ward. 

OBSOLES'CENT,  a.  [L.  obsolesco,  to  go 
out  of  use.] 

Going  out  of  use  ;  passing  into  desuetude. 
All   the   words  compounded   of  here  and    a 
prepoition,  except   hereafter,  are  obsolete  or; 
obsolescent.  Campbell.] 

OBSOLE'TE,  a.  [L.  obsoletus.]  Gone  intol 
disuse  ;  disused  ;  neglected  ;  as  an  obso- 
lete word  ;  an  obsolete  statute  ;  applied 
chiefly  to  words  or  writings. 

Dryden.     Swijl. 
In  botany,  obscure  ;  not  very  (hstinct. 

Eaton. 

OBSOLE'TENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
neglected  in  use  ;  a  state  of  desuetude. 

Johnson. 

2.  In  botany,  indistinctness. 

OB'STAeLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  obsto,  to 
withstand  ;  ob  and  sto.] 

That  which  opposes  ;  any  thing  that  stands 
in  the  way  and  hinders  progress  ;  hin- 
derance  ;  obstruction,  either  in  a  physical 
or  moral  sense.  An  army  may  meet  with 
obstacles  on  its  march  ;  bad  roads  are  ob- 
stacles to  traveling  ;  prejudice  is  an  obsta- 
cle to  improvement  ;  want  of  union  is  of- 
ten an  insuperable  obstacle  to  beneficial 
measures. 

OB'STANCY,  n.  [L.  obstantia  ;  ob  and  sto.] 
Opposition  ;  impediment  ;  obstruction. 
[JVot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

OBSTET'Rie,  a.  [L.  obstetrir,  a  midwife  ; 
06  and  sto,  to  stand  before.] 

Pertaining  to  midwifery,  or  the  delivery  oil 
women  in  childbed  ;  as  the  obstetric  art.      j 

OBSTET'RICATE,  v.  i.  [See  Obstetric.]i 
To  perform  the  office  of  a  midwife.  [Little: 
used.]  Evelyn., 

OBSTET'RICATE,  v.  t.  To  assist  as  a 
midwife.     [Little  used.]  IVaterhouse' 

OBSTETRICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  as 
sisting  as  a  midwife. 


2.  The  office  of  a  midwife.  Hall. 

OBSTETRl"CIAN,  n.  One  skilled  in  the 
art  of  assisting  women  in  parturition. 

Med.  Repos. 

OBSTET'RICS,  n.  The  art  of  assisting 
women  in  parturition  ;  midwifery.    Encyc. 

OB'STINACY,  n.  [L.  obstinatio,  from  ob- 
sto, to  stand  against,  to  oppose ;  06  and 
sto.] 

1.  A  fixedness  in  opinion  or  resolution  that 
cannot  be  shaken  at  all,  or  not  without 
great  difficulty ;  firm  and  usually  un- 
reasonable adherence  to  an  opinion,  pur- 
pose or  system  ;  a  fixedness  that  will  not 
yield  to  persuasion,  arguments  or  other 
means.  Obstinacy  may  not  always  convey 
the  idea  of  unreasonable  or  unjustifiable 
firmness ;  as  when  we  say,  soldiers  fight 
with  obstinacy.  But  often,  and  perhaps 
usually,  the  word  denotes  a  fixedness  of 
resolution  which  is  not  to  be  vindicated 
under  the  circumstances  ;  stubbornness  ; 
pertinacity  ;  persistency. 

Fixedness  that  will  not  yield  to  applica- 
tion, or  that  yields  with  difficulty  ;  as  the 
obstinacy  of  a  disease  or  evil. 
OB'STINATE,  a.  [L.  obstinalus.]  Stub- 
born ;  pertinaciously  adhering  to  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose  ;  fixed  firndy  in  resolution  ; 
not  yielding  to  reason,  arguments  or  other 
means. 

I  have  known  great  cures  done  by  obstinate 

resolutions  of  drinking  no  wine.  Temple. 

No  ass  so  meek,  no  ass  so  obstinate.      Pope. 

2.  Not  yielding  or  not  easily  subdued  or  re- 
moved ;  as  an  obstinate  fever  ;  obstinate 
obstructions  ;  an  obstinate  cough. 

OB'STINATELY,  adv.  Stubbornly;  per- 
tinaciously ;  with  fixedness  of  purpose 
not  to  be  shaken,  or  not  without  difficulty  ; 
as  a  sinner  obstinately  bent  on  his  own 
destruction. 

Inflexible  to  ill  and  obstinately  just. 

Mdison. 

OB'STINATENESS,  n.  Stubbornness ; 
pertinacity  in  opinion  or  purpose  ;  fixed 
determination.  Hall. 

OBSTIPATION,  n.  [L.  obstipo  ;  ob  and 
stipo,  to  crowd. 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  up  ;  as  a  passage. 

2.  In  medicine,  costiveness. 
OBSTREP'EROUS,     a.      [L.    ohstreperus, 

from  obstrepo,  to  roar  ;  ob  and  strepo/] 

Loud  ;  noisy  ;  clamorous  ;  vociferous  ;  ma- 
king a  tumultuous  noise. 

The  players  do  not  only  connive  at  his  ob- 
streperous approbation,  but  repair  at  their  own 
cost  whatever  damages  he  makes.         Addison. 

OBSTREP'EROrSLY,  adv.  Loudly  ;  clam- 
orously ;  with  tumultuous  noise. 

OBSTREP  EROUSNESS,  n.  Loudness  ; 
clamor;  noisy  turbidence. 

OBSTRIC'TION,  n.  [L.  ob.itrictus,  obstrin- 
go  ;  ob  and  siringo,  to  strain.] 

Obligation  ;  bond.  Milton. 

OBSTRUCT',  v.  t.  [L.  obstruo  ;  ob  and 
struo,  to  set.] 

To  block  up  ;  to  stop  up  or  close  ;  as  a 
way  or  passage  ;  to  fill  with  obstacles  or 
im|)ediments  that  prevent  passing  ;  as,  to 
obstruct  a  roail,  highway  or  channel ;  to  ob- 
.itruct  l\tc  canals  or  fine  vessels  of  the  body. 
To  stop  ;  to  impede  ;  to  hinder  in  pass- 
ing ;  as,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
obstructs  the  entrance  of  ships  ;  clouds  06- 
tl     struct  the  light  of  the  sun. 


O  B  T 


O  B  T 


O  B  V 


3.  To  retard  ;  to  interrupt  ;  to  render  slow. 
Progress  is  often  obstructed  by  difficulties, 
tliuugli  not  entirely  stopped. 

OBSTRUCTED,  pp.  Blocked  up  ;  stop- 
ped ;  as  «  pus.sage. 

2.  Hindered  ;  impeded ;  as  progress. 

3.  Retarded  ;  interrupted. 
OBSTRUCT'ER,  n.  One  that  obstructs  or 

binders. 

OBSTRl'CT'ING,  ppr.  Blocking  up  ;  stop- 
ping ;  impeding  ;  interrupting. 

OBSTRUCTION,  n.  [L.  obslrudio.]  The 
act  of  obstructing. 

2.  Obstacle  ;  inijiedinient  ;    any   thing   that 
stops  or  closes  a  way  or  cliunnel.     Bars  of 
sand  at  the  nioutbs  of  rivers  are  often  ob 
slrudions  lo  navigation. 

3.  That  which  impedes  progress;  liinderance. 
Disunion  and  party  spirit  are  often  ob- 
sti-uclions  to  legislative  measures  and  to 
public  prosperity. 

A.  A  heaj>.  LNot  proper.]  Sliak. 

OBSTRUCTIVE,    a.    [Fr.  obstruclif ;    It 

osstnUlivo.] 
Presenting   obstacles  ;   hindering  ;    causing 

impediment.  Hammond. 

OBSTRUCT'IVE,     n.    Obstacle  ;   impedi 

ment.     [Little  used.]  Iliimmoiu!. 

OB'STRUENT,  a.  [L  obstruens.]  Blockin 

up  ;  lihidering. 
OB'STRUENT,  n.  Any  thing  that  obstructs 

the  natural  passages  in  the  body. 

Quinn/ 
OBSTUPEFAC'TION,  )i.  [L.  obstupefacio.] 

The  act  of  making  stupid  or  insensible. 

[See  Stupefaction,  which  is  generally  used." 
OBSTUPEFAC  TIVE,  a.  [L.  obstupefacio. 

Stupefying  ;  rendering   insensible,   torpid 

or  inert.  [lAltle  used.]     [See  Stupefactive.' 

Abbot 
OBTA'IN,  V.  t.  [L.  ohtineo  ;  ob  and  teneo,  to 

hold  ;  Fr.  obtenir  ;  It.  ottenere.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  in  a  gene 
ral  sense,  to  gain  possession  of  a  thing, 
whether  temporary  or  permanent  ;  to  ac- 
quire. This  word  usually  ini[>lies  exertion 
to  get  possession,  and  in  this  it  differs  from 
receive,  which  may  or  may  not  imply  ex 
ertion.  It  diflers  from  acquire,  as  genus 
from  species  ;  acquire  being  properly  ap- 
plied only  to  things  permanently  possess- 
ed ;  but  obtain  is  applied  both  to  things  of 
temporary  and  of  permanent  possession. 
We  obtain  loans  of  money  on  application  ; 
we  obtain  answers  to  letters;  we  obtain 
spirit  from  liquors  by  distillation  and  salts 
by  evaporation.  We  obtain  by  seeking  ; 
we  often  receive  without  .seeking.  We 
acquire  or  obtain  a  good  title  to  lands  by 
deed,  or  by  a  judgment  of  court ;  but  we 
do  not  acquire  spirit  by  distillation  ;  nor  do 
we  acquire  an  answer  to  a  letter  or  an  ap- 
plication. 

He  shall  obtain  the  kingdom  by  flatteries 
Dan.  .\i. 

In  whom  we  have  obtained  an  inheritance. 
Eph.  i. 

2.  To  keep ;  to  hold.  Milton 
OBTA'IN,  I',  t.  To  be  received  in  custom 

ary  or  common  use  ;  to  continue  in  use 

to  be  established  in  practice. 

The  Theodosian  code,  several  hundred  years 
after  Justinian's  time,  obiaimd  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  empire.  Baker. 

2.  To  be  established  ;  to  subsist  in  nature. 


The  general   laws  ot  fluidity,  elasticity  and 
gravity,  obtain  in  anhnal  and  inanimate  tubes. 

Cheyne. 
3.  To  prevail  ;  to  succeed.     [Little  used^ 

Bacon. 
OBTA'INABLE,  a.  That  may  be  obtained  ; 
that  may  be  procured  or  gained. 

Jlrbulhnot.     Ketllewell. 
OBTA'INED,  pp.   Gained  ;  procured  ;  ac- 
quired. 
OBTA'INER,  n.  One  who  obtains. 
OBTA'INING,   ppr.    Gaining;  procuring; 

acquiring. 
OBTA'INMENT,  n.  The  act  of  obtaining, 

Milton. 
OBTEND',  I',  t.    [L.  oblendo  ;  ob  and  tendo ; 
literally,  to  stretch  against  or  before.] 

1.  To  oppose  ;  to  hold  out  in  opposition. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  pretend  ;  to  offer  as  the  reason  of  any 
thing.     [N'otxised.]  Dryden. 

[  This  word  is  rarely  xised.] 

OBTENEBRA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  ob  and 
tenebrce,  darkness.] 

A  darkening;  act  of  darkening  ;  darkness. 
In  every  megrim  or  vertigo  there  is  an  ubten. 
t'bration  joined  with  a  semblance   ot  turning 
round.     [Little  used.'\  Bacon 

OBTEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  obtending. 
[ATot  used.] 

OBTEST',   11.  t.  [L.  obtestor  ;  ob  and  tcstor 
to  witness.]     To  beseech  ;  to  sup|)licate. 
Obtest  his  clemency.  Dryden 

OBTEST',  V.  i.  To  i)rotest.         fVaterhouse 

OBTESTA'TION,  n.  Supplication  ;  en- 
treaty. Elyot 

%  Solemn  injunction.  Hall 

lOBTEST'ING,  ppr.  Beseeching  ;  suppli- 
cating. 

OBTRECTA'TION,  n.  [L.  obtrectalio,  iiom 
obtrecto  ;  ob  and  tracto.] 

Slander  ;  detraction  ;  calumny.  [Little  used.] 

Harrow. 

OBTRU'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  obtrudo ;  ob  and  trudo, 

i     Eng.  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  in  or  on  ;  to  throw,  crowd  or 
thrust  into  any  place  or  state  by  force  or 
imposition,  or  without  sohcitation.  Men 
obtrude  their  vain  speculations  upon  the 
world. 

A  cause  of  common  error  is  the  credulity  of 
men,  that  is,  an  easy  assent  to  wl.at  is  obtrud- 
ed. Brown 

The  objects  of  our  senses  obtnule  their  partic- 
ular ideas  upon  our  minds,  whether  we  will  or 
not.  Locke 

2.  To  offer  with  unreasonable  importunity 
to  urge  upon  against  the  will. 

Why  shouldst   thou  then   obtrude  this  dili- 
gence 
In  vain,  where  no  acceptance  it  can  find 

Milton. 
To  obtrude  o»e'«  self,  to  enter  a  place  where 
one  is  not  desired  ;  to  thrust  one's  self  in 
uninvited,  or  against  the  will  of  the  com- 
pany. 
OBTRU'DE,  V.  i.  To  enter  when  not  invit 

ed. 
2.  To  thrust  or  be  thrust  upon. 
OBTRUDED,  pp.  Thrust  in  by   force  or 

unsolicited. 
OBTRU'DER,  n.  One  who  obtrudes. 

Boyle. 
jOBTRU'DING,  ppr.   Thrusting  in  or  on 
I     enterins  uninvited. 

OBTRUN'CATE,  v.  t.  [L.  oUruyico ;  o6nnd 
trunco,  to  cut  off.] 


To  deprive  of  a  limb  ;  to  lop. 


[Little  used.] 
Cockeram. 

OBTRUNCA  TION,  71.  The  act  of  lopping 
or  cutting  off.     [Little  used.]        Cockeram. 

OBTRUSION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  obtrudo,  ob- 
trusus.] 

The  act  of  obtruding  ;  a  thrusting  upon  oth- 
ers by  force  or  unsolicited  ;  as  the  obtru- 
sion of  crude  opinions  on  the  world. 

OBTRU'SIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  obtrude  any 
thing  upon  otheis  ;  inclined  to  intrude  or 
thrust  one's  self  among  others,  or  to  en- 
ter uninvited. 

Not  obvious,  not  vblnisivc,  hut  retired, 
The  more  desirable.  Mlton. 

OBTRUSIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of  obtru- 
sion or  thrusting  upon  others.or  entering 
unsolicited. 

OBTUND',  v.t.  [L.  obtundo;  ob  mtd  tundo, 
to  beat.] 

To  dull;  to  blunt  ;  to  (juell  ;  to  deaden  ;  to 
reduce  the  edge,  pungency  or  violent  ac- 
tion of  any  thing  ;  as,  lo  obtund  the  acri- 
mony of  the  gall.  Harvey. 

OBTURA'TION,  n.  [L.  obturatus,  from  ob- 
turo,  to  stop  up.] 

iTlie  act  of  stopping  by  spreading  over  or 
covering. 

OB'TURATOR,  n.  In  anatomy,  the  obtura- 
tors ai'e  muscles  which  rise  from  the  outer 
and  inner  side  of  the  i>elvis  around  the  fora- 
men thyroideum,  and  are  rotators  of  tlie 
thigh.  If'istar.     Coxe. 

OBTUSANG'ULAR,  a.  [obtuse  and  an- 
gular.] 

Having   angles  that  are   obtuse,   or   larger 

I     than  right  angles. 

OBTU'SE,  a.  [L.  obtusus,  from  obtundo,  to 
beat  against.] 

1.  Blunt;  not  pointed  or  acute.  Applied  to 
angles,  it  denotes  one  that  is  larger  than 
a  right  angle,  or  more  than  ninety  de- 
grees. 

2.  Dull  ;  not  having  acute  sensibility  ;  as 
obtuse  senses.  Milton. 

3.  Not  sharp  or  shrill  ;  dull ;  obscure  ;  as 
obtuse  sound. 

OBTU'SELY,  adv.  Without  a  sharp  point. 
2.  Dully  ;  stupidlv. 

OBTU'SENESS,"  n.  Bluntness  ;  as  the  ob- 
tuseness  of  an  edge  or  a  point. 

2.  Dullness  ;  want  of  quick  sensibility  ;  as 
the  obtuseness  of  the  senses. 

3.  Dullness  of  sound. 
OBTU'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  making 

blunt. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dulled  or  blunted  ;  as 
l\ip  obtusion  of  the  senses. 

jOBUM'BRATE,  v.  t.  [L.  obumbro  ;  ob  and 
umbra,  a  shade.] 

To  shade  ;  to  daiken  ;  to  cloud.  [Little 
used.]  Howell. 

OBUMBRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  darken- 
ing or  obscuring. 

OBVEN'TION,  n.  [h.  obvenio  ;  ob  and  ten- 
ia, to  come.] 

Something  occasional  :  that  which  happens 
not  regularly,  but  incidentally.  [M>t  used.] 

Spenser. 

OBVERS'ANT,  a.  [L.  obi-ersans,  obversor  ; 
ob  and  versor,  to  turn.]  Con\ersant  ;  fa- 
miliar.    [A'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

OBVERSE,  a.  obvers'.  In  botany,  having 
the  base  narrower  than  the  top ;  as  a  leaf. 

OB  VERSE,  H.  The  face  of  a  coin  ;  oppos- 
ed to  reverse. 


o  c  c 


o  c  c 


o  c  c 


OBVERT',  I',  t.  [L.  obverto ;  oh  uuU  vtrto, 
to  turn.]     To  tiirii  towards.  Watts. 

OBVERTED,  pji.  Turned  towards. 

OBVERT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  towards. 

OB'VIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  obvier;  It.  omian ; 
Sp.  obviur ;  from  L.  obvius ;  ob  and  via, 
way.] 

Properlj',  to  meet  in  the  way  ;  to  oppo.se ; 
hence,  to  prevent  by  interception,  or  to  re- 
move at  the  beginning  or  in  the  outset; 
}ience  in  present  usage,  to  remove  in  gen 
era),  as  difficulties  or  objections  ;  to  clear 
the  way  of  obstacles  in  reasoning,  deliber 
atiug  or  planning. 

To  lay  down  every  thing  in  its  full  light,  so 
as  to  obviate  all  exceptions.  Woodward. 

OB'VIATED,  pp.  Removed,  as  objections 
or  difficulties. 

OB'VIATING,  ppr.  Removing,  as  objec- 
tions in  reasoning  or  planning. 

OB'VIOUS,  a.  [L.  obvius.     See  the  Verb.] 

J.  Meeting  ;  opposed  in  front. 
I  to  the  evil  turn 
My  obvious  breast.     [A'ot  now  used.'\ 

Mlton 

2.  Open  ;  exposed.     [Little  used.]       Milton. 

3.  Plain;  evident;  easily  discovered,  seen  or 
understood  ;  readily  perceived  by  the  eye 
or  the  intellect.  We  say,  a  phenomenon 
obvious  to  the  sight,  or  a  truth  obvious  to 
the  mind.  Milton.     Dryden 

OB'VIOUSLY,  adv.  Evidenlly  ;  plainly 
apparently ;  manifestly.  Men  do  not  al 
ways  pursue  what  is  obviously  their  inter 
est. 

2.  Naturally.  Holyday. 

3.  Easily  to  be  found.  Selden. 
OB'VIOUSNESS,  n.  State  ofbeing  plain  or 

evident  to  the  eye  or  the  mind.  Boyle 

OB'VOLUTE,     I      [L.  obvolulvs,  obvolvo 
OB'VOLUTED,  (  "•  oh  and  volvo,   to  roll. 
In  botany,  obvolute  foliation  is  when   the 
margins  of  the  leaves  alternately  embrace 
the  straight  margin  of  the  opposite  leaf 

Marty  n. 
OC€A'SION,   71.   s  as  :.    [L.  occasio,   from 
orcido,  to  fall ;  ob  and  cado.] 

1.  Properly,  a  falling,  happening  or  coming 
to  ;  an  occurrence,  casualty,  incident ; 
something  distinct  from  the  ordinary 
course  or  regular  order  of  things.    Hooker. 

2.  Opportunity  ;  convenience  ;  favorable 
time,  season  or  circumstances. 

I'll  take  th'  occasion  which  he  gives  to 
bring 

Him  to  his  death.  Waller. 

Use  not  liberty  for  an  occasion  to  the  flesh. 
Gal.  v. 

Sin  taking  occasion  by  the  commandment,  de- 
ceived me.     Rom.  vii. 

3.  Accidental   cause  ;    incident,    event    or 


fact  giving  rise  to  something  else.    What 
was  the  occasion  of  this  custom  ? 
Her  beauty  was  the  occasion  of  the  war. 

Dryden 

4.  Incidental  need  ;  casual  exigency  ;  op- 
portunity accompanied  with  need  or  de- 
mand.  So  we  say,  we  have  occasion  for 
all  our  resources.  We  have  frequent  oc 
casions  for  assisting  each  other. 

The  ancient  canons  were  well    titted  for  the 
occasion  of  the  church  in  its  purer  ages. 

Baker 

My  occasions  have  found  time  to   use   them 

toward  a  supply  of  money.  Shah. 

OeCA'SION,    V.  t.    [I'r.  occasionner.l     To 

cause    incidentally  ;    to    cause  ;  to    pro 


ducc.  The  ejtpectation  of  war  occasions 
a  depression  in  the  price  of  stocks.  Con- 
sumptions are  often  occasioned  by  colds. 
Indigestion  occasions  pain  ill  the  liead. 
Heat  occasions  lassitude. 

2.  To  influence ;  to  cause. 

If  we  inquire  what  it  is  that  occasions  men  to 
make  several  combinations  of  simple  ideas  into 
distinct  modes —  Locke. 

0€€A'SIONABLE,  a.  s  as  x.  That  may  be 
caused  or  occasioned.     [Little  used.] 

Barrow. 

p€€A'SIONAL,  a.  sasz.  [Fr.  occasionnel. 

[I.  Incidental ;  casual ;    occurring  at  times, 
but  not   regular   or  systematic;  made  or 
happening  as  opportunity  requires  or  ad 
mits.     We   make   occasional   remarks  on 
the  events  of  the  age. 

2.  Produced  by  accident  ;  as  the  occasional 
origin  of  a  thing.  Brown 

3.  Produced  or  made  on  some  special  event ; 
as  an  occasional  discourse. 

0€€A'SIONALLY,  adv.  sasz.  According 
to  incidental  exigence;  at  times,  as  con- 
venience requires  or  opportunity  ofiers  ; 
not  regularly.  He  was  occasionally  present 
at  our  meetings.  We  have  occasionally 
lent  our  aid. 

OC€A'SIONED,  pp.  s  as  z.  Caused  inci- 
dentally ;  cau.sed  ;  produced. 

OeCA'SiONER,  n.  s  as  z.  One  that  causes 
or  produces,  either  incidentally  or  other- 
wise. 

He  was  the  occasiotier  of  loss  to  his  neigh- 
bor. Sanderson. 

0€€x\'SIONING,  ppr.  s  as  z.   Causing  in- 
cidentally or  otherwise. 
OeeA'SIVE,  a.  Falling;  descending;  west- 
ern ;  pertaining  to  the  setting  sun. 

Amplihide  is  ortive  or  occiisive.  Enci/c. 

OeCECA'TION,  )i.     [L.  occa:calio;  ob  and 

caco,  to  blind.] 
Tlie  act  of  mdking  blind.     [Little  used.] 

Sanderson. 
OCCIDENT,  n.  [L.  occidens,  occido,  to  full  ; 

ob  and  cado.] 
The  west ;  the  westei'U  quarter  of  the  hem- 
isphere ;  so  called  from  the  dechne  or  fall 
of  the  sun.  Encyc 

OCCIDENT'AL,  a.  [L.  occidentalis.]  West 
ern  ;   opposed   to   oriental :  pertaining   to 
the  western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere,  or 
to  some  part  of  the  earth  westward  of  the 
speaker  or  spectator ;   as    occidental  cli 
mates;  occidental  peaA  ;  occidental  goU. 

Encyc.     Howell. 
0€CID'UOUS,     a.    [L.    occido',    occiduus.] 

Western.     [Little  used.] 
0€CIP'ITAL,     a.     [from    L.    occiput,   the 

back  part  of  the  head  ;  oh  and  caput.] 
Pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head,  or  to 

the  occiput. 
OCCIPUT,    n.    [L  ob  and    capjil,   head.] 
The  hinder  part  of  the  head,  or  that  part 
of  the  skull  which  forms  the  hind  part  of 
the  head. 
OeCIS'ION,  n.   s  as  z.  [L.  occisio,  from  oc- 
cido, to  kill ;  ob  and  ca:do.] 
A  killing;  the  act  of  killing.     LVot  used.] 

Hall. 
OCCLU'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  occludo  ;  ob  and  cludo, 

claudo,  to  shut.] 
To  shut  up  ;    to  close.     [Little  used.] 

Brown.' 

0€CLU'SE,  a.  [h.  occlitsus.]  Siiut;  closed.! 

[Little  used.]  Holder. 


0€€LU'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  occlusio.]  A 
shutting  up ;  a  closing.  Howell. 

[This  is  an  elegant  word,  though  little 
used.] 

OCCULT',  a.  [L.  occultus,  occulo ;  ob  and 
celo,  to  conceal.] 

Hidden  from  the  eye  or  understanding  ;  in- 
visible ;  secret ;  unknown  ;  undiscovered ; 
undetected  ;  as  the  occult  qualities  of  mat- 
ter. JVetrfon. 
The  occult  sciences  are  magic,  necro- 
mancy, &c. 

Occult  lines,  in  geometry,  are  such  as 
are  drawn  with  the  compasses  or  a  pencil, 
and  are  scarcely  visible.  Encyc. 

OeeULTA'TION,  n.  [L.  occultatio.]  A 
hiding  ;  also,  the  time  a  star  or  planet  is 
hid  from  our  sight,  when  eclipsed  by  the 
interposition  of  the  body  of  a  planet. 

Encyc. 
In  astronomy,  the  hiding  of  a  star  or  plan- 
et from  our  sight,  by  passing  behind  some 
other  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

OCCULT'ED,  a.  Hid  ;  secret,     {^t  used.} 

Skak. 

OCCULT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
cealed from  view  ;  secretness. 

OCCUPANCY,  n.  [L.  occupo,  to  take  or 
seize  ;  ob  and  capio,  to  seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession. 

2.  In  lau;  the  taking  possession  of  a  thing 
not  belonging  to  any  person.  The  person 
who  first  takes  possession  of  land  is  said 
to  have  or  hold  it  by  right  oC  occupancy. 

Occupancy  gave  the  original  right  to  the 
property  in  the  substance  of  the  earth  itself. 

Blackstone. 

OCCUPANT,  n.  He  that  occupies  or  takes 
possession  ;  he  that  has  possession. 

.3.  In  law,  one  that  first  takes  possession  of 
that  which  has  no  legal  owner.  The  right 
of  property,  either  in  wild  beasts  and 
fowls,  or  in  land  belonging  to  no  person, 
vests  in  the  first  occupant.  The  property 
in  these  cases  follows  the  possession. 

OCCUPATE,  I'.  (.  [L.  occupo.]  To  hold; 
to  possess  ;  to  take  up.     [Not  used.] 

Bacon. 

OCCUPA'TION,  J!.  [L.  occupatio.]  The  act 
of  taking  possession.  Bacon. 

2.  Possession  ;  a  holding  or  keeping ;  ten- 
ure ;  use ;  as  lands  in  the  occupation  of 
AB. 

3.  That  which  engages  the  time  and  atten- 
tion ;  employment ;  business.  He  devotes 
to  study  all  the  time  that  his  other  occupa- 
tions vi\\\  permit. 

The  principal  business  of  one's  hfe;  vo- 
cation ;  calling ;  trade  ;  the  business  which 
a  man  follows  to  procure  a  living  or  ob- 
tain wealth.  Agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce  furnish  the  most  general 
occupations  of  lite.  Painting,  statuarj', 
music,  are  agreeable  occupations.  Men 
not  engaged  in  some  useful  occupation  com- 
monly fall  into  vicious  courses. 
OCCUPIER,  )!.  One  that  occupies  or  takes 
possession.  Raleigh. 

2.  One  w  ho  holds  possession. 

3.  One  who  Ibllows  an  employment.  Ezek. 
xxvii. 

OCCUPY,  V.  t.  [L.  occupo  ;  oh  and  capio,  to 

seize  or  take.] 
1.  To  take   possession.      The  person   who 

first  occupies  land  w  hich  has  no  owner,  has 

tlie  right  of  property. 


O  C  E 


OCT 


OCT 


2.  To  keep  in  possession  ;  to  possess ;  to 
hold  or  keep  for  use.  The  tenant  occupies 
a  farm  under  a  lease  of  twenty  one  years. 
A  lodger  occupies  an  apartment ;  a  man 
occupies  the  chair  in  which  he  sits. 

3.  To  take  up ;  to  possess ;  to  cover  or  fill. 
The  camp  occupies  five  acres  of  ground. 
Air  may  be  so  rarefied  as  to  occupy  a  vast 
space.  The  writing  occupies  a  sheet  of 
paper,  or  it  occupies  five  lines  only. 

4.  To  employ  ;  to  use. 

The  archbishop  may  have  occasion  to  oceu- 
jiy  more  chaplains  tlian  six.  Kng.  Statute. 

5.  To  employ ;  to  bu.sy  one's  self.  Every 
man  should  be  occupied,  or  should  occupy 
himself,  in  saiue  useful  labor. 

a.  To  follow,  as  business. 

All  the  ships  of  the  sea  with  their  mariners 
were    in    Ihee    to    vccupy  thy    merchandise 
Ezek.  xx%Ti. 
7.  To  use  ;  to  expend. 

All  the  gold  that  was  occupied  for  the  work- 
Ex.  xxxviii.     [^Vot  now  m  use.] 
OC'€UP'f ,  V.  i.  To  follow  business ;  to  ne- 
gotiate. 

Occufiy  till  I  come.     Luke  xix. 
OCeUPYlNG,    ppr.    Taking    or    keepin; 

possession ;  employing. 
OCCUR',  V.  i.  [L.  occurro ;  oh  and  curro,  to 
run.] 

1.  Primarily, to  meet;  to  strike  against;  to 
clash  ;  and  so  used  by  Bentley,  but  this  ap 
plication  is  obsolete. 

2.  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind  ;  to  be  pre- 
sented to  the  mind,  imagination  or  memo 
ry.  We  say,  no  better  plan  occurs  to  me 
or  to  my  mind  ;  it  does  not  occur  to  my  re 
collection  ;  the  thought  did  not  occur  to 
me. 

There  doth  not  occur  to  me  any  use  of  this 
experiment  for  profit.  Bacon. 

3.  To  appear  ;  to  meet  the  eye ;  to  be  found 
here   and   there.     This  word    occurs    in 
twenty  places  in  the  Scriptures ;  the  oth 
er  word  does  not  occur  in  a  single  place 
it  does  not  occur  in  the  sense  suggested. 

4.  To  oppose  ;  to  obviate.     [Ao<  used.] 

Bentley. 

OCCURRENCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  com- 
ing or  happening;  hence,  any  incident  or 
accidental  event  ;  that  which  happens 
without  being  designed  or  expected  ;  any 
single  event.  We  speak  of  an  unusual  oc 
currence,  or  of  the  ordinary  occurrences  of 
life. 

fi.  Occasional  presentation. 

Voyages  detain  the  mind  by  the  perpetual  oc- 
currence and  expectation  of  sometliing  new. 

Walts. 

OCCUR'RENT,  n.  Incident ;  any  thing  that 
happens.     Obs.  Bacon. 

OCCUR'SION,  n.  [L.  occumo,  from  occi/rro, 
to  meet.]     A  meeting  of  bodies  ;  a  clash. 

Boyle. 

OCEAN,  n.  o'shun.  [L.  oceanus ;  Gr.  uxia- 
los ;  Fr.  ocean ;  Ir.  ocein,  aigein  ;  W.  ct- 
^aivn,  aig  or  eigion.  In  Welsh,  the  word 
IS  rendered  the  great  source,  the  middle, 
the  abyss  or  great  deep,  and  is  allied  in 
orthography  to  eigian,  force,  or  a  forcing 
out,  a  producing  ;  eigiaw,  to  bring  forth, 
from  aig,  what  brings  forth,  the  female, 
the  womb,  the  sea,  a  shoal  of  fishes,  a 
flock  or  herd.  Bochart  cites  many  author- 
ities to  prove  that  the  ancients  niideretood 
the  ocean  to  encompass  the  earth,  and  he 

Vol.  II. 


supposes  it  to  be  derived  from  the  Hcb. 
Ch.  Syr.  Jin  hog,  to  encompass,  whence  a 
circle.  This  is  probably  an  error.  The 
word  seems  to  have  for  its  origin  great- 
ness or  extent.] 

1.  The  vast  body  of  water  which  covers 
more  than  three  fifths  of  the  surface  of  the 
globe,  called  also  the  sea,  or  great  sea.  It 
is  customary  to  speak  of  the  ocean  as  if 
divided  into  three  parts,  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  the  Indian 
ocean  ;  but  the  ocean  is  one  mass  or  body, 
partially  separated  by  tlie  continents  of 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa  on  one  side,  and 
by  America  on  the  other. 
An  immense  expanse  ;  as  the  boundless 
ocean  of  eternity  ;  oceans  of  duration  and 
space.  Locke. 

OCEAN,  a.  o'shun.  Pertaining  to  the  main 
or  great  sea  ;  as  the  ocean  wave ;  ocean 
stream.  Milton. 

OCEANIC,  a.  oshcan'ic.  Pertaining  to  the 
ocean.  .  Cook. 

O'CELLATED,  a.  [L.  ocellatus,  from  ocel- 
lus, a  little  eye.] 

1.  Resembling  an  eye.  Derham. 

2.  Formed  with  the  figures  of  little  eyes. 
OCELOT,  n.  The  Mexican  panther. 
O'CHER,  n.  [Fr.  oo-e;  h.  ochra  ;  Or.   ujrpo, 

from  "jrpoj,  pale.] 

A  variety  of  clay  deeply  colored  by  the  oxyd 
of  iron.  Its  n)ost  common  colors  are  red, 
yellow  and  brown.  It  is  used  us  a  pig- 
ment. 

O'CHEROUS,  a.  Consisting  of  ocher;  as 
ocherous  matter. 

2.  Resembling  ocher  ;  as  an  ocherous  color. 

OCH'IMY,  n.  [corrupted  from  alchimy.] 
A  mixed  base  metal.  Johnson.     Todd. 

OCHLOCRACY,  n.  [Gr.  oxT-oxfatuj. ;  o;t».of, 
the  people  or  a  multitude,  and  atpaftu,  to 
govern.] 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  multi- 
tude or  conuiion  people  rule. 

Encyc.    Jones. 

O'CHREY,  a.  Partaking  of  ocher.  [J\ot 
used.]  Woodward. 

OCH'ROITS,  n.  Cerite. 

O'CRA,  ji.  A  viscous  vegetable  substance 
in  the  W.  Indies,  used  in  soups,  &c. 

Encyc. 
It  is  obtained  by  boiling  the  green  pods 
of  the  Hibiscus  esculentus.     Also,  the  name 
of  the  plant  itself 

OCTACHORD,  n.  An  instrument  or  sys 
tern  of  ei^lit  sounds.  Busby. 

OCTAGON,  n.  [Gr.  oxta,  eight,  and  ywto, 
angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  of  eight  sides  and 
eight  angles.  When  the  sides  and  angles 
are  equal,  it  is  a  regular  octagon  which  may 
be  inscribed  in  a  circle.      Harris.     Encyc 

2.  Id  fortificalion,  a  place  with  eight  bastions, 

Encyc. 
jOCTAG'ONAL,  a.  Having  eight  sides  and 
!     eight  angles. 
OCTAHEDRAL,     a.      [See    Octahedron 

Having  eight  equal  sides. 
OCTAHE'DRITE,  n.    Pyramidical  ore  of 

titanium.  Ure. 

OCTAHEDRON,  n.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight,  and 

fSpo,  a  base] 
In  geonulry,  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal 
I     and  equilateral  triangles.     It  is  one  of  the 
I    five  regular  bodies.  Encyc. 

25 


OCTAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight,  and  cwijp, 
a  male.]  In  botany,  a  plant  having  eight 
stamens. 

OCTAN  DRIAN,  a.  Having  eight  stamens. 

OCTANGULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
angular.]     Having  eight  angles. 

OC'TaNT,  n.  [L.  octana,  an  eighth  part, 
from  octo,  eight.] 

In  astronomy,  tliat  aspect  of  two  planets  in 
which  they  are  di.stanl  from  each  other 
the  eighth  part  of  a  circle  or  45°. 

Encyc. 

OCTAVE,  a.  [infra.]  Denoting  eight. 

Dry  den. 

OCTAVE,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  oclavus,  eighth.] 

jl.  The  eighth  day  after  a  festival.     Johnson. 

2.  Eight  days  together  after  a  festival. 
!  Ainsuxnih. 

3.  In  music,  an  eighth,  or  an  interval  of 
seven  degrees  or  twelve  semitones.  The 
octave  is  the  most  perfect  of  the  chords, 
consisting  of  sis  full  tones  and  two  semi- 
tones major.  It  contains  the  whole  dia- 
tonic scale.  Encyc. 

OCTA'VO,  n.  [L.  oclavus,  eighth.]  A  book  in 
which  a  sheet  is  folded  into  eight  leaves. 
The  word  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive. We  say,  an  octavo,  or  an  octavo 
volume.  The  true  phrase  is,  a  book  in  oc- 
tavo. 

OCTENNIAL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  an- 
nus, year.] 

1.  Happening  every  eighth  year. 

2.  Lasting  eight  years. 
OCTILE,  n.  The  same  as  octant,  supra. 
OCTO'BER,  n.  [L.  from  octo,  eighth;  the 

eighth  month  of  the  primitive  Roman  year 
which  began  in  March.] 

The  tenth  month  of  the  year  in  our  calen- 
dar, which  follows  that  of  Nuraa  and 
Julius  Cesar. 

OCTODEC'IMAL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
decern,  ten.] 

In  crystalography,  designating  a  crj'stal 
whose  prisms,  or  the  middle  part,  has 
eight  faces,  and  the  two  sunnnits  togetlier 
ten  faces. 

OCTODEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
dentatus,  toothed.]     Having  eight  teeth. 

OCTOFID,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and/ ju/o,  to 
cleave.] 

In  botany,  cleft  or  separated  into  eight  seg- 
ments ;  as  a  calyx.  Martyn. 

OCTOgENARY,  a.  [L.  odogenmius,  from 
octogeni,  eightv.]     Of  eighty  years  of  age. 

OC'TOGENARV,  n.  A  person  eighty  years 
of  age.  J.Adams. 

OCTOLOCULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
locus,  place.]  In  botany,  having  eight  cells 
for  seeds. 

OCTONARY,  a.  [L.  octonarius.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  number  eight. 

OCTONOCULAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
oculus,  eye.]     Having  eight  eyes. 

Derham. 

OCTOPET'ALOrS.  a.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight, 
and  «traXo>',  a  petal.]  Having  eight  petals 
or  flower-leaves.  Did 

OCTORA'DIATED,  a.  [L.  odo,  eight,  and 
rndius.  rav.]     Having  eight  rays. 

OCTOSPERM'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  oxru,  eight, 
and  aKifj/io.,  seed.]  Containing  eight 
seeds. 

OC'TOSTYLE,  n.  [Gr.  oxfu,  eight,  and 
fv^of,  style.] 


ODD 

In  ancient  architecture,  the  face  of  an  edifice 
adorned  with  eight  columns,  or  a  range  of 
eight  columns.  Encyc. 

OeTOSYL'LABLE,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
5i/«aia,  syllable.]  Consisting  of  eight  syl- 
lables. 

OCTUPLE,  o.  [h.ocluplus;  ocio, eight, and 
plico,  to  fold.]     Eight-fold.  I>iet. 

0€'ULAR,  a.  [Fr.  oculaire;  L.  ocularius, 
from  oculus,  eye.] 

Depending  on  the  eye ;  known  by  the  eye  ; 
received  by  actual  sight;  as  ocular  proof; 
ocular  demonstration  or  evidence. 

OCULARLY,  adv.  By  the  eye,  sight  or  ae 
tual  view.  Brotvn. 

OCULATE,  o.  [L.  oculatus.]  Furnished 
with  eyes ;  knowing  by  the  eye.     Johnson. 

0€'UL1F0RM,  a.  [L.  oculus,  eye,  and 
forma,  form.] 

In  the  form  of  an  eye;  resembling  the  eye 
in  form  ;    as  an  oculiforni  pebble. 

Fourcroy. 

0€'ULIST,  n.  [from  L.  oculus,  the  eye.] 
One  skilled  in  diseases  of  the  eyes,  or  one 
who  professes  to  cure  them. 
Oculus  beli,  a  semi-pellucid  gem,  a  variety  of| 
agate  of  a  grayish  white  color,  variegated 
with  yellow,  and  with  a  black  central  nu- 
cleus. Its  variegations  resemble  the  pu- 
pil and  iris  of  the  eye.  £nn/<-- 
Oculus  cati,  cat's  eye  or  asteria,  abeautilul 
gem  approaching  the  nature  of  the  ojial, 
bavin"  a  bright  color  which  seems  to  be 
lodged  deep  in  the  stone,  and  which  shifts 
as  it  is  moved  in  various  directions.  It  is 
larger  than  a  pea,  and  generally  of  a  semi 
circular  form,  naturally  smooth.  It  is 
found  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  and  in 
Europe.  Encyc. 
Oculus  mundi,  otherwise  called  hydrophane 
and  lapis  mutabilis,  a  precious  stone  of  an 
opake  wliitish  brown  color,  but  becoming 
transparent  by  infusion  in  an  aqueous 
fluid,  and  resuming  its  opacity  when  dry. 
It  is  found  in  beds  over  the  opals  in  Him- 
gary,  Silesia  and  Saxony,  and  over  the 
chalcedonies  and  agates  in  Iceland. 

Encyc. 

ODD,  a.  [Sw.  udda,  odd,  and  udd,  udde,  a 
point ;  Dan.  odd,  a  point  or  tip.  In  W. 
od  is  notable,  singular,  and  odid,  a  rarity 
In  Russ.  odin  or  odno  is  one.] 

1.  Not  even ;  not  divisible  into  equal  num- 
bers ;  as  one,  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 

Good  luck  lies  in  odd  numbers.  Shak 

2.  Left  or  remaining   after  the  union,  csti- 
~'  mate  or  use  of    even   numbers  ;    or  re- 
maining after  round  numbers  or  any  num- 
ber specified  ;  as  the  odd  number ;  the  odd 


O  D  I 


man. 

Sixteen  himdieii  and   odd    years    aitei'  the 
eartli  was  made,  it  was  destroyed  by  a  deluge. 

Burnet. 

3.  Singular;  extraordinaiy ;  differing  from 
what  is  usual ;  strange  ;  as  an  odd  ))hc- 
nomenon.  JVewton. 

It   sometimes   implies  dislike    or   con- 
tempt ;  as  an  odd  fellow. 

4.  Not  noted  ;  unheeded  ;  not  taken  into  the 
common  account. 

There  are  yet  missing  some  few  odd  lads  that 
you  remember  not.  Shak. 

,■).  Uncommon ;  particular. 

The  odd  man  to  perform  all  three  perfectly  is 

Joannes  Sturinius.  Jischam 

6.  Uncommon ;  in  appearance  improper  or 


not  likely  to  answer  the  purpose.     This  is 
an  odd  way  of  doing  things. 

Locke's  Essay  would  be  an  odd  book  for  a 
man  to  make  himself  master  of,  who  would  get 
a  reputation  by  his  critical  writings. 

Spectator. 
Separate  from  that  which  is  regularly  oc- 
cupied ;  remaining  unemployed.  I  will 
take  some  odd  time  to  do  this  business. 
He  may  do  it  at  odd  times. 
ODD'ITY,  n.  Singularity;  strangeness;  as 
the  oddity  of  dress,  manners  or  shape  ; 
oddity  of  appearance. 
2.  A  singular  person  ;  in  colloquial  language 

This  man  is  an  oddity. 
ODD'LY,  adv.  Not  evenly.     [Little  tised.] 
2.  Strangely  ;  unusually  ;  irregularly  ;    sin- 
gularly ;    uncouthly ;    as    oddly   dressed ; 
oddly  formed. 

A  figure  oddly  turned.  Locke. 

A  black  substance  lying  on  the  ground  very 

oddly  shaped.  *'«"/'■ 

ODD'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  not  even. 

2.  Singularity;    strangeness;   particularity 

irregularity  ;  uncouthness  ;  as  the  oddness 

of  dress  or  shape  ;  the  oddness  of  an  event 

or  accident.  Dryden.     Smft. 

ODDS,  n.  3  as  z.  [It  is  used  both  in  the  sin 

ular  and  plural.] 
L    Inequality  ;   excess  of  either   compared 
with  the  other;  difference  in  favor  of  one 
and  against  another. 

Preeminent  by  so  much  odds.  Milton. 

In  this  exaniple,  much  marks  the  singu 
lar  number,  and  many  cannot  be  used. 
Cromwell,  with  odds  of  number  and  of  fate— 

Waller 
All  the  odds  between  them  has  been  the  dif- 
ferent scope  given  to  their  understandings  to 
range  in.  Locke 

judging  is  balancing  an  account  and  deter- 
mining on  which  side  the  odds  lie.  Locke 
There  appeared   at   least   four  to    one  odds 
against  them.  Swift. 

2.  Advantage  ;  superiority,  Hudihras. 

3.  Quarrel ;  dispute  ;  debate.  Shak. 
It  is  odds,  more  likely  than  the  contrary. 

/( is  odds  that  he  will  find  a  shrewd  tempta- 
tion. South. 
Jit  odds,  w  dispute;  at  variance ;  in  contro- 
versy or  quarrel. 

That  sets  us  all  at  odds.  Shak. 

Or  they  must  always  be  at  odds.  Swift. 

ODE,  n.   [L.  ode ;  Gr.  "Sj;.]     A  short  poem 

or  song ;  a  poetical  composition  proper  to 

be  set  to  music  or   sung ;  a  lyric  poem. 

The  ode  is  of  the  greater  or  less  kind  ;  the 

less   is   characterized    by   sweetness   and 

ease;    the  greater   by  sublimity,   rapture 

and  quickness  of  transition.  Johnson. 

Pindar  has  left  Olympic  odes,  Pythian 

odes,  Neiiiean  odes,  and  Isthinian  odes. 

The  ode  consists  of  unequal  verses  in  stanzas 
or  strophes.  Busby. 

O'DIOUS,  a.  [L.  odiosus,  from  odi,  I  hated, 
Eng.  hale.] 

1.  Hateful ;  deserving  hatred.  It  expresses 
something  less  than  detestable  uiid  abomi- 
nable; as  an  odious  name;  odious  vice. 

All  wickedness  is  odious.  Sprat. 

2.  Offensive  to  the  senses  ;  disgusting;  as  an 
odious  sight ;  an  odious  smell. 

3.  Causing  hate  ;  invidious  ;  as,  to  utter  odi- 
ous truth. 

4.  Exposed  to  hatred. 
He   rendered  hunself  odious  to  the  parlia- 
ment. Clarendon. 


OF 

O'DIOUSLY,  adv.  Hatefully;  in  a  mannef 
to  deserve  or  excite  hatred.  Milton. 

Invidiously ;  so  as  to  cause  hate. 

Dryden. 
O'DIOUSNESS,  n.  Hatefulness  ;  the  quali- 
ty that  deserves  or  may  excite  hatred  ;  as 
the  odiousness  of  sin.  Make. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hated.     [JVot  usual.] 

Sidney. 
O'DIUM,    n.    [L.]    Hatred;    dislike.     This 
measure  brought  a  general  odium  on  his 
government. 

The  quality  that  provokes  hatred  ;  offeus- 
iveness. 

She  threw  the  odium  of  the  fact  on  me. 

Dryden. 
ODONTAL'Gle,  a.  [Gr.  ojov;,  a  tooth,  and 
a'Kyof,  pain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  tooth-ache. 
ODONTAL'Gle,  n.  A  remedy  for  the  tooth- 
ache. 
ODONTAL'GY,  n.  Tooth-ache. 
O'DOR,  )i.  [L.]  Smell ;   scent ;    fragrance ; 
a  sweet  or  an  offensive  smell ;  perfume. 

Bacon.     Addison. 

O'DOR AMENT,  n.  [L.  odoramentum.]     A 

perfimie;  a  strong  scent.  Burton. 

O'DORATE,    a.    [L.  odoratus.]     Scented; 

having  a  strong  scent,  fetid  or  fragrant. 

Bacon. 
O'DORATING,  a.  Diffusing  odor  or  scent; 
!     fragrant. 

ODORIFEROUS,  a.  [L.  odoriferus  ;   odor 
'     and /ero,  to  bear.] 

1.  Giving  scent ;  diffusing  fragrance  ;  fra- 
grant;  perfumed  ;  usually,  sweet  of  scent ; 
as  odoriferous  s|)ices ;  odoriferous  flowers. 

2.  Bearing  scent ;  as  orfon/erous  gales. 
ODORIF'EROUSNESS.  n.  The  quality  of 

diffusing  scent ;  fragrance  ;   sweetness  of 
scent. 
O'DOROUS,  a.  Sweet  of  scent;  fragrant. 

Spenser.      fVnller. 
O'DOROUSNESS,  n.  Fragrance  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  diffusing  scent,  or   of  exciting  the 
sensation  of  smell. 
CECONOMICAL,  (ECONOMY,   (EDEM- 
ATOUS,   OESOPHAGUS.      [See    Econ- 
omical, Economy,  Edematous,  Esophas;us.] 
OEILIAD,    n.    [Fr.  ccillade,   from    ffiV,  the 
eye.]     A  glance ;  a  wink.     [N'ot  English 
nor  used-]  Shak. 

O'ER,  contracted  from  over,  which  see. 
OF,  prep.  ov.  [Sax.  of:  G.  ab  ;  Sw.  Ice. 
Dan.  D.  af;  L.  ab,  but  originally  nf;  Gr. 
arto.  The  primary  sense  is  departing,  is- 
suing or  proceeding  from  ;  but  this  sense 
has  been  modified  by  usage.] 
1.  From  or  out  of;  proceeding  from,  as  the 
cause,  source,  means,  author  or  agent  be- 
stowing. 

I  have  received  of  the  Lord  that  which  also 
I  delivered  to  you.     1  Cor.  xi. 

For  it  was  (if  the  Lord  to  harden  their  hearts. 
Josh.  xi. 

It  is  of  (be  Lord's  mercies  that  we  are  not 
consimied.     Lam.  iii. 

The  whole  disposing  thereof  is  (!/■  the  Lord. 
Prov.  xvi. 

Go,  inquire  of  the  Lord  for  me.  2  Chron. 
xxxiv. 

That  holy  thing  thai  shall  be  born  of  thco. 
Luke  i. 

Hence  of  is  the  sign  of  the  genitive  case, 
the  case  that  denotes  production  ;  as  the 
son  o/"man,  the  son  pidcceding  from  man, 
produced  from  man.    This  is  the  primary 


O  F 


OFF 


OFF 


sense,  although  \vc  now  say,  produced  by 
man.  "  Part  of  these  were  slain  ;"  that  is, 
a  iiumher  seiiarate,  for  part  denotes  a  di- 
vision ;  tlie  scn&e  then  is,  a  nuinher  from 
or  out  of  the  whole  were  slain.  So  also, 
"some  0/ these  were  slain  ;"  that  is,  some 
from  or  out  of  the  others.  "  I  have  known 
him  of  old,  or  of  a  child  ;"  that  is, /com  old 
tinies,/roma  child.  "  He  is  o/the  race  ot 
kiii'fs ;"  tiiat  is,  descended  from  kings. 
"  He  is  o/nohle  blood  or  birth,  or  o/igno 
ble  ori"iii."  "  No  particle  of  matter,  or  no 
body  can  move  of  itself;"  that  is,  by  force 
or  strength  proceeding  from  itself,  derived 
from  itself. 

"  The  quarrel  is  not  now  of  fame  and 
tribute,  or  of  wrongs  done  ;"  that  is,  from 
fame  or  wrongs,  as  the  cause,  and  we  may 
render  it  coiicernitiff,  about,  relating  to. 

"  Of  this  little  In;  had  some  to  spare  ;'' 
that  is,  souie  from  the  whole.  It  may  be 
rendered  out  of. 

"  Of  all  our  heroes  thou  canst  boast 
alone;"  that  is,  thou  alone  from  the  num- 
ber of  heroes.  Tliis  may  be  rendered 
among. 

"The  best  0/ men,  the  most  renowned  0/ 
all ;"  that  is,  the  best  from  the  number  of 
men,  tlie  most  renowned  from  tlie  whole  ; 
denoting  primarily  separation,  like  part. 

"I  was  well  entertained  of  the  English 
Consul ;"  that  is,  entertained  from  the 
Consul ;  my  entertainment  was  from  the 
Consul.  This  use  is  obsolete,  and  we  use 
by  in  lieu  of  it. 

"  This  does  0/ right  belong  to  us  ;"  that 
is,  from,  right,  de  jure ;  our  title  proceeds 
from  right. 

"  Tlie  chariot  was  all  0/ cedar  ;"  that 
made  from  cedar.  So  we  say,  made  of\ 
gold,  made  of  clay  ;  an  application  cor- 
responding with  oiu'  modern  use  ol' from ; 
mannfactured /rom  wool,  or/rom  raw  ma- 
terials. Hence  we  say,  cloth  consisting  of 
wool.  "This  is  a  scheme  ()/■  his  own  de- 
vising;" that  is,  from  his  own  devising  or 
device.  "If  any  man  minister,  let  him  do 
it  as  of  the  ability  which  God  giveth  ;" 
that  is,  as /coin  the  ability,  as  the  source  of 
action. 

"  Of  happy,  he  is  become  miserable ;" 
thatis,/roni  happy  ;/ro7ii  being  happy,  he 
has  passed  to  being  miserable.  "  Q/"  ne- 
cessity this  must  prove  ruinous  ;"  that  is, 
from  necessity,  as  the  cause  or  source. 
"  Of  a  hundred  take  fifty  ;"  that  is,  from  a 
hundred,  or  ojit  of  u.  hundred, /rom  amoi 
a  hundred. 

O/"  sometimes  implies  a  part  or  share. 
It  is  a  duty  to  communicate  0/ those  blessings 
we  have  received.  Pianklin 

From  is  then  the  primary  sense  of  this  prep- 
osition ;  a  sense  retained  in  off,  the  same 
word  differently  written  for  distinction. 
But  this  sense  is  appropriately  lost  in 
many  of  its  applications;  as  a  man  of 
genius,  a  man  of  courage,  a  man  of  rare 
endowments,  a  fossil  of  a  red  color,  or  of 
a  hexagonal  figure,  lie  lost  all  hope  of 
relief.  This  is  an  affair  of  the  cabinet. 
He  is  a  man  q/"decayed  fortune.  What  is 
the  price  of  coru  ?  We  say  that  of,  in  these 
and  similar  phrases,  denotes  property  or 
possession,  making  of  the  sign  of  the  geni- 
tive or  possessive  case.  These  applica- 
tions, however,   all  proceeded  from  the 


ceeds  troni  or  is  produced  by  a  person,  isj 
naturally  the  property  or  |)ossession  of 
that  person,  as  the  son  o/'Jolm  ;  and  this 
idea  of  property  in  the  course  of  time 
woulil  pass  to  things  not  thus  produced, 
hut  still  hearing  a  relation  to  another 
thing.  Thus  wu  say,  the  father  of  a  son, 
as  well  as  the  son  of  a  father.  In  botli 
senses,  other  languages  also  use  the  same 
word,  as  in  the  French  de,  de  la,  and  Ital 
ian  di,  dell.  Of  then  has  one  primary 
sense,  from,,  departing,  issuing,  proceedin 
from  or  out  of,  and  a  derivative  sense  de- 
noting po.ssession  or  property 

OFF,  a.  auf.  Most  distant;  as  the  q^ horse 
in  a  team. 

OFF,  arfr.  auf.  From,  noting  distance.  The 
lOUse  is  a  mile  off. 

2.  From,  with  the  action  of  removing  or 
separating  ;  as,  to  take  q^the  hatorcloke. 
So  we  say,  to  cut  off,  to  pare  off,  to  clip  off, 
to  peel  off,  to  tear  off,  to  march  off,  to  fly  off. 

3.  From,  noting  separation ;  as,  the  match  is 

"/• 

4.  From,  noting  departure,  abatement,  re- 
mission or  a  leaving.  The  fever  goes  off; 
the  pain  goes  off. 

In  painting,  it  denotes  projection  or  relief. 
Tliis  comes  o^well  and  excellent.         Shak. 

(].  From ;  away;  not  towards  ;  as,  to  look  off; 
opposed  to  on  or  toward. 

7.  On  the  opposite  side  of  a  question 

The  questions  no   way  touch  upon   puritan- 
ism,  either  o^  or  on.  Sanderson 

Off  luind,  without  study  or  prejiaration 
She  plays  a  tune  offhand.  He  speaks  flu- 
ently offhand. 

Off  and  on,  atone  time  applying  and  engag- 
ed, then  absent  or  remiss. 

To  be  off,  in  colloquial  language,  to  depart 
or  to  recede  from  an  agreement  or  design. 

To  come  off,  to  escape,  or  to  fare  in  the 
event. 

To  get  off,  to  alight ;  to  come  down 

2.  To  make  escape. 

To  go  (ff,  to  depart ;  to  desert. 

2.  To  take  fire  ;  to  he  discharged  ;  as  a  gun. 
H'ell  off,  ill  off,  badly  off,  having  good  or  ill 

success. 
OFF,  prep.  Not  on  ;  as,  to  be  off  one's  legs 
He  was  not  o^the  bed  the  whole  day. 

3.  Distant  from  ;  as  about  two  miles  off  this 
town.     [A'ot  now  used.]  Mdison. 

OFF.  as  an  exclamation,  is  a  command  to 

depart,  either  with  or  without  contempt  or 

ahliorrcnce. 
OFFAL,    n.    [D.  afval ;  of  and  vallen,   to 

fall;  G.  ahfall;  Dan.   affald ;   Svv.  affall ; 

off -.md  fall.] 

1.  Waste  meat ;  the  parts  of  an  animal 
butchered  which  are  unfit  for  use  or  re- 
jected. Arbidhnot. 

2.  Carrion  ;  coarse  meat.        Milton.     Shak. 

3.  Refuse  ;  that  w  hich  is  thrown  away  as  of 
no  value,  or  fit  only  for  beasts. 

Dryden.     Mortimer. 

4.  An  v  thing  of  no  value  ;  rubbish.         Shak. 
OFFliND'.  1;.  (.  [L.  offendo;  ob  and  fendo, 

obs.  to  strike,  hit,  meet,  or  thrust  against. 
We  use  the  simple  verb  in  fend,  to  fend  off, 
to  fence.] 

1.  To  attack  ;  to  assail.  [M>t  tised.]     Sidney. 

2.  To  displease;  to  make  angry;  to  aflircjiit. 
It  expresses  rather  less  than  make  angry, 
and  without   any  modifying  word,  it  is 


nearly  synonymous  with  displease.  We 
are  offended  by  rudeness,  im-ivility  and 
harsh  language.  Children  offend  their 
parents  by  disobedience,  and  parents  of- 
fend their  children  by  unreasonable  aus- 
terity or  restraint. 

The  emperor  was  grievously  offewttd  with 
them  who  liad  kept  sucli  negligent  watch. 

Sholles. 

A  brother  offended  is  harder  to  be  won  than 
a  strong  city.     Prov.  xviii. 

3.  To  shock ;  to  wound;  as,  to  offend  the 
conscience.  Law. 

4.  To  pain;  to  annoy ;  to  injure;  as,  a  strong 
light  offends  weak  eyes. 

5.  To  transgress ;  to  violate ;  as,  to  offend 
the  laws.  But  we  generally  use  the  intrans- 
itive verb  in  this  sense,  with  against;  to 
offend  against  the  law. 

To   disturb,   annoy,  or  cause  to  fall  or 
stumble. 

Great  peace  have  they  that  love  thy  law,  and 
nothing  shall  offend  them.     Ps.  cxix. 
7.  To  draw  to  evil,  or  hinder  in  obedience  ; 
to  cause  to  sin  or  neglect  duty. 

If  tliy  right  eye  offend  thee,  pluck  it  out — if 
thy  right  hand  offend  thee,  cut  it  otT.    Matt.  v. 
OFFEND',  V.  i.  To  transgress  the  moral  or 
divine  law  ;  to  sin  ;  to  commit  a  crime. 

Whoever  shall  keep  the  whole  law,  and  yet 
offerul  in  one  point,  is  pjuilly  of  all.     James  ii. 
In  many  thint^s  \vc  ojfend  all.     James  iii. 

2.  To  cause  dislike  or  anger. 
I  shall  offend,  cither  to  dctam  or  to  give  it. 

Shak. 
But  this  phrase  is  really  elliptical,  some 
person  being  understood. 

3.  To  be  scandalized  ;  to  be  stumbled. 
If  meat  make  my  brother  to  offend —  1  Cor. 

viii. 
To  offend  against,  to  act  injuriously  or  un- 
justly. 

Nor  yet  against  Cesar  have    I  offended  any 

thing  at  all.     Acts  xxv. 
2.  To  transgress ;  to   violate ;  as,   to  offend 

against  the  laws   of  society,  the  laws  of 

God,  or  the  rules  of  civility  or  propriety. 
We  have  offended  against  tlie  Lord  already. 

2  Chron.  xxviii. 
OFFENDED,  pp.  Displeased. 
OFFENDER,  71.    One   that  offends;   one 

that  violates  any  law,   divine   or  human  ; 

a  criminal ;  a  trespasser;   a  transgressor; 

one  that  does  an  injury.    The  man  who 

robs,  steals,  or  commits  an  assault,  is  an 

offender. 
OFFEND'ING,  ppr.  Displeasing  ;    making 

angry;  causing  to   stumble;    committing 

sin. 
OFFENDRESS,  n.  A  female  that  oflends. 

Shak. 
OFFENSE,  n.  offens'.  [L.  offensus,  offensa ; 

It.  offesa  ;  Sp.  qjfensa  ;  Fr.  offetice.] 

1.  Displeasure ;  anger,  or  moderate  anger. 
He  gave  them  just  cause  of  offense.  He 
took  offense. 

2.  Scandal ;  cause  of  stumbling.  Christ  is 
called  a  stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of 
offenseto  both  the  houses  of  Israel.  Ps.  viii. 

3.  -'\ny  transgression  of  law,  divine  or  hu- 
man ;  a  crime;  sin;  act  of  wickedness  or 
omission  of  duty. 

Christ  was   delivered   for  our  offenses,  and 
raised  again  for  our  Justification.     Rom.  iv. 

4.  An  injury. 
I  have  given  my  opinion  against  the  authori- 
ty of  two  great  men,  but  I  hope  without  offense 
to  their  memories.  Dryden. 


OFF 


5.  Attack;  assault;  as  a  weapon  of o/eMC. 

Richardson. 


3. 


6.  Impediment.     Matt.  xvi. 

OFFENSEFUL,  a.  offens'ful.  Giving  dis- 
pleasure ;  injurious.     [Jvot  used.]       Shak. 

OFFENSELESS,  a.  offens'less.  Unoffend 
in";  innocent;  inoffensive.  Milton. 

OFFENS'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  offensif;  It.  offen- 
sivo ;  Sp.  ofensivo.) 

1.  Causing  displeasure  or  some  degree  of 
anger ;  displeasing.  All  sin  is  offensive  to 
God.  Rude  behavior  is  offensive  to  men. 
Good  breeding  forbids  us  to  use  offensive 
words. 

2.  Disgusting;  giving  pain  or  unpleasant 
sensations;  disagreeable;  as  an  offensive 
taste  or  smell ;  an  offensive  sight.  Dis- 
cordant sounds  are  offensive  to  the  ears. 

3.  Injurious. 

It  is  an  excellent  opener  for  the  liver,  but  of- 
fensive to  the  stomach.  Bacon. 

4.  Assailant;  used  in  attack;  opposed  to 
defensive ;  as  an  offensive  weapon  or  en- 
gine. fVUkins. 

a.  Assailant ;  invading  ;  making  the  first  at 
tack  ;  opposed  to  defensive  ;  as  an  offensive 
war. 

A  league  offensive  and  defensive,  is  one 
that  requires  both  or  all  parties  to  make 
war  together  against  a  nation,  and  each 
party  to  defend  the  other  in  case  of  being 

OFFENSIVE,  n.  The  part  of  attacking; 

as,  to  act  on  the  offensive. 
OFFENS'IVELY,    adv.    In   a  manner  to 

give  displeasure;  as  language  offensively 

harsh  or  sarcastic. 

2.  Injuriously;  mischievously.  Hooke 

3.  By  way  of  invasion  or  first  attack.    Th 
enemy  was  not  in  a  condition  to  act  offens- 
ively. 

4.  Unpleasantly  to  the  senses. 
OFFENS'IVENESS,  n.  The   quality  that 

offends  or  displeases;  as  the  offetisive7iess 
of  rude  language  or  behavior. 

2.  Injuriousness ;  mischief. 

3.  Cause  of  disgust ;  the  quality  that  gives 
pain  to  tlie  senses,  or  unpleasant  sensa- 
tions ;  as  the  offensiveness  of  smell  or  taste 

OF'FER,  v.  t.  [L.  offero;  ob  and /ero,  to 
bring.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  to  or  before;  hence,  to 
present  for  acceptance  or  rejection ; 
exhibit  somethmg  that  may   be  taken 
received   or  not.     He  offered  me  a  sum  of 
money.     He  offered  me  his  umbrella  to  de- 
fend me  from  the  rain. 

The  heathen  women  under  the  Mogul,  offer 
themselves  to  the  flames  at  the  death  of  their 
husbands.  ''»«««'"• 

2.  To  present  in  words  ;  to  proffer ;  to  make 
a  proposal  to. 

I  o^tr  thee  three  things.     2  Sam.  xxiv. 

3.  To  present,  as  an  act  of  worship  ;  to  im- 
molate ;  to  sacrifice ;  often  with  up. 

Thou  shalt  offer  every  day  a  bullock  as  a  sin 
offering  for  atonement.     E.x.  xxix. 

The  one  lamb  shalt  thou  nffei'  iu  the  morn- 
ing.    Ibm. 

A  holy  priesthood  to  offer  up  spiritual  sacri- 
fices.    1  Pet.  2. 

4.  To  prc'scnt  in  prayer  or  devotion. 

Offer  to  God  thanksgiving.     Ps.  1. 

5.  To  bid,  as  a  price,  reward  or  wages ;  as, 
to  offer  ten  eagles  for  a  ring;  to  offer  a 
hundred  dollars  a  year  for  a  laborer ;  to| 
offer  a  salary. 


OFF 

C.  To  present  to  the  view  or  to  the  mind  ; 
as  ideas  which  sense  or  reflection  offers  to 
the  mind.  Locke. 

To  offer  violence,  to  assault ;  to  attack  or  com 

mence  attack. 
OF'FER,  V.  i.  To  present  itself;    to  be  at 
hand. 

Th' occasion  o^^ers  and  the  youth  complies. 

Dry  lien. 
To  present  verbally  ;  to  declare  a  willing- 
ness.    He  offered  to  accompany  his  broth- 
er. 
To  make  an  attempt. 

We  came  close  to  the  shore  and  offered  to 
land.  Bacon. 

Formerly  with  at. 
I  will  not  offer  at  that  I  cannot  master 


Obs 

Bacon. 

OF'FER,  n.  [Fr.   offre.]    A  proposal  to  be 

accepted    or    rejected;     presentation    lo 

choice.      The  prince  made  liberal  offers, 

but  they  were  rejected. 

When  offers  are  disdained,  and  love  deny'd 

Pope. 

2.  First  advance. 
Force  compels  this  offer.  Shak 

3.  The  act  of  bidding  a  price,  or  the  sum 
bid.  By  an  offer  we  manifest  a  desire  to 
buy.  When  the  seller  declines  accepting, 
he  manifests  that  he  thinks  the  offer  not 
sufficient. 

4.  Attempt;  endeavor;  essay. 
It  is  in  the  power  of  every  one  to  make  some 

essay,  some  offer  and  attempt.     [JVearly  obso- 
lete.] South. 
OF'FERABLE,  a.    That  may   be  offered. 

Mounlague. 
OF'FERED,  pp.  Presented  for  acceptance 
or  rejection  ;  presented  in  worship  or  de- 
votion ;  immolated;  bid;  presented  to  the 
eye  or  the  mind. 
OF'FERER,  n.  One  that  offers;  one  that 
sacrifices  or  dedicates  in  worship. 

Chapman.  Hooker 
OF'FERING,  ;>p-.  Presenting;  proposing 
sacrificing ;  bidding ;  presenting  to  the 
eye  or  mind. 
OF'FERING,  n.  That  which  is  presented 
in  divine  service  ;  an  animal  or  a  portion 
of  bread  or  corn,  or  of  gold  and  silver,  or 
other  valuable  articles,  presented  to  God 
as  an  atonement  for  sin,  or  as  a  return  of 
thanks  for  his  favors,  or  for  other  religious 
purpose  ;  a  sacrifice  ;  an  oblation.  In  the 
Mosaic  economy,  there  were  burnt-o.^cr- 
ing.i,  s'm-off'erings,  peace-offerings,  tres- 
nass-offeiings,  thank-offerings,  wave-offer- 
tngs,  and  wood-offerings.  Pagan  nations 
also  present  offerings  lo  their  deities 
Christ  by  the  offering  of  himself  has  su- 
perseded the  use  of  all  other  offerings, 
having  made  atonement  for  all  men. 

When  thou  shalt  make  his  soul  an  offering 

for  sin,  he  shall  see  his  seed —     Is.  liii. 

OF'FERTORY,  n.  [Fr.  offerloire.]  The  act 

of  offering,  or  the  thing  offered.     [Little 

used.]  Bacon.     Fell.] 

1.  Offertory  was  properly  an  anthem  chanted, 
or  a  voluntary  played  on  the  organ  during 
the  ottering  and  a  part  of  the  mass,  in  the 
Catholic  church  ;  but  since  the  refurm.i- 
tion  it  denotes  certain  sentences  in  the 
communion-otfice,  read  while  the  alms  are 
collecting.  Todd.     Cyc. 

2.  Anciently,  the  linen  on  which  the  oHtr- 
ing  was  laid.  Cyc. 


O  F  F 

OF'FERTURE,  n.  Offer;  proposal.  [JVot 
used.]  K.  Charles- 

OF'FICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  officium;  ob  and 
facio,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  A  particular  duty,  charge  or  trust  confer- 
red by  pubhc  authority  and  for  a  public 
purpose ;  an  employment  undertaken  by 
coimnission  or  authority  from  government 
or  those  who  administer  it.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  of 
treasurer,  of  a  judge,  of  a  sheriff,  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  &c.  Offices  are  civil, 
judicial,  ministerial,  executive,  legislative, 
political,  municipal,  diplomatic,  military, 
ecclesiastical,  &c. 

2.  A  duty,  charge  or  trust  of  a  sacred  na- 
ture, conferred  by  God  himself;  as  the  of- 
fice of  priest,  in  the  Old  Testament ;  and 

that  of  the  apostles,  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

Inasmuch  as  I  am  the  apostle  of  the   Gen- 
tiles, I  magnify  my  office.  Rom.  xi. 

3.  Duty  or  employment  of  a  private  nature  : 
as  the  office  of  a  midwife.    Ex.  i. 

4.  That  which  is  performed,  intended  or  as- 
signed to  be  done  by  a  particular  thing,  or 
that  which  any  thing  is  fitted  to  perform ; 
answering  to  duty  in  intelligent  beings. 
We  enjoy  health  when  the  several  organs 
of  the  body  perform  their  respective  of- 
fices. 

In  this  experiment,  the  several  intervals  of 
the  teeth  of  the  comb  do  the  office  of  so  many 
prisms.  JVewton. 

.  Business;  particular  employment. 
Hesperus,  whose  office  is  to  bring 
Twilight  upon  the  earth.  Milton. 

.  Act  of  good  or  ill  voluntarily  tendered ; 
usually  in  a  good  sense ;  as  kind  offices ; 
offices  of  pity  ;  pious  offices. 
.  Act  of  worship.  Shak. 

.  Formulary  of  devotion. 

The  Lord's  prayer,  the  ten  commandments 
and  the  creed,  is  a  very  good  office  for  children 
if  they  are  not  fitted  for  more  regular  offices. 

Taylor. 

9.  A  house  or  apartment  in  which  public  of- 
ficers and  otliers  transact  business  ;  as  the 
register's  office  ;  a  lawyer's  office. 

10.  In  architecture,  an  apartment  appropri- 
ated for  the  necessary  business  or  occa- 
sions of  a  palace  or  nobleman's  house. 
The  word  is  used  also  for  a  building  per- 
taining to  a  farm.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

11.  In  the  canon  law,  a  benefice  which  has 
no  jurisdiction  annexed  to  it.  Encyc. 

12.  The  person  or  persons  entrusted  with 
particular  duties  of  a  pulilic  nature. 

— This  office  [of  quarter-master-general]  not 
to  have  the  disposal  of  public  money,  except 
small  occasional  sums.  Jilarshall. 

OF'FICE,  v.  t.  To  perform;  to  do;  to  dis- 
charge.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OF'FICER,  11.  A  person  commissioned  or 
authorized  to  perform  any  public  duty. 
Officers  arc  civil,  military  or  ecclesiastical. 
There  are  great  officers  of  state,  and  sub- 
ordinate officers.  Military  and  naval  offi- 
cers of  the  same  grailc  usually  take  rank 
according  to  the  dates  of  their  commiss- 
ions. Non-commissioned  o/Zitcra  are  nom- 
inated by  their  captains,  arid  appointed  by 
the  commanding  officers  of  regiments. 

OF'FICER,  I'.  /.  To  furnish  with  officers ; 
to  appoint  oflicers  over. 


OFF 


O  G  I 


O  1  L 


Count  Pulaski  raised  a  legionary  corps,  which| 
he  officered  principally  with  foreigners. 

Marslwll. 
OF'FICERED,  pp.  Furnislied  with  officers. 

Addison. 
OFFI"CI AL,  o.  [Fr.  offldd ;  from  office.]  Per- 
taining to  an  office  or  public  trust.     The 
secretary  is  engaged  in  o£kial  duties.^ 
2.  Derived  from  the  projier  office  or  officer, 
or  from  the  proper  authority;    made  or 
comrrninicated  by  virtue  of  authority  ;  as 
an  oMcial  statement  or  report.     We  liave 
official  intelligence  of  the  battle. 
•3.  Conducive  by  virtue  of  appropriate  pow- 
ers. 

The  stomach  and  other  parts  official  to  nutri- 
tion.    lUnusual.]  Brown. 
OFFI"CIAL,  n.  An  eclesiastical  judge  ap- 
pointed by  a  bishop,  chapter,  archdeacon, 
&c.,  with  charge  of  the  spiritual  jurisdic- 
tion.                                               Blackjitone. 
OFFI"CIALLY,  arfi).  By  the  proper  officer; 
by  virtue  of  the  proper  autliority  ;  in  pur 
suanco  of  the  special  powers  vested  ;  as 
accounts   or  reports   ojficiatly  verified   or 
rendered  ;  letters  ojfkially  communicated  ; 
persons  officially  notified. 
OFFI"ClALTy,  n.  The  charge  or  office  of 
an  official.  ,/lyliffe. 
OFFl"CIATE,  I',  i.   To  act  as  an  officer  in 
his  office  ;  to  transact  the  appropriate  bu 
siness  of  an  office  or  public  trust.     At  this 
court  the  chief  justice  officiated. 

The  bishops  and  priests  officiate  at  the  altar 
Stillingfleel. 

2.  To  perforin  the  appropriate  official  duties 
of  another. 

OFFI'CIATE,!).  /.  To  give  in  consequence 
of  office. 

The  stars  officiate  light.     \_Improper.1 

Mlton 
OFFI"CIATING,  ppr.  Performing  the  ap 
propriate  duties  of  an  office  ;  perforniingi 
the  office  of  another.  I 

OFFICINAL,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  officiiia,  aj 
shop.]  I 

Used  in  a  shop  or  belonging  to  it.  Officinal'^ 
drugs,  medicines  and  simples  are  such  as< 
are  required  to  be  constantly  kept  in  the 
shops  of  apothecaries.  Encyc. 

OFFI"CIOUS,a.  [L.  officiosus.]  Kind  ;  oblig- 
ing ;  doing  kind  oliices. 

Yet  not  to  earth  are  those  bright  luminaries 
Officious.  Milton. 

3.  E.xcessively  forward  in  kindness ;  impor- 
tunately interposing  services. 

You  are  too  officious 
In  her  behalf  that  scorns  your  services. 

Shak. 
3.  Busy ;  intermeddling  in  affairs  in  which 

one  has  no  concern. 
OFFl"CIOUSLY,  adi:    Kindly;   with  so- 
licitous care. 

Let  thy  goats  officiously  be  nurs'd. 

Dt'yden. 

2.  With  importunate  or  excessive  forward- 
ness. 

Flattering  crowds  officiously  appear. 
To  give  themselves,  not  you,  a  happy  year. 

bryden. 

3.  In  a  busy  meddling  manner. 
OFFI"CIOUSN  ESS,  n.  Eagerness  to  serve ; 

usually,  an  e.\cess  of  zeal  to  serve  others, 
or  improper  forwardness,  interposing  in 
afl'airs  without  being  desired,  or  with  a| 
disposition  to  nieddlfe  with  the  concerns  ofi 
others. 


2.  Service.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 
OFF'ING,  n.    [from  ojf.J    That  part  of  the 

sea  which  is  at  a  good  distance  from  the 
shore,  or  at  a  competent  distance,  where 
there  is  deep  water  and  no  need  of  a  pi- 
lot.    We  saw  a  ship  in  the  offing. 

Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 

OFF'SeOURING,  n.[o/ and  scour.]  That 
which  is  scoured  off;  hence,  refuse ;  re- 
jected matter ;  that  which  is  vile  or  de- 
spised.    Lam.  iii.     1  Cor.  iv. 

OFF'SET,  n.  [off  and  set.]  A  shoot;  a 
sprout  from  the  roots  of  a  plant. 

Locke.     Ray. 

1.  In  surveying,  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from 
the  stationary  lines  to  the  hedge,  fence  or 
extremity  of  an  inclosure. 

3.  In  accounts,  a  sum,  account  or  value  set  off 
against  another  sum  or  account,  as  an 
equivalent.  O.  H'olcott. 

JThis  is  also  written  set-off.] 
OFF'SET,  I',  t.  To  set  one  account  against 
another;  to  make  the  account  of  one  par- 
ty pay  the  demand  of  another. 

Judge  Seivall. 

OFF'SPRING,  n.  [offum\  spring!]  A  child 

or  children  ;  a  descendant  or  descendants, 

however  remote   from   the  stock.      Acts 

xvii.     Rev.  xxii. 

2.  Propagation  ;  generation.  Hooker, 
'.i.  Production  of  any  kind.                 Dcnham. 
OFFUSCATE,  OFFUSCATION.  [See  Ob- 
fuscate, Obfuscation.] 

OFF'WARU,  adv.  [off  aud  ward.]  Leaning 
off,  as  a  ship  on  shore. 

OFT,  adv.   [Sax.  oy?;  Sw.  ofta  ;  Dan.  ofle.] 

Often;    frequently;    not   rarely.     It   was 

formerly  used  in  prose  and  may  be  so  used 

still ;  but  is  more  generally  used  in  poetry. 

0/1  she  rejects,  but  never  once  oirends. 

Pope 

OFTEN,  adv.  ofn.  conip.  ojlener ;  superl 
oflenesl.  [Sax.  q/J;  Gol\\.  vjla.]  Frequent- 
ly ;  many  times ;  not  seldom.        Addison. 

OFTEN,  a.  ofn.  Frequent.     [Improper.] 

OFTENNES'S,  )i.  ofnness.  Frequency 
J.Vo(  i/.5e(/.]  Hooker 

OFTENTIMES,  adv.  ofntimcs.  [oflen  and 
times.]  Frequently  ;  oflcn  ;  many  times. 

Hooker.     Atlerbury. 

OFT-TIMES,  adv.  [oft  and  times.]  Fre 
quently ;  oflen.  Milton 

OG.   [See  Ogee.] 

OGDOAS'TICH,  n.  [Gr.  oySoof,  eighth,  and 
(;i.X°(.  a  verse.]  A  poem  of  eight  lines. 
[Little  used.]  Selden 

OciEE',  Ji.  [Fr.  ogive,  augive.]  In  architec- 
ture, a  molding  consisting  of  two  mem- 
bers, the  one  concave,  the  other  convex, 
or  of  a  round  and  a  hollow  somewhat  like 
an  S.  Encyc, 

3.  In  gunnery,  an  ornamental  molding  in 
the  shape  of  an  S,  used  on  guns,  mortars 
and  howitzers.  Cyc. 

OGGANI"TION,  n.  [L.  obgannio,  ogganio, 
to  growl.] 

The  murmuring  of  a  dog ;  a  grumbling  or 
snarling.     [.Vo(  u.ied.]  Mountagu. 

O'GHAM,  JI.  A  particular  kind  of  stenogra- 
phy or  writing  in  cipher  practiced  by  the 
Irish.  Aslle.     Encyc. 

Ogive,  n.  o'jiv.  in  architecture,  an  arch  or 
branch  of  the  Gothic  vault,  which  passing 
diagonally  from  one  angle  to  another 
forms  a  cross  with  the  other  arches.  The 
middle  where  the  ogives  cross  each  other, 


is  called  the  key.    The  members  or  mold- 

j    ings  of   the   ogives    are    called    nerves, 

I  branches  or  reins,  and  the  arches  which 
separate  the  ogives,  double  arches. 

Encye. 

O'GLE,  v.  t.  [from  D.  oog',  the  eye.  Sax. 
eag,  L.  oculus.  See  Eye.] 

To  view  with  side  glances,  as  in  fondness  or 
with  design  to  attract  notice. 

And  ogling  all  their   audience,   then   they 
speak.  Dryden. 

O'GLE,  n.  A  side  glance  or  look.    Addison. 

0'(;LER,  n.  One  that  ogles.  Addison. 

O'GLING,  ppr.  Viewing  with  side  glances. 

O'GLING,  n.  The  act  of  viewing  with,  side 
glances. 

OGLIO,  now  written  olio,  which  see. 

O'GRE,       }       [Fr.  ogre.]     An  imaginary 

O'GRESS,  ^    ■  monster  of  the  East. 

Ar.  .Wights. 

O'GRESS,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  cannon  ball  of 
a  black  color.  .flshmole. 

OH,    cxclam.   denoting  surprise,   pain,  sor- 

[     row  or  anxiety. 

[OIL,  ».  [Sax.  a:l.  It  seems  to  be  named 
from  its  inflammability,  for  celan,  is  to  kin- 
dle, and  to  oil;  hence  aruelan,  to  anneal; 
aled,  fire  ;  Dan.  ild,  whence  the  name  of 
Hildebrand,  Dan.  lldebrand,  lire-brand  ; 
D.oly;  G.  oel;  Sw.  olja  ;  Dau.  olie  ;  Fr. 
huile  ;  It.  olio;  \,.ohum;  Gr.  f^juw;  W. 
olew  ;  Ir.  ola  ;  Arm.  Sp.  Port,  o/eo.j 

An  unctuous  substance  expressed  or  drawn 
from  several  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances. The  distinctive  characters  of  oil 
are  inflammability,  fluidity,  and  niaoluhili- 
ty  in  water.  Oils  are  fixed  or  fat,  ami 
volatile  or  essential.  They  have  a 
smooth  feel,  and  most  of  them  have  little 
taste  or  smell.  Animal  oil  is  found  in 
all  animal  substances.  Vegetable  oils 
are  produced  by  expression,  infiision  or 
distillation.  Encyc.     JVicholson. 

OIL,  v.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil ;  to 
lubricate  with  oil ;  to  anoint  with  oil. 

tf'otton.     Su-ift. 

OIL'-BAG,  n.  A  bag,  cyst  or  gland  in  ani- 
mals containing  oil. 

OIL'-€0LOR,  n.  A  color  made  by  grinding 
a  coloring  substance  in  oil.  Boyle. 

OIL' ED,  pp.  Smeared  or  anointed  with  oil. 

Huloet. 

OIL'ER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  oils  and 
pickles. 

OIL'-G.AS,    n.    IiiHainniable   gas  procured 

[     from  oil,  and  used  f()r  lighting  streets  and 

I     apartments  in  buildings. 

OIL'INESS,  n.  The   quality  of  being  oily  ; 

I     uncluousness  ;    greasiness  ;  a  quality  ap- 

t     preaching  that  of  oil.     Baron,     .hbuthnot. 

OIL'ING,  ppr.  Smearing  or  anointing  wiili 
oil. 

OIL'M.AN,  n.  One  who  deals  in  oils  and 
pickles.  Johnson. 

OEL'-NUT,  n.  The  butternut  of  N.  Ameri- 
ca. Carver. 

OIL'-NUT,      ?       .A  plant,  a  species  of  Ri- 

OIL'-TREE,  S  ciinis,  the  palma  Christi, 
or  castor,  from  which  is  procured  castor 
oil.  Fam.  of  Plants.     Encyc. 

OIL'-SHOP,  ?i.  A  shop  where  oils  and 
pickles  are  sold. 

OIL'V,  a.  Consisting  of  oil  ;  containing  oil ; 
having  the  quahties  of  oU;  as  oily  matter 
or  substance.  Bacon. 


OLD 


O  L  I 


O  L  Y 


2.  Resembling  oil ;  as  an  oUy  appearance. 

3.  Fatty  ;  greasy.  Shak. 
OILY-GRAIN,  re.  A  plant.  Miller. 
OILY-PALM,  n.  A  tree.  Miller. 
OINT,  )'.  /.  [Fr.  oiiidre,  oint ;  Sp.  Port,  im- 

tar     The  French   oiiidre  is  formed  from 
the  L.  ttiigo,  Ukcjoindre  fvom  jungo.] 

To  anoint;  to  sinear  with  an  unctuous  sub- 
stance. 

They  oint  their  naked  limbs  with  mother'd 
oil.  Drifden. 

OINT'ED,  pp.  Anointed;  smeared  with  an 
oilv  or  greasy  matter. 

OINT'ING,  ppr.  Anointing. 

OINT'MENT,  n.  Unguent ;  any  soft,  unc 
tuous  substance   or   compound,  used  for 
smearing,  particularly  the  body  or  a  dis- 
eased part. 

OIS'ANITE,  n.  Pyramidical  ore  of  titani- 
um. Vre. 

OKE,  11.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish  weight, 

-  equal  to  about  two  pounds  and  three  quar 
tcrs,  English  avoirdupois  weight.      Eton. 

OKER.    [See  Ocher.] 

OLD,  a.  [Sax.  co/rf;  G.alt;  D.  oud ;  Dan 
(eWp,  old  age.] 

1.  Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  ;  having 
lived  beyond  the  middle  period,  or  rather 
towards  tlie  end  of  life,  or  towards  the  end 
of  the  ordinary  term  of  living;  applied  to 
animals  or  plants  ;  as  an  old  man  ;  an  old 
age  ;  an  old  camel  or  horse  ;  an  old  tree. 
This  adjective  is  placed  after  tlie  noun  that 
designates  the  time  lived. 

Ahraham  was  seventy  five  years  old  when  he 
departed  from  Haran.     Gen.  xii. 

2.  Having  been  long  made  or  used ;  decay- 
ed by  time ;  as  an  old  garment ;  an  old 
house. 

3.  Being  of  long  continuance;  begun  Ion 
ago  ;  as  an  old  ac(|uaintance. 

4.  Having  been  long  made ;  not  new  or 
fresh  ;  as  old  wine. 

5.  Being  of  a  former  year's  growth  ;  not  of 
the  last  crop  ;  as  old  wheat ;  old  hay. 

6.  Ancient;  that  existed  in  former  ages;  as 
the  old  inhabitants  of  Britain  ;  the  old  Ro 
mans. 

7.  Of  any  duration  whatever;  as  a  year  oW; 
seven  years  old.     How  old  art  thou  .-' 

8.  Subsisting  before  something  else.  He 
built  a  new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old 
one.     The  old  law  is  repealed  by  the  new. 

9.  Long  practiced.  He  is  grown  old  in  vice. 
He  is  an  old  offender. 

10.  That  has  been  long  cultivated  ;  as  old 
land  ;  an  old  farm ;  opposed  to  new  land, 
land  lately  cleared  and  cultivated.  Amenca. 

11.  More  than  enough  ;   great. 

If  a  man  were  poitev  of  hellgate,  he  should 
have  old  turning  of  the  key.  Shak. 

12.  In  vidgar  language,  crafty  ;  cunnin 
Of  old,  long   ago;   from   ancient  times;  as 

in  days  o/"o/</.  Dn/den. 

We  ap|)ly  old  chiefly  to  things  subject  to 

decay.     We  never  say,  the  old  sun,  or  an 

old  mountain. 
OLDEN,  a.  Old;  ancient.  [Used  in  poetry.] 

Skak. 
OLD-FASHIONED,  a.  Formed  according 

to  obsolete  fashion  or  custom ;  as  an  old- 
fashioned  dress. 

Old-fashioned  men  of  wit.  .'liltlison 

OLDNESS,  n.  Old  age  ;  an  advanced  state 

of  life  or  existence  ;   as  the  oldness  of  a 

man,  of  an  elephant  or  a  tree. 


2.  The  state  of  being  old,  or  of  a  long  eon-j 
tinuance;  as  the  oldness  of  a  building  or  a 
garment. 

3.  Antiquity;  as  the  oWness  of  monuments. 
OLD-WIFE,  n.  A  contemptuous  name  for 

an  old  prating  woman.     1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Labrus,  and  another 
of  the  genus  Balistes.  Encyc. 

OLEAG'INOUS,  a.  [L.  oleagimis,  from 
oleum,  oil.]  Having  the  qualities  of  oil : 
oily ;  unctuous.  Arhulhnot 

OLEAG'INOUSNESS,    n.    Oiliness. 

Boyle. 

OLEAN'DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  IN'e 
rium,  the  rose-bay  or  South  sea  rose ;  a 
beautiful  shrub  with  flowers  in  clusters,  of 
a  fine  purple  color,  but  of  an  indifferent 
smell.  The  plant,  especially  the  bark  of 
the  roots,  is  said  to  be  poisonous.      Encyc. 

OLEAS'TER,  n.  [L.  from  olea,  the  olive 
tree.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ela-agnus ;  the  wild 
olive.  Miller. 

O'LEATE,  re.  A  compound  of  oleic  acid 
with  a  salifiable  base.  Chevreul. 

OLEF'IANT,  a.  [L.  oleo,  olfacio.]  Olefiant 
gas  is  a  com|)ound  of  one  prime  of  car- 
bon and  one  of  hydrogen,  called  by  Ure 
carbureted  hydrogen,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  gas  resulting  frotu  one  prime  of 
carbon  and  two  of  hydrogen,  which  lie 
calls  subcarbureted  hydrogen. 

Olefiant  gas,  is  so  called  from  its  property  of 
forming  with  chlorin  a  compound  resem 
bling  oil. 

0'LEI€,  a.  [from  oil.]  The  oleic  acid  is 
obtained  from  a  soap  made  by  digesting 
hog's  lard  in  potash  lye.  Chevreul 

;OLEOS.\e'€HARUM,  re.  A  mixture  of  oil 
and  sugar.  Ure. 

O'LEOSE,  I       [L.   oleosus.]    Oily.     [Link 

O'LEOUS,  S""  used.]  Ray 

OLERA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  oleraceus,  from 
olus,  oleris,  pot-herbs.] 

Pertaining  to  pot-herbs ;  of  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  herbs  for  cookery. 

Lee,    Broivn 

OLFA€T',  V.  t.  [L.  olfacio,  olfacio ;  oleo,  to 
smell,  and/«CTO,  to  make.] 

To  smell ;  used  in  burlesque,  but  not  other- 
wise authorized.  Hudibras. 

OLFACT'ORY,  a.  [L.  olfacio,  supra.]  Per- 
taining to  smelling  ;  having  the  sense  of 
smelling  ;  as  olfactory  nerves.  Locke. 

ClI»UM,J"[^'-  ^I'J  '"-^-n: 
with  the  adjective  ul,  the,  corrupted  into 
ol.  The  word  signifies  then  frankincense, 
and  it  is  so  named  from  its  whiteness.] 
gum-resin  consisting  of  tears  or  drops, 
of  a  yellow  transparent  color  and  disa- 
greeable smell.  It  is  brought  from  Tur- 
key and  the  East  Indies.  It  is  not,  as 
Linne  supposed,  produced  by  the  Juni 
perus  Lycia,  but  from  a  diflerent  tree 
growing  in  Arabia  and  Hindoostan.  See 
Asiatic  Researches,  9.  377.  In  Arabia, 
luhan  is  applied  to  benzoin,  which  is  gen- 
erally used  for  incense,  and  oliban  is  called 
condur,  whence  Gr.  j^oi'Spo;.  In  medi- 
cine, it  is  used  in  fumigations  as  a  resolv- 
ent. Fotircroy.  Eneyc. 
Thompson  says  olibanum  is  produced 


by  different  trees  and  in  different  couii  • 

tries. 
OL'ID,  >       [L.   olidus,  from    oleo,    to 

OL'IDOUS,  \  "•  smell.]      Fetid  ;    having  a 

strong  disagreeable  smell.     [Little  used.] 
Boyle.     Brown. 
OLIGARCH'AL,      }        [See     Oligarchy.] 
OLIGARCHICAL,  S        Pertaining  to  oli- 
garchy, or  government  by  a  few.     Burke. 
OLIGARCHY,    n.    [Gr.   o>.ty(ip;iMi ;    oJ.iyo5, 

few,  and  ai>x'!,  ride.] 
A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 

power  is  placed  in  a  few  hands  ;  a  species 

of  aristocracy.  Swift. 

OL'IGIST,      I       [Gr.  oxtytfos,  least.]  Oli- 
OLIGIST'IC,  S  "■  gist  iron,   so  called,   is  a 

crystalized  tritoxyd  of  iron. 
O'LIO,  n.  [It.  from  Sp.  olla  ;  Port,   olha,  a 

dish  of  meat  boiled  or  stewed ;  L.  olla,  a 

pot.] 

1.  A  nfixture  ;  a  medley.  Dryden. 

2.  A  miscellany ;  a  collection  of  various 
pieces ;  applied  to  musical  collections. 

OL'ITORY,  a.  [L.  olitor,  a  gardener,  from 
olus,  pot-herbs.] 

Belonging  to  a  kitchen  garden  ;  as  olitory 
seeds.  Evelyn. 

It  may  perhaps  be  used  as  a  noun. 

OLIVA'CEOUS,  a.  [from  L.  oliva,  olive.] 
Of  the  color  of  the  olive.  Pennant. 

OLIVAS'TER,  re.  [Fr.  olivdtre,  from  L. 
o/?ra,  olive.]  Of  the  color  of  the  olive; 
tawny.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE,  n.  [L.  oliva,  from  olea,  an  olive 
tree  ;  Fr.  olive  :  Gr.  fjiaia.     See  Oil.] 

A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Olea.  The 
common  olive  tree  grows  in  warm  cli- 
mates and  rises  to  the  highth  of  twenty  or 
thirty  feet,  having  an  upright  stem  with 
numerous  branches.  Tliis  tree  is  much 
cultivated  in  the  south  of  Europe  for  its 
fruit,  from  which  is  expressed  the  olive 
oil,  and  which  is  used  also  for  pickles. 

Encyc. 

OL'IVED,  a.  Decorated  with  olive  trees. 

ff'arlon. 

OL'IVENITE,  re.  An  ore  of  copper.      Ure. 

OL'IVE-YARD,  re.  An  inclosure  or  piece 
of  ground  in  which  olives  are  cultivated. 
Ex.  xxiii. 

OL'IVIN,     }       [from  olive.]     A  subspecies 

OL'IVINE,  ^  ■  of  prismatic  chrysolite  of  a 
brownish  green,  often  inclining  to  a  yel- 
lowish or  grayish  green,  usually  found  in 
roundish  grains  in  other  stones;  some- 
times in  large  masses,  but  not  crystalized. 
It  is  a  constituent  of  many  lavas  and  fre- 
quently occurs  in  basaltic  rocks. 

Kirwan.     Ure. 

OLYM'PIAD,  re.  [L.  Olympias;  Gr.  OMj^^tjtiaj, 
fi'om  O-Kvurco;,  Olympus,  a  mountain  of 
Macedonia.] 

A  period  of  four  years  reckoned  from  one 
celebration  of  the  Olynqiic  games  to  an- 
other, and  constituting  an  important 
epoch  in  history  and  chronology.  The 
first  Olympiad  commenced  775  years  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ,  and  22  years  be- 
fore the  fiiundation  of  Rome.  The  com- 
pulation by  Olympiads  ceased  at  the  three 
iiuiidred  and  sixty  fourth  Olympiad,  in  the 
year  440  of  tho  christian  era.  Encyc. 

OLYM'PEAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Olympus; 
or  to  Olympia,  a  town  in  Greece. 


O  M  I 


O  M  N 


O  i\ 


Olympic  games,  or  Olympics,  solemn  games 
among  tlic   ancient  Greeks,  dedicated  to 
Olympian  Jupiter,  and  celchrated  once  ni 
foiir  years  at  Olynipia.     [Sec  Olympiad.] 
OM'BEU,  (        ll-'r.  from   Up.  hombre,  man, 
OM'BRE,  S""  L.hvmo.] 
A  game  at  cards,  borrowed  from  the  Span- 
iards,  usually  played   by   three   persons, 
though  sometimes  by  two  or  five.     Encyc. 
OMBROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  o^Spoj,  ram,  and 

Hctfov,  measure.] 
A  machine  or  instrument   to   measure  the 
quantity  of  rain  that  falls.  Encyr. 

OME'GA,  n.   [Gr.  great  O.]     The  name  of 
the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  as 
Alpha,  A,  is  the  first.     Hence   in   Scrij 
lure,  Mpka  and  Omega   denotes  the  first 
and  the  last,  the  beginning  audthe  ending 
Rev.  , 

OM'ELET,  n.  [Fr.  omelette.]  A  kind  of) 
pancake  or  fritter  made  with  eggs  and 
other  ingredients.  Encyc 

O'MEN,  n.  [L.  omen;  but  according  to 
Varro,  it  was  originally  osmtn,  that  which 
is  uttered  by  thi;  moiith,  denoting  wish  or 
vow,  and  with  him  agree  Eestus  and  No 
nius,  says  Vossius.  Another  author  de- 
rives the  word  from  the  Ueb.  p^T,  an  au- 
gur. Cicero  assigns  to  the  word  the  same 
origin  as  Varro.  "  Voces  homimun,  quiP 
vocent  omina."  But  the  word  came  af- 
terwards to  denote  things  rather  than 
words.] 
A  sign  or  indication  of  some  future  event ; 
a  prognostic.  Superstition  and  ignorance 
multiply  omens  ;  philosophy  and  truth  re- 
ject all  omens,  except  such  as  may  be  call- 
ed causes  of  the  events.  Without  a  mira- 
cle, how  can  one  event  be  the  omen  of  an- 
other with  which  it  has  no  connection  ? 
O'MENED,  a.  Containing  an  omen  or  prog- 
nostic. Pope. 
OMENT'UM,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  caul 
orepiploon  ;  a  membranaceous  covering  of 
the  bowels,  being  placed  under  the  perito- 
neum and  immediately  above  the  intes- 
tines. Encyc 
O'MER,  n.  [Ueb.]  A  Hebrew  measure  con- 
taining ten  baths,  or  seventy  five  gallons 
and  five  pints  of  liquids,  and  eight  bushels 
of  things  dry.  It  wa.s  the  largest  measure 
used  by  the  Jews.  It  is  written  also  lio 
mer  and  chomer.  This  word  is  used  by  the 
prophets,  but  the  corresponding  measure 
is  called  by  the  historical  writers  corns. 

Encyc. 
OM'INATE,  t'.  t.    [L.  ominor,  from  omen.] 
To  presage  ;  to  foreshow  ;   to   foretoken. 
[Utile  used.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

OM'INATE,  i>.  i.  To  foretoken. 
OMINA'TION,  )!.  A  foreboding;  a  presag- 
ing :  prognostic.     [Little  used.]       Brown. 
OM'INOUS,  a.  [L.  ominosus.]    Foreboding 
or   presaging    evil  ;    indicating   a    futur 
evil  event ;  inauspicious. 

In   the  heathen  worship  of  God,  a  sacrifice 

without  a  heart  was  accounted  ii7ninous.   Soulli. 

2.  Foreshowing  or  exhibiting  signs  of  good 

Though   he  had  a  good   ominous   name  to 

have  made  peace,  nothing  followed.        Bacon 

OM'INOUSLY,    adv.    With   good  or  bad 

omens.  Fotherbti. 

OM'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  ofbeiiig 

ominous.  Burnet. 

OMISSIBLE,  a.  [L.  omissus.    See    Omit.] 

That  may  be  omitted.  Parkhurst. 


OMIS'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  omissiu,  from 
oinitto,  omissus.] 

1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  something  which 
a  person  had  power  to  do,  or  which  duty 
required  to  be  done.  Omission  may  be 
innocent  or  criminal  ;  innocent,  when  no 
duty  demands  performance,  bulcriminal 
when  duty  is  neglected. 

The   most   natural  division  of  all  offenses,  is 
into  tliose  o( omission  and  those  o(  commission. 

Jlddismi. 

2.  A  leaving  out ;  neglect  or  failure  to  insert 
or  mention  ;  as  the  omission  of  a  word  or 
clause. 

OMIS'SIVE,  a.  Leaving  out.       Stackhouse. 

OMIT',  V.  t.  [L.  omitto  ;  ob  and  mitio,  to 
send.] 

1.  To  leave,  pass  by  or  neglect  ;  to  fail  or 
forbear  to  do  or  to  use  ;  as,  to  umit  an  op 
portunity   of   writing  a   letter.     To  omit 
known  duty  is  criminal. 

a.  To  leave  out ;  not  to  insert  or  mention 
as,  to  omit  an  important  word  in  a  deed  ; 
to  omit  invidious  comparisons;  to  omi7  a 
|)assage  in  reading  or  transcribing. 

OMIT'TANCE,  »i.  Forbearance  ;  neglect. 
[jVo/  used.]  Shak 

OMITTED,  pp.  Neglected  ;  passed  by  ; 
lel't  out. 

OMITTING,  ppr.  Neglecting  or  failing  to 
do  or  use  ;  passing  by  ;  leaving  out. 

OMNIFA'RIOIJS,  a.  [Low  L.  omnifarius.] 

Of  all  varieties,  forms  or  kinds.  Bentley. 

OMNIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.omnifer;  omnis,  all, 
and/ero,  to  bear.]  All-bearing  ;  produc- 
ing all  kinds.  Diet. 

OMNIF'IC,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and /aci'o,  to 
make.]     All-creating. 

Thou  deep,  peace  ! 
Said  then  th'  omnijic  word,  your  discord  end. 

Aflton. 

OM'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  ix\u\  forma, 
fiirui.]   Having  every  form  orshape.     Diet. 

OMNIFORM'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  hav- 
ing every  form.  More. 

OMNIO'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  omnigcnus ;  om- 
nis, all,  every,  and  genus,  kind.] 

Consisting  of  all  kinds.  Diet. 

OMNIPARITY,  )i.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  par, 
equal.]     General  ('((ualitv.  Il'liite. 

OMNIPERCIP'IENCE,  «.  [L.  omnis,  and 
percipiens,  [lorceiving.]  Perception  of 
every  thing.  Mon 

OMNIPERCIP'IENT,  a.  Perceiving  every 
thing.  More. 

OMNIP'OTENCE,  )  .      [L.     omnipotens  ; 

OMNIP'OTENCY,  I  "•  omnis,  all,  and 
potens,  powerful.] 

Almighty  power  ;  unlimited  or  infinite  pow- 
er ;  a  word  in  strictness  applicable  only  to 
God.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  used  for 
God.  The  works  of  creation  demon- 
strate the  omnipotence  of  God. 
Will  Oinni-pntence  neglect  to  save 
The  sutTeriug  virtue  of  the  wise  and  brave  ? 

Pope. 

2.  Unlimited  power  over  particular  things ; 
as  the  omnipotence  of  love. 

OMNIP'OTENT,  a.  [supra.]  Almighty; 
possessing  unlimited  power  ;  all  powerful. 
The  being  that  can  create  worlds  must  be 


omnipotent. 
2.  Having  unlimited  power 

kind  ;  as  omnipotent  \ove. 
OMNIPOTENTLY,    adv. 

power. 


OMNIPRESENCE,  n.s  asz.  [L.ojn«w,and 

presens,  present.] 
Presence  in  every  place  at  the  same  time  ; 
unbounded  or   universal   presence  ;   ubi- 
quity.   Omnipresence  is  an  attribute  pecul- 
iar to  God. 
OMNIPRES'ENT,  a.  Present  in  all  places 
at  the  same  time  ;  ubicpiitary  ;  as  the  om- 
nipresent Jehovah. 
OMNIPKESEN'TIAL,  a.  Implying  univer- 
sal presence.  South. 
OMNIS'CIENCE,  ^„    [L.  omnis,  all,   and 
OMNIS'CIENCY,  ^  "■sc!>«;m,  knowledge.] 
The  quality  of  knowing  all   things  at  once  ; 
universal     knowledge  ;    knowledge     un- 
bounded or  infinite.      Omniscience   is  an 
attribute  jieculiar  to  God. 
OMNISCIENT,  a.  Having  universal  knowl- 
edge or  knowledge  of  all  things  ;  infinitely 
knowing  ;  all-seeing ;  as  tlie  omniscimt  God, 
OMNIS'CIOUS,  a.  [L.oni»iw,all,  audscio,  to 
know.)  All-knowing.  \.Vot  used.]   Hakewill. 
OMNIUM,  n.  [L.  omnis,  all.]    The  aggre- 
gate of  certain  portions  of  different  siocks 
in  the  public  funds;  a  word  in  use  among 
dealers  in  the  English  stocks. 

Omnium  denotes  alt  the  particulars  in- 
cluded  in  the  contract  between  govern- 
ment and  the  public  for  a  loan.  Cyc. 
OMNIVOROUS,   a.    [L.    omnivorus  ;    om- 
nis, all,  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
All-devouring  ;  eating  every  thing  indiscrim- 
inately.                                                  Burke. 
OIM'OPLATE,  n.  [Gr.  «/.oj,  shoulder,  and 
«?.aTi.'5,  broad.]      The  shoulder   blade  or 
scapula. 
OM'PIIACINE,    a.     [Gr.   o^^oxiiof,    from 

ofi^a^,  unripe  fruit.] 
Pertaining  to  or  expressed  from  unripe  fruit. 
Omphacine  oil  is  a  viscous  brown  juice  ex- 
tracted from  green  olives.     With  this  the 
wrestlers  in  the  ancient  gynmasiic  exercis- 
es used  to  anoint  their  bodies.  Encyc. 
OM'PHACITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  pale  leek 
green  color,  massive  or  disseminated,  and 
in  narrow  radiated  concretions.  lire. 
OMPHALIC,  n.    [Gr.  onfaf.o;,  the   navel.] 
Pertaining  to  the  navel.              Asiai.  lies. 
OMPHALOCELE,  n.   [Gr.  o^ta?.oj,  navel, 
and  xr;^r„  tu/nor.]     A  rupture  at  the  navel. 

Coxe. 

OM'PHALOPTER,  )       [Gr.  o^$ol?.o5,  navel, 

OMPHALOP'TIe,    y'-  and  o.tT.xos,  optic] 

An   ojjtical   glass   that  is   convex   on    both 

sides  ;  commonly  called  a  convex  lens. 

Diet. 
OMPHALOTOMY,    ,i.    [Gr.   ou^-oxos,   the 

navel,  and  rf/xvu,  to  cut.] 
riie  operation  of  dividing  the  navel  string. 
O'MV,  a.  Mellow  ;  as  laud.     [.Vol  in  t/.te.] 

Bay. 
ON,  prep.  [G.  an  ;  D.  aan  ;  Goth,  ana  ;  Gr. 
alio  ;  L.  m  ;  Gr.  id.     The  Sax.  in  is  our 
in,  an<l  un  is  a  negative  ;  but  probably  all 
these  words  arc  radically  the  same.     The 
primary  sense   of  the   verb   from  which 
these  words  must  be  derived,  is  to  pass,  to 
appro.ach,  to  come  to  or  to  meet.     Hence 
they  denote   nearness,  closeness    or  con- 
tiguity,  and  from   meeting    the  Latin  in 
and  tiie   English  un   have  their  power  of 
negation  or  opposing.] 
of  a  particular  |1.  Being  in  contact  witli  the  surface  or  up- 
.Sliuk.       per  part  of  a  thing  and  supported  by  it  ; 
With  almighty       pl.iced  or  lying  in  contact   with  the   sur- 
loiiHg.jj     face  ;  as,  my  book  is  on  the  table  ;  the  table 


O  IN 


ONE 


ONE 


stands  on  the  floor  ;  the  house  leats  on  its 
foundation  ;  we  he  on  a  bed,  or  stand  on 
the  earth. 

2.  Coming  or  falhng  to  the  surface  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  rain  falls  on  the  earth. 

Whosoever  sliall  fall  on  this  stone,  shall  be 
broken.     Matt.  xxi. 

3.  Performing  or  acting  by  contact  with  the 
surface,  upper  part  or  outside  of  any  thing ; 
as,  to  play  on  a  harp,  a  violin,  or  a  drum. 

4.  Noting  addition  ;  as  heaps  on  heajjs  ;  mis 
chief  on  mischief;  loss  on  loss. 

5.  At  or  near.  When  we  say,  a  vessel  is  on 
shore,  we  mean  that  she  is  aground  ;  but 
when  we  say,  a  fleet  or  a  ship  is  on  the 
American  coast,  or  an  isle  is  situated  on 
the  coast  of  England,  we  njean  only  that 
it  is  near  the  coast.  So  we  say,  on  each 
side  stands  an  armed  man,  that  is,  at  or 
near  each  side. 

So  we  say,  Philadelphia  is  situated  on 
the   Delaware  ;  Middlebury  is  on  the  Ot- 
ter Creek  ;  Guilford  stands  on  the  Sound 
that  is,  near  the  river  or  Sound,  instead  of 
on  the  bank,  side  or  shore. 

6.  It  denotes  resting  for  support ;  as,  to  de- 
pend on,  to  rely  on  ;  hence,  the  ground  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  he  will  covenant  on  cer- 
tain considerations  or  conditions ;  the 
considerations  being  the  support  of  the 
covenant. 

7.  At  or  in  the  time  of;  as,  on  the  sabbath 
we  abstain  from  labor.  We  usually  say, 
at  the  hour,  on  or  in  the  day,  in  or  on  the 
week,  month  or  year. 

8.  At  the  time  of,  with  some  reference  to 
cause  or  motive.  On  public  occasions,  the 
officers  appear  in  full  dress  or  uniform. 

9.  It  is  put  before  the  object  of  some  ])ass- 
ion,  with  the  sense  of  towards  or  for. 
Have  pity  or  compassion  on  him. 

10.  At  the  peril  of,  or  for  the  safety  of 

Hence,  on  thy  life.  Dryden. 

11.  Denoting  a  "pledge  or  engagement,  or 
put  before  the  thing  pledged.  He  aflirm- 
ed  or  promised  on  his  word,  or  on  his 
honor. 

12.  Noting  imprecation  or  invocation,  or 
coming  to,  falling  or  resting  on.  On  us 
be  all  the  blame. 

His  blood   be  on  us,   and   on  our  children 
Matt,  xxvii. 

13.  In  consequence  of,  or  immediately  after. 
On  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  the  ar- 
mies were  disbanded. 

14.  Noting  part,  distinction  or   opposition 
as  on  one  side  and  on  the  other.     On  our 
part,  expect  punctuality. 

On  the  way,  on  the  road,  denote  proceeding, 
traveling,  journeying,  or  making  pro- 
gress. 

On  the  alert,  in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  activ- 
ity. 

On  high,  in  an  elevated  place  ;  sublimely. 

On  fire,  in  a  stale  of  burning  or  inflamma- 
tion, and  metaphorically,  in  a  rage  or  pass 
ion. 

On  a  sudden,  suddenly. 

0)1  the  iidng,  in  flight ;  flying  ;  metaphorical- 
ly, departing. 

On  it,  onH,  is  used  for  of  it.    I  heard  nothing 
onV.    The  gamester  has  a  poor  trade  on'l. 
[This  use  is  now  imlgar.] 

Upon  is  used  in  the  same  sense  with  on 
often  with  elegance,  and  frequently  with- 
out necessity  or  advantage. 


ON,  adv.  Forward,  in  progression  ;  as,  move 

on ;  go  on. 
2.  Forward,  in  succession.     From  father  to 

son,  from  the  son  to  the  grandson,  and  so 

on. 
•3.  In  continuance  ;  without  interruption  or 

ceasing  ;  as,   sleep  on,  take   your  ease  ; 

say  on  ;  sing  on  ;  write  on. 

4.  Adhering  ;  not  oft" ;  as  in  the  phrase, 
"  he  is  neither  on  nor  off,"  that  is,  he  is 
not  steady  ;  he  is  irresolute. 

5.  Attached  to  the  body  ;  as,  his  clothes 
are  not  on. 

To  put  on,  to  attach  to  the  body,  as  clothes 
or  arms. 

On,  when  it  expresses  contact  with  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing,  is  opposed  to  under,  off,  or 
I     ivithin,  and  when  it  expresses  contact  with 
I     the  side  of  a  thing,  is  opposed  to  off. 

On  is  sometimes  used  as  an  e.xclanjation,  or 
rather  as  a  conmiand  to  move  or  proceed, 
I  some  verb  being  understood  ;  as,  cheerly 
1  on,  courageous  friends ;  that  is,  go  on,  move 
i     on. 

ON'AgER,  n.  [L.]  The  wild  ass. 
'ONANISM,  n.  [from  O/mn, in  Scripture.] 
j     The  crime  of  self-pollution. 
ONCE,  adv.  wuns.  [from  07ie.     So  D.  eeiis, 
I     lioin  een,  and  G.  etnst,  from  ein,  one.] 

1.  One  time. 

Trees  that  bear  mast  are  fruitful   but  onee  in 
(wo  years.  Macon. 

2.  One  time,  though  no  more.  The  mind 
once  tainted  with  vice,  is  prone  to  grow 
worse  and  worse. 

3.  At  one  former  time ;  formerly. 

My  soul  had  once  some  foolish  fondness  for 

thee. 
But  hence  'tis  gone.  Addison. 

4.  At  the  same  point  of  time  ;  not  gradually. 

At  once  the  winds  arise, 
The  thundeis  roll.  Dryden. 

At  once,  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  they  all  mov- 
ed at  once ;  hence,  when  it  refers  to  two 
or  more,  the  sense  is  together,  as  one. 

'I'his  hath  all  its   force   at  once,  on  the  first 
impression.  Atteibury. 

Once  is  used  as  a  noun,  when  preceded  by 
this  or  that ;  as  this  once,  that  once. 

ONCE,  n.  ons.  [Fr.]  A  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Felis,  less  than  the  pauther,  of  a 
whitish  gray  color.  It  is  found  in  Africa 
and  Asia,  is  easily  tamed  and  is  employed 
like  a  dog  in  hunting.  Encyc. 

|ONE,  a.  wun.  [Sax.  an,  wn  ;  D.  een ;  G. 
ein;  Sw.  en  :  Dan.  en  or  een  ;  Ice.  einn ; 
W.  un  or  yn  ;  L.  unus  ;  Gr.  iv  \  It.  Sp. 
uno  ;  Port,  hum  ;  Fr.  un  ;  Arm.  unan  ; 
Ir.  an,  aon.] 

1.  Single  in  number  ;  individual  ;  as  one 
man  ;  07ie  book.  There  is  one  sun  only 
in  our  system  of  planets. 

2.  Indefinitely,  some  or  any.  You  will  one 
day  repent  of  your  folly.  But  in  this 
phrase,  one  day  is  equivalent  to  some  future 
time. 

3.  It  follows  any. 
When  any  one  hearcth  the  word  of  tlie  king- 
dom.    Matt.  xiii. 

Different  ;  diverse  ;  opposed  to  another. 
It  is  07ie  thing  to  promise,  and  another  to 
fulfill. 

5.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  mutual- 
ity or  reciprocation.  Be  kind  and  assist 
one  another. 


6.  It  is  used  with  another,  to  denote  average 
or  mean  proportion.  The  coins  one  with 
another,  weigh  seven  penny  weight  each. 

7.  One  of  two  ;  opposed  to  other. 
Ask  from  one  side  of  heaven  to  the  oihei-. 

Deut.  iv. 

8.  Single  by  union  ;  undivided  ;  the  same. 
The   church   is    therefore   one,    though  the 

members  may  be  many.  Pearson. 

9.  Single  in  kind  ;  the  same. 

One  plague  was  on  you  all  and  on  your  lords. 
1  Sam.  iv. 

One  day,  on  a  certain  or  particular  day,  re- 
ferring to  time  past. 

One  day  when  Phoebe  fsiir 
With  all  her  band  was  following  the  chase. 

Spenser. 

2.  Referring  to  future  time ;  at  a  future  time, 
indefinitely.     [See  One,  No.  2.] 

Jit  one,  in  union  ;  in  agreement  or  concord. 
The  king  resolved  to   keep  Ferdinand  and 
Philip  at  OTIC  with  themselves.  Bacon. 

In  one,  in  union  ;  in  one  united  body. 

One,  like  many  other  adjectives,  is  used 
without  a  noun,  and  is  to  be  considered  as 
a  substitute  for  some  noun  understood. 
Let  the  men  depart  one  by  one;  count 
them  one  by  one  ;  every  one  has  his  pecul- 
iar habits  ;  we  learn  of  one  another,  that 
is,  we  learn,  one  of  us  learns  of  another. 

In  this  use,  as  a  substitute,  one  may  be 
plural  ;  as  the  great  ones  of  the  earth ; 
they  came  with  their  little  ones. 

It  also  denotes  union,  a  united  body. 
Ye  are  all  one  in  Christ  Jesus.     Gal.  iii. 

One  o'clock,  one  hour  of  the  clock,  that  is,  as 
signified  or  represented  by  the  clock. 

One  is  used  indefinitely  for  any  person  ;  as, 
one  sees ;  one  knows ;  after  the  French 
manner,  on  voit.  Our  ancestors  used  man 
in  this  manner;  man  sees;  man  knows  ; 
"  man  brohte,"  man  brought,  that  is,  they 
brought.  Snxon. 

This  word  we  have  received  from  the  Latin 
through  the  Italian  and  French.  The 
same  word  from  our  Saxon  ancestors  we 
write  an. 

ONE-BERRY,  n.  wun'-herry.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Paris;  true  love.       Fam.  of  Plants. 

ONE-EYED,  a.  wun'-eyed.  Having  one  eye 
only.  Dn/den. 

ONEIRO€RIT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  oi't.poxptnxoj ; 
oi'ftpoK,  a  dream,  and  xpirixoj,  discerning.] 

An  interpreter  nf  dreams;  one  who  judges 
what  is  .signified  by  dreams. 

Jfarburton.    Addison. 

ONEIROCRIT'IC,  n.  The  art  of  interpret- 
ing dreams.  Jl'arburton. 

ONElROCRIT'l€,       }     Having  the pow- 

ONEIRO€RIT'ICAL,Va.er  of  interpret- 

ONIROCRIT'IC,  )     ing   dreams,    or 

pretending  to  judge  of  future  events  sig- 
nified by  dreams. 

My  oneirocrilical  correspondent. 

Addison. 

ONEIROM'ANCY,  n.  [Gr.  owtpov,  a  dream, 
and  /lorrfio,  divination.]  Divination  by 
dreams.  Spenser. 

ONEMENT,  n.  wun'ment.  State  of  being 
one.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Bp.  Hall. 

ONENESS,  n.  wun'ness.  [from  one.]  Sin- 
gleness in  number;  individuality;  unity; 
the  quality  of  being  one. 

Our  God  is  one,  or  rather  very  oneness. 

Hooker. 

ON'ERARY,  a.  [L.  oneraritts,  from  amis,  a 
load  ;  oncro,  to  load.] 


O  N  T 


O  P  A 


OPE 


I'ilted  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  bur- 
dens ;  coniprisiiig  a  burden. 

ON'ERATE,  f.  t.    [L.  ontro,  from  onus, 
burden.]     To  load  ;  to  bunleii. 

ONERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  loading. 

ON'EROUS,  a.  [L.  onerosns,  from  onus,  a 
load.]     Burdensome;  oppressive. 

Jlyliffe.     Burton 

'i.  In  Scots  Imc,  being  for  the  advantage  ofj 
both  parties  ;  as  an  onerous  contract ;  op- 
posed to  grattiitous. 

ONION,  »!.  un'yun.  [Ft.  ognon ;  Arm.  ou- 
ignoun  ;  Ir.  iiinnium.  In  W.  ceninen  is  a 
leek.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Allium ;  and  particu- 
larly, its  bulbous  root,  much  used  as  an 
article  of  food. 

ONKOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  oyxoj,  tumor,  and 
tifjivu,  to  cut.] 

In  surgery,  the  opening  of  a  tumor  or  ab- 
scess. Enci/c. 

ONLY,  a.  [Sax.  cenltc,  one-like.]  Hingle  : 
one  alone  ;  as,  John  was  the  only  man 
present. 

0.  This  and  no  other.     This  is  an  only  child. 
3.  This  above   all  others.     He   is  the  only 

man  for  music.  Johnson. 

ONLY,     adv.     Singly  ;  merely  ;  barely  ;  in 
one  manner  or  for  one  purpose  alone. 
I  purpose  my  thoughts  only  as  conjectures. 

Bvrncl. 

And  to  be  loved  himself,  needs  only  to  he 

known.  Drydcn. 

2.  This  and  no  other  wise. 

Every   imaginatiou    of  tlie   Uioughts   of  his 
heart  was  otily  evil  contimially.     Gen.  vi. 

3.  Singly  ;  without  more  ;  as  on/y-begotten. 
ON'OMANCY,   )!.    [Gr.   o.o^ua,  name,   and 

fiavtim,   divination.]      Divination   by   the 

letters  of  a  name. 

Destinies  were  superstiliously,  by  nnomanry, 

deciphered  out  of  mimes.  Camden. 

ONOMAN'TIC,        I    „       Predicting       by 
ONOMAN'TIeAL,  \    "'      names,    or    the 

letters  composing  names.  Cmnden.i 

ON'OMATOPE,  !^  [Gr.    cofmrortocK*  ;' 

ON'OM ATOPY,  S    "■    of'op^a,    name,    and 

rtoifu),  to  make.] 

1.  In  grammar  and  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which 
words' ai'e  formed  to  resemble  the  sound 
made  by  the  thing  signified ;  as,  to  btnz, 
as  bees ;  to  crackle,  as  burning  thorns  or 
brush.  jEncyc. 

'2.  A  word  whose  sound  corresponds  to  the 
sound  of  the  thing  signified. 

ON'SET,  n.  [on  and  set.]  A  rushing  or  set- 
ting upon  ;  a  violent  attack  ;  assault  ;  a 
storming;  appropriately,  the  assault  of  an 
army  or  body  of  troops  upon  an  enemy  or 
a  fort. 

The  sliout 
Of  battle  now  began  and  rushing  sound 
0[  ousel.  Mllon. 

%  An  attack  of  any  kind  ;  as  the  impetuous 
onse<  of  grief.  Philips. 

ON'SET,  V.  t.  To  assault ;  to  begin.  [JVol 
used.]  Carew. 

ONSLAUGHT,  n.  on'slaitt.  [on  and  slay.] 
Attack  ;  storm  ;  onset.     [JVbt  used.] 

Hudibras. 

ONTOLOG'IC,        }      [See  Ontology.]  Pcr- 

ONTOLOG'l€AL,  ^  "•  taining  to  the  science 
of  being  in  jjeneral  and  its  affections. 

ONTOL'OgIST,  ».  One  who  treats  of  or 
considers  the  nature  and  qualities  of  being 
in  tcncral. 

Vol.  11. 


ONTOL'OgY,  71.  [Gr.  otfa,  from  .i^t,  and 
>.oyoi,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  the  science  of  metaphysics 
which  investigates  and  explains  the  nature 
and  essence  of  all  beings,  tiieir  quaUties 
and  attributes.  Encyc. 

ON'WAHD,  adv.  [Sax.  ondward,andu>eard; 
on  and  veard,  I<.  versits.] 

1.  Toward  the  point  before  or  in  front ;  for- 
ward ;  progressively ;  in  advance  ;  as,  to 
move  onivard. 

Not  one  looks  backward,  onward sliW  he  goes. 

Pope. 

2.  In  a  state  of  advanced  progression. 

3.  A  little  further  or  forward. 
ON'WARD,  a.  Advanced  or  advancing;  as 

an  onward  course. 

2.  Increased  ;  improved.  Sidney. 

3.  (Jonducting  ;  leading  forward  to  perfec- 
tion. Home. 

ON'Y€HA,  n.  [from  Gr.  omjJ.]  Supposed 
to  bn  the  odoriferous  shell  of  the  onyx- 
fish,  or  the  onyx.     Ex.  xxx. 

ON'YX,  n.  [Gr.  oirS,  a  nail,  L.  onyx.]  A 
-semi-pellucid  gem  with  variously  colored 
zones  or  veins,  a  variety  of  chalcodony. 

Encyc.     J'l/'icholson. 

O'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  uoi',  an  egg,  and  xiffos 
stone,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  roes 
of  fish.] 

Egg-stone,  a  variety  of  concreted  carbonate 
of  lime;  oviform  lhii(;stonc.  Jameson. 

OOZE,  r.  i.  ooz.   [The  origin  of  this  word  is 

not  easily  ascertained.  In  Eth.  dTfhH 
signifies  to  flow.  In  Amharic,  (D  H  0  sig- 
nifies to  sweat.  Ill  Ethiopic,  (D6A  -si^ 
nifies  to  issue,  to  come  or  go  out,  and  this 
is  tlie  Heb.  NX'.  In  Sax.  tva:s  is  water,  G. 
vasser.  These  words  seem  to  be  nearly 
allied.     See  Issue.] 

To  flow  gently  ;  to  ])ercoIate,  as  a  liquid 
through  the  ])ores  of  a  substance,  or 
through  small  openings.  Water  oozes 
from  the  earth  and  through  a  filter. 

The  latent  rill,   scarce   oozing   through  the 
grass.  Thotnson. 

OOZE,  n.  Soft  mud  or  slime  ;  earth  so  wet 
as  to  flow  gently  oreasily  yield  to  pressure. 

Carew. 

3.  Soft  flow  ;  spring.  Prior, 

3.  The  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 

OOZ'ING,  ppr.  Flowing  gently;  percola- 
ting. 

OOZY,  a.  Miry;  containing  soft  mud; 
resembling  ooze  ;  as  the  oozy  bed  of  a 
river.  Pope. 

O'PACATE,  V.  t.  [L.  opaco.]  To  shade  ;  to 
darken  ;  to  obscure ;  to  cloud.  [J^Tot  used.] 

Boyle. 

OPACITY,!!,  [h.  opacitas.]  Opakeness ; 
the  quality  of  a  body  which  renders  it 
impervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  want  of 
transparency.  Opacity  may  exist  in  bod- 
ies of  any  color. 

2.  Darkness;  obscurity.  Glanville. 

OPA'€OL'S,  a.  [L.  opacus.]  Not  jiervious 
to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  transparent. 

2.  Dark ;  obscure.     [See  Opake.] 

OPA'COUSNESS,  n.  Imperviousness  to 
light.  Evelyn. 

O'PAH,  J!.    A  fish   of  a  large  kind  with  a 

smooth  skin,  found  on  the  const  of  Guinea. 

Diet.  J\at.  Hist. 

OPA'KE,  a.  [L.  opacus;  Fr.  opaque.]  Im- 
pervious to  the  rays  of  light ;  nottranspa- 

26 


I     rent.     [This  is  the  word  noio generally  xised.] 

\     Chalk  is  an  opake  substance. 

2.  Dark ;  obscure. 

OPAKENESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
impervious  to  light ;  want  of  transparen- 
cy ;  opacity. 

O'PAL,  71.  [L.  opalus  or  opalum.]  A  stone 
of  the  silicious  genus,  and  of  several  vari- 
eties. It  is  one  of  tlie  most  beautiful  of 
this  genus,  by  reason  of  its  changcable- 
ness  of  color  by  reflection  and  refraction. 
Kirwan  distributes  opals  into  four  fami- 
lies, opal,  semi-opal,  pitch  stone  [f^ech- 
stein,]  and  ligniform.  Jameson  divides 
opal  into  seven  kinds. 

Encyc:    Kinvan.     JVicholion. 

Opal    is    a    subspecies    of  iiulivisible 

quartz.  fre. 

OPALES'CENCE,  7i.  A  colored  shining 
luster  reflected  from  a  single  spot  in  a 
mineral.  It  is  sometimes  simple  and  sonic- 
times  stellar. 

OPALESCENT,  a.  Re.sembling  opal ;  re- 
flecting a  colored  luster  from  a  single 
spot.  Kirwan. 

O'PALINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  opal. 

O'PALIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  to  resemble  opal ; 
as  opalized  wood.  Cleaveland. 

OPAQUE.     [See  Opahe.] 

OPAQUENESS.     [Sec  Opakeness.] 

OPE,  o.  Open.     Obs. 

OPE,  v.  t.  To  open  ;  used  only  in  poetry, 
and  probably  a  contracted  word. 

OPEN,  a.  o'pn.  [Sa.x.  D.  ojien;  G.  offen ; 
Sw.  open  ;  Dan.  aaben.] 

1.  Unclosed  ;  not  shut ;  as,  the  gate  is  open ; 
an  o;7C7i  door  or  window ;  an  open  book ; 
open  eyes. 

2.  Spread  ;  expanded.  He  received  his  son 
with  open  arms. 

3.  Unsealed  ;  as  an  open  letter. 

4.  Not  shut  or  fast ;  as  an  open  hand. 

5.  Not  covered ;  as  the  open  air ;  an  open 
vessel. 

6.  Not  covered  with  trees ;  clear ;  as  an 
open  country  or  field. 

7.  Not  stopped  ;  as  an  open  bottle. 

8.  Not  fenced  or  obstructed  ;  as  an  open 
road. 

9.  Not  frosty  ;  warmer  than  usual  ;  not 
freezing  severely  ;  as  an  open  winter. 

An  open  and  warm  winter  portenUeth  a  hot 
and  diy  summer.  Bacon. 

.Tobnson  interprets  opeit,  in  this  passage, 
by  not  cloudy,  not  gloomy.  I  think  the 
definition  wrong.  In  .America,  an  open 
winter  is  one  in  which  the  earth  is  not 
bound  with  frost  and  covered  with  snow. 

10.  Public ;  before  a  court  and  its  suitors. 
His  testimony  was  given  in  open  court. 

11.  Admitting  all  persons  without  restraint ; 
free  to  all  comers.  He  keeps  open  house 
at  the  election. 

12.  Clear  of  ice  ;  as,  the  river  or  the  harbor 
is  open. 

13.  Plain;  apparent;  evident;  public;  not 
secret  or  concealed  ;  as  an  open  declara- 
tion ;  open  avowal ;  open  shame ;  o;7f!i 
defiance.  The  nations  contend  in  open 
war  or  in  open  arms. 

14.  Not  wearing  disguise  ;  frank  ;  sincere ; 
unreserved  ;  candid  ;  artless. 

He  was  held  a  man  open  and   of  good  faiUi. 

Bacon. 
His  generous,  open,  undesigning  heart. 

.AddUon. 


OPE 


OPE 


OPE 


15.  Not  clouded  ;  not  contracted  or   frown 
ill"  ;  having  an  air  of  frankness  and  sin- 
cerity ;  as  an  open  look. 

With  aspect  open  shall  erect  his  head. 

Pope 

16.  Not  hidden;  exposed  to  view. 

We  are  to  exercise  our  thoughts  and  lay  open 
the  treasures  of  divine  truth.  Burnet 

17.  Ready  to  hear  or  receive  what  is  oft'er- 
ed. 

His  ears  are  open  to  their  cry.     Ps.  xxxiv. 

18.  Free  to  be  employed  for  redress  ;  not 
restrained  or  denied  ;  not  precluding  any 
person. 

The  law  is  open.     Acts  xix. 
10.  Exposed  ;    not   jirotectcd  ;  without   de- 
fense.    The  country   is   open  to  invaders. 
— Hath  left  me  open  to  all  injuries.        Shak. 
1Q.  Attentive:  employed  in  inspection. 

Thine  eyes  are  open  upon  all  the  ways  of  the 
sons  of  men —    Jer.  xxxii. 
21.  Clear;  unobstructed;  as  an  open  view. 
23.  Unsettled ;  not  balanced   or  closed  ;  as 
an  open  account. 

Open  accounts  between  merchants. 

Johnson")!  Rep. 

23.  Not  closed  ;  free  to  be  debated ;  as  a 
([ue.stion  open  for  discussion. 

24.  In  music,  an  open  note  is  that  which  a 
string  is  tuned  to  produce.  Bushy. 

OPEN.  V.  I.  o'pn.  [Sax.  optnian  ;  D.  open- 
en;  G.offnen;  Sw.   opna  ;  Dan.  aabner; 

Ar.  •  Ij.     Class  Bn.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  unclose;  to  unbar;  to  unlock;  to  re- 
move any  fastening  or  cover  and  set  open  ; 
as,  to  open  a  door  or  gate ;  to  open  a  desk. 

2.  To  break  the  seal  of  a  letter  and  unfold  it. 

3.  To  separate  parts  that  are  close ;  as,  to 
open  the  lips  ;  to  open  the  mouth  or  eyes 
or  eyelids  ;  to  open  a  book. 

4.  To  remove  a  covering  from  ;  as,  to  open  a 
pit. 

5.  To  cut  through  ;  to  perforate ;  to  lance 
as,  to  open  the  skin  ;  to  open  an  abscess. 

(3.  To  break;  to  divide;  to  split  or  rend  ;  as, 
the  earth  was  oprned  in  many  places  by 
an  earthquake ;  a  rock  is  opened  by  blast 
ing. 

7.  To  clear ;  to  make  by  removing  obstruc 
tions  ;  as,  to  open  a  road  ;  to  open  a  i)ass- 
age;  the  heat  of  spring  opens  rivers  bound 
with  ice. 

8.  To  spread :  to  expand ;  as,  to  open  the 
hand. 

9.  To  unstop ;  as,  to  open  a  bottle. 

10.  To  begin  ;  to  make  the  first  exhibition. 
The  attorney  general  opens  the  cause  on 
the  part  of  the'^king  or  the  state.  Homer 
opens  his  poem  with  the  utmost  simplicity 
and  inodestv. 

11.  To  show";  to  bring  to  view  or  knowl- 
edge. 

The  English  did   adventure   far  to   open  the 
north  parts  of  America.  Abbot. 

12.  To  interpret ;  to  explain. 

— While   he    opened  to   us   the  Scriptures 
Luke  xxiv. 

13.  To  reveal;  to  disclose.  He  opened  his 
mii.d  very  freely. 

14.  To  make  liberal ;  as,  to   open  the  heart 

15.  To  make  the  first  discharge  of  artillery 
as,  to  open  a  heavy  fire  on  the  enemy. 

Ifi.  To  enter  on  or  begin  ;  as,  to  opeii  a  ne- 
gotiation or  correspondence  ;  to  open  i 
trade  with  the  Indies. 


17.  To  begin  to  see  by  the  reinoval  of  some- 
thing that  intercepted  the  view ;  as,  we 
sailed  round  the  point  and  opened  the  har- 
bor. 
OPEN,  V.  i.  o'pn.  To  unclose  itself;  to  be 
unclosed  ;  to  be  parted. 

The  earth  opened  and  swallowed  up  Dathan, 
and  covered  the  company  of  Abiram.  Ps.  cvi. 
To  begin  to  a|)pear.  As  we  sailed  round 
the  point,  the  harbor   opened  to  our  view. 

3.  To  conunence ;  to  begin.     Sales  of  stock 
opened  at  par. 

4.  To  hark  ;  a  term  in  hunting 
OPENED,  pp.  o'pned.  Unclosed;  unbarred;' 

unsealed ;  uncovered  ;  revealed  ;  disclos- 
ed ;  made  plain  ;  freed  from   obstruction. 
OPENER,  n.  o'pner.  One  that  opens  or  re- 
moves any  fastening  or  covering.     Milton. 

2.  One  that  explains ;  an  interpreter. 
'  Shak. 

3.  That  which  separates ;  that  wliich  rends. 

Boyle 

4.  An  aperient  in  medicine. 
OPENEYED,  fl.  o'pneyed.  Watchful ;  vigi- 
lant. Shak. 

OPENIIANDED,    a.    o'pnhanded.     Gener 
ous;  liberal;  munificent.  Rowc. 

OPENHE'ARTED,  a.  o'pnhdrted.  Candid; 
frank  ;  generous.  Dryden. 


OPENHE  ARTEDLY,    adv.    With  frank 
ness  ;  without  reserve. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

OPENIIEARTEDNESS,  ji.  Frankness; 
candor;  sincerity;  munificence;  geiieros 
ity.  Johnson. 

OPENING,    ppi:  o'pning.   Unclosing  ;   un 
sealing  ;    uncovering  ;    revealing  ;   inter- 
preting. 

OPENING,  n.o'pning.  A  breach;  an  aper 
lure  ;  a  hole  or  perforation. 

2.  A  place  admitting  entrance ;  as  a  bay  or 
creek. 

3.  Dawn  ;  first  appearance  or  visibleness  ; 
beginning  of  exhibition  or  discovery. 

The  opening  of  your  glory  was  like  that  of 

light.  Dryden. 

OPENLY,   adv.    o'pnly.    Publicly  ;    not   in 

private  ;  without  secrecy  ;  as,  to  avow  our 

sins  and  follies  openly. 

How  grossly  and  openly  do  njany  of  us  con- 
tradict the  precepts  of  tlie  gospel  l.y  our  ungod- 
liness and  wojidly  lusts  !  TiUotson. 

2.  Plainly  ;  evidently  ;  without  reserve  or 
disguise. 

OPENMOUTHED,  a.  b'pnmouthed.  Gree- 
dy ;  ravenous ;  clamorous  ;  as  an  6pen- 
mouthed  lion.  L'E.st range. 

OPENNESS,  Ji.  o'pnness.  Freedom  from 
covering  or  obstruction  ;  as  the  openness 
of  a  country. 

Plainness;  clearness;  freedom  from  ob- 
scurity or  ambiguity  ;  as,  deliver  your  an- 
swers with  more  openness.  Shak. 

3.  Freedom  from  disguise  ;  unrescrvedness; 
plainness.  Felton 

4.  Expression  of  frankness  or  candor  ;  as 
openness  of  countenance. 

5.  Ifnusual  mildness;  freedom  front  snow 
and  frost ;  as  the  openness  of  a  winter. 

OPERA,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Fr.  from  L.  opera. 
work,  labor.] 

A  dramatic  composition  set  to  nuisic  and 
sung  on  the  stage,  accompanied  with  nni- 
sical  instruments  and  enriched  with  mag- 
nificent dresses,  machines,  daucing,  &c. 

Encyc 


OP'ERABLE,  a.   Practicable.     [Xot  used.] 

Brouin. 

pP'ERANT,  n.  [See  Operate.]  Havingpow- 
er  to  produce  an  eftect.  [Not  used.  We 
now  use  operative.]  Sltak. 

OP'ERATE,   t'.  i.    [L.  operor ;  Sp.  operar ; 

Fr.   operer  ;  Eth.  T tI ^  gaber,  to  make, 

do,  form  or  ordain  ;  deriv.  T  T 11 4  tagabar, 
to  work,  to  operate,  to  labor,  to  till;  W. 
goberu,  to  operate ;  Arm.  ober  or  gober, 
to  make;  ober  or  euffr,  work;  Ir.  obair; 
Sp.  Port,  oira  ;  Fr.  eeuvre,  ouvrage.  The 
corresponding  verb  in  Hebrew  and  Chal- 
dee,  lij  signifies  to  be  strong,  to  prevail, 
and  in  Arabic,  to  bind  fast,  to  consoUdate,. 
to  repair.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain 
or  press,  to  exert  force.  Class  Br.  No. 
14.] 
1.  To  act ;  to  exert  power  or  strength,  phys- 
ical or  mechanical.  External  bodies  ope- 
rate on  animals  by  means  of  perception. 
Sound  operates  upon  the  auditory  nerves 
through  the  medium  of  air.  MedicineB 
operate  on  the  body  by  inoreasiug  or  di- 
minishing organic  action. 

To  act  or  produce  efiect  on  the  mind  ;  to 
exert  moral  power  or  influence.  Motives 
operate  on  the  mind  in  determining  the 
judgment.  Examples  operate  in  produ- 
cing imitation. 

The  virtues  of  private  persons  operate  but  oa 

a  few —  Mterbury. 

A  plain  convincing   reason   operates  on  the 

iidnd  both  of  a   learned  and  an  ignorant  hearer 

as  long  as  he  lives.  Swi/t. 

3.  In  surgery,  to  perform  some  manual  act 
in  a  methodical  manner  upon  a  human 
body,  and  usually  with  instruments,  with 
a  view  to  restore  soundness  or  health  ;  as 
in  amputation,  lithotomy  and  the  like. 

4.  To  act  ;  to  have  agency  ;  to  produce  any 
eftl'Ct. 

OP'ERATE,  v.t.  To  effect;  to  produce  by 
agency. 

'I  he  same  cause   would  operate  a  diminutioa 
of  (he  value  of  stock —  Hamilton. 

[This  use  is  not  fretjuc}}t,and  can  hardly 
be  said  to  be  well  authorized.] 
OPERAT'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to   the  ope- 
ra ;  a  ivord  used  by  musicians.  Busby. 
OP'ERATING,  ppr.  Acting  ;  exerting  agen- 
cy  or  power ;  performing  some   manual 
act  in  surgery. 
OPERA'TION,  n.  [h.  operatio.]  The  act  or 
process   of  operating  ;  iigency  ;  the  exer- 
tion  of  power,  physical,  mechanical   or 
moral. 

Speculative  painting  w  ithout  the  assistance 
of  manual  operation,  can  never  attain  to  per- 
fection. Dryden. 
The  pain  and  sickness  caused  by  manna  are 
the  etl'ects  of  its  operation  on  the  stomach. 

Locke. 
So  we  sjieak  of  the  o/jcrn/iO);  of  motives, 
reasons  or  arguments   on   the  mind,   the 
operation  of  causes,  &c. 
Action ;  effect. 
Many  medicinal  drugs  of  rare  operation. 

Heylin. 
Process;  manipulation;  series  of  acts  in 
experiments  ;  as  in  chimistry  or  metallur- 
gy. 

In  surgery,  any  methodical  action  of  tho 
hand,  or  of  the  hand  with  instruments,  on 
the  human  body,  with  a   \  icw  to  heal  a 


O  P  H 


O  P  I 


O  P  I 


part  diseased,  fractured  or  dislocated,  as 
in  amputation,  &c. 

5.  Action  or  movements  of  an  army  or  fleet ; 
as  military  or  naval  operations. 

G.  Movements  of  niacliinery. 

7.  Movements  of  any  pliysical  body. 

OP'ERATIVE,  a.  Having  the  powcrof  act- 
ing ;  exerting  force,  physical  or  moral; 
having  or  exerting  agency  ;  active  in  the 
production  of  effects. 

In  actions   of  religion  we  should  be  zealous, 

active  and  operative,  so   far  as  prudence   will 

permit.  Taylor 

It  holds  iu  all  operative  principles,  especially 

in  morality.  South. 

2.  Efficacious;  producing  the  effect. 

OP'ERATOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  ope- 
rates ;  lie  or  that  wliicli  produces  an  ef- 
fect. 

2.  In  surgert/,  the  person  who  performs  some 
act  upon  tiie  human  body  by  means  of  the 
hand,  or  with  instruments ;  as  a  sl;illful  op- 
erator. 

OPER'€nLATR,     )      [L.operciilatiisjmm 

OPER'€ULATED,  S  ""  operio,  to  cover.]  In 
botany,  having  a  lid  or  cover,  as  a  capsule- 

Marlyn 

OPER'CL'LlFORM,/f.  [L.  operculum,  a  lid, 
and  form.]  Having  tlie  form  of  a  lid  or 
cover.  -^V/y, 

OPERO'SE,  a.  [L.  operosus,  from  opera 
operor.] 

Laborious ;  attended  with  labor ;  tedious. 

Burnet. 

OPERO'SENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
laborious.  More 

O'PETIDE,  n.  [ope  and  tide.]  The  ancient 
time  of  marriage,  from  Epipliany  to  Ash- 
Wednesday.  J}p.  Hall. 

OPHID'IAN,  a.  [Gr.  oti?,  a  serpent,]  Per- 
taining to  serpents  ;  designating  an  order 
of  vertebral  animals  destitute  of  feet  or  fins. 

OPHID'ION,  11.  [Gr.  from  0^15,  a  serpent.]  A 
fish  of  the  anguilliform  kind,  resembling  the 
common  eel,  but  sirortcr,  more  de]iressed 
and  of  a  paler  color;  found  in  the  j\lediter- 
ranean.  Did.  A'at.  Hist. 

OPHIOLOO'IC,        I      Pertaining  to  ophi- 

OPHIOLOG'ICAL,  I  "■  olon  V. 

OPHIOL'OgIST,  n.  One  versed  iu  the  nat- 
ural history  of  serpents. 

OPHIOL'OOY,  n.  [Gr.  oifij,  serpent,  and 
Myo5,  discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  whicli  treats  of 
serpents,  or  which  arranges  and  describes 
the  several  kinds.  Ed.  Encyc. 

OPHIOM'ANCY,  n.  [Gr.  o^nj,  a  serpent, 
and  /uovrtia,  divination.] 

In  antiquity,  the  art  of  divining  or  predicting 
events  by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of 
eating  or  by  their  coils.  Encyc. 

OPHIOMORPH'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  o^is  and 
fiop4»;,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  ser- 
pent. Ray. 

OPHIOPH'AGOUS,  a.  [Gr.  o^i;,  a  serpent, 
and  ifayu,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  feeding  on 
serpents.  Brou'n. 

OPHITE,  a.  [Gr.  0^1,-,  a  serpent.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  serpent.  Holwell. 

OPHITE,  n.  [Gr.  oifi;,  a  serpent,  wlience 

oij)i*)-5,  a  stone  spotted  like  a  serpent.] 
Green  ])orphyry,  or  serpentine  ;  a  variety  of 
greenstone  of  a  dusky  green  color  of  dif- 
ferent  shades,  sprinkled   with  .•^pots  cf  a 


lighter  green  ;  in  other  words,  containing  OPI'NIXG,  ppr.  Thinking.     Ohs 
■     ""■■  OPI'NING,  »i.  Opinion;  notion. 


greenish  white  crystals  of  feldspar. 

Ckaveland. 
OPHIU'CHUS,  n.   [Gr.  o<)>iov;to; ;  o^mj,  a  ser- 
pent, and  fj;w,  to  have.] 
A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Milton. 
OPHTHAL'Mie,  a.  [See  Ophthalmy.]  Per- 
taining to  the  eye. 
OPHTHALMOSCOPY,    n.    [Gr.  otSoX^oj, 

the  eye,  and  axonno,  to  view.] 
A   branch  of  iihysiognomy   which  deduces 
the   knowledge  of  a   man's   temper   andj 
manner  from  tlic  appearance  of  the  eyes.' 

Encyc. 
OPHTHALMY,    n.     [Gr.   o4i9oX/«o,    from 

o^9a.7.fj.os,  the  eye.] 
A  disease  of  the  eyes ;  an  inflammation  of 
llie  membranes  which  invest  the  eye 

Encyc. 
Inflammation  of  the  eye  or  its  appenda 
ges.  Good. 

O'PIATE,  n.  [from  oyiiiuii.]  Primarily,  a 
medicine  of  a  thicker  consistence  than 
sirup,  prepared  with  npium.  Encyc. 

A  soft  electuary. 
Electuaries  «hen  soft  are  called  opiata. 

Parr. 
But  in  modern  usage  generally, 

2.  Any  medicine  tliat  has  the  quality  of  in- 
ducing sleep  or  repose  ;  a  narcotic. 

Encyc. 
.3.  That  which  induces  rest  or  inaction  ;  that 
which  quiets  uneasiness. 

They  chose  atheism  as  an  opiate.       Bentley 

O'PIATE,  a.  Inducing  sleep;  soporiferous  ; 

somniferous ;  narcotic.  Bacon 

3.  Causing  rest  or  inaction.  Milton. 
OPIF'ICER,  n.  [L.  opifex ;  opus,  work,  and 

fijcio,  to  do.] 

One  who  iicrforms  any  work.     [Jy/ol  used.] 

Bentley. 

OPI'NABLE,  0.  [L.  opinor.]  That  may  be 
thought.     [.Xot  tiscd.]  Did. 

OPINA'TIO.X,  n.  Act  of  thinking;  opinion 
[Xot  used.]  Did. 

OPIN'ATIVE,    a.    Stift"  in  opinion.     [M)t 
sed.]  Burton. 

OPINA'TOR,  n.  One  fond  of  his  own  opin- 
ions ;  one  who  holds  an  opinion.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Glanville. 

OPI'NE,  t'.  i'.  [L.  opinor.]  To  think  ;  to  sup- 
pose.    Obs.  South 

OPI'NED, /I/).   Thought ;  conceived.     Obs. 

OPI'NER,  11.  One  who  thinks  or  holds  an 
opinion.     Obs.  Taylor. 

OPINIAS'TER,       }      [Fr.  opinidtre.]   Vn- 

OPINIAS'TROUS,  Sa.  duly     attached    to 

OPINIA'TRE,  )  one's  own  opinion, 
or  stiff  in  adhering  to  it.     Obs.       Raleigh. 

OPIN  lATE,  v.t.  To  maintain  one's  opin- 
ion with  obstinacy.     Obs.  Barrow. 

OPINTATED,  a.  Unduly  attached  to  one's 

]     own  opinions.  Shen^tone. 

lOPINIA'TER,   a.    Stiff  in   opinion ;  obsti- 


nate.    Obs. 


Obs. 
Taylor. 
OPINION,  n.  opin'yon.  [Fr.  id. ;  L.  opinio, 
from   opinor,  to  think,  Gr.  ertivotu  ;  or  Ar. 

i\    abana,  to   think,   to  suspect.    The 

primary  sense  is  to  set,  to  fbc  in  the  mind, 
as  in  L.  siippoiio.] 

1.  The  judgment  which  the  mind  forms  of 
any  propo.sition,  statement,  theory  orcvent, 
the  truth  or  falsehood  of  which  is  support- 
ed by  a  degree  of  evidence  that  renders  it 
probable,  but  does  not  produce  absolute 
knowledge  or  certainty.  It  has  been  a 
received  opinion  thut  all  matter  is  com- 
prised in  four  elements.  This  opinion  is 
proved  by  many  discoveries  to  bo  false. 
From  circumstances  wo  form  opinions 
respecting  future  events. 

Opinion  is  when  the  assent  of  the  under- 
standing is  so  far  gained  Iiy  evidence  of  proba- 
bility, that  it  rather  inclines  to  one  persuasion 
than  to  anotliei,  yet  not  without  a  mixture  of 
uncertainty  or  doubting.  Hale. 

2.  Tlie  judgment  or  sentiments  which  the 
mind  forms  of  persons  or  their  qualities. 
We  speak  of  a  good  opinion,  a  favorahio 
opinion,  a  bud  opinion,  a  private  opinion, 
and  public  or  general  opinion,  S^c. 

Friendship  gives  a  man  a  peculiar  right  anil 
claim  to  tlie  good  opinion  of  his  friend. 

South. 

3.  Settled  judgment  or  persuasion ;  as  re- 
ligious opinions ;  political  opinion. 

4.  Favorable  judgment ;  estimation. 
In  actions  of  arms,  small  matters  are  of  great 

moment,  esjiecially  when  tliey  serve  to  raise  au 

opinion  of  commanders.  Hayward. 

However,  I  have  no  opinion  of  these  things — 

Bacon. 

OPIN'ION,  v.t.  To  think.     [Xot  used.] 

Brown. 

OPINTONATE,     )      Stiffinojiinion  ;lirm- 
OPIN'IOi\ATED,  ^  "' ly  or  unduly  adher- 
ing to  one's  own   opinion  ;  obstinate   in 
opinion.  Bedell. 

OPINTONATELY,  adf.  Obstinately;  con- 
ceitedly. Feltham. 

OPIN'IONATIVE,  o.  Fond  of  preconceiv- 
ed notions ;  unduly  attached  to  one's  own 
opinions.  Burnet. 

OPIN'IONATIVELY,  adv.  With  undue 
fondness  for  one's  own  opinions ;  stub- 
bornly. 

OPIN'IONATIVENESS,  n.  Excessive  at- 
tachment to  one's  own  opinions  ;  obstinii- 
cy  in  opinion. 

OPIN'IONED,  a.  Attached  to  particular 
opinions ;  conceited.  South. 

OPIN'IONIST,  n.  One  fond  of  his  own  no- 
tions, or  one  unduly  attached  to  his  own 
opinions.  Glanville. 

OPIS'THODOME,  n.  [Gr.  oxiaSioj,  that  is 
behind,  and  bouof,  house.] 


OPIN'IATIVE,  a.  Very  stiff  in  adherence  to 
])reconceivcd  notions.  Sandys. 

i2.  Imaijiiied  ;  not  proved.  Glanvule. 

iOPl.N'i ATIVENESS,  n.  Undue  stiffness  in 
opinion.  Raleigh. 

OPINIA'TOR.  11.  One  unduly  attached  to 
his  own  opinion.     Obs. 

OPIN  lATRY,  n.  Unreasonable  attach- 
ment to  one's  own  notions  :  obstinacy  in 
opinions.     Ohs.  Brown. 


Barrow. 'In  Greece,  a  part  or  place  in  the  back  part  of 


MUford. 
Gr.  ojtior,  from  o«oj. 


a  house. 

OPIUM,  71.  [L.  o^iiuni; 
juice.] 

Opium  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  cap- 
sules of  the  papaver  soniniferuni,  or  somni- 
ferous white  poppy  with  which  the  fields 
in  Asia  Minor  are  sown,  as  ours  are  with 
wheat  and  rye.  It  flows  from  hicisions 
made  in  the  heads  of  the  plant,  and  the 
best  flows  from  the  first  incision.     It  is 


O  P  P 


O  P  P 


O  P  P 


imported  into  Europe  ami  America  from 
the  Levant  and  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
Iirought  in  cakes  or  masses  weigliing  from 
eight  ounces  to  a  pound.  It  is  heavy,  of  a 
dense  texture,  of  a  brownish  yellow  color, 
not  perfectly  dry,  but  easily  receiving  an|i 
impression  from  the  finger;  it  has  a  dead 
and  faint  smell,  and  its  taste  is  bitter  and 
acrid.  Opium  is  of  great  use  as  a  medi- 
cine. Hill.     Encyc. 

O'PLE-TREE,  n.  [L.  opulus.]  The  witch- 
hazel.     06s.  Jiinsworth. 

OPOBaL'SAM,  )!.  [L.  Gr.  orfo,-,  juice,  and 
balsamum.] 

The  balm  or  balsam  of  Gilead.  It  has  a  yel- 
lowish or  greenish  yellow  color,  a  warm 
bitterish  aromatic  taste,  and  an  acidulous 
fragrant  smell.  It  is  held  in  esteem  as  a 
medicine  and  as  an  odoriferous  unguent 
and  cosmetic.  The  shrub  or  tree  pro- 
ducing this  balsam  is  of  the  genus  Amyris, 
and  grows  spontaneously  in  Arabia  Felix. 

Encyc. 

OPODEL'DOC,  n.  The  name  of  a  plaster, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Mindererus  ; 
but  in  modern  usage, 

2.  A  saponaceous  camphorated  liniment ;  a 
solution  of  soap  in  ardent  spirits,  with  the 
addition  of  camphor  and  essential  oils. 

JVicholson. 

OPO'PANAX,  n.  [L.  ;  Gr.  0,105,  juice,  and 
rtai-ol,  a  plant.] 

\  gura-resin   of  a   tolerably   firm   texture, 
brought  in  loose  granules  or  drops,  some- 
times in  larger  masses.     This  substance  on 
the  outside  is  of  a  brownish   red   color 
with  specks  of  white,   and   within  of  a|i 
dusky  yellow  or  whitish  color.     It  has  ai 
strong  smell  and  an  acrid  taste.     It  is  ob-  | 
tained  Irom  the  roots  of  an  umbelliferous  j 
plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca  or  parsnop, 
and  is  broughl  from  Turkey  and  the  East 
Indies.  Encyc.     Parr. 

OPOS'SL'M,  n.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Didelphis.  It  has  a  prehensile  tail,  like 
some  of  the  monkeys,  and  is  distinguished 
by  a  pouch  or  false  belly,  in  which  it  pro- 
tects and  carries  its  young.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  other  species  of  the  genus, 
some  of  which  want  the  pouch. 

Encyc.     Ciivier. 

OP'PIDAN,  n.  [L.  oppidanus,  from  oppi- 
dum,  a  city  or  town.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
town.     [J\ot  used.]  Wood. 

3.  An  appellation  given  to  the  students  of 
Eton  school  in  England-  Mason. 

OP'PIDAN,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  town.  [.Vof 
wscrf.]  Howdl. 

OPPIG'NEPi.\TE,  V.  I.  [L.  oppigncro ;  oh 
and  pii^nero,  to  ploilge,  from  pignus, 
pledge.]  To  pledge  ;  to  pawn.  [N'ol  in 
Hit'.]  Bacon. 

UP'PILATE,  v.l.  [L.  oppilo;  oh  and  pilo, 
to  drive.] 

To  crowd  together;  to  fill  with  obstruc- 
tions. 

OPPILA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  filling  or 
crowding  togctlier ;  a  .stopping  by  re- 
dundant matter ;  obstructions,  particularly 
in  the  lower  intestines.      Encyc.     Harvey. 

OP'PILATIVE,  a.  [Vt.oppUalif.]  Obstruct- 
ive. Sherwood. 

OPPLE'TED,  a.  [h.  opplehis.]  Filled; 
crowded.     [.Vui  in  use.] 


OPPO'NE,  V.  t.  [L.  oppono ;  ob  and  /wno, 
to  put.]  To  oppose.   [JVotuscd.]   B.Jonson., 

OPPO'NENCY,  n.  [Sec  Opponent]  Thel 
opening  of  an  academical  disputation  ; 
the  proiiosition  of  objections  to  a  tenet ; 
an  exercise  for  a  degree.  [/  believe  not 
used  in  ..Imerica.]  Todd. 

OPPONENT,  a.  [L.  opponens,  oppono ;  ob 
and  pono,  to  set,  put  or  lay,  that  is,  to 
thrust  against;  Ileb.  Syr.  Ch.  Ar.  njl  to 
build,  that  is,  to  set,  io  found,  L.  fundo.] 
Tliat  opposes  ;  opposite ;  adverse.     Prior.' 

OPPO'NENT,  n.  One  that  opposes;  par-, 
ticularly,  one  that  opposes  in  controversy, 
disputation  or  argument.  It  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  person  that  begins  a  dis-: 
pute  by  raising  objections  to  a  tenet  or| 
doctrine,  and  is  correlative  to  defendant  or, 
respondent.  In  common  usage,  however, 
it  is  applicable  to  either  party  in  a  contro-j 
versy,  denoting  any  person  who  opposes 
another  or  his  cause.  Opponent  may 
sometimes  be  used  for  adversary,  and  for 
antagonist,  but  not  with  strict  propriety, 
as  the  word  does  not  necessarily  imply  en- 
mity nor  bodily  strife.  Nor  is  it  well  used 
in  the  sense  of  rival  or  competitor. 

OPPORTU'NE,  ff.  [L.  opportunus  ;  oh  and 
porto,  to  bear  or  bring  ;  jirobably  from  thci 
root  oCfero  or  porto,  to  bear.  The  sense  of 
the  verb  opporto,  would  be  to  bring  to  or 
upon.  See  Import,  Importune.  In  this 
and  all  words  of  like  signification,  the  pri-! 
mary  sense  is  to  fall,  come  or  bring  to. 
See  Lucl;,  Fortune,  Season.]  j 

Properly,  having  come  or  being  present  at  a 
proper  time;  hence,  seasonable;  timely;' 
well  timed.      It    agrees    with    seasonable 
rather   than   with  convenient,  though  the! 
sense  of  the  latter  may  be  included  in  it.     j 
Perhaps  in  view 
Of  Ihose  bright  confines,  wlieuce  with  neigh- 
boring arms,  1 
And  opportune  excursion,  we  may  chance     | 
Re-enter  heaven.                                    .Milton: 

OPPORTU'NELY,  adv.  Seasonably;  at 
a  time  favorable  for  the  purpose.  It  has 
been  applied  to  place,  as  well  as  to  time, 
but  its  proper  application  is  to  lime,  and, 
hence  it  accords  with  seasonably,  rather; 
than  with  conveniently. 

OPPORTU'NITY,  n.  [L.  opporlunitas.]  Fit 
or  convenient  time ;  a  time  favorable  for 
the  purpose:  suitable  time  combined  with 
other  favorable  circumstances.  Suitable- 
ness of  time  is  the  predominant  significa- 
tion, but  it  includes  generally  circum- 
stances of  place  and  other  conveniences; 
adapted  to  the  end  desired. 

A  wise  man  will  make  more  opportunities 
than  he  finds.  Bacon. 

I  had  an  opportunity  to   see  the   cloud  de- 
scend. Brown 
Neglect  no  opportunity  of  doing  good. 

.flllerbury 

2.  Convenient  means.  I  had  an  opportunity 
of  sending  the  letter,  or  no  opportunity  to 
send  it.  Opportunities  rarely  occur  or  fre- 
quently offer. 

OPPO'SAL,  n.  s  as  :.  0|>position.  [.Vol 
used.]  Herbert. 

OPPO'SE,  t>.  t.  8  as  :.  [Fr.  opposer ;  ob  and 
poser,  to  set ;  L.  oppono,  opposni.  It  is 
doubtful  whether  Vr. poser,  and  the  preter- 
it and  partic  iple  passive  of  the  Latin  vcrl 
belong  to  pono.    The  change  of  n  into  s  is 


unusual.     Two   different  verbs    may   be 
used,  as  in  'L.fero,tuli.     See  Pose.] 

To  set  against ;  to  put  in  oppposition, 
with  a  view  to  counterbalance  or  counter- 
vail, and  thus  to  hinder,  defeat,  destroy  or 
prevent  effect ;  as,  to  oppose  one  argument 
to  another. 

I  may  without  presumption  oppose  my  single 
opinion  to  his.  Locke 

To  act  against ;  to  resist,  either  by  physic- 
al means,  by  arguments  or  otlier  means. 
The  army  opposed  the  progress  of  the  ene- 
my, but  without  success.  Several  mem 
bers  of  the  house  strenuously  opposed  the 
bill,  but  it  passed. 

3.  To  check ;  to  resist  effectually.     The  ar- 
my was  not  able  to  oppose  the  progress  of 
the  enemy. 
To  place  in  front;  to  set  opposite.    ShaJ(. 

5.  To  act  against,  as  a  competitor. 

OPPO'SE,  V.  i.  s  as  ;.  To  act  adversely ; 
with  against ;  as,  a  servant  opposed  against 
the  act.     [jVoJ  used.]  Shak. 

2.  To  object  or  act  against  in  controversj'. 

Johnsmi. 

OPPO'SED,  pp.  Set  in  opposition  ;  resisted. 

2.  a.  Being  in  opposition  in  principle  or  in 
act;  adverse. 

Certain  characters  were  formerly  opposed  to  it 
federalist.  Jay. 
OPPO'SELESS,  a.  Not  to  be  opposed ;  ir- 
esistible.     [JVot  in  use.]  ^lak. 

OPPOSER,  n.  One  that  opposes;  an  op- 
ponent in  party,  in  principle,  in  controver- 
sy or  argument.  We  speak  of  the  oppo- 
sers  of  public  measures  ;  the  opposers  of 
ecclesiastical  discipline ;  an  opposer  of 
Christianity  or  of  orthodoxy. 
One  who  acts  in  opposition  ;  one  who  re- 
sists ;  as  an  opposer  of  law  or  of  the  exe- 
cution of  law. 

An  antagonist;  an  adversary;  an  enemy; 
a  rival. 
OP'POSITE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  oppositus.] 
Standing  or  situated  in  front ;  facing  ;  as 
an  edifice  opposite  to  the  Exchange. 
Brooklyn  lies  opposite  to  New  York,  or  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 
Adverse ;  repugnant. 

— Novels,  by  which  the  reader  is  misled  into 
another  sort  of  pleasure  opposite  to  that  de- 
signed in  an  epic  poem.  Dryden. 

3.  Contrary  ;  as  words  of  opposite  significa- 
tions ;  opposite  terms.  The  medicine  had 
an  effect  opposite  to  what  was  expected. 

4.  In  botany,  growing  in  pairs,  eacli  pair  de- 
cussated or  crossing  that  above  and  below 
it;  as  opposite  leavci  or  branches. 

Martyn. 

OP'POSITE,  Ji.  An  opponent;  an  adver- 
sary; aiieneiriy  ;  an  antagonist. 

Shak.     Dryden. 
3.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrary. 
OP'POSITELY,  futv.  In  front;  in  a  situa- 
tion to  face  each  other.  Grew. 
9-  Adversely  ;  against  each  other. 

Winds  from  all  quarters  oppositely  blow. 

.Hay. 
OP'POSITENESS,  )!.  The  state  of  being 

opposite  or  contrary. 
OPPOSITIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  oppo»itus&nA 

folium,  a  leaf] 
In  botany,  opposite  to  the  leaf;  as  an  opposi- 
tifolious  peduncle.  Lee. 

OPPOSP'TION,  n.  [L.  opposiiio.]  Situa- 
tion 50  as  to  front  something  else  ;  a  stand- 


O  P  P 


O  P  T 


O  R 


ing  over  against ;  as  the  opposition  of  two 
mountains  or  buildings. 

2.  The  act  of  opposing ;  attempt  to  check, 
restrain  or  defeat.  He  nialtes  opposition 
to  tlie  measure ;  the  bill  passed  without 
opposition.  Will  any  opposition  be  made 
to  the  suit,  to  the  claim  or  demand.' 

^.  Obstacle.  The  river  meets  with  no  op- 
position in  its  course  to  the  ocean. 

■1.  Resistance;  as  tlie  o/j/jo^iVin/i  of  enemies. 
Virtue  wdl  break  tliiouftli  all  opposition. 

5.  Contrariety;  repugnance  in  i)rinciple;  as 
the  opposition  of  the  heart  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

C.  Contrariety  of  interests,  measures  or  de- 
signs. Tlie  two  parties  are  in  opposition 
to  each  otlu.r. 

7.  Contrariety  or  diversity  of  meaning;  as 
one  term  used  in  opposition  to  another. 

8.  Contradiction  ;  inconsistency.  Locke. 

9.  The  collective  body  of  opposers;  in  Eng- 
land, the  party  in  Parliament  which  o[)- 
poses  the  ministry;  in  America,  the  par- 
ty that  opposes  the  existing  administra- 
tion. 

10.  In  astronom;/,  the  situation  of  two 
heavenly  bodies,  when  distant  from  each 
olher  180  detriees.  » 

Ori'OSl"T10:,'lST,  n.  One  that  belongs  to 
the  party  opposing  the  admini-itration. 

Ol'I'OS  ri'IVK,  a.  That  may  be  put  in  o].- 
position.  Hull. 

OPPRliiSS',  v.i.  [Fr.  opinrsser ;  L.  oppris- 
sus,  from  opprimo  ;  ob  and  /;remo,  to  press.] 

1.  To  load  lU"  burden  with  uiueasonabh!  im- 
positions; to  treat  with  unjust  severity, 
rigor  or  hardship;  as,  to  oppress  a  nation 
with  taxes  or  coTitributions ;  to  oppress 
one  by  compelling  him  to  perform  unreas- 
onable service. 

2.  To  overpower  ;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  be 
oppressed  with  grief 

3.  To  sit  or  lie  heavy  on ;  as,  excess  of  food 
oppresses  the  stomach. 

OPPRESS'ED,  pp.  Burdened  with  unreas- 
onable impositions ;  overpowered  ;  over 
burdened ;  depressed. 

OPPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Overburdening. 

OPPRES'SJON,  n.  The  act  of  oppressing; 
the  imposition  of  unreasonable  burdens 
either  in  ta.xes  or  services;  cruelty;  se- 
verity. 

'i.  The  state  of  being  oppressed  or  overbur- 
dened ;  misery.  Shak 
The  Lord — saw  the  oppression  of  Israel.  2 
Kings  xiii. 

;).  Hardship  ;  calamity.  Addison 

A.  Depression;  dullness  of  spirits  ;  lassitude 
of  body.  Arbitthnot. 

5.  A  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight  in  the 
breast,  &c. 

OPPRESSIVE,  a.   Unreasonably  burden 
some  ;  unjustly  severe  ;  as  oppressive  taxes ; 
oppressive  exactions  of  service. 

2.  Tyrannical ;    as  an    oppressive   govern 
ment. 

3.  Heavy;  overpowering;  overwhelming, 
as  oppressive  grief  or  wo. 

OPPRESS'IVEl.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
oppress  ;  with  unreasonable  severity. 

Burke. 

OPPRESS'IVENESS,  n.  The  quality  ofl 
being  oppressive. 

OPPRESS'OR,  n.  One  that  oppresses ;  one 
that  imposes  unjust  burdens  on  others;! 


one  that  harasses  others  with  unjust  laws 
or  unreasonable  severity. 

Power  when  eiiiployed  to  relieve  the  op- 
pressed and  to  puuisli  the  oppressor,  becomes 
a  great  blessing.  Swift. 

OPPRO'BRIOUS,    a.     [See     Opprobrium.] 

1.  Reproachful  and  contemptuous ;  scurri- 
lous; as  opprobrious  language;  opprobri- 
ous words  or  terms. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy ;  despised  ;  rendered 
hateful ;  as  an  opprobrious  name. 

Milton.     Daniel. 
OPPRO'BRIOUSLY,  adv.   With  reproach 
mingled  with  contempt ;  scurrilously. 

Sknk. 
OPPRO'BRIOUSNESS,    n.     Reproachful- 
ness  mingled  with  contempt ;  scurrility,    i 
OPPROBRIUM,  n.     [L.  ob  and  probrum,\ 
disgrace.]  | 

Reproach   mingled   with   contempt  or  dis- 
dain. 
OPPUGN,  f.  t.    oppu'ne.    [L.  oppugno ;  ob 
and  pugno,  to  fight,  from  pugnus,  the  fist, 
Sp.  puiio,  Fr.  poing.] 
To  attack  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist 

They  said  the  manner  of  their  impeachment 

they  could  not  but  conceive  did   oppuf^n  the 

rights  of  parliament.  Clarendon. 

[It  is  never  used  hi  the  literal  sense,  to 

OPl'UG'NANCY,  n.  Opposition;  resist- 
ance. Shak 

OPPUGNA'TION,  n.  Opposition;  resist- 
ance. Hall 

OPPUGNED,     pp.      oppu'ned.     Opposed 
resisted. 

OPPUGNER,  n.  oppu'ner.  One  who  op- 
poses or  attacks  ;  that  which  opposes. 

Boyle. 

OPPUGNING,  ppr.  oppu'ning.  Attacking 
opposing. 

OPSIM'ATHY,  n.  [Gr.  o^inaSaa;  ^f,  late 
and  (uaiOoiw,  to  learn.]  Late  education  ; 
education  late  in  life.     [Little  used.] 

Hales. 

OPSONA'TION,  )i.  [L.  obsono,  to  cater.] 
A  catering;  a  buying  of  provisions.  [j\'ol 
used.]  Diet. 

OP'TABLE,  a.  [L.  optabilis,  from  opto,  to 
desire.]  Desirable.     [.Yot  used.] 

OPTA'TION,  n.  [L.  optulio.]  A  desiring; 
the  expression  of  a  wish.  Peaeham. 

OP'TATIVE,  a.  [L.  oplalivus,  from  opto,  to 
desire  or  wish.] 

Expressing  desire  or  wish.  The  optative 
mode,  in  grammar,  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  in  which  wish  or  desire  is  expressed.! 

OP'TATIVE,  n.  Something  to  be  desired. 


[Gr.  ortnxo;,  from  ortroftaty 
"     Re-i 


[Little  used.] 
OP'Tl€,        ) 
OP'TICAL,  \  ''■  to  see  ;  u4,  the  eye.] 

lating  or  pertaining  to  vision  or  sight, 
2.  Relating  to  the  science  of  optics. 
Optic  angle,  is  that  which  the  optic  axes  of 

the  eyes  make  with  one  another,  as  they 

tend  to  meet  at  some  distance  before  the 

eyes. 
Optic  axis,  is  the  axis  of  the  eye,  or  a  hue 

going  through  the  middle  of  the  pujiil  and 

the  center  of  the  eye.  Encyc. 

OP'TIC,  n.  An  organ  of  sight.       Trumbull. 
OPTI"CIAN,   n.  A   person   skilled  in  the 

science  of  optics.  Smith. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  aiid 

instruments-  Adams. 


OP'TleS,  n.  The  science  which  treats  of 
light  and  the  phenomena  of  vision. 

Eneyc. 

OP'TIMACY,  n.  [L.  optimates,  grandees, 
from  optimus,  best.]  The  body  of  nobles; 
the  nobility.  Howell. 

OP'TIiMIS.Ai,  n.  [L.  optimus,  best.]  The 
oiiiiiioii  or  doctrine  that  every  thing  in  na- 
ture is  ordered  for  the  best ;  or  the  order 
of  things  in  the  universe  that  is  adajited 
to  produce  the  most  good. 

The   true  and   amiaLile   philosophy   of  opti- 
mism. Wahh. 
A  system  of  strict  optimism  may  be  the  real 
svsteiii  in  both  cases.  Paley. 

OPTIM'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  best. 

OP'TION,  ji.  [L.  optio,  from  opto,  to  wish  or 
desire.] 

1.  The  power  of  choosing ;  the  right  of 
choice  or  election  ;  as  the  archbishop's  op- 
tion in  collating  to  a  vacant  benefice. 

There  is  an  option  left  to  the  U.  States  of 
America,  whether  they  will  be  respectable  and 
prosperous,  or  contemptible  and  miserable,  as  a 
nation.  JVashinglon. 

2.  The  power  of  wishing;  wish. 
.3.  Choice  ;  election  ;  preference.     He  ought 

not  to  complain  of  his  lot;  it  was  his  own 
option.     ^V'e  leave  this  to  your  own  option. 

OPTIONAL,  «.  Left  to  one's  wish  or 
choice;  depending  on  choice  or  prefer- 
ence. It  is  optional  with  you  to  go  or  stay. 
Leaving  something  to  choice. 

Original  writs  are  either  optiojiat  or  peremp- 
tory. Ulackstotte. 

OP'ULENCE,  n.  [L.  opulentia,  from  opes, 
wealth.]  Wealth ;  riches ;  affluence. 
[Opuleneii  is  little  used.]  Swift. 

OP  ULENT,  a.  [L.  opulenlus.]  Wealthy: 
rich ;  affluent ;  having  a  large  estate  or 
property.  Bacon.    South. 

OP'ULENTLY,  adv.  Richly;  with  abun- 
dance or  splendor. 

OPUS'eULE,  n.  [L.  opusculum.]  A  small 
work.  Jones. 

OR,  a  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  is  a  con- 
traction of  ri'r,  a  man,  or  from  the  same 
railix.  The  same  word  vir,  is  in  our 
mother  tongue,  wer,  and  from  this  we 
have  the  English  termination  er. 

It  denotes  an  agent,  as  in  arlor,  creditor. 
We  annex  it  to  many  words  of  I'.nglish 
origin,  as  in  lessor,  as  wc  do  er  to  words  of 
Latin  and  Greek  origin,  as  in  astronomer, 
laborer.  In  general,  or  is  annexed  to  words 
of  Latin,  and  er  to  those  of  English  ori- 
gin. 
fiftooji.'iOR,   conj.  [Sax.  other;  G.   oder.     It  seems 


that  or  is  a  triere  contraction  of  o//icr.] 
.V  connective   that    marks   an    alternative. 
"  You  may  read  or  may   write  ;"'   that  is, 
you  may  do  one   of  the  things  at  your 
pleasure,  but  not  both.     It  corresponds  to 
either.     You  may  either  ride  to  London,  or 
to  Windsor.     It  often  connects  a  series  of 
words  or  propositions,  inescnting  a  choice 
of  either.     He   may  study   law  or  medi- 
cine or  divinity,  or  he  may  enter  into  trade. 
Or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this 
case  it  expresses  an  alternative  with  the 
foregoing  sentence.     Jlatt.  vii.  and  i,x. 
In  poetry,  or  is  sometimes  used  for  either. 
For  thy  vast  bounties  are  so  numberless, 
That  them  or  to  conceal  or  else  to  tell 
Is  equally  impossible.  Cotcley. 


O  R  A 


O  R  A 


ORB 


Or  is  often  used  to  express  an  alternative  of 
terms,  definitions  or  explanations  of  the 
same  tiling  in  different  words.  Thus  we 
sa3',  a  thing  is  a  square,  or  a  figure  un- 
der four  equal  sides  and  angles. 

Or  ever.  In  this  phrase,  or  is  supposed  to  be 
a  corruption  of  ere,  Sax.  (ere,  before  ;  that 
is,  before  ever. 

OR,  in  heraldry,  gold.  [Fr. or,  L.  aurum.] 

OR'ACH,     i      A  plant  of  the  genus  Atri- 

OR'RACll,  I  "■  plex,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
spillage.  Encyc. 

}l'ild  orach  is  of  the  genus  Chenopodium. 

OR'ACLE,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  oraculiim,  from 
oro,  to  utter  ;  Sp.  oraculo  ;  Ir.  oracolo.] 

1.  Among  pagans,  the  answer  of  a  god  or 
some  person  reputed  to  be  a  god,  to  an  in- 
quiry made  respecting  some  affair  of  im- 
portance, usually  respecting  some  future 
event,  as  the  success  of  an  enterprise  or 
battle. 

2.  The  deity  who  gave  or  was  supposed  to 
give  answers  to  inquiries;  as  the  Delphic 
oracle. 

3.  The  place  where  the  answers  were  given. 

Encyc. 

4.  Among  christians,  oracles,  in  the  plural, 
denotes  the  communications,  revelations 
iir  messages  delivered  by  God  to  prophets. 
In  this  sense  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singu- 
lar; but  we  say,  the  oraches  of  God,  divine 
oracles,  meaning  the  Scriptures. 

5.  The  sanctuary  or  most  holy  place  in  the 
temple,  in  which  was  deposited  the  ark  of 
the  covenant.     1  Kings  vi. 

0.  Any  person  or  place  where  certain  decis- 
ions are  obtained.  Pope. 

7.  Any  person  reputed  uncommonly  wise 
whose  determinations  are  not  disputed,  or 
whose  opinions  are  of  great  authority. 

8.  A  wise  sentence  or  decision  of  great  au 
thority. 

OR'ACLE,  ti.  i.  To  utter  oracles.  Milton 
ORACULAR,  )  Uttering  oracles;  as  an 
ORA€'ULOUS,  ^  "•   oracular  tongue. 

The  oraculous  seer.  Pope. 

2.  Grave;  venerable;  like  an  oracle;  as  an 
omci(/«r  shade. 

They  have  something  venerable  and  oracu 
lar  in  tliat  unadorned  gravity  and  shortness  in 
the  expression.  Pope. 

3.  Positive  ;  authoritative ;  magisterial ;  as 
oraculous  expressions  of  sentiments. 

GlanviUe. 

4.  Obscure  ;  ambiguous,  like  the  oracles  of 
pagan  deities.  King. 

ORACULARLY,     )     ,      In  the  manner  of 

ORAC'ULOUSLY,  $  an  oracle. 

Broum. 

2.  Authoritatively ;  positively.  Burke. 

ORAC'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing oracular. 

OR'AISON,  n.  [Fr.  oraison;  L.  ora/jo.] 
Prayer  ;  verbal  supplication  or  oral  wor- 
ship; now  written  orison. 

Shah.     Dryikn. 

O'RAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  os,  oris,  the  mouth.] 
Uttered  by  the  mouth  or  in  words ;  sjio 
ken,  not   written  ;  as  oral  traditions  ;  oral 
testimony  ;  oral  law.  Addison. 

O'RALLY,  adv.  By  mouth ;  in  words,  with 
out  writing ;  as  traditions  derived   orally 
from  ancestors. 

OR'ANiiE,  )i.  [Fr.  from  \^.  aurantium ;  so 
named  from  aunim,  gold,   which   the  or 


ange  resembles  in  color;  It.  arancio;  Sp. 
naranjo ;  Port,  laranja ;  D.  oranje ;  G. 
orange.] 

The  fruit  of  a  species  of  Citrus  which  grows 
iu  warm  climates.  The  fruit  is  round  and 
depressed ;  it  has  a  rough  rind,  which 
when  ripe  is  yellow.  This  contains  a  ve- 
sicular pulp  inclosed  in  nine  cells  for  seeds. 
The  tree  producing  oranges  grows  to  thr- 
highth  often  or  twelve  feet  and  bears  the 
.same  name. 

OR'ANgE-MUSK,  n.  A  species  of  pear. 

OR'AN6E-PEEL,  n.  The  rind  of  an  or- 
ange separated  from  the  fruit. 

OR'ANtiERY,  n.  [Fr.  orangerie.]  A  plant- 
ation of  orange  trees.  Johnson. 

OR'ANOE-TAWNY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  an 
orange.  Bacon. 

OR'AN(iE-WIFE,  n.  A  woman  that  sells 
oranges. 

ORANG-OU'TANG,  n.  The  satyr  or  great 
ape  {Simia  satyrus,)  an  animal  with  a  flat 
face  and  deformed  resemblance  of  thehu 
man  form.  These  animals  walk  erect  like 
man,  feed  on  fruits,  sleep  on  trees,  and 
make  a  shelter  against  inclemencies  of  the 
weather.  They  grow  to  the  highth  of  six 
feet,  are  remarkably  strong,  and  wield 
weapons  with  the  hand.  They  ate  solita 
ry  animals,  inhabiting  the  interior  of  Afri- 
ca and  the  isles  of  Sumatra,  Borneo  and 
Java.  Encyc. 

The  orang-outang  is  found  only  in  S. 
Eastern  Asia.  The  African  animal  re- 
sembling it,  is  the  chimpanzee  {Simia 
troglodytes.)  Cavier. 

ORA'TION,  n.  [L.  oratio,  from  oro,  to  pray, I 
to  utter.] 

1.  A  speech  or  discourse  composed  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  oratory,  and  spoken  in 
public.  Orations  may  be  reduced  to  three 
kinds;  demonstrative,  dehberative,  and  ju- 
dicial. Encyc. 

In  modern  usage,  an  oration  differs  from 
a  sermon,  from  an  argument  at  the  bar, 
and  from  a  speech  before  a  deliberative 
assembly.  The  word  is  now  applied 
chiefly  to  discourses  pronounced  on  spe- 
cial occasions,  as  a  funeral  oration,  an 
oration  on  some  anniversary,  &c.  and  to 
academic  declamations. 

3.  A  harangue  ;  a  public  speech  or  address. 

OR'ATOR,  n.  [L.]  A  public  speaker.  In 
ancient  Rome,  orators  were  advocates  for 
clients  in  the  forum  and  before  the  senate 
and  people.  They  were  employed  in 
causes  of  importance  instead  of  the  com- 
mon patron.  Encyc. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  person  wlio  ])ro- 
nounces  a  discourse  publicly  on  some  spe- 
cial occasion,  as  on  the  celebration  of  some 
memorable  event. 

3.  An  eloquent  public  speaker ;  a  speaker, 
by  way  of  eminence.  We  say,  a  man 
writes  and  reasons  well,  but  is  no  orator. 
Lord  Chatham  was  an  orator. 

4.  In  France,  a  speaker  in  debate  in  a  legis- 
lative body. 

t).  In  chancery,  a  petitioner. 
6.  An  officer  in  the  universities  in  England 
ORATO'RIAL,     }       Pertaining  to  an  ora- 
OR.\TOR'l€AL,  S        tor    or    to    oratory 
rhetorical ;  becoming  an  orator.     We  say, 
a  man  has  many  oratorical  flouiishcs,  or  liei 
speaks  in  an  oratorical  way.  Il'atls.] 


ORATO'RIALLY, 
ORATOR'I€ALLY 


.1 


adv. 


In  a  rhetorical 
manner. 

Taylor. 

ORATO'RIO,  n.  [It.]  In  Italian  music,  a 
sacred  drama  of  dialogues,  containing  re- 
citatives, duets,  trios,  ritornellos,  chorus- 
es, &c.  Tht  subjects  are  mostly  taken 
from  the  Scriptures.  Encyc. 

9.  A  place  of  worship;  a  chapel. 

OR'ATORY,  n.  [Low  L.  omion'a,  from  oro- 
tor.] 

The  art  of  speaking  well,  or  of  speaking 
according  to  the  rules  of  rhetoric,  in  order 
to  persuade.  To  constitute  oratory,  the 
speaking  must  be  just  and  pertinent  to  the 
subject ;  it  must  be  methodical,  all  parts 
of  the  discourse  being  disposed  in  due  or- 
der and  connection  ;  and  it  must  be  em- 
bellished with  the  beauties  of  language 
and  pronounced  with  eloquence.  Ora- 
tory consists  of  four  parts,  invention,  dis- 
position, elocution,  and  pronunciation. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  Exercise  of  eloquence.  Arbulhnot. 

3.  Among  the  Romanists,  a  close  apartment 
near  a  bed-chamber,  furnished  with  an 
altar,  a  crucifix,  &c.  for  private  devotions. 

4.  A  place  allotted  for  prayer,  or  a  place  for 
public  worship.  Hooker.     Taylor. 

!OR'ATRESS,  ?       A  female  orator. 
|OR'ATRIX,     I  "•  fFarner. 

jORB,  n.    [L.   orbis;    Fr.   It.  Sp.   orbe.]    A 

spherical  body  ;  as  the  celestial  oris. 
i2.  In  astronomy,  a  hollow  globe  or  sphere. 

Encyc. 
A  wheel ;  a  circular  body  that  revolves  or 
rolls  :  as  the  orbs  of  a  chariot.  Milton. 

A  circle;  a  sphere  defined  by  a  line;  as, 
he  moves  in  a  larger  orb. 

Holiday.     Shak. 

A  circle   described     by    any    mundane 

sphere  ;  an  orbit.  Dryden. 

Period;  revolution  of  time.  Shak. 

7.  The  eye.  Milton. 

8.  In  tactics,  the  circular  form  of  a  body  of 
troops,  or  a  circular  body  of  troops. 

Encyc. 

jThe  ancient  asti'onomers  conceived  the 
heavens  as  consisting  of  several  vast  azure 
transparent  orbs  or  spheres  inclosing  one 
another,  and  including  the  bodies  of  the 
planets.  Hutton. 

ORB,  V.  t.  To  form  into  a  circle.        Milton. 

ORB' ATE,  (/.  [L.  orbatus.]  Bereaved;  fa- 
therless ;  childless. 

ORBA'TION,  n.  [L.  orbatio,  from  orbo,  to 
bereave.] 

Privation  of  parents  or  children,  or  privation 
in  general.     [.Not  used.] 

ORB'ED,  a.  Round  ;  circular ;  orbicular. 

Shak. 

2.  Formed  into  a  circle  or  round  shape. 

Milton. 

3.  Rounded  or  covered  on  the  exterior. 
The  wheels  were  orbed  with  gold.    ..Addison. 

ORB'IC,  (I.   Spherical.  Bacon. 

ORBICULAR,  a.   [Fr.  orbiculaire,  from  L. 

orbiculus.]  Sjilierical ;  circular;  in  the  form 

of  an  orb.  Milton.    Addison. 

ORBICULARLY,  adv.  Spherically. 
ORBICULARNESS,    n.     Sphericity;   the 

state  of  being  orbicular. 
ORBICUL.VTE,      )  [L.      orbiculatus.] 

ORBIC'ULATED,  S  "'     Made  or  being  in 

the  form  of  an  orb.     In  botany,  an  orbicu- 


•;. 


ORG 


O  R  D 


<ate  01-  orbicular  leaf  is  oue  tliat  has  the  modern  playhouses,  and  was  occupied  byj 
periplicry  of  a  circle,  or  botli  its  longitu-  senators  and  other  persons  of  distinction.! 
diual  and  transverse  dianiclers  equal.  „   rr.i     u  j       r       i-  •      .  f^ncyc.^ 

Martyn.  <•  The  body  oi  performers  in  the  orehester. 

ORBICULA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  l;e,'"Si  „„,„,,paT,„  . ,  ,  ,  „    .  .  ^"^''i/- 

made  in  the  form  of  an  orb.  jV/ore.  OR'CHLbTRAL,  a.    supra.]  Pertain.nfi  to 

ORB'IS  ?       A  tish  of  a  circular  form,  t     an  orchcsler  ;  suitable  lor  or  purtormcd 


ORH'-FISH,  \  "■  It  is  covered  with  a  firm 
hard  skin  full  of  small  prickles,  but  is  des- 
titute of  scales.     It  is  unfit  for  food. 

Did.  vVat.   Hist. 

ORB'IT,  n.  [Fr.  orbite ;  L.  orbita,  a  trace  or 
track,  from  urbis,  a  wheel.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  the  path  of  a  [ilanet  or  com 
et;  the  curve  line  which  a  pU\net  describes 
in  its  periodical  revolution  rouiul  its  cen- 
tral body;  as  the  orbit  of  Jupiter  or  Mer- 
cury. The  orbil  of  the  earth  is  nearly  one 
hundred  and  ninety  millions  of  miles  in  di- 
ameter. The  orbit  of  the  moon  is  480,000 
miles  in  diameter.  The  orbits  of  the  plan- 
ets are  elliptical 

2.  A  small  orb.     [jVo<  proper.']  Young. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  in  which  the  eye 
is  situated. 

ORB  ITAL,     \       Pertaining    to  the  orbit. 

ORBIT'lJAL,  S  -Wcrf.  Rrpos.     Hooper. 

[Orbital  is  the  preferable  word.] 

ORB'ITL'DE,  >         [L.    orbitas.]     Bereave- 

ORB'ITY,  \  "■  nient  by  loss  of  parents 
or  children.     [Little  used.]  Halt. 

ORB'Y,  a.  [froinor6.]  Resembling  an  orb. 

Cliajiman. 

ORC,  n.  [L.  orca ;  Gr.  opvya.]  A  sea-fish, 
a  species  of  whale.  Drayton. 

The  Delphinus  orca  is  the  grampus. 

ORCHAL,   i 

ORCIIEL,  }    [See^rcAiZ.] 

ORCHIL.    S 

OR'CHANKT,  n.  A  plant,  [.inchusatindo- 
ria.]  Jiinsworth 

OR'CHARD,  )i.  [Svi\.  ortgeard ;  Gotb.mir- 
ligards  ;  Dan.  urtegaard  ;  Sw.  brleg&rd  ; 
that  is,  loort-yard,  a  yard  for  herbs.  Tl 
Germans  eajl  it  baumgarten,  tree-garden, 
and  the  Dutch  boomgaard,  tree-yard.  See 
Yard.] 

An  inclosure  for  fruit  trees.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, a  department  of  the  garden  appropri- 
ated to  fruit  trees  of  all  kinds,  but  chiefiy 


in  the  orchester.  Busby. 

OR'ellly,  n.  [L.  orchis ;  Gr.  ofix^i.]  A  ge-j 
nus  of  plants,  called  Ibol-.stones.       Uncyc. 

ORD,  n.  [Sax.]  An  edge  or  point  ;  as  inj 
ordbdm. 

Ord  signifies  beginning  ;  as  in  ords  and  ends. 

ORUA'IN,  V.  t.  [L.  ordino,  from  orrfo,  order  ; 

i     Fr.  ordonner  ;  It.  ordinare  ;  Sp.   ordenar  ; 

I     Ir.  orduighim.] 

II.  Properly,  to  set;  to  establish  in  a  partic- 

I     ular  otlice  or  order  ;  hence,  to  invest  with 

I  a  ministerial  function  or  sacerdotal  power  ; 
to  introduce  and  estahlisli  or  settle  m  thej 
pastoral  office  with  the  customary  forms 
and  solemnities  ;  as,  to  ordain  a  minister^ 
of  the  gospel.  In  America,  men  arc  or-' 
daintd  over  a  particular  church  and  con-! 
gregation,  or  as  evangelists  without  the 
charge  of  a  particular  church,  or  as  dea- 
cons in  the  episcopal  church. 

2.  To  appoint ;   to  decree. 
Jeroboam    ordained    a  fea«t  in  the  eighth! 

month.     1  Kings  .\ii.  \ 

As  many  as  wen  ordained  to  eternal  life,bo-[ 

lieved.     Acts  xiii.  I 

'1  he  fatal  tent,  | 

Tile  scene   of  death  ami  place  ordained  for 

punishment.  Dryden. 

3.  To  set ;  to  estahlisli ;  to  institute ;  to  con- 
stitute. 

Mulmutius 
Ordained  our  laws.  Shak. 

To  set  apart  for  an  office  ;  to  appoint. 

Jesus  ordained  twelve  that  they  should  be 
with  him.     Mark  iii 
To  appoint  ;  to  prepare. 

I'or  I'ophet  is  oirfaiHeiZ  of  old.     Is.  xxx. 
ORDA'lNABLIi,  a.  That  may  be  appoint- 
ed. Halt: 
ORDA'INED,    pp.    Appointed  ;  instituted  ;' 
established ;  invested  with   ministerial  or! 
pastoral  functions  ;  settled. 
ORDA'INER,    71.    One   who   ordains,   ap- 
points or  invests  with  sacerdotal  powers. 


ORD 

away,  and  in  ordeal  may  denote  ultimate, 
final.  But  the  real  .sense  is  not  obvious. 
The  practice  of  tudeal  however  .seems  to 
ha\e  had  its  origin  in  the  belief  that  the 
substances  used  had  each  its  particular 
presiding  deity  that  iiad  perfect  conlrol 
over  it.] 
I.  All  ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine 
guilt  or  innocence,  practiced  by  the  rude 
nations  of  Europe,  and  still  practiced  in 
the  East  Indies.  In  Ewgland,  the  ordeal 
was  of  two  sorls,fire-ordeal  and  water-orde- 
al ;  the  tormer  being  confined  to  persons 
of  higher  rank,  the  latter  to  the  common 
people.  Both  niiijht  be  performed  by 
deputy,  but  the  principal  was  to  answer 
for  the  success  of  the  trial. 

t'ire-ordeal  was  performed  either  by  tak- 
ing in  the  hand  a  piece  of  red  hot  iron,  or 
by  walking  barefoot  and  hlitidt'old  over 
nine  red  hot  plowshares  laid  lengthwise  at 
tiijcipial  distances  ;  ami  if  the  person  es- 
caped unhurt,  he  was  adjudged  innocent, 
otherwise  he  was  condemned  as  guilty. 

li'ater-ordeal  was  performed,  either  by 
plunging  the  hare  arm  to  the  elbow  in  boil- 
ing water,  or  by  casting  the  person  sus- 
pected into  a  river  or  pond  of  coM  water, 
and  if  he  floated  without  an  effort  to  swim, 
it  was  an  evidence  of  guilt,  but  if  he  sunk 
he  was  acfiuittcd. 

Both  in  England  and  Sweden,  the  cler- 
gy presided  at  this  trial.  It  was  at  last 
condemned  as  luilawliil  by  the  canon  law, 
and  in  England  it  was  abolished  by  an  or- 
der in  council  of  Henry  111.       lilarhsfonc. 

It  is  probable  our  proverbial  phrase,  to 
go  through  Jlre  and  water,  denoting  severe 
trial  or  danger,  is  derived  from  the  ordeal ; 
as  also  the  trial  of  witches  by  water. 
Severe  trial ;  accurate  scrutiny. 


ORDER,  )i.  [L.  on/o; 

ah,  order 
p.  ordtn ; 


to  apple  trees.     In  America,  any  piece  ot||oRDA'lNING,  ;)/)r.  Appointin 
land    set  with  ajiple  trees,  is  called     '  ■ 


chard  ;  and  orchards  are  usually  cultivat- 
ed land,  being  either  grounds  for  mowing 
or  tillage.  In  some  parts  of  the  country, 
a  piece  of  ground  planted  with  peach  trees 
is  called  a  peach-orchard.  But  in  most 
cases,  I  believe  the  orchard  in  both  coun- 
tries is  distinct  from  the  garden. 
OR'CHARDING,  n.  The  cultivation  of  or 
chards.  Evdyn. 

2.  Orchards  in  general.  U.  States. 

OR'CHARDIST,    n.     One  that   cultivates 

orchards. 
OR'tllESTER,  ?       [L.  orchestra;  Gr.  op. 
OR'CHESTRA.  S      ^rpa,  from  opxr;sr:p,  i 
dancer,  from  opjffofioi,  to  dance  ;  original 
ly,  the  place  for  the  chorus  of  dancers.] 
I.  The   part  of  a  theater   or   other   |iublic 
place  appropriated   to  the  musicians.     In 
the  Grecian  theaters,  the  orchester  w  as  a 
part  of  the  stage  ;  it  was  of  a  semicircular 
form  and  surrounded  with  seats,     in  the 
Roman    theaters,  it  was   no  part  of  the 
seena,  but  answered  nearly  to  the  pit  in 


establish-, 
ing  ;  investing  with  sacerdotal  or  pasto- 
ral functions. 
OR'DE.\L,  ».  [Say.  ordal  or  ordal ;  G.  jir- 
theil ;  1).  ordeel.  The  last  syllable  is  deal, 
to  divide  or  distribute.  The  sense  of  the 
prefi.x  is  less  obvious.  Wilkins  supposes 
or  to  signify  without,  as  in  some  Saxon 
words  it  has  that  sense,  and  ordeal  to  si 
nify  without  difference  or  distinction  of| 
persons,  entire  judgment.  In  Saxon,  ort/i 
signifies  origin,  cause,  beginning,  prime. 
Ill  G.  ur  signifies  prime,  very,  original  ; 
urwort,  primitive  word.  In  Dutch,  oor  is 
the  ear  ;  oorlog,  war.  But  this  prefix 
would  seem  to  be  the  same  as  in  furlow 
[furlough]  ;  for  in  G.  urlaub,  1).  oorlof,  Dan.' 
orlov,  Sw .  orlof,  \s  a  furlow,  and  ibis  indi- 
cates that  or  is  a  corruption  of  J'ar  or for.Ai. 
In  Welsh,  this  w  ord  is  gordal,  w  hicfi  Ow-j 
en  compounds  of  gor,  high,  superior,  ex-| 
treme,  above,  and  tdl,  reward,  requital  ; 
and  gordal  signifies  not  only  ordeal,  but  an! 
over-])ayinent,  a  making  satisfaction  over 
and   above.      Or  then  may   signify  oii/,. 


in.  Per?,    s  i_j    ra- 

series  ;]    Fr.  ordre  ;  It.  ordine  ; 

Sw.  Dan.  G.  Russ.  id.  :  Ir.  ord ; 

but  all  from  the  Latin  except  the  Persian.] 

1.  Regular  disposition  or  methodical  ar- 
rangement of  things  ;  n  word  of  extensive 
application  ;  as  the  nrdir  of  troops  on  pa- 
rade ;  the  order  of  brxiks  in  a  library  ;  the 
orf/er  of  proceedings  in  a  legislative  iisscin- 
bly.     Order  is  the  life  of  business. 

(jood  order  is   the   foundation   of  all   good 
things.  Jiurke. 

Proper  state :  as  the  muskets  are  all  in 
good  order.  When  the  bodily  organs  arc 
in  orrftr,  a  per.son  is  iii  health  ;  when  they 
are  out  of  order,  he  is  indisposed. 
Adherence  to  the  point  in  discussion,  ac- 
cording to  established  rules  of  debate  ;  as, 
the  member  is  not  in  order,  that  is,  he 
wanders  from  the  question. 

4.  Established  mode  of  proceeding.  The 
motion  is  not  in  order. 

;>.  Regularity  ;  settled  mode  of  operation. 
This  fact  could  not  occur  in  the  order  of 
nature  ;  it  is  against  the  natural  order  of 
things. 

Mandate  :  precept  ;  command  ;  authorita- 
live  direction.  I  have  received  an  order 
fioni  the  commander  in  chief  The  gen- 
eral gave  orders  to  march.  There  is  an 
order  of  council  to  issue  letters  of  marque. 

7.  Rule  ;  regulation  :  as  the  rules  and  orders 
of  a  lesislativc  hoiu-e. 


O  R  D 


O  R  D 


O  R  D 


8.  Regular  government  or  discipline.  It  is 
necessary  for  society  that  good  order 
should  be  observed.  "  The  meeting  was 
tiubulent ;  it  was  impossible  to  keep  order. 

9.  Rank  ;  class  ;  division  of  men  ;  as  the  or- 
der of  nobles  ;  the  order   of  priests ;  the 
higher  orders  of  society  ;  men  of  the  low 
est  order  ;  order  of  knights  ;  military  or- 
ders, &c. 

10.  A  religious  fraternity ;  as  the  order  of 
Benedictines. 

11.  A  division  of  natural  objects,  generally 
intermediate  between  class  and  genus. 
The  classes,  in  the  Linnean  artificial  sys- 
tem, are  divided  into  orders,  which  include 
one  or  more  genera.  Linne  also  arrang- 
ed vegetables,  in  liis  natural  system,  into 
groups  of  genera,  called  orders.  In  the 
natural  system  of  Jussieu,  orders  are  subdi- 
visions of  classes. 

12.  Measures  ;  care.  Take  some  order  fori 
the  safety  and  support  of  the  soldiers. 

Provide  me  soldiers 
Whilst  I  take  order  for  my  own  aflairs. 

Shak. 

13.  In  rhetoric,  the  placing  of  words  and 
members  in  a  sentence  in  suoji  a  manner 
as  to  contribute  to  force  and  beauty  of  e.\- 
])ression,  or  to  the  clear  illustration  of  the 
subject.  Encyc. 

14.  The  title  of  certain  ancient  books  con 
mining  the  divine  office  and  manner  of 
its  performance.  Encyc. 

1.").  In  architecture,  a  system  of  several  mem- 
bers, ornaments  and  proportions  of  col- 
lunns  and  pilasters  ;  or  a  regular  arrange- 
ment of  the  projecting  parts  of  a  building, 
especially  of  the  columns,  so  as  to  form 
one  beautiful  whole.  The  orders  are  five, 
the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and 
Composite.  The  order  consists  of  two 
jnincipal  members,  the  column,  and  the 
entablature,  each  of  which  is  composed  pf 
three  principal  parts.  Those  of  the  col- 
umn are  the  base,  the  shaft,  and  the  capi 
tal ;  those  of  the  entablature  are  the  ar 
ehitrave,  the  frize,  and  the  cornice.  The 
bighth  of  the  Tuscan  column  is  14  mod- 
idcs  or  semidianieters  of  the  shaft  at  the 
bottom,  and  that  of  the  entablature  3*. 
'J'he  highth  of  the  Doric  order  is  16  mod 
ules  and  that  of  the  entablature  4  ;  that 
of  the  Ionic  is  16  modules,  and  that  of  the 
fiUablature  44,  that  of  the  Corinthian  or- 
der is  20  modules,  and  that  of  the  entab- 
lature 5.  The  highth  of  the  Composite 
order  agrees  with  that  of  the  Corinthian. 

Encyc. 
In  orders,  set  apart  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  ;  ordained  to  the  work  of  the 
gospel  ministry. 
Jn  order,  for  the  purpose ;  to  the  end  ;  as 
means  to  an  end.  The  best  knowledge' 
is  that  which  is  of  the  greatest  use  in  order, 
toour  eternal  hap])inoss.  I 

General  orders,  the  commands  or  notices' 
which  a  military  commander  in  chief  is- 
sues to  the  troops  under  his  connnand.  1 
OR'ltER,  II.  (.  To  regulate  ;  to  methodize  :', 
to  syslemize  ;  to  adjust  ;  to  subject  to  sys- 
tem in  management  and  execution  ;  ns,' 
to  order  domestic  aflairs  with  prudence,  i 
!}.  To  lead  ;  to  cunduct  ;  to  subject  to  rules 
or  laws. 

To  liim  tliat  ordvrcth  his  convors;ition  ari»Iit. 
will  1  sliow  llie  sLilvaliou  ol"(;oil.     I's.  1. 


3.  To  direct ;  to  command.     TliG  general 
ordered  his  troops  to  advance. 

4.  To  manage  ;  to  treat. 
How  shall  we  order  the  child  ?     Judges  xiii. 

5.  To  ordain.     [Kot  used.]  )thitgijle. 
G.  To  direct ;  to  dispose  in  any  particular 

manner. 

Order  my  steps  in  thy  word.     Ps.  cxix. 

OR'DER,  V.  i.  To  give  command  or  direc 
tion.  Milton. 

OR'DERED,  pp.  Regulated  ;  methodized 
disposed  ;  commanded  ;  managed. 

OR'DERER,  n.  One  that  gives  orders. 

2.  One  that  methodizes  or  regulates. 

OR'DERING,  ppr.  Regulating;  systemiz- 
ng  ;  commanding  ;  disposing. 

OR'DERING,  n.  Disposition;  distribution, 
2  Chron.  xxiv. 

OR'DERLESS,  a.  Without  regularity ;  dis- 
orderly ;  out  of  rule.  Shak. 

OR'DERLINESS,  n.  [from  orderly.]  Reg- 
ularity; a  state  of  being  methodical. 

2.  The  state  of  being  orderly. 

OR'DERLY,  a.  Methodical ;  regular. 

Hooker 

2.  Observant  of  order  or  method. 

Chapman. 

3.  Well  regulated  ;  performed  in  good  or 
der  ;  not  tumultuous  ;  as  an  orderly  march 

Clarendon. 

4.  According  to  established  method. 

Hooker. 

.5.  Not  unridy ;  not  inclined  to  break  from 
inclosures  ;  peaceable.  We  say,  cattle 
are  orderly. 

Orderly  book,  in  military  affairs,  a  book  for 
every  company,  in  which  the  sergeants 
write  general  and  regimental  orders.     Cyc. 

Orderly  sergeant,  a  military  officer  who  at- 
tends on  a  sui)erior  officer. 

OR'DERLY,  fidv.  Methodically  ;  according 
to  due  order  ;  regularly  ;  according  to 
rule.  Shak. 

ORDINABIL'ITY,  »i.  Capability  of  being 
appointed.     [.Vof  used.]  Bull.\ 

OR'DINABLE,  a.  Such  as  may  be  appoint 
ed.     [JVotuscd.]  Hammond}, 

OR'DINAL,  a.  [L.  ordinalis ;  Fr.  ordinal.] 
Noting  order ;  as  the  ordinal  nimibers, 
first,  second,  third,  &c. 

OR'DINAL,  n.  A  nutnber  noting  order. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  order  of  divine  ser- 
vice ;  a  ritual.  Encyc. 

OR'DINANCE,  n.  [It.  ordinanza  ;  Fr.  or- 
donnance.] 

1.  A  rule  established  by  authority;  a  per- 
manent rule  of  action.  An  ordinance  may 
be  a  law  or  statute  of  sovereign  power. 
In  this  sense  it  is  often  used  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. Ex.  XV.  Num.  X.  Ezra  iii.  It 
may  also  signify  a  decree,  edict  or  re 
script,  and  the  word  has  sometimes  been 
applied  to  the  statutes  of  Parliament,  but 
these  are  usually  called  acts  or  laws.  In 
the  United  States,  it  is  never  applied  lo 
the  acts  of  Congress,  or  of  a  state  legis- 
lature. 

2.  Observance  commanded.  Taylor. 

3.  Appointment.  Shak 

4.  Established  rite  or  ceremony.  Ileb.  ix.  In 
this  sense,  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper 
are  denominated  ordinances. 

OR'DINANT,  a.  [L.  ordinans.]  Ordaining 
decreein;;.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OR'DINARILY,  adv.  Primarily,  according 
to  established  rules  or   settled   method ; 


Lence,  eoinmonly ;  usually ;  in  most  cases 
as  a  winter  more  than  ordinarily  severe. 

Glanvillc. 
OR'DINARY,  a.    [L.  ordinarius.]  Accord- 
ing to  estabhshed  order ;  methodical ;  reg- 
ular; customary:  as  the  ordinary  forms 
of  law  or  justice.  Jiddison. 

2.  Conunon ;  usual. 
Method  13  not  less  requisite  in  ordinary  con- 
versation than  in  writing.  .Madison. 

3.  Of  common  rank ;  not  distinguished  by 
superior  excellence  ;  as  an  ordinary  read- 
er ;  men  of  orA'nari/ judgment.       Hooker. 

4.  Plain  ;  not  handsome  ;  as  an  ordinary 
woman  ;  a  person  of  an  ordinary  form  ; 
an  ordinary  face. 

5.  Inferior  ;  of  little  merit ;  as,  the  book  is 
an  ordinary  performance. 

6.  An  ordinary  seaman  is  one  not  expert 
or  fully  skilled. 

OR'DINARY,  n.  In  the  common  and  canon 
law,  one  who  has  ordinary  or  immediate 
jurisdiction  in  matters  ecclesiastical  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  judge.  In  England,  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese  is  commonly  the  or- 
dinanj,  and  the  archbishop  is  the  ordinary 
of  the  whole  province.  The  ordinary  of  as- 
sizes and  sessions  was  formerly  a  deputy 
of  the  bishop,  appointed  to  give  malefac- 
tors their  neck-verses.  The  ordinary  of 
Newgate  is  one  who  attends  on  condemn- 
ed malefactors  to  prepare  them  for  death. 

Encyc. 

2.  Settled  establishment.  Bacon. 

3.  Regular  price  of  a  meal.  Shak. 

4.  A  place  of  eating  where  the  prices  are 
settled.  Swijt. 

a.  The  establishment  of  persons  employed 
by  government  to  take  charge  of  ships  of 
war  laid  u]>  in  harbors.  Hence  a  ship  in 
ordinary  is  one  laid  up  under  the  direction 
of  the  master  attendant. 

7)1  ordinary,  in  actual  and  constant  service  ; 
statedly  attending  and  serving  ;  as  a  phy- 
.sician  or  chaplain  in  ordinary.  An  em- 
bassador in  ordinary,  is  one  constantly 
resident  at  a  foreign  court. 

OR'DINATE,  V.  t.  To  appoint.  [JVoi  used.] 

OR'DINATE,  a.  [L.  ordinatus.]  Regular; 
methodical.  An  ordinate  figuie  is  one 
whose  sides  and  angles  are  equal. 

Ray. 

OR'DINATE,  n.  In  geometry  and  conic  sec- 
tions, a  line  drawn  from  any  point  of  the 
circumference  of  an  ellipsis  or  other  conic 
section,  perpendicularly  across  the  axis  to 
the  other  side.  Enci/c. 

An  ordinate  is  a  line  drawn  perpendicular 
to  the  axis  of  a  curve  and  terminating  the 
curvilinear  space.         Bp.  Berkley.     Todd. 

Ordinatcs  of  a  curve,  right  lines  parallel  to 
one  another,  terminated  by  the  curve,  and 
bisected  by  a  right  line  called  the  diame- 
ter. Cyc. 

OR'DINATELY,  adv.  In  a  regular  me- 
thodical manner.  Skclton. 

ORDINA'TION,  n.  [L.  ordinalio.]  The 
state  of  being  ordained  or  ap[>ointed  ;  es- 
tablished order  or  tendency  consequent  on 
a  decree. 

Virtue  and  vice  have  a  natural  ordination  to 
the  happiness  and  misery  of  life  respectively. 

A'orrit. 
.  The  act  of  conferring  holy  orders  or  sa- 
cerdotal power  ;  called  also  consecration. 

Encyc. 


ORG 


ORG 


O  R  I 


3.  In  the  presbyierian  and  congrtgational 
churches,  the  act  of  settling  or  establishing 
a  hcensed  clergyman  over  a  cburcli  and 
congregation  with  pastoral  charge  and 
autliority  ;  also,  t)ie  act  of  conferring  on  a 
clergyman  the  powers  of  a  settled  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel,  without  the  charge  or 
oversight  of  a  particular  church,  but  with 
the  general  powers  of  an  evangelist,  who 
is  authorized  to  form  cliurches  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  supper,  wherever  he  may  be  called 
to  officiate. 

OR'UINATIVE,  a.  Directing  ;  giving  or- 
der. Cotgrave. 

ORD'NANCE,  n.  [from  ordinance]  Can- 
non or  great  guns,  mortars  and  howitzers ; 
artillery. 

OR'DONNANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  painting,  the 
disposition  of  the  parts  oi' a  picture,  either 
in  regard  to  the  whole  piece  or  to  the  seve- 
ral parts.  Ci/c. 

ORDURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Dung;  excrements. 

Shak. 

ORE,  n.  [Sax.  ore,  ora  ;  D.  erts  ;  G.  en:.  Qu. 
L.  ces,  aris,  brass ;  Rabbinic,  liy  a  mine- 
ral.] 

1.  The  compound  of  a  metal  and  some  other 
substance,  as  oxygen,  sulphur  or  rarbon, 
called  its  mineralizer,  by  whii-h  its  proper- 
ties are  disguised  or  lost.  Metals  found 
free  from  such  combination  and  exhibit- 
ing naturally  their  appropriate  ch.iracter, 
are  not  called  ores,  but  native  metals. 

D.  Olmsted. 

2.  Metal ;  as  the  liquid  ore.  Milton. 
O'READ,  n.  [from  Gr.  opoj,  mountain.]     A 

mountain  nymph.  Milton. 

OR'E-WEED,  I  ^    Sea  weed.  [J^ot  used.] 

OR'E-WQQD,  <,  "•  Carew. 

ORF'GILD,  n.  [Sax.  or/,  cattle,  and  geld, 
payment.] 

The  restitution  of  goods  or  money  stolen,  if 
taken  in  the  day  time.  Ainsivorth. 

OR'FRAYS,  n.  [Fr.  orfroi.]  Fringe  of  gold  ; 
gold  embroideiy.  Chaucer. 

OR'GAL,  Ji.  Argal  ;  lees  of  wine  dried  ; 
tartar.  Encyc. 

ORGAN,  n.  [L.  organum  ;  Gr.  opyoror  ;  S|), 
It.  organo  ;  Fr.  organc  ;  D.  G.  orgel  :  i'ers. 
Ar.  atganon.] 

i.  A  natural  instrument  of  action  or  opera- 
tion, or  by  which  some  process  is  carried 
on.  Thus  the  arteries  and  veins  of  an- 
imal bodies  are  organs  of  circulation  ; 
the  lungs  are  organs  of  respiration  ;  the 
nerves  are  organs  of  perception  and  sens 
ation  ;  the  nuisdes  are  organs  of  motion  ; 
the  ears  are  org'ttHi  of  hearing;  the  tongue 
is  the  organ  of  speech. 

2.  The  instrument  or  means  of  conveyance 
or  communication.  A  secretary  of  state 
is  the  organ  of  communication  between 
the  government  and  a  foreign  power. 

3.  The  largest  and  most  harmonious  of  wind 
instruments  of  music,  consisting  of  pipes 
which  are  filled  with  wind,  and  stops 
touched  by  the  fingers.  It  is  blown  by  a 
bellows.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

OR'GAN-BUILDER,   n.    An  artist  whose 

occupation  is  to  construct  organs. 
ORGAN'Te,        )      [h.organicus.]  Pertain 
ORGAN'IeAL,  ^    ■  ing  to  an  organ  or  to 
organs  ;  consisting  of  organs  or  contain- 

Vol.  II. 


ing  them  ;  as  the  organic  structure  of  the 
human  body  or  of  plants. 

2.  Produced  by  the  organs  ;  as  organic 
pleasure.  Karnes. 

3.  Instrumental ;  acting  as  instruments  of 
natm-e  or  art  to  a  certain  end  ;  as  organic 
arts.  Milton. 

Organic  bodies,  are  such  as  possess  organs, 
on  the  action  of  which  dejiend  their 
growth  and  perfection  ;  as  animals  and 
I>lants. 

ORGANICALLY,  adv.  With  organs  ;  with 
organical  structure  or  disposition  of  parts. 
The  bodies  of  animals  and  plants  arc  or- 
ganically framed. 

2.  By  means  of  organs. 

ORGAN'l€ALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
organical.  Johnson. 

OR'GANISM,  n.  Organical  structure  ;  as 
the  organism  of  bodies.  Grew. 

OR'GANIST,  71.  One  who  plays  on  the 
organ.  Boyle. 

2.  One  who  sung  in  parts  ;  an  old  musical 
use  of  the  word. 

ORGANIZATION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  forming  organs  or  instruments  of  ac- 
tion. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  or  arranging  the  parts 
of  a  compound  or  complex  body  in 
suitable  manner  for  use  or  service  ;  the 
act  of  distributing  into  suitable  divisions 
and  appointing  the  jiroper  officers,  as  an 
army  or  a  government. 

The  first  organization  of  the   general  gov- 
ernmeut.  Pickering. 

3.  Structure  ;  form  ;  suitable  disposition  of 
parts  which  are  to  act  together  in  a  com- 
pound body.  Locke 

OR'GANIZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  organiser ;  It.  or- 
gaiiizzarc  ;  S[).  organizar.] 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs  ;  to  con- 
struct so  that  one  part  may  cooperate 
with  another. 

Those  nobler  faculties  of  the  soul  organized 
matter  could  never  produce.  ^ay. 

2.  To  sing  in  i)arts  ;  as,  to  organize  the  hal- 
leluiah. Busby. 

3.  To  distribute  into  suitable  parts  and  ap- 
point proper  officers,  that  the  whole  may 
act  as  one  body  ;  as,  to  organize  an  army. 
So  we  say,  to  organize  the  house  of  repre- 
.sentatives,  which  is  doiu-  by  the  ap[ioint- 
ment  of  officers  and  verification  of  the 
powers  of  the  several  members.  So  we 
say,  a  club,  a  jiarty  or  a  faction  is  organized, 
wlien  it  takes  a  systemized  form. 

This  original  and  supreme  will  organizes  the 
government.  tV.  Cranch 

OR'GANIZED,  pp.  Formed  with  organs ; 
constructed  organically  ;  systemized  ;  re- 
duced to  a  forth  in  which  all  the  parts  may 
act  together  to  one  end.  Animals  and 
plants  are  organized  bodies.  Minerals  are 
not  organized  bodies. 

OR'GANIZING,  ppr.  Constructing  with 
suitable  organs  ;  reducing  to  system  in  or- 
der to  produce  united  action  to  one  end. 

ORGAN-LOFT,  n.  The  loll  where  an  or- 
gan stands.  Taller. 

ORGANOGRAPII'IC,       \  Pertaining 

ORGANOGRAPll'lCAL,  \  "'  to  organ- 
ography. 

ORGANOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  opyom>  and 
ypa^w.] 

27 


In  botany,  a  description  of  the  organs  of 
plants,  or  of  the  names  and  kinds  of  their 
organs.  DecandoUe. 

ORGAN-PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  of  a  musical 
organ.  Shak. 

OR  GAN-STOP,  n.  The  stop  of  an  organ, 
or  any  collection  of  pipes  under  one  gene- 
ral name.  Busby. 

ORGANY.     [See  Origan.] 

ORGAN'ZINE,  n.  Silk  twisted  into  threads; 
thrown  silk.  Mkin. 

OR'GASM,  n.  [Gr.  o(>yoti^oj,  from  op-ytuo,  to 
swell ;  op-yof Q,  to  irritate.] 

Immoderate  exchement  or  action  ;  as  the 
orgasm  of  the  blood  or  .spirits. 

Blackmore.     Derham. 

OR'GEAT,  n.  [Fr.  from  orge,  Iwirley.]  A 
liquor  extracted  from  barley  and  sweet 
ahnonds.  "  Mason. 

OR'tiElS,  n.  A  fish,  called  a\so  urgan-ling ; 
supposed  to  be  from  Orkneys,  on  the  coast 
of  which  it  is  taken.  Johnson. 

OR'GlES,  n.  phi.  [Gr.  opyio,  from  opyau, 
to  swell ;  opyij,  fury  ;  L.  orgiu  ;  Fr.  orgies.] 

Frantic  revels  at  the  feast  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus, or  the   feast  itself     This  feast  was 
lield  in  the  night ;  hence  nocturnal  orgies. 
Dn/dcn.     Encyc. 

OKGIL'LOUS,  a.  [Fr.orguciitevx,  from  or- 
gueil,  Sax.  orgel,  pride,  haughtiuci-s  ;  Gr. 
opyou,  to  swell.]  Proud  ;  haughty.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

OR'GUES,  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  military  art,  long 
thick  pieces  of  timber,  pointed  and  slioa 
with  iron  and  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be 
let  down  in  case  of  attack.  Encyc. 

2.  A  machine  composed  of  several  musket 
barrels  united,  by  means  of  which  several 
explosions  are  made  at  once  to  defend 
breaches.  Cyc. 

OR'l€HAL€H.     )      [L.  orichatcvm,moun- 

ORICHAL'CUM,  S  tain  brass  ;Gr.opos  and 
;i:a7.xo{;  or  auriehalcum,  gold -brass.] 

A  metallic  substance  resembling  gold  in 
color,  but  inferior  in  value;  the  brass  of 
the  ancients.  Spenser.     Encijc.     Ure. 

O'RIEL,  /  ^  [Old  Fr.  orioL]    A  small  apart- 

O'RIOL,  ^  'mentnexta  hall,  where  par- 
ticular persons  dine  ;  a  sort  of  recess.   Obs. 

Coiccl. 

O'RIENCY,  Ji.  [See  Orient.]  Brightness  or 
strength  of  color.     [Little  tised.] 

H'aterhouse. 

O'RIENT,  a.  [L.  oriens,  from  orior,  to  arise.] 

1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 

— Moon,  that  now  mcet"st  the  orient  sun. 

Milton. 
The  orient  mom.  Milton. 

2.  Eastern ;  oriental. 

3.  Bright  ;  shining  ;  glittering  ;  as  orient 
pearls.  Dryden. 

O'RIENT,  Ji.  The  east ;  the  part  of  the 
horizon  where  the  sun  first  appears  in  the 
morning. 

ORIENT' AL,  a.  Eastern  :  situated  in  the 
east ;  as  oriental  seas  or  countries. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  east;  as  the  oriental 
radiations  of  the  sun.  Brown. 

ORIENT'AL,  71.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
some  eastern  part  of  the  world.  We  give 
the  appellation  to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia 
from  the  Hellespont  and  Mediterranean  to 
Japan. 

ORIENTALISM,  n.  An  eastern  mode  of 
speech  ;  an  idiom  of  the  eastern  langua- 
ges. Warton. 


c^-^ 


^-V^^'"«--    '"' 


•^ 


O  R  I 


O  R  K 


O  R  N 


ORIENT'ALIST,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
eastern  parts  of  the  world.  Peters. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and 
literature.  Ouseley. 

ORIENTAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
oriental  or  eastern.     [JVot  vsed.]      Brown 

OR'IFICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  orificium  ;  os, 
oris,  mouth,  and /acjo,  to  make.] 

The  mouth  or  aperture  of  a  tube,  pipe  or 
other  eavitv  ;  as  the  orifice  of  an  artery  or 
vein  ;  the  orifice  of  a  wound. 

The  &rijice  of  Etna.  Addison 

OR'IFLAMB,  n.  [Fr.  onflamme.]  The  an- 
cient royal  standard  of  France. 

Ainstvorth. 

OR'IGAN,         ?        [L.    from  Gr.   o^iyavov. 

ORJGA'NUM,  S  "•  Marjoram,    a  genus   of 
plants.     One   species   of  this  genus   is  a 
rich  aromatic,  excellent  for  culinary  pur 
poses. 

OR'IgENISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  Origeu,  who  imited  Platonism  with 
Christianity.  Milner. 

OR'ItiENIST,  n.  A  follower  of  Origen  of| 
Alexandria,  a  celebrated  christian  father. 
The  Origenists  held  that  the  souls  of  men 
have  a  pre-existent  state ;  that  they  are 
holy  intelligences,  and  sin  before  they 
are  united  to  the  body  ;  that  Christ  will 
be  crucified  hereafter  for  the  salvation  of 
devils,  &c.  Encyc. 

ORIGIN,  n.  [Fr.  It.  engine ;  Sp.  origen;!,. 
origo.] 

1.  The  first  existence  or  beginning  of  any 
thing  ;  as  the  origin  of  Rome.  In  history 
it  is  necessary,  if  practicable,  to  trace  all 
events  to  their  origin. 

2.  Fountain  ;  source  ;  cause  ;  that  from 
which  any  thing  primarily  proceeds ;  that 
which  gives  existence  or  beginning.  The 
apostasy  is  believed  to  have  been  the  origin 
of  moral  evil.  The  origin  of  many  of  our 
customs  is  lost  in  antiquity.  Nations,  like 
individuals,  are  ambitious  to  trace  their 
descent  from  an  honorable  origin. 

ORIG'INAL,  n.  Origin.  [See  Ongin,  with 
which  it  accords  in  signification.] 

2.  First  copy  ;  archetype  ;  that  from  which 
any  thing  is  transcribed  or  translated,  or 
from  which  a  likeness  is  made  by  the  pencil, 
press  or  otherwise.  Thus  we  say,  the  trans- 
lation is  not  equal  to  the  original.  If  the 
original  cannot  be  produced,  we  are  per- 
mitted to  offer  an  authenticated  copy. 

ORIG'INAL,  a.  [Fr.  originel;  L.  originalis.] 

1.  First  in  order;  preceding  all  others;  as 
the    original  state  of  man  ;    the  original 
laws  of  a  country  ;  original  rights  orpow 
ers  ;  the  origitial  question  in  debate. 

2.  Primitive  ;  pristine  ;  as  the  original  per 
fection  of  Adam. 

Original  sin,  as  applied  to  Adam,  was 
his  first  act  of  disobedience  in  eating  the 
forbidden  fruit ;  as  applied  to  his  posterity, 
it  is  understood  to  mean  either  the  sin  of 
Adam  imputed  to  his  posterity,  or  that  cor 
ruption  of  nature,  or  total  depravity,  which 
has  been  derived  from  him  in  consequence 
of  his  apostasy.  On  this  subject  divines 
are  not  agreed. 

In  strictness,  original  sin  is  an  improper 
use  of  words,  as  sin,  ea;  vi  termini,  implies 
volition  and  the  transgression  of  a  known 
rule  of  duty  by  a  moral  agent.  But  this 
api)lication  of  I  he  words  has  been  estab 
lishcd  by  long  use.  and  it  serves  to  express 


ideas  which  many  wise  and  good  men  en- 
tertain on  this  subject. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  originate  new 
thoughts  or  combinations  of  thought ;  as 
an  original  genius. 

ORltilNAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  orstate  of| 
being  original. 

2.  The  power  of  originating  or  producing 
new  thoughts,  or  uncommon  combinations 
of  thought ;  as  originality  of  genius. 

ORIG'INALLY,  adv.  Primarily  ;  from  the 
beginning  or  origin. 

God  is  originally  holy  in  himself.     Pearson 

2.  At  first ;  at  the  origin.  Woodward. 

3.  By  the  first  author ;  as  a  book  originally 
written  by  another  hand.  Roscommon. 

OR  IG' IN  ALNESS,  ?t.  The  quality  or  state 

of  being  original. 
ORWINARY,    a.     [Fr.   originaire.]     Pro 
ductive  ;  causing  existence. 

Tlie  production  of  animals  in  the  originary 
way,  requires  a  certain  degree  of  warmth. 

Cheyne. 

Primitive ;  original.  Sandys. 

[This  tvord  is  little  used.] 
ORlG'INATE,    V.  t.    To  cause  to   be  ;    to 
bring  into  existence  ;  to  produce  what  is 
new. 

The  change  is  to  be  effected  without  a  de- 
composition of  tlie  whole  civil  and  political 
mass,  for  the  purpose  of  originating  a  new 
civil  order  out  of  the  elements  of  society. 

Burke. 
That   matter   which   cannot   think,  will,   or 
originate  motion,  should  communicate  thought, 
volition  and  molivity,  is  plainly  impossible. 

Jjwight. 

ORl6'INATE,  v.i.  To  take  first  existence; 
to  have  origin  ;  to  be  begun.     The  scheme 
originated  with  the  governor  and  council. 
It  originated  in  pure  benevolence. 
ORIG'INATED,    pp.    Brought   into   exist- 
ence. 
ORIG'INATING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  exist- 
ence. 
ORKilNA'TION,  n.   The  act   of  bringing 
or   coming  into   existence  ;    first  produc 
tion. 

Descartes    first  introduced  the  fancy  of  ma 
king  a  world,  and  deducing  the  origination  of 
the  universe  from  mechanical  principles. 

Keil. 
2.  Mode  of  production  or  bringing  into  be- 
ing. 

This  eruca  is  propagated  by  animal  parents, 
to  wit,  butterflies,  after  the  common  origina- 
tion of  all  caterpillars.  Ray. 
ORIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.]  \n fortification,  a  round- 
ing of  earth,  faced  with  a  wall,  raised  on 
the  shoulder  of  those  bastions  that  have 
casemates,  to  cover  the  cannon  in  the  re- 
tired flank,  and  prevent  their  being  dis- 
mounted. Encyc.  Cyc. 
O'RIOLE,  n.  A  genus  of  birds  of  the  order 

of  piece. 
ORI'ON,  n.    [Gr.upiuv;   unfortunately  ac- 
cented by  the  poets  on  the  second  sylla- 
ble.] 
A  con.stellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
containing  seventy  eight  stars.         Encyc. 
OR'ISON,  n.  [Fr.  oraison,   from  L.  oratio, 

from,  oro.] 
A  prayer  or  supplication. 

Lowly  they  bowed  adoring,  and  began 
Their  orisons,  each  morning  duly  paid. 

Milton. 
ORK;  n.  [L.  orca.j  A  fish. 


ORLE,  n.  [infra.]  In  heraldry,  an  orditlarj? 
in  the  form  of  a  fillet,  round  the  shield. 

OR'LET,  \      [Fr.  ourlet.  It.  orlo,  a  hem.  Qu. 

OR'LO,  S  "'  Heb.  nVv,  and  Ch.  Syr.]  In 
architecture,  a  fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  a 
capital. 

OR'LOP,  n.  [D.  overloop,  a  running  over  or 
overflowing,  an  orlop,  that  is,  a  spreading 
over.] 

In  a  ship  of  war,  a  platform  of  planks  laid 
over  the  beams  in  the  hold,  on  which  the 
cables  are  usually  coiled.  It  contains  al- 
so sail-rooms,  carpenters'  cabins  and  oth- 
er apartments.  Mar.  Diet. 
Also,  a  tier  of  beams  below  the  lower 
deck  for  a  like  purpose.  Cyc. 

OR'NAMENT,  n.  [L.  omamenlum,  from 
orno,  to  adorn.  Varro  informs  us  that  this 
was  pnaiitively  osnamtntum;  but  this  is 
improbable.     See  Adorn.] 

\.  That  which  embellishes  ;something  which, 
added  to  another  thing,  renders  it  more 
beautiful  to  the  eye. 

The  chains,  and  the  bracelets,  and  the  muf- 
flers, the  bonnets  and  the  ornaments  of  the 
legs —     Is.  iii. 

2.  In  architecture,  ornaments  are  sculpture 
or  carved  work. 

Embellishment ;    decoration  ;    additional 
beauty. 

— The  ornament  of  a  meek  and  quiet  spirit, 
which  is  in  tlie  sight  of  God  of  great  price.  I 
Pet.  iii. 

OR'NAMENT,  v.  t.  To  adorn ;  to  deck  ;  to 
embellish.  ffarburton. 

ORNAMENT'AL,  a.  Serving  to  decorate  , 
giving  additional  beauty  ;  embellishing. 

Some  think  it  most  ornamental  to  wear  their 
bracelets  on  their  wrists  ;  others  about  their  an- 
kles. Brown 

ORNAMENTALLY,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  add  eMibellishment. 

ORNAMENTED,  pp.  Decorated;  embel- 
lished ;  beautified.  Shenstone. 

OR'NAMENTING,  ppr.  Decorating  ;  em- 
bellishing. 

OR'NATE,  a.  [L.  ornaftts.]  Adorned;  dec- 
orated ;  beautiful.  Milton. 

OR'NATELY',  adv.  With  decoration. 

Skelton. 

OR'NATENESS,  n.  State  of  being  adorn- 
ed. 

OR'NATURE,  n.  Decoration.  [Little  used.] 

ORNISCOP'leS,  71.  Divination  by  the  ob- 
servation of  fowls.  Bailey. 

ORNIS'COPIST,  n.  [Gr.  opnj,  a  bird,  and 
sxojtscj,  to  view.] 

One  who  views  the  flight  of  fowls  in  order 
to  foretell  future  events  by  their  manner  of 
flight,     [hittle  used.]  Johnson. 

ORNITH'OLITE,  n.  A  petrified  bird. 

ORNITHOLOGICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or- 
nithology. 

0RNITH0L'O6IST,  n.  [See  Ornithology.] 
A  person  who  is  skilled  in  the  natural  his- 
tory of  fowls,  who  understands  their  form, 
structure,  habits  and  uses  ;  one  who  de- 
.scribes  birds. 

ORNITHOL'OtiV,  n.  [Gr.  optij,  a  fowl, 
and  xoyoj,  discom"se.] 

The  science  of  fivwis,  which  comprises  a 
knowledge  of  their  form,  structure,  habit» 
and  USPS. 

ORNITH'OMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  opus,  a  fowl, 
and  liaytHo,,  divination.] 


O  R  T 


O  R  T 


O  R  Y 


Augury,  a  species  of  divination  by  means 
of  fowls,  their  flight,  &c.  Encyc. 

OROLO(i'l€AL,  o.  [See  Orolo^j.]  Per- 
taining to  a  description  of  mountains. 

OROL'0(iIST,  n.  A  describer  of  moun 
tains. 

OROL'Ocjy,  n.  [Gr.  opoj,  a  mountain,  and 
^oyof,  discourse.]  The  science  or  de- 
scription of  mountains. 

OR'PHAN,  n.  [Gr.  ojxJkwoj  ;  It.  orfano ;  Fr. 
orphtlinJ] 

A  cliild  who  is  bereaved  of  father  or  mother 
or  of  both. 

OR'PHAN,  a.  Bereaved  of  parents. 

Sidney. 

ORPHANAGE,  \      The  state  of  an  orphan. 

OR'PHANISM,  S  Sherwood. 

ORPHANED,  a.  Bereft  of  parents  or 
friends.  Young. 

ORPHANOT'ROPHY,  n.  [Gr.  opta^-oj,  or- 
plian,  and  rpof  j;,  food.]  A  hospital  for  or- 
phans. Todd. 

ORPHEAN,  )  ^  Pertaining  to  Orpheus,  the 

OR'PHIe,  \  '  poet  and  musician  ;  as  Or- 
phic hymns.  Bn/ant. 

OR'PHEUS,  n.  A  fish  found   in  the  Medi 
terranean,  broad,  flat  and  thick,  and  some 
times  weighing  twenty  pounds.     The  or 
pheus  of  the  Greeks  is  said  to  have  been  a 
different  fish.        Did.  JSTal.  Hist.    Encyc. 

OR'PIMENT,  71.  [L.  auripigmentum ;  aurum, 
gold,  and  pigmentum.] 

Sulphuret  of  arsenic,  found  native  and  then 
an  ore  of  arsenic,  or  artificially  composed. 
The  native  orpinient  appears  in  yellow, 
brilliant  and  seemingly  talcky  masses  of 
various  sizes.  The  red  orpiment  is  called 
realgar.  It  is  more  or  less  lively  andj 
transparent,  and  often  crystalized  inbright! 
needles.  In  this  form  it  is  called  ruby  o/i 
arsenic. 

Fourcroy.     JVicholson.     Enci/c.     Ure. 

OR'PINE,  n.  [Fr.  orpin.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Sedum,  lesser  houseleek  or  live-, 
long.  The  bastard  orpine  is  of  the  genus 
Andrachne:  the  teaser  or/)me  of  the  ge- 
nus Crassida. 

ORRA€H.     [See  Orach.] 

OR'RERY,  n.  A  machine  so  constructed 
as  to  represent  by  the  movements  of  its 
parts,  the  motions  and  phases  of  the 
planets  in  their  orbits.  This  machine  was' 
invented  by  George  Graham,  but  Row-I 
ley,  a  workman,  borrowed  one  from  him,j 
and  made  a  copy  for  the  earl  of  Orrery,| 
after  whom  it  was  named  by  Sir  Richardi 
Steele.  Similar  machines  are  called  also 
planctariums.  Cyc. 

OR'RIS,  n.  The  plant  iris,  of  which  orris 
seems  to  be  a  corruption  ;  fleiir  de  lis  or 
flag-flower.  Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  gold  or  silver  lace.    Qu.  orfrais. 

Johnson. 

ORT,  Ji.  A  fragment ;  refuse.  Shak. 

OR'TALON,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus 
Alauda.  Encyc. 

OR'THITE,  n.  [Gr.  opSos,  straight.]  A 
mineral  occurring  in  straight  layers  in 
felspath  rock  with  albite,  &:.c.  It  is  of  a 
blackish  brown  color,  resembling  gadoh- 
nite,  but  differs  from  it  in  fusibility. 

Diet.  Mit.  Hist.     Ure.     Cleaveland 

ORTHOCER'ATITE,  n.  [Gr.  opSo;,  straight, 
and  xtpos,  a  horn.] 

The  name  of  certain  fossil  univalve  shells, 


straight  or  but  slightly  curved,  arranged 
by  C'uvier  in  the  genus  Nautilus. 

OR'THODOX,  a.  [See  Orthodoxy.]  Sound  in 
the  cliristian  faith  ;  believing  the  genuine 
doctrines  taught  in  the  Scriptures;  oppo- 
sed to  heretical ;  as  an  orthodox  christian. 

2.  According  with  the  doctrines  of  Scrip 
ture  ;  as  an  orthodox  creed  or  faith. 

OR'THODOXLY,  adv.  With  soundness  of 
faith.  Bacon. 

OR'THODOXNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sound  in  the  faith,  or  of  according  with 
the  doctrines  of  Scripture. 

OR'THODOXY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoSolio ;  opSos, 
right,  true,  and  8o|a,  opinion,  from  Joxsu, 
to  think.] 

1.  Soundness  of  faith;  a  belief  in  the  genu- 
ine doctrines  taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

Basil  bears  full  and  clear  testimony  to  Grego 
ry's  orthodoTy.  Waterland. 

2.  Consonance  to  genuine  scriptural  doc- 
trines ;  as  the  orthodoxy  of  a  creed. 

ORTHODROM'IC,  a.  [See  OHhodromy.] 
Pertaining  to  orthodromy. 

ORTHODROM'IeS,  n.  The  art  of  sailing 
in  the  arc  of  a  great  circle,  which  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  any  two  points 
on  the  surface  of  the  globe.  Harris. 

OR'THODROMY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
8po;uo5,  course.]  The  sailing  in  a  straight 
course. 

OR'THOEPIST,  n.  [See  Orthoepy.]  One 
who  pronounces  words  correctly,  or  who 
is  well  skilled  in  pronunciation. 

OR'THOEPY,  71.  [Gr.  ofOointia ;  opSoj,  right, 
and  frtof,  word,  or  j«u),  to  speak.] 

The  art  of  uttering  words  with  propriety;  a 
correct  pronunciation  of  words.        .Xares. 

OR'THOGON,  ri.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
yuna,  angle.]     A  rectangular  figure. 

Peacham. 

ORTHOG'ONAL,  a.  Right  angled ;  rec- 
tangular. Selden. 

ORTHOG'RAPHER,  n.  [See  OHhography  , 
One  that  spells  words  correctly,  according 
to  common  usage.  Shak. 

ORTHOGRAPHIC,        ?      Correctly  spell 

ORTHOGRAPHICAL,  ^  "'  ed  ;  written 
with  the  proper  letters. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  spelling  of  words;  as, 
to  make  an  orthographical  mistake. 

Orthographic  projection  of  the  sphere,  a  delin- 
eation of  the  sphere  upon  a  plane  that  cuts 
it  in  the  middle,  the  eye  being  supposed  to 
be  placed  at  an  infinite  distance  from  it. 

Bailey. 
A  projection  in  which  the  eye  is  sup- 
posed to  be  at  an  infinite  distance  ;  so  call 
ed  because  the  perpendiculars  from  any 
point  of  the  sphere  will  all  fall  in  the  com- 
mon intersection  of  the  sphere  with  the 
plane  of  the  projection.  Encyc. 

ORTHOGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  tlie  rules  of  proper  spelling. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  orthographic  projec- 
tion. 

ORTHOGRAPHY,  JI.  [GnopSoypcMjito;  op9oj, 
right,  and  ypaf;;,  writing.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  wonis  with  the  proper 
letters,  according  to  common  usage. 

2.  The  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  properties  of  letters,  and  of  the 
art  of  writing  words  correctly.  Encyc. 

3.  The  practice  of  spelling  or  writing  words 
with  the  proper  letters.  Su>i/l. 


4.  In  geometry,  the  art  of  dehneating  the 
fore  right  plane  or  side  of  any  object,  and 
of  expressing  the  elevations  of  each  part; 
so  called  because  it  determines  things  by 
perpendicular  lines  falling  on  the  geomet- 
rical plane.  Encyc. 

5.  In  architecture,  the  elevation  of  a  build- 
ing, showing  all  the  parts  in  their  true 
proportion.  Encyc. 

6.  In  perspective,  the  fore  right  side  of  any 
plaue,  that  is,  the  side  or  plane  that  lies 
parallel  to  a  straight  line  that  may  be  im- 
agined to  pass  through  the  outward  con- 
vex points  of  the  eyes,  continued  to  a  con- 
venient length.  Encyc. 

7.  In  fortification,  the  profile  or  representa- 
tion of  a  work  in  all  its  parts,  as  they 
would  appear  if  perpendicularly  cut  from 
top  to  bottom.  Cue 

ORTHOL'OUY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  riiiht,  and 
Xoyoj,  discourse.]  The  right  description 
of  tilings.  Fotherby. 

OllTHOM'ETRY,  n.  [Gr.  opSoj,  right,  and 
fifTpOT,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  constructing  verse 
correctly;  the  laws  of  correct  versifica- 
tion. S.  Jones. 

ORTHOP'NY,  n.  [Gt.  opSottmui. ;  opSoj,  right, 
erect,  and  rtt'otj,  breath  ;  rfnu,  to  breathe.) 

1.  A  species  of  asthma  in  which  respiration 
can  be  performed  only  in  an  erect  posture. 

Harvey. 

2.  .Any  difficulty  of  breathing.  Parr. 

OR'TIVE,  a.  [h.  oriivus,  hom  ortus,  orior, 
to  rise.] 

Rising,  or  eastern.  The  ortive  amplitude  of 
a  planet  is  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercept- 
ed between  the  point  where  a  star  ri- 
ses, and  the  east  point  of  the  horizon,  the 
point  where  the  horizon  and  equator  in- 
tersect. Encyc. 

OR'TOLAN,  n.  [It.  ortolano,  a  gardener,  an 
ortolan,  L.  hortulanus,  from  hortus,  a  gar- 
den.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Emberiza,  about  the  size 
of  the  lark,  with  black  wings.  It  is  found 
in  France  and  Italy,  feeds  on  panic  grass, 
and  is  dehcious  food.  Encyc. 

ORTS,  n.  Fragments  ;  pieces ;  refuse. 

OR'VAL,  71.  [Fr.  orvale.]  The  herb  clarv. 

bid. 

ORVIE'TAN,  71.  [It.  orviftano,  so  named 
from  a  mountebank  at  Orvieto.]  An  an- 
tidote or  counter  poison.     [,Yot  used.] 

Bailey. 

ORYCTOGNOS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
oryctognosy.  Kirwan. 

ORYCTOG'NOSY,  7i.  [Gr.  ojwxtos,  fossil, 
and  yvtjsif,  knowledge.] 

That  branch  of  mineralogy  which  has  for 
its  object  the  classification  of  minerals,  ac- 
cording to  well  ascertained  characters, 
and  under  appropriate  denominations. 

Cyc. 
Oryctognosy  consists  in  the  description 
of  minerals,  the  determination  of  their 
nomenclature,  and  the  systematic  ar- 
rangement of  their  different  species.  Ir 
coincides  nearly  with  mineralogy,  in  its 
modern  acceptation.  Cleaveland. 

ORYCTOG'RAPHY,n.  [Gr.  opvxro;,  fossil, 
and  ypcKjiu,  to  describe.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  in  which  fossils 
are  described.  Cyc 


O  S  P 


O  S  T 


O  S  T 


ORYeTOL'06Y,  n.  [Gr.  ofvxtos,  fossil,  and 
jLoyof,  discourse.]  Tliat  part  of  pliysics 
wliicii  treats  of  fossils.  Q/c 

OS'€HEOCELE,  n.  [Gr.  os^tor,  the  scro- 
tum, and  xrjXi;,  a  tumor.]     A   rujiture  in 
tlie  scriitum  ;  scrotal  hernia.,  Cyc.     Coxe. 
OS'CILLATE,  V.   i.  [L.  oscillo,  from   ant. 

cilto,  Gr.  xfXXu,  to  move.] 
To  swing  ;  to  move  backward  and  forward; 
to  vibrate.  Chambers. 

OSCILLA'TION,  n.  [h.  oscillaHo.']     Vibra 
tion  ;  a  moving  backward  and  forward,  or 
swinging  like  a  pendulum. 
OS'CILLATORY,    a.    Moving    backward 
and  forward  like  a  pendulum;  swinging; 
as  an  oscillatory  motion.  Arbuthnot. 

OS'CITANCY,  71.  [L.  oscito,  to  yawn,  from 
OS,  the  mouth.]     The   act   of  gaping  or 
yawning. 
%  Unusual  sleepiness ;  drowsiness  ;  dullness. 
It  might  proceed  from  the  oscitancy  of  trans- 
cribers. Addison. 
OS'CITANT,  a.  Yawning;  gaping. 
2.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull ;  sluggish. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
OS'CITANTLY,  adv.  Carelessly.  More. 
OSCITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  yawning  or 

gaping  from  sleepiness. 
0S€ULA'T10N,  n.  [L.oscuio/to,  a  kissing.] 
In  geometry,  the  contact  between  any  giv- 
en curve  and  its  osculatory  circle,  that  is, 
a  circle  of  the  same  curvature  with  the 
given  curve.  Cyc. 

OS'CULATORY,  a.  An  osculatory  circle,  in 
geometry,  is  a  circle  having  the  same  curv 
ature  with  any  curve  at  any  given  point. 

Cyc. 
OS'CULATORY,  n.  In  church  history,' 
tablet  or  board,  with  the  picture  of  Christ 
or  the  virgin,  &c.  which  is  kissed  by  the 
priest  and  then  delivered  to  the  people  for 
the  same  purpose.  Cyc. 

OSIER,  n.  o'zher.  [Fi:  osier ;  Sax. /lOS.Qu.] 
A  willow  or  water  willow,  or  the  twig  of 
the  willow,  used  in  making  baskets. 

Pope. 
OS'MAZO.ME,  n.  [Gr.  ot/iij,  odor,  and  t^- 

juof,  juice.] 
A  substance  of  an  aromatic  flavor,  obtained 
from  the  flesh  of  the  o.x.  Thenard. 

OS'MIUM,  n.  [Gr.  onu);,  odor.]  A  metal  re- 
cently discovered,  and  contained  in  the 
ore  of  platinum.  A  native  alloy  of  this 
metal  with  iridium  is  found  in  grains  along 
the  rivers  in  Soutli  America.  Osmium  has 
a  dark  gray  color;  it  is  not  volatile  when 
heated  in  close  vessels,  but  heated  in  the 
o|ien  air,  it  absorbs  oxygen  and  forms  a 
volatile  oxyd.  It  is  insoluble  in  the  acids, 
readily  soluble  in  potassa  and  very  vola- 
tile. It  takes  its  name  from  the  singular 
smell  of  its  oxyd. 

Cyc.  Webster's  Manual. 
OS'MUND,  n.  A  plant,  or  a  genus  of  plants, 
osmunda,  nioonvvorl.  The  most  remark 
aV>le  species  is  tlie  osmuud  royal  or  flow 
ering  fern,  growing  in  marshes,  the  root 
of  which  boiled,  is  very  slimy,  and  is  used 
in  stiffening  linen.  Encyc. 

OSNABURG,    )).    ox'nburg.    A   species  of 
coarse  linen  imported  from  Osnaburg,  in 
Gerniany. 
OS'PRA'V,  ».  {V,.  osnifraga  ;  os,  a  bone,  and 

frango,  to  break  ;  the  bone-breaker.] 
The  se:i-eagle,  a  fowl  of  the  genus  Faico  or 
hawk,  of  the  size  of  a  peacock.     Tliis  is 


our  fish  hawk.  It  feeds  on  fish,  which  it 
takes  by  suddenly  darting  upon  them, 
when  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Encyc. 

OS'SELET,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  os,  ossis,  a 
bone.] 

A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  inside  of 
a  horse's  knee,  among  the  small  bones. 

Far.  Diet 

OS'SEOUS,  a.  [L.  osseus,  from  os,  a  bone.] 
Bony  ;  resembling  bone.  Parkhurst. 

OS'SleLE,  n.  [L.  ossiculum.]  A  small  bone. 

Holder. 

OSSIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  os,  a  bone,  and/cro, 
to  produce.]  Producing  or  furnishing 
bones.  Buckland. 

OSSIF'IC,  a.  [L.  OS,  a  bone,  and  facia,  to 
nake.] 

Having  power  to  ossify  or  change  carneous 
and  membranous  substances  to  boiie. 

mseman. 

OSSIFICA'TION,  n.    [from   ossify.]     Th 
change  or  process  of  changing  from  flesh 
or  other  matter  of  animal   bodies  into  a 
bony  substance  ;  as  the  ossification  of  an 
artery.  Sharp. 

2.  Theformation  of  bones  in  animals. 

OSSIFIED,  pp.  Converted  into  bone,  or  a 
lard  substan(-e  like  hone. 

OS'SIFRAGE,  n.  [L.   ossifraga.     See   Os 

The  ospray  or  sea-eagle.     In   Leviticus    xi 

13,  it  denotes  a  different  fowl. 
OS'SIFY,  i>.  t.  [L.  OS,  bone,   and  facio,  to 

form.] 
To  form  bone  ;  to  change  from  a  soft  animal 

substance   into  bone,   or   convert   into 

substance  of  the  hardness  of  bones.    This 

is   done  by  the  deposition   of  calcarious 

phosphate  or  carbonate  on  the  part. 

Sharp,      lire. 
OS'SIFV,  J',  i.  To  become  bone;  to  change 

from  soft  matter  into  a  substance  of  bony 

hardness. 
OSSIV'OROUS,  a.  [L.  os,  bone,  and  voro, 

to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  bones  ;  eating  bones  ;  as  ossivo- 

rous  quadrupeds.  Derham. 

OS'SUARY,  n.  [L.  ossuarium.]     A  charnel 

house ;  a  place  where   the   bones  of  the 

dead  are  deposited.  Diet. 

OST,     ?       A  kiln  for  dying  hops  or  malt. 
OUST,  \  "•  Diet.  Eng. 

OSTENSIBIL'ITY,    n.    [See     Oslmsihle.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  appearing  or  being 

shown. 
OSTEN'SIBLE,  a.  [It.  ostensibile,  from  L 

ostendo,  to  show.] 

1.  That  may  be  shown  :  proper  or  intended 
to  be  shown.  IVarton. 

2.  Plausible  ;  colorable.  Poxitnall. 
Ap|iearing  ;   seeming  ;    shown,  declared 

or  avowed.  Wc  say,  the  ostensible  reason 
or  motive  for  a  measure  may  be  the  real 
one,  or  very  different  from  the  real  one. 
This  is  the  conwnon,  and  I  believe  the  only 
sense  in  which  the  word  is  used  in  Amer- 
ica. 

One   of  tho  ostensible  groimils  on  which  the 
proprietors  liatl  obtained  tlieir  charter — 

Rnmsaij. 
OSTEN'SIBLY,  adv.  In  apixarance;   in' 
manner  that  is  declared  or  pretenrlcd. 

An  embargo  and   non-intcrcour^^e  wliioii  to- 
tally defeat  tlu-  interests  they  are  ostensibly  dc: 
tined  to  promote.  fl'alsh. 


OSTEN'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ostendo.] 
Showing ;  exhibiting.  Oslensive  demon- 
stration, is  one  which  plainly  and  directly 
demonstrates  the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

Cyc. 

OS'TENT,  n.  [L.  osientum,  from  ostendo.] 

1.  Appearance;  air;  manner;  mien.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

2.  Show ;  manifestation ;  token.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

3.  A  prodigy  :  a  portent ;  any  thing  omi- 
nous.    [Little  used.]     Chapman.     Dryden. 

OS'TENTATE,  r. /.  [h.osttnto.]  To  make 
an  ambitious  display  of;  to  show  or  ex- 
hibit boastingJv.  [.Vb<  used.]  Taylor. 
OSTENTA'TION,  n.  [L.  ostenlatio.]  Out- 
ward show  or  appearance.  Shak. 
Ambitious  display;  vain  ^low ;  display 
of  any  thing  dictated  by  vanity,  or  intend- 
ed to  invite  praise  or  flattery.  Ostentation 
of  endowments  is  made  by  boasting  or 
self-commendation.  Ostentation  often  ap- 
pears in  works  of  art  and  sometimes  in 
acts  of  charity. 

He  l<new  that  good  and  bountiful  minds  are 
sometimes  inclined  to  ostentation.    Jltterbury. 
The  painter  is  to  malce  no  ostentation  of  the 
means  by  which  he  strikes  the  imagination. 

Reynolds. 

3.  A  show  or  spectacle.     [N'ol  used.]     Shak. 

OSTENTA'TIOUS,   a.    Making   a  display 

from  vanity  ;  boastful;  fond  of  presenting 

one's  endowments  or  works   to  others  in 

an  advantageous  light. 

Voiir  modesty  is  so    far  from  being  ostenta- 
tious of  tlie  good  yon  do^  Dryden. 
2.  Showy  ;    gaudy  ;  intended   for  vain  dis- 
play ;  as  ostentatious  ornaments. 
OSTENTATIOUSLY,  adv.  With  vain  dis- 
play :  boastfully. 
OSTENTA'TiqUSNESS,  n.  Vain  display  ; 

vanity;  boast  fulness. 
OSTENTA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes 
a  vain  show  ;  a  boaster.     [Little  used.] 

Sherwood. 
OSTENT'OUS,  a.  Fondof  making  a  show. 
[Little  used.]  Feltham. 

OS'TEOCOL,  I  [Gr.  o^foi,  ahone,  and 
OST  EOCO  L'LA,  Pxo/.?.o.  glue.]  A  car- 
bonate of  lime,  a  fossil  formed  by  incrus- 
tation nil  the  stem  of  a  plant.  It  is  Ibund 
in  hng,  thick,  ami  irregular  cylindric 
pieces,  generally  hollow,  sometimes  filled 
with  calcarious  earth,  and  in  size,  from 
that  of  a  cp'w's  quill  to  that  of  a  man's 
arm.     It  is  always  found  in  sand. 

JVichotson.     Encyc.     Cleaveland. 
This  word  takes  its  name  trom  an  opin- 
ion that  it  has  the  quality  of  uniting  frac- 
tured bones. 
OS'TEOeOPE,  71.  [Gr.  o;iov,  a  bone,  and 

xo«o5,  labor,  uneasiness.] 
Pain  in  the  bones ;  a  violent  fixed  pain  in 

any  part  of  a  bone.  ~    '  ~ 

OSTEOL'OgER 


OSTEOL'OtilST,  ^"' 


Qtiincy.     Coxe. 
[See  Osteology.]  One 
who    describes    the 
Smith. 
Pertaining  to  ade- 
"■  scription    of    the 


bones  of  aiiiiiials. 

OSTEOLOO'IC,       ; 

OSTEOLOti'l€AL, 

bones. 
OSTEOLOG'ICALLY,  adv.    According  to 

osteology.  Lawrence,  Led. 

OSTEOL'OgY,  7!.  [Gr.  ojfo..,  a  bone,  and 

>.oyo5,  discourse.] 
1.  A  ilesrription  of  the  bones;  that  part  of 

anatomy  which  treats  of  the  bones.  Encyc. 


O  T  H 


O  T  T 


O  U  P 


2.  The  system  of  animal  bones. 

OS'TIARY,  n.  [L.  ostium,  mouth.]  The 
mimtli  or  opening  by  whidi  a  river  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  the  sea,  or  into  a 
lake.  Brown. 

OS'l'l,F,R.  [See  HoaUer.] 

OSri.KUY.   [See  HosUery.] 

OST'MKN,  »i.  jdu.  Kast  men  ;  Danish  set- 
tlers in  In  laiiil,  so  called.  Lyllldon. 

OS'TRACl.S.M,  II.  [Gr.  oj-^axmjitoj,  from  oj- 
paxw,  a  shell,  or  potter's  ware. J 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  banishment  by  the 
people  of  Athens,  of  a  persnn  wlius^-  mc  r 
and  inflnence  gave  umbragi!  tn  th.;iii.  It 
takes  this  naiim  from  the  shell  nn  whic 
the  name  or  the  note  of  acipiitt.il  or  con- 
dcjimation  uiis  written.  It  is  however 
most  probahli!  that  this  shell  was  a  piece 
of  baked  earth,  rendered  by  the  Lalin-s 
testa.  Encyc. 

2.  Banishment;  expulsion;  separation. 

Sentenced  to  a  pcr|)Ctual  oslrnnsm  from  the 
esteem  and  confidence,  and  honors  anil  emolu- 
ments of  Iiis  coiinliy.       Federalist,  Hamilton. 
OS'TRACITE,  n.  [Gr.  ofpoxtr^s,  from  of- 

paxoi",  a  shell.] 
An  oyster  shell  in  its  fossil  state,  or  a  stone 
formed  in  the  shell,  the  latter  being  dis 
solved.  This  stone  is  found  in  many  parts 
of  England,  and  has  boon  in  repute  for  its 
efficacy  in  cases  of  the  gravel.  Enci/c 
OS'TllACIZE,  V.  f.  [See  0.s(racwm.]  To 
banish  by  the  popular  vmrc,  particularly 
u  person  eminent  for  public  services,  but 
who  has  lost  his  popularity.  Marvel. 

OS'TRICII,  n.  [¥i.  autrueke  ;  Sp.avestruz; 
Port,  abestruz  ;  It  struzzo  :  G.  strauss ;   D. 
struis  or   struis-vog^t ;   Dan.  struds ;   Sw 
struss  ;  L.  siruthio-camelus ;  Gr.  j-iioiifloj,    u 
sparrow,  and  an  ostrich.     The  niKaninxot 
this  name  is  not  obvious.  The  word  strauss 
in   Gtinnan,   siguilies   a  bush,    a    tuft,   a 
biiueli  ;  bur  the  latter  part  of  this  name 
struz,  struds,  .<itrauss,  coimudes  also  with 
the  Eng.  strut,  Dan.  strutter,  (J.  strotzen : 
and   this   is   the  L.   struthio,    Gr.  fijoi&o;. 
The  first  part  of  the  word  iti  Fr.  Sp.  and 
Port,  is  from  L.  avis.     The  primary  sense 
oi struz,  struthio,  &c.  is  to  reach,  stretch, 
extend  or  erect ;  but  whether   this  name 
was  given    to  the   fowl  from    its  stately 
walk  ov  appearance,  or  from  some  part  of 
its  plumage,  let  the  reader  judge.] 
A  fowl  now  considered  as  constituting  a  dis 
tinct  genus,   the   Struthio.     This   is  the 
largest  of  all   fowls,  being  four  feet  high 
from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  back, 
and  seven,  eight,  and  it  is  said  even  ten  to 
the  lop  of  the  head,  when  standing  erect. 
Its  thighs  and  the  sides  of  the  body  are  na 
ked,  and  the  wings  are  so  short  as  to  he  un 
fit  for  flying.  The  plumage  is  elegant,  and 
much  used  in  ornaiiieiital  and  showy  dre.«s. 
The  speed  of  this  fowl  in  rimning  exceeds 
that  of  the  fleetest  horse.  Encyc. 

OTACOUS'Tle,    a.    [Gr.  uro,    ears,   and 
axovu,   to  hear.]     Assisting  the   sense  of 
bearing  ;  as  an  otacoustic  instrument. 
OTAeOUS'TIC,  n.  An  instrument  to  facili 
tate  hearing.  Grew. 

O'FU'ER,    a.    [Sax.    other;    G.   oder ;    Gr. 
fTfpoj.    Qu.  Sp.  otro.     If  the  radical  letters 
are   Ir,   qu.    Heb.   and   Ch.   in',    residue. 
The  French  auti-e  is  from  the  Latin  alter.] 
1.  Not  the  same  ;  different ;  not  this  or  these. 


Then  the  other  company   which  is  left  shall 
escapo.     Gen   xxxii. 

Behold,  it  was  tumeil  again  as  hie  other  flesh 
Ex.  iv. 

Other  lords  betides  thee  have  had  dominion 
over  us      U.  xav'i. 

The.':   ii  Olio  God,  and  there  is   none  other 
but  he.     -Mark  xii 

Not  this,  hut  the  contrary  ;  as,  on  this  side 
of  the  river  stands  Troy,  on  the  other  side 
stands  Albany. 

Wliosoevci    shall   smite   thee   on   thy   right 
cheek,  tuni  to  him  the  other  also.     Malt.  v. 

3.  Noting  something  besides.  To  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  Latin  and  Greek,  join  as  much 
otiier  learning  as  you  can. 

4.  Correlative  to  each,  and  applicable  to  any 
number  of  individuals. 

They  asked  each  other  of  their  welfare.     Ex 
I      xviii. 

5.  Opposed  to  some  :  as,  "  some  fell  among 
thorns — but  other  fell  into  good  groinid.'' 
Malt.  xiii. 

The  next.  Shak. 

The  third  part.  B.  Jonson. 

Other  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  and 
in  this  use  has  the  plural  number,  and  the 
sign  of  the  possessive  case. 

— The  tool  and  the  brutish   person  die,  and 
leave  their  wealth  to  others.     Ps.  xlix. 
What  do  ye  more  than  others?     Matt.  v. 
We  were  children  of  wrath  even  as  others. 
Eph.  ii. 

The  confusion  arises,  when  tlie  one  will  put 
their  sickle  into  the  (i//if;'.s'  harvest.         Lesley 
With  the  sign  of  the  possessive,  other  is 
preceded  by  the,  as  in  the  last  example 
Other  is  sometimes  put  elliptically  for  other 
thing.     From  such  a  man,  we  can  expect 
no  other. 
The  other  day,  at  a  certain  time  past,  not  di: 

tant  hut  inilefinite  ;  not  Ions  ago. 
.OTH'ERGATES,  adv.  [oilier  a.\u\  gate,  for 
wav,  manner.]     In  another  manner.    Oft.s. 

Shak. 
OTII'ERGUISE,    adv.     [other 
manner.]     Of  another  kind. 
l)ronounced  ofherguess.] 
OTHERWHERE,  adv.  [other  and   wlifre. 
In  some  other  place  ;  or  in  other  places. 

Milton 
OTHERWHILE, 
OTII  ERWIHLES, 

OTH'ERWISE,  adv.  [other  aru\  wise,  man 
ner.]     In  a  diflerent  manner. 
Thy  lather  was  a  worthy  prince, 
And  merited,  alas  !  a  better  fale; 
But  heaven  llionghl  otherwise.         Addison 
By  other  causes. 

Sir  John  Norris  failed  in  the  attempt  of  I^is- 
born,  and  returned  with  tlie  loss,  by  sickiies> 
and  olheriviie,  of  SUOO  men.  Raleigh 

3.  In  other  respects. 

It  is  s;iid  truly,  that  tlie  best  men  otherwise 
are  not  always  the  best  in  regard  to  society. 

Hooker 

OT'OMO,  Ji.  A  fowl  of  the  Lagopus  kind, 
about  the  size  of  a  tame  pigeon,  a  native 
of  Germany,  and  highly  esteemed  tor 
food.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

OT'TER,  I       The  essential  oil  or  essence 

AT'TAR,  S""  of  roses.  .Isiat.  Rc.$. 

OT'TER,  n.  [Sax.  oirr,  nior  or  olter  ;   G.  ot 
ter,  an  otter,   an  addir  or  viper;  1).  otter 
Sw.  utter.     The  Latin  Intra,  Fr.  loutre.  It. 
lontra,   Sp.  nutria,   may  possibly   be  the 
same  word  varied  iu  dialect.] 


and    guise. 
[corruptly 


'     ,  ^    [other  and  while. 
',  At  other  times. 


A  quitdruped  of  the  genus  Mustela,  nearly 
two  feet  in  length,  of  u  brown  color,  with 
short  legs,  amphibious  and  feeding  on 
fish.  It  burrows  in  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
ponds,  and  its  toes  being  webbed,  it  swims 
with  great  rapidity.  Tln^re  are  several  oth- 
er species,  of  which  the  sea  otter  is  the 
Inrjiest,  bein;;  about  three  feet  in  length. 
OT'TER,  n.  The  name  of  a  coloring  sub- 
stance. 
OT'TOMAN,  a.  Designating  something 
that  pertains  to  the  Turks  or  to  their  gov- 
ernment ;  as  the  Ottoman  power  or  empire. 
The  word  originated  in  Otiiman  or  Os- 
luan,  the  name  of  a  sultan  who  assumed 
the  government  about  the  year  1300. 

Eton. 
OUCH,  11.  A  bezil  or  socket  in  which  a  pre- 
cious stone  or  seal  is  set.     Ex.  xxxix. 
2.  Tlie  blow  given  by  a  boar's  tusk.     Obs. 

Ainsworth. 
OUG  HT.  [See  Aught,  the  true  orthography.] 
OUGHT,  V.  imperfect,  aut.  [This  word  seems 
to  he  the  preterit  tense  of  the  original 
verb  to  owe,  that  is,  Sax.  agati,  Goth,  ai- 
gan,  Sw.  (iga,  to  have  or  possess,  the  radi- 
cal sense  being  to  hold,  to  restrain  or 
stop;  hence  the  passive  participle  would 
signify  held,  bound.  In  tliis  sense  it  was 
used  by  Spelman  and  Drydcn.  But  ought 
as  used,  is  irregul.u-,  being  used  in  all  per- 
sons both  in  the  present  and  past  tenses ; 
as,  /  ought,  thou  oughlest,  he  ought ;  we,  ye, 
they  ought.] 
\.  To  be  held  or  bound  in  duty  or  moral  ob- 
ligation. 

These  otight  ye   to   liavc  done,  and  not  to 
leave  the  other  undone.     Matt,  xxiii. 

We  that  are  strong  ought  to  bear  the  infirmi- 
ties of  the  weak.     Rom.  xv. 

Thou  oughtest  therefore  to  have  put  my  mon- 
ey to  the  exchangers.     Matt.  xxv. 

2.  To  be  necessary ;  to  behoove. 
Ought  not  Christ   to   have    suffered   those 

things  and  to  enter  into  glory .'     Luke  xxiv. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  expedient  in  a  moral  view. 
My  brethren,  these  things  ought  not  so  to  be. 

James  iii. 

4.  As  a  participle,  owed  ;  been  indebted  to. 
The  love  and  duty  1  long  have  ought  you. 

Spelman. 
That  followed,  sir,  which  to  myself  1  ought. 

Dryden. 
[In  this  sense,  obsolete.] 

5.  In  Chaucer's  time,  it  was  used  imperson- 
ally. "  WeJ  ought  us  werke,"  that  is,  «  ell 
it  behooveth  us  to  work. 

OUNCE,  Ji.  ou/1.9.  [L.  uncia,  the  twelfth 
part  of  any  thing  ;  Gr.  oi>yy«i ;  but  the 
Greek  is  from  the  Latiu ;  Fr.  once;  It. 
onria,  an  ounce,  and  an  inch;  Sp.  o»:o; 
D.  once  ;  G.  unze.  Inch  is  from  the  same 
root,  being  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot.] 

1.  .\  weight,  the  twelfth  part  of  a  pound 
troy,  and  the  sixteenth  of  a  pound  avoir- 
dupois. In  troy  weight,  the  ounce  is  20 
pennyweights,  each  of  24  grains. 

2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Fells.  [See  Once] 
OUND'ED,  I  Waviim.  [Fr.  otide,  L. 
OUND'ING,  S  "•  unda.] "  [.Vol  used.] 

Chaucer. 

OUPHE,  n.  oofy.  [Teutonic,  auff;  but  prob- 
ably contrai'ted  from  elf,  G.  alp.]  A  fairy ; 
a  cobhn  ;  an  elf     Obs.  Shak. 

OUPHEN,  n.    oof  en.  Elfish.     Obs.     Shak. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


OUR,  «•  [Sax.  ure ;  in  the  oblique  cases, 
urum,  urne,  wlience  our  vulgar  oum ;  Sw. 
v?ir;   Dan.  Dor;  Ir.  ar  ;  Basque,  gure.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  us ;  as  out 
country ;  our  rights ;  our  troops. 

2.  Ours,  "which  is  primarily  the  possessive 
case  of  our,  is  never  used  as  an  adjective 
but  as  a  substitute  for  the  adjective  and 
the  noun  to  which  it  belongs.  Yovn- 
house  is  on  a  plain;  ours  is  on  a  hill. 
This  is  good  English,  but  certainly  ours 
must  be  the  nominative  to  is,  or  it  has 
none. 

Their  organs  are  better  disposed  than  ours  for 
receiving  grateful  impressions  from  sensible  ob- 
jects. Atterbury. 
Here  ours  stands  in  the  place  of  our  or- 
gans, and  cannot,  in  conformity  with  any 
rule  of  construction,  be  in  the  possessivei 
case. 

The  same  thing  was  done  by  them  in  suingl 
in  their  courts,  which  is  now  done  by  us  in  su-, 
ing  in  ours.  Kettleworth. 

OURANOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovh^oj,  heav- 
en, and  ypo^u,  to  describe.]  A  description 
of  the  heavens.  Hist.  Roy.  Society. 

OURSELF',  pron.  reciprocal,  [our  and  set/.] 
This  is  added  after  we  and  us,  and  some- 
times is  used  without  either  for  myself,  in 
the  regal  style  only ;  as,  we  ourself  will 
follow.  Shak. 

— Unless  we  would  denude  ourself  of  all 
force  to  defend  us.  Clarendon. 

OURSELVES,  plu.  of  ourself.  We  or  us, 
not  others ;  added  to  we,  by  way  of  em- 
phasis or  opposition. 

We  ourselves  might  distinctly  number  in 
words  a  great  deal  farther  than  we  usually  do. 

Locke. 
Safe  in   otirselves,  while  on  ourselves   we 
stand.  Dryden. 

OUSE,  n.  ooz.  [for  ooze.\    Tanner's  bark. 

Ainsworth. 
OUSEL,  n.  oo'd.  [Sax.  osle.]  The  black 
bird,  a  species  of  the  genus  Turdus.  Shak. 
OUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  oter,  for  ouster.  It  seems 
to  be  a  contracted  word,  for  in  Norman, 
oghsta  is  ousted.  I  take  this  to  be  our 
vulgar  oost,  used  in  the  sense  of  lift.  The 
usual  signification  then  will  be  that  of  the 
Latin  tollo,  sustuli.] 

1.  To  takeaway;  to  remove. 

Multiplications  of  actions  upon  the  case  were 
rare  formerly,  and  thereby  wager  of  law  ousted. 

Hall 

2.  To  eject;  to  disseize. 

Afterward  the  lessor,  reversioner  or  remain- 
der-man or  any  stranger  doth  eject  or  oust  the 
lessee  of  his  term.  Blackstone 

OUST'ED,   pp.    Taken    away;    removed; 

ejected. 
OUST'ER,  n.  Amotion  of  possession ;  dis- 
seizin ;  dispossession ;  ejection. 

Blackstone 
Ouster   of   the   freehold  is  effected   by 
abatement,  intrusion,  disseizin,  discontin- 
uance or  deforcement.  Ih 
Ouster  le    main,    [ouster  and  Fr.    le  main, 

the  hand.] 
A  delivery  of  lands  out  of  the   hands  of  a 
guardian,  or  out  of  the  king's  hands;  or  a 
judgment  given  for  that  purpose. 

Blackstone.     Encyc. 
OUST'ING,  ppr.  Taking  away  ;  removing; 

ejecting. 
OUT,  adv.    [Sax.  ut;  D.  uit ;  G.  aus  ;  Dan 
ltd ;  Sw.  Mi.     in  Scotland,  it  is  used  as  a 


verb,  to  lay  out.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  verb  must  be  to  issue  forth,  to  depart. 
In  Russ.  ot  signities/ront.] 

1.  Without;  on  the  outside;  not  within  ;  on 
the  exterior  or  beyond  the  limits  of  any 
inclosed  place  or  given  line  ;  opposed  to  in 
or  within ;  as,  to  go  oui  and  come  in ;  to 
rush  oii(. 

2.  Abroad ;  not  at  home.  The  master  of 
the  house  is  out ;  a  colloquial  phrase  lor 
gone  out. 

3.  In  a  state  of  disclosure  or  discovery.  The 
secret  is  out,  that  is,  has  come  out,  is  dis 
closed.     We  shall  find  out  the  rogue. 

4.  Not  concealed. 
When  these  are  gone, 

The  woman  will  be  out.  Shak 

5.  In  a  state  of  extinction.  The  candle  or 
the  fire  is  out. 

6.  In  a  state  of  being  exhausted.  The  wine 
is  out. 

7.  In  a  state  of  destitution.  We  are  out  of 
bread  corn. 

8.  Not  in  office  or  employment.     I  care  not 
who  is  in  or  who  is  out.    He  is  out  of  bu 
siness. 

9.  Abroad  or  from  home,  in  a  party,  at 
church,  in  a  parade,  &c.  He  was  not  out 
to-day.  The  militia  companies  are  otit 
The  man  was  out  in  a  frolick  last  night. 

10.  To  the  end. 
Hear  me  out.  Dryden. 

11.  Loudly;  without  restraint ;  as,  to  laug' 
out. 

12.  Not  in  the  hands  of  the  owner.  The 
land  is  out  upon  a  lease. 

13.  In  an  error. 
As  a  musician  that  will  always  play, 
And  yet  is  always  out  at  the  same  note 

Roscommon. 

14.  At  a  loss ;  in  a  puzzle. 
I  have  forgot  my  part,  and  I  am  out. 

Shak. 

15.  Uncovered  ;  with  clothes  torn  ;  as,  to  be 
out  at  the  knees  or  elbows. 

16.  Away,  so  as  to  consume  ;  as,  to  sleep  out 
the  best  time  in  the  morning. 

17.  Deficient ;  having  expended.  He  was 
out  of  pocket.     He  was  out  fifty  pounds. 

Fell. 

18.  It  is  used  as  an  exclamation  with  the 
force  of  command,  away  ;  begone ;  as 
out  with  the  dog.  Shak 

Out  upon  you,  out  upon  it,  expressions  of  dis- 
Uke  or  contempt. 

Out  is  much  used  as  a  modifier  of  verbs ;  as 
to  come  out,  to  go  out,  to  lead  out,  to  run 
out,  to  leak  out,  to  creep  out,  to  flow  out,' 
to  pass  out,  to  look  out,  to  burn  out,  to  cull 
out,  to  saw  out,  to  grow  out,  to  spin  out,  to 
write  out,  to  boil  out,  to  beat  otit,  &c.[ 
bearing  the  sense  of  issuing,  extending, 
drawing  from,  separating,  bringing  to 
open  view,  or  in  short,  the  passing  of  a 
limit  that  incloses  or  restrains;  or  bearing 
the  metaphorical  sense  of  vanishing,  com-! 
ing  to  an  end. 

Out  of.  In  this  connection,  out  may  be  con- 
sidered as  an  adverb,  and  of  as  a.  preposi- 
tion. 

1.  Proceeding   from  ;    as   produce.     Plant.s] 
grow  out  of  the  earth.     He  paid  me  out  o, 
his  own  funds. 

Keep  thy  heart  with  all  diligence,  for  out  nj 
it  arc  the  issues  of  life.     I'rov.  iv. 

Out  of  the  same  mouth  proceedeth  blessiU] 
and  cursing.  James  iii. 


2.  Prom  or  proceeding  from  a  place,  or  the 
interior  of  a  place  ;  as,  to  take  any  thing 
out  of  the  house.  Mark  xiii. 

3.  Beyond  ;  as  out  of  the  power  of  fortune. 
They  were  a^tl•ai9bed  out  q^measure.  Mark  x, 

4.  From,  noting  taking  or  derivation. 
To    whom   he  expounded  and   testified  the 

kingdom  of  God,  persuading  them  concerning 
Jesus,  both  out  o/the  law  ol  Moses,  and  out  of 
the  prophets.    Acts  xxviii. 

Not  in,  noting  extraordinary  exertion. 
Be  instant  in  season,  out  o/season.    2  Tim.  iv. 

Not  ni,  noting  exclusion,  dismission,  de- 
parture, absence  or  dereliction  ;  as  out  of 
favor  ;  out  of  use  ;  out  of  place  ;  out  of 
fasliion. 

Not  111,  noting  unfitness  or  impropriety. 
He  IS  witty  out  o/"  season.  The  seed  was 
sown  oi(<  o/'seus.in. 

Not  Within,  noting  extraordinary  delay ; 
as,  a  ship  is  out  ufiinie. 

Not  wiiliiu ;  abroad  ;  as  ottt  of  the  door 
or  house. 

10.  From,  noting  copy  from  an  original ;  as. 
to  cite  or  copy  oat  of  Horace. 

11.  From,  noting  rescue  ui  liberation;  as,  to 
be  delivered  out  of  afflictions. 

Christianity  recovered  the  law  of  nature  out 
of  M  those  errors.  Jiddison. 

12.  Not  in,  noting  deviation,  exorbitance  or 
irregularity.  This  is  out  of  all  method; 
out  of  all  rule.  He  goes  out  of  his  way  to 
find  cause  of  censure.     He  is  out  &/"  order. 

13.  From,  noting  dereliction  or  departure. 
He  will  not  be  flattered  or  frightened  out 
q/"  his  duty.  He  attempted  to  laugh  men 
out  q/"  virtue. 

14.  From,  noting  loss  or  change  of  state. 
The  mouth  is  out  q/" taste;  the  instrument 
is  out  of  tune.  Bacon. 

15.  Not  according  to,  noting  deviation  ;  as, 
he  acts  or  speaks  out  q/"  character. 

16.  Beyond ;  not  within  the  limits  of;  as,  to 
be  out  q/" hearing,  om(  q/" sight,  out  q/" reach. 
Time  out  of  mind,  is  time  beyond  the 
reach  of  memory. 

17.  Noting  loss  or  exhaustion ;  as,  to  be  out 
of  breath. 

18.  Noting  loss  ;  as  out  q/'hope. 

19.  By  means  of. 
Out  of  that  will  I  cause  those  of  Cyprus 

to  mutiny.  Shak. 

20.  In  consequence  of,  noting  the  motive, 
source  or  reason. 

What  they  do  not  grant  out  of  the  generosity 
of  their  nature,  they  may  grant  out  q/'mere  im- 
patience. Smalridge. 
So  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  out  of  envy, 
spite  or  ambition. 
Out  of  hand,  immediately,  as  that  is  easily 
used  which  is  ready  in  the  hand. 

Gather  we  our  forces  out  q/"hand.  Shak. 

Out  of  print,  denotes  that  a  book  is  not  in 

market,  or  to  be  purchased ;  the  copies 

printed  having  been  all  sold. 

OUT,  V.  t.  To  eject ;  to   expel ;  to  deprive 

by  expulsion. 

The  French  having  been  outed  of  their  holds. 

Hey  tin. 

In  comjiosition,  out  signifies  bej'ond,  more, 
ejection  or  c.xtcn.^ion. 

For  the  participles  of  the  following  com- 
pounds, see  the  simple  verbs. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


OUTACT',  V.  t.  To  do  beyond  ;  to  exceed 
in  act. 

He  has  made  me  lieir  to  treasures, 
Vi  ould  make  me  outact  a  real  widow's  whin- 
ing. Otway. 
OUTIJAL'ANCE,  v.  t.  To  outweigh  ;  to  ex- 
ceed ill  weight  or  efrcrt. 

Let  dull  Ajax  bear  .iivay  my  right, 
When  all  his  days  imtbalance  this  one  night. 

Dryiltit . 
OUTB'AR,  V.  t.  To  sliut  out  by  bars  or  lor- 
tiiicalioii. 

The.ie  to  outbar  with  painful  pionings. 

Spenser. 
OUTBID',  V.  t.  To  bid  more  than  another; 
to  otTer  a  higher  price. 

For  Indian  spices,  for  Peruvian  gold, 
Prevent  the  greedy  and  outbid  the  bold. 

Pope. 
OUTBID',  I         Exceeded  in  the  price 

OUTBID'DEN,  ^  VP-  offered. 
OUTBID'DER,  n.  One  that  outbids. 
OUTBID'DING,  ppr.  Bidding   a  price  be 

yond  uiiother. 
OUTBLOWN,  pp.    Inflated;  swelled  with 
wind.  Dryden. 

OUTBLUSH',  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  rosy  color. 

Shipman. 
OUT'BORN,  a.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  [LitUe 

used.] 
OUT' BOUND,  a.   Destined   or  proceeding 
from  a  country  or  liarlior  to  a  distant  coun- 
try or  port ;  as  an  oxUbound  ship. 

Dryden. 
[The  usual   phrase   among    seamen  is 
outward  bound.] 
OUTJJ[{A'VE,  V.  t.  To  bear  down  by  more 
daring  or  insolent  conduct. 

I  would  outstare  the  sternest  eyes  that  look. 
Outbrave  the  heart  most  daring  on  the  earth, 
"To  win  thee,  lady.  Shak. 

2.  To  e.xceed  in  splendid  appearance. 

The  towers  as  well  as  men   outbrave  the  sky 

Cmjoley 
OUTBRA'ZEN,  v.  t.  To  bear  down  with  a 

brazen  face  or  impudence. 
OUTBREAK,   n.  A  bursting  forth  ;  erup- 
tion. 

The  flash  and  outbreak  of  a  fiery  mind. 

Shak 
OUTBREAKING,   n.  That   which  bursts 
forth.  Herbert. 

OUTBRE'ATHE,  v.  t.  To  weary  by  having 
better  breath.  Shak. 

2.  To  expire.  Spenser. 

OUTBUD',  V.  i.  To  sprout  forth.       Spenser. 
OUTBUILD,   V.   t.   oHtbild'.    To   exceed  in 

building,  or  in  durability  of  building. 
0UT€ANT',  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  canting. 

Pope. 

OUT'CAST,  pp.  or  a.    Cast  out;    thrown 

away  ;  rejected  as  useless.  Spenser. 

OUT'CAST,  Ji.  One  who  is  cast  out  or  ex-j 

pelled  ;  an  exile ;  one   driven  from  home 

or  country.   Is.  xvi. 

OUTCEPT,  for  except,  is  not  in  use. 

B.  Jonson. 
OUTCLIMB,  V.  i.  To  climb  beyond. 

Davenant. 

OUTeOM'PASS,    V.   t.     To    exceed    due' 

bounds.  Bacon. 

OUTCR'AFT,  V.  i.   To  exceed  in  cunning. 

Shak. 

OUT'CRY,  n.  A  vehement  or  loud  cry  ;  cry' 

of  distress.  Denham. 

2.  Clamor  ;  noisy  opposition  or  detestation. 

South. 


3.  Sale  at  public  auction.  ^inwoffA.nOrTGROWN, //p.  of  ou/grotr. 

OUTDARE,  V.  t.   To  dare  or  venture  be-|  OUT  GUARD,   n.    A  guard  at  a  distance 


yond.  Shak 

OUTDA'TE,  r. /.  To  untiquate  ;  as  outdated 
ceremonies.     [JVot  used.]  Hammond. 

OUTDu,  V.  t.  pret.  outdid  ;  pp.  outdone.  [Siee 
Do.] 

To  excel ;  to  surpass  ;  to  perform  beyond 
another. 

An  imposture  outdoes  the  original. 

L'Estran^e. 
I  grieve  to  be  outdone  by  Gay.  Sicift 

OUTDOING,  p/)r.  Excelling;  surpassing  in 
perforiiiaiice. 

OUTDOING,  n.  Excess  in  performance. 

Pope. 

OUTDONE,  pp.  ofotitdo. 

OUTDRINK',  V.  t.  [See  Drink.]  To  exceed 
in  drinking.  Donne. 

OUTDWELL',  V.  t.  To  dwell  or  stay  be- 
yond. Shiik 

OUT'ER,  o.  [comp.  of  out.]  Being  on  the 
outside  ;  external ;  opposed  to  inner  ;  as 
the  ouicr  wail ;  Uw  outer  part  of  a  thing; 
the  outer  court  or  gate. 

OUT'ERLY,  adv.  Towards  the  outside. 

Grew. 

OUT'ERMOST,  a.  [superl.  from  ou<er.]  Be- 
ing on  the  extreme  extei-nal  part ;  renmt- 
est  from  the  midst ;  as  the  outermost  row. 

Boyte. 

OUTFA'CE,  v.t.  To  brave;  to  hear  down 
with  an  imposing  front  or  with  iiiipu 
dence  ;  to  stare  down.       Shak.     Raleigh. 

OUT'FALI,,  n.  A  fall  of  water  ;  a  canal. 

OUT'FAWN,  V.  I.  To  exceed  in  fawning  or 
adulation.  Hudibras. 

OUTFE'AST,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  feasting. 

Taylor. 

OUT'FIT,  n.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a  ship  for 
a  voyage  ;  usually  in  the  plural,  outfits,  the 
expenses  of  ecpiippiiig   and  furnishing  a 


one  army  beyond  thai  of  another. 

OUTFLY,  V.  t.  To  fly  faster  than  another  ; 
to  advance  before  in  flight  or  progress. 

Garth. 

OUTFOOL',  17.  t.  To  exceed  in  folly. 

Young. 

OUT'FORM,  It.  External  appearance. 

B.  Jonson 

OUTFROWN',  V.  t.  To  frown  down  ;  to 
overbear  by  frowning.  Shak. 

OUT'GATE,  n.  An  outlet;  a  passage  out- 
ward. Spenser. 

OUTgEN'ERAL,  V  t.  To  exceed  in  gener- 
alship; to  gain  advantage  over  by  supe- 
rior military  skill.  Chesterfield. 

OUTGIVE,  V.  t.  outgiii'.  To  surpass  in  giv- 
ing. Dryden 

OUTGO',  V.  t.  [See  Go.]  To  go  beyond  ;  to 
advance   before   in   going ;   to  go  faster. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.       Caretc.     Dryden. 

3.  To  circumvent;  to  overreach.      Denham. 
OUTGO'ING,  ppr.  Going  beyond. 
OUT'GOING,  n.  The  act  of  going  out. 

2.  The  state  of  going  out.    Ps.  Ixv. 

3.  Utmo.st  border  ;  extreme  limit.  Josh,  xvii 
OUTGRIN',  r.  t.  To  surpass  in  grinning. 

Mdison. 

OUTGROW,  I'.  /.  To  surpass  in  growth. 

2.  To  grow  too  great  or  too  old  for  any 
thing.  Children  outgrow  their  garments, 
and  ineu  ou'grou-  their  usefulness. 


from  the  main  body  of  an  army  ;  or  a 
guard  at  the  farthest  distance;  any  thing 
for  defense  placed  at  a  distance  from  the 
thing  to  he  detended.         Drydin.     South. 

OUTHER'OD,  t;.  (.  To  surpass  in  enormity, 
absurdity  or  cruelty.  Beddoes. 

OUTHOUSE,  n.  A  small  house  or  building 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  main  house. 

OUTJEST',  V.  t.  To  overpower  by  jesting. 

Shak. 

OUTJUG'GLE,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  juggling. 

OUTKNAVE,  V.  t.  outna've.  To  surpass  in 
knavery.  L'Estrange. 

OUT'LAND,  a.  [Sax.  utUende,  a  foreigner.) 
Fiueign.     06s.  Strutt. 

OUT' LANDER,  n.  A  foreigner;  not  a  na- 
tive.    Obs.  Hood. 

OUTLANDISH,  a.  [Sax.  utlandisc ;  ou(  and 
land.] 

1.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  Donne. 

Nevertheless,  even  him  did   outlandish  wo- 
men cause  to  ?iii.    Neh.  xiii. 

2.  Born  or  produced  in  the  interior  country, 
or  among  rude  people ;  hence,  vulgar ; 
rustic;  rude;  clownish.  [This  is  the  sense 
in  which  the  word  is  among  us  most  general- 
ly used.] 

OUTL'AST,  V.  t.  To  last  longer  than  some- 
thing else  ;  to  exceed  in  duration.  Can- 
dles laid  in  bran  will  outlast  others  of  the 
same  stuff.  Bacon. 

OUT'LAW,  n.  [Sax.  utlaga  ;  out  and  law.] 
A  person  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the 
law,  or  deprived  of  its  protection.  For- 
merly any  person  might  kill  an  outlaw ; 
but  it  is  now  held  unlawful  for  any  per- 
son to  put  to  death  an  outlaw,  except  the 
sheriff,  who  has  a  warrant  for  that  pur- 
pose. Blackstone. 


ship  for  a  voyage. 
OUTFLANK',  v.  t.  To  extend  the  flank  of  OUT'LAW,  v.t.  [Sax.  utlagian.]  To  deprive 


of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  law ;  to 
proscribe.  Btuckslone. 

OUT'LA  WED,  pp.  Excluded  from  the  ben- 
efit of  law. 

OUT'LA  WING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  ben- 
efit of  law. 

OUT'LA  WRY,  n.  The  putting  a  man  out 
of  the  protection  of  law,  or  the  process  by 
which  a  man  is  deprived  of  that  protec- 
tion;  the  punishment  of  a  man  who  when 
called  into  court,  contemptuously  refuses 
to  api>ear.  Blackstone. 

OUT'LAY,  n.  A  laying  out  or  expending  ; 
expenditure. 

OUTLE'AP,  V.  t.  To  leap  beyond  ;  to  pass 
bv  leaping. 

OUT'LEAP,  n.  Sally  ;  flight ;  escape. 

Locke. 

OUT'LET,  n.  Passage  outward ;  the  place 
or  the  means  by  which  any  thing  escapes 
or  is  discharged.  A  gate  is  the  outlet  of  a 
city  or  fort.  The  mouth  of  a  river  is  its 
outlet.  Colonies  are  the  ouUds  of  a  popu- 
lous nation.  Bacon. 

OUT'LICKER,  n.  In  sliii)s,  a  small  piece  of 
timber  fastened  to  the  lop  of  the  poop. 

OUTLI'E,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  lying.        Hall. 

OUTLIER,  n.  One  who  does  not  reside  in 
the  place  with  which  Ins  office  or  duty 
connects  him.  Frewen. 

OUT'LINE,  n.  Contour;  the  line  by  wliicli 
a  figure  is  defined  ;  the  exterior  line. 


OUT 


OUT 


OUT 


'J.  The  first  sketch  of  a  figure. 

3]  First   general  sketch  of  any  scheme  or 

desig"-  ,  .      ,. 

OUT'LINE,  V.  t.  To  draw  tlie  extenor  line ; 

to  delineate  ;  to  sketch. 

OUTLIVE,  V.  t.  outliv'.  To  live  beyond  ;  to 
survive  ;  to  live  after  something  has  ceas- 
ed ;  as,  a  man  may  outlive  his  children  ;  a 
person  may  outlive  his  estate,  his  fame  and 
his  usefulness. 

They  live  too  long  who  happiness  ovilive. 

Uryden. 

2.  To  live  better  or  to  better  purpose. 

Scott. 

OUTLIV'ER,  n.  A  survivor. 

OUTLQQK',  V.  t.  To  face  down ;  to  brow-j 
beat.  Shak.' 

2.  To  select.     [J^ot  in  ^ise.] 

OUT'LQOK,  n.  Vigilant  watoh;  foresight. 

Young. 
[But  look-out  is  generally  used.] 

OUT'LOPE,  n.  [See  Lope  and  Leap.]  An 
excursion.     [Xot  used.]  Florio. 

OUTLUS'TER,  ?       ,  To  excel  in  briglit- 

OUTLUS'TRE,  S  "ess.  Shak. 

OUTLY'ING,  a.  Lying  or  being  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  main  body  or  design. 

Temple.     Addison. 

2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier. 

Gibhon. 

OUTlVrARCH,  V.  t.  To  march  faster  than  ;; 
to  march  so  as  to  leave  behind. 
The  horse  outmarched  the  foot. 

Clarendun. 

OUTMEASURE,  v.  t.  outmezh'ur.  To  ex- 
ceed in  measure  or  extent.  Broton. 

OUT'MOST,  a.  Farthest  outward  ;  most  re- 
mote from  the  middle.  Milton. 

OUTNUM'BER,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  nun/ber.i 
The  troops  outnumbered  those  of  the  en- 
emy. 

OUTPA'CE,  V.  t.  To  outgo  ;  to  leave  be 
hind.  Chapman}. 

OUTPAR'AMoUR,  v.  i.  [Sec  Paramour.] 
To  exceed  in  keeping  mistresses.       Shak. 

OUT'PARISU,  n.  A  parish  lying  without 
the  walls,  or  on  the  border.  Graunt. 

OUT'PART,  n.  A  part  remote  from  tlie  cen- 
ter or  main  part.  'lyliffe. 

OUTP'ASS,  V.  t.  To  pass  beyond  ;  to  exceed 


ultrajar;  from   the  L.  idlra,  beyond,  It.||     and  give  additional  security  to  the  top- 
oltre,  with   the  common  termination  age  ;1      iiiiir>t._    [See  Prow.]  Mar.  Diet. 

or  more    probably  it  is  a  compound  of  Ol  T'RIGHT,    adv.  Immediately  ;^  without 


in  progress. 


Kirtvan. 


OUTPOISE,  II.  t.  outpoiz'.  To  outweigh. 

Howell. 

OUT'PORCH,  n.  An  entrance.  Milton. 

OUT'POST,   n.  A  post  or  station  without 

the  limits  of    a    camp,  or  at  a  distance 

from  the  main  body  of  an  army. 

2.  The  troops  placed  at  such  a  station. 

Marshall. 
OUTPOUR,  V.  t.  To  pour  out;  to  send  fortl 
in  a  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  effuse. 

OUT'P0URING,w.  A  pouring  out ;  effusion 
Milncr.     Bogue. 
OUTPRA'Y,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  prayer  or  in 
earnestness  of  entreaty.  Scott 

OUTPRE'ACIT,  V.  I.  To  surpass  in  preach- 
ing ;  to  produce  more  effect  in  inculcating 
lessons  or  truth. 

And  for  a  villain's  quick  conversion 
A  pill'ry  can  outpreach  a  parson. 

/.  TVumbuU. 
OUTPRI'ZE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  value  or  es- 
timated worth.  Shak. 
OUT'RAtiE,  v.t.   [Fr.  outrager;  Arm.  out 
rachi,  oulragi;  It.  oUraggiare ;  Sp.  Port.] 


ultra,  oltra,  outre,   with   the   Sp.   ajar,  to 
S])oil,  to  mar,  to  abuse  with  injurious  Ian 
guage.] 
To  treat  with  violence  and  wrong  ;  to  abuse 
by  rude  or  insolent  langusige  ;  to  injure  by 
rough,  rude  treatment  of  any  kind. 

Base  and  insolent  minds  outrage  men,  when 
they  have  hopes  of  doing  it  without  a  [cturn 

Jltterbury. 
This  interview  outrages  all  decency. 

Broome. 

OUT'RAGE,  V.  i.  To  commit  exorbitan- 
ces ;  to  be  guilty  of  violent  rudeness. 

Ascham 

OUT'RAGE,  n.  [Fr.  id;  It.  oltraggio ;  Sp. 
Port,  idtraje.] 

Injurious  violence  offered  to  persons  or 
things;  excessive  abuse  ;  wanton  mischief 
Rude  abusive  language,  scurrility,  or  op 
inobrious  and  contemptuous  words,  may 
be  an  outrage  to  persons,  or  to  decency 
and  civility.  A  violent  attack  upon  i)er 
son  or  property  is  an  outrage. 

He  wrought  great  outrages,  wasting  all  the 
country  where  he  went.  Spenser. 

OUTRAGEOUS,  a.  [It.  oltraggioso ;  Fr. 
outrageux.  ] 

1.  Violent  :  furious  ;  exorbitant  ;  exceeding 
all  bounds  of  moderation  ;  as  outrageous 
villainies  ;  outrageous  talk  ;  outrageous 
abuse.  Sidney.     Spenser. 

Excessive  ;  exceeding  reason  or  decency  ; 
as  outrageoxts  panegyric.  Dryden. 

Enormous  ;     atrocious  ;    as    outragtous 
crimes.  Shak. 

4.  Tumultuous ;  turbulent. 

OUTRA'GEOUSLY,  adv.  With  great  vio- 
lence ;  furiously  ;  e.xcessively. 

Spenser.     South. 

OUTRA'GEOUSNESS,  )!.  Fury  ;  violence  ; 
enormity.  Dryden 

OUTRA'ZE,  v.  t.  To  raze  to  extermina- 
tion. Sandys. 

OUTRE,  a.  ootray.  [Fr.]  Being  out  of  the 
common  coarse  or  limits  ;  extravagant. 

Geddcs. 

OUTRE'ACH,  v.  t.  To  go  or  extend  be- 
vond.  Brown. 

OUTRE' ASON,  v.t.  To  excel  or  surpass  in 
reasoning.  South. 

OUTRECK'ON,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  assum- 
ed computation.  Pearson 

OUTREIGN,  V.  t.  To  reign  through  the 
whole  of.  Spenser. 

OUTRIDE,  V.  t.  To  pass  by  riding;  to  ride 
faster  than.  Hall. 

OUTRI'DE,  V.  i.  To  travel  about  on  horse- 
back, or  ill  a  vehicle.  Mdison. 

OUT'RIDER,  n.  A  summoner  whose  office 
is  to  cite  men  before  the  sheriff.  [JVot 
used.]  Diet. 

2.  One  who  travels  about  on  horseback. 

3.  An  attending  servant. 
OUTRIGGER,  n.  In  seamen's  language,  & 

strong  beam  fixed  on  the  side  of  a  ship 
and  projecting  from  it,  in  order  to  seciu'e 
the  masts  in  the  operation  of  careening 
by  counteracting  the  strain  it  suffers  from 
the  effort  of  the  careening  tackle  ;  also,  11 
boom  occasionally  used  in  the  tops  to 
thrust  out  the  breast  back-stays  to  wind 
ward,  to   increase  the   angle  of  tension,' 


delay  ;  at  once.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Cdiiiplelely.  Addison. 

OUTRI' VAL,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  excellence. 

Addison. 

OUTROAR,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  roaring. 

Shak. 

OUT'RODE,  n.  An  excursion.     1  Mace.  xv. 

OUTRQQT',  V.  t.   To  eradicate  ;  to  extir- 
pate. Rowe. 

OUTRUN',  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  running  ;  to 
leave  behind  in  running.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exceed  ;  as,  to  outrun  one's  income. 

Addison. 

OUTSA'IL,    v.t.    To  sail   faster  than;  to 
leave  behind  in  sailing.  Broome. 

OUTSCA'PE,  n.  Power  of  escaping.    [J^ot 
used.]  Chapman. 

OUTSeORN',  V.  t.   To  bear  down  or  con- 
front by  contempt  ;  to  despise. 

OUTSCOUR'INGS,  n.  [out  ixnAseour.]  Sub- 
stances washed  or  scoured  out. 

Buckland. 

OUTSELL',  I',  t.  To  exceed  in  amount  of 
sales. 

2.  To  exceed  in  the  prices  of  things  sold. 

.3.  To  gain  a  higher  price.  Shak. 

OUT'SET,  n.  Beginning  ;  first  entrance  on 
any  business.  Mason.    Smith. 

Every  thing  almost  depends  upon  giving  a 
proper  direction  to  this  outset  of  Ui'c. 

J.  Hawes. 

OUTSHI'NE,  V.  t.  To  send  forth  brightness 
or  luster.  Shak. 

2.  To  excel  in  luster  or  excellence  ;  as,  Ho- 
mer outshines  all  other  poets.         Addison. 

OUTSHOOT',  v.t.  To  exceed  in  shooting. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  shoot  beyond.  JVorris. 
OUTSHUT',  V.  t.  To  shut  out  or  exclude. 

Donne. 
OUTSI'DE,     n.    The  external    part   of  a 
thing;  the  part,  end  or  side  which  forms 
the  surface  or  superficies. 

Bacon.  Dryden. 
Superficial  appearance  ;  exterior  ;  as  the 
outside  of  a  man  or  of  manners. 

Created  beings  see  nothing  but  our  ouJsidf. 

Jiddison. 

3.  Person  ;  external  man.        Shak.    Bacon. 

4.  The  part  or   place  that  lies  without  or 
beyond  an  inclosure. 

1  threw  0|ien  the  door  of  my  chamber  and 
found  the  family  standing  on  the  outside. 

Spectator. 

5.  The  utmost.  Mortimer. 
OUTSIT,  v.  t.  To  sit  beyond  the  time  of 

any  thing.  South. 

OUTSKIP',  V.  t.  To  avoid  by  flight. 

B.  Jonsoti. 
OUT'SKIRT,  n.  Border ;  outpost ;  suburb. 

Clarendon. 
OUTSLEE'P,  I'.  /.  To  sleep  beyond. 

Shak. 
OUTSOAR,  V.  t.  To  soar  beyond. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 
OUTSOUND',  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  sound. 

Hammond. 
OUTSPE'AK,   V.  t.    To  speak  something 
beyond  ;  to  exceed.  Shak. 

OUTSPORT,  V.  t.  To  sport  beyond  ;  to  out- 
do in  sporting.  "  Shak. 
OUTSPREAD',  V.  t.  To  extend  :  to  spread  ; 
to  diffuse.  Pope. 


OUT 


OUT 


O  V  E 


OUTSTAND',  v.t.  To  resist  effectually ;  to 
witbstaml  ;  to  sustain  without  yielding. 
[Little  used.]  Hoodwanl. 

2.  To  stand  beyond  tlie  proper  time.     Shak. 

OUTSTAND',  V.  i.  To  project  outwards 
from  llie  main  body. 

OUTSTANDING,  ppr.  Resisting  effectual- 
ly.    [Ldttlt  used.] 

2.  Projecting  outward. 

3.  Not  collected;  unpaid;  as  outstanding 
debts. 

The  whole  amount  of  revenues — as  well  out- 
standing  as  collected.  Hamilton 

OUTBTA'RE,  v.  t.  To  face  down ;  to  brow 
beat  ;  to  outface  with  effrontery  ;  as  we 
say,  to  stare  out  of  countenance.         Shak. 

OUTSTEP',  V.  t.  To  step  or  go  beyond  ;  to 
exceed.  Cumberland 

OUTSTORM',  V.  t.  To  overbear  by  storm- 
ing. 

Insults  the  tempest  and  outstorms  the  skies. 

J.  Barlow 

OUT'STREET,  n.  A  street  in  the  extremi 
ties  of  a  town. 

OUTSTRETCH',  v.  t.  To  extend  ;  to  stretol 
or  spread  out ;  to  expand.  Milton. 

OUTSTRl'DE,  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  striding. 

B.  Jonson. 

OUTSTRIP',  I',  t.  To  outgo  ;  to  outrun  ;  to 
advance  beyond.  South.     Dryden. 

OUTSWEAR,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  swearing  , 
to  overpower  by  swearing.  Shak. 

OUTSWEE'TEN,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  sweet 
ness.  Shak. 

OUTSWELL',  V.  t.  To  overflow;  to  ex- 
ceed in  swelling. 

OUTTALK,  1'.  t.  outtauk'.  To  overpower 
by  talking  ;  to  exceed  in  tallving.        Shak. 

OUTTIIROW,  i-.  t.  To  throw  out  or  be- 
yond. Sunk. 

OUTTONGUE,  v.  t.  outtung'.  To  bear 
down  by  talk,  clamor  or  noise.  Shak. 

OUTTOP',  V.  t.  To  overtop.     [jVo<  used.] 

Williams. 

OUTVAL'UE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  price  o 
value.  Boyle. 

OUTVEN'OM,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  poison. 

Shak 

OUTVI'E,  V.  t.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Dryden.     Addison. 

OUTVIL'LAIN,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  villainy 

Shak 

OUTVOICE,  V.  t.  oulvois'.  To  exceed  in 
roaring  or  clamor.     [.Yot  used.]         Shak. 

OUTVOTE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  the  num- 
ber of  votes  given  ;  to  defeat  by  plurality 
of  suffrages.  South. 

OUTWALK,  V.  t.  outtvauk'.  To  walk  faster 
than  ;  to  leave  behind  in  walking. 

2.  To  exceed  the  walking  of  a  specter. 

B.  Jonson. 

OUT'WALL,    n.    The  exterior   wall  of 
building  or  fortress. 

2.  Superficial  appearance.     [Unusual] 

Shak. 

OUT'WARD,  a.  [Sax.  utiveard  or  uteweard ; 
ut,  out,  and  weard,  L.  versus.] 

1.  External ;  exterior ;  forming  the  superfi 
cial  part ;  as  the  outward  coat  of  an  onion  ; 
an  outward  garment. 

2.  External  ;  visible;  opposed  to  itiward; 
as  outward  hate. 

3.  Extrinsic ;  adventitious. 

And  outward  honor  for  an  inward  toil. 


Vol.  II. 


Shak 


4.  Foreign ;  not  intestine  ;  as  an  outtoard 
war.  [N'ot  now  used.  We  now  say,  c.r- 
ternal  or  foreign  war.]  Hayward. 

5.  Tending  to  the  exterior  part. 
The  fire  will  force  its  outward  way. 

Dryden. 

C.  In  Scripture,  civil ;  public ;  as  opposed  to 
religious.     1  C'iiron.  xxvi. 

7.  In  theology,  carnal  ;  fleshly  ;  corporeal ; 
not  spiritual  ;  as  tin;  outward  man. 

OUT'WARD,  n.  External  form.  Shak 

OUT'WARD,     I     .     To  the  outer  pans  ; 

OUT'WARDS,  S  •  tending  or  directed 
towards  the  exterior. 

The  light  fallinp;  on  them  [black  bodies]  is 
not  reflected  oulwanls.  A'ewton. 

2.  From  a  port  or  country  ;  as  a  ship  bound 
outwards. 

OUTWARD-BOUND',  a.  Proceeding  from 
a  port  or  countrv. 

OUT^WARDLY,  arfy.  Externally;  opposed 
to  imvardly  ;  as  outwardly  content,  but  in- 
wardly uneasy. 

2.  In  ajipcarance  ;  not  sincerely.  Many  may 
inwardly  reverence  the  goodness  which 
they  outwardly  seem  to  despise. 

OUTWaSH',  v.  t.  To  wasli  out ;  to  cleanse 
from.     [LAttlc  used.]  Donne. 

OUTVVATCH',  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  watch- 
ing. B.  Jonson 

OUTWEAR,  V.  t.  To  wear  out.  [.Vol  used.] 

Donne. 

2.  To  pass  tediously  to  the  end. 
By  the  stream,  if  1  tlie  night  outwear — 

Pope 

3.  To  last  longer  than  something  else.  [TTtis 
is  the  common  signification.] 

OUTWEE'D,  V.  t.  "To  weed  out ;  to  extir 
pate,  as  a  weed.  Spenser. 

OUTWEE'P,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  weeping 

Dri/den. 
OUTWEIGH,   v.t.   outwa'y.    [See   Weigh.] 

1.  To  exceed  in  weight.  Wilkins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  value,  influence  or  import 
ance. 

One  self-approving  hour   whole  years  out- 
weighs 
Of  stupid  starers  and  of  loud  huzzas.     Pope 
OUTWELL',  V.  t.  or  i.  To  pour  out.     [JVot 
used.]  Spenser. 

OUTWENT',  pret.  of  outgo. 
OUTWHO'RE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  lewdness. 

Pope. 
OUTWIN',  V.  t.  To  get  out  of.     [Mt  used.' 

Spenser. 

OUTWIND,  V.  I.  To  extricate  by  winding  ; 
to  unloose.  More. 

OUTWING',  I',  t.  To  move  faster  on  the 
wing  ;  to  outstrip.  Garth. 

OUTWIT',  V.  t.  To  surpass  in  design  or 
stratagem  ;  to  overreach  ;  to  defeat  or 
frustrate  bv  superior  ingenuity.  Dryden. 
OUT' WORK,  n.  The  part  of  a"  fortification 
most  remote  from  the  main  fortress  or  cit 
adel.  Bacon. 

OUTWORN,  pp.  [See  ffear.]  Worn  out ; 
consumed  by  use.  Milton. 

OUTWORTH,  V.  t.  To  exceed  in  value. 

Shak. 

OUTWREST,  V.  t.  oidrest'.   To  extort ;  to 

draw  from  or  forth  by  violence. 

Spenser. 

OUTVVRITE,  V.  I.   oulii'te.   To  surpass  in 

writing.  Addison 

OUTWROUGHT,  pp.  oulrauV.  [See  Work.] 

Outdone ;  exceeded  in  act  or  eflicacy. 

28 


OUTZA'NY,  V.  t.  [See  Zany.]  To  exceed 

in  buffoonery. 
O'VAL,  a.  [Fr.  ovale,  from  L.  mmm,  an  egg.] 

1.  Of  the  shape  or  figure  of  an  egg;  oblong; 
curvilinear ;  I'esenibling  the  longitudinal 
section  of  an  egg.  It  is  sometimes  synon- 
ymous witli  cUtptical ;  but  an  ellijisis  is 
equally  broad  at  both  ends,  and  is  not 
strictly  egg-shaped.  Encyc. 

2.  Pertaining  to  eggs  ;  done  in  the  egg  ;  as 
oval  conceptions.  Brown. 

O'VAL,  n.  A  body  or  figure  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg.  Watts. 

OVA'RIOUS,    a.    Consisting   of  eggs;  as 

I     ovarious  food.  Thomson. 

O'VARV,  11.  [Fr.  ovaire ;  L.  ovarium,  from 
ovum,  an  egg.] 

The  part  of  a  female  animal  in  which  the 

eggs  are  formed  or  lodged ;  or  the  part  in 

which  the  fetus  is  supposed  to  be  formed. 

Encyc.     Coic. 

O'VATE,     }       [L.  ovatus,   from  ovum,  an 

O'VATED,  \  "■  egg.]  Egg-shaped  ;  as  an 
ovate  leaf 

OVATE-LANCEOLATE,  a.  Having  some- 
thing of  the  form  of  an  egg  and  a  lance, 
inclining  to  the  latter.  Martyn. 

OVATK-SUB'ULATE,  a.  Having  some- 
thing of  the  form  of  an  egg  and  an  awl, 
but  most  tending  to  the   latter. 

Martyn. 

OVATION,  n.  [L.  ovatio.]  In  Roman  an- 
tiquity, a  lesser  triumjih  allowed  to  com- 
manders who  had  conquered  without 
blood,  or  defeated  an  inconsiderable  ene- 
my. Encyc. 

OVATO-OB'LONG,  a.  Oblong  in  the  shape 
of  an  egg,  or  with  the  end  lengthened. 

Martyn. 

OVEN,  n.  uv'n.  [Sax.  G.  ofen  ;  D.  oven ; 
Dan.  ovn.  Qu.  Gr.  invo;,  Sw.  ugn.  In 
Russ.  ovini  are  small  wooden  kilns  for 
drying  corn.     Tooke.] 

An  arch  of  brick  or  stone  work,  for  baking 
bread  and  other  things  for  food.  Ovens 
are  made  in  chimneys  or  set  in  the  open 
air. 

O'VER,  prep.  [Sax.  ober,  ofer;  Golh.  vfar ; 
G.  itber ;  D.  Dan.  over ;  Sw.  ofver ;  Gr.  v?tf p, 
whence  probably  L.  super ;  Arm.  uvar, 
var,  oar,  ar  ;  Ir.  ar,  formerly  fair  or  fer  ; 
W.  ar  ;  Corn.  uar.  Qu.  Gr.  rtopo.  This 
word  corresponds  in  sense  ^vith  T3^*  in 
the  Shemitic  dialects,  signifying  to  pass,  in 
almost  any  manner ;  to  pass  over,  as  a  riv- 
er, to  pass  beyond,  to  pass  away,  to  pass 
by  ;  in  short,  to  move,  depart  or  go,  Sax. 
faran,  to  fare.  Hence  the  derivative  sense 
of  beyond,  either  on  the  other  side  or 
above  ;  hence  the  sense  of  excess,  which 
supposes  the  passing  of  a  limit  ;  hence 
the  sense  of  opposite  or  against,  in  the  Gr. 
urtip,  for  the  further  side  of  a  river  is  the 
opposite  side.  We  do  not  use  the  word 
in  this  sense,  except  with  agaiyist.  See 
Class  Br.  No.  23.  The  Persian  corres- 
ponding word  is  I  J,  j  fara,  which  coin- 
cides nearly  with  the  Greek  rta^a,  and  both 
seem  to   be  more  directly  from  the  Ar. 

i\  to  go  beyond.    Class  Br.  No.  37.] 

jL  Across ;  from  side  to  side  ;  implying  a 
passing  or  moving  either  above  the  sub- 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


stance  or  thing,  or  on  the  surface  of  it. 
Thus  we  say,  a  dog  leaps  over  a  stream,  or 
over  a  table  ;  a  boat  sails  over  a  lake. 

2.  Above  in  place  or  position  ;  opposed  to 
belmv;  as  the  clouils  over  our  heads.  The 
smoke  rises  over  the  city. 

The  mercy-seat  that  is  over  the  testimony. 
Ex.  x.\x. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  e.xcellence, 
dignity  or  value  ;  as  the  advantages 
which  the  christian  world  has  over  the 
heathen.  Surift. 

Young  Pallas  shone   conspicuous   o'er   the 
rest.  Dryden. 

4.  Above  in  authority,  implying  the  right  or 
power  of  superintending  or  governing  ; 
opposed  to  tinder. 

Thou  shall  be  over  my  house.     Gen.  xH. 
I   will  make  thee   ruler  over   many  things. 
Matt.  XXV. 

5.  Upon  the  surface  or  whole  surface  ; 
through  the  whole  extent  ;  as,  to  wander 
over  the  earth  ;  to  walk  over  a  field,  or  over 
a  city. 

C.  Upon.     Watch  oi'fr  your  children. 

Dost  thou  not  watch  over  my  sin  ?     Job  xiv. 
His  tender  mercies  are  over  all  his  works. 
Ps.  cxlv. 

7.  During  the  whole  time;  from  beginning 
to  end  ;  as,  to  keep  any  thing  over  night ; 
to  keep  corn  over  winter. 

8.  Above  the  top  ;  covering  ;  immersing  ; 
as,  the  water  is  over  the  shoes  or  boots. 

Over  night.  In  this  phrase,  over  sometimes 
signifies  before  ;  as,  when  preparing  for  a 
journey,  we  provide  things  necessary  over 
night. 

Over,  in  poetry,  is  often  contracted  into  o'er. 

O'VER,  adv.  From  side  to  side  ;  as  a  board 
a  foot  oi'cr ;  a  tree  a  foot  over,  a  foot  in  di- 
ameter. 

2.  On  the  opposite  side.  The  boat  is  safe 
over. 

3.  From  one  to  another  by  passing ;  as,  to 
deliver  over  goods  to  another. 

4.  From  one  country  to  another  by  passing ; 
as,  to  carry  any  thing  over  to  France,  or 
to  bring  any  thing  over  to  England. 

Bacon 

5.  Oii  the  surface. 

6.  Above  the  top. 

Good  lueasure,  pressed  down  and  shaken  to 
gether,  and  running  over,  shall  men  give  into 
your  bosom.     Luke  vi. 

7.  JMore  than  the  quantity  assigned ;  beyond 
a  limit. 

He   that  gathered  much  had   nothing   over. 
Ex.  xvi. 

8.  Throughout  ;   from  beginning  to  end 
completely;  as,  to  read  over  a  book;  to 
argue  a  question  over  again. 

Over  and  over,  repeatedly  ;  once  and  again. 
And  every  night  review'd  it  o'er  and  o'er. 

Harte 
Over  again,  once  more;  with  repetition. 
O  kill  not  all  my  kindred  o'er  again. 

Dryden 

Over  and  above,  besides  ;  beyond  what  is 

supposed  or  limited. 

He  gained,  over  and  above,  the  good  will  of 
the  people.  L'Estranj^e. 

Over  against,  opposite  ;  in  front. 

Over  against  tliis  church  stands  .1  large  hos- 
pital. Addison. 
Over  is  used  with  rolling  or  turning  from 

side  to  side  ;  as,  to  turn  over  ;  to  roll  over. 
To  give  over,  to  cease  from :  as,  to  give  over 
an  cntcrjirizc. 


2.  To  consider  as  in  a  hopeless  state ;  as,| 
the  physicians  have  given  over  their  i>a- 
tient. 

Over,  in  composition,  denotes  spreading, 
covering  above ;  as  in  overcast,  overfoio ; 
or  across,  as  to  overhear ;  or  above,  as  to 
overhang ;  or  turning,  changing  sides,  as 
in  overturn ;  or  more  generally  beyond, 
implying  excess  or  superiority,  as  in  oDcr- 
act,  overcome. 

OVER,  a.  Past. 

The  Olympic  games  were  over.  Milner 

2.  Upper  ;  covering  ;  as  over-shoes;  over- 
letlier. 

OVERABOUND',  v.  i.  To  abound  more 
than  enough  ;  to  be  superabundant. 

Pope. 

OVERA€T',  V.  t.  To  act  or  perform  to  ex- 
cess ;  as,  he  overacted  his  part. 

Atterbtiry. 

OVERACT',  V.  i.  To  act  more  than  is  ne- 


cessary. 


B.  Jonson 


OVERAG'ITATE,  v.  t.  To  agitate  or  dis- 
cuss beyond  what  is  expedient.  Hall. 

O'VERALLS,  n.  A  kind  of  trowsers. 

OVERANX'IOUS,  a.  Anxious  to  excess. 

OVER'ARCH,  V.  t.  To  arch  over  ;  to  cover 
with  an  arch. 

Brown  with  o'erarching  shades.  Pope 

OVERAWE,  V.  t.  overaw'.  To  restrain  by 
awe,  fear  or  superior  influence. 

The  king  was  present  in  person  to  overlook 
the  magistrates  and  overaive  the  subjects  witli 
the  terror  of  his  sword.  Spenser 

OVERBAL'ANCE,  v.  t.  To  weigh  down  ; 
to  e.vceed  in  weight,  value  or  inqjortancc. 
The  evils  which  spring  from  vice  overbal- 
ance all  its  pleasures. 

OVERBALANCE,  n.  Excess  of  weight  or 
value  ;  something  more  than  an  equiva 
lent  ;  as  an  overbalance  of  exports  ;  an 
overbalance  of  probabilities. 

Temple.     Locke. 

OVERB.\T'TLE,  a.  [qu.  from  the  root  of 
batten,  to  fatten.] 

Too  fruitful  ;  exuberant. 


[Mot  used.] 

Hooker. 
OVERBE.\R,    I',  t.    [See   Bear.]    To   bear 
down  ;  to  repress  ;  to  subdue. 

The  point  of  reputalion,  when  the  news  first 
came  of  the  battle  lost,  did  overbear  the  reason 
of  war.  Bacon 

Yet  fortune,  valor,  all  is  overborne 
By  numbers.  Derhain. 

Till  overborne  witli  weight  the  Cyprians  fell. 

Dryden, 
OVERBEARING,  ppr-  Bearing  down  ;  re- 
pressing. 
2.  a.  Haughty  and  dogmatical ;  disposed  or 
tending  to  repress  or  subdue  hy  insolence 
or  eftVontery. 
OVERBEND',  v.  t.  To  bend  or  stretch   to 
excess.  Donne. 

OVERBID',  v.t.  To  bid  or  offer  beyond. 
2.   To  hid  or  offer   more  thnn  an  (((uivalent. 
OVERBLOW,  V.  i.  Tu  blow  with  too  much 

liolence  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 
■2.  To  blow  over,  or  be  past  its    violence. 

[J^ot  used.] 
OVERBLOW,  V.  t.  To  blow  away  ;  to  di 

sipate  hy  wind.  H'ldler. 

OVERBLOWN,  pp.    Blown  by  and  g.mc 
blown  away  ;  [lri\  en  by  ;  past.       Dryden. 
And  when  this  cloud  of  sorrow's  overblown 

J  falter 

OVERBOARD,  adv.  [over  and  Fr.  bord,  side.; 

Literally,  over  the  side  of  a  ship ;  hence, 


oat  of  a  ship  or  frora  on  board;  as,  to  fall 
overboard;  which  of  course  is  to  fall  into 
the  water.  Mar,  Did. 

OVERBROW',  v.  I.   To  hang  over. 

Collins. 
OVERBUILT,  pp.  overbiW.  Built  over. 

Milton, 

OVERBULK',    V.  t.    To   oppress  by  bulk. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERBURDEN,   v.  t.   To   load  with  too 
great  weight.  Sidney 

OVERBURDENED,  pp.  Overloaded. 
OVERBURN',  V.  t.  To  burn  too  much. 

Mortimer. 

OVERBUSY,  a.  overbiz'zy.  Too  busy ;  offi- 
cious. Decay  of  Piety. 
OVERBUY',  V.  t.  To  buy  at  too  dear  a  rate. 

Dryden 

0VER€AN'OPY,  v.  t.  To  cover  as  with  a 

canopy.  Shak 

OVERC-VRE,  n.  Excessive  care  or  anxie- 

I.V-  Dryden. 

OVERCA'REFUL,  a.  Careful  to  excess. 

OVERCAR'RY,  v.  I.  To  carry  too  far;  to 

carry  or  urge  beyond  the  proper  point. 

Haytcard. 

OVER€^AST,    V.  t.  To  cloud;  to  darken; 
to  cover  with  gloom. 

The  clouds  that  overcast  our  morn  shall  fly. 

Dryden. 
To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a  rate;  to 
rate  too  higli. 

The  king  in  his  account  of  peace  and  calms 
did  much  overcast  his  fortunes —  Bacon. 

:?.  To  sew  over. 

OVERCAST,  pp.  Clouded ;  overspread  with 
clouds  or  gloom. 

The  dawn  is  overcast.  Addison. 

Our  days  of  age  are  sad  and  overcast. 

Raleigh. 
OVERCAU'TIOUS,    a.    Cautious  or   pru- 
dent to  excess.  Addison. 
OVERCH'ARtiE,  v.t.  To  charge  or  load  to 
excess  ;  to  cloy  ;  to  oppress. 

The  heavy  load  of  abundance  with  which  we 
overcharge  nature —  Raleigh. 

To  crowd  too  much. 
Our  language  is  overchargedvii&i  consonants. 

Addison. 
To  burden.  Sliak. 

To  fill  to  excess  ;   to  surcharge  ;   as,  to 
overcharge  tlie  memory.  Locke. 

To  load  with  too  great  a  charge,  as  a  gun. 

Denham. 
To  charge  too  much  ;  to  enter  in  an  ac- 
count more  than  is  just. 
OVERCHARGE,  n.  An  excessive  load  or 

burden. 
2.  A  charge  in  an  account  of  more  than  is 

just. 
',i.  A  charge  beyond  what  is  proper. 
OVERl'I.IMB,  v.t.  Toclinibover.     Surrey. 
OVERCLOUD',  v.t.  To  cover  or  overspread 
with  clouds.  Tickel. 

OVERCLOY',  V.  t.  To  fill  beyond  satiety. 

Shak. 
OVERCOLD,  a.  CoM  to  excess.     Wiseman. 
OVERCOME,   v.t.    [See    Come.]    To  con- 
quer ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  subdue  ;  as,  to  oi'er- 
rome  enemies  in  battle. 

2.  Tosurrndunl  ;  to  get  the  better  of;  as,  to 
overcome  difliculties  or  nhstucles. 

3.  To  overflow ;  to  surcharge.     [JVbt  used.] 

Philips, 

4.  To  come  upon;  to  invade.     f.Vo/  uscrf.] 
OVERcO.^lE,  r.  i.  To  gain  thesupenority ; 

to  be  victorious,     lloni.  iii. 


(). 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


OVERCOMER,  n.  One  who  vanquishes  or| 

surmounts. 
OVERCOMINGLY,  adv.  Witli  superiority. 

More. 
OVEReON'FIDENCE,  n.  Excessive  con- 
fidence. 
OVERCORN',  V.  t.  To  corn  to  excess. 

Mdison. 
OVERCOUNT',  V.  t.  To  rate  above  the  true 

value.  Shale. 

0VER€6V'ER,  V.  I.  To  cover  completely. 

Shak. 
OVERCRED'ULOUS,   a.  Too  apt  to  be 

lievc.  Skak. 

OVERCROW,  V.  t.  To  crow  as  in  triumph. 

[Mot  used.]  Spenser. 

OvEReU'RIOUS,   a.     Curious  or  nice  to 

excess.  Bacon. 

OVERDA'TE,    v.  t.    To  date  beyonil   the 

proper  period.  Milton. 

OVERDI'GIIT,  a.  Covered  over.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
OVERDIL'IgENT,  a.  Diligent  to  excess. 
OVERDO,  V.  t.  To  do  or  perform  too  much 

Shak. 

2.  To  , harass  ;  to  fatigue;  to  oppress  by  too 
much  action  or  labor. 

3.  To  boil,  bake  or  roast  too  much.       Swift 
OVERDO,  V.  i.  To   labor   too  hard  ;  to  do 

too  much.  Greiv. 

OVERDONE,  pp.  Overacted ;  acted  to  ex 
cess. 

9.  Wearied  or  oppressed  by  too  much  labor 

3.  Boiled,  baked  or  roasted  too  much. 

Swift. 

OVERDOSE,  n.  Too  great  a  dose. 

OVERDRESS',  v.  t.  To  dress  to  excess  ;  to 
adorn  too  much.  Pope. 

OVERDRINK',  v.  t.  To  drink  to  excess. 

OVERDRIVE,  V.  I.  To  drive  too  hard,  or 
beyond  strength.     Gen.  xxxiii. 

OVERDRY',  V.  t.   To  dry  too  nuich. 

Burton. 

OVERE'AGER.  a.  Too  eager  ;  too  velie- 
ment  in  desire.  Goodman. 

OVERE'AGERLY,  adv.  With  excessive 
eagerness. 

OVERE'AGERNESS,  n.  Excess  of  earn 
estness. 

OVERE'AT,  v.t.  To  eat  to  excess. 

OVEREL'EGANT,  a.  Elegant  to  excess. 

Johnson. 

OVEREMP'TY,  v.  t.  To  make  too  empty. 

Carew 

OVEREyE,  v.  t.  To  superintend  ;  to  in 
spect.     [Lillle  used.] 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  remark.  Shak. 

O'VERFALL,  n.  A  cataract ;  the  fall  of  a 
river.  Raleigh 

OVERFATIGUE,  n.  overfatee'g.  Excessive 
fatigue. 

OVERFATIGUE,  v.  t.  overfatee'g.  To  fa 
tigue  to  excess.  Watts. 

OVERFEE'D,  v.  t.  To  feed  to  excess. 

Dry  den.' 

OVERFILL',  V.  t.  To  fill  to  excess ;  i6  sur- 
charge. Drijden. 

OVERFLOAT,  v.  t.  To  overflow ;  to  inun- 
date. Dryden. 

OVERFLOURISH,  v.  t.  overfiur'ish.  To 
make  excessive  display  or  flourish. 

CoUier, 

OVERFLOW,  V.  t.  To  spread  over,  as  wa- 
ter ;  to  inundate  ;  to  cover  with  water  or 
other  fluid. 

J.  To  fill  beyond  the  brim. 


3.  To  deluge  ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to   cover,  as, 
with  numbers. 

The  northern  nations  overflowed  all  christcn-l 
dom.  Spenser} 

OVERFLOW,  V.  i.  To  run  over  ;  to  swell 
and  run  over  the  brim  or  banks. 

Dryden. 
To  be  abundant ;  to  abound  ;  to  exuber- 
ate ;  as  overjlowing  jilenty.  Rogers. 

O'VERFLOW,  n.  An  inundation;  also,  su- 
perabundance. Bacon. 

OVERFLOWING,  ppr.  Spreading  over,  as 


running  over 


the 


Abundant ;  copious ; 

Exuberance  ;  copi- 
Denham. 
adv.    Exuberantly  ;i 
Boyle. 


a   fluid  ;    inundatin 

brim  or  banks. 
OVERFLOWING,  a. 

exuberant. 
OVERFLOWING,    n. 

ousiiess. 
OVERFLOWINGLY, 

in  great  abundance. 
OVERFLUSH',  v.  t.  To  flush  to  excess. 
OVERFLUSH'ED,  pp.   Flushed  to  excess; 

reddened  to  excess. 
2.  Elated  to  excess.  Mdison. 

OVERFLY',  V.  t.  To  pass  over  or  cross  by 

flight.  Dryden. 

OVERFOR'WARD,  a.  Forward  to  excess. 
OVERFOR'WARDNESS,   a.     Too   great 

Ibrwardness  or  readiness  ;  ofliciousness. 

Hale, 
OVERFREIGHT,     v.  t.     overfra'te.     [See 

Freight.] 
To  load   too   heavily  ;  to  fill  with  too  great 

quantity  or  numbers ;  as,  to  overfreight  a 

boat. 
OVERFRU'ITFUL,   a.    Too   rich  ;  produ- 
cing superabundant  crops.  Dryden. 
OVERGET',   V.  t.    To  reach  ;  to  overtake.! 

[JVot  u-fed.]  Sidney. 

OVERGILD',  v.t.  To  gildover;tovarnisii. 
OVERGIRD',    V.  I.    To   gird   or   bind  too 

closely.  Milton. 

OVERGL'ANCE,  v.t.  To   glance  over ;  to 

run  over  with  the  eye.  Shak. 

OVERGO,'  v.t.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Sidney. 
2.  To  cover.     [J^ot  used.]  Cluipman. 

OVERGONE,  pp.   overgawn'.  Injured  ;  ru- 
ned.  Shak. 

OVERGORGE,   v.  t.  overgorj'.  To  gorge  to 

excess.  Shak. 

0VERGR>ASSED,  pp.  Overstocked  with 
rass  :  oversrown  with  grass.  Spenser. 
OVERGREAT,  a.  Toogreat.  Locke. 

OVERGROW,  V.  I.  To  cover  with  growth 

or  herbage.  Spenser. 

2.  To  grow  beyond  ;  to  rise  above. 

Mortimer. 
OVERGROW,  V.  i.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit 

or  natural  size  ;  as  a  huge  overgrown  ox. 

L'Estrange. 
OVERGROWTH,  n.  Exuberant  or  excess- 
ive growth.  Bacon. 
OVERIIALE.     [See  Overhaul.] 
OVERIIAND'LE,  v.  t.  To  handle  too  much ; 

to  mention  too  often.  Shak.\ 

OVERHANG',   v.  t.   To  impend   or  hang! 

over.  ^        I 

2.  To  jut  or  project  over.  Milton.' 

OVERHANG',  v.t.  To  jut  over.         Miltoti.l 
OVERH'ARDEN,  i'.  /.  to  harden  too  mucli  ;| 

to  make  too  hard.  Boyle. 

OVERHASTILY,  adv.   In  too  much  haste. 

Hales. 
OVERHaSTINESS,  ?i.    Too  much  haste; 

precipitation.  Reresby. 


OVERHaSTY,  a.  Too  hasty;  precipitate. 

Hammond. 
OVERHAUL',  V.  t.  To  spread  over. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  turn   over  for  examination ;  to  sepa- 
rate and  inspect. 
•3.  To  draw  over. 

4.  To  examine  agahi. 

5.  To  gain  upon  in  u  chase  ;  to  overtake. 
OVERHEAD,  adv.   overhed'.  Aloft;  above; 

in  the  zenith  or  cieling. 

Milton.     Addison. 
OVERHE'AR,  v.  t.  To  hear   by  accident  ; 
to  hear  what  is  not  addressed  to  the  hear- 
er, or  not  intended  to  he  heard  by  liini. 

Walton.     Milton. 
OVERHE'ARD,  pp.  Heard  by  accident. 
OVERIIE'AT,  v.t.  To  beat  to  excess. 

Addison. 

OVERHE'LE,  v.  t.   To  cover  over.      [Not 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

OVERHEND',    v.  t.    To   overtake.      [Xot 

used.]  Spenser. 

OVERJOY',  V.  t.  To  give  great  joy  to  ;  to 

traiis|)ort  with  gladness.  Taylor. 

O'VERJOY,  n.  Joy  to  excess  ;  transport. 

OVERLA'BOR,  v.  t.  To  harass  with  toil. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  execute  with  too  much  care. 
OVERLA'DE,  v.  t.  To  load  with  too  great 

I  cargo  or  other  bunh^n. 
OVERLADEN,  pp.   Overburdened  ;  load- 
ed to  excess. 
OVERLA'ID,  pp.  [See  Overlay.]    Oppress- 
ed   with    weight  ;    smothered  ;    Covered 
over. 
OVERL'ARgE,  a.  Too  large  ;  too  great. 

Collier. 
OVERL'ARgENESS,  n.  Excess  of  size. 
OVERLASH',  v.  i.  To  exaggerate.     [Little 
used.]  Barrow. 

2.  To  proceed  to  excess.     [LitUe  used.] 

Boyle. 
OVERLA'Y,  v.  t.  To  lay  too  much  upon  ;  to 
oppress    with   incumbent   weight  ;    as   a 
country  overlaid  with  inhabitants. 

Raleigh. 
Our  sins  have  overlaid  our  hopes. 

IC.  Charles. 
2.  To  cover  or  spread  over  the  surface  ;  as, 
to  overlay  capitals  of  columns  with  silver; 
cedar  overlaid  with  gold. 
.3.  To  smother  with  close   covering ;  as,  to 
overlay  an  infant.  Milto7i. 

To  overwhelm  ;  to  smother. 
A  heap  of  ashes  that  o'erlays  your  fire. 

Dryden. 

To  cloud  ;  to  overcast. 
— As  when  a  cloud  his  beam  doth  overlay. 

Spenser. 

6.  To  cover ;  to  join  two  opposite  sides  by  a 
cover. 

And  overlay 
With  this  portentous  bridge  the  dark  abyss. 

Milton. 

OVERLA'YING,  n.  A  superficial  covering. 
Ex.  .xxxviii. 

OVERLE'.AP,  V.  t.  To  leap  over  ;  to  pass  or 
move  from  side  to  side  by  leaping ;  as,  to 
overleap  a  ditch  or  a  fence.  Dryden. 

OVERLEATHER,  )       The  lether   which 

O'VERLETHER,  S  "■  forms  or  is  intend- 
ed to  form  the  upper  part  of  a  shoe  :  that 
which  is  over  the  foot.  [With  us,  this  is 
called  tipper  lether.]  Shak, 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


oVERLEAVEN,  v.  I.  overkv'n.  To  leaven 
too  mucli;  to  cause  to  rise  and  swell  too 
iDUcli.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  mix  too  much  with  ;  to  corrupt. 

OVERLIB'ERAL,  a.  Too  liberal ;  too  free 
abundant  to  excess  ;  as  overliberal  diet. 

Bacon. 

OVERLIGHT,  n.  Too  strong  a  light. 

Bacon. 

OVERLIVE,  V.  t.  overliv'.  To  outlive  ;  to 
live  longer  than  another  ;  to  survive.  [We 
generally  use  outlive.]  Sidney. 

OVERLIVE,  D.J.  mierliv'.  To  live  too  long. 

Milton. 

OVERLIV'ER,  n.  One  that  lives  longest ; 
a  survivor.  Bacon. 

OVERLOAD,  V.  t.  To  load  with  too  heavy 
a  burden  or  cargo  ;  to  fill  to  excess  ;  as, 
to  overload  the  stomach  or  a  vehicle. 

OVERLONG',  a.  Too  long.  Boyle. 

OVERLQQK',  II.  t.  To  view  from  a  higher 
place ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as,  to  stand  on 
a  hill  and  overlook  a  city. 

3.  To  stand  in  a  more  elevated  place,  or  to 
rise  so  high  as  to  aft'ord  the  means  of  look- 
ing down  on  ;  applied  to  things.  The 
tower  overlooked  the  town. 

3.  To  see  from  behind  or  over  the  shoidder 
cf  another  ;  to  see  from  a  higher  position  ; 
as,  to  overlook  a  paper  when  one  is  writing. 

Dry  dot. 
1.  To  view  fully  ;  to  peruse.  Shak. 

■'■>.  To  inspect  ;  to  superintend  ;  to  oversee 
implying  care  and  watchfulness. 

He  was  present  in  person  to  overlook  the 
magistrates.  Spenser. 

C.  To  review  ;  to  examine  a  second  time  or 
with  care. 

The  time  and  care  that  are  required 
To  overlook,  and  file  and  polish  well. 

Hoscoiimon 

7.  To  pass  by  indulgently  ;  to  excuse  ;  not 
to  punish  or  censure ;  as,  to  overlook  faults 

Addison. 

8.  To  neglect;  to  slight. 

They  overlook   truth  in  the  judgment  they 
pass  on  adversity  and  prosperity.       Atterbury. 
OVERLQOK'ER,  n.  One  that  overlooks. 
OVERLOOP,     now   written    orlop,   which 

see. 
OVERLOVE,  II.  t.  To   love   to  e.\cess  ;  to 
prize  or  value  too  much.  Hall. 

O'VERLY,  a.  [Sax.  oferlice.']  Careless  ; 
negligent  ;  inattentive.     [J^ot  used.] 

Hall. 

OVERJVrAST,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  mast 

or  with    masts   that  are  too  long   or  too 

heavy  for  tlie  weight  of  keel. 

OVERMASTED,   pp.    Having   masts  too 

long  or  too  lieavy  for  the  shi|). 

Mar.  Did. 
OVERM' ASTER,  v.  t.   To  overpower  ;  to 
subdue  ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  govern.     Milton 
OVERMATCH',  v.  t.   To  be  too  powerfti 
for;  to  conquer;  to  subdue;  to  oppress  by 
superior  force.  Dryden. 

OVERMATCH',  n.  One  superior  in  power 
one  able  to  overcome.     Milton.     Addison. 
OVERM EASURE,    v.  t.    overmezh'ur.     To 
measure  or  estimate  too  largelv-       Bacon. 
OVERM  EASURE,  )i.  overmezh'ur.    Excess 
of  measure  ;   something  that  exceeds  the 
measure  proposed. 
OVERMIX',  V.  t.  To  mix  witli  too  much. 

Creech. 


OVERMOD'EST,    a.    Modest  to    excess; 

i     basliful.  Hales. 

p'VERMOST,  a.  Highest;  over  the  rest  in 

I     authority.  Ainsworth. 

OVERMUCH',    a.    Too   much;   exceeding 
what  is  necessary  or  projjer.  Locke. 

OVERMUCH',  adv.   In  too  great  a  degree. 

Hooker. 

OVERMUCH',  n.  More  than  sufficient. 

Millon 

OVERMUCH'NESS,    n.    Superabundance 
[J^ol  used  and  barbarous.]  B.  Jonson. 

OVERMUL'TITUDE,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in 
nund)er.     [JVot  used.]  Milton. 

OVERNA'ME,  v.  t.  To  name  over  or 
series.     [J\~ot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERNE'AT,  a.  Excessively  neat. 

Spectator. 

OVERNIGHT,  n.  Night  before  bed-time. 
[See  Over,  prep.]  Shak. 

OVERNOISE,  V.  t.  overnoiz'.  To  overpow- 
er by  noise.  Cowley. 

OVEROFFEND'ED,  a.  Offended  to  ex- 
cess. Steele. 

OVEROF'FICE,  v.  t.  To  lord  by  virtue  of 
an  office.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

0VEROFFI"CIOUS,  a.  Too  busy  ;  too 
ready  to  intermeddle  ;  too  importunate. 

Collier. 

OVERPA'INT,  V.  t.  To  color  or  describe 
too  strongly.  Hill. 

OVERP'ASS,  V.  t.  To  cross;  to  go  over. 

Dnplen. 

2.  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  without  regard. 
Millon.     Hooker. 

3.  To  omit,  as  in  reckoning.  Raleigh. 

4.  To  omit ;  not  to  receive  or  include. 

Hooker. 

OVERPASSED,^         Passed  by;   passed 
OVERP>AST,        <  PP-  away  ;  gone;   past. 

Shak. 
OVERPA'Y,  I',  t.  To  pay  too  raucli  or  more 

than  is  due. 
2.  To  reward  beyond  the  price  or  merit. 

Prior. 
OVERPEE'R,  v.t.  To  overlook;  to   ho\er 
over.     [JVut  used.]  Shak 

OVERPE'OPLE,  V.  I.  To  overstock  vvitli 
rdiabitants.  Johnson 

OVERPERCH',  v.  t.  To  perch  over  or 
above  ;  to  flv  over.  Shak. 

OVERPERSUA'DE,  v.  t.  To  persuade  or 
influence  against  one's  inclination  oropin- 
ion.  Pope 

OVERPIC'TURE,   I',  t.    To  exceed  tlie  re- 
presentation or  picture.  Shak 
O'VERI'LUS,  n.  [over  an(\  h.  plus,  more,  or 

perhaps  G.  iibcrftuss,  overflow.] 
Surplus;  that  which  remains  after  a  supply, 
or   beyond    a   quantity    proposed.      Take 
what  is  wanted  and  return  the  overplus 

It  wo\ild  look  like  a  fable  to  report  that  thH 
gentleman  gives  away  all  which  is  the  over/ilm 
of  a  great  fortune.  Adiliann 

OVERPLV,  V.  t.   To  ply  to  excess;  to  ex- 
ert with  too  mucli  vigor.  Milton. 
OVERPOISE,  V.  t.  overpoiz'.  To  outweigh. 

Brown. 
OVERPOISE,    n.   overpoiz'.    Prepoiirlerant 
weiffht.  Dn/den. 

OVERPOL'ISH,  V.  t.  To  polish  too  n'luc 

Blackwall. 

OVERPON'DEROUS,  a.   Too  heavy  ;  too 

depressing.  Millon 

OVERPOST,  v.t.  To  hasten  over  quickly 

Shak 


OVERPOWER,  V.  t.  To  affect  with  a 
power  or  force  that  cannot  be  borne  ;  as, 
the  light  overpowers  the  eyes. 

2.  To  vanquish  by  force  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  re- 
duce to  silence  in  action  or  submission; 
to  defeat.  Dryden.     Watts. 

OVERPRESS',  V.  t.  To  bear  upon  witli  ir- 

esistible  force ;  to  crush  ;  to  overwhelm. 

Sidney.     Sunfl. 

2.  To  overcome  by  importunity. 

OVERPRI'ZE,  V.  t.  To  value  or  prize  at 
too  high  a  rate.  IVotton. 

OVERPROMPT',  a.  Too  prompt ;  too  ready 
or  eager. 

OVERPROMPT'NESS,  n.  Excessive 
promptness  ;   precipitation. 

OVERPROPO'RTION,  v.  t.  To  make  of 
too  great  proportion. 

OVERQUI'ETNESS,  n.  Too  much  quiet- 
ness. Brown. 

OVERRA'KE,  v.t.  To  break  in  upon  a 
ship.  When  the  waves  break  in  upon  a 
ship  riding  at  anchor,  it  is  said,  they  over- 
rake  her,  or  she  is  overraked.       Mar.  Diet. 

OVERRAN  K',  a.  Too  rank  or  luxuriant. 

Mortimer. 

OVERRA'TE,  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  much  ; 
to  estimate  at  a  value  or  amount  beyond 
the  truth.  Dryden. 

OVERRE'ACH,  v.  t.  To  reach  beyond  in 
any  direction  ;  to  rise  above ;  to  extend 
beyond.  Burnet. 

2.  To  deceive  by  cunning,  artifice  or  sagaci- 
ty ;  to  cheat.  Tillotson. 

OVERRE'ACH,  v.  i.  Applied  to  horses,  to 
strike  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot  against  the 
heel  or  shoe  of  tlie  fore  foot. 

OVERRE'ACH,  n.  The  act  of  striking  the 
heel  r)f  the  fore  foot  with  the  toe  of  the 
hind  foot.  Encyc. 

OVERRE'ACHER,  n.  One  that  overreach- 
;  one  that  deceives. 

OVERRE'ACHING,  n.  The  act  of  deceiv- 
mg  ;  a  reaching  too  far. 

OVERRE'AD,  v.  t.  To  read  over;  to  peruse. 
.Yot  u.wd.]  Shak. 

OVERRKD',  v.t.  To  smear  with  a  red 
•nior.      UYot  used.]  Shak. 

OVERRI'DE,  v.t.  To  ride  over.  [.Vot  tised.] 

Chaucer. 

2.  To  ride  too  much  ;  to  ride  beyond  the 
strength  of  the  horse. 

ovkrrId'Den,^^^-^'''"''''''^''- 

OVKRRI'PEN,  v.t.  To  make  too  ripe.   Shak. 

OVERROAST,  v.  t.  To  roast  too  much. 

Shak. 

OVERRU'LE,  v.t.  To  influence  or  control 
by  predominant  power  ;  to  subject  to  su- 
perior authority.  Tlie  law  must  overrule 
all  private  opinions  of  right  and  wrong. 

His  passion  and  animosity  overruled  his  con- 
science. Clarendon. 
To  govern  with  high  authority. 

Haytvard. 
In  lair,  to  supersede  or  reject ;  as,  the 
plea  was  ovtrruhd  Iiv  the  court. 

OVERRtI'LER,  n.  One  who  controls,  di- 
rects or  governs.  Sidney. 

OVERRULING,  ppr.  Controlling;  subject- 
ing to  authority. 

2.  a.  Exerting  siiperiorand  controllingpow- 
er  ;  as  an  overruling  Providence. 

OVERRUN',  V.  t.  To  run  or  spread  over; 
to  grow  over  ;  to  cover  all  over.  The 
sluggard's    farm  is  overrun  with  weeds. 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


O  V  E 


Some  plants  unchecked  will  soon  overrun 
a  tielti.  Tlie  (Janailu  thistle  is  overrun- 
ning the  northern  parts  of  New  England, 
as  it  haw  overrun  Normandy. 

2.  To  march  or  rove  over;  to  harass  by 
hostile  incursions ;  to  ravage.  Tlie  south 
of  Europe  was  formerly  overntn  liy  the 
Goihs,  Vandal.s  and  other  barbarians. 

3.  To  outrun  ;  to  run  faster  than  another 
and  leave  liini  behind. 

Ahimaaz  ran   by   the   way  of  the  plain,  and 
overran  Cushi.     2  Sam.  xviii. 

4.  To  overspread  with  numbers.  Were  it 
not  for  the  ibis,  it  has  been  supposed 
Egypt  would  be  overrun  with  crocodiles. 

5.  To  injure  by  treading  down. 

a.  Aiming  printers,  to  change  the  disposition 
of  types  and  carry  those  of  one  line  into 
another,  either  in  correction,  or  in  the 
contraction  or  extension  of  columns. 

OVERRUN',  v.i.  To  overflow;  to  run  over. 

Smith. 

OVERRUN'NER,  n.  One  that  overruns. 

OVERRUN'NING,  ppr.  S[)reading  over  ; 
ravaging  ;  changing  the  disposition  of 
types. 

OVERSAT'URATE,   v.  I.    To  saturate  to 

CX(*GSS. 

OVERSAT'URATED,  pp.  More  than  satu 
rated. 

OVERSAT'URATING,  ppr.  Saturating  to 
excess. 

OVERSeRU'PULOUS,  a.  Scrupulous  to 
excess.  Milford. 

OVERSEA,  a.    Foreign  ;  from  beyond  sea. 

fnison. 

OVERSEE',  I',  t.  To  superintend  ;  to  over- 
look, implying  Care. 

2.  To  pass  unheeded  ;  to  omit ;  to  neglect. 
[N'ot  used.}  Hudibras. 

OVERSEE'N,  pp.   Superintended. 

2.  Mistaken  ;  deceived.     [jVut  used.] 

Hooker. 

OVERSEE'R,  n.  One  who  overlooks  ;  a 
superintendent  ;  a  supervisor. 

2.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of  the  poor 
or  of  an  idiot,  &c. 

OVERSET',  V.  t.    To  turn  IVomi  the  proper 

position  or   basis;  to  turn  upon  the  side. 

or  to  turn  bottom  upwards  ;  as,  to  overset 

a  ooacli,  a  ship  or  a  building. 
'2.  To  sui)vcrt ;  to  overthrow  ;  as,   to  overset 

the  constitution  of  a  state  ;  to   overset  a 

scheme  of  policy. 

3.  To  throw  oft' the  proper  foundation. 

Dryden 

OVERSET',  V.  J.  To  turn  or  be  turned  over ; 
to  turn  or  fall  off  the  basis  or  bottom.  A 
crank  vessel  is  liable  to  overset. 

OVERSHA'DE,  v.  t.  To  cover  with  shade  ; 
to  cover  with  any  thiug  that  causes  dark 
ness  ;  to  render  dark  or  gloomy. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

OVERSHAD'OW,  v.  t.  To  throw  a  shadow 
over  ;  to  ovcrsliade.  Milton. 

2.  To  shelter;  to  protect ;  to  cover  with  pro- 
tecting influence.  Milton 

OVERSHAD'OWER,  n.  One  that  throws  a 
shade  over  any  thing.  Bacon. 

OVERSHAD'OWING,  ppr.  Throwing  a 
shade  over ;  protecting. 

OVERSHOOT',  V.  t.  To  shoot  beyond  the 
mark.  Tillotson 

2.  To  pass  swiftly  over.  Harte 


To  overshoot  one's  self,  to  venture  too  far ;  tol 
assert  too  much.  Hooker.] 

OVERSHOOT',  V.  i.  To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 

CollierJ] 

OVERSHOT',  pp.  Shot  beyond.  | 

O'VERSHOT,  a.  Au  overshot  wheel  is  one 
that  receives  the  water,  shot  over  the  top, 
on  the  descent.  An  overshot  wheel  is 
moved  by  less  water  than  an  undershot 
wheel. 

OVERSIGHT,  n.  Superintendence;  watch- 
ful care.     1  Pet.  v. 

2.  Mistake;  an  overlooking;  omission;  er- 
ror. Pope. 

OVERSrZE,  v.  I.  To  surpass  in  bulk  or 
size.     [JVot  much  used.]  Sandys. 

2.  To  oover  with  viscid  matter.  Shak. 

OVERSKIP',  V.  t.  To  skip  or  leap  over  ;  to 
pass  by  leaping.  Hooker. 

To  pass  over.  Donne. 

■i.  'J'o  escape.  Shak. 

OVERSLEE'P,  v.t.  To  sleep  too  long ;  as, 
to  oversleep  the  usual  hour  of  rising. 

OVERSLIP',  I',  t.  To  slip  or  pass  without 
notice;  to  pass  undone,  unuoticeil  or  un- 
used ;  to  omit ;  to  neglect  ;  as,  to  overslip 
time  or  op|iortuiiity.  Hammond. 

OVERSLOVV,  V.  t.  To  render  slow;  to 
check  ;  to  curb.     [N'ot  used.]     Hammond. 

OVERSNOW,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  snow. 
[Ao<  much  used.]  Dryden. 

OVERSOLD,  pp.  Sold  at  too  high  a  price. 

Dryden. 

OVERSOON',  adv.  Too  soon.  Sidney. 

OVERSOR'ROW,  v.  I.  To  grieve  or  afflict 
to  excess.  Milton 

OVERSPAN',  v.t.  To  reach  or  extend  over 

OVERSPE'AK,  v.t.  To  si)eak  too  much; 
to  use  too  many  words.  Hales. 

OVERSPENT',  >;>.  [T^ee  Spend.]  Harassed 
or  fatigued  to  an  extreme  degree. 

I  Dryden. 

OVERSPREAD,  v.t.  overspred'.  To  spread 
over;  to  cover  over.  The  deluge  over- 
spread the  earth. 

2.    To  scatter  over. 

OVERSPREAD,  v.  i.  overspred'.  To  be 
spread  or  scattered  over ;  as,  weeds  over- 
spread the  ground. 

OV^ERSTAND',  i-.  t.  To  stand  too  much  on 
price  or  conditions  ;  to  lose  a  sale  by  hold- 
ing the  price  too  high.  Ihi/den. 

OVERST.VRE,  v.t.  To  stare  wildly.  '[AV 
used.]  .hcham. 

OVERSTEP',  v.  t.  To  step  overor  beyond  ; 
to  exceed.  Shak. 

OVERSTOCK',  n.  Superabundai^ce  ;  more 
than  is  sufficient.  Taller. 

OVERSTOCK',  V.  t.  To  till  too  full;  to 
crowd  ;  to  supply  with  more  than  is  want- 
ed. The  world  may  be  overstocked  with 
inhabitants.  The  market  is  often  over- 
stocked with  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  more  cattle  than  are 
wanted;  as,  to  overstock  a  farm. 

3.  To  supply  with  more  seed  than  is  wanted  ; 
as,  to  overstock  land  with  clover. 

OVERSTO'RE,  v.  t.  To  store  with  too 
much ;  to  supply  or  till  with  superabun- 
dance. Hale. 

OVERSTRA'IN,  v.i.  To  strain  to  excess; 
to  make  too  violent  eftbrts.  Dryden. 

OVERSTRA'IN,  v.  t.  To  stretch  too  far. 

Jiyliffe. 

OVERSTREW,  )      ,    To  spread  or  scat- 

OVERSTROVV,  y-''    ter  over.         Shak. 


OVERSTRI  KE,  v.  t.  To  strike  beyond. 

Spenser. 
OVERSTROWN,  pp.  Spread  or  scattered 

o\er.  J.  Barlow. 

OVERSCPPLY',  V.I.  To  furnish  more  than 

is  suliiiient.  Melmoth. 

OVERSWA'Y,  V.  I.  To  overrule;  to   bear 

down  ;  to  control.  Hooker. 

OVERS  WELL',  V.  t.  To  swell  or  rise  above ; 

to  overflow.  Shak. 

O'VERT,   a.    [Fr.   ouvert,   from  ouvrir,   to 

open,  It.  nprire,  L.  uperio.] 
Open    to   view  ;  public ;  apparent ;   as  overt 
I     virtues;  an  overt  ennay.     Rut  the  word  is 
I     now  used  chiefly  in  law.     Thus   an  overt 

act  of  treason  is  distinguished  (rom  secret 

design  or  intention  not  carried  into  effect, 

and  even   from  worils  spoken.     A  market 

overt,  is  a  place  where  goods  are   publicly 

exposed  to  sale.     A    pound  overt,  is  one 

open   overhead,  as  distinguished  from  a 
t     ])ouu(l  covert  or  close.  Blackstone. 

OVi:;RTA'KE,  v.  I.  To  come  up  with  in  a 

course,   pursuit,  progress  or  motion;   to 

catch. 
I  The  enemy  said,   I   will  pursue,  I  will  over- 

I      take.     Kx.  xv. 

2.  To  come    upon ;  to   fall   on   afterwards. 
I     Vengeance  shall  overtake  the  wicked. 
■i.  To  take  by  surprise. 

i  Bretliren,  it  a  man  be  overtaken  in  a  fault,  ye 

j       who  .ire  spiritual,  restore  such  one  in  the  spirit 

of  m(*ekness.     fi.il.  vi. 
OVERT\'\SK,  V.  I.  To  impose  too  heavy  a 

task  or  injunction  on.  Harvey. 

[OVERTAX',  1'.  t.  To  tax  too  heavily. 
OVERTHROW,  v.t.  [See  Throic]  To  turn 

upside  down. 
I  His  wife  overthrew  the  table.  Taylor. 

!2.  To  throw  down. 
|3.  To  ruin  ;  to  demolish. 

Wlien  the  walls  of  Thebes  he  overthrew. 

Dryden. 
\i.  To  defeat ;  to  conquer  ;  to  vanquish  ;  as, 
j  to  overthrow  an  army  or  an  enemy. 
5.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy ;  as,  to  overthrow 
j  the  constitution  or  state;  lo  overthrow  re- 
I  liirion. 
p'VERTHROW,    »i.    The   state   of  being 

overtinued  or  turned  off  the  basis. 
2.  Ruin  ;   destruction  ;   as  the   overthrow  of 
!     the  state. 
j3.  Defeat  ;  discomfiture  ;  as  the  overthroiv  of 

enemies.  Dryilen. 

U.  Degradation.  Shak. 

OVERTIIROWER,     n.     One    that     over- 
j     throws,  defeats  or  destroys. 
OVERTHWART',  «.  Opposite ;  being  over 

the  w,-y  or  street.  '  Shak. 

2.  Crossing  at  right  angles. 

3.  Cross  ;  perverse  ;  adverse  ;  contradic- 
tious. Clarendon. 

OVERTHWART',  prep.  Across;  from  side 
to  side. 

OVERTHWART'LV,  adv.  Across;  trans- 
versely. Peacham. 

2.  Perversely. 

OVERTHWART  NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  athwart  or  lying  across. 

2.  Perverseness;  pervicacity.  Johnson. 

OVERTI'RE,  v.t.  To  tire  to  excess;  to 
subdue  by  fatigue.  Milton. 

OVERTI'TLE,  v.  t.  To  give  too  high  a  title 
to.  Fuller. 

O'VERTLY,  adv.  Openly;  in  open  view; 
publicly. 


O  V  E 


OWE 


OWN 


OVERTOOK',  pret.  oi  overtake. 
OVERTOP',  I',  t.  To  rise  above  the  top. 

Shak. 

2.  To  excel ;  to  surpass.  Harvey. 

3.  To  obscure ;  to  !nake  of  less  importance 
by  superior  excellence.  Sivi/l. 

OVERTOW'ER,  v.  t.  To  soar  too  high. 

Fuller. 
OVERTRIP',  v.t.  To  trip  over;    to   walk 

nimbly  over.  Shak. 

OVERTRUST',   v.  t.    To   trust  with    too 

nuich  coiitiilence.  Hall. 

O'VERTURE,  n.  [Fr.  ouverture.  See  Overt.] 

1.  Opening;  disclosure;  discovery.  [In this 
literal  sense,  little  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Proposal ;  something  offered  for  consid- 
eration, acceptance  or  rejection.  The 
prince  made  o»ertoresof  peace,  which  were 
accepted. 

3.  The  opening  piece,  prelude  or  symphony 
of  some  public  act,  ceremony  orenlertain- 
ment.  The  overture  in  theatrical  enter- 
tainments, is  a  piece  of  music  usually  end- 
ing in  a  fugue.  The  overture  of  a  jubilee 
is  a  general  procession,  &c.  Encyc. 

OVERTURN',  V.  t.  To  overset ;  to  turn  or 
throw  from  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  as,  to 
overturn  a  carriage  or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

Locke.     Atterhuri). 

3.  To  overpower  ;  to  conquer.  Milton. 
O'VERTURN,  n.  State  of  being  overturned 

or  subverted  ;  overthrow. 

OVERTURN'ABLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  over- 
turned.    [JN'ot  much  used.] 

OVERTURN'ED,;)/).  Overset ;  overthrown. 

OVERTURN'ER,  n.  One  that  overturns  or 
subverts.  Swift. 

OVERTURN'ING,  ppr.  Oversetting  ;  over- 
throwing ;  subverting. 

OVERTURN'ING,  n.  An  oversetting ;  sub 
version  ;  change  ;  revolution. 

OVERVAL'UE,  v.  t.  To  rate  at  too  high  a 
price.  Hooker. 

OVERVA'IL,  ^      ,     To   cover;   to   spread 

OVERVEIL,   p'-'-    over.  Shak.' 

OVERVO'TE,  V.  t.  To  outvote;  to  out-, 
number  in  votes  given.  K.  Charles.l 

OVERWaTCH',  v.  t.  To  watch  to  excess; 
to  pubdue  by  long  want  of  rest.      Drydtn.l 

OVERWATCH'ED,  a.  Tired  by  too  much| 
watching.  Sidney. 

OVERVVE'AK,  a.  Too  weak  ;  too  feeble. 

Raleigh. 

OVERWEARY,  v.  t.  To  subdue  with  fa- 
tigue. Dryden. 

OVERVVEATHER,  I'. /.  overtreth'er.  [See 
IVeather.]  To  bruise  or  batter  by  vio- 
lence of  weather. 

OVERWEE'N,  V.  i.  [ween  is  obsolete,  ex- 
cept in  composition.  See  the  word.] 

1.  To  think  too  liighly  ;  to  tiiink  arrogantly 
or  conceitedly. 

2.  To  reach  beyond  the  truth  in  thought ; 
to  think  too  favorably.  Shak.     Milton. 

OVERWEE'NING,  ppr.  Thinking  too  high-i 

ly  or  conceitedly. 
2.  a.  Thin  thinks  too  highly,  particularly  of 

on(;'s  self;  conceited  ;  vain  ;   as  overu-een- 

iiig  piide  ;  an  overweening  brain.       Locka. 
OVERWEE'NINGLY,  adv.  With  too  much 

vanity  or  conceit. 
OVERWIJIGH,  V.  t.  To  exceed  iu  weight; 

to  can.se  to  preponderate  ;   to   outweigh  ; 

to  overbalance.  Hooker. 


OVERWEIGHT,  n.  Greater  weight ;  prc-j 
ponderance.  Bacon.' 

OVERWHELM',  v.  t.  To  overspread  or| 
crush  beneath  something  violent  and 
weighty,  tliat  covers  or  encompasses  the 
whole  ;  as,  to  overwhelm  with  waves. 

2.  To  immerse  and  bear  down  ;  in  a  figura- 
tive sense ;  as,  to  be  overwhelmed  with 
cares,  afflictions  or  business. 

.'?.  To  overlook  gloomily.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  over.     [JVol  used.] 

O'VERWHELM,  n.  The  act  of  overwhelm- 
ing. Young. 

OVERWHELM'ING,  ppr.  Crushing  with 
weight  or  numbers. 

OVERWHELM'INGLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  overwhelm. 

OVERWING',  I',  t.  To  outflank;  to  ex. 
tend  beyond  the  wing  of  an  army. 

Milton. 

OVERWI'SE,  a.  s  as  t.  Wise  to  affecta 
tion.  Ecclus. 

OVERWI'SENESS,  ?;.  Pretended  or  af 
fected  wisdom.  Raleigh. 

OVERWORD',  r.  t.  To  say  too  much. 

OVERWORK',  V.t.  To  work  beyond  the 
strength  ;  to  cause  to  labor  too  much  ;  to 
tire.  South. 

OVERWORN,  a.  Worn  out;  subdued  by 
toil.  Drydtn. 

2.  Spoiled  by  time.  Shak. 

OVERWRESTLE,  v.  t.  overres'l.  To  sub- 
due by  wrestling.  Spenser. 

OVERWROUGHT,  pp.  overraut'.  Labored 
to  excess.  Dryden. 

2.  Worked  all  over ;  as  overwrought  with 
ornaments.  Pope 

OVERYE'ARED,  a.  Too  old.     [Mot  used.] 

Fairfax. 

OVERZE'ALED,  a.  Too  much  excited  with 
zeal ;  ruled  by  too  much  zeal.  Fuller. 

OVERZEALOUS,  a-  overzel'ous.  Too  zeal 
ous  ;  eager  to  excess.  Locke. 

OVI€'ULAR,  a.  [from  L.  ovum,  an  egg.i 
Pertaining  to  an  egg.  Bryant 

0'VIDU€T,  71.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  duc- 
tus, a  duct.] 

In  animals,  a  passage  for  the  egg  from  the 
ovary  to  the  womb,  or  a  passage  which 
conveys  the  egg  from  the  ovary. 

Hist.  Roy.  Soc. 

O'VIFORM,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  figure  of  an 
egg.  Burnet. 

O'VINE,  a.  [L.  ovinus,  from  ovis,  shee|). 
Pertaining  to  sheep;  consisting  of  sheep. 

OVIP'AROUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  pario, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  eggs,  or  producing  young  from 
eggs.  Fowls  and  reptiles  are  oviparous 
animals. 

O'VOID,  a.  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  Gr.  «.ioi, 
form.]     Having  the  shape  of  an  egg. 

O'VOLO,  n.  In  architecture,  a  round  mold 
ing,  the  quarter  of  a  circle;  called  also  the 
quarter  round.  Encyc. 

OWE,  1'.  t.  0.  [a  regular  verb,  pret.  and 
])p.  owed;  used  with  the  auxiliary  have 
had,  but  not  with  the  substantive  verb  to 
be.  This  verb  is  doubtless  the  Sax.  agan, 
Goth,  aigan,  Svv.  uga,  Ice.  eg,  to  have  or 
possess,  that  is,  to  hold  or  retain,  coin- 
ciding with  the  Gr.  f  j;u.  The  Saxon  par- 
ticiple agc7i,  Dan.  egen,  is  the  English  own. 
Ought  is  u  derivative  teuse,  and  was  for- 


merly used  in  the  sense  of  owed.  The 
I)roper  sense  of  ou'f,  is  to  be  held  or  bound 
to  ])ay  ;  nearly  as  we  now  use  have  in  the 
phrases,  "  I  have  to  pay  a  sum  of  money 
to-morrow,"  "Ihave  togo  to  town  to-day."] 

1.  To  be  indebted  ;  to  be  obliged  or  bound 
to  )iay.  The  merchants  owe  a  large  sura 
to  foreigners. 

A  6011  uwes  help  and  honor  to  his  father. 

Hotyday. 

One  was  brought  to  him  who  owed  him  lea 
thousand  talents.     Matt,  xviii. 

Owe  no  man  any  tiling,  but  to  love  one  an- 
otlior.     Uoiii.  xiii. 

2.  To  be  obliged  to  ascribe  to  ;  to  be  obliged 
for ;  as,  that  he  may  owe  to  me  all  his  de- 
liverance. Milton. 

3.  To  possess  ;  to  have  ;  to  be  the  owner  of. 
[This  is  the  original  sense,  but  now  obso- 
lete. Iu  place  of  it,  we  use  oion,  from  the 
participle.  See  Own.] 

Thou  dost  here  usurp 
The  name  thou  owesl  not.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  due  or  owing. 

O  deem  thy  tall  not  ow'd  to  man's  decree. 

Pope. 
[This  passive  form  is  not  noiv  used.] 
OWE,  V.  i.  To  be  bound  or  obliged. 

Bp.  Fisher. 
OWING,  ppr.  [This   is   used   in   a   passive 
form,   contrary    to  analogy,  for   owen   or 
owed.    But  the  use  is  inveterately  estab- 
lished.] 

1.  Due;  that  moral  obligation  requires  to  be 
paid ;  as  the  money  owing  to  a  laborer  for 
services,  or  to  another  country  for  goods. 

2.  Consequential  ;  ascribable  to,  as  the 
cause.  Misfortunes  are  often  owing  to 
vices  or  miscalculations. 

3.  Imjiutable  to  as  an  agent.  His  recovery 
from  sickness  is  owiiig  less  to  his  phvsi- 
cian,  than  to  the  strength  of  his  constitu- 
tion. 

OWL,  n.  [Sax.  ula,  ule  :  D.  uil ;  G.  eule  ; 
Sw.  ugla  or  uggla ;  L.  ulula.  The  orthog- 
ra])liy,  except  in  the  Swedish,  coincides 
w  ith  howl,  L.  ululo  ;  but  the  radical  letters 
are  not  obvious.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Stris,  that  flies  chiefly 
in  the  night. 

OWL'ER,  n.  [qu.  from  owl,  or  from  wool.] 
One  that  conveys  contraband  goods. 

Sufifl. 

OWL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  hulotte.]  An  owl,  which 
see. 

OWL'ING,  n.  Tlie  offense  of  transporting 

wool  or  sheep  out  of  England,  contrary  to 

the  statute.  Blackstone. 

[This  explanation  of  owling  favors  the 

derivation  of  the  word  (rom  wool.] 

OWL'-LIGIIT,  n.  Glimmering  or  imperfect 
light.  ff'arburton. 

OWL'-LIKE,  a.  Like  an  owl  in  look  and 
habits.  Donne. 

OWN,  a.  [Sax.  agen ;  Sw.  Dan.  egen ;  D. 
G.eigen;  the  participle  of  Sax.  agan,  to 
possess.  See  Owe  and  Ought.] 

1.  Belonging  to  ;  possessed;  peculiar;  usu- 
ally expressing  property  with  emphasis, 
or  in  express  exclusion  of  others.  It  fol- 
lows my,  your,  his,  their,  thy,  her.  God 
created  man  in  his  own  image.  Adam 
begat  a  son  in  his  own  likeness.  Let  them 
fall  Uy  their  own  counsel.  He  washed  us. 
from  (iiM-  sins  in  his  own  blood.  Scripture. 
In  the  phrases,  his  own  nation,  his  own 


O  X 

country,  the  word  own  denotes  that  the 
person  belongs  to  the  nation  or  country. 
S.   Own  ofti'M  Collovvs  a  verb  ;  as,  the  book  is 
not  my  own,  that  is,  rny  own  book. 

3.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute. 

1  hat  they  uiay  dwell  in  a  place  of  tlieir  own. 
2  Sam.  vii. 
In  this  use,  a  noun  cannot  follow  oi«7i. 

4.  "  He  came  to  h'isown,  and  his  own  roceived 
'  him  not,"  that  is,  his  oivn  nation  or  people  ; 

own  being  here  used  as  a  substitute,  hke 
many  other  adjectives. 
OWN,  V.  t.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  have 
the  legal  or  rightful  title  to;  to  have  the 
exclusive  right  of  possession  and  use.  A 
freeholder  in  the  United  States  owns  hi 
farm.  Men  often  own  land  or  goods  which 
are  not  in  their  possession. 

2.  To  have  the  legal  right  to,  without  the 
exclusive  right  to  use;  as,  amaiiouJii*  the 
land  in  front  of  his  farm  to  the  middle  of 
the  highway. 

3.  To  acknowledge  to  belong  to  ;  to  avow 
or  admit  that  the  property  belongs  to. 

When  you  coine,  tind  me  out 

Ami  own  me  for  your  son.  Dryden. 

4.  To  avow ;  to  confess,  as  a  fault,  crime  or 
other  act ;  that  is,  to  acknowledge  thai 
one  has  done  the  act ;  as,  to  own  the  faults 
of  youth;  to  own  our  guilt.  The  man  is 
charged  with  theft,  but  he  has  not  owned 
it. 

5.  In  general,  to  acknowledge ;  to  confess 
to  avow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true  ;  not  to  de- 
ny ;  as,  to  own  our  weakness  and  frailty 

Many  oitn  the  gospel  of  salvation  nioie  from 
custom  than  conviction.  /.  M.  .Mason. 

OWNED,  pj).  The  legal  title  being  vested 
in ;  as,  the  property  is  owned  by  a  com- 
pany. 

2.  Acknowledged  ;  avowed  ;  confessed. 

OWNKR,  n.  The  rightful  proprietor;  one 
who  has  the  legal  or  rightful  title,  whether 
he  is  the  possessor  or  not. 

The  ox  knowcth  his  owner.     Is.  i. 
The  centurion  believed  the  master  and  owner 
of  the  ship.     Acts  xxvii. 

OWNERSHIP,      n.     Property;     exclusive 
right  of  possession  ;  legal  or  just  claim  or 
title.     The  owner.^liip  of  the  estate  is  in  A 
the  possessicm  is  in  B. 

OWNING,  ppr.  Having  the  legal  or  just  ti 
tie  to. 

2.  Acknowledging;  avowing;  confessing. 

OWRE,  n.  [h.uius.]  A  beast.     [JVotused.] 

./linswoiih 

OWSE,  ji.  Barkof  oak  beaten  or  ground  to 
small  pieces.  ^Ish. 

OW'SER,  n.  Bark  and  water  mixed  in  s 
tan-pit.  .4.s-7( 

OX,  n.  plu.  orcn.  pron.  ox'n.  [Sax.  o:rn , 
G.  och.i,  ochse  ;  D.  os  ;  Sw.  Dan.  oxe  ;  Sans. 
uksha ;  Armen.  os.] 

The  male  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadru 
peds,  castrated  and  grown  to  his  size  or 
nearly  so.  The  young  male  is  called  in 
America  a  steer.  The  same  animal  not 
castrated  is  called  a  bull.  These  distinc- 
tions are  well  established  with  us  in  re 
gard  to  domestic  animals  of  this  genus, 
When  we  speak  of  wild  animals  of  this 
kind,  ox  is  snnietimes  applied  both  to  the 
male  ami  female,  and  in  zoology,  the  same 
practice  exists  in  regard  to  the  domestic 
animals.  So  in  common  usage,  a  pair  of] 
bulls  yoked  may  be  sometimes  called  or- 


O  X  Y 

en.  We  never  apply  the  name  ox  to  the 
cow  or  lemale  cd'tlie  domestic  kind.  Oxen 
in  the  plural  may  comprehend  both  the 
male  and  temale. 
OX'ALATE,  n.  [See  Oxalic.]  In  chimistry, 
a  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of  the  ox- 
alic acid  with  a  base. 
OXAL'lt;,  a.  [Gr.  o|o>.t{,  sorrel,  from  <j|i!, 

acid.] 
Pertaining  to  sorrel.  The  oxalic  acid  is  the 

acid  of  sorrel. 
OX'BANE,  n.  A  plant,  buphonos. 

Jlinsworlh 
;0X'-EYE,    n.  [ox  and  eye.]    A  plant  of  the 
genus  Buphthalmum  ;  another  of  the  ge- 
nus Anthemis ;  also,  the  ox-eye  daisy  or 
Chrysanthemum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

OX'EYED,  a.  Having  large  full  eyes,  like 
those  of  an  ox.  Burton. 

OX'FLY,  n.  A  fly  hatched  under  the  skin  of 

cattle. 
OX'GANG,  n.  [ox  and  g-an^,  going.]  In  an 
cientlaivs,  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow 
in  a  year;  said  to  be  fifteen  acres,  or  as 
others  alledge,  twenty  acres. 
OX  HEAL,  n.  A  plant.  Ainsworlh. 

OXIOD'IC,  a.  Pertaining   to   or  consisting 
of  the  compound  of  oxygen  and  iodine 

IVebster's  Manual. 
OX'LIKE,  a.   [ox  and  like.]  Resembling  an 
ox.  Sandys. 

OX'LIP,  n.  A  plant,  the  cowslip. 
OX'STALL,  n.  A  stall  or  stand  for  oxen 
OXTONGUE,  n.   ox'tung.    A  plant   of  the 

genus  Picris. 
OX'Y€RATE,  n.  [Gr.  otv;,  acid,  and  xspau 

to  mix.] 
A  mixture   of  water  and   vinegar.     [Little 
used.]  Wiseman. 

OX'YD,  n.  [Gr.  olij,  acid,  sharp  ;  o|oj,  vine- 
gar. The  true  orthography  of  this  word 
is  oxyd,  as  originally  written  by  Lavoisier 
and  his  associates.  No  analogy  in  the 
language  is  better  established  than  the 
unilbrin  translation  of  the  Greek  v  into  the 
English  1/,  as  in  Latin,  and  it  is  very  ab- 
surd to  preserve  this  analogy  in  oxygen, 
oxymuriate  and  hydrogen,  and  depart  from 
it  in  oxyd.] 
In  chimistry,  a  substance  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  a  portion  of  oxygen  with  some 
base  ;  or  a  substance  combined  with  oxy- 
gen, without  being  in  the  state  of  an  acid. 
Diet.  ATat.  Hist.  Ure. 
OXYDABIL'ITY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
converteil  into  an  oxyd.  Med.  Repos. 

OX'YD.M?LE,  a.  Capable  of  being  convert 

eil  into  an  oxyd. 
OX'YDATE,  V.  t.   To  convert  into  an  oxyd 
as  metals  and  other  substances,  by  conibi 
nation  with  oxygen.     It  ditlers  froui  arid 
ify,  to  make  acid,  or  to  convert  into  an 
acid,  as  in  oxydation  the  acid  that  enters 
into  combination  is  not  sufficient  to  form 
an  acid. 
OX'YDATED,  pp.  Converted  into  an  oxyd. 
OX'YDATING,  jypr.    Converting    into  an 

oxyd. 
OXYDA'TION,   »;.  The  operation  or  pro 
cess  of  converting  into  an  oxyd,  as  metals 
or  other  substances,  by  combining  witl 
them  a  certain  portion  of  oxygen. 

Lavoisier.     Ure. 
OX'YDIZE,  V.  t.  To  oxydate,  which  sec 
OK'YOIZEV,  pp.  Oxydated. 


O  Y  E 

OX'YDJZEMENT,  n.  Oxydation. 
OX'YDIZING,  ppr.  Oxydating. 

[Oiydize  and  its  derivati\es  are  now  more 

generally  used  than  oxydate,  though  there 

seems  to  be  no  ground  fur  the  preference.] 

OX'YtJEN,  71.  [Gr.  o?v5,  acid,  and  yinuu,  to 

generate.) 

In  chimistry,  oxygen  or  oxygen  gas  is  an  el- 
ement or  substance  so  named  from  its 
projierty  of  generating  acids;  it  istheres- 
pirable  part  of  air,  vital  air,  or  the  basis  of 
it ;  it  is  called  the  acidifying  principle,  and 
the  principle  or  support  of  conjbuslion. 
IVhxiern  experiments,  however,  prove  that 
it  is  not  necessary  in  all  cases  to  combus- 
tion or  to  acidity.  Oxygen  is  a  perma- 
nently elastic  fluid,  invisible,  inodorous, 
and  a  little  heavier  than  atmospheric  air. 
In  union  with  azote  or  nitrogen,  it  lijrins 
atmospheric  air,  of  which  it  constitutes 
about  a  fifth  part.  Water  contains  about 
85  per  cent,  of  it,  and  it  exists  in  most 
vegetable  and  animal  products,  acids,  salts 
and  oxyds.  It  tbrins  .50  per  cent,  of  silex, 
47  of  aluniin,  '^8  of  lime,  40  of  magnesia, 
17  of  potash,  and  '2o  of  soda. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist.     Cyc.     Ure.    Phillips. 

OX'YtiENATE,  v.  t.  To  unite  or  cause  to 
combine  with  oxygen,  without  the  evolu- 
tion of  heat  or  light ;  to  acidify  by  oxygen. 

OX'YgENATED.  pp.  United  with  oxygen. 

OX'YCENATING,  ppr.  Uniting  with  ox- 
ygen. 

OXYCiENA'TION,  n.  The  act,  operation  or 
process  of  combining  with  oxygen. 

OX'YCiENIZABLE,a.  Capable  of  being  ox- 
ygenized. 

OX'YtiENIZE,  V.  t.  To  oxygenate,  which 

S66. 

OX'YfiENIZED,;;;).  Oxygenated. 
OX'YgENIZE.MENT,  n.  O.xygenation. 
OX'YliENIZING,p/?r.  O.xygenating. 
OXYti'ENOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  oxygen,  or 

obtained  from  it. 
OX'YGON,  n.  [Gr.  otvj,  sharp,  and  ywiia,  all 

angle.] 
A  triangle  having  three  acute  angles. 

Diet. 
OXY-I'ODINE,  n.  In  chimisti-y,  a  compound 

of  thechloriodic  and  oxiodic  acids.    Davy. 
OX'YMEL,  n.    [Gr.  o^uj,   acid,   and    f*f>.i, 

honey.] 
A  mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey. 

Arhuthnoi. 
OXYMO'RON,   n.   [Gr.  otn/xupor,   a  siiiart 

saying  which  at  first  view  appears  fool- 

isli.] 
A  rhetorical  figure,  in  which  an  epithet  of  a 

quite  contrary  signification  is  added  to  a 

w<ird  ;  as  cruel  kindness. 
Oxyprussie  arid,  chloroprussic  acid. 
OXYIi  RllODINE,   11.  [compounded  of  Gr. 

o^ii;,  acid,  and  poSoi',  rose.] 
\  mixture  of  two  parts  of  the  oil  of  rosea 

with  one  of  the  vinegar  of  roses.      Floycr. 
OX'YTONE,   a.    [Gr.  oiij,  sharp,  and  roroj, 

tone.] 
Having  an  acute  sound.  Walker. 

OX'YTONE,  n.  An  acute  sound. 
OY'ER,  n.  [Norm,  oj/er,  hearing  ;  Fr.  ouir, 

to  hear.] 
In  law,  a  hearing  or  trial  of  causes.    A  court 
1    of  oyer  and  terminer  is  constituted  by  a 


P  A  C 


P  A  C 


P  A  C 


commission  to  inquire,  hear  and  determine 
all  treasons,  felonies  and  misdemeanors. 

Blackslone. 

2.  The  hearing,  as  of  a  writ,  bond,  note  or 
other  specialty ;  as  when  a  defendant  in 
court  prays  oyer  of  a  writing. 

Blackslone. 

OYES,  [Fr.  oyez,  hear  ye.]  This  word  in 
usimI  hy  the  sheriff  or  his  substitute  in 
making  proclamation  in  court,  requirin 


silence  and  attention.    It  is  thrice  repeat- 
ed, :ind  most  absurdly  pronounced,  O  yes. 
OY  LET-HOLE.     [Se>i  Eyelet-hole.] 
OYS'TER,   n.    [G.   auster ;  D.   oester ;  Sw. 
ostra  ;  Dan.  oater  ;  Fr.   huitre  ;  Arm.  his- 
Irenn  or  eistren  ;  Russ.  ystritz ;  Corn,  e.i- 
tren  ;  L.  ostrea ;  Gr.  of pfw  ;  probably  con- 
ne«  fed   in   origin    with   oftw,    bone,  and 
named  from  its  hardness.] 
A  bivalvular  testaceous  animal,  found  adher- 


ing to  rocks  or  other  fixed  substances  in 
salt  water  which    is  shallow,    or  in  the 
mouths  of   rivers.     Oysters  are  deemed 
nourishing  and  delicious  food. 
OYSTER-SHELL,  n.  The  hard  covering 

or  shell  of  the  oyster. 

OYS'TER-\Vl',NCH,>     A  woman  whose 

OYS'TER-WIFR,      Sn.occupation   is    to 

OYS'TER-WOMAN,  )     eell  oysters ;  a  low 

woman.  Shak. 


P. 


P  is  the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  English  Al 
phabet,  and  a  labial  articulation  formed  by 
a  clost-  compression  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  lips,  as  in  ep.  It  is  convertible  into  6 
and/,  sometimes  into  v,  and  in  Greek,  into 
f.  This  letter  is  found  in  the  oriental 
languages,  from  which  it  was  received  into 
the  Greek  and  Latin  ;  except  however  the 
Arabic,  which  has  not  this  letter,  and  the 
Arabians  cannot  easily  pronounce  it.  In 
some  words  which  we  have  borrowed 
from  the  Greek,  p  is  mute,  as  in  psalm, 
ptisan  ;  but  is  not  silent  in  English  words, 
unless  it  may  be  in  receipt,  and  a  few  ir- 
regular words.  P  aspirated  or  followed 
by  h,  represents  the  Greek  f,  which  ans- 
wers to  the  English/,  as  in  philosophy. 
As  an  abbreviation,  P.  stands  for  Puhlius. 
pondo,  &c. ;  P.  A.  DIG.  for  patricin  di^- 
nitas  ;  P.  C.  for  Patres  Conscripti ;  P.  F 
for  Publius  Fabius ;  P.P.  for  proposilum 
pvblice  ;  P.  R.  for  populus  Romanns ; 
P.  R.  S.  for  prmtoris  sententia ;  P.  R.  S.  P. 
for  priLses  provinciiE. 
P.  M.  stands  for  post  meridiem,  afternoon. 
As  a  numeral,  P,  like  G,  stands  for  one 
hundred,  and  with  a  dash  over  it,  p,  for 
four  hundred  thousand. 
Among  physicians,  P.  stands  for  pugil,  or  the 
eighth  part  of  a  handful :  P.  JE.  tor  partes 
aquales,  equal  parts  of  the  ingredients : 
P.  P.  for  pulvis  patrum,  or  the  Jesuits'  bark 
in  powder ;  and  ppl.  for  prceparatus,  pre 
pared.  Encyc 

PA'A6E,  n.  [Norm,  paage,  payment.    See 

Pay.] 
A   toll   for  passage   over  another  person's 
grounds.     [Mil  used.]  Burke. 

PAB'ULAR,  o.  [L.  pabulum,  food.]   Pertain 

ing  to  food  ;  affording  food  or  aliment. 
PABULA'TION,  n.  [h.  pabulatio,  frompab- 

xdor,  to  feed.] 
The  act  of  feeding  or  procuring  provender. 

Cockeram. 
FABULOUS,  a.    [L.  pabulum,  food.]    Af 
fording  aliment  or  food  ;  alimental. 

Brown. 
PAB'ULUM,  n.    [L.]    Food ;  aliment ;  that 

which  feeds. 
2.  Fuel  ;  that  which  supplies  the  means  of 
combustion.  Encyc. 

PA'CA,  Ji.  A  small  animal  of  America,  bear- 
ing some  resemhlaiice  to  a  hare  and  a  pig. 
It  is  a  species  of  cavy  ;  called  also  the 
spotted  cavy.    Did.  Mtt.  Hist.    Ed.  Encyc. 


PA'CATE,  a.  [L.pacatus.]  Peaceful;  tran- 
quil.    [JVbt  used.] 

PA'€ATED,  a.  Appeased.     [Little  used.] 

Bailey. 

PACA'TION,  n.  [L.  pace,  to  calm  or  ap- 
pease.]    The  act  of  appeasing. 

PACCAN',  n.  An  American  tree  and  its  nut 

PACE,  n.  [Fr.  pas  ;  It.  passo  ;  Sp.  paso  ;  L 
passus,  from  pando,  to  open,  or  Gr.  ttartu, 
to  tread.     See  Pass.] 

1.  A  step. 

2.  The  space  between  the  two  feet  in  walk- 
ing, estimated  at  two  feet  and  a  half  But 
the  geometrical  pace  is  five  feet,  or  the 
whole  space  passed  over  by  the  same  foot 
from  one  step  to  another.  Sixty  thousand 
such  paces  make  one  degree  on  the  equa- 
tor. Encyc. 

3.  Manner  of  walking  ;  gait;  as  a  languish- 
ing/jace;  a  heavy ^ace;  a  quicker  slow 
pace.  .Addison. 

4.  Step  ;  gradation  in  business.  [Little  us- 
ed.] Temple 

5.  A  mode  of  stepping  among  horses,  in 
which  the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted 
together.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  may 
be  applied  to  any  other  mode  of  stepping. 

G.  Degree  of  celerity.  Let  him  mend  his 
pace. 

To-moii'ow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  jmce  from  day  to  day — 

Shak. 
To  keep  or  hold  pace,  to  keep  up ;  to  go  or 

m»ve  as  fast  as  something  else. 
PACE,  V.  i.  To  go  ;  to  walk ;  to  move. 

Spenser.    Shak. 
2.  To  go,  move  or  walk  slowly. 
.3.  To  move  by  lifting  the  legs  on  the  same 

side  together,  as  a  horse. 
PACE,  V.  t.   To  measure  by  steps  ;  as,  to 

pace  a  piece  of  ground. 
2.  To  regulate  in  motion. 

If  you  can,  pace  your  wisdom 
In  that  good  path  that  I  woidd  wish  it  go —  j 

Shak., 
PA'CED,  a.  Having  a  particular  gait ;  usedj 

chiefly  in  composition  ;  as  s\o\v-paced. 
'i.  In  composition,  going   all  lengths  ;  as   a 

thorough-;)aced  intriguer. 
PA'CER,  n.  One  that  paces ;  a  liorse  that 

paces. 
PA€HYnERM'ATOUS,a.  [Gr.rta;tvf,thick, 

and  iippa,  skin.] 

Having  a  thick  skin;  an  c|)ithet  applied  to 

an  order  of  animals,  called  Pachydirmataj 

embracing    all    the    hoofed    quadrupeds 


which  do  not  ruminate,  as  the  elephant, 
mastodon  or  N.  American  mammoth,  hip- 
popotamus, SUB  or  hog,  rhinoceros,  tapir, 
and  horse.  Cuvier. 

The  horse  constitutes  a  separate  order, 
(Solipeda.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

PACIF'IC,  a.  [L.  pacijicus,  from  pacijico,  to 
make  peace.     See  Peace.] 

1.  Peace-making  ;  conciliatory  ;  suited  to 
make  or  restore  peace;  adapted  to  reconcile 
differences  ;  mild  ;  appeasing;  as,  to  offer 
pacijic  propositions  to  a  belligerent  power. 
The  measures  proposed  are  in  their  tiature 
pacijic. 

2.  Calm  ;  tranquil  ;  as  a  pacijic  state  of 
things. 

PACIF'IC,  11.  The  appellation  given  to  the 
ocean  situated  between  America  on  the 
west,  and  Asia  ;  so  called  on  account  of 
its  exemption  from  violent  tempests. 

PACIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  pacificatio.  See 
Pacify.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  peace  between  nations 
or  parties  at  variance.  Bacon.     South. 

2.  The  act  of  appeasing  or  pacifying  wrath. 

Hooker. 

PACIFICA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  peace-maker ; 
one  that  restores  amity  between  contend- 
ing parties  or  nations.  Bacon. 

PACIFICATORY,  a.  Tending  to  make 
peace  ;  conciliatory.  Barrow. 

PACIFIED,   pp.    Appeased  ;  tranquilized. 

PACIFIER,  JI.  One  who  pacifies. 

PACIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pacifer ;  Sp.  pacijicar ; 
It.  pacijicare ;  L.  pacijico  ;  pax,  pads, 
peace,  and/ofio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  appease,  as  wrath  or  other  violent  pas- 
sion or  appetite  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still  ;  to  qui- 
et; to  allay  agitation  or  excitement;  as, 
to  pacify  a  man  when  angry,  or  to  pacify 
his  wrath  or  rage  ;  the  word  being  appli- 
ed both  to  the  person  and  to  the  ]iassion. 
So  we  say,  to  pacify  hunger,  to  pacify  im- 
portunate demands. 

2.  To  restore  peace  to  ;  to  tranquilize ;  as, 
to  pacij'y  countries  in  contention. 

Bacon. 
PACIF'i'ING,  ppr.   Appeasing ;    tranquil- 

izing. 
PACK,  n.  [D.  pak;  G.  Sw.pack.    See  the 

Verb.] 
1.  A  bundle  of  any  thing  inclosed  in  a  cover 

or  bound  fast  with  cords ;  a  bale ;  as  a 

pack  of  goods  or  cloth.    The  soldier  bears 

a  pack  on  his  back.! 


P  A  C 


PAD 


PAG 


2.  A  burden  or  Idad  ;  as  a  pack  of  sorrows. 

Shak. 

3.  A  number  of  cards,  or  the  number  used 
in  games ;  so  called  from  being  inclosed 
together.  Addison. 

4.  A  number  of  hounds  or  dogs,  hunting  or 
kept  together,  thut  is,  a  crowd  or  assem- 
blage united.  Dryden. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  a  bad  de- 
sign or  practice ;  as  a  pack  of  thieves  or 
knaves.  Swi/J. 

6.  A  great  number  crowded  together  ;  as  u 
pact  of  troubles.     [Not  used.]     Ainsworth. 

7.  A  loose  or  lewd  person.  [Sax.  pcecan,  to 
deceive.]     [Not  used.]  Skelton. 

PACK,  V.  I.  [D.  pakken  ;  G.  packen ;  Sw. 
packa  ;  L.  pango,  pactum,  pectus  :  impingo, 
compingo  ;  Gr.  rtjjyinu,  ?taj;i!,  rtijyo;;  Dan. 
pagt,  a  covenant,  a  farm  ;  hence  dispatch, 
to  send  away.  The  sense  is  to  send,  to 
drive,  whence  to  press,  to  make  compact. 
Hence  we  say,  to  pack  off,  B\\.  packa.  that  is, 

to  depart  with  speed ;  Ar.  i^Jlj  bakka,  to 
be  compressed,  to  press,  Ch.  p3N.  Class 
Bg.  No.  18.     See  also  No.  3.3.  CC.  33.] 

1.  To  place  and  press  together  ;  to  place  in 
close  order  ;  as,  to  pack  goods  in  a  bo.\  or 
chest. 

2.  To  put  together  and  hind  fast ;  as,  to 
pack  any  thing  for  carriage  with  cords  or 
straps. 

3.  To  put  in  close  order  with  salt  intermi,\- 
ed  ;  as,  to  pack  meat  or  fish  in  barrels. 

4.  To  send  in  haste.  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together,  as  cards,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  secure  the  game  ;  to  put  together 
in  sorts  with  a  fraudulent  design,  as  cards  : 
hence,  to  unite  persons  iniquitously,  with 
a  view  to  some  private  interest ;  as,  to 
pack  a  jury,  that  is,  to  select  persons  fur  a 
jury  who  may  favor  a  party  ;  to  pack  a 
parliament;  io  pack  ixn  assembly  of  bish- 
ops. Pope.     Butler.     Altcrhunj. 

PACK,  I'.  !.  To  be  pressed  or  close  ;  as, 
the  goods  imck  well. 

2.  To  close  ;  to  shut.  Ctcavcland. 

3.  To  depart  in  haste  ;  with  off. 

Poor  Stella  nuist;iacAr  off  to  town.         Sici/I 

4.  To  unite  in  bad  measures  ;  to  confederate 
for  ill  purposes  ;  to  join  in  collusion. 

Go,  ;)acft  with  him.  Shak 

PACK'AgE,  n.  A  bundle  or  bale ;  a  quan- 
tity pressed  or  bound  together;  as  a  park 
age  of  cloth. 

2.  A  charge  made  for  packing  goods. 

PACK'€L0TH,  n.  A  cloth  "for  packing 
goods,  or  in  which  they  are  tied. 

PACK'ED,  pp.  Put  together  and  pressed 
tied  or  bound  in  a  bundle  ;  put  down  and 
salted,  as  meat ;  sent  off;  united  iniqui 
tously. 

PACK'ER,  n.  One  that  packs;  an  officer 
appointed  to  pack  meat,  as  beef,  pork 
fish,  &c.  Slat,  of  Conn 

PACK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  paquet;  Sp.  Von.  pa- 
quete  ;  from  pact.] 

1.  A  small  pack  or  package ;  a  little  bundle 
or  parcel ;  as  a  packet  of  letters.       Bacon. 

2.  A  dispatch-vessel ;  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
employed  by  government  to  convey  letters 
from  country  to  country  or  from  port  to 
port.  [Originally  packet-boat,  Sp.  paque- 
bote,  Fr.  paquehot.] 

3.  A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  dispatcb- 

Vol.  II. 


es  and  jiassengers  from  place  to  place,  or 
to  carry  passengers  and  goods  coastwise. 

U.  States. 

PACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  ply  with  a  packet  or 
dispatch-vessel.  17.  States 

PACKET-BOAT.     [See  Facte*.] 

PACK'ET-SHIP,  n.  A  ship  that  sails  regu- 
larly between  distant  countries  for  the 
conveyance  of  dispatches,  letters,  passen- 
iiers,  &c. 

PACK'HORSE,  n.  A  horse  employed  in 
carrying  jmcks  or  goods  and  baggage. 

Locke 

2.  A  beast  of  burden. 

PACK'ING,  ppr.  Laying  together  in  close 
order;  binding  in  a  bundle;  putting  in 
barrels  with  salt,  &c.  ;  uniting,  as  men  for 
a  frauihdent  purpose. 

PACKING,/!.  A  trick;  collusion.        Bale. 

PACK'SADDLE,  n.  A  saddle  on  which 
])a(:ks  or  burdens  are  laid  for  conveyance 

PACK'STAFF,  n.  A  staff  on  which  a  trav- 
eler occasionally  supports  his  pack. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PACKTHREAD,  n.  Strong  thread  or 
twine  used  in  tying  up  parcels. 

PACK'-WAX,  n.  A  tendinous  substance  of 
the  neck  of  an  animal.  Ray. 

PA'€0,     )      An  animal  of  South  America, 

PA'€OS,  \  "'resembling  the  camel  in  shape, 
but  much  smaller.  It  is  sometimes  called 
the  Peruvian  sheep,  on  account  of  its  long 
thick  hair.  Encyc. 

PACT,  n.  [Fr. ;  h.  pactum,  from  pango.  See 
Pack.] 

A  contract ;  an  agreement  or  covenant. 

Bacon. 

PA€'TION,  n.  [L.  pactio.  See  Pack.]  An 
agreement  or  contract.  Hayward. 

PA€'TIONAL,  a.  By  way  of  agreement. 

Sanderson 

PACTI'TIOUS,  a.  Settled  by  agreement 
or  stipulation. 

PAD,  II.  [Sax.  paad,  for  path.     See  Path.] 

1.  A  foot  path  ;  a  road.     [Not  norv  used.] 

Prior. 

2.  An  easy  paced  horse.       Addison.     Pope. 

3.  A  robber  that  infests  the  road  on  foot; 
usually  called  a  loot-pad. 

PAD,  )!.  A  suft  saddle,  cushion  or  bolster 
stuffed  with  straw,  hair  or  other  soft  sub 
stance.  Camden. 

PAD,  V.  I.  [Gr.  itartu.  See  Path.]  To  travel 
slowly. 

2.  To  rob  on  foot. 

3.  To  beat  a  way  smooth  and  level. 
PAD'AR,  n.  Grouts  ;  coarse  flour  or  meal. 

[Not  used  in  U.  States.]  Wotton, 

PAD'DER,  n.  A  robber  on  foot  ;  a  high- 
wavman.  Dn/den. 

PAD'DLE,  v.  i.  [The  French  patro'uiller 
signifies  to  paiv,  to  paddle,  and  hence  the 
English  patrol.  This  word  seems  to  be 
from  palle,  a  paw,  allied  perhaps  to  L.pes, 
pedis,  the  foot,  and  this  is  allied  to  the  Gr, 
rtarfu,  to  tread.  To  jiaddle,  then,  is  to 
use  the  paw.  But  perhaps  it  is  from  the 
noun,  which  see.] 

1.  To  row  ;  to  beat  the  water,  as  with  oars. 

Gay 

2.  To  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands,  as 
children  ;  or  with  the  feet,  as  fowls  or 
other  animals. 

3.  To  finger.  Shak. 

29 


PAD'DLE,  V.  t.  To  propel  by  au  oar  or 
paddle. 

PAD'DLE,  n.  [In  L.  halillus  is  a  paddle- 
staff;  in  Gr.  jtarroXo;  is  a  pole;  in  W. 
padell  is  a  pan.  The  latter  would  express 
the  broad  ))art  of  an  oar  ;  but  it  may  have 
no  connection  with  paddle.] 

1.  An  oar,  but  not  a  large  oar.  It  is  now 
applied  to  a  sort  of  short  oar  used  in  pro- 
pelling and  steering  canoes  and  bo.^ts. 

2.  The  blade  or  the  broad  part  of  an  oar  or 
weapon. 

Thou  shall  have  a  paddle  on  thy  weapon. 
Deut.  xxiii. 

PAD'DLER,  n.  One  that  paddles. 

PADDLE-STAFF,  n.  A  staff  headed  with 
broad  iron.  JIall. 

PAD'D0(;K,  n.  [Sax.  pada  or  pud  ;  D. 
pad,  padder.]     A  toad  or  frog. 

Walton.     Dryden. 

PAD'DOCK,  n.  [said  to  be  corrupted  from 
Sax.  parruc,  park.] 

L  A  small  inclosure  for  deer  or  other  ani- 
mals. Johnson. 

2.  All  inclosure  for  races  with  hounds,  &c. 

Encyc. 

PADDOCK-PIPE,  ji.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus E(iuisetum. 

PADDOCK-STOOL,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Agaricus  ;  a  mushroom,  vidgarly 
toadstool. 

PADELI'ON,  JI.  [Fr. pas  de  lion,  lion's  foot.] 
A  ])lant.  Ainstvorth. 

PAD'LOCK,  n.  [qu.  V.  padde,  a  toad,  from 
its  shape.] 

A  lock  to  be  hung  on  a  staple  and  held  by  a 
link.  Prior. 

PAD'LOCK,  V.  t.  To  fasten  with  a  pad- 
lock ;  to  stop  ;  to  shut ;  to  confine. 

Bull.    Milton. 

PAD'NAG,  JI.  An  ambling  nag.     Dr.  Pope. 

PAD'OW-PIPE,  n.  A  plant.  [Sec  Paddock- 
pipe. ^ 

PADUASOY',  ?i.  [from  Padua,  in  Italy, 
and  Fr.  soie,  silk.]  A  particular  kind  of 
silk  stuff. 

PiE'AN,  )       Among  the  ancients,  a  song  of 

PE'AN,  ^  '  ■  rejoicing  in  honor  of  Apollo ; 
hence,  a  song  of  tj-iumph.  Pope. 

2.  In  ancieiit  poetry,  a  foot  of  four  syllables  ; 
written  also  pwon.  Of  this  there  are  four 
kinds  ;  the  first  consisting  of  one  long  and 
three  .«hort  syllables,  or  a  trochee  and  a 
pyrrhic,  as  tetnportbiis  ;  the  second  of  a 
short  syllable,  a  long  and  two  short,  or  an 
iambus  and  a  pyrrhic,  as  potenlid  ;  the 
third  of  two  short  syllables,  a  long  and  a 
short  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  a  trochee,  as 
an'nmitus  ;  the  fourth  of  three  short  sylla- 
bles and  a  long  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  iam- 
bus, as  celfritds.  Encyc. 

PA'GAN,  n.  [L.  paganus,  a  peasant  or 
countryman,  from /?ag-!(5,  a  village.] 

A  heathen  ;  a  Gentile  ;  an  idolater;  one  who 
worships  false  gods.  This  word  was  ori- 
ginally applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  who  on  the  first  propagation  of 
the  christian  religion  adhered  to  the  wor- 
ship of  false  gods,  or  refused  to  receive 
Christianity,  after  it  had  been  received  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  cities.  In  like  manner, 
heathen  signifies  an  inhabitant  of  the  heath 
or  woods,  and  caffer,  in  Arabic,  signifies 
the  iidiabitant  of  a  hut  or  cottage,  and 
one  that  does  not  receive  the  rehgion  of 
Mohammed.     Pagan  is  used  to  distinguish 


PAG 


P  A  I 


P  A  I 


one  from  a  Christian  and  a  Mohamme- 
dan. 

PA'GAN,  a.  Heathen  ;  heathenish  ;  Gen- 
tile ;  noting  a  person  who  worships  false 
gods. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  of  false  gods. 

PA'GANISH,  a.  [Sax.  paganise]  Heathen- 
ish ;  pertaining  to  pagans.  King. 

PA'GANISM,  n.  [Fr^  paganisme ;  It.  pa 
ganesimo.] 

Heathenism  ;  the  worship  of  false  gods,  or 
the  system  of  religious  opinions  and  wor- 
ship maintained  by  pagans. 

Addison.     Hooker. 

Men  instructed   from  their    infancy    in    the 

principles  and  duties  of  Christianity,  never  sink 

to  the  degradation  of  paganism.       G.  Spring. 

PA'GANIZE,  I',  t.  To  render  heathenish  ; 
to  convert  to  heathenism.  Ch.  Obs. 

PA'GANIZE,  V.  i.  To  behave  hke  pagans. 

Miiton. 

PA'GANIZED,  pp.  Rendered  heathenish. 

PA'GANIZING,  ppr.  Rendering  heathen- 
ish ;  behaving  like  pagans ;  adopting 
heatlieo  principles  and  practice. 

PAGE,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  page  ;  It.  paggio  ;  Port. 
■pagem  ;  Arm.  puich  ;  Sw.  poike  ;  Dan. 
pog  ;  Russ.  paj,  a  boy,  a  page.  The  Gr. 
Ttaii,  a  boy,  is  undoubtedly  a  contracted 
form  of  tlie  same  word  ;  for  rtaiju,  from 
rtai;,  forms  Jtailu,  TtatxSn;;  hence  it  may 
be  inferred  that  rtaij  was  originally  rtaix'^i. 
The  Eng.  boy  is  a  contraction  of  tliis 
word ;     W.  bacgen,  a  boy,  a  child,  from 


footman 


I. 


hag,  small;  Pers.  -s\*i  faige,  a 
or  lackey.] 

A  boy  attending  on  a  great  person,  rather 
for  formality  or  show,  than  for  servitude. 
He  had  two  pages  of  honor,  on  cither  hand 
one.  Bacon 

'J.  A  boy  or  man  that  attends  on  a  legisla- 
tive body.  In  Massachusetts,  the  page  is 
a  boy  that  conveys  papers  from  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  representatives  to  the 
speaker,  and  from  the  speaker  or  clerk  to 
the  members. 
PAGE,  Ji.  [L.  pagina ;  Fr.  page.]  One  side 
of  a  leaf  of  a  book.  tValts. 

'J.  A   book  or  writing  or  writings ;  as  the 

page  of  history. 
3.  Pages,  in  the  plural,  signifies  also  books 

or  writings  ;  as  the  sacred  pages. 
PAGE,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  number  the  page; 

of  a  book  or  manuscript. 
2.  To  attend,  as  a  page.  Shak. 

PAGEANT,  n.  pa'jent.  [L.  pegma ;  Gr 
rtjjyfia,  something  showy  carried  in  tri 
uinph.] 
1.  A  statue  in  show,  or  a  triumphal  car, 
chariot,  arch  or  other  pompous  thing,  dec 
orated  with  flags,  &r.  and  carried  in  i)uh 
lie  shows  and  processions.  Cyc. 

A  sliow  ;  a  spectacle  of  entertainment ; 
something  intended  for  pomp. 

I'll  play  my  part  in  (ortunc's pageant. 

Shak. 
3.  Any  thing   showy,   without   stability   or 
duration. 
Thus  unlaniented  pass  the  proud  away. 
The  gaze  of  fools,  and  pageant  of  a  day. 

Pope 

PA'CiEANT,  0.    Showy  ;  pompous  ;  ostcii- 

talious.  Dn/den. 

PA'GEANT,  v.t.   To   exhibit  in  show;  to 

represent.  Shak. 


PA'GEANTRY,  n.  Show;  pompous  exhi- 
bition or  spectacle. 

Suc\> pageantry  be  to  the  people  shown. 

Dryden. 
PAG'INAL,  a.  Consisting  of  pages. 

Brown. 

PA'GOD,     ?        [Pers.  pout  ghod,    or    600/ 

PAGO'DA,  ^  "■  khoda,  a   house  of  idols,  or 

abode  of  God  ;  Hind,  boot  kuda.  Thomson. 

Fryer.] 

1.  A  temple  in  the  East  Indies  in  which 
idols  are  worshiped.  Pope. 

2.  An  idol ;  an  image  of  some  supposed  de 
ity.  Stilling Jleet. 

PAGO'DA,  n.  A  gold  or  silver  coin  current 
in  Hindoostan,  of  different  values  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  India,  from  $1  75  cts.  to 
§•2,  or  from  8  to  9s.  sterling. 

PA'GODITE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  min- 
eral of  which  the  Chinese  make  their  pa- 
godas. It  is  called  also  lardite,  koreite, 
and  agalmatolite. 

PAID,  pret.  and  pp.  of  pay  ;  paid  for  payed. 

PA'IGLE,  )       A   plant  and   flower   of  the 

PA'GIL,  I  "■  genus  Primula  or  prim- 
rose;  cowslip-primrose.      Fam.  of  Plants 

PAIL,  n.  [W.  paeol  ;  Gr.  rtiXka.]  An  open 
wooden  vessel  used  in  families  for  carry- 
ing liquids,  as  water  and  milk,  usually 
containing  from  eight  to  twelve  quarts. 

PAIL-FULL,  71.  The  quantity  that  a  pail 
will  hold. 

PAILMAIL.  [See  PallmalL] 

PAIN,  n.  [W.  poen;  Corn.  Arm.  poan;  Ir. 
pian  ;  Fr.  peine  ;  Norm,  pene,  peine;  D 
pyn  ;  Sax.  pin  or  pine  ;  G.  pein  ;  Dan. 
pine ;  Sw.  pina ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  pena  ;  L. 
pcena ;  Gr.  rtonj,  penalty,  and  rtoroj,  pain. 


2. 


labor  ;  Sans,  pana  ;   Ar.        ;    fanna,   to 

drive,  afflict,  distress.     Class  Bn.  No.  22. 
23.  2ti.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  animal  bodies, 
of  any  degree  from  slight  uneasiness  to 
extreme  distress  or  torture,  proceeding 
from  pressure,  tension  or  spasm,  separa 
tion  of  parts  by  violence,  or  any  derange- 
ment of  functions.  Thus  violent  pressure 
or  stretching  of  a  limb  gives  pain  ;  inflaiii- 
niation  produces  pain  ;  wounds,  bruises 
and  incisions  give  pain. 

2.  Labor  ;  work  ;  toil  :  laborious  effort.  In 
this  sense,  the  plural  only  is  used  ;  as,  to 
take  pains  ;  to  be  at  the  pains. 

High  without  taking /lairts  to  rise. 

Waller 
The  same  with^ams  we  gain,  but  lose  with 
ease.  Pope. 

.3.  Labor;  toilsome  effort ;  task;  in  the  sin 
gular.     [JVot  now  used.] 

Spenser.  Waller. 
Uneasiness  of  mind  ;  disquietude  ;  anxie 
ty  ;  solicitude  for  the  future  ;  grief,  sor 
row  for  the  past.  We  suffer  pain  whci 
we  fear  or  expect  evil ;  we  feel  pain  at  the 
loss  of  friends  or  property. 
The  throws  or  distress  of  travail  or  child 
birth. 

She   bowed    herself    and    travailed,    for   her 
pains  came  upon  her.     1  Sam.  iv. 
G.  Penalty  ;   jiunishment    suffered    or    de 
nounced;  suffering  or  evil  inflicted  as  a 
punishment  for  a  crime,  or  nime.xed  to  the 
commission  of  a  crime. 

None  sh.ill   presume  to  (ly   under  pain  of 
death.  .iddison. 


Interpose,  on  pain  of  my  displeasure, 
Betwixt  their  swords.  Ihydeii. 

PAIN,  V.  t.  [W.  poeni ;  Norm,  painer ;  Fr. 

peiner  ;  Sp.  penar ;  It.  penare  ;  D.  pynen; 

Dan.  piner  ;  Sw.  pina ;  Sax.  pinan ;  Gr. 

ftoviu.    The  primary  sense   is  to    strain, 

urge,  press.     See  the  Noun.] 

1.  To  make  uneasy  or  to  disquiet ;  to  cause 
uneasy  sensations  in  the  body,  of  any  de- 
gree of  intensity  ;  to  make  simply  uneasy, 
or  to  distress,  to  torment.  The  pressure 
of  fetters  may  pain  a  limb  ;  the  rack  pain* 
the  body. 

2.  To  afflict ;  to  render  uneasy  in  mind  ;  to 
disquiet;  to  distress.  We  are  pained  at 
the  death  of  a  friend  ;  grief  pains  the 
heart  ;  we  are  often  pained  with  fear  or 
solicitude. 

1  am  pained  at  my  very  heart.     Jer.  iv. 
Reciprocally,  to  pain  one's  self,  to  labor  ; 
to  make  toilsome  efforts.     [Idttle  used.] 

Spenser. 
PA'INFUL,  a.  Giving  pain,  uneasiness  or 
distress  to  thp  body  ;  as  a  painful  opera- 
tion in  surgery. 

Giving  pain  to  the  mind  ;  afflictive  ;  dis- 
quieting ;  distressing. 

Evils  have  been  more  painful  to  us  in  the 
prospect,  than  in  the  actual  pressure. 

Addison. 

3.  Full  of  pain  ;  producing  misery  or  afflic- 
tion. Milton. 

Requiring  labor  or  toil  ;  difficult ;  exe- 
cuted with  laborious  effort  ;  as  a  painful 
service.     The  army  had  a  painful  ntarch. 

5.  Laborious:  exercising  Labor  ;  undergoing 
toil  ;  industrious. 
Nor  must  the  painful  husbandman  be  tired. 

Jiryden. 

PA'INFULLY,  adv.  With  sufferingof  body ; 
with  affliction,  uneasiness  or  distress  of 
mind. 

2.  Laboriously ;  with  toil ;  with  laborious 
effort  or  diligence.  Raleigh. 

PA'INFULNESS,  71.  Uneasiness  or  distress 
of  body.  South. 

2.  Affliction  ;  sorrow  ;  grief;  disquietude  or 
listress  of  mind. 

.3.  Laborious  effort  or  diligence  ;  toil. 

Hooker. 

PA'INIM,  71.  [Norm,  paynim;  Fi:  paien  ; 
contracted  Croiu  pagan.]  A  pagan.  [.\"ot 
used.]  Peacham. 

PA'INIM,  a.  Pagan;  infidel.     [.Xot  used.] 

Milton. 

PA'INLESS,  a.  Free  from  pain.  Fell. 

2.  Free  from  trouble.  Dryden. 

PA'INSTAKER,  n.  A  laborious  person. 

Gay. 

PA'INSTAKING,  a.  Laborious  ;  industri- 
ous. Harris. 

PA'INSTAKING,  n.  Labor;  great  indus- 
try. 

PA'INT,  v.t.  [Fr.  peindre,  peignant,  peint ; 
h.  pingo,  pictus ;  Sp.  pintar  ;  It.  pignere 
or  pingere,  to  tlirow,  to  push,  to  paint. 
The  elements  are  probably  Pg  or  Pk,  as 
wfingo,  fetus.] 

1.  To  form  a  figure  or  likeness  in  colors ;  as, 
to  paint  a  hero  or  a  landscape. 

2.  To  cover  or  besmear  with  color  or  colors, 
either  with  or  without  figures;  as,  to 
paint  a  cloth  ;  to  paint  a  house. 

3.  To  repiesent  by  colors  or  images  ;  to  ex- 
hibit ill  form. 


P  A  I 


PAL 


■When  folly  grows  romantic,  we  muatpaint  it. 

Pope. 

4.  To  represent  or  exhibit  to  the  mind  ;  to 
present  in  form  or  likeness  to  the  intellect- 
ual view  ;  to  describe. 

Disloyal  .' 
— Tlie  word  13  too  good  to  paint   out  her 
wickednes.'f.  Sliak. 

5.  To  color ;  to  diversify  with  colors. 

Spenser. 

6.  To  lay  on  artificial  color  for  ornament. 

Jezebel  painted  her  face  and  tired  her  head, 

2  Kings  ix. 
PAINT,  V.  i.  To  lay  colors  on  the  face.     It 

is  said  the  ladies  in  France  paint. 
2.  To  practice  painting.    The  artist  paints 

well. 
PAINT,  n.  A   coloring  substance  ;  a   sub 

stance  used  in  painting,  either  simple  or, 

compound  ;  as  a  white  paint,  or  red  painl.^ 

2.  Color  laid  on  canvas  or  other  material  j 
color  representing  any  thing.  [ 

Pope.     Addison. 

3.  Color  laid  on  the  face  ;  rouge.         Youn^.\ 
PA'INTED,     pp.     Colored  ;    rubbed   over 

with  paint  ;  as  apainted  house  or  cloth. 

2.  Represented  in  form  by  colors. 

3.  Described. 
PA'INTER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 

paint ;  one  skilled  in  representing  things 
in  colors. 

PA'INTER,  n.  [qu.  Ir.  painter,  a  snare, 
that  which  holds.] 

A  rope  used  to  fasten  a  boat  to  a  ship  or 
other  object.  Mar.  Diet. 

PA'INTING,  ppr.  Representing  in  colors  ; 
laying  on  colors. 

PA'INTING,  n.  The  art  of  forming  figures 
or  resembling  objects  in  colors  on  canvas 
or  other  material,  or  the  art  of  represent- 
ing to  the  eye  by  means  of  figures  and 
colors,  any  object  of  sight,  and  sometimes 
the  emotions  of  the  mind.  EncyC, 

2.  A  picture  ;  a  likeness  or  resemblance 
in  colors.  Sh/ik. 

3.  Colors  laid  on.  Shak. 
PA'INTURE,  n.  [Fr.  peinture.]  The  art  of 

painting.  Dryden., 

PAIR,  n.  [Fr. pair ;  L.  Sp.  Port,  par ;  It.pari  ;' 
Arm.  par  ;  D.  paar  ;  G.  par,  paar;  Sw.j 
par  ;  Norm,  par  or  peir ;  Ir.  peire  ;  Sax. 
gefera,  with  a  prefix.  In  W.  par  signifies 
what  is  contiguous  or  in  continuity,  ai 
state  of  readiness  or  preparedness,  a  pair, 
fellow,  match  or  couple,  and  para  signifiesj 
to  endure,  to  continue,  to  persevere  ;pan(,l 
to  couple  or  join.  In  this  language,  as  in' 
Spanish, /^o/-,  pair,  is  shown  to  be  connect- 
ed with  the  L.  vara,  to  prepare.  Now  in 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  13n  signifies  to  join, 
couple  or  associate,  and  the  noun,  an  asso- 
ciate, evidently  this  very  word,  which  goes 
far  to  prove  that  13n  is  a  derivative  of  the 
root  X13,  from  which  the  Latins  probably] 
have  paro.  See  Class  Br.  No.  10.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  throw,' 
strain  and  extend,  and  hence  par,  equal, 
is  extended  to,  near,  contiguous,  or  equal-' 
ly  extended.]  j 

1.  Two  things  of  a  kind,  similar  in  form, 
applied  to  the  same  purpose,  and  suited  to 
each  other  or  used  together  ;  as  a  pair  of 
gloves  or  stockings ;  a  pair  of  shoes  ;  a 
pair  of  oxen  or  horses. 

2.  Two  of  a  SQrt ;  a  couple :  a  brace  ;  as  a 
poir  of  nerves ;  a  pair  of  doves.    Luke  ii 


PAIR,  V.  i.  To  be  joined  in  pairs;  to  coup- 
le ;  as,  birds  pair  in  summer. 
3.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  as  a  counterpart. 
Ethclinda, 
My  heart  was  made  to  fit  and  pair  with  thine. 

Rowe 

PAIR,  V.  t.  To  unite  in  couples ;  as  minds 

paired  in  heaven.  Dryden. 

To  unite  as  correspondent,   or  rather  to 

contrast. 

Glossy  Jet  is  paired  with  shining  white. 

Pope. 

PAIR,  V.  t.  To  impair.     [See  Impair.] 

PA'IRED,  pp.    Joined   in  couples;  fitted 
suited. 

PA'IRING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  pairs  ;  fitting. 

PAL' ACE,  n.  [Fr.  palais  ;  h.  palatium  ;  It, 
palazzo  ;  Sp.  palacio  ;  G.  pfah,  whence 
pfalzgraf,  palsgrave  ;  W.  plas  ;  Russ.  pa 
iata.] 

1.  A  magnificent  house  in  which  an  empe- 
ror, a  king  or  other  distinguished  persoti 
resides ;  as  an  imperial  palace  ;  a  roya' 
palace ;  a  pontifical  palace  ;  a  ducal  pal- 
ace. 

•2.  A  splendid  place  of  residence  ;  as  the 
sun's  bright  palace.  Addison. 

PAL'ACE-€OURT,  n.  The  domestic  court 
of  the  kings  of  Great  Rritain,  which  ad- 
ininisters  justice  between  the  king's  do- 
mestic servants.  It  is  held  once  a  week 
before  the  steward  of  the  household  and 
knight  marshal  ;  its  jurisdiction  extending 
twelve  miles  in  circuit  from  his  majesty's 
palace.  Black-stone. 

PALA'CIOUS,    a.    [from  palace.]    Royal 
noble  ;  magnificent.     [jYot  used.] 

Graunt. 

PALANKEE'N,  )        [In     Hindoo,    palkee, 

PALAN'QUIN,    I"'  apparently  from  Sans. 

paluk,   a  couch.      But  it    accords  better 

with  Sp.  It.  palanca,  a  pole,  Port,  palan- 

A  covered  carriage  used  in  India,  China, 
&c.  borne  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  and 
in  which  a  single  person  is  conveyed  from 
place  to  place. 

PAL'ATABLE,  a.  [from  palate.']  Agree- 
able to  the  taste  ;  savory.  Addison 

i.  That  is  relished. 

PAL'ATABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  ofl 
l)eing  agreeable  to  the  taste  ;  relish. 

Aikin 

PAL'ATAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  palate  ; 
uttered  by  the  aid  of  the  palate. 

PAL'ATAL,  n.  A  letter  pronounced  by  the 
aid  of  the  palate,  or  an  articulation  of  the 
root  of  the  tongue  with  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  ;  as  g  hard  and  k,  in  eg,  tk. 

PAL' ATE,  n.  [L.  palatum,  properly  the 
arch  or  cope  of  heaven.] 

1.  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth. 
The  glands  in  this  part  of  the  mouth  se- 
crete a  mucous  fluid,  which  lubricates 
the  mouth  and  throat,  and  facilitates  de- 
glutition. Encyc. 

2.  Taste. 
Hard  task  to  hit  the  palates  of  such  guests. 

Pope. 
[This   signification  of  the  word  origin- 
ated in  the  opinion  that  the  palate  is  the 
instrument  of  taste.     This  is  a   mistake. 
In  itself  it  has  no  power  of  taste.] 

3.  Mental  relish  ;  intellectual  taste. 
Men  of  nice  palates  could  not  relish  Aristotle. 

as  dressed  up  by  the  schoolmen.  Baker. 


PAL 

PAL  ATE,  V.  t.  To  perceive  by  the  taste. 
[ATot  imd.]  '  Shuk. 

PALA'TIAL,  a.  [from  palate.]  Pertaining^ 
to  the  iJalate  ;  as  the  palatial  retraction  of 
the  tongue.  Barrow. 

PALA'TIAL,  a.  [from  L.  palatium,  palace.] 
Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  becoming  a  pal- 
ace ;  magnificent.  Drummond. 

PAL'ATIC,  a.  Belonging  to  the  palate. 
[JVo(  used.]  Holder. 

PALATINATE,  n.  [\.\..  palatinato,  from  L. 
palatinus.     See  Palatine.] 

The  province  or  seignory  of  a  palatine  ;  as 
the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine  in  Germany, 
called  the  upper  and  lower  Palatinate. 

Encyc. 

PAL'ATINE,  a.  [Fr.  palatin  ;  It.  palatino  ; 
from  L.  palatinus,  from  palatium,  palace.] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  an  epithet  applied 
originally  to  persons  holding  an  ofiice  or 
employment  in  the  king's  palace  ;  hence 
it  imports  possessing  royal  privileges ;  as 
a  count  palatine. 

In  England,  formerly,  were  three  coun- 
ties palatine,  Chester,  Durham  and  Lan- 
caster ;  the  two  former  by  prescription, 
the  latter  by  grant  of  Edward  III.  They 
were  so  tailed,  because  the  i)ro))rictors, 
the  earl  of  Chester,  the  bishop  of  Durljam 
and  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  possessed  royal 
rights,  as  fully  as  the  king  in  his  ))alace. 
Of  these,  the  county  of  Durham  is  the  on- 
ly one  now  remaining  in  the  hands  of  a 
subject.  Blackstotic. 

PAL'ATINE,  n.  One  invested  with  royal 
privileges  and  rights.  A  palatine  or  count 
palatine,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  is 
one  delegated  by  a  prince  to  hold  courts 
of  justice  in  a  province,  or  one  who  has  a 
palace  and  a  court  of  justice  in  his  own 
house.  In  Poland,  a  palatine  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  governor  of  a  [)rovince. 

Encyc. 

PAL'ATIVE,     a.     Pleasing  to    the  taste. 

[jYot  used.]  Brown. 

PAL' AVER,  n.  [^\).  paJabra,  Port,  palavra, 

a  word.    Qu.  W.  llavar,  utterance  ;  with  a 

prefix.] 

1.  Idle  talk. 

2.  Flattery  ;  adulation.  [This  is  used  with 
us  in  the  vulgar  dialect.] 

3.  Talk  ;  conversation  ;  conference  ;  a  sense 
used  in  Africa,  as  appears  by  the  relations  of 
missionaries. 

PAL- AVER,  I'.  I.  To  flatter.  [In  vulgar 
xise.] 

PALE,  a.  [Fr.  pale,  palir  ;  L.  patleo,  palli- 
dus;  Kass.bielie,  white;  bieliju,  to  whi- 
ten. It  is  probably  allied  to  i^ax.  falewe, 
fealo,  fallow,  pale  red  or  yellow,  D.  vaal, 
from  the  sense  of  failing,  withering;  W. 
pallu,  to  fail.  SeeClass  Bl.  No.  6.  7.  13. 
18.] 

il.  White  or  whitish;  wan;  deficient  in  col- 
or; not  ruddy  or  fresh  of  color;  as  a  pale 
face  or  skin  ;  pale  cheeks.  We  say  also, 
a  pale  red,  a  pcde  blue,  that  is,  a  whitish 
red  or  blue.  Pale  is  not  precisely  synony- 
mous with  white,  as  it  usually  denotes 
what  we  call  ican,  a  darkish  dun  white. 

2.  Not  bright ;  not  shining  ;   of  a  faint  lus- 
ter ;  dim  ;  as  the  pale  light  of  the  moon. 
The    night,  melhinks,    is  but  the  daylight 

sick ; 
It  looks  a  httle  paler.  Shak. 


PAL 


PAL 


PAL 


PALE,  V.  t.  To  make  pale.  Shak.  Prior.] 
PALE,  n.  [Sax.  pal;  G.  pfahl ;  D.  paal ; 
Sw.  p&le ;  Dan.  pwl ;  W.  pawl ;  L.  palus  ; 
coinciding  witli  Ei^^.  pole,  as  well  aspule; 
Riiss.  palitz,  a  stick  or  club.  It  lias  the 
elements  of  L.  pala,  a  spaile  or  shovel,  and 
the  radical  sense  is  probably  an  extended 


thing,  or  a  shoot.     Qu.  Ar.   J.xJ    nabala, 
to  dart.     Class  Bl.  Nn.  18.] 

1.  A  narrow  board  pointed  or  sharpened  at 
one  end,  used  in  fencing  or  inclosing. 
This  is  with  us  more  generally  called  a 
picket. 

9.  A  pointed  stake  ;  hence  to  empale,  which 
see. 

3.  An  inclosnre  ;  properly,  that  which  in- 
closes, like  fence,  limit  ;  hence,  tlie  space 
inclosed.  He  was  born  within  the  pale  of 
the  church  ;  within  the  pale  of  Christiani- 
ty. Atterbitrt). 

4.  District;  limited  territory.  Clarendon 

5.  Ill  heratdri),  an  ordinary,  consisting  of  two 
perpendicular  lines  drawn  from  the  top  to 
the  base  of  the  e.scutcheon,  and   contain 
ing  the  third  middle  part  of  the  field. 

Encyc. 

PALE,  v.t.  [B.paalen;  G.  pfdhlen.]  To  in- 
close with  pales  or  stakes.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  inclose;  to  encompass.  Sliak. 
PALRA'CF^OUS,  a.  [L.  palea,  straw,  chaft'.] 

1.  Chaffy  ;  resembliiig  chaff,  or  consisting 
of  it ;  as  a  paleaceoun  pappus.  Lee. 

9.  Chaffy;  furnished  with  chaff ;  as  a.  palea 
ceous  receptacle.  Maiii/n. 

PA'LED,  pp.  Inclosed  with  pales  or  pick- 
ets. 

2.  Striped. 
PA'LE-EyED,  a.  Having  eyes  dimmed. 

Milton 

PA'LE-FACED,  o.  Having  a  pale  or  wan 

face.  Shak. 

2.  Causing  paleness  of  face  ;  as  pale-faced 

fear.  Shak. 

PA'LE-HE'ARTED,  a.  Dispirited.      Shak. 
PA'LELY,  ado.  Wanly;  not  freshly  or  rud 

dilv. 
PAL' END AR,  n.  A  kind  of  coasting  vessel 

Obs.  Knolles. 

PA'LENESS,  n.  Wanness;  defect  of  color 

want  of  freshness   or  ruddiness  ;  a  sickly 

whiteness  of  look. 

The  blood  the  virgin's  cheek  forsook, 
A  \iv'v\  paleness  spreads  o'er  all  her  look. 

Pope 

2.  Want  of  color  or  luster ;  as  the  paleness] 

of  a  flower.  Shak.\ 

P.\LEOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Or.  rtaTuxioj,  ancient,! 

and  ypoti?,  writing.]  \ 

L  Tlie  art  of  explaining  ancient  writings. 

More  correctly, 
fj.  An  anrioiit  manner  of  writing  ;  as  Punic 
pnlposrrn iih'i  E.  Stiles. 

PALROL'OgIST,    J!.    One  who  writes  on 
aiititpiity,  or  one  conversant  with  antiqui- 
ty. Good. 
I'ALEOL'OtiY,    n.    [Or.   rtaXaio;,   ancient, 

and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
A  lii.scouise  or  treatise  on  antiquities,  or  the 

knowl'vlae  of  ancient  things. 

PA'LEOirS,    a.  [L.  ;)a<ea,  chaff]    Chaffy; 

like  chatV.  Brown 

PALES'TRIAN,  ?        [Gr.  jtoXatrp^oj,  from 

PALES'TKIC.     S       ftaxy,,  a  struggling   or 

wrestling  ;  n<Aatu,  to  wrestle,  to  strive.] 


Pertaining  to  the  exercise  of  wrestling. 

Bryant. 
PAL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  pe?o/e,  a  ball.]   The  crown 
f  the  head.     [JVot  used.]  Skelton. 

PALETTE.  [See  Pallet.] 
PaL'FREY,  n.  [Fi:  palefroi ;  h. palafreno  ; 
Sp.  palafren  ;  Port,  palafrcm  ;  W.  palvre. 
Ainsworth  gives  for  the  original  word,  in 
Low  Latin,  paraveredi,  [phi.  of  verediis,] 
horses  of  a  large  size,  used  for  carrying 
the  baggage  of  an  army.] 
L  A  horse  useil  by  noblemen  and  others  for 
state,  distinguished  from  a  war  horse. 

Encyc. 
2.  A  small  horse  fit  for  ladies. 

Johnson.    Spectator. 
PaL'FREYED,  a.  Ridinff  on  a  palfrey. 
PALIFI€A'TlON,    n.     [from    L.  palus,  a 

stake  or  post.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  driving  piles  or  posts 
into  the  ground  for  making  it  firm. 

iVotton. 
PA L'lN DROME,  n.  [Gr.  rta?iir«po^«i;  naUp, 
again,  and  SpojUfu  or  6fif ^u,  it)  ruu,  disused.] 
A  word,  verse  or  sentence  tliat  is  the  same 
when  read  backwards  or  forwards  ;  as 
nmdam,  or  •'  Roma  tibi  subito  niotibus  ibit 
amor."  Encyc. 

PA'LING,  ppr.  Inclosing  with  pales. 
PA'LING,  n.  A  fence  formed  with  pales. 
PALTNODE,    )  [Gr.    rtaUvi^bia.  ;     rtaXiy, 

PAL'INODY,  \  "■  again,  and  U^,  a  song.] 
A  recantation,  or  declaration  contrary  to  a 
former  one.  Encyc.     Sandys. 

PA  LISA' DE,  n.  [Vr.  patissrtde  ;  S\).  paliza- 
da  ;  It.  palizzata  ;  from  pale,  or  the  same 
root.  The  Welsh  has  palis,  a  thin  parti- 
tion of  boards  or  laths,  a  wainscot ;  pa- 
lisaw,  to  wainscot.] 
\  ti-iice  or  fortification  consisting  of  a  row 
of  stakes  or  posts  sharpened  and  set  firm- 
ly in  the  ground.  In  fortification,  the 
posts  are  set  two  or  three  inches  apart 
parallel  to  tlie  parapet  in  the  covered  way, 
to  prevent  a  surprise.  Palisades  serve  al- 
so to  fortify  the  avenues  of  open  forts, 
gorges,  half-moons,  the  bottom  of  ditches, 
&c.  Encyc. 

PALISA'DE,  r.  /.    To  surround,  inclose  or 

fortify  with  stakes  or  posts. 
PA'LISH,  a.  [from  pale.]    Somewhat  pale 
or  wan;  as  n  palish  bhie.  Arhuihnot. 

PALL,  J!.  \\j.  pallium:  Sax.  pcclle ;  ll.  pal- 
lia ;   Arm.  pnllcn  ;  Ir.  peall.] 
L   A  cluke  ;  a  mantle  of  state.  Milton. 

2.  The  manlle  of  an  archbishop.  Aytiffe. 

',i.  The  cloth  tiirown  over  a  dead  body  at  fu- 
nerals. Dryden. 
PALL,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  figure  like  the  Greek 
T.  Encyc. 
PALL,  V.  t.  To  cloke  ;  to  cover  or  invest. 

Sliak. 
PALL,  J>.  t.  [W.  pallu,  to  fail  ;  allied  to  pale, 
and  to  Gr.  rta^am;,  old  ;  Hob.  Cli.  Ar.  nS3  ; 
Heb.  S3J.  See  Fail.  Class  Bl.  No.  (>.  18 
21.] 
I.  To  become  vapid  ;  to  lose  strength,  life, 
spirit  or  taste  ;  to  become  insipid  ;  as,  the 
liquor  palls. 

Beauty  soon  grows  fanilllar  to  the  lover, 
Fades  in  the  eye  and  palls  upon  the  sense. 

Mddison. 
PALL,  V.  t.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Reason  and  reflection — Iiluiit  the  edge  of  the 
keenest  desires,  aud  pall  all  his  enjoyments. 

.itterbvry. 


j2.  To  make  spiritless  ;  to  dispirit ;  to  de- 
press. 

The  more  we  raise  our  love. 
The  more  we  patl  and  cool  and  kill  his  ardor. 

I>ryden. 

3.  To  weaken  ;  to  impair  ;  as,  to  pall  for- 
tune. Shak. 

4.  To  cloy  ;  as  the  palled  appetite.       TatUr. 
PALLADIUM,  n.  [Gr.  rtaWu»«ior,  from  Pal- 
las, the  goddess.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  statue  of  the  goddess  Pallas, 
which  represented  her  as  sitting  with  a 
pike  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left  a 
distaff  and  spindle.  On  the  preserva- 
tion of  this  statue  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.     Hence, 

2.  Something  that  affords  effectual  defense, 
protection  and  safety;  as  when  we  s;iy, 
the  trial  by  jury  is  the  palladium  of  our 
civil  rights.  Blackstone. 

3.  A  metal  found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a 
steel  gray  color  and  fibrous  structure,  in 
auriferous  and  platinif'erous  sand.  It  is 
infusible  by  ordinary  heat,  and  when  na- 
tive, is  alloyed  with  a  little  platina  and  irid- 
ium. Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PAL'LET,  »!.  [Fr.palette;  It. paletta, a  &re- 
shovel  ;  Sp.  paleta ;  t'lom  h.  pala,  W .  pal. 
a  shovel,  a  peel.] 

1.  Among  painters,  a  little  oval  table  or 
board,  or  piece  of  ivory,  on  which  the 
painter  places  the  colors  to  be  used.  On 
the  middle  tlie  colors  are  mixed  to  obtain 
the  tints  required.  Encyc. 

2.  Among  pollers,  crucible  makers,  &c.  a 
wooden  instrument  for  forming,  heating 
and  rounding  their  works.  It  is  oval, 
round,  &c.  Encyc. 

■i.  In  gilding,  an  instrument  made  of  a  squir- 
rel's tail,  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from 
the  pillow,  and  to  apply  and  e.xteud 
thetn.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  small  pale.     [See  Pale.] 

5.  A  small  part  bi'loiiging  to  the  balance  of 
a  watch  ;  the  nut  of  a  watch.  It  is  some- 
times written  pallat. 

:t).  A  measure   formerly    used   by   surgeons, 

contiiiniiig  three  ounces.  Hakewill. 

PAL'LET,  n.    [pailkt,  Chaucer;  Fr.  paille, 

L.  palea,  straw ;  Ir.  peall,   a   couch.]     A 

Milton. 

n.    [L.  pallium,  a  cloke.] 

[.Vol  u.ied.]  Shak. 

|Fr.]    A    lecher  ;  a  lewd 


small  bed. 
PAL'LIAMENT, 

A  dress  :  a  robe. 
PAL'LIARD,    n. 

person.     [.Vo(  used  nor  English.] 
PAL'LIARDISE,     n.     Fornication.      [.Yot 

used.]  Buck. 

PALLIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.  pallier;  Sp.  paliar ; 

ll. pulliare  ;  from  Low  L.^aWto,  from  ^o//t- 

tim,  a  cloke  or  robe.] 

1.  To  clothe.     Ob.f. 

2.  To  cover  with  excuse  ;  to  conceal  the 
enormity  of  offenses  by  excuses  and  apolo- 
gies ;  luiiice,  to  extenuate;  to  lessen  ;  to 
sofleu  by  favorable  representations  ;  as,  to 
palliate  faults,  offenses,  crimes  or  vices. 

Dryden. 

S.  To  reduce  in  violence ;  to  mitigate ;  to 
lessen  or  abate  ;  as,  to  palliate  a  di.sease. 

PAL'LIATE,  a.  Eased;  mitigated.  [J^ol 
used.] 

PAL'LIATED,  pp.  Covered  by  excuses; 
extenuatc<l ;  softened. 

PAL'LIATING,  ppr.  Concealing  the  enor- 
mity or  most  censurable  part  of  conduct ; 
extenuating ;  softening. 


PAL 


PAL 


P  A  M 


PALLIA'TION,  n.  The  act  Of  palliating; 
concealment  of  the  most  flagrant  circum- 
stances of  an  ortense  ;  exteiiuutioii  hy  fa- 
vorable represeniation  ;  as  tlie  palliation  of 
faults,  oBiMises,  vices  or  crimes. 

2.  Mitigation  ;  alleviation  ;  abatement ;  as  of 
a  disease. 

PAL'LIATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  palliatif.]  Extenu- 
ating; ;  servnig  to  extenuate  by  excuses  or 
favoTable  representation.  Warlon. 

2.  Mitigating;  alleviating;  as  pain  or  <lis- 
f^lxsv.  Arbulhnot. 

PAL'LI.VTIVE,  n.  That  which  cxteiniates. 

2.  That  which  mitigates,  alleviates  or  abates 
the  violence  of  pain,  disease  or  other  evil. 

Swift. 

PAL' LID,  a.  [L.  pallidus,  from  palieo,  to 
become  pale.     See  Pate.] 

Pale;  wan;  deficient  in  color  ;  not  high  col 
ored  ;  asayaWirfcountenanre  ;  pallirt  h\yie. 
Spenser.     Thomson.     Hnrte. 

PAL'LIDLY,   adv.    Palely  ;  wauly. 

Taylor. 

PAL'LIDNESS,  n.  Paleness;  wanness. 

PALL'MALL,  n.  [L.  pila,  a  ball,  and  mal- 
leus, mallet ;  It.  palla,  a  ball,  and  malleo,  a 
hannner.] 

A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  through  an 
iron  ring  by  a  mallet;  also,  the  mallet. 

Johnson. 

PAL'LOR,  n.  [L.]  Paleness.  Taijlor. 

PAL\I,  »i. //am.  [L.  palma;  W. palv ;  trotn 
spreading.] 

1.  The  inner  part  of  tlie  hand. 

2.  A  hand  or  hand's  breadth  ;  a  lineal  meas 
ure  of  three  inches.  Holder.     Bacon. 

3.  The  broad  triangular  part  of  au  anchor 
at  the  etid  of  the  arms. 

4.  The  name  of  many  species  of  plants,  but 
particularly  of  the  date-tree  or  great  palm, 
a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  palms  constitute  a  natural  order  of 
monocotyledoiious  plants,  with  a  simpi 
cylindric  stem,  terminating  in  a  crown  of 
leaves  or  fronds,  within  which  rises  a  tuft 
of  flowers  and  fruits;  all  natives  of  warm 
climates.  They  vary  in  size  from  2  to 
xiiore  tiian  100  feet  in  highth. 

Jussieu.     Linne 

5.  Branohes  of  the  jialm  being  worn  in  to- 
ken of  victory,  hence  the  word  signifies, 
superiority,  victory,  triunipli.  Tiie  palm 
was  adopted  as  an  emblem  of  victory,  it  is 
said,  because  the  tree  is  so  elastic  as  when 
pressed,  to  rise  and  recover  its  correct  po- 
sition. Encyc. 

Namur  subdued  is  England's  palm  alone. 

Dryden. 

6.  Among  seamen,  an  instrument  used  in 
sewing  canvas  instead  of  a  thimble. 

PALM,  II.  t.  p'am.  To  conceal  in  the  palm  of 
the  hand. 

They  palmed  the  trick  that  lost  the  game 

Prior 

2.  To  imiiose  by  fraud. 

For  you  may  palm  upon  us  new  for  olil. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  handle.  Prior. 

4.  To  stroke  with  the  hand.  Ainsworth. 

PALM-SUNDAV,  n.p'am-sunday.  The  Sun- 
day next  before  Easter  ;  so  railed  in  com- 
memoration of  our  Savior's  triumphal  en- 
try into  Jerusalem,  when  the  nndtitude 
strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

PALM-TREE,  n.  p'nm-tree.  The  date  tree 
or  Phanix  Luctytifera,  a  native  of  Asia  and 


Africa,  which  grows  to  the  highth  of  CO  I     to  touch,  or  to  spring,  to  leap,  allied  to  Gr. 
and  even  of  100  feet,  with  an  iijinght  stem,  |     fJaX>^,  Er.  bailer.]     The  art  oi  feeUiig. 
crowned  withaclusterof  leavcsur  branch-  iP.\LPlTATE,  l:  i.  [L.  pilpitu,  from  palpo. 


es  eight  or  nine  feet  long,  extending  allil 
around  like  an  umbrella.     The  fruit  is  in:| 
shape  somewhat  like  an  acorn.     This  tree - 
transplanted  will  grow  in  Europe,  but  tlie 
fruit  never  ripens.  Encyc. 

This  naiue  is  applied  to  other  species  of 
palms. 

PAL'M.VR,  a.  [L.  palmaris.]  Of  the  breadth 
of  till!  hand.  l^ee. 

P.AL'AI.\TED,  a.  [L.  palmalxis,  from  palma, 
palm. J 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  a  hand  ;  resembling 
a  hand  with  the  fingers  spread  ;  as  palma- 
ted  leaves  or  stones.  Encyc. 

2.  Entirely  webbed  ;  as  the  palmated  feet  of 
aquatic  fowls. 

PALMfjR,  n.  p'amer.  One  that  returned 
from  the  Holy  Land  bearing  branches  of 
palm  ;  a  pilgrim  or  crusader.  Pope. 

PALMER- WORM,  n.  p  amer-wonn.  A  worm 
covered  with  hair  ;  su[)|)osed  to  be  so  call 
ed  because  he  wanders  over  all  plants. 
Joel  i.  .  Johnson. 

PALMET'TO,  n.  A  species  of  palm-tree 
growing  in  the  West  Indies,  of  the  genus 
Chamicrops.  Thomson. 

PALMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  palma  and /era,  to 
bear.]     licaring  palms.  Diet. 

PAL'MIPED,  a.[L.  palma  and  pes,  i'ooi 
Web-footed  ;  having  the   toes  connected 
by  a  membrane  ;  as  a  water  fowl 

PAL'MIPED,  Ji.  A  fowl  that  has  webbed 
feet,  or  the  toes  connected  by  a  membrane. 

Encyc. 

PAL'MISTER,  71.  [L.  palma.]  One  who 
deals  in  |)alinistry,  or  |)ietends  to  tell  for 
tunes  by  the  palm  of  tlie  hand. 

PAL'MISTRY,  n.  [L.  palma,  palm.]  The 
art  or  practice  of  divining  or  telling  for- 
tunes by  the  lines  and  marks  in  the  palm 
of  the  hand  ;  a  trick  of  imposture,  much 
l)rac.ticed  by  gipseys. 
Addison  uses  it  humorously  for  the  action 
of  the  hand.  Spectator. 

P.\LMY,  a.  p'amy.  Bearing  palms.      Shak. 

PALP,  IV  t.  To  feel.     [.\ot  authorized.] 


Palpito  illustrates    the  pnmary  sense   of 
palpu.] 

I'o  beat  gently  ;  to  beat,  as  the  heart  ;  to 
fhutor,  that  is,  to  move  with  little  throws; 
as  we  say,  to  go  pit  a  pal ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  a  preternatural  or  excited  move- 
ment of  the  heart. 

PALPITATION,  n.  [L.  palpitatio.]  A 
beating  of  the  heart ;  particularly,  a  pre- 
ternatural beating  or  pulsation  e.vcite<l  by 
violent  action  of  the  body,  hy  fear,  fright 
ordisea.se.  Harvey.     Arbulhnot. 

2.  A  violent,  irregular  motion  of  the  heart. 

Cullen.     Parr. 

PALS'GRAVE,  71.  pawlzgrave.  [G.  pfatz- 
graf,  from  pfalz,  contracted  from  L.  pala- 
tium,  palace,  and  graf,  an  earl;  D.  palts- 
graaf;  Sax.  g'erp/u,  a  recce,  whence  *Aen^.] 

A  count  or  earl  who  has  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  king's  pal  ice.  Diet. 

PAL'SIC/VL,  a.  ,'jasi.  {(rompalsy.]  Affect- 
ed with  palsy  ;  paralytic. 

P.\L'SIED,  a.  [from  palsy.]  Affected  with 
palsy. 

P.vL'SY,  »i.  s  as :.  [supposed  to  be  con- 
tracted from  Gr.  na^iarxiif,  relaxation  ; 
rfapa^iu,  to  loosen  or  relax.] 

The  loss  or  defect  of  the  power  of  voluntary 
muscular  motion  in  the  whole  body,  or  in 
a  particular  part  ;  paralysis.  When  one 
side  only  of  the  body  is  affected,  it  is  call- 
ed hemiplcgy.  When  the  lower  part  of 
the  body  is  paralytic,  it  is  called  paraplegy. 
PaKsy  may  be  a  loss  of  the  power  of  mo- 
tion without  a  loss  of  sensation,  or  a  loss 
of  sensation  without  loss  of  motion,  or  a 
loss  of  both.  Enciir.     Good,     (^uincy. 

P.\L'TER,  r.  i.  [probably  allied  to  faultcr 
or  falter,  W.  pnllu,  Eiig.  fail ;  Sp.  Port. 
fallar,  to  want,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  balk, 
to  come  short.  See  Fail  and  Pall.] 

To  shift ;  to  dodge  ;  to  play  tricks.   Johnson. 
Rather,  to  fail  ;  to  come  short ;  to  balk. 
Romans,  that  have  spoke  tlie  word 
.■\nd  will  not  palter.  Sliak. 

P,\L'TER,     V.  t.   To  squander.  Qu.     [Xot 

PALPABIL'ITY,  n.  [from  palpable.]    The       "«^'']  Ainsworth. 

quality  of  being  perceptible  by  the  touch.  PaL'TERER,  n.  One  that  palters,  fails  or 


Arbulhnot. 
PAL'PABLE,   n.    [Fr.  from   L.  palpor,   toi 
feel ;  It.  palpabile.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  that  may  be 
felt  ;  as  a  palpable  substance  ;  palpable. 
darkness.  Shak.\ 

2.  Gross;  coarse;  easily  perceived  and  de- 
tected ;  as   a  palpable  absurdity. 

TiUotson. 

3.  Plain;  obvious;  easily  perceptible;  as 
palpable  phenomena  ;  palpable  proof. 

Hooker.     Glanville. 

PAL'PABLENESS,  n.  The  (piality  of  be- 
ing palpable  ;  plainness  ;  obviousness  ; 
grossiiess. 

PAL'PABLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  perceived  by  the  touch. 

2.  Grossly  ;  plainly  ;  obviously. 

Clodius  was  acquitted  by  a  corrupt  jury  that 
had  palpably  taken  shares  of  money.      Bacon. 

PALPA'TION,  n.  [L.  palpatio,  from  paipo, 
to  feel,  to  stroke,  from  the  root  offeil,  and 
Gr.  !f<i\7.ui,  to  shake.  Probably  the  pri-l 
mary  sense  is  to  beat  or  strike  gently,  or 


falls  short 

PaL'TRIXESS,  n.  [from  paltry.]  The  state 
of  being  paltry,  vile  or  worthless. 

P.\L'TRY,  a.  [Sw.  palta,  j>\u.  palior,  rags; 
Dan.  piall,  a  rag  ;  pialled,  ragged  :  Scot. 
paltrie  ov  peltrie,  vile  trash;  ll.  paltone,  a 
vagabond.  It  may  be  allied  to  Gr.  (JjovXoj, 
vile,  and  to  fail.  Qu.  Fr.  piHre,  a  con- 
tracted word.] 

Ragged;  mean;  vile;  worthless;  despica- 
ble ;  as  a.  paltry  boy  ;  a  paltry  slave  ;  a  pal- 
try trifle.  Shak.     Addison. 

P.\'LY,  a.  [from  pale.]  Pale;  wanting  col- 
or ;  used  only  in  poetry.  Shak.     Gay. 

2.  In  heraldry,  divided  by  pales  into  four 
equal  parts.  Encyc. 

PAM,  n.  [supposed  to  be  from  palm.,  victo- 
ry.]    The  knave  of  clubs.  Pope. 

P.AM'PER,  v.t.  [from  It.  p«m6crc,  bread  and 
drink:  pamberato,  pampered,  well  fed; 
pane,  bread,  and  bere,  to  drink,  L.  bibo.] 

1.  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut ;  to  saginate  ; 
to  feed  luxuriously  ;  as,  to/>a77i/)er  thebody 
or  the  appetite.  Spenser. 


PAN 


PAN 


PAN 


We  are  proud  of  a  body  fattemng  lor  worms 
and  pampered  for  corruption  and  the  grave. 

Dwight. 

2.  To  gratify  to  the  full ;  to  furnisli  with 
that  which  dehghts ;  as,  to  pamper  the  im- 
agination. 

PAMPERED,  pp.  Fed  high;  glutted  or 
giatifieil  to  the  full. 

PAM'PERING,  ppr.  Glutting ;  feeding  lux- 
uriously ;  gratifying  to  the  full. 

PAjM'PERING,  n.  Luxuriancy.  Fidke. 

PAM'PIILET,  n.  [Sp.  papelon,  from  pa- 
pel,  paper.  The  word  signifies  both  a 
pamphlet  and  a  bill  posted.  Sp.  papeteta, 
a  slij)  of  paper  on  which  any  thing  is  writ- 
ten ;  papel  volatile,  a  small  pamphlet.  It 
lias  also  been  deduced  from  paunjlet,  pa- 
ginajilata,  a  word  said  to  have  been  used 
by  Caxton.] 

A  small  book  consisting  of  a  slieet  of  paper, 
or  of  sheets  stitched  together  but  not 
bound. 

PAM'PIILET,  V.  t.  To  write  a  pamphlet  or 
pamphlets.  Howell 

PAMPHLETEE'R,  n.  A  writer  of  pam 
phlets ;  a  scribbler.  Taller 

PAN,  n.  [Sax.  Sw.  panna;  G.  pfanne ;  D 
pan  ;  W.  id.] 

1.  A  vessel  broad  and  somewhat  hollow  or 
depressed  in  the  middle,  or  with  a  raised 
border ;  used  for  setting  milk  and  other 
domestic  purposes.  Dryden. 

2.  The  part  of  a  gun-lock  or  other  fire-arms 
which  holds  tlie  priming  that  communi- 
cates with  the  charge. 

3.  Something  hollow  ;  as  the  brain  pan. 

4.  Among  farmers,  the  hard  stratum  of  eartli 
that  lies  below  the  soil ;  called  the  hard 
pan. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head.  Chancer. 
PAN,  V.  t.  To  join  ;  to  close  together.    [Lo 

cal.]  Bailey. 

PAN  ACE' A,  n.  [L.  from  Or.  rtavaxna;  nuv 
all,  and  axfojiat,  to  cure.] 

1.  A  remedy  for  all  diseases;  a  imiversal 
medicine.  Warton. 

2.  An  herb.  Ainsicorlk. 
PANA'DA,  ?  [Vr.  panade,  ivom  L.  panis. 
PANA'DO,  I  "'  Sp.  pan.  It.   pane,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  bread  in 
water  to  the  consistence  of  pulp  and  sweet- 
ened. Wiseman. 
PAN'CAKE,  n.  A  thin  cake  fried  in  a  pan 
Some  folks  think  it  will  never  be  good  times 
till  houses  are  tiled  with  pancakes.     Franklin 
PANCH,  n.  [W.  panu,  to  form  a  texture, 

to  full.] 
Among  seamen,  a  thick  and  strong  mat,  to  be 

fastened  on  yards  to  prevent  friction. 

PANCRAT'I€,        ?        [Gr.   Ttav,    all,    and 

PANCRAT'ICAL,  ^  "■  xparo;,  strength.] 

Excelling  in  all  gymnastic  exercises  ;  very 

strong  or  robust.  Brown. 

PAN'CREAS,   n.    [Gr.  rtav,  all,   and   xpfoj, 

flesh.] 
A  gland  of  the  body  situated   between  the 
bottom  of  the  stoiTiach  and   the  vertebers 
of  the  loins,  reaching  from  the  liver  to  the 
spleen,  and  attached  to  the  peritonai'um 
It  is  two   fingers  in  breadth,  and  six  in 
length,  soft  and  supple.     It  secretes  a  kind 
of  saliva  and  pours  it  into  the  duodenum 
Q^uincy.     Core. 
PANCREAT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pan- 
creas; a^  pancreatic  imi;e.  Arbulhnot 
PANCY.  [See  Pans>i.\ 


PAN'DE€T,  n.  [L.  pandecla,  from  Gr. 
Ttoi'Sf xfjjs ;  rtov,  all,  and  &txoiiai,  to  contain, 
to  take.] 

1.  A  treatise  which  contains  the  whole  of 
any  science.  Sivift. 

2.  Pandects,  in  the  plural,  the  digest  or  col-j 
lection  of  civil  or  Roman  law,  made  by 
order  of  the  emperor  Justinian,  and  con-l 
taining  534  decisions  or  judgments  of] 
lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the 
force  and  authority  of  law.  This  compi- 
lation consists  of  fifty  books,  forming  the 
first  part  of  the  civil  law. 

PANDEM'IC,  a.    [Gr.  nav,   all,   and  &r,ixos, 

people.] 
Incident  to  a  wliole  people;    epidemic;  as 

a  pandemic  disease.  Harvey.     Parr. 

PAN'DER,  n.  [qu.  It. /^anrfere,  to  set  abroad, 

or    Pandarus,     in     Chaucer.      In    Pers. 

I  j^jl^j  bondar,  is  the  keeper  of  a  ware- 
house or  granary,  a  forestaller  who  buys 
and  hoards  goods  to  enhance  the  price  ; 
answering  to  L.  mango.  But  the  real  ori- 
gin of  the  word  is  not  obvious.] 

A  pimp  ;  a  procurer;  a  male  bawd  ;  a  mean 
profligate  wretch  who  caters  for  the  lust 
of  others.  Dryden.     Shak. 

PAN'DER,  V.  t.  To  pimp;  to  procure  lewd 
women  for  others.  Shak. 

PAN'DER,  v.i.  Toact  as  agent  for  the  lusts 
of  others. 

2.  To  be  subservient  to  lust  or  passion. 

PAN'DERAGE,  n.  A  procuring  of  sexual 
connection.  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

PAN'DERISM,  n.  The  employment  or  vi- 
ces of  a  pander  ;  a  pimping.  Sici/J 

PAN'DERLY,  a.  Pimping;  acting  the  pan- 
der. Shak. 

PANDIGULA'TION,  n.  [L.  pandicuhr,  to 
yawn,  to  stretch.] 

A  yawning  ;  a  stretching  ;  the  tension  of  the 
solids  that  accotnpanies  yawning,  or  that 
restlessness  and  stretching  that  accompa- 
nies the  cold  fit  of  an  intermittent. 

Encyc.     Floyer. 

PAN'DIT,  ?        In   Hindoostan,   a  learned 

PUN'DIT,  \  "•    man. 

PAN'DORE,     )       [Gr.   .-tarjovpo.]    An  in- 

PAN'DORAN,  i  "•  strument  of  nnisic  of 
the  lute  kind  ;  a  bandore.  Draylon. 

PANE,  n.  [Fr.;)n?i,  from  extending,  whence 
panneau,  a  panel ;  Arm.  panell ;  Sp.  en- 
trcpano  ;  D.  paneel.]     A  square  of  glass. 

2.  A  piece  of  any  thing  in  variegated  works. 

Donne. 

PANEgYR'IC,  n.  [Vr.panegyrique;  It.  Sp. 
panegirico ;  L.  panegyricus,  from  the 
Gr.  rtav^jyt'pis,  a  public  meeting  or  cele- 
bration ;  rtas,  ;tai',  all,  and  oyvpis,  an  as 
sembly.] 

1.  An  oration  or  eulogy  in  praise  of  some 
distinguished  person  or  achievment ;  a 
formal  or  elaborate  encomium. 

Stillingjleel. 

2.  An  encomium ;  praise  bestowed  on  some 
eminent  person,  action  or  virtue. 

Dryden. 

PANEuYR'l€,  a.  Containing  praise  or  eu- 
logy ;  encomiastic. 

PANEtiY'RIS,  n.  A  festival;  a  public 
meeting.  Milton. 

PANEgYR'IST,  n.  One  who  bestows 
l)raise;  an  eulogist;  an  encomiast,  either 
by  writing  or  speaking.  Camden. 


PAN'EgYRIZE,  v.  t.  To  praise  highly  ;  to 
write  or  pronounce  an  eulogy  on. 

Ch.  Obs. 

PAN'EgYRIZE,  v.  i.  To  bestow  praises. 

Mitford. 

PAN'EgYRIZED,  pp.  Highly  praised  or 
eulogized. 

PANEGYRIZING,  ppr.  Praising  highly; 
eulogizing. 

PAN'EL,  71.  [Fr.  panneau  ;  Sw. panna,  pan  ; 
pannela,lo  wainscot;  Russ.^aiiei,  ceihng  or 
wainscot ;  probably  named  from  breadth, 
extension.] 

1.  A  square  piece  of  board,  or  other  piece 
somewhat  similar  inserted  between  other 
pieces ;  as  the  panel  of  a  door. 

Addison.     Sunfl. 

2.  A  piece  of  parchinent  or   schedule,  con- 
taining the  names  of  persons  summoned 
by  the  sheriff.     Hence  more  generally, 
The  whole  jury. 

IPAN'EL,  V.  t.  To  form  with  panels ;  as,  to 
1    patiel  a  wainscot.  Pennant. 

[PA'NELESS,  a.  Without  panes  of  glass. 

Skenstone. 
PANG,  n.  [D.  pynigen,  G.  peinigen,  to  tor- 
ture, from  pyn,  pein,  pain  ;  Sax.  pinan. 
See  Pain.] 
Extreme  pain;  anguish;  agony  of  body ; 
particularly,  a  sudden  paroxysm  of  ex- 
treme pain,  as  in  spasm,  or  childbirth. 
Is.  xxi. 

I  saw  the  hoaiy  traitor. 
Grin  in  the  pangs   of  death,  and  bile  the 
ground.  Addison. 

PANG,  V.  t.  To  torture  ;  to  give  extreme 
pain  to.  Shak. 

PAN'GOLIN,  n.  A  species  of  Manis  or 
scaly  lizard,  found  only  in  Hindoostan. 

Encyc. 

PAN'IC,  n.  [Sp.  It.  panico :  Fr.  panique ; 
Gr.  rtoinxoj;  W.  pannn,  to  cause  to  sink, 
to  depress  or  hollow,  to  cause  a  panic. 
The  primary  sense  is  intransitive,  to 
shrink,  or  transitive,  to  cause  to  shrink; 
hence  the  fabled  Pan,  the  frightful  deity 
of  the  woods  or  shepherds.] 
sudden  fright ;  particularly,  a  sudden 
fright  without  real  catise,  or  terror  in- 
spired by  a  trifling  cause  or  misapprehen- 
sion of  danger;  as,  the  troops  were  seized 
with  a  panic  ;  they  tied  in  a  panic. 

PAN'IC,  a.  Extreme  or  sudden;  applied  to 
fright ;  ns  panic  fear. 

PAN'IC,  n.  [L.  panicnm.]  A  plant  and  its 
grain,  of  the  genus  Panicum.  The  grain 
or  seed  is  like  millet,  and  it  is  cultivated  in 
some  parts  of  Europe  for  bread. 

PAN'IC-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Panicum. 

PAN'ICLE,  n.  [L.  panicula,  down  upon 
reeds,  cat's  tail,  allied  to  L.  pannus,  cloth  ; 
W.  pan,  nap,  down,  the  fulling  of  cloth  ; 
panu,  to  cover  with  nap,  to  full  or  mill 
cloth,  to  beat,  to  bang.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  drive,  strike  or  press,  hence  to 
full  or  make  thick.] 
n    botany,    a  species  of   inflorescence,  in 


which  the  flowers  or  fruits  are  scattered 
on  peduncles  variously  subdivided,  as  in 
oats  and  some  of  the  grasses.  The  panicle 
is  of  various  kinds,  as  the  dense  or  close, 
the  spiked,  the  squeezed,  the  spreading, 
the  diflUsed,  the  divaricating.         Martyn. 


PAN 


PAN 


PAP 


PAN'ICLED,  a.  Furnished  with  panicles. 

Eaton. 

PANI€'ULATE,     )        Having     branrhes 

PANIC' ULATED,  ^        variously    subdivi 
ded  ;  as  a  panicutate  stern. 

2.  Having  the  flowers  in  panicles;  as  a. 
paniculate  inflorescence.  Lee.\ 

PAN'NADE,  n.  The  curvet  of  a  horse.' 
[See  Panic]  ,  Amsworlh.' 

PAN'NACiK,  n.  [from  L. pants.]  The  food 
of  swine  in  the  woods ;  as  beach  nuts, 
acorns,  &c.  called  also  pawns ;  also,  tlie| 
money  taken  by  agistors  for  the  mast  of; 
the  king's  forest.  Cowel.\ 

PAN'NEL,  n.  [W.  pancZ,  something  plaited' 
or  matted  ;  L.  pannus,  cloth.]  A  kind  iii' 
rustic  saddle.  Tiisser.' 

2.  The  stomach  of  a  hawk.  Ainsivurth. 

PANNELLA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  impan- 
neling  a  jury.     [jVot  used.]  IVood. 

PANNIER,  n.  pan'yer.  [Fr.  panier ;  It. 
paniera ;  Sp.  panera,  a  pannier,  and  a 
granary  ;  from  L.  panis,  bread.] 

A  wicker  basket ;  primarily,  a  bread-basket, 
but  used  for  carrying  fruit  or  other  things 
on  a  horse.  Mdison 

PAN'NIKEL,  n.  The  brain  pan  or  skull. 
[JVol  in  use.]  Spenser. 

PAN'OPLY,  n.  [Gr.  )tavon%ca;  not',  all,  and 
oji^,  arms.] 

Complete  armor  or  defense. 

We  had  need  to  take  the  christian  panoply, 
to  put  on  the  whole  armor  of  God.  Kay. 

PANOR^AMA,  >(.  [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  opa/<a, 
view,  from  opow,  to  see.] 

Complete  or  entire  view  ;  a  circular  paint- 
ing having  apparently  no  beginning  or 
end,  from  the  center  of  which  the  specta- 
tor may  have  a  complete  view  of  the  ob- 
jects presented. 

PANSOPH'l€AL,  a.  [See  Pansophy.]  Pre- 
tending to  have  a  knowledge  of  every 
thing.  li'orthington. 

PAN'SOPHY,  »i.  [Gr.  j(ov,  all,  and  m^ia, 
wisdom.]  Universal  wisdom  or  knowl- 
edge.    [Link  used.]  Hnrtlib., 

PAN'SY,  n.  [Fr  penste,  fancy  or  thought, 
fiom  peiiser,  to  tliiiik.] 

A  plant  and  (lower  of  the  genus  Viola  ;  the 
viola  tricolor,  or  garden  violet. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

P'ANT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  panteler,  probably  from 
the  root  of  W.  ;<a7iu,  to  beat.  See  Panicle. 
and  qu.  G.  rtifu.] 

1.  To  palpitate;  to  beat  with  preternatural 
violence  or  rapidity,  as  the  heart  in  terror, 
or  after  hard  labor,  or  in  an.xious  desire  or 
suspense. 

Yet  might  her  piteous  heart  he  seen  to  pani 
and  quake.  Spe7iser. 

2.  To  have  the  breast  heaving,  as  in  short 
respiration  or  want  of  breath. 

Pluto  pants  for  hreath  from  out  liis  cell. 

I}ryd(n. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  declining 
strength. 

The  whispering  breeze 
Pants  on  the  leaves  and  dies  upon  the  trees. 

Pupe. 

4.  To  long ;  to  desire  ardently. 

Who  panls  for  glory,  finds  but  short  repose. 

Pope. 

As  the  hart  pantcth  after  the  water  brooks, 

so  pantcth  my   soul   after  (hee,  O  God.     Ps. 

xlii. 

P'ANT,  n.  Palpitation  of  the  heart.     Shak. 


PANTALOON',  n.  [Fr.  pantaton.  Qu.  VV.i 
pnniiu,  to  involve,  or  panu,  to  cover,  audi 
Fr.  talon,  the  heel.] 

1.  A  garment  lor  males  in  which  breeches^ 
and  stockings  are  in  a  piece  ;  a  species  o^ 
close  long  trowsers  extending  to  the  heels.; 

2.  A  character  in  the  Italian  comedy,  and  a] 
buffoon  in  pantomunes ;  so  called  from 
his  close  dress.  Addison. 

PLANTER,  n.  One  that  pants. 

PANT'ER,  71.    [Ir. /«jm(er,  a  snare.]  A  net. 

Chaucer. 

P'ANTESS,  n.  [from  pant.]  The  difficulty 
of  breathing  in  a  hawk.  Ainsworlh. 

PAN'THEISM,  »i.  [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  etc;, 
God,  whence  theism.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  God,  or  the 
system  of  theology  in  which  it  is  maintain- 
ed that  the  universe  is  the  supreme  God. 
Encyc.     Asiat.  Res. 

PANTHE'IST,  n.  One  that  believes  the 
uiuverse  to  be  God  ;  a  name  given  to  the 
followers  of  Spinosa. 

The  earliest  Grecian  pantheist  of  whom  we 
read  is  Orpheus.  Uncyc 

PANTHEIS'TIC,        )      Pertaining  to  pan- 

PANTl  1  EIS'TIf  AL,  I  "'  theism  ;  confound- 
ing God  with  the  universe. 

Enfield.     H'aterland. 

PANTHE  ON,  n.  [Gr.  naj,  nav,  all,  and  tiioi, 
God.] 

A  temple  or  magnificent  edifice  at  Rome, 
dedicated  to  all  the  gods.  It  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  church.  It  was  built  or  em 
bellished  by  Agrijiiia,  son-in-law  to  Augus- 
tus, is  of  a  round  (jr  cylindrical  form,  with 
a  spherical  dome,  and  144  feet  in  diameter. 

Encyc. 

PANTHER,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  naver.f.  Qu. 
S)jp,  a  wild  beast.] 

A  fierce,  ferocious  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Fells,  of  tlie  size  of  a  large  dog,  with  short 
hair,  of  a  yellow  color,  diversified  witi 
roundish  black  s|iot.s.  This  animal  is  car- 
nivorous, and  will  climb  trees  in  pursuit  of 
small  animals.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
<]f  the  genus. 

PAN'TILE,  n.  [qu.  W.  panlu,  to  dimple 
to  sink  in,  to  become  hollow ;  pan,  a 
bowl,  a;;an;  or  Fr.yjtn^e,  a  bending.]  A 
autter  tile.    But  qu.  pentile. 

PLANTING,  /;pr.  [See  Pan f.]    Palpitating; 
breathing  with  a  rapid   succession  of  in 
spirations  and  expirations  ;  longing. 

PLANTING,  n.  Palpitation;  rapid  breath- 
ing ;  louffing. 

P^ANTINGLY,  adv.  With  paliritation  or 
rapiil  breathing. 

PANT'LER,  )i.  [Fr. /janditr,  from  ;jatn,  L. 
panis,  bread.] 

The  ofiicer  in  a  great  family  who  has  charge 
rd'  the  bread.  Shak. 

PAN'TOFLE,  n.  [Fr.  pantoujle;  It.  panto- 
fola,  a  slipper;  Sp.  pantujlo ;  Svv.  tojjla. 
(q^e/,  a  slipper  or  sandal ;  \ia.n.t6fel;  Russ. 
tvfel.]     A  slipper  for  the  foot. 

PAN'TOGR.APH,  n.  [Gr.  «a^ra,  all,  and 
ypaifio,  to  describe.] 

A  mathematical  instrument  so  formed  as  to 
copy  any  sort  of  drawing  or  design. 

PANTOGRAPH'Ie,        {  ,     Pertaining   to 

PANTOGRAPH'I€AL,  S  a  pantograph  ; 
performed  by  a  pantograph. 

PANTOG'RAPllY,  n.  General  description ; 
view  of  an  entire  thing. 


[Gr.  naita,  all,  and 


PANTOM'ETER,  «. 
ftfTpeu,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  (or  measuring  all  sorts  of 
elevations,  angles  anil  distances.      Bailey. 

PANTOMKT'RIG,       >        Pertaining  to  a 

PANTOM E'J'RICAL,  \  "'  pantometer ; 
perCornicd  by  a  pantometer. 

PAN'TOMIME,  n.  [1..  pantomimus ;  Gr. 
navroiAiiios ;  nu.;,  «a^,  all,  and  fi'MoJ,  a  mim- 
ic] 

1.  One  that  imitates  all  sorts  of  actions  and 
characters  without  speaking ;  one  that 
expresses  his  meaning  by  mute  action. 
The  pantomimes  of  aiiii(|iiity  used  to  ex- 
press in  gestures  and  action,  whatever  the 
chorus  sung,  changing  their  countenance 
and  behavior  as  the  subject  of  the  song  va- 
ried. Encyc. 

2.  A  scene  or  representation  in  dumb  show. 

3.  A  species  of  musical  entertainment. 

Busby. 
PAN'TOMIME,   a.   Representing  only   in 
mute  action.  Smith. 

PANTOMIM'IC,        )       Pertaining  to  the 
PANTOMlM'l€AL,  ^"^  pantomime;    rep- 
resenting characters  and  actions  by  dumb 
show. 
PAN'TON,  I       [()u.     L.  pando,  to 

PAN'TON-SHOE,  I  "•  ojien.]  A  horse 
!  shoe  contrived  to  recover  a  narrow  and 
I     hoof-bound  heel.  Far.  Did. 

PAN'TRY,  n.   [Fr.  panetiire,  a  shepherd's 

scrip;  h.  panarium,  Woin  panis,  bread.] 
An  apartment  or  closet  in  which  provisions 

are  kept. 

PAN't'RtiY,  n.  [Gr.  «o»'ovpyia;  xav,  all,  and 

rpyoi',  work.]     Skill  in  all  kinds  of  work  or 

business ;  craft.  Bailey. 

PAP,  n.  [h.papilla.]  A  nipple  of  the  breast ; 

a  teat.  Dryden. 

PAP,  n.   [Low  h.papa;  It. pappa;  D.pap; 

Pers.  bob,  food.] 

1.  A  soft  food  for  infants,  made  with  bread 
boiled  or  softened  wi(h  water.  Boyle. 

2.  The  pulp  of  fruit.  Ainsworth. 
PAP,  V.  I.  To  feed  with  pap. 

PAPA,  7!.  [L.  Fr.  papa  ;  1).  G.  id. ;  Gr. 
nartnai :  It.  Sp.  papa,  the  pope :  a  word 
used  by  the  ancient  Scythians,  as  also  iti 
the  Syriac  and  Clialdaic]  Father ;  a 
word  with  us  used  by  children.  Stoijl. 

PA'PACY,  n.  [Fr.papaute  ;  ll. papaio ;  from 
papa,  the  pope.] 

1.  The  office  and  dignity  of  the  pope  or  bish- 
op of  Rome;  popedom.  Bacon, 

i2.  Papal  authority.  J\Iilner. 

PA'PAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  pape,  the  pojic.]  Be- 
longing to  the  |)0])e  or  pontifl'  oi'  Rome ; 
popish;    as  papal   authority;    the   papal 

I     chair. 

Proceeding  from  the  jiope  ;  as  a  papal  li- 
cense or  indulgence;  u  papal  edict. 

3.  Annexed  to  the  bishopric  of  Rome. 
PA'PAHN,  71.  A  papist.     [.Vol  used.] 

Herberl. 

PAPAVEROUS,  a.  [L.  papavereus,  from 
paparer,  a  poppy.] 

Resembling  the  poppy: 
qualities  of  poppies. 

PAP.XW',  n.  [Fr.  papayer.]  The  carica  pa- 
paya, a  tree  growing  in  warm  climates  to 
the  liiglith  of  eighteen  or  twenty  feet,  with 
a  soft  herbaceous  stem,  naked  nearly  to 
the  top,  where  the  leaves  iesue  on  every 


of  the 


nature  or 
Brount. 


PAP 


PAR 


PAR 


side  on  long  foot-stalks.  Between  the 
leaves  grow  the  flower  and  the  fruit,  which 
is  of  tiie  size  of  a  melon.  The  juice  is 
acrid  and  milky,  but  the  fruit  when  boiled 
is  eaten  with  meat,  like  other  vegetables. 

Encyc. 

9.  The  papaw  of  North  America  belongs  to 
the  genus  Annona  or  custard  apple. 

PAPE,  n.  The  pope. 

PA' PER,  n.  [Fr.  papier;  It.  papiro ;  Port. 
Sp.  p/ipel ;  D.  G.  papier ;  W.  papyr  ;  Gr. 
Ttaxvpoi;  L.  papyrus,  the  name  of  an 
Egyptian  plant,  from  which  was  made  a 
kind  of  paper.] 

1.  A  substance  formed  into  thin  sheets  on 
which  letters  and  figures  are  written  or 
printed.  Paper  is  made  of  different  mate- 
rials ;  but  among  us  it  is  usually  made  of 
linen  or  cotton  rags.  A  fine  paper  is  made 
of  silk,  particularly  for  bank-notes,  which 
require  to  be  very  thin. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper.  Locke. 

3.  A  single  sheet  printed  or  written  ;  as  a 
liaWy  paper;  a  week\y  paper ;  a  periodical 
paper  ;  referring  to  essays,  journals,  news- 
papers, &c. 

4.  Any  written  instrument,  whether  note, 
receipt,  bill,  invoice,  bond,  memorial,  deed, 
and  the  like.  The  papers  lie  on  the  speak- 
er's table. 

They  brought  apaper  to  me  to  be  signed. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  promissory  note  or  notes  or  a  bill  of 
exchange;  as  negotiable  ;ja/)er.  Kent 

6.  Hangings  printed  or  stamped  ;  paper  for 
covering  the  walls  of  rooms. 

PA'PER,  a.  Made  of  paper;    consisting  of 

paper. 

2.  Thin;  slight;  as  a  paper  wall.        Burnet. 
PA'PER,  v.t.  To  cover  with  paper;  to  fur 

nish  with  ])aper  hangings  ;  as,  to  paper  a 

room  or  a  house. 

2.  To  register.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  fold  or  inclose  in  paper. 
PAPER-€RED'1T,    n.    Evidences  of  debt; 

promissory  notes,  &c.  passing  current  in 
commercial  transactions. 

3.  Notes  or  bills  emitted  by  public  authority, 
promising  the  payment  of  money.  The 
revolution  in  N.  America  was  carried  on 
by  means  oi  paper-credit. 

PA'PER-FACED,  o.  Having  a  face  as 
white  as  paper.  Shak. 

PA'PER-KITE,  n.  A  light  frame  covered 
with  paper  for  flying  in  the  air  like  a  kite. 

Warton. 

PA'PER-MAKER,  n.  One  that  manufac- 
tures paper. 

PA'PER-MILL,  n.  A  mill  in  which  paper  is 
manufactured. 

PAPER-MONEY,?!.  Notes  or  bills  issued  by 
authority,  and  promising  the  payment  of 
money,  circulated  as  the  representative  of 
coin.  We  apply  the  word  to  notes  or  bills 
issued  by  a  .=tate  or  by  a  banking  corpora- 
tion ;  rarely  or  never  to  private  notes  or 
bills  of  exchange,  though  the  latter  may 
be  included. 

PAPER-STAINER,  n.  One  that  stains,  col- 
ors or  stamps  pajier  for  hangings. 

PAPES'CENT,  a.  [from  pap.]  Containing 
pap;  having  the  (pialities  of  pap. 

Arhuthnot. 
PA'PESS,  n.  A  female  pope.  Hall. 

PAP'lL,  n.  [\,.  papilla.]  A  siriall  pap  or  nip- 
ple. 


PAPIL'IO,  n.  [L.]  A  butterfly.  In  zoology, 
a  genus  of  insects  of  numerous  species. 
These  insects  are  produced  from  the  cater- 
pillar. The  chrysahs  is  the  tomb  of  the 
caterpillar  and  the  cradle  of  the  butterfly. 

Barbut. 

PAPILIONA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  the 
butterfly  ;  a  term  in  botany,  used  to  de- 
scribe the  corols  of  plants  which  have  the 
shape  of  a  butterfly,  such  as  that  of  the 
pea.  The  papilionaceous  plants  are  of  the 
leguminous  kind.  Encyc.     Quincy. 

The  papilionaceous corol  is  usually  four- 
petaled,  having  an  upper  spreading  petal, 
called  the  banner,  two  side  petals  called 
wings,  and  a  lower  petal  called  the  keel. 

Martyn. 

PAP'ILLARY,  ^      Pertaining  to  the  pap  or 

PAP'ILLOUS,  I  "•  nipple  ;  resembling  the 
nipple;  covered  with  pupils.  Dcrham. 

PAP'ILLATE,  V.  i.  To  grow  into  a  nipple 

Fleming. 

PAP'ILLOSE,  a.  Nipply;  covered  with 
fleshy  dots  or  points  ;  verrucose  ;  warty  ; 
as  a  papillose  leaf.  Martyn. 

Covered  with  soft  tubercles,  as  tlie  ice- 
plant.  Smith. 

PA'PISM,  ?i.  [from  Fr.  pope,  pope.]  Popery. 

Bedell. 

FA'PiS'\',n.[Fr.papiste;  It.papisla;  from 
Fr.  pape,  pope.] 

A  Roman  catholic;  one  that  adheres  to  the 
church  of  Rome  and  the  authority  of  the 
pope.  Clarendon. 

PAPIS'TIC,         I       Popish  ;  pertaining  to 

PAPISTICAL,  I  "•  popery  ;  adherent  to 
the  church  of  Rome  and  its  doctrines  and 
ceremonies.  Ithilgifle. 

PA'PISTRY,  7i.  Popery  ;  the  doctrines  and 
ceremonies  of  the  church  of  Rome 

Ascham.     liTiilgiJle. 

PA'PIZED,  a.  Conformed  to  popery. 

Fidler. 

PAP'POUS,  a.  [from  h. pappus ;  Gr.  rtaTtno;.] 
Downy  ;  furnished  with  a  pappus,  as  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  such  as  thistles, 
dandelions,  &c.  Boy- 

PAP'PUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  rtartnoi,  an  old 
man  or  grandfather,  hence  a  substance 
resembling  gray  hairs.] 

The  soft  downy  substance  that  grows  on  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  on  those  of  the 
thistle.  Encyc. 

PAP'PY,  a.  [from  pap.]  Like  pap;  soft; 
succulent.  Burnet. 

PAP'ULyE,  n.  [L.]  Pimples;  blisters;  erup- 
tions on  the  skin. 

PAP'ULOSE,  a.  Covered  with  vesicular 
points  or  with  little  blisters ;  as  a  papulose 
leaf  Martyn. 

PAP'ULOUS,  a.  Full  of  pimples  or  pus- 
tules. 

PAPY'RUS,  n.  [L.]  An  Egyptian  plant,  a 
kind  of  reed,  of  which  the  ancients  made 
paper. 

P'AR,  n.  [L.  par,  equal ;  W.  par,  that  is  up- 
on or  contiguous,  that  is  in  continuity,  a 
state  of  readiness  or  jircparcdness,  a  pair, 
a  fellow,  Eng.  peer.  The  word  seeiiis  to 
be  fVirmed  on  the  root  of  L.  paro,  and  the 
Shemitic  N13,  and  the  primary  sense,  to 
extend  or  reach.] 

1.  State  of  eqiuility  ;  equal  value;  equiva- 
lence without  discount  or  premium,  liiljs 
of  exchange  are  at  par,  above  par,  or  be- 


low par.  Bills  are  at  par,  when  they  are 
sold  at  their  nominal  amount  for  coin  or 
its  equivalent. 

2.  Equality  in  condition. 

PAR'ABLE,  a.  [L.  paraUlts.]  Easily  pro- 
cured.    [jVot  used.]  Brown. 

PAR'ABLE,  »i.  [Fr.  parabole,  from  L.  par- 
abola; Gr.  rtafia8o\7j,  from  Jtaf)o5aX>.u,  to 
throw  forward  or  against,  to  compare; 
rtopa,  to  or  against,  and  8axx«,  to  throw ; 
OS  in  confero,  collatum,  to  set  together,  or 
one  thing  with  another.] 

A  fable  or  allegorical  relation  or  representa- 
tion of  something  real  in  life  or  nature, 
from  which  a  moral  is  drawn  for  instruc- 
tion ;  such  as  the  parable  of  the  trees 
choosing  a  king.  Judges  ix. ;  the  parable 
of  the  poor  man  and  his  lamb,  2  Sam.  xii. ; 
the  parable  of  the  ten  virgins.  Matt.  xxv. 

PAR'ABLE,  V.  t.  To  represent  by  fiction  or 
fable.  Milton. 


PARAB'OLA,  n.  [L.  See  Parable.]  A  conic 
section  arising  from  cutting  a  cone  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  one  of  its  sides,  or  paral- 
lel to  a  plane  that  touches  one  of  its  sides. 

Harris. 

PARABOLE,  n.  parab'oly.  [See  Parable.] 
In  oratory,  similitude  ;  comparison. 

Encyc. 

PARABOL'le,        I        Expressed  by  para- 

PARABOL'l€AL,  p-  ble  or  allegorical 
representation  ;  as  parabolical  instruction 
or  description.  Broivn. 

2.  [t'rom  parabola.]    Having  the  form  of  a 
ji     ])araboIa  ;  as  a  parabolic  curve.       Cheyne. 

'PARABOL'l€ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  para- 
ble. Brown. 

2.  In  the  form  of  a  parabola. 

PARABOL'IFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  parabola. 

PARAB'OLISM,  n.  [from  parabola.]  In  al- 
gebra, the  division  of  the  terms  of  an  equa- 
tion by  a  known  quantity  that  is  involved 
or  tnultiplied  in  the  first  term.  Diet. 

PAR.\B'OLOID,  n.  [Gr.  «apa8o)ijj  and  hSo;, 
form.] 

In  geometry,  a  paraboliform  curve  whose  or- 
dinates  are  supposed  to  be  in  thesubtripli- 
cate,  subquadruplicate,  &c.  ratio  of  their 
respective  abscissa-.  Another  species  is 
when  the  parameter  multiplied  into  the 
square  of  the  abscissa',  is  equal  to  the 
cube  of  the  ordinate.  The  curve  is  then 
called  a  senii-cuhical  paraboloid.     Harris. 

A  parabolic  conoid.    [See  Conoid.]         Encyc. 

PARACEL'SIAN,  n.  A  i)hysician  who  fol- 
lows the  practice  of  Paracelsus,  a  Swiss 
physician  of  celebrity,  who  lived  at  the 
close  of  the  fifteenth  centm-v.        Ferrand. 

PARACEL'SIAN,  a.  Denoting  the  medical 
practice  of  Paracelsus.  Hakeuill. 

PARACENTESIS,   ?        [Gr.  rtapaxn  7,73.5; 

PARACEN'TESY,  ^  "•  rtopa,  through, 
and  xntsu,  to  pierce.] 

The  operation  in  surgery  called  tapping. 

Encyc. 

PARACENTRIC,        )        [Gr.    jtapa,    be- 

PARACEN'TRICAL,  S  "■  yond,  and  x«- 
rpoi',  center.] 

Deviating  from  circularity.  Cheyne. 

PARAcil'RONISM,  >i.  [Gr.  «apa,  beyond, 
and  ;fpoi'05,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology  ;  a  mistake  in  regard 
to  the  true  date  of  an  event.  Encyc. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR'ACHUTE,  »i.  [Gr.  rtapa,  against,  and 
Fr.  chute,  a  fall.] 

In  aerostation,  an  instrument  to  prevent  tlie 
rapiditv  of  descent. 

I'AR'Ae'LETE,  n.  [Gr.  7taf>ax7.r;roi,  from 
rta(iaxaf.iu  ;  rtapo,  to,  and  xaXiu,  to  call.] 

Properly,  an  advocate  ;  one  called  to  aid  or 
support ;  hence,  the  consoler,  comforter 
or  intercessor,  a  term  a|>plied  to  the  Holy 
Spirit.  Pearson.     Bale. 

PARA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  parade,  parade,  and  a 
parrying;  It.parala;  Sp.  parada,  a  stop 
or  stopping,  halt,  end  of  a  course,  a  fold 
for  cattle,  a  relay  of  horses,  a  dam  or  hank, 
a  stake,  bet  or  wager,  a  parade.  This  i.s 
from  the  root  of  L.  paro,  S\>.  parar,  to  pre- 


pare. 


In  militan/  affairs,  the  place  where  troops 
assemble  for  exercise,  mounting  guard  or 
other  purpose.  Encyc. 

2.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  display. 

Be  ricli,  but  of  your  wealth  make  no  j)arade. 

Swift. 

3.  Pompous  prooession. 

The  rites  jicrlormcd,  the  parson  paid. 

In  state  return'd  tlie  grand  parade.       Swift. 

4.  Military  order  ;  array  ;  as  warlike  pa- 
rade. Milton. 

5.  State  of  preparation  or  ilefense.       Locke. 
C.  The  action  of  parrying  u  thrust.    [Fr.] 

Encyc. 

PARA'DE,  V,  t.  To  assemble  and  array  or 
marshal  in  military  order.  The  general 
gave  orders  to  parade  the  troops.  The 
troops  were,  paraded  at  the  usual  hour. 

2.  To  exhibit  in  a  showy  or  ostentatious 
manner. 

PARA'DE,  V.  i.  To  assemble  and  be  mar- 
shaled in  military  order. 

2.  To  go  about  in  military  procession. 

Scott. 

3.  To  walk  about  for  show. 
PARA'DED,  /);}.  Assembled  and  arrayed. 
PARADIGM,  H.  ^rtr'o(/»m.    [Gr.   rtopaSayfia; 

Aapa  and  iuyiia,  e.\am|)le,  from  biixi-vfi,!,,  to 
show.] 

An  exainple  ;  a  model.  In  grammar,  an  e.x- 
aiTiple  of  a  verb  conjugated  in  the  several 
modes,  tenses  and  persons. 

PARADlGMAT'le,  (  Exemi)lary. 

PARADIGMAT'ICAL,    S  [Little  vsed.] 

More. 

PARADIG'MATIZE,  v.  I.  To  set  forth  as 
a  model  or  example.     [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

PARA'DING,  ppr.  Assembling  and  array- 
ing in  duo  order  ;  making  an  ostentatious 
show. 

PAR'ADiSE,  )i.  [Gr.  jfapoSnsoj.]  The  gar- 
den of  Eden,  in  whicli  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  immediately  after  their  crea- 
tion. Encyc.     Milton. 

2.  A  place  of  bliss;  a  region  of  supreme  fe- 
licity or  delight. 

The  earth 
Shall  all  be  paradise —  .fifdton. 

3.  Heaven,  the  blissful  seat  of  sanctified 
souls  after  death. 

This  day  shalt  thou  be  with  me  in  paradise. 
Luke  xxiii. 

4.  Primarily,  in  Persia,  a  pleasure-garden 
with  parks  and  other  appendages. 

Mitford. 

PARADIS'EA,  n.  Bird  of  Paradise,  a  genus 

of  fowls,  natives  of  the  isles  in  the  East 

Indies  and  of  New  Guinea.  Encyc.' 

Vol.  II. 


PARADIS'EAN,       )      Pertaining  to  Eden 

PARADlf^I'ACAL,  S  "'  or  Paradise,  or  to  a 
place  of  felicity. 

2.  Suiting  paradise  ;  like  paradise. 

PAR'ADOX,n.  [Vr.paradoxe ;  h.paradosso; 
Gr.  rtapaSolia ;  rtapo,  beyond,  and  6o|a, 
opinion  ;  Soxeu,  to  think  or  sujijiose.] 

A  tenet  or  proposition  contrary  to  received 
opinion,  or  seemingly  absurd,  yet  true  in 
fact. 

A  gloss  there  is  to  color  that  paradox,  and 
make  it  appear  in  sliow  not  to  be  altogether  un- 
reasonable. Hooker. 

PARADOXICAL,  a.  Having  the  nature  of 
a  |)aradox.  Brown.     JVorris. 

2.  Inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to 
received  opinions ;  applied  to  persons- 

PARADOX  ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  paradox- 
ical manner,  or  in  a  manner  seemingly  ab- 
surd. Collier. 

PARADOX'leALNESS,  «.  State  of  being 
paradoxical. 

PARADOXOL'OtiV,  n.  [paradox  and  Gr. 
xoyos,  discourse.] 

The  use  of  paradoxes.     [JVo<  used.] 

Broicn. 

PARAGOgE,  n.  par'agojy.  [Gr.  rtofoyuyr;, 
a  drawing  out ;  rtapa  and  ayu.] 

The  a<hlition  of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the 
end  of  a  word  ;  as  dicier  for  did.  This  is 
called  a  figure  in  granmiar.  Encyc. 

PARA(JO('i'l€,        I       Pertaining  to  a  par- 

PARAG0G'I€AL,  S  "'  agoge  ;  lengthening 
a  word  by  the  addition  of  a  letter  or  syl- 
lable. Parkhursf.     Milton. 

PAR'AGON,  n.  [Fr.  parangon,  comparison, 
a  pattern ;  It.  paragone,  from  paraggio, 
comparison  ;  Sp.  paragon,  model ;  from  L. 
par,  equal.] 

1.  A  model  or  pattern ;  a  model  by  way  of 
distinction,  implying  superior  excellence 
or  perfection  ;  as  a  paragon  of  beauty  or 
eloquence. 

2.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow.     Obs.      Spenser. 

3.  Emulation  ;  a  match  for  trial.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

PAR'AGON,  t».  t.  [Sp.  paragonar ;  h.  para 
gonare,  to  compare,  to  equal ;  Fr.  paran 
gonner.] 
To  compare  ;  to  parallel. 

The  picture  of  Pamela,  in  little  form,  he 
wore  in  a  tablet,  purpo'-iiig  to  paragon  the  lit- 
tle one  with  Artesia's  Icngtli.     ILiltle  tised.^ 

Sidney 

To  equal.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PAR'AGON,  V.  i.  To  pretend  comparison 

or  equality.     [Lillle  xised.]  Scott. 

PAR'AGRAM,  ?i.    [Gr. /topa-jpa^^ct.]  A  play 

ujjon  words  or  a  pun.  Addison. 

PARAGRAM'MATIST,  n.  A  punster. 

Mdison 
PAR'AGR  APH,  n.  [It.  paragrafo  ;  Fr.  para 
graphe  ;  Gr.  ?rapa»/pa^.  a  marginal  note 
jtopaypaifu,  to   write  near   or   beyond  the 
text ;  rtoptt,  beyond,  and  ypo$«,  to  write.] 
A  distinct  part  of  a  discourse  or  writing ; 
any  portion   or  section  of  a  writing  or 
chapter    which    relates    to   a    particular 
point,  whether  consisting  of  one  sentence 
or  many  sentences.    A  paragraph  is  some 
times  marked   thus,  U.     But  more  gene 
rally,  a  ])aragraph  is  distinguished  only  by 
a  break  in  the  comjiosition  or  lines. 
PARAGRAPH,  i-.  /.  To  form  or  write  par- 
agraphs. 

30 


PARAGRAPHIC,  a.  Consisting  of  para- 
graphs or  short  divisions,  with  breaks. 

PARAGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  By  para- 
graphs ;  with  distinct  breaks  or  divisions. 

PARALEP'SIS,  )       [Gr.  «apaxti4if,   omis- 

PAR'ALEPSY,  \  "■  sion  ;  «apa,  beyond  or 
by,  and  Mirta,  to  leave.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  jiretended  or  apparent  omis- 
sion ;  a  figure  by  which  a  speaker  pre- 
tends to  |>ass  by  what  at  the  same  time  he 
really  mentions.  Eneyc. 

PARALIPOM'ENA,  n.  [Gr.  napa^-nrtu,  to 
omit ;  rtapa,  beyond,  and  Uirtu,  to  leave.] 

Thirjgs  omitted  ;  a  sui)[ileinent  containing 
things  omitted  in  the  ])rcccding  work. 
The  books  of  Chronicles  are  so  called. 

Encyc.    Bailey. 

PAR'ALIZE,  I'.  I.  [Gr.  7ta(ia\vJ,  rtapa?.vBi5.] 
To  affect  as  with  palsy ;  to  check  action, 
or  destroy  the  power  of  action. 

PARALLACTIC,        >        [See     Parallax] 

PARALLAC'TICAL,  (,  ""  Pertaining  to  the 
parallax  of  a  heavenly  body. 

PAR'ALLAX,  n.  [Gr.  jtapaxxa^if,  from  jtap- 
oxxauffu,  to  vary,  to  decline  or  wander ; 
rtopo,  beyond,  and  oWaiou,  to  change.] 

In  astronomy,  the  change  of  j)lace  in  a  heav- 
enly body  in  consequence  of  being  viewed 
from  different  points. 

Diurnal  parallax,  the  difference  between  the 
place  of  a  celestial  body,  as  seen  from  the 
surface,  and  from  the  center  of  the  earth, 
at  the  same  instant. 

Annual  parallax,  the  change  of  place  in  a 
heavenly  body,  in  consequence  of  being 
viewed  at  opposite  extremities  of  the 
earth's  orbit. 

PAR'ALLEL,  a.  [Gr.  KapaiJktjXoi  •  rtopa, 
against  or  opposite,  and  aWijXur,  one  the 
other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  extended  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, and  in  all  parts  equally  distant.  One 
body  or  line  is  parallel  to  another,  when 
the  surfaces  of  the  bodies  or  the  lines  are 
at  an  equal  distance  throughout  the  whole 
length. 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency ; 
running  in  accordance  with  snincthing. " 

When  honor  runs  parallel  wilh  the  laws  of 
God  and  our  country,  it  cannot  be  too  much 
cherished.  '  Addison. 

3.  Continuing  a  resemblance  through  many 
particulars  ;  like  ;  similar ;  equal  in  ail 
essential  parts  ;  as  a  parallel  case  ;  a  par- 
allel passage  in  the  evangelists.  fl'atts. 

PAR'ALLEL,   n.  A  line  which  throughout 
its  whole  extent  is  equidistant  from  an- 
other line  ;  as  parallels  of  latitude. 
Who  made  (he  spider  parallels  design, 
Sure  as  Dc  Moivre  witliout  rule  or  line  ? 

Pope. 
2.  A  line  on  the  globe  marking  the  latitude. 
•3.  Direction  conformable  to  that  of  another 
line.  Garth. 

Confor.mity  continued  through  many  par- 
ticulars or  in  all  essential  points;  resem- 
blance ;  likeness. 

'Twist  earthly  females  and  the  moon. 

An  parallels  exactly  run.  Swift. 

Comparison  made  ;  as,  to  draw  a  parallel 
between  two  characters.  Addison. 

G.  Any  thing  equal  to  or  resembling  another 
in  all  essential  particulars. 

None  but  tliyself  can  be  thy  parallel. 

Pope. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


the  same  direction,  and  at  an  equal  dis-| 
tanoo  from  something  else.  Brown. 

2.  To  level ;  to  equal.  Fell.     Sliak. 

3.  To  correspond  to.  Burnet. 


Having 


4.  To  be  equal  to  ;  to  resemble  in  all  essen 
tial  points.  Drrjden. 

5.  To  compare.  Locke. 
PAR'ALLELAIJLE,  a.  That  may  be  equal 

ed.     [JVot  much  used.]  Hall. 

PAR'ALLELISM,  n.  State  of  being  paral 
lei.  More. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  equality  of  state  ;  compar 
ison.  IVarton. 

PAR'ALLELLY,  ado.  In   a  parallel  man 
ner  :  with  parallelism.  Scotl. 

PARALLELOGRAM,  n.    [Gr.    mapaxxijXos 

and  ypa^^a.] 
\.  In  geometry,  a   right  lined   quadrilateral 
figure,  whose  opposite  sides  are  parallel 
and  equal.  Harris. 

2.  In  common  use,  this   word   is  applied  to 
quadrilateral  figures  of  more  length  than 
breadth,  and  this  is  its  sense  in  the  pas- 
sage cited  by  Johnson  from  Browu. 
PARALLELOGRAM'IC,        ^ 
PARALLELOGRAM'ICAL,  S  "' 

the  properties  of  a  parallelogram. 
PARALLELOPIP'ED,  n.  [parallel  and  Gr 

srti,  on,  and  ^ti&ov,  a  plain.] 
In  geometry,  a  regular  solid  comprehended 
under  six  jiarallelograms,  the  opposite 
ones  of  which  are  similar,  parallel  ami 
equal  to  each  other,  or  it  is  a  prism  whose 
base  is  a  parallelogram.  It  is  always 
triple  to  a  pyramid  of  the  same  base  and 
liighth.  Or  a  parallelopiped  is  a  solid  fig- 
ure bounded  by  six  faces,  parallel  to  cad 
other  two  and  two.  Harris.     Encyc 

PARALLELOPIPE'DIA,    )i.    A   genus  of] 
spars,  externally  of  a  determinate  and  reg- 
ular figure,   always  found  loose  and  sop 
arate  from  other  bodies,  and  in  the  form 
of  an  oblique  parallelopiped,  with  six  par 
allelograinic  sides  and  eight  solid  angles 

Encyc. 
PARAL'OgISM,  n.  [Gr.  jtapa^oyirr^os ;  jtapa, 
beyond,  and  Xoytrr^oj,  reasoning ;  Xoyoj, 
discourse,  reason.] 
In  logic,  a  fallacious  argument  or  false  rea- 
soning ;  an  error  committed  in  demon- 
stration, when  a  consequence  is  drawi 
from  principles  which  are  false,  or  though 
true,  are  not  ])roved  ;  or  when  a  proposi- 
tion is  passed  over  that  should  have  been 
proved  by  the  way.  Encyc. 

PARALOGIZE,  V.  i.  To  reason  falsely. 

Jlsh. 
PARAL'OGY,  n.  False  reasoning,  [supra.] 

Brown. 

PARAL'YSIS,     n.    [Gr.     xapalvan,     iroiu 

,"tttpa?.K«,  to   loosen,  dissolve  or   weaken ; 

rtapa  and  7.vu.] 

Palsy;  the   loss  of  the  jmwer  of  Uiuscular 

motion,  or  of  the  command  of  the  mus- 

PARALYT'IC,        ?      Affected  with  palsy : 

PARALYT'ICAL,  (,  "■  deprived  of  the  pow- 
er of  muscular  motion  ;  sometimes,  weak; 
trembling  ;  subject  to  an  involuntary 
shaking  ;  as  a  paralytic  arm. 

2.   Inclined  or  tending  to  palsy. 

PARALYT'I€,  n.  A  person  affected  with 
palsy.  Hall. 


PAR'ALLEL,  v.  t.  To  jdace  so  as  to  keepj'PARAM'ETER,   n.  [from  Gr.  HofaniTpia.]] 

"1.  The  latus  rectum  of  a  jjarabola.  It  is  a 
third  proportional  to  the  abscissa  and  any 
ordinate,  so  that  the  square  of  the  or- 
dinate is  always  equal  to  the  rectangle  un- 
der the  parameter  and  abscissa;  but  in  the 
ellipsis  and  hyperbola  it  has  a  difi'erent: 
proportion.  Harris. 

2.  In  conic  sections,  a  third  pro])ortioi  al  to 
any  diameter  and  its  conjug.ite.  In  the 
])arabola,  a  third  proportional  to  any  ab- 
sciss and  its  ordinate. 

PAR'AMOUNT,  a.  [Norm,  pcramont ;  per 
and  mount,  amont  or  monter,  to  ascend.] 

1.  Superior  to  all  others ;  possessing  the 
highest  title  or  jurisdiction  ;  as  lord  para- 
mount, the  chief  lord  of  the  fee,  or  of  lands, 
tenements  and  hereditaments.  In  Eng- 
land, the  king  is  lord  |)aramount,  of  whom 
all  the  land  in  the  kingdom  is  stqiposed  to 
be  held.  But  in  some  cases  the  lord  of 
several  manors  is  called  the  lord  para- 
njount.  Blackstone. 

2.  Eminent;  of  the  highest  order.       Bacon. 

3.  Superior  to  all  others  ;  as,  private  inter- 
est is  usually  paramount  to  all  other  con- 
siderations. 

PAR'AMOUNT,  n.  The  chief;  the  highest 
in  rank  or  order.  Milton. 

PAR'AMoLIR,  n.  [Fr.  par,  L.  per,  and 
amour  ;  Norm,  paraimer,  to  love  aflection- 
ately.] 

1.  A  lover  ;  a  wooer.  Milton. 

2.  A  mistress.  Shak. 
PARANTHINE.     [See  Scapolite.] 
PAR'ANYMPH,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  by,  and  vii//.J»7, 

a  bride  or  spouse] 

1.  A  brideman  ;  one  who  leads  the  bride  to 
her  marriage.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  countenances  and  supports  an- 


other. 


Taylo 


jPARAPEGM,  n. par'apem.  [Gr.  naf)anr;yua.] 

A  brazen  table  fixed  to  a  jidlar,  on  which 
laws  and  proclamations  were  anciently 
engraved  ;  also,  a  table  set  in  a  public 
j)lace,  containing  an  account  of  the  rising 
and  setting  of  the  stars,  ecli|)ses,  seasons, 
&c.  Phillips 

PAR'APET,n.  [Fr.;Sp.;)ara;)e<o;  ll.parapet- 
to  ;  para, for,  and  petto,  breast,  L. pect^is.] 

Literally,  a  wall  or  rampart  to  the  breast  or 
breast  high  ;  hut  in  practice,  a  wall,  ram- 
part or  elevation  of  earth  for  covering  so 
dicrs  irom  an  enemy's  shot.  Encyc. 

PARAPHER'NA,         }       [Gr.    -tapatfp.'a 

I'ARAPHERNA'LIA,  I  "■  rtopa,  beyond 
and  ff^nr;,  flower.] 

The  goods  which  a  wife  brings  with  her  at 
her  marriage,  or  which  she  possesses  be 
yond  her  dower  or  jointure,  and  wliich 
remain  at  her  disposal  after  her  husband's 
death.  Such  are  her  apparel  and  her  or- 
naments, over  whicli  the  executors  have 
no  control,  unless  when  tlie  as.sets  are  in- 
sufficient to  pay  the  debts.         Blackstone. 

PAR'APHRASE,  n.  sasj.  [Gr.  rtapofpacris; 
rtopa,  beyond,  and  ffaaif,  phrase.] 

An  explanation  of  some  text  or  passage  in  a 
book,  in  a  more  clear  and  .-unple  niann  r 
than  is  expressed  in  the  words  ol'the  au- 
thor. Such  as  the  parajihrasc  of  the  New 
Testament  by  Erasmus. 

\n  parajihraae,  01  translation  witii  latiiade. 
the  aulliui".s  words  arc  not  so  strictly  I'ollowec 
as  his  sense.  Dryden 


PAR'APHRASE,  v.  t.  To  explain,  inter- 
pret or  translate  with  latitude  ;  to  unfold 
tlie  sense  of  an  author  with  more  clear- 
ness and  particularity  than  it  is  expressed 
in  his  own  words. 

PARAPHRASE,  v.  i.  To  interpret  or  ex- 
plain anqily  ;  to  make  a  paraphrase. 

\Vheie  tian^lalion  is  impracticable,  they  may 
paraplirase.  Felton. 

PARAPHRASED,  pp.  Amply  explained 
or  Iran  iated. 

PAR' A  PHRASING,  ppr.  Explaining  or 
translating  amply  and  freelv. 

PAR'APHRAST,  n.  [Gr.  rtapatpofj^j.]  One 
that  paraphrases ;  one  that  explains  or 
translates  in  words  more  ample  and  clear 
than  the  words  of  the  author.         Hooker. 

PARAPI1RAS'TI€,        ^      Free,  clear  and 

PARAP11RAS'TI€AL,  \  "'  ample  in  expla- 
nation ;  explaining  or  translating  in  words 
more  clear  and  ample  than  those  of  the 
author  ;  not  verbal  or  literal. 

PARAPHRAS'TI€ALLY,  adv.  In  a  para- 
phrastic manner.  Howell. 

PARAPHRENITIS,  n.  [Gr.  «apa  and 
ijipfxiri;,  delirium.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  diaphragm. 

Arhuthnot. 

PAR'APLEgY,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  beyond,  and 
yfkriyr,,  stroke  ;  /t/ujntnj,  to  smite.] 

That  kind  of  palsy  which  affects  the  lower 
part  of  the  body.  Good. 

P.VRAQl'ET',  n.  A  little  parrot.  Shak. 

PAR'.ASANG,  n.  A  Persian  measine  of 
length,  which  Herodotus  states  to  be  thir- 
ty sta(ha,  nearly  four  English  miles ;  but 
in  different  times  and  places,  it  has  been 
30,  40  or  50  stadia. 

Herod.    Euterp.     Encyc. 

PARASCEUAS'TIe,  a.  Preparatory. 

PARASCE'VE,  n.  [Gr.  jtapaaxtvij,  prepara- 
tion.] 

Preparation  ;  the  sabbath-eve  of  the  Jews. 

Todd. 

PARASELE'NE,  n.  [Gr.  rtapa,  about  or 
near,  and  arfKrivr^,  the  moon.] 

,\  mock  moon  ;  a  luminous  ring  or  circle 
encompassing  the  moon,  in  which  some- 
times are  other  bright  spots  bearing  some 
resemblance  to  the  moon.  Encyc. 

PAR'ASITE,  n.  [Fr.  parasite  ;  It.  parassito; 
Sp.  parasilo  ;  L.  parasita  ;  from  Gr.  rtapa- 
dtToj ;  rtapa,  b}',  and  atro$,  corn.] 

1.  In  ancient  Greece,  a  priest  or  minister  of 
the  gods  whose  otfice  was  to  gather  of 
the  husbandman  the  corn  allotted  for  pub- 
lic sacrifices.  The  public  store-house  in 
which  this  corn  was  deposited  was  called 
Ttapaairoi'.  The  parasites  also  superin- 
tended ihe  sacrifices.  Potter's  Antirj. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a  trencher  friend  ;  one 
that  freijuents  the  tables  of  the  rich  and 
earns  his  welcome  by  (lattery;  a  hanger 
on  ;  a  fawning  tlatterer. 

Milton.    Dryden. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  growing  on  the  stem 
or  branch  of  another  plant  and  receiving 
its  nourishment  fiom  it,  as  the  misletoe. 

Encye. 
PARASITIC,  )  Flattering  ;  whecd- 
PARASIT'I€AL,  ^"^  ling  ;    fawning     for 

bread  or  favors. 
2.  Growing  on  the  stem  or  branch  of  anoth- 
er plant  ;  us  a  parasitic  plant. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARASIT'IeALLY,  adv.  In  a  flattering  or 
whceilliiig  inuiiiier  ;  by  Uepeiidence  on 
another. 

rAR'ArilTISM,  n.  The  behavior  or  man- 
ners of  a  iiaiusiic.  Milton. 

PARASOL,  n.  [I'V.  Sp.;  It.  parasole ;  Gr. 
rta^a,  against,  or  It.  parare,  to  parry,  anil  L. 
sol,  l''r.  soltil,  It.  sole,  tiie  sun.] 

A  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies  to  defend 
themselves  from  rain,  or  their  faces  from 
the  sun's  rays. 

PAR'AT,  n.  .\  lish  of  the  mullet  kind,  found 
in  Brazil. 

PARAl'H'ESIS,  n.  [Gr.  Jta|)aO£5i«  ;  rtapa, 
aii.l  t/mj.) 

In  grammar,  apposition,  or  the  |)lacing  of 
two  or  more  nouns  in  the  same  case. 

Jonts. 

PAR.'VV.\'IL,  a.  [Norm,  par,  by,  and  availe, 
pro  til.  J 

lu/tiidat  law,  the  tenant /(aravai/,  is  the  low- 
est tenant  holding  under  a  mean  or  medi- 
ate lord,  as  disiingiiished  from  a  tenant 
in  ciipite,  who  holds  immediaicly  of  the 
king.  Btackslone.': 

PAR'AVANT,      I      ,      [Fr. /)ar  and  oiia»< 

PAR'AVAUNf,  \  """•  before.]  In  front  ; 
publicly.     [.Vb/  English  nor  used.] 

Spenser. 

P'ARBOIL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  parbouillir.  tSouUlir 
is  to  boil,  and  in  Ann.  porboUen  is  a  pus- 
tule or  little  push.] 

1.  To  boil  111  part ;  to  boil  in  a  moderate 
degree. 

2.  To  cause  little  pustules  or  pushes  on  the 
skin  by  means  of  heat;  as  parboiled 
wretches.  Donne. 

P>ARBRE.\K,  V.  i.  [See  Break.]  To  vomit. 
Obs.  Skelton. 

P^ARBliCKLE,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  rope 
like  a  pair  of  slings  for  hoisting  casks,  &.c. 

P^AKCEL,  )i.  [Fr.  ^arccWe,  ciiiitracted  prob- 
ably from  L.  parlicula,  particle,  from  pars, 
part.] 

1.  A  part;  a  portion  of  any  thing  taken  sep- 
arately. 

Tlie    same    experiments    succeed    on  two 
parcels  of  the  white  of  an  egg.  Arbuthnoi. 

2.  A  quantity  ;  any  mass.  jVewlon. 
y.  A  part  belonging  to  a  whole;  as  in  law, 

one  piece  of  ground  is  part  and  parcel  of  a 
greater  piece. 

4.  A  small  bundle  or  package  of  goods. 

f).  A  number  of  persons  ;  in  contempt. 

Shak. 

(J.  A  number  or  quantity ;  in  contempt ;  as  a 
parcel  of  fair  words.  U Estrange. 

P'ARCEL,  v.t.  To  divide  into  parts  or  por- 
tions; as,  to  parcel  an  estate  among  heirs. 
These  ghostly   kings    would  parcel   out  my 
power.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  up  into  a  mass.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

To  parcel  a  seam,  in  seamen's  language,  to 
lay  canvas  over  it  and  daub  it  with  pitch. 

Mar.  Did. 

P'ARCELED,  pp.  Divided  into  portions. 

P'ARCELING, /);)r.   Diviiling  into  portions. 

PARCELING,  )!.  Among  seamen,  long 
narrow  slips  of  canvas  daubed  with  tar 
and  bound  about  u  rope  like  a  bandage, 
before  it  is  sewed.  It  is  used  also  to  rai.~e 
a  mouse  on  the  stnvs,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

P'ARCENARY,  n.  [Norm,  parcenier.]  Co- 
heirship  ;  the  holding  or  occupation  of] 
lands  of  inheritance  by  two  or  more  per-i 


SODS.  It  differs  from  joint-tenancy,  which 
is  created  by  deed  or  devise  ;  whereas /par- 
cenary, or  co-parcenary,  is  created  by  the 
descent  of  lands  from  an  ancestor. 

Blackstone. 

P'ARCENER,  n.  [Scot. /^arsenere ;  Norm. 
parconnier ;  from  part,  L.  pars.] 

Parcener  or  co-parcencr  is  a  co-heir,  or  one 
who  holds  lands  by  descent  from  an  an- 
cestor in  coiiiiiion  with  another  or  with 
others  ;  as  when  land  descends  to  a  man's 
daughters,  sisters,  aunts,  cousins,  or  their 
representatives.  In  this  case,  all  the 
heirs  inherit  ns  parceners  or  co-heirs. 

Blackstone. 

P'ARCII,  t'.  /.  [I  know  not  from  what 
source  we  have  received  this  word.  It 
corresponds  in  elements  with  the  Italian 
briiciare,u>  burn  or  roast,  du.h.pcraresco.] 

1.  To  burn  the  surface  of  a  thing  ;  to  scorch; 
as,  to  parch  the  skin  ;  to  parch  corn. 

2.  To  dry  to  extremity  ;  as,  the  heat  of  the 
sun's  rays  parches  the  ground;  the  mouth 
is  parched  with  thirst.       .Milton.     Dryden. 

iP  ARCH,  I',  i.  To  be  scorched  or  superfi- 
cially burnt ;  as,  corn  will  dry  ami  parch 
into  barley.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  become  very  dry. 

P^ARCllED,  pp.  Scorched ;  dried  to  ex- 
tremity. 

P-ARCHEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
scorched  or  dried  to  extremity. 

P' ARCHING,  ;?/«•.  Scorching  ;  drying  to  ex- 
tremity. 

2.  a.  Having  the  quality  of  burning  or  dry- 
ing ;  as  the  parching  heat  of  African 
sands. 

P'ARCHMENT,  n.  [Fr.  parchemin  ;  It. 
pargameno  ;  Sp.  pargamino  ;  Ann.  parich 
or  parichemin  ;  I),  parkement ;  G.  perga- 
ment ;  L.  pcrgamena  :  supposed  to  be  from 
Pergnmus,  to  whose  king  Eumcnes,  the 
invriitioii  has  been  ascribed.  This  is 
probably  a  mere  conjecture,  originating 
in  a  resemblance  of  orthography ;  sucli 
conjectures  being  very  common.  In 
Spanish,  parche  is  parchmejit,  and  a  pieci: 
of  linen  covered  with  ointment  or  plaster 
It  is  more  probable  that  the  first  syllable 
is  from  some  root  lliat  signifies  to  cleanse, 
purify  or  make  clear,  perhaps  the  root  of 
L.  purgo,  or  the  oriental  pi3  or  JTS.  Se 
Membrane.  See  Class  Br.  No.  t>.  and  Cla.ss 
Brg.  No.  4.  5.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  or  goat  dressed  or 
prepared  and  rendered  fit  for  writing  on 
This  is  done  by  separating  all  the  flesh 
and  hair,  rubbing  the  skin  with  pumice 
stone,  and  reducing  its  thickness  will 
sharp  instrmiient.  Vellum  is  made  of  the 
skins  of  abortive  or  very  young  calves. 

Encyc. 

PARCHMENT-MAKER,  n.  One  who 
dre.sses  skins  for  parchment. 

P'.\RD,  n.  [L.pardus;  Gr.  rtapSo;  ;  Syr. 
bardona.  The  word  signifies  spotted,  from 
Tl3  to  hail,  properly  to  scatter  or  sprinkle, 
as  with  hail.] 

The  leopard  ;  or  in  poetry,  any  spotted 
beast.  Instead  of  pard,  we  generally  use 
leopard,  the  lion-pard.  Pardate,  from  the 
Latin  pardalis,  is  not  used. 

P'ARIX^N,  v.t.  [Fr.  pardonner ;  It.  perdo- 
nare  ;  Sp.  perdonar  ;  Port,  perdoar  ;  L. 
per  and  rfo7io,  to  give  ;  per  having  the  sense 


of  the  Engli.sh  /or  in  forgive,  and  re  in  L. 
remitio,  properly  to  give  back  or  away.] 
L  To  forgive  ;  to  remit ;  as  an  offense  or 
crime.  Guilt  imphes  a  being  bound  or 
subjected  to  censure,  penalty  or  punish- 
ment. To  pardon,  is  to  give  up  this  obliga- 
tion, and  release  the  oflender.  We  apply 
the  word  to  the  crime  or  to  the  person. 
We  pardon  an  offense,  wlieii  we  remove  it 
from  the  offender  and  consider  him  as  not 
guilty  ;  wu  pardon  the  offender,  when  we 
release  or  absolve  him  from  his  liability  to 
suffer  punishment. 

1  pray  Ihee,  pardon  my  sin.      1  Sim.  \v. 

2.  To  remit,  as  a  penalty. 
1  ]>ardon  thee  thy  life  before  thou  ask  it. 

Shak. 

3.  To  excuse,  as  for  a  fault.  Dryden. 

4.  Pardon  me,  is  a  phrase  used  when  one 
asks  for  excuse,  or  makes  an  apology,  and 
it  is  often  used  in  this  sense,  when  a  per- 
son means  civilly  to  deny  or  contradict 
what  another  attirms. 

ARUON,  n.  Forgiveness;  the  release  of 
an  offense  or  of  the  obligation  of  the  of- 
fender to  suffer  a  penalty,  or  to  hear  the 
displeasure  of  the  ollended  party.  We 
seek  the  pardon  of  sins,  transgressions 
and  offenses. 

Remission  of  a  penalty.  An  amnesty  is  a 
general  pardon. 

■i.  Forgiveness  received.  South. 

P^ARUONABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pardon- 
ed ;  applied  to  persons.  The  offender  is 
pardonable. 

2.  Venial ;  excusable  ;  that  may  be  forgiven, 
overlooked  or  passed  by  ;  applied  to 
things ;    as  a  pardonable  offense. 

P'ARbONABLENESS,  n.  The  iiuality  of 
being  pardonable;  venialness;  suscepti- 
bility of  forgiveness  ;  as  lUe  pardonabltness 
ofsin.  Hall. 

P'ARDONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  admit- 
ting of  pardon  ;  venially  ;  excusably. 

Dryden. 

P'ARDONED,  pp.  Forgiven  ;  excused. 

P-ARUONER,  n.  One  that  forgives  ;  one 
that  absolves  an  offender. 

2.  One  that  sells  the  pope's  indulgences. 

Cotcell. 

PWRDONING,  ppr.  Forgiving;  remitting 
an  offense  or  crime ;  absolving  from  pun- 
ishment. 

PARE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ;>arer;  Arm.  para,  to  dress, 
to  trim,  to  parry  or  ward  oft,  to  stop  ;  Sp. 
Port,  parar,  to  parry,  lu  stop,  to  prepare  ; 
Port,  aparar,  to  pare,  and  to  parry  ;  L.  parn ; 
W'.par,  a  state  of  readiness,  also  upair ;  pa- 
ra,to  continue,  to  persevere,  to  last,  to  en- 
dure ;  Fr.  purer  des  cuirs,  lo  dress  or  curry 
lether  ;  parer  le  pied  d'un  cheval,  to  pare  a 


horse's  foot  or  hoof;  Pers. 


o   - 


ridan,  to  pare  or  cut  off;  [qu. 


Gr.  Jtifpof, 


lame  ;  rtjjpou,  to  mutilate  ;]  Ar.  \  y  j  to  be 

free,  to  free,  liberate  or  absolve,  to  dis- 
miss, to  remit,  to  create  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Sam.  NID  to  create  ;  Heb.  Ch.  id.  to  cut 
oft'  The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or 
drive,  hence  to  drive  iff",  to  separate,  to 
stop  by  setting  or  repelling,  as  in  parry,  or 
to  drive  off  or  out,  as  in  separatina  or 
producing.  In  Portugue.se  and  Welsh, 
it  has  the  sense  of  stretching,  extending. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


and  the  Welsh  unites  par,  equal,  a  pair, 
witli  the  root  of  this  wonl  ;  par,  a  pair, 
what  is  continued  to  or  contiguous.  See 
•\12  and  N13.  Class  Br.  No.  G.  7.  8.  and  10.] 

1.  To  cut  ott"  as  the  superficial  substance  or 
e.xirpmities  of  a  thing  ;  to  shave  off  with 
a  sliarp  instrument;  as,  to  pare  an  apple 
or  an  orange ;  to  pare  the  nails  ;  to  pare 
a  horse's  hoof;  to  pare  land  in  agricul 
ture. 

2.  To  diminish  by  little  and  little. 

The  king  began  to  pare  a  little  the  privilege 
of  clergy.  Bacon. 

Wiicn  pure  is  followed  by  the  thing  dimin 
ished,  the  noun  is  in  the  objective  case ; 
as,  Xo pare  the  nails.    Wlien  the  tiling  sep 
arated  is  the  object,  pare  is  followed  by 
off  or  away ;  as,  to^arco^the  rind  of  fruit; 
to  pare  away  redundances. 

PA'RED,  jip'.  Freed  from  any  thing  super- 
fluous on  the  surface  or  at  the  extremi- 
ties. 

PAREGOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtapjjyoptxoj,  from 
rtapjyyojjfu,  to  mitigate.] 

Mitigating  ;  assuaging  pain  ;  as  paregoric 
eli.xir. 

PAREGOR'Ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  miti- 
gates pain  ;  an  anodyne.  Encyc. 

PAREL'C'OiV,  n.  [Gr.  rtaptTixu,  to  draw 
out.] 

In  grammar,  the  addition  of  a  word  or  sylla- 
ble to  the  end  of  another.  Encyc. 

PAREMBOLE,  n.  parem'boly.  [Gr.  rtapj^u- 
So?.);,  insertion.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  insertion  of  something  relat- 
ing to  the  subject  in  the  middle  of  a  peri- 
od. It  differs  from  the  parenthesis  only  in 
this;  the  parembole  relates  to  the  subject, 
the  parenthesis  is  foreign  from  it. 

Encyc.     Vossius. 

PAREN'€IIYMA,  ?i.  [Gr.  rcapiyxvua,  from 
rtapfyjti""!  to  suffuse.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  solid  and  interior  part  of 
the  viscera,  or  the  sidistance  contained  in 
the  interstices  between  the  blood  vessels 
of  the  viscera ;  a  spungy  substance. 

Coxe.    Encyc. 

Parenchyma  is  the  substance  or  basis  of 

the  glands.  Cyc. 

2.  In  botany,  the  pith  or  pulp  of  plants. 

Encyc. 
PARENCHYM  ATOUS,  ?  [See      the 

PARENeHYMOUS,        S  Noun.] 

Pertaining  to  parenchyma  ;  spungy  ;  soft  ; 
porous.  Greio.     Cheyne 

PAREN'ESIS,    n.  [Gr.  rtapai«ait  ;  rtapaiKu), 

to  exhort.] 
Persuasion ;  exhortation.     [Little  used.~\ 

Did. 

PARENET'IC,        \      Hortatory ;  enconr- 

PARENET'I€AL,  ^      aging.  Potter. 

PA 'RENT,  n.  [h.  parens,  i'rom  pario,  to  pro 

ducc  or  bring  forth.  The  regular  (larticiple 

of  pario  is pariens,  and  parens  is  the  regular 

participle  of  pareo,  to  appear.     But    both 

verbs  probably  belong  to  one  family  ;  Eth 

<t4r  fari  or  feri,  to  bear.  Class  Br.  No. 
3.i.  rich,  ma  farah,  id.  No.  .33.] 
I.  A  father  or  niither;  he  or  she  that  pro- 
duces young.  The  duties  of  parents  to 
their  iliildrtii  are  to  maintain,  protect  ami 
educate  them. 


Vihf-W  parents  are  wantin" 
dren  are  wanting  in  duty. 


in  authority,  cliil- 
Jlmes 


2.  That   which   produces;  cause  ;   sourc 
Idleness  is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Regular  industry  is  the  parent  of  sobriety. 

Channinff. : 

PAR'ENTAgE,  n.  [Fr.]  Extraction;  birth;! 
condition  with  respect  to  the  rank  of  pa- 
rents ;  as  a  man  of  mean  parentage  ;  a 
gentleman  of  noble  ^jarenteg'e.  Shak. 

PARENT' AL,  a.  [It.  pare7itale.]  Pertainihg 
to  parents  ;  as  parental  government. 

2.  Becoming  parents  ;  tender  ;  affectionate  ; 
as  parental  care  or  solicitude. 

PARENTA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  parento.] 
Something  done  or  said  in  honor  of  the 
dead.  Potter.     Johnson. 

PAREN'THESIS,  n.  [Gr.  rtaptrSf^s  ;  rtopa 
and  evn9r;iii,  to  insert.] 

A  sentence,  or  certain  words  inserted  in  a 
sentence,  which  interrupt  the  sense  or 
natural  connection  of  words,  hut  serve  to 
explain  or  qualify  the  sense  of  the  prin- 
cipal sentence.  The  parenthesis  is  usual- 
ly included  in  hooks  or  curved  lines, 
thus,  (). 

These  officers,  whom  they  still  call  bishops, 
are  to  be  elected  to  a  pro\ision  comparatively 
mean,  through  the  same  arts,  (thai  is,  election- 
eering arts,)  by  men  of  all  religious  tenets  thai 
are  known  or  can  be  invented.  Burke. 

Do  not  sutler  every  occasional  thought  toj 
carry  you  away  into  a  long  parenthesis. 

Watts. 

PARENTHETT€,        ?       Pertaining   to  a 

PARENTHETICAL,  S  parenthesis;  ex- 
pressed in  a  parenthesis.  Hales. 

2.  Using  parentheses. 

PARENT'ICIDE,  n.  [L.  parens  and  cado.] 
One  who  kills  a  parent.  Bailey. 

PA'RENTLESS,  a.  Deprived  of  parents. 

PA'RER,  ?!.  [from;;are.]  He  or  tliat  which 
pares ;  an  instrument  for  paring. 

Tasscr. 

PAR'ERtiY,  n.  [Gr.  rtapa,  beyond,  and  ifiyoi; 
work.] 

Something  unimportant,  or  done  by  the  by. 
[jYot  used.]  Brown. 

P'ARGASITE,  n.  [from  the  isle  Pargas,  in 
Finland.] 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  bluish  green,  in 
rounded  grains,  with  a  dull,  dun  surface, 
rarely  bright;  or  in  crystals  in  carbonate 
of  lime,  in  little  plates  mixed  with  lamel- 
lar mica ;  a  variety  of  actinolite.  Did. 

P'AROET,  (1.  [Sp.parche,  a  plaster;  empar- 
char,  to  plaster.  Qu.]  Gypsum  or  plaster 
stone.  Encyc. 

2.  Plaster  laid  on  roofs  or  walls.        Spenser. 

3.  Paint.  Drayton. 

Parget  is  applied  to  the  several  kinds  of  gyp- 
sum, which  when  slightly  calcined,  is  call- 
ed plaster  »/'  Paris,  and  is  used  in  casting 
statues,  in  stucco  for  floors,  cielings,  &r. 

Cyc. 

PAR  GET,  r.  t.  To  plaster  walls. 

2.  To  paint  ;  to  cover  with  paint. 

B.  Jonson. 

P'ARgETED,  pp.  Plastered;  stucco(ul. 

P>AR(>ETER,  n.  A  plasterer. 

P'ARtiETING,  ppr.  Plastering;  as  a  noun, 
plaster  or  stucco. 

PARHE'LION,  n.  [Gr.  «apa,  near,  and 
);/.i05.  the  sun.] 

A  mock  sun  or  meteor,  appearing  in  the 
form  of  a  liriirht  light  near  the  sun  ;  -some- 
times tiiigtil  uiih  colors  like  the  rainbow, 
with  a  luminous  train. 


PA'RIAL,  } 

PAIR-ROYAL,  S  " 


Three  of  a  sort  iti  cer- 
tain games  of  cards. 

Batler- 
PA'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to   Paros,  an  isle 

in  the  Egean  sea  ;  as  Parian  marble. 
Parian  chronicle,  a  chronicle  of  the  city  of 
Athens,  engraven  on  marble  in  capital  let- 
ters in  the  isle  of  Paros.  It  contains  a 
chronological  account  of  events  from  Ce- 
crops,  1582  years  before  Christ,  to  the  ar- 
chonsliip  of  Diognetus,  264  years  before 
that  era;  but  the  chronicle  of  the  last  W 
years  is  lost.  This  marble  was  procured 
from  Asia  Minor  in  1627,  by  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  and  being  broken,  the  pieces  are 
called  Arundelian  marbles.  They  are  now 
deposited  in  the  university  of  Oxford. 
The  antiquity  of  the  inscription  has  been 
disputed.  Cyc.     Encyc. 

PARIE'TAL,  a.  [from  L.  paries,  a  wall, 
properly  a  partition  wall,  from  the  root  of 
part  or  ^arc]  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 
2.  Tlie  parietal  bones  form  the  sides  and 
upper  part  of  the  skull.  They  are  so  call- 
ed because  they  defend  the  brain  like 
walls.  Parr. 

PARI'ETARY,  n.  [Fr.  parietaire,  from  L. 

paries,  a  wall.] 
A  plant,  the  pellitory  of  the  wall,  of  the  ge- 
nus Parietaria. 
PAR'IETINE,  )i.  [L.  ;janM,  wall.]  Apiece 
of  a  wall.     [.Vot  used.]  Burton. 

PA'RL\(j,  ppr.  Cutting  or  shaving  off  the 

extremities. 
P.\'R1NG,  n.  That  which  is  pared  off;  rind 
sejiarated  from  fruit ;  a  piece  clipped  off. 

Mortimer.     Pope. 
The  act  or  ))ractice  of  cutting  off  the  sur- 
face of  grass  land,  for  tillage. 
PAR'IS,  n.  A  plant,  herb  Paris  or  true-love, 
or  rather  a  genus  of  plants  of  one  species. 

Encyc. 
PAR'ISH,  n.  [Fr.  paroisse ;  It.  parrocchia; 
Sp.  parroquia  ;  Arm.  parres  ;  Ir.  parraiMe  ; 
usually  deduceil  from  the  Low  L.  paro- 
chia,  Gr.  nofoixM,  a  dwelhng  or  near  res- 
idence ;  rtapa,  near,  and  otxos,  house,  or 
otxfco,  to  dwell ;  or  more  probably  from 
the  Greek  rtapo;^)j,  a  salary  or  largess,  an 
allowance  for  support,  from  xa.fitx'^,  to  af^ 
ford,  yield  or  supply,  whence  L.  parocha, 
entertainment  given  to  embassadors  at 
the  public  expense  ;  whence  It.  parrocchii. 
\l' parish  IS  10  be  deduced  from  either  of 
these  sources,  it  is  probably  from  the 
latter,  and  parish  is  equivalent  to  bene- 
fice, living,  as  prebend,  from  L.  prcebeo. 
In  German,  pfarre  signifies  a  benefice  or 
|>arish;  pfarrer  or  pfarrheir,  a  parson,  the 
lord  of  a  living  or  parish,  au<l  this  is  evi- 
dently from  the  same  root  as  parson.  I 
know  nut  thetu'igiu  of  pfarre,  but  it  coiu- 
ci<les  in  elements  with  the  W.  pari,  to 
graze,  Corn,  peuri,  L.  voro,  Gr.  (?opo. 
The  Italian  aiul  Spanish  words  arc  un- 
diiublcdly  tVom  the  Latin  and  Greek,  and 
the  Freiuh  paroisse  nuiy  be  from  the  same 
source.] 

Tiie  precinct  or  territorial  jnris<liction  of 
a  secular  juicst,  or  the  precinct,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  belong  to  the  same 
church. 

,  In  some  of  the  American  states,  p^m/i  is 
an  ecclesiastical  society  not  liouiided  by 
territorial  limits  ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  at 


PAR 


P  A  R 


PAR 


town  belonging  to  one  churcli,  though  re 
siding  piuniiscuou.sly  among  the  people 
belonging  to  another  church,  are  called 
a  parish.  Tliis  is  particularly  the  case  in 
Ma.ssacliusett.s.  In  Connecticut,  the  legal 
appellation  ot' such  a  society  is  ecclesias- 
tical society. 
PAR'ISII,  a.  Belonging  to  a  parish;  having 
the  spiritual  charge  of  the  inhabitants  be- 
longing to  the  same  church  ;  as  a  parish 
priest.  Dryden. 

2.  Belonging  to  a  parish ;  as  aparisk  church  ; 
parish  records. 

3.  JMaintuinetl  by  the  parish  ;  asparish  poor. 

Gay 
PAKISH'IONER,  n.  One  that  belongs  to  a 
parisii.  Addison, 

PARISVLLABIG,        )        [L.   par,    equa 
PARISYl.LAB'iCAL,  S  "'  and  si/ll^iha,  syl- 
lable.]    Having  ecpial  or  like  syllables. 
PAR'ITOK,  n.  [lor  apparitor.]    A    lieadle 
a  suinnioMcr  ol'the  courts  of  civil  law. 

Dryden. 
PAR'ITY,  >!.   [Fr.   pa  rite ;  It.  parila  ;  from 
L.   par,  equal.     See   Pair   and  Peer.] 

1.  K(pialily  ;  a> /);tn7^  of  reason.  South 

2.  Eipiality  ;  hUe  stale  or  degree  ;  as  a  pari- 
ty (d  orders  or  persons. 

P^AliK,  II.  [Sax.  parruc,  pearruc ;  Scot. 
parrol; ;  VV.  pare;  Vr.id.;  It.  parco  ;  Sp. 
parijUf.  ;  Ir.  paire ;  G.  Sw.  park;  U.  perk. 
It  may  be  iVoni  llie  mot  dI' bar,  but  it  coin 
cides  ill  elements  witli  L.  parous,  saving 
and  the  Teutonic  brrgen,  to  keep. J 

A  h.rge  piece  of  ground  inclosed  and  i)rivi 
leged  I'or  wild  lieusts  of  chase,  in  England 
by  the  king's  griuit  or  by  prescription. 
To  constitute  a  park,  three  things  arc  re- 
quired ,  a  royal  :;raiit  or  license ;  incio 
sure  by  pales,  a  wall  or  hedge  ;  and  beasts 
of  clia.-r,  as  deer,  &.c.  Kncyc. 

Park  of  artillery,  or  artillery  park,  a  place  in 
the  rear  of  hotli  lines  of  an  army  for  en- 
camping the  artillery,  which  is  formed  in 
lines,  the  guns  in  fmnt,  the  amnuinition- 
wagons  behind  the  guns,  and  the  pon- 
toons and  tumbrils  forming  tlii^  third  line 
The  whole  IS  .surrounded  with  a  ro|)e. 
The  gunners  and  inanosses  oncanqt  on 
the  flanks;  the  bombardier.s,  pontoon-men 
and  artificers  in  the  rear.  Encyc. 

Also,  the  whole  train  of  artillery  belong- 
ing to  an  army  or  division  of  troops. 

Park  of  provisions,  the  place  where  the  sut- 
lers pitch  their  tents  and  sell  provisions, 
and  that  where  the  bread  wagons  are  sta- 
tioned. 

PWRK,  V.  t.  To  inclose  in  a  park.        Shak. 

P^ARKER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  park. 

P'ARKLEAVES,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypericum.  Ainswortli.     Lee. 

P'ARLANCE,  n.  [Norm,  from  Fr.  parler, 
to  speak ;  part,  parlanf,  It.  parlante.] 
Conversation  ;  discourse  ;  talk. 

Woodeson. 

PARLE,  n.  p^aii.  Conversation ;  talk  ;  oral: 
treatv  or  discussion.  [Ao/  used.]  [See 
Parley.]  ShaV 

P'ARLEY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  parler.  It.  parlare\ 
Sp.  pnrlar,  W.  parliaw,  to  speak ;  Ir.j 
berirla,  langiiagp,  from  bearadh  m-  beirim,' 
to  speak,  to  lull,  relate,  narrate,  to  hear,  to! 
carry  ;  Goth,  hairan.  Sax.  bwran,  to  bear, 
h.fero,  or  pario.  So  we  have  report,  from 
L.  porto.]  I 


III  a  general  sense,  to  speak  with  another  ;  to 
discourse ;  but  appropriately,  to  conferi 
with  on  some  point  of  mutual  concern;  to' 
discuss  orally  ;  hence,  to  confer  with  an 
enemy ;  to  treat  with  by  words ;  as  on  an 
exchange  of  prisoners,  on  a  cessation  of^ 
arms,  or  the  subject  of  peace. 

Knotles.     Broome. 

P'ARLEY,  n.  Mutual  discourse  or  conver- 
sation ;  discussion  ;  but  appropriately,  a 
cont'erence  with  an  enemy  in  war. 

Wc  yield  on  par/ey,  but  are  storm'd  in  vain. 

J>ryden. 

To  beat  a  parley,  in  military  language,  to! 
beat  adrmn  or  sound  a  trumpet,  as  a  sig-[ 
nal  for  holding  a  conference  with  the  en-j 
cmv.  ■ 

PARLIAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  parlement ;  Sp.It.- 
I'ort.  parlainento  ;  Arm.  parlamand  ;  (^om-; 
posed  of  Fr.  parler,  Sji.  parlar,  to  speak, 
and  the  termination  iiient,  as  in  complc- 
JKCH<,  &c.  noting  state.  See  Parley.]  Lit-' 
erally,  a  speaking,  conference,  mutual  dis-| 
course  or  consultation  ;  hence,  j 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  grand  a.ssembly  of 
the  three  estates,  the  lords  spiritual,  lords' 
temporal,  an<l  the  (commons ;  tlio  general 
council  of  the  nation  constituting  the  legis-, 
lature,  summoned  by  the  king's  authority 
to  consult  on  the  afl'airs  of  the  nation,  and 
to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarily,  tlie_ 
king  may  bo  considered  as  a  constituent 
branch  of  parliament  ;  but  the  word  is  gen- 
erally used  to  denot<'  the  three  estates 
above  named,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
branches,  the  house  of  lords  and  house  of 
cominons.  ! 

The  word  parliament  was  introduced 
into  England  under  the  Norman  kings. 
The  supremo  council  of  the  nation  was, 
called  umler  the  Saxon  kings,  wittenage-\ 
mote,  the  meeting  of  wise  men  or  sages,     j 

2.  The  supreme  council  of  Sweden,  con-; 
sisting  of  four  estates  ;  the  nobility  ami, 
representatives  of  the  gentry;  the  clergy, 
one  of  which  body  is  elected  from  every! 
rural  deanery  of  ten  jiarishes ;  the  burgh- 
ers, elected  by  the  magistrates  and  coun- 
cil of  every  corporation ;  and  the  peas-! 
ants,  elected  by  persons  of  their  own  or- 
der. 

3.  In  France,  before  the  revolution,  a  conn 
cil  or  court  consisting  of  certain  noble 
men. 

PARLIAMRNTA'RIAN,  /       One  of  t 

PARLIAMENTEE'R,  S"'  who  adhered 
to  the  parliament  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

.lubre]/.' 

PARLIAMENTARIAN,  a.  Serving  tile 
parliament  in  opposition  to  king  Charles  I. 

!Vood. 

PARLIAMENTARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  par- 
liament ;  aii  parliamentarij  authority. 

i.  Enacted  or  done  by  pariianient ;  ns  a  par- 
liamentary act. 

3.  According  to  the  rules  and  usages  of  par- 
liament, or  to  the  rules  and  customs  of 
legislative  bodies. 

PWRLOR,  n.  [Fr.  parloir ;  It.  Sp.  parlato- 
rio ;  W.  parlawr ;  from  Fr.  parler,  Sp.  par- 
lar, to  speak.] 

Primarily,  the  apartment  in  a  nunnery  where 
the  nuns  are  permitted  to  meet  and  con-; 
verse  with  each  other;  hence  with  us,  the' 
room  in  a  house  which  the  family  usually 
occupy  when  they  have  no  company,  asi 


distinguished  from  a  drawing  room  in- 
tended for  the  recejjtion  of  company,  or 
from  a  dining  room,  when  a  distinct  apart- 
ment is  allotted  for  that  purpose.  In  most 
houses,  the  parlor  is  also  the  dining  room. 

P'ARLOUS,  a.  [from  Fr.  parler,  to  speak.] 
Keen  ;  .sjirightly  ;  waggish.     [.Yot  used.] 

Dryden. 

PARO  flllAL,  rt.  [from  L. /)«roc/iia.]  Be- 
longing to  a  parish;  as  parochial  clergy; 
parochial  duties.  Jltterbury. 

PAROCHIALITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
parochial.  Mariot. 

PARO'€IilAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  jiarisb. 

Bacon. 

[supra.]    A  parishioner. 

Burshleti. 

PAROD'IC,        \  ^    [See  Parody.]  Copvinp 

PAROD'l€AL,  \  "■  after  the  manner"  of 
I'arody.  ICarton. 

PAR'ODY,  n.  [Fr.  parodie ;  Gr.  xap^lna: 
ftcuia  and  w^r,  ode.] 


PARO'CHIAN,  n. 


1.  A  kind  of  wriling  in  which  the  wordsof  an 
author  or  bis  thoughts  are,  by  some  slight 
alterations,  adapted  to  adifterent  purpose; 
a  kind  of  poetical  pleasantry,  in  which 
verses  written  on  one  subject,  are  altered 
and  applied  to  another  by  way  of  biir- 
les(|ue.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

'i.  A  popular  maxim,  adage  or  jiroverb. 

Encyc. 

PAR  ODY,  V.  I.  To  alter,  as  verses  or 
words,  and  apply  to  a  purpose  ditierent 
from  that  of  the  original. 

1  liavc  translated,  or  ratlier  parodied  a  poem 
of  Horace.  Pope. 

PAROL,       }^  [W.  parjil;  It.    parola;  Fr. 

PARO'LE,  ^  'parole,  liom  parler,  to  sjieak  ; 
or  contracted  fioin  L.  parabola.] 

1.  Priq)erly,  a  word  ;  hence,  in  a  legal  sense, 
words  or  oral  declaration  ;  word  of 
mouth.  Formerly,  conveyances  were 
made  by  parol  or  word  of  mouth  only. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Pleadings  in  a  suit ;  as  anciently  all  plead- 
ings were  riva  voce  or  ore  tcnus. 

The  parol  may  (ieinur.  Blackstone. 

PAROL,       )       Given  byword  of  moulh  ; 
P.^RO'LE,  ^    ■  oral;  not  written ;  as  parol 
evidence.  Blackstone. 

[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  pa- 
role, in  uniformity  with  the  following, 
there  being  no  good  reason  for  a  distinc- 
tion.] 
One  ofthose!iPARO'LE,  Ji.  [See  Puro?.]  Word  of  month. 
In  military  affairs,  a  promise  given  h\  a 
prisoner  of  war,  when  he  has  leave  to  de- 
part from  custody,  that  lu;  will  return  at 
the  time  ap|)oiiitcd,  unless  discharged.  .\ 
parole  is  properly  a  verbal  or  unwritten 
jiroinise,  but  I  believe  it  is  customary  to 
take  a  promise  in  writing. 
A  word  given  out  every  day  in  orders  by 
a  commanding  officer,  in  camp  or  garri- 
son, by  which  fricmls  may  be  distinguish- 
ed from  enemies.  Enci/c. 
PARONOMASIA,^  [from  Gr.  napa- 
PARONOIM  ASY,   S       •o.u,.u,  to  transgress 

law  or  rule.] 

A  rhetorical  figure,  by  which  words  nearly 

alike  in  sound,  but  of  difii;rent  meanings, 

are  affectedly  or  designedly  u.sed  ;   a    play 

iijion  words  :  a  pun.     [See  Pii;i.]      Encyc. 

PAROXOMAS'TIe,        (       Pertaining    to 

PAROi\OMAS'Tl€AL,  \  "'     paronomasy ; 

consisting  in  a  play  upon  words.        More. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARONYCH'IA,  Ji.  [Gr.  ?<apun);i;ia ;  J<apa, 
by,  and  oi-nS,  the  nail.]  In  surgery,  a  whit- 
low or  felon.  Encyc.i 

PARON'YMOUS,  n.  [Gr.  Ttafii^vv/tor,  tap"^ 
and  wo/ia.,  name.]  Resembling  another 
word.  If^'atts. 

PAR'OQUl^T,  }       A  small  species  of  par- 

PAR'f)KET,    S"'  rot.  Grew. 

[Ml 're  properly  perroquet,  whicli  see.] 

PAROT'ID,  a.  [Gr.  rtapa,  near,  and  o%i{,  ura, 
ear.] 

Pertaining  to  or  denoting  certain  glands  be- 
low and  before  the  ears,  or  near  the  ar- 
ticulation of  the  lower  jaw.  The  parotid 
glands  secrete  a  portion  of  the  saliva. 

Parr.     Coxe.     Grew. 

PARO'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Ttapuns.    See  Parotid.] 

1.  The  parotid  gland;  a  secreting  salivary 
conglomerate  gland  below  and  before  the 
car.  P<"'r. 

2.  An  inflammation  or  abscess  of  the  parotid 
gland.  Qidnci) 

PAR'OXYSM,  Ji.  [Gr.  jtapoSvfffioj,  from  nap- 
o^mu,  to  excite  or  sharpen  ;  rtopa  and  o|v5 
sharp.] 

An  exasperation  or  exacerbation  of  a  dis- 
ease ;  a  tit  of  higlier  excitement  or  vio- 
lence in  a  disease  that  has  remissions  oi 
intermissions;  as  the  paroxysm  of  a  fever 
or  gout.  Encyc. 

PARtJXYS'MAL,  n.  Pertaining  to  parox- 
ysm ;  as  a  paroxysmal  disposition. 

Jlsirit.  Res 

PAR'REL,  n.  [Port.  a;)areZAo,  from  npnrcl- 
har,  to  prepare  ;  Sp.  aparejo,  tackle  anil 
rigging,  Ironi  npnrtjur,  to  prepare,  L.  pa-^ 
ro.     It  coincides  with  apparel,  which  see.jj 

Among  seamen,  an  apparatus  or  frame  ttiade 
of  ropes,  trucks  an<l  ribs,  so  contrived  asj 
to  go  round  the  mast,  and  being  fastened 
at  both  ends  to  a  yard,  serves  to  hoist  it. 

Eitcyc. 

PARRICI'DAL,       ?  [See      Parricide.] 

PARRICiniOl'S,  S  Pertaining  to  par- 
ricide ;  containing  the  crime  of  nuirdering 
a  parent  or  child. 

2.  Committing  parricide. 

PARRICIDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  paricida, 
fron\  pater,  father,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.] 

1.  A  person  who  murders  his  father  or 
mother. 

2.  One  who  murders  an  ancestor,  or  anyonel 
to  whom  he  owes  reverence.  Blackstone! 
applies  the  word  to  one  who  kills  his 
child.  j 

3.  The  murder  of  a  parent  or  one  to  whom 
reverence  is  due.  Bacon.: 

4.  One  who  invades  or  destroys  any  to| 
whom  he  owes  particular  reverence,  asl 
his  country  or  patron. 

PAR'RIED,  pp.  [See  Parry.]   Warded  off; 

driven  aside.  Johnson. 

PAR' ROT,  n.  [supposed  to  be  contracted 

from  Fr.  perroqvel.] 

1.  The,name  of  fowls  of  the  gemis  Psittacus, 
of  nmnerous  species.  The  bill  is  ho(ike(" 
and  the  npjier  mandible   movable.     The 

«  hooked  bill  of  the  parrot  is  used  in  climb 
ing.  These  fowls  are  found  almost  every 
where  in  tro|)ical  climates.  They  breed 
in  hollow  trees  and  subsist  on  fruits  am 
seeds.  They  are  also  reniarkabU'  fir  the 
faculty  of  making  imlislinct  articulation.- 
of  words  in  imilarion  of  llie  human  voice. 

2.  A  fish  found  among  the  Uahama  isles,  es- 


teemed to  be  delicate  food  and  remarkable} 
for  the  richness  of  its  colors.  Pennant.', 

PAR'RY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  parer ;  It.  parnre,  to' 
adorn,  to  parry  ;  Sp.  parar,  to  stop  ;  Port.' 
id.  to  stop,  to  parry ;  from  tlie  root  of 
jiare,  to  cut  off,  to  se|)arate.  See  Pare.]       | 

1.  In  fencing,  to  ward  off;  to  stop  or  to  put, 
or  turn  by  ;  as,  to  parry  a  thrust.  i 

2.  To  ward  off;  to  turn  aside  ;  to  prevent  aj 
blow  from  taking  effect. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  shift  off. 
The  French  government  \iZ3parried  the  pay- 
ment of  our  claims.  E.  Everett. 

PARRY,  V.  i.  To  ward  off;  to  put  by 
thrusts  or  strokes  ;  to  fence.  Locke. 

PAR'RYING,  ppr.  Warding  off,  as  a  thrust 
or  blow. 

PARSE,  V.  t.  p'ars.  [from  L.  pars,  part,  or 
one  of  the  Sheniitic  roots,  013  to  divide,  or 
ty\3  to  spread.] 

In  grammar,  to  resolve  a  sentence  into  its 
elements,  or  to  show  the  several  parts  ofj 
speech  composing  a  sentence,  and  their 
relation  to  each  other  by  government  or 
agreement. 

PARSIMO'NIOUS,  a.  [See  Parsimony.^ 
Sparing  in  the  use  or  expenditure  of 
money;  covetous;  near;  close.  It  differs 
from  frugal,  in  implying  more  closeness  or 
narrowness  of  miiul,  or  an  attachment  to 
property  somewhat  excessive,  or  a  dispo- 
sition to  spend  less  money  than  is  neces- 
sary or  honorable. 

Extraordinary  funds  for  one  campaign   may 

sparu  us  llie  expense  of  many  years  ;  whereas 

a  lon^ parsimonious  war  will  drain  us  of  moie 

men  and  money.  Addison. 

[It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good  sense  for 

frugal] 

PARSIMONIOUSLY,   adv.    With  a   very 

sparin_f  use  of  money  ;  covetously. 
PARSIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  A  very  spar- 
ing use  of  money,  or  a  disposition  to  save 
expense. 
P'ARSIMONY,   n.    [L.    pnrsimonia,    from 
parous,    saving,    literally    close.       Parens 
seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  the  G.  D.  te, 
gen,  Sax.  beorgan,  to  save  or  keep,  Eng. 
park.     So  in  Russ.  beregu  is  to   keep  or 
save,    whence     berejlivei,     parsimonious. i 
And   this  seems  to  be  the   root  of  burg,  a 
borough,  originally  a  fortified  hill  or  cas- 

Closeness  or  sparingness  m  the  use  or  ex- 
penditure of  money  ;  sometimes  used  per- 
liaps  in  a  good  sense,  implying  due  or  jus- 
titiable  caution  in  expenditure,  in  which 
sense  it  differs  little  from  frugality  and 
economy.  More  generally,  it  denotes  an  ex- 
cessive caution  or  closeness ;  in  which 
case,  it  is  allied  to  covetousness,  but  it  im- 
plies less  meanness  than  7nggardliness. 
It  generally  implies  some  want  of  honora- 
ble liberality. 

The  ways  to  enrich  are  many ;  parsimony  is 
one  of  the  best,  and  yet  is  not  innocent,  for  it 
withholdeth  men  from  works  of  liberality. 

Bacon 


A  plant  of  the  genns  Apium.     The  leaves  of 

parsley  are  used  in  cookery,  and  the  root 

is  an  aperient  medicine. 
P'ARSNEP,  n.    [The  last  syllable  of  this 

word  is  the  Sax.  nrepe,   L.   napus,   which 

occurs  also  in  turnep.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca.     The  root  of 

the  garden  parsnep  is  deemed  a  valuable 

esculent. 
PARSON,  n.  p''arsn.  [G.  pfarrherr,  pfaner, 

lord  of  the  pfarre,  beuetice   or   living.     I 

know  not  from  what  root  pfarre  is  derived. 

See  Pari.ih.] 

1.  The  priest  of  a  parish  or  ecclesiastical  so- 
ciety ;  the  rector  or  incumbent  of  a  par- 
ish, who  has  the  parochial  charge  or  cure 
of  souls.  It  is  used  in  this  sense  by  all  de- 
nominations of  christians  ;  but  among  in- 
dependents or  congregationalists  it  is 
merely  a  collo(]uial  word. 

2.  A  clergyman;  a  man  that  is  in  orders  or 
has  been  licensed  to  preach.  .STinr*. 

P'ARStJNAGE,  n.  In  America,  the  glebe 
j  and  house  belonging  to  a  parish  or  eccle- 
siastical society,  and  appropriated  to  the 
[  maintenance  of  the  incumbent  or  settled 
j     pastor  of  a  church. 

3.  In  England,  the  benefice  of  a  parish,  or 
the  house  appropriated  to  the  residence  of 
the  incnndjent.  Addison.     Gray. 

Parsonically,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  au- 
thorized word. 

P'ART,  n.  [L.  pars,  partis:  Fr.  part  ;  Sp.  It. 
parte  ;  \V.  purth  :  from  TS,  nr  DID,  orXIS, 
which  in  the  Shemitic  languages  signify 
to  separate,  to  break.] 

1.  A  portion,  piece  or  fragment  separated 
from  a  whole  thing  ;  as,  to  divide  an  or- 
ange into  five  parts. 

2.  A  |)ortion  or  quantity  of  a  thing  not  sepa- 
rated in  fact,  but  considered  or  mentioned 
by  itself  In  what  part  of  England  is  Ox- 
ford situated  ?  So  we  say,  the  i\\)\ier  part 
or  lower  part,  the  fore  part,  a  remote  joari, 
a  small  part,  or  a  great  part. 

I  lie  people  stood  at  the  nether  part   of  the 
mount.     Ex.  xix. 

3.  A  portion  of  number,  separated  or  con- 
sidered by  itself;  as  apart  of  the  nation  or 
congregation. 

4.  A  portion  or  component  particle;  as  the 
component  parts  of  a  fossil  or  metal. 

t).  A  portion  of  man  ;  astlie  maleri.-ilyja;-/ or 
body,  or  the  intellectual   part,   the  soul  or 
understanding;    the  perishable /)uW  ;  the 
immortal  y'ar(. 
G.  A  member. 

All  the  parts  were  formed   in  his  mind  into 
one  harmonious  body.  Locke. 

7.    Particular  division  ;    distinct  species   or 


P>ARSLEY,  n.  [Fr.  persil;  Sp.  pereril:^ 
Port,  perrexil :  It.  petroselino,  corrupted  to^ 
petrosemolo  ;  Sax.  peterselige  ;  G.  petersilii-  ;> 
D.  pieterstlie  ;  Sw.  persilin  ;  Dan.  ptter- 
sille,  persille  ;  Ir.  peir.iil ;  W.  perlh/s  ;  L. 
petroselinon ;  Gr.  TttTpoaAivov ;  rttrpoj,  a 
stone,  and  muvov.  parsley  ;  stone-parsley, 
a  plant  growing  among  rocks.] 


sort  belonging  to  a  whole ;  as  all  the 
parts  of  domestic  business  or  of  a  manu- 
facture. 

8.  Ingredient  in  a  mingled  mass  ;  a  portion 
in  a  compound. 

!).  That  which  falls  to  each  in  division  ; 
share  ;  as,  let  me  bear  my  part  of  the  dan- 
ger. Dryden. 

10.  Proportional  (piaiitily  ;  as  four  parts  of 
lime  with  three  of  .sand. 

11.  Share;  concern;  interest. 

Sheba  said,  we   have    no  part   in  David.     2 
Sam.  XX. 

12.  Side ;  party  ;  interest  ;  faction. 

.\nd  make  whole  kingdoms  take  her  brotherV 
part.  Waller. 


PAR 


1*  A  R 


PAR 


13.  Something  relating  or  belonging  to ; 
that  wliich  concerns ;  as  for  your  pari  ; 
for  ]i\spart ;  for  her  part. 

For  mv  part,  I  have  uo  servile  end  in  my 
labor.  H^"««'- 

14.  Sharoof  labor,  action  or  influence;  [lar- 

ticular  office  or  business. 

Accuse  not  iialiire,  she  hath  doue  her  pert. 
Do  tlioTi  but  thine.  Mtton. 

15.  Character  aiipropriateil  in  a  play.  The 
parts  of  the  comedy  were  judiciously  cast 
and  admirably  performed. 

16.  Action  ;  conduct.  Shak. 

17.  In  matliemalics,  such  a  portion  of  any 
quantity,  as  when  taken  a  certain  num- 
ber of  times,  will  exactly  make  that  quan- 
tity. Thus  :l  is  apart  of  12.  It  is  the  op- 
posite of  multiple. 

Parts,  in  the  plural,  qualities  ;  powers  ; 
faculties ;  accomplishment^;. 

Such  lioenlious  parts  tciul  lur  tlic  most  part 
to  the  hurt  of  the  English—  Spniser 

Parts,  ai)plied  to  place,  signifies  quarters 
regions,  districts. 

When  he  had  gone  over  those  ;)ar(s,  and  had 
given  tliem  much  exhortation,  he  came  into 
Greece.     Acts  xx. 

All  parts  resound  with  tumults,  plaints  and 
fears.  Dryden. 

In  general,  parts  is  used  for  excellent  or 
superior  endowments,  or  more  than  ordi- 
nary talents.  This  is  what  we  under- 
stand by  the  phrase,  a  man  of  parts. 
In  good  part,  as  well  done;  favorably;  ac- 
ceptably ;  in  a  friendly  manner  ;  not  in 
displeasin-e. 

God  acceptcth   it  in  gnod  part   at  the  liands 

of  faithful  man.  Honlier. 

In   ill  part,   as  ill  done ;  unfavorably ;  with 

displeasure. 
For  the  viost  part,  cominoidy ;  oftener  than 
otherwise.  Ha/tin. 

In  part,  in  some  degree  or  extent  ;  partly 
Logical  part,  among   schnolnieii,  a  division 
of  some  universal  as  its  whole  ;  in  which 
sense,  species  are  parts  of  a  genus,  and  in- 
dividuals are  parts  of  a  species.         Encyc. 
Physical  parts,  are  of  two  kinds,  homogen- 
eous and  heterogeneous  ;    the  tirst  is  of 
the  same  denomination  ;    the  second   of 
different  ones. 
Aliquot  part,  is  a  quantity  v^'hidi  being  re- 
peateil   any   number  of   times,    becomes 
equal  to  an  integer.     Thus  G  is  an  aliquot 
part  of  24. 
Aliijuant  part,  is  a  quantity  which  being  re- 
peated  any    niunher  of   times,    becomes 
greater  or  less  than  the  w  hole,  as  5  is  an 
aliquant  part  of  17. 
Part  of  speech,  in  grammar,  a  sort  or  class  of 
words   of  a  particidar   character.     Thus 
the  noun  is  a  part   of  speech,   denoting  the 
names  of  things,  or   those  vocal  sounds 
which  usage  has  attached  to  things.    The 
verb  is  a  part  of  speech  expressing  motion, 
action  or  being. 
P>ART,    V.  t.    [L.  partio  ;  Fr.  partir  ;    W 
pnrt/iu.] 

1.  To  divide,  se|)aratc    or  break ;   to  sever 
into  two  or  more  pieces. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  to  distribute.  Acts 


3.  To  separate  or  disunite,  as  things  which 
are  near  each  other.     Ruth  i. 

4.  To  keep  asunder;  to   separate.     A  nar- 
row sea  parts  England  from  France. 


5.  To  separate,  as  combatants.     Night  part-\ 
ed  the  armies. 

6.  To  secern  ;  to  secrete, 
'ihe  liver  minds  his  own  at!dir. 
And  parts  and  strains  the  vital  juices. 

Prim-. 

7.  In  seamen's  language,  to  break ;  as,   the 
sh\\>  parted  her  cables. 

8.  To  separate  metals. 
P'ART,  V.  i.  To  be  separated,  removed  or 

detached. 

Powerful  hands  will  not  part 
Easily  from  possession  won  witli  arms. 

Milton. 

2.  To  quit  each  other. 
He   wrung    liassanio's   hand,   and   so   they 

parted.  Shuk. 

3.  To  take  or  bid  farewell.  Sunfl. 

4.  To  have  a  share. 
They  shall  part  alike.     1  Sam.  xxx. 

5.  [Fr.  partir.]  To  go  away  ;  to  depart. 
Thy  father 

Embraced  me,  parting  for  th'  Etrurian  land. 

Dryden. 

C.  To  break ;  to  be  torn  asunder.     The  ca- 
ble parted. 
To  part  with,  to  quit ;  to  resign  ;  to  lose;  to 
be  separated  from;  as,  to  part  with  near 
iriends. 

Celia,  for  thy  sake  1  part 

With  all  Uiat  grew  so  near  my  heart. 

Waller. 

PARTABLE.     [See  Partible.] 
P'ARTAgE,    71.    Division  ;  severance  ;  the 

act  of  dividing  or  sharing  ;  a  French  word. 

[LAttle  used.]  Locke. 

PARTzV'KlO,  II.  t.  pret. partook ;  pp.ynr/iiAt?!. 

\jjart  and  take.] 

1.  To  take  a  part,  portion  or  share  in  com- 
mon with  others  ;  to  have  a  share  or  part ; 
to  partici|iate  ;  usually  followed  by  (f, 
sometimes  less  properly  by  in.  AH  men 
partake  of  lin;  conmion  bounties  of  Provi- 
dence. Clodius  was  at  the  feast,  but  could 
not  partake  of  ihe  enjoyments. 
To  have  something  of  the  property,  na- 
ture, claim  or  right. 

The  attorney  ot  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  par- 
talic.i  partly  of  a  judge,  and  partly  of  an  attor- 
ney general.  Bacun 
3.  To  be  admitted  ;  uot  to  be  excluded. 

Shak. 
PARTA'KE,   v.  t   To  have  a  part  in  ;  to 
share. 

My  royal  father  lives  ; 
Let  every  one  partake  the  general  joy. 

hryden 
[This  is  probably    elliptical,   of  being 
ouiitted.] 

2.  To  admit  to  a  part.     [JVot  used.]        Shak. 
PARTAKEN,    pp.    Shared  with    others  ; 

particijiated. 
PARTA'KER,  n.  One  who  has  or  takes  a 
jiart,  share   or   portion  in  conmion  with 
others;  a  sharer;  a  participator;  usually 
followed  by  of. 

If  the  Gentiles  have  been  made  partakers  of 
their  spiritual  things —     hom.  XV. 
Sometimes  followed  by  in. 
Wish  me  partaker  in  thy  happiness — 

Shak. 
If  we  had  been  in  the  days  of  our  fathers,  we 
would  not   have  been  jiartakers   with  them  in 
the  blood  of  the  prophets.     Matt,  xxiii. 
2.  All  accomplice  ;  an  associate. 

When  thou  sawest  a  thief,  ihou  consentcdst 
with  him,  and  hast  been  partaker  with  adul- 
terers.    Ps.  I. 


PARTA'KING,  ppr.  Sharing  with  otiiers ; 

participating. 

PARTA  KING,  n.  An  associating;  combi- 
nation in  an  evil  design.  Hale. 

P'ARTED,  pp.  Separated;  divided;  sever- 
1.  Sidney. 

P'ARTER,  n.  One  that  parts  or  separates. 

PARTE1{RE,  n.  parla're.  [Fr.]  \\\  garden- 
ing, a  level  division  of  ground  furnished 
with  evergreens  anil  flowers;  sometimes 
cut  into  shell  and  scroll  work  with  alleys. 

Encyc. 

P'ARTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  jmrs ;  It.  /«ir- 
ziale.] 

1.  Biased  to  one  party  ;  inclined  to  favor 
one  party  in  a  cause,  or  one  side  of  a  ques- 
tion, more  than  the  other;  not  indilferent. 
It  is  important  to  justice  that  a  judge 
should  not  he  partial. 

Self-love  will    make   men  partial  to   thcin- 
M-lves  and  Iriends.  Loeke. 

2.  Inclined  to  favor  without  reason.  Au- 
thors are  partial  to  their  wit,  and  critics 
to  their  judgment. 

3.  Affecting  a  part  only  ;  not  general  or  uni- 
versal ;  not  total.  It  has  been  much  dis- 
puted whether  the  deluge  was  partial  or 
total. 

All  partial  evil,  universal  good.  Pvpe. 

4.  More  strongly  inclined  to  cue  thing  than 
to  others.     [Colloquial.] 

5.  in  botany,  subordinate;  applied  to  subdi- 
visions ;  as  iipurti(d  umbel  or  umbellicle  ;  a 
partial  peduncle.  A  partial  involucre  is 
placed  at  the  loot  oi'  a  partial  umbel. 

P'ARTIAIdST,  n.  One  who  is  partial. 
lUnusual.]  lip.  .\lorlon. 

PARTIALITY,  n.  parshal'ity.  Inclination 
to  favor  one  party  or  one  side  of  a  (]ues- 
tiun  more  than  the  other;  an  undue  bias 
of  mind  towards  one  party  or  side,  which 
is  apt  to  warp  the  juilguient.  Partiality 
springs  from  the  will  and  atfectinns,  rath- 
er than  from  a  love  of  truth  and  justice. 
A  stronger  inclination  to  one  thing  than 
to  others  ;  as  a  partiality  for  poetry  or 
painting;  a  colloquial  use. 

P'ARTIALIZE,  I',  t.  To  render  partial. 
Wot  used.]  Shak. 

r  ARTIALLY,  adv.  With  undue  bi.is  of 
mind  to  one  party  or  side  ;  with  unjust 
favor  or  dislike  ;  as,  to  judge  partially. 

2.  In  part;  not  totally  ;  as,  the  story  may  be 
partially  iruc ;  tin;  body  may  be  partially 
affected  with  disease  ;  the  sun  and  moon 
are  ol'len  partially  eclipsed. 

PARTI BILITY,  n.  [See  Partible.]  Sus- 
ceptibility of  division,  partitii.n  or  sever- 
ance ;  sc])arability  ;  as  the  ;)ariiii/%  of  an 
inheritance. 

PARTIBLE,  a.  [It.  partibile,  partire,  to 
part.] 

Divisible;  separable;  susceptible  of  sever- 
ance or  partition  ;  as,  an  estate  of  inherit- 
ance may  be  partible.  lilackstone. 

PARTIC'IPABLE,  a.  [See  Participate.] 
That  may  he  participated  or  shared. 

.Yorris. 

PARTICIPANT,  a.  [See  Participate.] 
Sharing  ;  having  a  share  or  part ;  followed 
by  of. 

The  prince  s,iw   he  should  confer  with  one 
participant  of  mote  than  monkish  speculations. 

Wotton. 

PARTICIPANT,  n.  A  partaker;  one  hav- 


ing a  share  or  part. 


Bacon. 


PAR 


PAR 


PAR 


PARTICIPATE,  V.  i.  [L.  parlicipo  ;  pars, 
jiari,  ami  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  partake  ;  to  have  a  sliare  in  common 
witli  otheis.  The  heart  of  sensibility  par- 
ticipates in  the  siifTerings  of  a  friend.  It 
is  sometimes  followed  hy  of. 

He  would  participate  of  their  wants. 

Hayward. 

2.  To  have  part  of  more  things  than  one. 

Few  creatures  participate  of  the  nature  of 
plants  and  metals  both.  Bacon 

PARTICIPATE,     V.  t.    To    partake;    to 
share ;  to  receive  a  part  of. 
Fellowship 
Such  as  I  seek,  fit  to  participate 
All  rational  delight—  Milton. 

PARTIC'IPATED,  pp.  Sliared  in  common 

with  others ;  partaken. 
PARTICIPATING,  ppr.  Having  a  part  or 

share  ;  partaking. 
PARTICIPATION,  n.  The  state  of  sharing 

in  common  with  others;  as  a. participation 

of  joys  or  sorrows. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  receiving  or  having 
part  of  something. 

Tliose  deities  arc  so  by  participation,  and 
subordinate  to  the  Supreme.  Stillingjieet 

3.  Distribution  ;  division  into  shares. 

Raleigh 
PARTICIPATIVE,  a.  Capable  of  partici- 

jiaiing. 
PARTICIPTAL,  a.  [L.  pnrlicipialis.    See 

Participle.^ 

1.  Having  the  nature  and  useof  a  particil)le. 

2.  Formed  from  a  participle  ;  as  a  parlicip 
ial  noun. 

PARTICIPTALLY,  adv.  In   the   sense   or 

manner  of  a  participle. 
P  ARTICIPLE,    n.    [L.  participium,   from 

parlicipo  ;  pars,  part,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  word  so  called  because  it 
partakes  of  tlie  properties  of  a  noun  and  of 
a  verb ;  as  having,  making,  in  English  ; 
habens,  faciens,  in  Latin.  The  English 
participles  having,  making,  become  nouns 
by  prefi.xing  the  to  them  ;  as  the  having  of 
property  :  Ihe  making  of  instruments. 
I5ut  all  participles  do  not  partake  of  the 
pru|jerties  of  a  noun,  as  the  jjassive  parti- 
ciples for  example,  had,  made. 

Participles  sometimes  lose  the  proper- 
ties of  a  verb  and  become  adjectives ;  as 
willing,  in  the  phrase,  a  willinghean ;  en- 
gaging, as en^nr^tHg' manners;  accomplish- 
ed, as  an  accomplished  orator. 

2.  Anv  thing  that  participates  of  different 
things.     [.Vo(  used.']  Bacon. 

P' ARTICLE,  n.  [It.  particola  ;  Fr.  parti- 
culc  ;  L.  parlicula,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  minute  part  or  portion  of  matter ;  as  a 
particle  of  sand,  of  lime  or  of  light. 

2.  In  physics,  a  njinute  jiart  of  a  body,  an 
aggregation  or  collection  of  which  consti- 
tutes the  whole  body  or  mass.  The  word 
is  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
atom,  in  the  ancient  Epicurean  philoso- 
phy, and  cor|)Uscle  in  tlie  latter.  In  this 
sense,  particles  are  the  elements  or  con- 
stituent parts  of  bodies.  Encyc. 

3.  Any  very  .small  portion  or  part ;  as,  he 
has  not  a  particle  of  patriotism  or  virtue  ; 
he  would  not  resign  a  particle  of  his  prop- 
erty. 

4.  In  the  Latin  church,  a  crumb  or  little  piece 
of  cousecrateil  bread.  Encyc. 


^.  111  grammar,  a  word  that  is  not  varied  or 
inflected  ;  as  a  preposition. 

Organic  particles,  very  minute  moving  bod- 
ies, perceptible  only  by  the  helj)  of  the 
microscope,  discovered  in  the  semen  of 
animals.  Encyc 

PARTICULAR,  a.  [Sp.  Port.  lU  ,•  It.  par- 
ticolare ;  Fr.  particulier ;  Low  L.  parlicula- 
ris,  from  parlicula.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  single  person  or  thing; 
not  general ;  as,  this  remark  has  a  parlic 
ular  application. 

a.  Iiidivitiual ;  noting  or  designating  a  sin- 
gle thing  by  way  of  distinction.  Each 
plant  has  its  particular  nutriment.  Most 
persons  have  a  particular  trait  of  cliarac 
ter.     He  alludes  to  a  particular  jierson. 

3.  Noting  some  jiroperty  or  thing  peculiar. 

Of  this  prince  tliere  is  little  particular  mem- 
ory. Bacon. 

4.  Attentive  to  things  single  or  distinct ;  mi 
nute.  I  have  been  particular  in  exainin 
ing  the  reasons  of  this  law. 

5.  Single  ;  not  general. 

G.  Odtl;  singular;  having  something  that 
eminently  distinguishes  one  from  others 

7.  Singularly  nice  in  taste;  as  a  man  very 
particular  in  his  diet  or  dress. 

8.  Special  ;  more  than  ordinary.  He  has 
brought  no  particular  news. 

9.  Containing  a  part  only  ;  as  a  parlicula. 
estate,  ]irecedent  to  the  estate  in  remain 
dcr.  Blackstone. 

10.  Holding  a  particular  estate;  as  a /;ar/?Vii- 
lar  tenant.  Blackstone 

PARTICULAR,  n.  A  single  instance  ;  a 
single  point. 

1  must  reserve  some  particulars,  wliirh  il  i; 
not  lawfiil  for  me  to  reveal.  Bacon 

2.  A  distinct,  separate  or  minute  part ;  as, 
he  told  me  all  the  particulars  of  the  .«toiy. 

Mdison 

3.  An  individual ;  a  private  person. 

L'Estrange. 

4.  Private  interest  ;  as,  they  apply  their 
minds  to  those  branches  of  public  prayer, 
wherein  their  own  particular  is  moved. 
[A'ot  in  use.]  Hooker. 

.5.  Private  character;  state  of  an  individual 
For  his  particular,  1  will  receive  him  gladly 
[J\'ot  in  use.']  Shak 

6.  A  minute  detail  of  things  singly  enumera- 
ted. 

The  reader  has  a  particular  of  the  books 
wherein  this  law  was  written.     [A''ot  in  use.'\ 

JinWe- 

In  particular,  specis-Wy ;  peculiarly;  distinct- 
ly. 

This,  in  jiarticular,  happens  to  the  lungs. 

Bhickniorc. 

PARTICULARITY,  n.  Distinct  notice  or 
specification  of  particulars. 

— Even  descending  to  particularities,  what 
kingdoms  he  should  overcome.  Sidney 

2.  Singleness  ;  individuality  ;  single  act 
single  case.  Hooker. 

3.  Petty  account ;  minute  incident. 
To  see  the  titles  that  were  most  agreeable  to 

sucli   an   emperor — with  the  like  particulari- 
ties—  .Addison 

4.  Something  belonging  to  single  persons. 

Shak 

.5.  Something  peculiar  or  singular. 

I  saw  an  old  heathen  altar  wilb  Ibis  particu- 
larity, that  it  was  hollowed  like  a  dish  at  one 
end,  but  not  the  end  on  which  the  fiacrifice  wa' 
laid.  Mdison 


G.  Minuteness  in  detail.  He  related  the  sto- 
ry with  great  particularity. 

PARTICULARIZE,  v.  t.  To  mention  dis- 

t     tinctly  or  in  particulars ;  to  enumerate  or 

I     specify  in  detail. 

He  not  only  boasts  of  his   parentage  as  an 

I  Israelite,  but  particularizes  his  descent  from 
Benjamin.  Atterbury. 

PARTICULARIZE,  i-.  i.  To  be  attentive 

'     to  single  things.  Herbert. 

PARTICULARLY,  adv.  Distinctly ;  singly. 

;  South. 

i2.  In  an  especial  manner. 

This  exact  propriety  of  Virgil  I  particularly 
regarded  as  a  great  part  of  his  character. 

Dry  den. 

PARTICULATE,  to  mention,  is  not  in 
in  use. 

PARTING,  ppr.  [from  paH.]  Dividing  ; 
separating  ;  breaking  in  pieces. 

2.  a.  Given  at  separation  ;  as  a /larttng- kiss 
or  look. 

3.  Departing;  declining;  as  the  parting- day. 

Pope. 
P'ARTING,  n.  Division ;  separation.  Ezek. 
xxi. 

2.  In  chimistry,  an  operation  by  which  gold 
and  silver  are  .separated  from  each  other 
by  different  menstruums. 

3.  In  seamen's  language,  the  breaking  of  a 
cable  by  violence. 

P>ARTISAN,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  parti, 
partir.] 

1.  An  adherent  to  a  party  or  faction. 

Mdison. 

2.  In  ifar,  the  commander  of  a  party  or  de- 
tachment of  troops,  sent  on  a  special  en- 
terprise ;  hence, 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  person  able  in 
comnianding  a  [larty,  or  dextrous  in  ob- 
taining intelligence,  intercepting  convoys 
or  otherwise  annoying  an  enemy. 

4.  A  commander's  leading  staff. 

Ainsworth. 

0.  A  kind  of  halbert.  [Fr.  pertuisanc ;  It. 
parligia7io.] 

P'ARTITE,  a.  [L.  partitus,  from  partio,  to 

divide.     See  Part.] 
In  botany,  divided.     A  partite  leaf  is  a  simple 

leaf  separated  down  to  the  base.  Lee. 

PARTL'TION,  n.  [L.  ^;a)/i7i"o,  from  partio, 

to  divide.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing,  or  state  of  being  di- 
vided. 

2.  Division  ;  separation  ;  distinction. 

And  good  bom  bad  find  no  partition.     Shak. 

3.  Separate  part ;  as  lodged  in  a  small  par- 
tition. Milton. 

4.  That  by  which  different  parts  are  sepa- 
rated ;  as  a  partition  of  wood  or  stone  in  a 
building. 

.5.  Part  where  .separation  is  made. 
No  sight  could  pass 
Ketwixt  the  nice /)nr(j(tons  of  the  grass. 

Dry  den. 

6.  Division  of  an  estate  into  severalty,  which 
is  done  by  deed  of  partition.      Blackstone. 

PARTI'TION,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  dis- 
tinct parts ;  as,  to  partition  the  floor  of  a 
house. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  as,  to  partition  an 
estate. 

P'.AKTITIVE,  a.  In  g'rammar,  distributive ; 
as  a  noun  prirtitive. 

PAKTITIVELY,  adv.  In  a  partitive  man- 
uer ;  distributively.  JAUy. 


PAR 


PAS 


P^ARTLET,  n.  [from  part.]  A  ruff;  a  band 
or  collar  for  the  neck.     Ol/s.  Hall. 

2.  A  hen.     Obs.  '»^''*- 
PARTLY,  adv.  In  part ;  in  some  measure 

or  degree  ;  not  wholly. 

PARTNER,  n.  [from  part.]  One  who  par- 
takes or  shares  with  another  ;  a  I'artaker  ; 
an  associate  ;  as,  she  is  paHner  ot  my  hte, 
of  my  joys,  of  my  griefs. 

Thoic  of  the  race  of  Shcm  were  no  partners  in 
tlie  unbelieving  work  of  the  tower.        iJa/eigft 

a.  An  associate  in  any  business  or  occupa- 
tion ;  a  joint  owner  of  stock  or  capital, 
employed  in  commerce,  manufactures  or 
other  business.  Men  are  sometimes  paH- 
ners  in  a  single  voyage  or  adventure,  some 
times  in  a  firm  or  standing  company. 

3.  One  who  dances  witli  another,  either 
male  or  female,  as  in  a  contra  dance. 

4.  A  husband  or  wife. 
P^ARTNER,   V.  t.    To  join  ;    to   associate 

with  a  iiartner.     {Little  used.]  Shak. 

Parlnens,  in  a  ship,  pieces  of  plank  nailed 
round  the  scuttles  in  a  deck  where  the 
masts  are  placed  ;  also,  the  scuttles  them- 
selves. Mar.  Diet. 
P^ARTNERSHIP,  n.  The  association  of 
two  or  more  persons  for  the  purpose  of 
undertukinj,'  and  prosccutin;,'  any  busi- 
ness, particularly  trade  or  manufactures, 
at  their  joint  expense.  In  this  case,  the 
connection  is  formed  by  contract ;  each 
partner  furnishing  a  part  of  the  capital 
stock  and  being  entitled  to  a  proportional 
share  of  profit,  or  subject  to  a  proportional 
share  of  loss  ;  or  one  or  more  of  the  part- 
ners may  furnish  money  or  stock,  and  the 
other  or  others  contribute  their  services. 
The  duration  of  the  partnership  may  be 
limited  by  the  contract,  or  it  may  be  left 
indefinite,  subject  to  be  dissolved  by  mu 
tual  agreement.  A  partnership  or  asso- 
ciation of  this  kind  is  a  standing  or  per 
maneiit  company,  and  is  denominated  a 
firm  or  house.  VVe  say,  A  aud  B  entered 
into  partnership  for  the  importation  and 
sale  of  goods,  or  for  manufacturing  cotton 
or  glass. 

f'artnerships  may  be  and  usually  are 
associations  of  i)rivate  persons,  not  incor 
porated.  In  other  cases,  the  company  is 
incorporated.  Banking  companies  in  thci 
United  States  are  usually  incorporated,! 
and  are  essentially  partnerships,  hut  do 
not  bear  that  name.  Manufacturing  com- 
panies are  also  frequently  incorporated. 
9.  Joint  interest  or  property.  Dryden. 

PARTOOK',  pret.  o( partake. 
P'ARTRIDGE,  n.  {Vr.  perdrix -,1^.  pemice; 
Sp.  perdiz  ;  L.  perdix  ;  Gr.  JtspSil ;  D.  pa- 
trys  ;  Ir.  patrisg.] 
A  wild  fowl  of  the  genus  Tetrao.  (Linn.) 
Latham  arranges  the  partridge  and  quail 
in  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Perdix,  and 
assigns  the  grous  to  the  genus  Tetrao. 
The  partridge  is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy 
at  the  table. 

The  term  ^acJrtWg'e  is  applied  in  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  bird  called  quail  in  New 
England,  a  peculiar  species  of  Perdix  ;  in 
New  England  it  is  apphed  to  the  rufled 


PARTU'RIENT,  a.  [L.  parluriens.]  Bring- 
ing forth  or  about  to  bring  forth  young. 

PARTURl'TION,  n.  [L.  partuno.]  The 
act  of  bringing  forth  or  being  delivered  of 
young.  Encyc. 

P>ARTV,  n.  [Kr. />ar/tc,  from  L.  pars.  Sec 
Part.] 

1.  A  number  of  persons  uniteil  in  opinion  or 
design,  in  opposition  to  others  in  the  com 
munity.  It  differs  from  faction,  in  imply 
ing  a  less  dishonorable  association,  or 
more  justifiable  designs.  Parties  exist  in 
all  governments  ;  and  free  governments 
are  the  hot-beds  of  ;(nrt?/.  Formerly,  the 
political  parties  in  England  were  called 
whigs  and  tories. 

One  of  two  litigants ;  the  plaintiff  or  de- 
fendant in  a  lawsuit. 

The  cause  of  both  parties  shall  come  before 
the  judges.     Ex.  xxii. 

One  concerned  or  interested  in  an  affair. 
This  man  was  not  a  party  to  the  trespass 
or  affray.     He  is  not  a  party  to  the  con- 
tract or  agreement. 
.  Side  ;    persons    engaged     against    each 

other. 

The  peace  both  parties  want,  is  like  to  la.st. 

Dryden. 

Small  parties  make  up  in  diligence  what  they 
want  in  numbers.  Johnson. 

.  Cause  ;  side. 

^Egle  came  in  to  make  i\\e:\t  party  good. 

Dryden. 

A  select  company  invited  to  an  entertain- 
ment ;  as  a  dining  party,  a  tea  party,  an 
evening  party. 

A  single  person  distinct  from  or  opposed 
to  another. 

If  the  jury  found  that  the  party  slain  was  of 
English  race,  it  had  been  adjudged  felony. 

Davies 


PAS 

PASCII-EGG,  71.  An  egg  stained  and  pre- 
sented to  young  persons,  about  the  time 
of  Easter.     {Local.] 

PASH,  n.  [Sp./a:,  L.  fadis,  face.]  A  face. 
[JVb<  used.]  Hanmer. 

2.  A  blow.     [JVoi  used.] 

PASH,  V.  t.  To  strike  ;  to  strike  down.  {Xot 
used.]  Dryden. 


6. 


8.  In  military  affairs,  a  detachment  or  sma 
number   of  troops   sent   on   a  particular 
duty,    as  to  intercept    the  enemy's  con 
voy,   to   reconnoiter,    to   seek   forage,   to 
flank  the  enemy,  &c. 

Party  is  used  to  qualify  other  words  and 
may  he  considered  either  as  part  of  a  com 
pound  word,  or  as  an  adjective  ;  as  party 
man,  parti/  rage,  partt)  disputes,  &c. 

P  ARTY-CbLORED, "  a.      Having    divers 
colors ;  as   a  party-colored  plume ;  a  pa 
ty-colorcd  flower. 

P  ARTY-TCRY,  n.  A  jury  consisting  of 
half  natives  and  half  foreigners. 

P'ARTY-MAN,?i.  One  of  a  party;  usually, 
a  factious  man  ;  a  man  of  violent  party 
principles  ;  an  abettor  of  a  party. 

P  ARTY-SPIRIT,  )!.  The  spirit  that  sup- 
ports a  party. 

P' ARTY-WALL,  n.  A  wall  that  separates 
one  house  from  the  next.  Moion 

PAR'U,  11.  A  singular  American  fish. 

P'ARVIS,  n.  [Fr.]  A  church  or  church 
porch.     {Kot  used.]  Chaucer. 

P;ARV1TUDE,J    „. Littleness.  {J\ot  used.] 

PAS,  »!.  [Fr.  pffs,  a  step.]  Right  of  going 
foremost ;  precedence.     {J^'ot  used.] 

.Irbuthnot 
PAS€H,  n.  [See  Paschal.]    The  passover  ;! 
the  feast  of  Easter.     [A'o<  used.]  \ 

[L.    pascha  ;  Gr.  Ttanxo^  v 


PASIIAW,  ti.  [Pers.   liL^.    pashaw.]     In 

the  Turkish  dominions,  a  viceroy,  governor 
or  commander  ;  a  bashaw. 

Castle.    Eaton. 

PASIIAW'LIC,    n.    The  jurisdiction  of  a 

pashaw. 
PASIG'RAPIIY,  n.  [Gr.  nas,  all,  aud  ypa^r;, 

writing.] 
A  system  of  universal  writing,  or  a  manner 
of  writing  that  may   be  understood  and 
used  by  all  nations.  Goorf. 

PASCil.K-FLO\VER,     n.    pask' -fiower.    A 
flower,  a  species  of  anemone. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

PAS'QUIL,   )        A     mutilated     statue     at 

PAS'QUIN,  <  "■  Rome,  in  a  corner  of  the 

palace  of  Ursini,  so  called  from  a  cobbler 

of  that  name  who  was  remarkable  lor  his 

sneers  and  gibes.     On   this  statue  it  has 

been   customary   to  paste  satiric   papers. 

Hence,  a  lampoon.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

PAS'QUIL,  }  To   lampoon  ;  to 

PAS'ULIN,  >    v.t.   satirize. 

PASUUINA  DE,  )  Burton. 

PAS'CillLER,  71.  A  lampooner.       Burton. 

PASUUINA'DE,  n.  A  lampoon  or  satirical 

writing.  Taller. 

P'ASS,   I',  i.    [Fr.  passer.  It.  passure,    Sp. 

pasar,    Port,    passar,  to   pass  ;    G.    pass, 

fit,  which  is  the  Eng.  pat,  and  as  a  noun, 

a  pass,  a  defile,  an  ambling,  pace  ;  passen, 

to  he  fit,  to  suit  ;  D.  pas,  a  pace,  a  step,  a 

pass,  a  passage,  a  defile,  time,  season  ;  van 

pas,  tit,  convenient, ;7a(  in  time;  passen,  to 

fit,  to  try,  to  mind,  tend,  or  wait  on,  to 

make  ready,  to  pass :  Dan.  pas,  a  pass  or 

passport,  a  mode  or  medium  ;  passer. 


grous,  a  species  of  Tetrao. 
PARTURIATE,    v.  i.    [L.  parturio,   from]|PAS'€HAL,     a. 
partus,  birth,   from  pario,   to   bear.]     To'      from  the  Ileb.] 
bring  forth  young.     [Little  used.]  ilPertaining  to  the  passover,  or  to  Easter. 

Vol.  II.  31 


be  fit,  to  suit,  to  be  applicable  ;  passerer, 
to  pass,  to  come  or  go  over ;  Sw.  pass,  a 
pass  or  passage,  a  passport  ;  passa,  to  fit, 
to  suit,  to  adapt,  to  become  ;  passeru,  to 
pass ;  W.  pas,  that  is  expulsive,  that  caus- 
es to  pass,  a  pass,  an  exit,  a  cough,  hoop- 
ing-cough ;  pasiaw,  to  pass,  to  cause  an 
exit,  to  expel  ;  Sp.  pasar,  to  pass,  go  or 
travel,  to  bring  or  convey,  to  penetrate, 
to  exceed  or  surpass,  to  depart,  to  suffer, 
bear,  undergo,  [L.;)(i(ior,  whence/;aMion,] 
to  happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  pasear,  to 
walk  ;  paseo,  a  walking,  a  gait ;  paso,  a 
pace,  a  step,  gait,  [Gr.  rtattu] ;  It.  passare, 
to  pass ;  passo,  a  jiace,  a  step ;  passabile, 
tolerable  ;  passibile,  suffering.  We  ob- 
serve that  this  word  unites  pass,  the  L. 
potior,  to  suffer,  and  peto,  competo,  in  the 
sense  of /(.  The  Gr.  naftu,  to  walk  or 
step,  and  ftaix",  to  suffer,  are  from  the 
same  root.  The  word  pass  coincides  with 
L.  passus,  a  step,  and  this  is  from  panda, 
to  exteiul :  n  being  casual,  the  original 
word  was  pado.  The  radical  sense  is  to 
stretch,  reach,  extend,  to  open  i  a  pace  is 
the  reach  of  the  foot,  and  fitness  is  from 
reaching  or  coming  to,  like  convenient. 
We  learn  from  this  word  that  the  sense  of 
suffering  is  from  extending,  holding  on,  or 


PAS 


PAS 


PAS 


continuing.    See  t02  in  the  introduction. 


5.  To  die  ;  to  depart  from  life. 


Ar.    Cili    to  pass;  Heb.  noS,  ytaS,   Cli 

y03.     Class  Bd.  No.  45.  64.  and  Bs  or  Bz. 
No.  53.  53.  70.] 

1.  To  move,  in  almost  any  manner ;  to  go 
to  proceed  from  one  place  to  another. 
A  man  may  pass  on  foot,  on  horseback  or 
in  a  carriage ;  a  bird  and  a  meteor  pass 
through  the  air;  a  ship  passes  on  or 
through  the  water ;  light  passes  from  the 
sun  to  the  planets;  it  passes  from  the  sun 
to  the  earth  in  about  eight  minutes. 

2.  To  move  from  one  state  to  another;  to 
alter  or  change,  or  to  be  changed  in  condi 
tion  ;  as,  to  pass  from  health  to  sickness ; 
to  pass  from  just  to  unjust.  Temple 

3.  To  vanish  ;  to  disappear  ;  to  be  lost.  Ii- 
this  sense,  we  usually  say,  to  pass  away. 

Beauty  is  a  charm,  but  soon  tlie  charui  will 
pass.  Dryden 

4.  To  be  spent ;  to  go  on  or  away  progress- 
ively. 

The  time  when  the  thing  existed,  is  the  idea 
of  that  space  of  duration  v/hich  passed  between 
some  fixed  period  and  the  being  of  that  ihing. 

Locke 

[Little  used.] 

Shak. 

6.  To  be  in  any  state  ;  to  undergo  ;  with  un- 
der; as,  to  ^ass  unrfer  the  rod. 

7.  To  be  enacted  ;  to  receive  the  sanction  of 
a  legislative  house  or  body  by  a  majority 
of  votes. 

Neither  of  these  bills  has  yet  passed  the 
house  of  commons.  Swift 

8.  To  be  current ;  to  gain  reception  or  to  be 
generally  received.  Bank  bills  pass  as  a 
substitute  for  coin. 

False  eloquence  passeth  only  where  true  is 
not  understood.  Felton. 

9.  To  be  regarded  ;  to  be  received  in  opin- 
ion or  estimation. 

This  will  not  pass  for  a  fault  in  him,  till  it  is 
proved  to  be  one  in  us.  Atterbury. 

10.  To  occur ;  to  be  present ;  to  take  place ; 
as,  to  notice  what  passes  in  the  mind. 

Waits. 

11.  To  be  done. 

Provided  no  indirect  act  pass  upon  our  pray- 
ers to  defile  Iheni.  Taylur. 

12.  To  determine;  to  give  judginenl  or  sen- 
tence. 

Though  well  we  may  not  pass  upon  his  life 

Hhak 

13.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing  or 
figlitin};.  Shak. 

14.  To  omit ;  to  suffer  to  go  unheeded  or 
neglected.  We  saw  the  act,  but  let  it 
pass. 

15.  To  move  through  any  duct  or  opening ; 
as,  substances  in  the  stomach  that  will  not 
passy  nor  be  converted  into  aliment. 

Jirhiithnot. 

16.  To  percohite  ;  to  he  secreted  ;  as  juice.* 
llirit  pass  from  the  glands  into  the  mouth. 

17.  To  be  in  a  tolerable  state. 

A  middling  sort  of  man  was  left  well  enough 
by  his  father  to  2^ass,  but  he  could  never  think 
he  had  enough,  so  long  as  any  had  more. 

VEstrange 

18.  To  be  transferred  from  one  owner  to 
another.  The  land  article  pawerf  by  live- 
ry and  seizin. 

V>.  To  go  beyond  bound.s.  Ohs.  For  this 
we  generally  use  surpass.  Shak 


90.  To  run  or  extend  ;  as  a  line  or  other 
thing.  The  north  limit  of  Massachusetts 
passes  three  miles  north  of  the  Merrimac. 

To  come  to  pass,  to  hajjpen  ;  to  arrive  ;  to 
come ;  to  be  ;  to  e.xist ;  a  phrase  much  us- 
ed in  the  Scriptures. 

To  pass  away,  to  move  from  sight ;  to  van- 
sh. 

2.  To  be  spent ;  to  be  lost. 

A  good  part  of  their  lives  passes  away  with- 
out thinking.  Locke. 

To  pass  by,  to  move  near  and  beyond.  He 
passed  hy  as  we  stood  in  the  road. 

To  pass  on,  to  proceed. 

To  pass  over,  to  go  or  move  from  side  to 
side  ;  to  cross ;  as,  to  pass  over  to  the  other 
side. 

To  pass  into,  to  unite  and  blend,  as  two  sub 
stances  or  colors,  in  such  a  manner  that 
it  is  impossible  to  tell  where  one  ends  and 
the  other  begins. 

P'.-VSS,  V.  t.  To  go  beyond.  The  sun  has 
passed  the  meridian.  The  young  man  has 
not  passed  the  age  of  frivolousness. 

2.  To  go  through  or  over;  as,  to/)ass  a  river. 

■i.  To  spend  ;  to  live  through  ;  as,  to  pass 
time  ;  to  pass  the  night  in  revelry,  and  the 
day  in  sleep. 

4.  To  cause  to  move ;  to  send ;  as,  to  pass 
the  bottle  from  one  guest  to  another ;  to 
pass  a  pauper  from  one  town  to  another 
to  pass  a  rope  round  a  yard  ;  to  pass  the 
blood  from  the  right  to  the  left  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Derham. 

To  cause  to  move  hastily. 

I  had  only   time  to  pass  my  eye  over  the 
medals,  which  are  in  great  number. 

Addison 

6.  To  transfer  from  one  owner  to  another ; 
to  sell  or  assign  ;  as,  to  pass  land  from  A 
to  B  by  deed ;  to  pass  a  note  or  bill. 

7.  To  strain  ;  to  cause  to  percolate ;  as,  to 
pass  wine  through  a  filter.  Bacon 

8.  Til  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  as,  to  pass  com- 
pliments; to  ;)ass  sentence  or  judgment; 
to  pass  censure  on  another's  works. 

fi'atls. 

9.  To  procure  or  cause  to  go. 
Waller  passed  over   five  thousand  horse  anti 

foot  by  Newbridge.  Clarendon. 

10.  To  ])ut  an  end  to. 
This  night 


We'll  pass  the  business  privately  and  well. 

Shak 
11.  To  omit;  to  neglect  either  to  do  or  to 
mention. 

1  pass  their  warlike  pomp,  their  proud  array. 

Dryden 
19.  To  transcend  :  to  transgress  or  go  be 
yond  ;  as,  to  pass  the  bounds  of  modera 
tion. 

13.  To  admit ;  to  allow  ;  to  approve  and  re- 
ceive as  valid  or  just;  as,  to  pass  an  ac- 
count at  the  war-office. 

14.  To  approve  or  sanction  by  a  constitu- 
tional or  legal  majority  of  votes:  as,  the 
house  of  representatives  passed  the  bill 
Hence, 

15.  To  enact;  to  earry  through  all  the 
forms  necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the 
legislature  passed  the  bill  into  a  law. 

16.  To  impose  fraudulently  ;  as,  she  passed 
the  child  on  her  husband  for  a  boy. 

Dryden. 

17.  To  practice  artfully  ;  to  cause  to  sue 
ceed  :  as,  to  pass  a  trick  on  one. 

18.  To  surpass ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 


19.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing. 
To   see   thee   fight,  to    see   thee   pass   thy 
puncto.  Shak. 

To  pass  away,  to  spend  ;  to  waste ;  as,  to 

pass  away  the  flower  of  life  in  idleness. 
To  pass  by,  to  pass  near  and  beyond. 

2.  'To  overlook  ;  to  excuse  ;  to  forgive  ;  not 
to  censure  or  punish  ;  as,  to  pass  by  a 
crime  or  fault. 

3.  To  neglect ;  to  disregard. 

Certain  passages  of  Scripture  we  cannot  ^Oj^ 
by  without  injury  to  truth.  Burnet. 

To  pass  over,  to  move  from  side  to  side ;  to 
cross  ;  as,  to  pass  over  a  river  or  mountain. 

2.  To  omit ;  to  overlook  or  disregard.  He 
passed  over  one  charge  without  a  reply. 

iP'ASS,  n.  [W.  pas.]  A  narrow  passage,  en- 
trance or  avenue ;  a  narrow  or  difficult 
l)lace  of  entrance  and  exit ;  as  a  pass  be- 
tween mountains.  Encyc.     Clarendon. 

2.  A  passage  ;  a  road.  Raleigh. 

3.  Permission  to  pass,  to  go  or  to  come  ;  a 
license  to  pass  ;  a  passport. 

A  gentleman  had  a  pass  to  go  beyond  the 
seas  Clarendon. 

A  ship  sailing  under  the  flag  and  pass  of  an 
enemy.  Kent. 

An  order  for  sending  vagrants  or  impo- 
tent persons  to  their  place  of  abode. 

Johnson. 

5.  In  fencing  and  fighting,  a  thrust ;  a  push; 
attempt  to  stab  or  strike  ;  as,  to  make  a 
pass  at  an  antagonist. 

6.  State ;  condition  or  extreme  case ;  ex- 
tremity. 

To  what  a  pass  are  our  minds  brought. 

Sidney. 
Matters  have  been  brought  to  this  pass — 

South. 

P'ASS-PARO'LE,   n.  [pass aad parole.]    In 

military  affairs,  a.  command  gi\en   at  the 

head   of  an  army   and   communicateil  by 

word  of  mouth  to  the  rear.  Encyc. 

P'AS!?ABLE,  a.  [It.  passabile.]    That  may 

be   ])asse(l,   traveled    or  navigated.     The 

roads   are   not  passable.     The   stream   is 

1    passable  in  boats. 

2.  Tliht  may  be  penetrated  ;  as  a  substance 
'    passable  by  a  fluid. 

;3.  Current;  receivable;  that  may  he  or  is 
transferred  fmm  hand  to  hand  :  as  hills 
passable  in  lieu  of  coin.  False  coin  is  not 
passable. 

4.  Pdpular  ;  well  received.  Bacon. 

5.  Sujiportable.  [This  should  be  pas.nble.Ti 
j  Dryden. 
P'ASSABLY,  adv.  Tolerably.     [See  Pass- 

ibly.] 
PASSA'DE,  t         .        ,        .t,      . 
PASSA'DO,  \  "•    A  P""''  °''  'h™^'- 
iPASSA'DE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  menage,  a  turn 
or  course  of  a  horse  backwards  or  tbr- 
j     wards  on  the  same  spot  of  ground. 
I  Encyc. 

P'ASSAtiE,  n.  [Fr.  passage;  Sp.  pasage  ; 
It.  passaggio.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  by  land  or 
water,  or  through  the  air  or  other  sub- 
stance ;  as  the  passage  of  a  man  or  a  car- 
riage ;  the^rtssage  of  a  ship  or  a  fowl ;  the 
passage  of  light  or  a  meteor;  the  passage 
of  fluids  thri'ugh  the  pores  of  the  body,  or 
from  the  glands.  Clouds  intercept  the 
passage  of  solar  rays. 

2.  The  titiie  of  passing  from  one  place  to 
another.     What  passage  had  you.'    We 


PAS 

had  a  passage  of  twenty  five  days  to 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  of  thirty  eight  days 
from  England. 

3.  Road ;  way  ;  avenue  ;  a  place  where  men 
or  things  may  pass  or  be  conveyed. 

And  with  liis  pointed  dart, 
Explores  tlieuearest/)Ossa^e  to  his  heart. 
■^  Jjryden. 

4.  Entrance  or  exit. 

What!   are   my  doors  opposed  against   my 
passage  ?  fihak. 

5.  Right  of  passing;  as,  to  engage  a.  passage 
on  board  a  ship  bound  to  India. 

6.  Occurrence;  event;  incident;  that  which 
'  happens  ;  as  a  remarkable  passage  in  the 

life  of  Newton.  [See  the  Spanish  verb, 
supra.     This  sense  is  obsolescent.] 

7.  A  passing  away  ;  decay.     [Little  used.] 

Skak. 
Intellectual   admittance  ;   mental   receii- 


8. 


tion. 


Among  whom  I  expect  this  treatise  will  have 
a  fairer  passage  than  among  those  deeply  im- 
bued with  other  principles.  X>i?6y. 

9.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ;  manage- 
ment. 

On  consideration  of  the  conduct  and  passage 
of  affairs  in  former  times —  Davits. 

10.  Part  of  a  book  or  writing  ;  a  single 
clause,  place  or  part  of  indelJnite  e.ictent. 

How  commentators  each  dark  passage  shun. 

Young. 

11.  Enactment;  the  act  of  carrying  through 
all  the  regular  forms  necessary  to  give  va- 
lidity ;  as  the  passage  of  a  law,  or  of  a  bill 
into  a  law,  by  a  legislative  body. 

Hopkinson.  Wheatori's  Rep.l 
Bird  of  passage,  a  fowl  that  passes  at  cer-l 
tain  seasons  from  one  climate  to  another, 
as  in  autumn  to  the  south  to  avoid  the 
winter's  cold,  and  in  spring  to  the  north 
for  breeding.  Hence  the  phrase  is  some- 
times applied  to  a  man  who  has  no  fixed 
residence. 

P>ASSA(iER,Ji.  [Fr.  from  passage;  It.  pas- 
saggiere.] 

A  traveler  or  voyager  ;  one  who  passes  or 
journeys  on  foot,  in  a  vehicle,  or  in  a  ship 
or  boat.  This  word  is  usually  written 
corruptly  passenger,  and  the  first  vowel  is 
oflen  short. 

P'ASSED,  }         Gone  by  ;  done  ;   accom- 

F'AST,        \  PP'  plished;  ended. 

2.  Enacted  ;  having  received  all  the  formal- 
ities necessary  to  constitute  a  law. 

P>ASSEN(SER,  n.  One  who  is  traveling, 
as  in  a  public  coach,  or  in  a  ship,  or  on 
foot.  This  is  the  usual,  though  corrupt 
orthogra|)hy. 

Passenger  falcon,  a  kind  of  migratory  hawk. 

Ainsworth. 

P^ASSER,  n.  One  that  passes  ;  a  passenger 

Rowe 

P'ASSERINE,  a.  [L.  passer,  a  sparrow." 
Pertaining  to  sparrows,  or  to  the  order  of 
birds  to  which  sparrows  belong,  the  Pas 
seres. 

PASSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  passibiUti,  from 
passible.  See  Passion.] 

The  quality  or  capacity  of  receiving  impres- 
sions from  external  agents  ;  aptness  to  feel 
or  suffer.  Hfikewilt. 

PAS'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  passible  ;  It.  passibile. 
See  Passion.] 

Susceptible  of  feeling  or  of  impressions  from 
external  agents. 


PAS 

Apollinarius  held  even  Deity  to  be  passible. 

Hooker- 

PASSIBLENESS,  the  same  as  passibilily. 

P'ASSING,  ppr.  Moving  ;  proceeding. 
a.  Exceeding ;  surpassing ;  eminent. 

Fairfax. 

.3.  Adverbially  used  to  enforce  or  enhance 
the  meaning  of  another  word  ;  exceeding 
ly  ;  as  passing  fair ;  passing  strange. 

P^ASSING-BELL,  n.  The  bell  that  rings 
at  the  hour  of  death  to  obtain  prayers  for 
the /)nm;ig- soul.  It  is  also  used  for  the 
bell  that  rings  immediately  after  death. 

Suiijl. 

P'ASSINGLY,  adv.  E.\ceedingly.     Obs. 

Wickliffe. 

PASSING-NOTE,  n.  In  mtmc,  a  note  in 
troduced  between  two  others  for  the  pur- 
pose of  softening  a  distance  or  melodizing 
a  passage.  Busby. 

PAS'SION,  n.  [L.  passio,  from  patior,  to 
suffer.] 

1.  Tlie  impression  or  effect  of  an  external 
agent  upon  a  body;  that  which  is  suffered 
or  received. 

A  body  at  rest  affords  us  no  idea  of  any  ac 
live  power  to  move,  and  when  set  in  motion, 
it  is  rather  apassion  than  an  action  in  it. 

Locke 

2.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  from  exter- 
nal agents. 

The  differences  of  moldable  and  not  molda- 
ble,  &C.,  and  many  other  passions  of  matter 
are  plebeian  notioiii.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 

3.  Suffering;  emphatically,  the  last  sufiering 
of  the  Savior. 

To  whom  also  he  showed  himself  alive  after 
his  passion,  by  many  infallible  proofs.      Acts  i. 

4.  The  feeling  of  the  mind,  or  the  sensible 
effect  of  impression  ;  excitement,  pertur- 
bation or  agitation  of  mind  ;  as  desire, 
fear,  hope,  joy,  grief,  love,  hatred.  The 
eloquence  of  the  orator  is  employed  to 
move  the  passions. 

Violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind, 
particularly  such  as  is  occasioned  by  ai 
offense,  injury  or  insult;  hence,  violent 
anger.  If'atts. 

Zeal;  ardor;  vehement  desire. 

When  statesmen  are  ruled  by  faction  and  in- 
terest, they  can  have  no  passion  for  the  glory 
of  their  country.  AMison. 

7.  Love. 

He  owned  \\\s  passion  for  Amestris.  Roive. 
Eager  desire  ;  as  a  violent  ;?aOTJO)i  for  fine 
clothes.  Sieifl. 

PAS'SION,  V.  i.  To  be  extremely  agitated. 
JVot  used.]  Shak. 

PAS'SION-FLOWER,  n.  A  flower  and 
plant  of  the  genus  Passiflora. 

PAS'SION-WEEK,  n.  The  week  iramedi 
ately   preceding   the    festival  of  Easter; 
so  called  because  in  that  week  our  Sav- 
ior's passion  and  death  took  place. 

PAS'SION.\RY,  n.  A  book  in  which  are 
described  the  sufierings  of  saints  and 
martyrs. 

PASSIONATE,    o.     [It 
passionne.] 

1.  Easily  moved  to  anger;  easily  excited  or 
agitated  by  injury  or  insult ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

Homer's  Achilles  is  haughty  and  passionate. 

Prior. 

•2.  Highly  excited  ;  vehement;  warm  ;  appli- 
ed to  things;  as  passionate  affection  ;  ;ra*- 
sionate  desire  :  passionate  concern 


H'arton. 
passionato ;    Fr. 


PAS 

3.  Expressing  strong  emotion  ;  animated  ; 
as  passionate  eloquence. 

'AS'SIONATE,  I',  t.  To  affect  with  pas- 
sion ;  to  express  passionately.  [Mot  used.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 

PAS'SIONATELY,  adv.  With  passion; 
with  strong  feeling  ;  ardently  ;  vehement- 
ly; as,  to  covet  any  tUiug  passionately ;  to 
be  passionately  fond. 

2.  Angrily;  wiiii  vehement  resentment ;  as, 
to  speak  Du.s.siona/e/i/. 

PAS'SIONA'1'ENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
subject  to  passion  or  anger. 

2.  Vehemence  of  mind.  Boyle. 

PAS'SIONED,  a.  Disordered;  violently  af- 
fected. Spenser. 
Expressing  passion.  Spenser. 

PAS'SIONLESS,  a.  Not  easily  excitctd  to 
anger  ;  of  a  calm  tein|)er.  Shellon. 

2.  Void  of  passion. 

P'ASSIVE,  a.  [It.  passivo;  Hyi.  pasivo;  Fr. 
passif;  L.  passivus,  from  passus,  patior,  to 
sufl'er.] 

1.  Suffering  ;  not  acting,  receiving  or  capa- 
ble of  receiving  impressions  from  external 
agents.  We  were  passive  spectators,  not 
actors  in  the  scene. 

The  mind  is  wholly  passive  in  the  reception 
of  all  its  simple  ideas.  Locke. 

God  is  not  in  any  respect  passive. 

Bradwardine. 
Unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving  or 
suffering  without  resistance ;  as  passive 
obedience  ;  passive  submission  to  the  laws. 

Passive  verb,  in  granmiar,  is  a  verb  which 
expresses  passion,  or  the  effect  of  an  action 
of  some  agent;  as  in  L.  doceor,  I  am 
taught ;  in  English,  she  is  loved  and  ad- 
mired by  her  friends ;  he  is  assailed  by 
slander. 

Passive  obedience,  as  used  by  writers  on  gov- 
ernment, denotes  not  only  iiuiet  unresist- 
ing subini.ssion  to  power,  but  implies  tlie 
denial  of  the  right  of  resistance,  or  the  re- 
cognition of  the  duty  to  submit  in  all  ca- 
ses to  the  existing  government. 

Passive  prayer,  among  mystic  divines,  is  a 
suspension  of  the  activity  of  the  soul  or 
intellectual  faculties,  the  soul  remaining 
quiet  and  yielding  only  to  the  impulses  of 
grace.  Encye. 

Passive  commerce,  trade  in  which  the  pro- 
ductions of  a  country  are  carried  by  for- 
eiuners  in  their  own  bottoms.  [See  Active 
commerce.] 

P^ASSIVELY,  adv.  With  a  passive  nature 
or  temper;  with  a  temper  disposed  to  sub- 
mit to  the  acts  of  external  agents,  without 
resistance.  Dryden. 

2.  Without  agency.  Pearson. 

3.  According  to  the  form  of  the  passive  verb. 

Lilly. 

P^ASSIVENESS,  n.  Quality  of  receiving 
impressions  from  external  agents  or 
causes;  as  the  passiveness  of  matter. 

2.  Passibility  ;  capacity  of  suffering. 
We  shall  lose  om  passiveness  with  our  being. 

!  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Patience  ;  calmness  ;  unresisting  submis- 
I  sion.  Pell. 
PASSIV'ITY,  )!.  Passiveness,  which  see. 
I  [Little  used.]  Cheyne. 
,2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  to  persevere  in  a 

given  state,  either  of  motion   or  rest,  till 
disturbed  by  another  body.  Good. 

jP'ASSLESS,  a.  Having  no  passage. 

'  Cowley. 


PAS 


PAS 


PAT 


P'ASSOVER,  n.  [pass  and  over.]  A  feaat 
of  the  Jews,  instituted  to  commemorate 
tlie  (jrovidential  escape  of  the  Hehrews, 
in  Kgypt,  when  God  smiting  the  tirst-born 
of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the  houses 
of  the  Israelites,  which  were  marked  witli 
the  blood  of  the  pasclial  lamb. 

2.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the 
passover. 

P'ASSPORT,  n.  [Fr.  passeport ;  passer,  to 
pass,  and  porter,  to  carry  ;  It.  passaporto  ; 
Sp.  pasaporte.] 

1.  A  written  license  from  a  king  or  other 
proper  authority,  granting  permission  or 
safe  conduct  for  one  to  pass  through  his 
territories,  or  to  pass  from  one  country  to 
another,  or  to  navigate  a  particular  sea 
without  hindrance  or  molestation. 

2.  A  license  for  importing  or  exporting  con- 
traband goods  or  movables  without  pay 
ing  the  usual  duties. 

3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass  with 
safely  or  certainty. 

His  passport  is  his  innocence  and  grace. 

Iht/ileii. 
PAS'SY-MEA.SURE,    n.     [It.    pasamezzo, 

middle  pace  or  step.] 
An  old  stately  kind  of  dance;  a  cinque-pace. 
Obs.  Shak. 

P'AST,  pp.  of  pass.  Gone  by  or  beyond  ; 
not  present ;  not  future. 

2.  Spent;  ended;  accomplished. 
PWST,   n.    Elliptically,  past   time ;    as   in- 
demnity for  the  past.  Fenton. 

P"AST,  prep.  Beyond  in  time.     Heb.  xi. 

3.  Having  lost ;  not  |)ossessing ;  as,  he  was 
past  sense  of  feeling. 

3.  Beyond;  out  of  reach  of;  as,  he  was  past 
cure  or  help. 

Love,  when  once  ;)ast   government,  is   con- 
sequently pasf  shame.  L' Estrange. 
-I.  Beyond  ;  further  than  ;  as  past  the  bound- 
ary. 
5.  Above  ;  more  than. 

The  northern  Irish  Scots  have  bows  not  past 
three  quarters  of  a  yard  long.  Speriser. 

[JVot  now  used.] 
C.  Alter;  beyond    in  time.      The  company 
assembled  at   half  past  seven,  that  is,  at 
half  an  hour  after  seven. 
P.\STE,  n.  [Fv.  pate,  for  paste  ;  It.  Sp.  pas- 
la.    Q,u.  L. /)is(iis,  or  Gr.   rtasou,  to  sprin- 
kle, or  some  root  which   signifies  to   mix 
anil  knead.] 
1.  .\  soft  composition  of  substances,  as  flour 
moistened  with  water  or  milk  and  knead- 
ed, or  any  kind   of  earth  moistened   and 
formeil  to  the  consistence  of  dough.  Paste 
made  of  flour  is  used   in  cookery  ;  paste 
madi;  of  flour  or  earth,  is  used  in  various 
arts  and  manufactures,  as  a  cement. 
3.  An  artificial  mixture  in  imitation  of  pre 
cious  stones  or  gems,  used  in  the   glass 
trade.  Eiicyc 

3.  In  nmieralogy,  the  mineral  substance  in 

wliii'li  other  minerals  are  imbedded. 
PASTE,  V.  t.  To  unite  or  cement  with  paste; 
to  fasten  with  paste.  Halts. 

PASTEBOARD,  n.  A  species  of  thick  pa- 
per furmed  of  scver.-d  single  sheets  pasted 
one  upon  another,  or  by  macerating  paper 
and  casting  it  in  m'>lds,  &c.  It  is  used  for 
the  covering  of  hooks,  fur  bonnets,  &c. 
PAS'TEL,  n.  A  plant,  the  woad,  of  the  ge 

mis  Isatis.  Ed.  Kin-yc.     JlinsworlhJ 

2.  A  coloring  subsluncc.     [Sp.]  | 


PAS'TERN,  71.  [Fr.  pdluron.]  The  part  of 
a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint  next  the 
foot  and  the  coronet  of  the  hoof      Encyc. 

2.  The  human  leg;  in  contempt.       Dryden. 

PAS'TERN-JOINT,  n.  The  joint  in  a 
horse's  leg  next  the  foot. 

PASTl€'CIO,  n.    [It.]  A  medley ;  an  olio. 

Swinburne. 

PAS'TIL,   n.    [L.  paslillus;    It.   pastiglia ; 
Fr.  pastille.  See  Paste.) 
A  roll  of  paste,  or  a  kind  of  paste  made  of 
dift'erent  colors  ground   with  gum-water 
in  order  to  make  crayons.  Encyc 

2.  In  pharmacy,  a  dry  composition  of  sweet 
smelling  resins,  aromatic  woods,  &c.  burnt 
to  clear  and  scent  the  air  of  a  room 

Encyc. 

P^ASTIME,   n.    [pass    and    time.]     Sport 
amusement;       diversion;      that      which 
amuses   atid   serves   to   make   time   pass 
agreeahlv.  Millon.     Watts 

P' AST! ME,  v.i.  To  sport ;  to  use  diversion, 
[Little  %ised.] 

P'ASTOR,  n.  [L.  from  pasco,  pastum,  to 
feed,  Gr.  fjosxu,  W.  pesgi,  Arm.  pasqa 
Fr.  paitre,  for  paislre,  like  naitre,  from 
li.nasco;  Russ.  pastovw/u,  pasu.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  bush,  D.  bosch,  G.  busch,  Sw 
buska.  Dun.  busk,  as  browse  is  to  brush  ; 
It.  brusca  ;  Gr.  (jpujjcw.] 

1.  A  shepherd;  one  that  has  the  care  of 
flocks  and  herds.  Dryden. 

2.  A  minister  of  the  gospel  who  has  the 
charge  of  a  church  and  congregation, 
whose  duty  is  to  watch  over  the  people  of 
his  charge,  and  instruct  them  in  the  sa- 
cred doctrines  of  the  christian  religion. 

South.     Swift. 
PASTORAL,  a.  [h. pastoralis.]  Pertaining; 
to  shepherds  ;  as  a  pastoral  life  ;  pastoral'^ 
manners. 

2.  Descriptive  of  the  life  of  shepherds;  as  a 
pastoral  poem. 

3.  Relating  to  the  care  of  souls,  or  to  the 
pastor  of  a  church  ;  as  pastoral  care  or; 
duties  ;  a  pastoral  letter.  i 

Hooker.     Dryden.] 
Piety  is  the  life  and  soul  o( pastoral  fidelity- 
H  Humptirey.' 
P'ASTORAL.  n.    A  poem   describing     ' 
life  and  manners  of  shepherds,  or  a  poein 
in  imitation  of  the  action   of  a  shepherd, 
and   in    which    the   speakers    take    upon 
thetnselves   the  character   of  shepherds  ; 
an  idyl  ;  a  bucolic.  Pope. 

A  pastnral  is  a  poem  in  which  any  action  or 
passion  is  represented  by  its  effects  on  a  country 
life.  Rambler. 

ASTORATE,  n.    The  ofliee,  state  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a  spiritual  pastor. 

President  Stiles.     Tooke. 


P'ASTORLIKE,   )       Becoming  a  pastor. 
P'ASTORLY,        S  "■  Milton. 

Pv\STORSHIP,  n.  The  office   or  rank  of 

pastor.  BiM.!  3- 

PASTRY,  II.  [from  paste.]  Things  in  gen-l 

eral  which  are  made  of  paste,  orof  whiclij 

])aste  con.stitules  a   principal    ingredient,! 

as  pies,  tarts,  cuke  and  the  like.  ! 

2.  Tlie  place  where  pastry  is  made.      Shak.^ 

PaSTRY-€POK,  n-  O'lo  whose  occnpa-i 
tion  is  to  make  and  sell  articles  made  of 
paste.  .■Irbuthnot.i 

P'ASTURABLE,  a.  [froin  pasture.]  Fit  for| 
pasture.  1 


P'ASTURA(iE,  n.  [Fr. pdturage.  See  Pas- 
ture.] 

1.  The  business  of  feeding  or  grazing  cattle. 

Spenser. 

!2.  Grazing   ground;    land   appropriated   to 

1     grazing.  Addison. 

3.  Grass  for  feed.  Arhuthnot. 

P'ASTURE,  n.  [Ft.  pdture,  for  pasture,  from 
L.  pasco,  pastum,  to  feed,  Gr.  douxu.] 

1.  Grass  for  the  food  of  cattle ;  the  food  of 
cattle  taken  by  grazing.  Brown. 

2.  Ground  covered  with  grass  appropriated 
for  the  food  of  cattle.  The  farmer  has  a 
hundred  acres  nf  pasture.  It  is  sometimes 
called  paslure-laitd. 

3.  Human  culture ;  education.     [JVol  used.] 

Dryden. 

Common  of  pasture,  is  the  right  of  feeding 
cattle  on  another's  ground. 

PASTURE,  V.  t.  To  feed  on  grass  or  to 
supply  grass  for  food.  We  apply  the  word 
to  persons,  as  the  farmer  pas'ures  fifty 
oxen  ;  or  to  ground,  as  the  land  will  pas- 
ture fifty  oxen. 

P^ASTURE,  t'.  i.  To  graze;  to  take  food 
by  eating  grass  from  the  ground.     Milton. 

P.ASTY,  a.  Like  paste ;  of  the  consistence 
of  paste.  Cooper. 

PASTY,  n.  [from  paste.]  A  pie  made  of 
paste  and  baked  without  a  dish. 

Pope.     King. 

PAT,  (I.  [G.pass;  D.pas.  See  Fit  and  Pass.] 
Fit ;  convenient ;  exactly  suitable  either 
as  to  time  or  place.  [Not  an  elegant  word, 
but  admissible  in  burlesque.] 

Atterbury.     Swifl. 

P.\T,  adv.  Fitly;  conveniently.  Shak. 

PAT,  n.  [VV.  fat,  a  blow  ;  fi'tiaw,  to  strike 
lightly,  to  pal.    Qn.  Fr.  patte.] 

A  light  quick  blow  or  stroke  with  the  fin- 
gers or  hand. 

P.\T,  II.  t.  To  strike  gently  with  the  fingers 
or  hand  ;  to  tap. 

Gay  pats  my  shoulder  and  you  vanish  quite. 

Pope. 

PATA'CA,        I  ,,    [from  the  Sp.]    A  Span- 

PATAeOON',  ^  "•  ish  coin  of  the  value  of 
4s.  8d.  sterling,  or  about  $1,04  cents. 

Sp.  Did. 
th"ei;PATA'CHE,    n.    [Sp.]    A  tender  or  small 
vessel  employed    in  conveying  njen  or  or- 
ders from  one  ship  or  place  to  another. 

Sp.  Diet. 

P.\TAVIN'ITY,  n.  The  use  of  local  words, 
or  the  peculiar  style  or  diction  of  Livy, 
the  Roman  historian ;  so  denominated 
from  Patavium  or  Padua,  the  place  of  his 
nativity.  Encyc.     Lempricre. 

P.VTCII,  n.  [It.  pezza,  a  piece,  Fr.  piice, 
Arm.  pez,  Sp.  piezn.     Qu.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth  seweil  on  a  garment  to 
repair  it.  Dryden. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  any  thing  used  to  repair 
a  breach. 

A  small  piece  of  silk  used  to  cover  a  de- 
fect on  the  face,  or  to  add  a  charm. 

A  piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated 
work.  Locke. 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  or  a  small  de- 
tacheil  piece.  Shak. 

A  paltry  fellow.  This  use  is  sometimes 
heard   in  vulgar   language ;    as   a    cross- 


4. 


(J. 


patch. 
P.ATCIl,   !'.    t     To   mend   by  sewing  on    i 

piece  or  pieces;  as,  lo patch  a  coat. 
2.  To  adorn  with  a  jiatch  or  with  patches. 


with  a 
coiriposed 


Shnk. 
piece 


PAT 

In  the  middle  boxes  were  several  ladies  whol 
patched  both  sides  of  their  faces.         Spectator  J 

3.  To  iiiena  with  pieces;  to  repair clumMily-i 

Shak: 

4.  To  repair  with  pieces  fastened  on  ;  as,  to 
patcli  the  roof  of  a  house. 

5.  To  makeup  of  pieces  and  shreds. 

Raleigh.  ^ 

6.  To  dress  in  a  party-colored  coat.       Shak.^ 

7.  To  make  suddetily  or  hastdy;  to  make 
without  regard  to  forms ;  as,  to  patch  up  a 
peace.  . 

PATCU'ED,  pp-  Mrnded   with   a  patch  or 

patches  ;  tiiended  clumsily. 
PATCH'ER,  n.  One  that  patches  orbotches. 
PATCH'ERY,  n.    Bungling    work;  botch- 

ery;  forgery. 
PATCH'ING,  ppr.  Mending 

or  pieces ;  botching. 
PATCH'WORK,    n.    Work 

pieces  of  various  figures  sewed  together. 

Sivifl 
2.  Work  composed  of  pieces  clumsily  put 

together.  Sidjl. 

PATR,  n.  [Qu.  Ir.  balhas,  a  top  ;  or  Sp.   It. 

patena.'\ 

1.  The  licad,  or  rattier  the  top  of  the  head  ; 
applied  to  persons,  it  is  now  used  in  con- 
tempt or  ridicule. 

2.  The  skin  of  a  calf's  head. 

3.  hi  fortification,  a  kind  of  platform  resem- 
bling what  is  called  a  horse  shoe.      Encyc. 

PA'TED,  a.  In  composition,  having  a  pate; 

as     long-p«<erf,    cunning ;    siiMow -pated, 

having  weak  intellect. 
PATEE',      }       III  heraldry,  a  cross  small 
PATTEE',  y^'  in  the  center,  and  widening 

to  the  extremities  which  are  broad. 

Encyc. 
PATEFAC'TION.  n.  [L.  patefactio  ;  pat'eo, 

to  open,  antifrtcio,  to  make.] 
The   act  of  opening   or   manifesting ;  open 

declaration.  Pearson. 

PATEL  l.IFORM,   a.   [L.  patella,   a  dish 

and/orm  ]     Of  the  form  of  a  dish  or  sau 

cer.  Barton. 

PAT'ELLITE,    n.    Fossil   remains  of  the 

patella,  a  shell. 
PAT'EN,  (       [L.  patina.]    A  plate.     [JVot 
PAT'IN,   s"'  used.]  Shak. 

2.  In  the   Romish  cinirch.  the   cover  of  the 

chalice,  used  for  holding  particles   of  the 

host.  '  Bp.  Bedell. 

PAT'ENT,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  palens,  fiom;)a- 

<co,  to  open  ;  Gr. 


PAT 


rtfTouj,  Ch.  nrO  to  open,' 
dilate  or  expand  ;  Syr.  Sam.  id.  Class  Bd.l 
No.  63.  C4.  05.]  Open  ;  spread  ;  expanded. 

1.  In  botany,  spreading  ;  liirming  an  acute 
angle  with  the  stem  or  branch  ;  asapalent 
leaf.  Martyn. 

Q.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all ;  as  letters /)a<- 
e?i(.     [See  Letter.] 

3.  Appropriated  by  letters  patent. 

M.uiiier — in  the  time  of  Charles  tlie  first,  was 
made  \\ patent  coininodity-  Mortimer.^. 

4.  Apparent ;  conspicuous.  Horsetey. 
PAT'ENT,  n.  A  writing  given  by  the  pnip-j 

er  authority  iiiid  duly  authenticated,! 
granting  a  privilege  to  some  person  or  per-1 
sons.  By  patent,  or  letters  patent,  that  is, 
open  letter.-;,  the  king  of  Great  Brit.ain 
sraiits  hinds,  honors  and  fiuncliises 
PAT'ENT,  V.  I.  To  grant  by  patent. 

2.  To  secure  tlie  exclusive  right  of  a  thing 


PAT'ENTED,  p/>.  Granted  by  patent;  se- 
cured by  patent  or  by  law  as  an  exclusive 
privilege. 
IPATENTEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  grant  is 
made  or  a  [irivilege  secured  by  patent  or 
by  law. 

PAT'EiN'TING,  ;)/)r.  Granting  by  patent; 
securing  as  a  privilege. 

PATEN'r-ROLLS,  n.  The  records  or  reg- 
isters of  patents. 

PATERN '.A!-,  a.  [Fr.  patemel;  L.  pater- 
nus.  li-uni  pater,  father.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  father;  fatherly;  as  pa- 
ternal care  or  affection;  paternal  favor  or 
admonition. 

2.  Derived  from  the  father  ;  hereditary  ;  as  a| 
paternal  estate.  On/den.     Mdison.] 

PATERN'ITY,  n.  [Ft.paternite  ;  U.  pater- 
nita.]  Falhci-ship  ;  the  relation  of  a  fath- 
er. 

The  world,  while  it  had  scarcity  of  people, 
undeiwciit  no  other  dominion  than  paternity 
anil  eldership.  Rnleinh. 

PA'TERNOSTER,  n.  [L.  our  father.]  The 
Lord's  prayer. 

PWTU,  n.  ("ilii.  paths.  [Sax.  path,  path,  or 
paad.paat :  li.  pad  ;  G . pfad ;  Sum^.  patha  ; 
Gr.  rtaroj,  Irniii  nariw,  to  tread.  Tlic  sense 
of  path  is  beaten,  trod ;  but  the  primary 
sense  of  treacling,  stepping,  is  probably  to 
open,  stretch,  extend.] 

1.  A  way  beaten  or  troilden  by  the  feet  of 
man  or  beast,  or  made  hard  by  wheels ; 
that  part  of  a  higlnvay  on  which  animals 
or  carriages  ordinarily  pass;  applied  to  the 
(ground  only,  and  never  to  a  paved  street  in 
a  city. 

2.  Any  narrow  way  beaten  by  the  foot. 
|3.  The  way,  course  or  track  where  a  body 

moves  in  the  atinnsplicre  or  in  space;  as 
the  path  of  a  planet  or  comet ;  the  path  of 
a  meteor. 

4.  A  way  or  passage. 

5.  Course  of  life. 
He  maikcth  all  my  paths.     Job  xxxiii. 

ti.  Precepts  ;  rules  prescribed. 
]  Uphold  my  goings  in  thy  paths.     Ps.  xvii. 

7.  Course  of  providential  dealings ;  moral 
government. 

All  the  paths  of  the  Lord  are  mercy  and  tnith 

to  such  as  keep  his  covenant.     Ps.  xxv. 

P'ATH,  V.  t.    [Sax.  peththinn.]     To   make 

a  path  by  treading ;  to  beat  a  path,  as  in 

snow.  (J.  States. 

2.  To   push  forward  ;    to   cause   to  go ;   to 

make  way  for.  Shak. 

P>ATII,  v.'i.  To  walk  abroad.  Shak. 

PATllET'Ie,        I         [Gr.  jtoSijrueos,  from 

PATHETTCAL,  ^"'  «a9of,  passion  ;  naax^, 

to  suft"er.] 
Affecting  rjr  moving  the  passions,  particu- 
larly  pity,  sorrow,  grief  or  other  tender 
emotion  ;  as  a  pathetic  song  or  discourse 
pathetic  expostulation.  Spectator. 

No  theory  of  the  passions  can  teach  a  man  to 
be  pathctk.  E.  Porter. 

P.\THET'I€,  n.  Style  or  manner  adapted 
to  awaken  the  [lassions,  especially  tender 
emotions. 

A  musician  at  Venice  is  said  to  have  so  ex- 
celled in  the  pathetic,  as  to  be  able  to  play  any 
of  his  auditors  into  distraction.  Encyc. 

PATHET'ICALLY,  ailv.  In  such  a  manner 


PAT 

P'ATHFL'?,  n.  A  fly  found  in  tbot-paths. 
PATIl'lC,  n.    [from  the  Gr.  naOof.]    A   cat- 
amite;  a  male  that  submits  to  the  crime 
against  nature.  Gillies. 

P'ATIILESS,  a.  Having  no  beaten  way; 
untrodden  ;  as  a  pathless  forest ;  a  pathless 
coast.  Prior. 

PATHOGNOMONIC,  a.  [Gr.  naBoyv^iu)v- 
ijcoj  ;  TtoSoj,  passion  or  suflering,  and 
yvu^fx^v,  troiii  yt^ujixw,  to  know.] 
Indicating  that  which  is  inseparable  from  a 
disease,  being  found  in  that  ami  in  no  oth- 
er; hence,  indicating  that  by  which  a  dis- 
ease may  be  certainly  known  ;  character- 
istic; as pnthuj^nomonic  symptoms. 
PATHOG  NOMY,  n.  [Gr.  Jiaeoj  and  yvupr;, 

sigiiiticatioii] 

Expression  of  the  passions  ;  the  science  of 

the  signs  by  which   human  passions  arc 

indicated.  Goorf. 

PATIIOLOU'IC,        I         [See   Pathology.] 

PATHOLOGICAL,  S         Pertaining  to  pa- 

tliologv. 
PATHOLOGICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner 

of  |)atliiili>gy. 
PATIKJL'OgIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  pa- 
thology. 
PATHOLOGY,  n.  [Gr.  «o9o;,  passion,  suf- 
1      Icring,  and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
That  part  of  medicine  whicli  explains  the 
nature  of  diseases,  their  causes  anil  synip- 
toms ;  or  the  doctrine  of  the  causes  and 
nature  of  diseases,  comprehending  nosolo- 
gy, etiology,  symptomatology,  and  thera- 
peutics. Encyc.     Core. 
PA'THOS,  n.    [Gr.  from   na^X",  to  suffer.] 
Passion  ;    warmth    or  vehemence,    in    a 
speaker;  or  in  language,  that  which  ex- 
cites emotions  and  [lassions.  Mason. 
PATHWAY,  n.  A  path;  usually,  a  narrow 
way  to  be  passed  on  toot.  Gay. 
2.  Away;  a  course  of  life.   Prov.  xii. 
P.\T'IBLE,  a.   [L.  patibilis,  froia  potior,  to 

suffer.] 
Suffcrable  ;  tolerable  ;  that  may  be  endured. 
I     [.Vol  used.]  Did. 

P.\TIB  LLARY,  a.    [Fr.  patibulaire,  from 
I     L.  patUndum,  a  gallows.] 
Belonging  to  the  gallows,  or  to  execution  oti 
I     the  cross.  Diet. 

P.VriENCE,  n.pa'shens.  [Fr.  from  h.pati- 
entia,  (torn  pallor,  to  suffer;  \t.  pazienza  ; 
Sp.  Port,  paciencia.  The  primary  sense 
is  continuance,  holding  out,  from  extend- 
ing. Hence  we  see  the  connection  be- 
tween pass,  and  L.  pando,  passus,  and  Gr. 
rtoTfu.     See  Pass.] 

1.  The  suffering  of  afflictions,  pain,  toil,  ca- 
lamity, provocation  or  other  evil,  with  a. 
calm,  unruffled  temper  ;  endurance  with- 
out niiirmiiring  or  trcifulness.  Patience 
may  sprinij  from  constimtional  fortitude, 
from  a  kind  of  heroic  pride,  or  from  chris- 
tian siilimission  to  the  divine  will. 

2.  .■V  calm  temper  which  bears  evils  without 


as  to  excite  the  tender  passions, 
to  a  person;  as,  to  patent  an  invention  oVIjPATHET'ICALNESS,  n.   The   quality  of 
an  original  work  to  the  author.  f|     moving  the  tender  passions. 


nnirmurinir  or  discontent. 
.  The  act  or  quality  of  waiting  long  lor  jus- 
tice or  expected  good  without  discontent. 
Have  patience  with  me,  and  I  will  pay  thee 
all.    Malt,  xviii. 

.  Perseverance ;  constancy  in  labor  or  ex- 
ertion. 

He  learnt  veilh  patience,  and  with  meekness 
taught.  Harte 


P  A  T 


P  A  T 


PAT 


5.  The  quality  of  bearing  offenses  and  inju- 
ries without  anger  or  revenge. 

His  rage  was  kindled  and  his  patience  gone. 

Harte 

6.  Sufferance  ;  permission.    [JVot  used.] 

Hooker. 

7.  A  plant,  a  species  of  rumex  or  dock. 

Mortimer. 

PATIENT,  a.  pa'skent.    [Fr.  from  L.  pa- 

tiens.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  enduring  evils  with- 
out murmuring  or  fretfulness;  sustaining 
afflictions  of  body  or  mind  with  fortitude, 
calmness  or  christian  submission  to  the  di- 
vine will ;  as  a  patient  person,  or  a  person 
oV patient  temper.  It  is  followed  by  o/"  be- 
fore the  evil  endured  ;  as  patient  of  labor 
or  pain  ;  patient  of  heat  or  cold.  Ray. 

2.  Not  easily  provoked ;  calm  under  the  suf- 
ferance of  injuries  or  offenses ;  not  re- 
vengeful. 

Be  patient  towards  all  men.  1  Thess.  v. 

3.  Persevering;  constant  in  pursuit  or  exer- 
tion ;  calmly  diligent. 

Whatever  I  have  done  is  due  to  patient 
thought.  JVewton 

4.  Not  hasty  ;  not  over  eager  or  impetuous  ; 
waiting  or  expecting  with  calmness  or 
without  discontent. 

J<lol  jiatient  to  expect  the  turns  of  fate. 

Pri<jr. 
PA'TIENT,   n.  A  person  or  thing  that  re- 
ceives impressions  from  external  agents  ; 
he  or  that  which  is  passively  affected. 

Malice  is  a  passion  so  impetuous  and  precip- 
itate, that  it  often  involves  the  agent  and  the 
patient.  Gov.  of\he  Tongue. 

2.  A  person  diseased  or  suffering  bodily  in- 
disposition. It  is  used  in  relation  to  the 
physician  ;  as,  the  physician  visits  his  pa- 
tient morning  and  evening. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  absolutely  for  a  sick 
person. 

It  is  wonderful  to  observe  how  inapprehen- 
sive  these  ^a(("t*?i/s  are  of  their  disease. 

Blackmore. 

PA'TIENT,  V.  I.  To  compose  one's  self 
[JVot  used.]  Shak. 

PA'TIENTLY,  adv.  With  calmness  or  com 
posure  ;  without  discontent  or   murmur 
ing.     Submit  ^ah'en%  to  the  unavoidable 
evils  of  life. 

2.  With  calm  and  constant  diligence  ;  as,  to 
examine  a  subject  patiently. 

3.  Without  agitation,  uneasiness  or  discon 
tent;  without  undue  haste  or  eagerness; 
as,  to  wait  patiently  for  more   favorable 
events. 

PATIN.'    [See  Paten.] 

PAT'LY,  adv.  [from  pat.]  Fitly ;  conven' 
iently. 

PAT'NESS,  »i.  [from  pat]  Fitness;  suita- 
bleness ;  convenience.  Barrotv. 

PA'TRIARCH,  71.  [L.  patriarcha  ;  Gr.  rta- 
T'piap;^»;;;  Katpia,  a  family,  from  rtariyp, 
father,  and  op;fos,  a  chief] 

1.  The  fatlier  and  ruler  of  a  family  ;  one 
who  governs  by  paternal  right.  It  is  usu- 
ally applied  to  the  progenitors  of  the  Is- 
raelites, Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob  and  the 
sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  heads  of  families 
before  the  flood  ;  as  the  antediluvian  pa 
triarclis. 

2.  A  learned  and  distinguished  character 
among  the  Jews. 

3.  In  the  christian  church,  a  dignitary  supe 


rior  to  the  order  of  archbishops ;  as  the 
patriarch  of  Constantinoi)le,  of  Alexan- 
dria, or  of  Ephesus. 

PATRIAR€H'AL,  ?       Belonging  to  patri-l 

PATRIAR€H'I€,  ^  "•  archs  ;  possessed  by 
patriarchs;  an  patriarchal  power  or  juris- 
diction; a  patriarchal  see. 

2.  Subject  to  a  patriarch  ;  as  a  patriarchal 
church. 

Patriarchal  cross,  in  heraldry,  is  that  where 
the  shaft  is  twice  crossed,  the  lower  arms 
being  longer  than  the  upper  ones. 

Enci/c. 

PA'TRIARCHATE,    )      The  ofBce,  digiii- 

PA'TRIARCHSHIP,  S"-ty  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  patriarch  or  ecclesiastical  superior. 

Selden.     .lyliffe. 

PA'TRIARCHY,  n.  The  jurisdiction  of  a 
patriarch  ;  a  patriarchate.  Brercwood. 

PATRI"C1AN,  a.  [Fi.  patricien  ;  L.  patri- 
cius,  from  pater,  father.] 

Senatorial ;  noble  ;  not  plebeian.  This  epi- 
thet is  derived  from  the  Roman  patres, 
fathers,  the  title  of  Roman  senators ;  as 
patrician  birth  or  blood  ;  patrician  fam- 
ilies. Addison. 

PATRI"CL\N,  n.  A  nobleman.  In  the  Ro- 
man state,  the  patricians  were  the  de- 
scendants of  the  first  Roman  senators. 

PATRIMO'NIAL,  a.  [Fr.  See  Patrimony.] 
Pertaining  to  a  patrimony  ;  inherited  from 
ancestors  ;  as  a  patnmonial  estate. 

PATRIMO'NIALLY,  adv.  By  inheritance. 

Davenant. 

PAT'RIMONY,  n.  [L.  patrimonium,  from 
pater,  father.] 

1.  A  right  or  estate  inherited  from  one's  an- 
cestors. Dryden. 

2.  A  church  estate  or  revenue  ;  as  St.  Pe- 
ter's patrimony. 

PAT'RIOT,  n.  [Fr.  patriate,  from  L.  pati-ia, 
one's  native  country,  from  pater,  father.] 

A  person  who  loves  his  country,  and  zeal- 
ously supports  and  defends  it  and  its  in- 
terests. 

Such  tears  as  patriots  shed  for  dying  laws. 

Pope.' 

PAT'RIOT,  a.  Patriotic;  devoted  to  the' 
welfare  of  one's  country  ;  as  patriot  zeal,  i 

PATRIOT'IC,  fl.  Full  of  patriotism  ;  actu- 
ated by  the  love  of  one's  country ;  as  a 
patriotic  hero  or  statesman. 

2.  Inspired  by  the  love  of  one's  country ; 
directed  to  the  public  safety  and  welfare ;' 
as  patriotic  zeal.  1 

PATRIOTISM,  n.  Love  of  one's  country  ;■ 
the  passion  which  aims  to  serve  one's! 
country,  either  in  defending  it  from  inva-' 
sion,  or  protecting  its  rights  and  main- 
taining its  laws  and  institutions  in  vigori 
and  purity.  Patriotism  is  the  character- 
istic of  a  good  citizen,  the  noblest  passion 
that  animates  a  man  in  the  character  of  a 
citizen. 

PATRIS'TIC,        )      [from  L.  pater,  patres, 

PATRIS'TICAL,  S  ""  fathers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  chris- 
tian church.  M.  Stuart. 

PATROC'INATE,  t>.  t.  To  patronize.  [Not 

PATROCINA'TION,  n.  Countenance ;  sup- 
port.    [JVot  used.]  Hall.\ 

PATROL,     I      [Fr.patrouille:Sp.patrulta; 

PATROLL,  S  "■  Port,  patrulha.  See  the 
Verb.] 

1.  In  war,  a  round;  a  walking  or  marching 


round  by  a  guard  in  the  night,  to  watch  aed 
observe  what  passes,  and  to  secure  the 
peace  and  safety  of  a  camp  or  other  place. 

|2.  The  guard  or  persons  who  go  the  rounds 
for  observation  ;  a  detachment  whose  du- 
ty is  to  patroll. 

In  \  ranee,  there  is  an  army  of  patrols  to  se- 
cure her  fiscal  regulations.  Hamilton. 

PATROLL,  V.  i.  [Fr.  patrouiller,  to  paddle 
or  puddle,  to  patroll,  to  fumble ;  Sp.  pa- 
trullar.  Hence  the  word  seems  to  be 
formed  from  the  name  of  the  foot,  pad  or 
ped,  paw.  In  our  vulgar  dialect,  pad  is 
used  in  the  sense  of  walking  or  stepping 
about.    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rtortu.] 

To  go  the  rounds  in  a  camp  or  garrison  ;  to 
march  about  and  observe  what  passes  ;  as 
a  guard.  Encyc. 

PATROLLING,  ppr.  Going  the  rounds,  as 
a  guard. 

PAT' RON,  n.  [L.  paironus ;  Gr.  itatpuni,  fronj 
naTtjfi,  father.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  master  who  had 
freed  his  slave,  and  retained  some  rights 
over  him  after  his  emancipation ;  also,  a 
man  of  distinction  under  whose  protection 
another  placed  himself     Hence, 

2.  One  who  countenances,  supports  and  pro- 
tects either  a  person  or  a  work.         Prior. 

3.  In  the  church  of  Rome,  a  guardian  or  saint, 
whose  name  a  person  bears,  or  imder 
whose  special  care  he  is  placed  and  whom 
he  invokes ;  or  a  saint  in  whose  name  a 
church  or  order  is  founded.  Encyc. 

In  the  canon  or  common  law,  one  who  has 
the  gift  and  disposition  of  a  benefice. 

Encyc. 

5.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender ;  one  that  spe- 
cially countenances  and  supports,  or  lends 
aid  to  advance  ;  as  patrons  of  the  arts  ;  a 
patron  of  useful  undertakings;  the  pat- 
rons of  virtue.  Locke. 

6.  In  seamen''s  language,  the  commander  of 
a  small  vessel  or  passage-boat ;  also,  one 
who  steers  a  ship's  long  boat. 

PATRONAGE,  n.  Special  countenance  or 
support ;  favor  or  aid  afforded  to  second 
the  views  of  a  person  or  to  promote  a  de- 
sign. Sidney. 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a  saint.  Addison. 

3.  Advowson  ;  the  right  of  presentation  to  a 
church  or  ecclesiastical  benefice.      Encyc. 

PAT'RONAGE,  v.  t.  To  patronize  or  sup- 
port. [J\'ot  used.]  Shak. 
PAT'RONAL,  a.  Doing  the  office  of  a  pat- 
ron ;  protecting;  supporting;  favoring; 
defending.  [Little  used.]  Broion. 
PATRONESS,  n.  A  female  that  favors, 
countenances  or  supports. 

Now  night  came  down,  and  rose  full  soon 
That  7<a(roncss  of  rogues,  the  moon. 

lyumbiiWs  .WFingal. 

2.  A  female  guardian  saint. 

3.  A  female  that  has  the  right  of  presenting 
to  a  church  living. 

PATRONIZE,  !'.  t.  To  support;  to  coun- 
tenance; to  defend;  as  a  patron  his  client. 

2.  To  favor ;  to  lend  aid  to  j)romote ;  as  an 
undertaking.  Dryden. 

.3.  To  maintain;  to  defend  ;  to  support. 

This  idea  has  been  patronized  by  two  states 
only.  Hamilton. 

!P.\T'RONiZED.  pp.  Defended ;  supported ; 
I     favored ;  promoted. 
P.\TRONIZER,    71.     One    that    supports, 
i     countenances  or  favors. 


P  A  U 

PAT'RONIZING,p/)r.  Defenfling;  support- 
ing ;  favoring  ;  promoting. 
PAT'RONLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  patron. 

Shaflsbury. 

PATRONYM'le,  n.  [Gr.  narpu.'v/.ixos ;    L- 

palronijmkus ;  from  Gr.  rto/rr,f,  father,  and 

o^o^a,  nunie.] 
A  name  of  men  or  women  derived  from  that 

of  their  parents  or  ancestors ;  as  Tydides, 

the  son  of  Tydeus  ;  Pdidts,  the  son  of  Pe- 

leus,  that  is,  Acliilles.  Encyc. 

P.VP'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  patin,  probably  from  the 

name  of  the  foot.] 
1.  The  base  of  a  column  or  pillar. 

Ainsworth 
3.  A  wooden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring,  worn 

to  keep  the  shoes  from  the  dirt  or  mud. 
Camden.     Omj 
PAT'TEN-MAKER,   n.   One   that    makes 

pattens. 
PAT'TER,  V.  i.  [from  pa<,  to  strike  gently  ; 

or  Fr.  palie,  the  foot.] 
To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water  or  hail, 

with  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds  ; 

as  pattering  hail.  Dryden. 

The  stealing  shower  is  scarce  to  palter  heaid. 

Thurnsvn. 

PAT'TERING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  quick 

succession  of  small  sounds. 
PAT'TERN,  n.  [Fr.  patron  ;  Arm.  patroum  ; 

D.  patroon.     See  Patron.] 

1.  An  original  or  model  pro|)o.sed  for  imita 
tion  ;  the  archetype  ;  an  exemplar  ;  that 
which  is  to  he  cojiied  or  imitated,  either  in 
things  or  in  actions ;  as  the  pattern  of  a 
machine ;  a  pattern  of  patience.  Christ 
was  the  most  perfect  pattern  of  rectitude, 
patience  and  submission  ever  exhibited 
on  earth. 

2.  A  specimen ;  a  sample ;  a  part  showing 
the  figure  or  quality  of  the  whole ;  as  a 
pattern  of  silk  cloth. 

3.  An  instance;  an  example.  Hooker. 

4.  Any  thing  cut  or  formed  into  the  shape  of 
something  to  be  made  after  it. 

PAT'TERN,  V.  t.  To  make  in   imitation  of 

some  model ;  to  copy.  Shak 

9.  To  serve  as  an  example  to  be  followed. 

Shak. 
To  pattern  after,  to  imitate  ;  to  follow. 
PAT'TY,  n.  [Ft:  pate,  paste.]  A  little  pie. 
PAT'TY-PAN,  n.  A  pan  to  bake  a  little  pie 

in. 
PAT'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  patuluj,  from  pateo,  to 

be  open.] 
Spreading,  as  a  patulous  calyx  ;  bearing  the 

flowers  loose  or  dispersed,  as  a  patulous 

peduncle.  Lee.     J\Iartyn. 

PAUCIL'OQUY,  n.   [L.  pauais,  few,  and 

loquor,  to  speak.] 
The  utterance  of  few  words.     [L/ittlc   u^ed.] 
PAUTITY,   V.    [L.  paucitas,  from  paucus, 

few.] 

1.  Fewness;  smallness  of  number;   as  the 
pauci/i/ of  schools.  Hooker. 

2.  Smallness  of  quantity  ;  as  paucii)/ of  blood. 

Broivn. 
PAUM,  t'.  t.  To  impose  by  fraud  ;  a  corrup- 
tion of  palm.  Sm/l. 
PAUNCH,  n.   [Fr.  panse  ;    It.   Sp.  panza 
Port,  poll  ca  ;  D.   pens;    Ba.-^que,  pantza 
L.  panter.    Qii.  G.  it^a;(s(.]     The  belly  and 
its  contents. 
The  paunch,  in  ruminating  quadrupeds,  is 


P  A  V 

the  first  and  largest  stomach,  into  which 
the  food  IS  received  belore  rumination. 

Monro. 

PAUNCH,  V.  t.  To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly  ; 
to  eviscerate  ;  to  take  out  the  contents  of 
the  belly.  Hhuk.     Garth. 

PAUP'ER,  n.  [L.  pauper ;  F[.  pauvrt ;  Sp. 
pobre  ;  It.  povtro.] 

A  poor  person  ;  particularly,  one  so  indigent 
as  to  depend  on  the  parish  or  town  lor 
maintenance. 

PAUP'ERISM,  n.  The  state  of  being  poor 
or  destitute  of  the  means  of  support;  the 
state  of  indigent  persons  requiring  sup- 
port from  the  community.  The  increase 
of  pauperism  is  an  alarming  evil. 

PAUSE,  n.  pauz.  [L.  Sp.  It.  pausa  ;  Fr. 
pause;  D.  poos  ;  Hw.paus ;  ii.  Uaii.  pause  ; 
Gr.  novois,  Irom  Jiavup,  to  cease,  or  cause  to 
rest.] 

1.  A  stop ;  a  cessation  or  intermission  o( 
action,  of  speaking,  singing,  playing  or  the 
like  ;  a  tenqiorary  stop  or  rest. 

Hooker.    Locke 

ii.  Cessation  proceeding  from  doubt;  sus- 
pense. 

1  stand  in  pause  where  I  shall  first  begin. 

Shak. 

3.  Break  or  paragraph  in  writing.        Locke 

4.  A  temporary  cessation  in  reading.  The 
use  ol  puiii  Illation  is  to  mark  the  pauses 
in  writing.  In  verse,  there  are  two  kiiidsj 
of  pauses,  the  cesural  and  the  final.  The 
cesural  pause  divides  the  verse  ;  the  final' 
pause  closes  it.  The  pauses  which  mark 
the  sense,  and  which  may  be  called  sen- 
tential, are  the  same  in  prose  and  verse. 

5.  A  mark  of  cessation  or  intermission  of 
the  voice  ;  a  point. 

PAUSE,  V.  i.  pauz.  To  make  a  short  stop  ; 
to  cease  to  speak  for  a  time ;  to  intermit 
speaking  or  uciioii. 

Pausing  a  vvhile,  thus  to  herself  she  mused. 

jruton. 


2.  To  stoji ;  to  wait;  to  forbear  for  a  time. 
Tarry,  pause  a  day  or  two, 

Before  you  hazard.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  intermitted.    The  music  pause*. 
To  pause  upon,  to  deliberate. 

Shak.     KnoUes. 

P.\U.S'ER,  n.  s  as  z.  One  who  pauses;  one 
who  deliberates.  Shak. 

PAUS'ING,  ppr.  Stopping  for  a  time;  ceas- 
ing to  speak  or  act ;  deliberating. 

PAUS'INGLY,  adv.  After  a  pause ;  by 
breaks.  Shak. 

iP.VVAN',  n.  [Sp.  pavana,  from  pavon,  L. 
pavo,  a  peacock.] 

A  grave  dance  among  the  Spaniards.  In 
this  dance,  the  performers  make  a  kind  of 
wheel  before  each  other,  the  gentlemen 
dancing  with  cap  and  sword,  princes  with 
long  robes,  and  the  ladies  with  long  trails  ; 
the  motions  lesembliiig  the  stately  steps 
of  the  peacock. 

Encyc.     Sp.  Diet.     Shak. 

PAVE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  paver ;  L.  pavio,  Gr.  notw, 
to  beat,  to  strike.] 

1.  To  lay  or  cover  with  stone  or  brick  so  as 


P  A  W 

ing^ai'ed  the  way  for  intellectual  improve- 
ment. 

P.^'VED,  pp.  Laid  over  with  stones  or 
bricks  ;  prepared  ;  as  a  way. 

I'A'VI.MENT,  n.  [L. pavimtntum.]  A  floor 
or  covering  coiiBisliiig  of  stones  or  bricks, 
laid  on  the  earth  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  a  hard  and  convenieut  passage  ;  as 
a  pavement  of  pebbles,  of  bricks,  or  of  mar- 
ble. 

PA  VEMENT,  V.  t.  To  pave;  to  floor  with 
stone  or  brick.     [  Unusual.]  Bp.  Hall. 

PAVER,     (       One  who  lays   stones  for  a 

PA'VIER,  J  ■  floor,  or  whose  occupation 
is  to  pave.  Gay. 

PAVILION,  71.  panV'^un.  [Fr.  poviWon  ;  Sp. 
pabellon  ;  Port,  pardluim  ;  Arm.  pavilhon  ; 
\V.  pubelt ;  h.  paviglione  and  padiglione; 
L.  papilio,  a  biiiierfly,  and  a  pa\ilioii.  Ac- 
cording to  Owen,  the  \\  elsh  pabell  signi- 
fies a  moving  habitation.] 

1.  A  tent ;  a  tciriporary  movable  habitation. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  turret  or  build- 
ing, usually  insulated  and  contained  un- 
der a  single  roof;  sometimes  square  and 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  dome.  Some- 
times a  pavilion  is  a  projecting  part  in  the 
front  of  a  building  ;  sometimes  it  flanks  a 
corner.  Encyc. 

3.  Ill  military  affairs,  a  tent  raised  on  posts. 
The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  a  flag,  col- 
ors, ensign  or  banner. 

In  heraldry,  a  covering  in  form  of  a  tent, 
investing  the  armories  of  kings. 
Among  jewelers,  the  under  side  and  cor- 
ner of  brilliants,  lying  between  the  girdle 
and  collet. 

PAVIL'ION,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  tents. 

Millon. 

'2.  To  shelter  with  a  tent.  Pope. 

PAVILIONED,  pp.  Furnished  with  pavil- 
ions ;  sheltered  by  a  tent. 

PA'VING,  ppr.  Flooring  with  stones  or 
bricks. 

PA'V'ING,  n.  Pavement ;  a  floor  of  stones 
or  bricks. 

PA'VO,  »i.  [L.  a  peacock  ;  W.  paw,  spread- 
ing.] 

A  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
consisting  of  fourteen  stars  ;  al.so,  a  fish. 

PAVO'NE,  n.  [L.  pai'o.]  A  peacock.  [Xot 
used.]  Spenser. 

PAVONINE,  a.  [L.  pavoninus,  from  pavo, 
a  peacock.] 

Resembling  the  tail  of  a  peacock ;  irides- 
cent. Clcaveland. 

PAW,  71.  [W.  pawen,  a  paw,  a  hoof;  Arm. 


to  make  a  level  or  convenient  surface  for  PAW,  r.  i.  To  draw  the  fore  foot  along  the 


horses,  carriages  or  foot  passengers  ;  to 
floor  with  brick  or  stone ;  a.o,  to  pave  a' 
street  ;  to  pave  a  side-walk ;  to  pave  a 
court  or  stable. 
.  To  prepare  a  pa.«sage ;  to  facilitate  the 
introduction  of.    The  invention  of  print' 


pau  ;  Hindoo, piiuu',-  Pers.    i^Lj  pai,the 

foot ;  perhaps  contracted  from  pad  or  pal, 

as  the  Dutch  have  poot,  and  the  Fr-patte. 

If  so,  the  word  coincides  in  elements  with 

L.  pes,  pedis,  Gr.  rtov;,  Eng.  foot,  Gr.  «a- 

ftw.] 
,  The  foot  of  beasts  of  prey  having  claws, 

as  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  cat,  &c.  Lev. 

xi. 
,  The  hand  ;  in  contempt.  Dryden. 


ground;  to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot;  as 
a  fiery  horse, pau-ijig-  with  his  hoof   Swift. 
He  paweth  in  the  valley.  Job  xxxix. 
PAW,  V.  t.  To  scrape  with  the  fore  foot. 
His  hot  courser  poto'd  th'  Hungarian  plain. 

Ticket. 


P  A  Y 


PAY 


PEA 


1 


2.  To  handle  roughly  ;  to  scratch. 

3.  To  fawn  ;  to  flatter.  Ainsworth. 
PAW'ED,  a.  Having  paws. 
2.  Broad  footed.  Johnson. 
PAWK'Y,  a.  [from  Sax.  pcccan,  to  deceive.] 

Arch  ;  cunning.     [Local.]  Grose. 

PAWL,  ?!.  [VV.  pawl,  Eng.  pole,  L.  palus. 
See  Pole.] 

Among  sea7neii,  a  short  bar  of  wood  or  iron 
fixed  close  to  the  capstan  or  windlass  of  a 
ship  to  prevent  it  from  rolling  back  or 
giving  way.  Mar.  Did 

PAWN,  n.  [D.pand;  G.pfand;  Hw.punt; 
Port,  peiihor ;  It.  pegno ;  S\>.  empelio ;  L, 
pigmis.  The  sense  may  be  that  which  is 
laid  down  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  given  or  deposited  aa  security 
for  the  payment  of  money  borrowed  ;  a 
pledge.  Pawn  is  applied  only  to  goods, 
chattels  or  money,  and  not   to  real  estate. 

Men  will  not  take  pawns  without  use. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise, 

Shak. 

3.  A  common  man  at  chess.     [See  Peon.] 

Cowley. 

In  patvn,  at  pawn,  the  state  of  being  pledged. 
Sweet  wife,  my  honor  is  at  pawn.  Shak. 

PAWN,  21./.  [Tl).  patiikn  ;  i^[>.  einpehar ;  Port. 
empenhar ;  h.  impegnare ;  h.  pignero.] 
To  give  or  deposit  in  pledge,  or  as  securi- 
ty for  the  payment  of  money  borrowed  ; 
to  pledge ;  as,  she  patvned  the  last  piece  of 
plate. 

2.  To  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise  ; 
as,  to  pawn  one's  word  or  honor  that  an 
agreement  shall  be  fulfilled. 

PAWN'-BROKER,  n.  One  who  lends 
money  on  pledge  or  the  deposit  of  goods. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

PAWN'ED,  pp.  Pledged  ;  given  in  securi- 
ty- 

PAWNEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  pawn 

is   delivered   as  securijy  ;  one   that  takes 
any  thing  in  pawn. 

If  the  pawn  is  laid   up  and  the  pawnee  rob- 
bed, he  is  not  answerable.  Encyc 
PAWN'ER,  )i.  One  that  pledges  any  thing 
as  security  for  the  payment  of  borrowed 
money. 
PAWN'ING,  ppr.  Pledging,  as  goods ;  giv 

ing  as  security. 
PAX,  n.  [L.  pax,  peace.]  A  little  image  or 
piece  of  board  with  the  image  of  Christ 
upon  the  cross  on  it,  which  people  before 
the  reformation,  used  to  kiss  after  the  ser 
vice ;  the  ceremony  being  considered  as 
the  kiss  of  peace.  Todd. 

PAY,  V.  t.    prct.  and    pj).  paid.    [Fr.  payer, 
Norm,   pair,   contracted   from   It.  pagure, 
Port.  Sp.    pugar,  Arm.  paca.     Class  Bg. 
From  the  different  applications  of  ;)ai/,  the 
sense  appears  to  be  to  send  or  send  to,  for 
in  our  vulgar  language,  to  pay   on,  is  to 
strike,  to  beat ;  and  to  pay  with   pitch,  is 
to  put   on  or   rub   over.     In  the  sense  of 
strike,  this  coincides  with  the  Greek  rtotw, 
ffirtaiu,  W.  pwyaw.     In  another  seamen's 
phrase,   the   word  signifies  to  loosen   or 
slacken,  as  to  pay  out  cable,  that   is,  to 
send  or   extend.     But   this  word  cannot 
belong  tl)  the  root  of  the  Greek  and  Welsh 
words,   \mless   these  are  contracted  from 
Pg  or  PI;.] 
1 .  To  discharge  a  debt ;  to  deliver  to  a  cred- 
itor the  value  of  the  debt,  cither  in  money 


or  goods,  to  his  acceptance  or  satisfaction,! 

by  which  the  obligation   of  the   debtor  is] 

discharged. 
'2.  To  discharge  a  duty  created  by  promise 
j     or  by  custom  or  by  the  moral  law  ;  as,  to 
I    pay  a  debt  of  honor  or  of  kindness. 

You  have  paid  down 
I  More  penitence,  than  done  trespass.       Skak. 

'3.  To  fulfill ;  to  pertbrm  what  is  promised  ; 
i     as,  to  pay  one's  vows.  Scripture. 

4.  To  render  what  is  due  to  a  superior,  or 
demanded  by  civility  or  courtesy  ;  as,  to 
pay  respect  to  a  magistrate  ;  to  pay  due 
honor  to  parents. 

5.  To  beat. 
For  which,  or  pay  me  quickly,  or  rttpay  you. 

B.  Jonson 

6.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense ;  as,  to  pay 
for  kindness  with  neglect.  Dryden. 

To  pay  for,  to  make  amends  ;  to  atone  by 
suffering.  Men  often  pay  for  their  mis- 
takes with  loss  of  property  or  reputation, 
sometimes  with  life. 

2.  To  give  an  equivalent  for  any  thing  pur- 
chased. 

To  pay,  or  pay  over,  in   seamen's  language, 
to  daub  or    besmear  the  surface  of  any 
body,  to  preserve  it  from  injury  by  water 
ii     or  weather. 

To  pay  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  to  cover  it  with 
a  composition  of  tallow,  sulphur,  rosin, 
&c. ;  to  bream. 

To  pay  a  mast  or  yard,  to  besmear  it  with 
tar,  turpentine,  rosin,  tallow  or  varnish. 

To  pay   a   scam,  to  pour  melted  pitch  alon 
it,  so  as  to  defend  the  oakum. 

To  pay  off,  to  make  compensation  to  and 
discharge;  as,  to  pay  off  the  crew  of  a 
ship. 

]To  pay  out,  to  slacken,  extend  or  cause  to 
run  out  ;  as,  to  pay  out  more  cable. 

Mar.  Did 

PAY,  V.  i.  To  pay  off,  in  seamen's  language 
is  to  fall  to  leeward,  as  the  head  of  a  shi]) 

Mar.  Diet 

To  pay  on,  to  beat  with  vigor ;  to  redouble 
blows.     [Collorjuial.] 

PAY,  n.  Compensation  ;  recompense  ;  an 
equivalent  given  for  money  due,  goods 
purchased  or  services  performed ;  salary 
or  wages  for  services;  hire.  The  mer 
chant  receives  ^ai/ for  goods  sold  ;  the  sol- 

'     dier  receives /)ui/ for  his  services,  but  the 

i  soldiers  of  the  American  revolution  never 
received  full  pay. 

2.  Compensation ;  reward. 

Here  only  merit  constant  pay  receives — 

Pope. 

PA'YABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  or  ought  to 
be  ])aid.  In  general,  money  is  payable 
soon  as  it  is  due,  or  at  the  time  payment  is 
stipulated,  or  at  the  expiration  of  thecred 
it ;  but  by  the  usage  of  merchants,  three 
or  more  days  of  grace  are  allowed  to  the 
debtor,  and  a  note  due  at  the  day  when 
payment  is  promised,  is  not  payable  till  the 
expiration  of  the  days  of  grace. 

2.  That  can  be  paid  ;  that  there  is  power  to 
pay. 

Thanks  are  a  tribute  payable  by  the  poorest 

South. 

PA'Y-BILL,  n.  A  bill  of  money  to  be  paid 
to  the  soldiers  of  a  I'ompany. 

PA'YDAY,  n.  The  day  when  payment  is 
to  be  made  or  debts  discharged  ;  the  day 


on  which  wages  or  money  is  stipulated  to 
he  i)aid.  Locke. 

PAYEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  money  is 
to  be  paid  ;  the  pernon  named  in  a  bill  or 
note  to  whom  the  amount  is  promiBed  or 
directed  to  be  paid. 

PAYER,  ?i.  One  that  pays.  In  bills  of  ex- 
change, the  person  on  whom  the  bill  is 
drawn,  and  who  is  directed  to  pay  the 
money  to  the  holder. 

PAYMASTER,  n.  One  who  is  to  pay ;  one 
from  whom  wages  or  reward  is  received. 

Taylor. 

2.  In  the  army,  an  officer  whose  duty  is  to 
pay  the  officers  and  soldiers  their  wages, 
and  who  is  entrusted  with  money  for  this 
purpose. 

PAYMENT,  n.  The  act  of  paying,  or  giv- 
ing compensation.  Bacon. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  discharge  of  a  debt  or 
fulfillment  of  a  promise.  Shak. 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  South. 

4.  Chastisement;  sound  beating.  [JVbtnsed.] 

Mnsworth. 

PAYNIM.     [SeePainim.] 

P.\'Y-OFFICE,  n.  A  place  or  office  where 
payment  is  made  of  public  debts. 

PAYSE,  PAYSER,  for  poise,  poiser,  not 
used.  Spenser. 

PEA,  n.  [Sax.  pisa;  Fr.  pais;  It.  pisello; 
L.  pisum  ;  Gr.  rtisor  ;  W.  pys,  pysen ;  Ir. 
pis.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Pisum, 
of  many  varieties.  This  plant  has  a  papil- 
ionaceous flower,  and  the  pericarp  is  a 
legume,  called  in  popular  language  a  pod. 
In  the  plural,  we  write  peas,  for  two  or 
more  individual  seeds,  but  pease,  for  an  in- 
definite number  in  quantity  or  bulk.  We 
write  two,  three  or  four^ea*,  but  a  bushel 
of  pease.     [This  practice  is  arbitrary.] 

PEACE,  )!.  [Sax.  Norm,  pais;  Fr.  paix ; 
h.  puce  ;  Sp.  Port,  paz  ;  Arm.  peoch,  from 
peoh  ;  L.  pax.  Qu.  Russ.  pokoi.  The  el- 
ements are  Pg,  or  their  cognates,  for  the 
L.  has  ^aro,  to  appease,  coinciding  with 
the  root  of  pack,  and  signifying  to  press  or 
to  stop.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  state  of  quiet  or  tran- 
quillity ;  freedom  from  disturbance  or  agi- 
tation ;  applicable  to  society,  to  individ- 
uals, or  to  the  temper  of  the  mind. 

2.  Freedom  from  war  with  a  foreign  nation  ; 
public  quiet. 

3.  Freedom  from  internal  commotion  or  civ- 
il war. 

'4.  Freedom  from   private   quarrels,  suits  or 

I     disturbance. 

.5.  Freedom  from   agitation  or  disturbance 

j  by  the  passions,  as  from  fear,  terror,  an- 
ger,  anxiety   or    the   like  ;    quietness   of 

1     mind  ;   tranquillity ;    calmness  ;    quiet   of 

i     conscience. 

I  Great /)e«ce  have  (hey  that  love  Ihy  law.  Ps. 

I      cxix. 

fi.  Heavenly  rest;  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

j     Is.  Ivii. 

7.  Harmony;  concord;  a  state  of  reconcih- 
atlon  between  parties  at  variance. 
Public  tranquillity  ;  that  quiet,  order  and 
security  which  is  guaranteed  by  the  laws; 
as,  to  keep  the  peace  ;  to  break  the  peace. 
This  word  is  used  in  connnanding  si- 
lence or  quiet  ;  as,  peace  to  this  troubled 
soul. 

Peace,  the  loveis  arc  asleep.  Ciashaw. 


PEA 


PEA 


PEA 


To  he  (tl  ptaee,  to  be  reconciled  ;  to  live  in 
harmony. 

To  make  peace,  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at  va- 
riance. 

To  hold  the  -peace,  to  be  silent;  to  suppress 
one's  thougl'ts  ;  not  to  speak. 

PE'ACEABLE,  a.  Free  from  war,  tumult 
or  public  coniniotiou.  We  live  in  peacea- 
ble times.  The  reibrmation  was  introdu- 
ced in  a  peaceable  manner. 

2.  Free  from  private  lends  or  quarrels.  The 
neighbors  are  peaceable.  These  men  are 
peaceable. 

3.  Quiet ;  undisturbed  ;  not  agitated  with 
passion.     His  iniiid  is  very  peaceable. 

4.  Not  violent,  bliiody  or  unnatural;  as,  to 
die  Si  peaceable  dttiith. 

PE'ACEABLF.NEi^S,  n.  The  state  of  being 

peaceable  ;  quietness. 
2.  Disp»isition  to  peace.  Hammond. 

PE'ACEABLY,  adv.  Without  war;  with- 
out tuiiiidt  or  commotion  ;  without  ]irivate 

feuds  and  (piaricls. 
8.  Without   (li^turbaMce  ;   quietly  ;   without 

agitation;  without  interruption. 
PE'ACEBREAKER,  n.  One  that  violates 

or  disturbs  public  peace. 
PE'ACEFUL,  a.    Quiet;  undisturbed;  not 

in  a  state  of  war  or  conunotion  ;  as  apeace 

ful  liino  ;  a  penrrfid  country. 

2.  Pacific  ;  mild  ;  calm;  as  peaceful  words; 
a  peaceful  tpuipcr. 

3.  Removed  from  noise  or  tumult ;  still ; 
undisturbed  ;  as  the  peaceful  cottage  ;  the 
peaceful  scenes  of  rural  life. 

PE'ACEFyLLY,  adv.  Without  war  or 
rommotion. 

2.  Quietly  ;  without  disturbance. 

Our  loved  earth,  where  peacefully  we  slept 

Dryden 

3.  Mildly  ;  gently. 
PE'ACEFyLNESS,     )i.     Quiet;    freedom| 

from  war,  tumult,  disturbance  or  discord.! 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  i)erturbation  ;  as 
peacefulne.is  of  mind. 

PE'AC'ELESS,  a.  Without  peace  ;  disturb- 
ed. Sandys. 

PE'ACEMAKER,  Ji.  One  who  makes  peace 
by  reconciling  parties  that  are  at  variance. 
Blessed  .ire   the  pcuctinakers,  for  they  shall 
be  called  the  children  of  God.     Matt,  v 

PE'ACE-OFFERING,  n.  An  offering  that 
procures  peace.  Among  the  Jews,  an  of-' 
fering  or  sacrifice  to  God  for  atonement 
and  reconcihation  for  a  crime  or  otTense. 

Leviticus. 

PE' ACE-OFFICER,  n.  A  civil  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  preserve  the  public  peace,  to 
prevent  or  punish  riots,  &.C. ;  as  a  sheriff, 
or  constable. 

PEACE-PARTED,  a.  Dismissed  from  the 
world  in  peace.  Shak. 

PEACH,  n.  [Fr.  piche  ;  Ii.  pesca ;  Arm. 
pechesen.] 

A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Ainygda- 
lus,  of  many  varieties.  This  is  a  delicious 
fruit,  the  produce  of  warm  or  temperate 
climates.  In  America,  the  peach  thrives 
and  comes  to  perfection  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston,  northward  of  which  it 
usually  fails. 

PEACH,  for  impeach,  not  used.  Dryden. 

PE'ACH-COLOR,  n.  The  pale  red  color  of 
the  peach  blossom. 

PEA'CH-€f)1.0RED,  a.  Of  the  color  of  a 
peach  blossom.  Shak. 

Vol.  II. 


PE'ACIIER,  n.  An  accuser.     [Xotvsed.] 

Fox. 

PE'ACHICK,  n.  The  chicken  or  young  of 
the  peacock.  Southern. 

PEACH-TREE,  n.  The  tree  that  produces 
the  peach. 

PEACOCK,  n.  [Pea,  in  this  word,  is  from 
h.  pavo.  Hax.patva;  Fr.;)aon,  contracted 
from  ;7ai'07i«  ;  It.  parone  ;  Sp.  paron  ;  D. 
paauw ;  G.  pfau ;  W.  pawan,  from  paw, 
spreading,  extending.] 

A  large  and  beautiful  fowl  of  the  genus  Pa- 
vo, properly  the  male  of  the  species,  but 
in  usage  the  name  is  apphed  to  the  spe- 
cies in  general.  The  fethersof  this  fowl's 
tail  are  very  long,  and  variegated  with 
rich  and  elegant  colors.  The  peacock  is 
a  native  of  India. 

PE'A€OCK-FlSH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Indian 
seas,  having  streaks  of  beautiful  colors. 

PE'AHEN,  n.  [O.  pfauhenne  or  pfauen  ;  D. 
paauwin.]  The  hen  or  female  of  the  pea- 
cock. 

PEAK,  n.  [Sax.  peac;  W.  pig  ;  Ir.  peac; 
Eng.  pike,  beak  ;  Fr.  pique;  It.  iccco;  Sp. 
pica.  These  are  of  one  family,  signifying 
a  point,  from  shooting  or  thrusting.] 

1.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  mountain,  ending  in  a 
point;  as  the /)eaAof  Teneriffi;. 

2.  A  point  ;  the  end  of  any  thing  tliat  ter- 
minates in  a  point. 

•3.  The  upper  corner  of  a  sail  which  is  ex- 
tended by  a  gaff  or  yard  ;  also,  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  vaid  or  gaff.  Mar.  Did. 

PEAK,        ■   ~ 
used.] 

2.  To  make  a  mean  figure 
used.] 

PEAK,  V.  t.  To  raise  a  gaff  or  yard 

obliquely  to  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

PE'AKIIS'G,    a.    Mean  ;    sneaking  ;    poor. 


I'.  1.  To  look  sickly  or  thin. 
to  sneak. 


[.Vol 
Shak. 

[Ao/ 
Shak. 
more 


[Vulvar.] 
PE'AKISH,  a.  Denoting  or  belonging  to  an 

acuminated  situation.  Drayton. 

PEAL,  n.  [from  L.  pello,  whence  appello,  to 

appeal.     The  sense  is  to  drive  ;  a  peal  is  a 

driving  of  sound.     This   word  seems  to 

belong  to  the  family  of  L.  balo,  and  Eng. 

to  biiul,  jubilee,  bell,  &c.] 
A  loud  sound,  usually  u  succession  of  loud 

sounds,  as  of  bells,  thunder,  cannon,  shouts 

of  a  multitude,  &c. 

Bacon.    Milton.    Addison. 
PEAL,    1'.  i.     To   utter  loud   and  solemn 

sounds  ;  as  the  pealing  organ.  Milton. 

PEAL,  i'.  t.  To  assail  with  noise. 

Nor  was  his  ear  less  pealed.  J\'riHon, 

2.  To  cau.se  to  ring  or  sound  ;  to  celebrate. 
The  warrior's  name 

Though  pealed  and  chimed  on  all  the  tongues 
of  fame.  /.  Barlow 

3.  To  stir  or  agitate.     [JVo<  used.] 

Ainsirorth. 

PEALED,  pp.  Assailed  with  sound  ;  re- 
sounded ;  celebrated. 

PE'ALING,  ppr.  Uttering  a  loud  sound  or 
successive  sounds ;  resounding. 

PE'AN,  ?!.  \h  paun  ;  Gr.  noKw.]  A  song  of 
praise  or  triumph. 

PE'ANIS3I,  n.  The  song  or  shouts  of  praise 
or  of  battle;  shouts  of  triumph.     Milford. 

PE.AR,  >!.  [Siix.  Sp.  Port.  It. /(tea;  D.peer, 
G.  bim  ;  Sw.  phron  ;  Dan.  pare ;  Arm. 
percn  ;  W'.  per ;  L.  pyrnm.] 

iTlie  fiuit  of  the  Pyrus  conwiunis,  of  many 

32 


varieties,  some  of  which  are  delicious  to 

the  taste. 
PEARCH.     [See  Perch.] 
PEARL,  71.  perl.  [Fr.  perle  ;  It.  Sp.  perla; 

ir.  pearla  ;    Sax.  pearl ;    S« .  piirla  ;    D. 

paarl ;  G.  perle;  W.  perlyn.    This  may  be 

radically  the  same   word  as  beryl,  and  so 

named  from  its  clearness.] 

1.  A  white,  hard,  smooth,  shining  body,  usu- 
ally roundish,  found  in  a  testaceous  fish  of 
the  oyster  kind.  The  pearl-shell  is  called 
matrix  perlarum,  mother  of  pearl,  and  the 
pearl  is  found  only  in  the  softer  part  of 
the  animal.  It  is  found  in  the  Persian 
seas  and  in  many  parts  of  the  ocean  which 
washes  the  shores  of  Arabia  and  the  con- 
tinent and  isles  of  Asia,  and  is  taken  by 
divers.  Pearls  are  of  different  sizes  and 
colors;  the  larger  ones  apj)roach  to  the 
figure  of  a  pear  ;  some  have  been  found 
more  than  an  inch  in  length.  They  are 
valued  according  to  their  size,  their  round- 
ness, and  their  luster  or  purity,  which  ap- 
pears in  a  silvery  brightness. 

Cyc.     .\tchobon.     Encyc. 

2.  Poetically,  something  round  and  clear,  as 
a  drop  of  water  or  dew.  Drayton. 

3.  A  white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye. 

Aiusworih. 

PEARL,  V.  I.  perl.  To  set  or  adorn  with 
pearls. 

PEARL,  V.  i.  perl.  To  resemble  pearls. 

Spenser. 

PEARLASH,  71.  perlash.  An  alkali  ob- 
tained from  the  ashes  of  wood  ;  refined 
potash. 

PEARLED,  a.  pcrl'ed.  Set  or  adorned  with 
pearls.  Milton. 

PEARL-EYED,  a.  perl'-eyed.  Having  a 
speck  in  the  eve.  Johnson, 

PEARL-SINTER,  ti.  Fiorite  ;  a  variety  of 
eilicious  sinter,  the  color  gray  and  white. 

Ure. 

iPEARL-SPAR,  n.  peri-spar.    Brown  spar. 

PEARL-STONE,  7i.  A  mineral  regarded  as 
a  volcanic  production.  It  occurs  in  ba- 
saltic and  porphyritic  rocks,  and  is  classed 
with  pitch  stone.  Diet. 

Pearl-stone  is  a  subspecies  of  indivisible 
quartz.  Jameson. 

PEARL-WORT,  }      A  plant  of  the  genus 

PEARL-GRASS,  J  "'  Sagina. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

PEARLY,  a.  perl'y.  Containing  pearls ; 
abounding  with  pearls  ;  as  pearly  shells  ; 
a  pearly  shore. 

2.  Resembling  pearls  ;  clear  ;  pure  ;  trans- 
parent ;  as  the  pearly  flood  :  pearly  dew. 
Drayton.     Dryden. 

PEARMAIN,  n.  A  variety  of  the  apple. 

PE.\R-TREE,  fi.  The  tree  that  produces 
pears. 

PEASANT,  71.  pez'ant.  [Fr.  paysan  ;  Sp. 
Port. /jowuiio  ;  from  the  name  of  country, 
Fr.  pais  or  pays.  Sp.  Port,  pais.  It.  paise; 
W.  pcues,  a  place  of  rest,  a  country,  from 
^aii,  coinciding  with  Gr.  navu,  to  rest.] 

|.\  countryman  ;  one  whose  business  is  rural 
labor. 

PEAS.'VNT,  a.  pez'ant.  Rustic  ;  rural. 

Spenser. 

PEAS'ANTLIKE,  I       Rude  ;     clownish  ; 

PEAS'ANTLY,  l"'  illiterate;  resemb- 
ling peasants.  Milton. 


PEC 


PEC 


PEC 


PEASANTRY,  n.  pez'antry.  Peasants  ; 
rustics ;  the  body  of  country  people. 

Locke. 

2.  Rusticity.     [M)ttised.]  Butler. 

PE'AS-COD,     >      The  legume  or  pericarp 

PE'A-SHELL,  S  "■  of  the  pea. 

IVallon.     Gay. 

PE'ASTONE,  11.  A  subspecies  of  lime- 
stone. 

PEASE,  n.  Peas  collectively,  or  used  as 
food.     [See  Pea.]  Arbutknot. 

PEAT.  n.  [G.  pfiitze,  a  bog.]  A  substance 
resembling  turf,  used  as  fuel.  It  is  found 
in  low  grounds  or  moorish  lands,  and  is  of 
several  species  ;  one  is  of  a  brown  or  yel- 
lowish brown  color,  and  when  first  cut 
has  a  viscid  consistence,  but  hardens 
when  exposed  to  the  air ;  another  con- 
sists chiefly  of  vegetable  substances,  as 
branches  of  trees,  roots,  grass,  &c. 

Bacon.     JVicholson.     Encyc. 

PEAT.  [Fr.  petit.     See  Pet.] 

PEAT-MOSS,  n.  [peat  and  moss.]  An 
earthy  material  used  as  fuel. 

2.  A  fen  producing  peat. 

PEB'BLE,  }      [Sax.  pabob,  papol- 

PEB'BLESTONE,  i"'s<a)ia.l  In  popular 
usage,  a  roundish  stone  of  any  kind  from 
the  size  of  a  nut  to  that  of  a  man's  head. 
In  a  philosophical  sense,  minerals  distin- 
guished from  flints  by  their  variety  of  col- 
ors, consisting  of  crystaline  matter  debas- 
ed by  earths  of  various  kinds,  with  veins, 
clouds  and  other  variegations,  formed  by 
incrustation  round  a  central  nucleus,  but 
sometimes  the  effect  of  a  simple  conere 
tion.  Pebbles  are  much  used  in  the  pave 
ment  of  streets.  Encyc. 

A  general  term   for   water-worn  mine- 
rals. D.  Olmsted. 

PEB'BLE-€RYSTAL,  n.  Acrystalin  form 
of  nodules,  found  in  earthy  stratums  and 
irregular  in  shape.  Woodward. 

PEB'BLED,  a.  Abounding  with  pebbles. 

Thomson 

PEB'BLY,  a.  Full  of  pebbles ;  abounding 
with  small  roundish  stones. 

PE€'ARY,     )      A   quadruped   of  Mexico, 

PEC€ARY,  ^  "'in  general  appearance  re- 
sembling a  hog,  but  its  body  is  less  bulky, 
its  legs  shorter,  and  its  bristles  thicker 
and  stronger,  like  the  quills  of  the  porcu 
pine.  Its  color  is  black  and  white,  and  it 
has  on  the  hind  part  of  the  back  a  protu 
berauce  like  the  navel  of  other  animals, 
with  an  orifice  from  which  issues  a  liquor 
of  a  very  striing  scent.         Dict.JVal.  Hist. 

f'E€€ABIL'ITY,  »i.  [from  ;)ecc«t/e.]    State 
of  being  subject  to  sin;  capacity   of  sin 
ning.  Decay  of  Piety. 

PE€'€ABLE,  a.  [from  L.  pecco,  "ir.  pea 
chadh  ;  W. pec,pecawd,sin  ;  pecu,  to  sin,  Fr. 
pecher,  It.  peccare,  Sp.  pecar.] 
Liable  to  sin ;  subject  to  transgress  the  di- 
vine law.  Priestley. 
PEeeADIL'LO,  n.  [Sp.  dim.  from  pecado, 
L.  peccatum ;  Fr.  peccadille.  See  Pecca- 
ble.] 

1.  A  slight  trespass  or  offense  ;  a  jietty 
crime  or  lault.  Dri/den. 

2.  A  son  of  slitfruff".  B.  Taylor. 
PECCANCY,  n.  [from  peccant.]  Bad  .pial- 

ity  ;  as  the  peccancy  of  the  humors. 

IVisemaji. 
2.  Offense.  Mountague. 


PECCANT,  a.  [L.  peccans ;  Fr.  peccant. 
See  Peccable.] 

1.  Sinning  ;  guilty  of  sin  or  transgression  ; 
criminal  ;  as  peccant  angels.  Milton. 

3.  Morbid ;  bad  ;  corrupt  ;  not  healthy  ;  as 
peccant  humors.  Jirbiithnut. 

3.  Wrong ;  bad  ;  defective  ;  informal  ;  as  a 
peccant  citation.     [jVbi  used.]  Ayliffe. 

PECCANT,  n.  An  offender.     [JVot  used.] 

Whitlock. 

PECCA'VI.  [L.  I  have  oflfcnded.]  _  A  collo- 
quial word  used  to  express  confession  or 
acknowledgment  of  an  offense.     Aubrey. 

PECH'BLEND,  n.  [G.  pech,  pitch,  and 
blende,  blend.] 

Pitchblend,  an  ore  of  uranium  ;  a  metallic 
substance  found  in  masses,  or  stratified 
with  earths  or  with  other  minerals,  in 
Swedish  and  Saxon  mines.  It  is  <if  a 
blackish  color,  inclining  to  a  deep  steel 
gray,  and  one  kind  has  a  mixture  of  sjiots 
of  red.  JVicholson. 

PECK,  )i.  [Arm. pecA,  a  fourth;  Fr.picotin.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a  bushel ;  a  dry  meas- 
ure of  eight  quarts;  as  a  peck  of  wheat  or 
oats. 

2.  In  lotii  language,  a  great  deal ;  as,  to  be 
in  a  »ecA  of  troubles.    Qu.  pack. 

PECK,  V.  t.  [It.  beccare ;  Sp.  picar ;  Fr. 
becqueter  ;  D.  piken  ;  G.  picken  ;  Dan. 
pikker.  This  verb  is  connected  with  the 
nouns  beak  and  pike.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak;  to  thrust  the 
beak  into,  as  a  bird  that  pecks  a  hole  in  a 
tree. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  to 
delve  or  dig  with  any  thing  pointed,  as 
with  a  pick-ax.  Careu: 

3.  To  ])ick  up  food  with  the  beak.     Dryden. 
■1.  To  strike  with  small  and  repeated  blows 

to  strike  in  a  manner  to  make  small  im- 
pressions. In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  gen- 
erally intransitive.     We  say,  to  peck  at. 

South. 

[This  verb   and  pick  are  radically  the 

same.] 

PECK'ED,  pp.  Struck  or  penetrated  with  a 
beak  or  pointed  instrument. 

PECK'ER,  n.  One  that  pecks  ;  a  bird  that 
pecks  liolcs  in  trees ;  a  woodpecker. 

Dryden 

PECK'ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  the  bill ; 
thrusting  the  beak  into  ;  thrusting  into 
with  a  pointed  instrument ;  taking  up  food 
with  the  beak. 

PECKLED,  for  speckled,  not  used,     mdton 

PEC'TINAL,  a.  [L.  pecfen,  a  comb ;  peeto, 
to  comb,  Gr.  rttxTao,  from  rttxu.]  Per- 
taining to  a  comb  ;  resembling  a  comb. 

PEC'TINAL,  n.  A  fish  whose  bones  resem 
ble  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  Broun. 

PECTINATE,      ?         [from    L.   peclen,   a 

PECTINATED,  <,  ""  comb.]  Having  re- 
semblance to  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  In 
botany,  a  pectinate  leaf  is  a  sort  ofpinnait 
leaf,  in  which  the  leaflets  are  toothed  like 
a  comb.  Martyn 

A  mineral  is  pectinated,  when  it  presents 
short  filaments,  crystals  or  branches,  near- 
ly parallel  and  equidistant.  Phillips^ 

PECTINA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pectinated. 

2.  A  combing  ;  the  combing  of  the  head. 

Cyc. 


PECTINITE,  n.  [L.  pecten,  a  comb.]  A 
fossil  pecten  or  scallop,  or  scallop  petrifi- 
ed. Kirwan 

PECTORAL,  a.  [h.  pectoralis,  from  pectus, 
breast.] 

Pertaining  to  the  breast ;  as  the  pectoral 
muscles  ;  pectoral  medicines.  Milton. 

The  pectoral  fins  of  a  fish  are  situated  ou 
the  sides  of  the  fish,  behind  the  gills. 

PECTORAL,  n.  A  breastplate. 

Encyc.     Johnson, 

2.  A  sacerdotal  habit  or  vestment  worn  by 
the  Jewish  high  priest,  called  in  our  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  a  breastplate.         Encyc. 

3.  A  medicine  adai)ted  to  cure  or  relieve 
complaints  of  the  breast  and  lungs. 

PECULATE,  V.  i.  [L.  peculatus,  peculor, 
from  peciUium,  private  property,  from  pe- 
cus,  cattle.] 

1.  To  defraud  the  public  of  money  or  goods 
entrusted  to  one's  care,  by  appropriating 
the  property  to  one's  own  use  ;  to  defraud 
by  embezzlement. 

2.  Among  civilians,  to  steal.  Encyc. 
PECULA'TION,  n.    The   act,  practice   or 

crime  of  defrauding  the  public  by  appro- 
priating to  one's  own  use  the  money  or 
goods  entrusted  to  one's  care  for  manage- 
ment or  disbursement ;  embezzlement  of 
public  money  or  goods. 

PECULATOR,  n.  [h.]  One  that  defrauds 
the  public  by  appropriating  to  his  own 
use  money  entrusted  to  his  care. 

PECU'LIAR,  a.  [L.  peculiaris,  from  peculi- 
um,  one's  own  property,  from  pecus,  cat- 
tle.] 

1.  Appropriate  ;  belonging  to  a  person  and 
to  him  only.  Almost  every  writer  has  a 
peculiar  style.  Most  men  have  manners 
peculiar  to  themselves. 

2.  Singular;  particular.  The  man  has  some- 
thing pecidiar  in  his  deportment. 

3.  Particular ;  special. 

My  late  is  Juno's  most  peculiar  care. 

Dryden. 

[Most  cannot,  in  strict  propriety,  be  pre- 
fixed to  pecidiar,  but  it  is  used  to  give  em- 
phasis to  the  word.] 

4.  Belonging  to  a  nation,  system  or  other 
thing,  and  not  to  others. 

PECU'LIAR,  71.  Exclusive  property;  that 
which  belongs  to  a  person  in  e.xclusion  of 
others.  Milton. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  a  particular  parish  or 
church  which  has  the  probate  of  wills 
within  itself,  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  ordinary  or  bishop's  court. 

Encyc. 

Court  of  peculiars,  in  England,  is  a  branch 
of  the  court  of  arches.  It  has  jurisdic- 
tion over  all  the  parishes  dispersed  through 
the  province  of  Canterbury,  in  the  midst 
of  other  dioceses,  whicli  are  e.xcmpt  from 
the  ordinary  jurisdiction,  and  subject  to 
the  metropolitan  only.  hlackstonc. 

PECULIAR'ITY,  n.  Something  peculiarto 
a  |]Prson  or  thing  ;  that  which  belongs  to 
or  is  I'ouud  in  one  person  or  thing  and  in 
no  other;  as  a  peculiarity  of  style  or  man- 
ner of  thinkint; ;  peculiariti/  in  dress. 

PEcU'LIARIZIi,  V.  t.  To  "appropriate:  to 
make  ])eculiar.  Smith. 

PECULIARLY,  adr.  Particularly  ;  singly. 

It'oodaard. 

2.  In  a  nianuer  not  common  to  others. 

Drayton. 


P  E  D 


P  E  D 


PEE 


PE€U'LIARNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
peculiar ;  apprupriation.     [Little  used.] 

Mede. 

PECU'NIARY,  a.  [Fr.  pecaniaire ;  ll.  pe- 
cuniale ;  L.  pecunianus,  from  pecunia. 
money,   from  pecus,  cattle.] 

1.  Ri'lating  to  money;  as  pecuniartj  affairs 
or  losses. 

2.  Consisting  of  money;  as  a  pecuniartj 
mulct  or  penalty.  liacon 

PEClJ'NIOUS,  a.  Full  of  money.  [JVot 
used.]  Sherwood. 

FED,  n.  [for^arf.]  A  small  pack-saddle. 

Tusser. 

2.  A  basket ;  a  hamper.  Spenser. 

FEDAGOti'Ie,       )        [from   pedagogue.] 

PEDAGOGICAL,  i  Suiting  or  belong- 
ing to  a  teacher  of  children  or  to  a  peda- 
gogue. 

PED'AGOGISM,  n.  The  business,  charac- 
ter or  muniier."  of  a  pedagogue. 

PEDAGOGUE,  »!.  ped'agog.  [Gr.  rtaiSayu- 
yoj;  rtais,  a  child,  and  otyu,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  teac-iicr  of  children  ;  one  whose  occu 
pation  is  to  instruct  young  children ;    a 
schoolmaster. 

2.  A  pedant. 
PED'AGOGUE,  v.  t.  To  tcacli  with  the  air 

of  a  pedagogue;  to  instructsuperciliously. 

Prior. 

PED'AGOtiY,  n.  Instruction  in  the  first 
rudiments;  preparatory  disciphne. 

South 

PE'DAL,  a.  [I,,  pedalis,  from  pes,  pedis, 
fotit.]     Pertaining  to  a  foot. 

PED',\L,  n.  One  of  the  large  pipes  of  an 
organ,  so  called  because  played  and  stop- 
ped with  the  foot.  Enc;ic. 

2.  A  fixed  or  stationary  base.  Busbi/ 

PEDAL-NOTE,  n.  In  music,  a  holding- 
note.  Busby. 

PEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [L.  pedaneus,  from  pes, 
the  foot.]     Going  on  foot ;  walking. 

Diet. 

PED'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  pedant:  It.  Sp.  Port. 
pedante.  See  Pedagogue.] 

1.  A  schiiohiiasler.  Shak. 

2.  A  person  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  his 
learning.  Mdison. 

PEDAMT'IC,  \  Ostentatious  of  learn- 
PEDANT'leAL,  ^"-  ing  ;_  vainly  display- 
ing or  making  a  show  of  knowledge:  ap- 
plied to  persons  or  things ;  as  a  pedantic 
writer  or  scholar  ;  a  pedantic  description 
or  expression. 

PEDANT  IC ALLY,  ado.  Witli  a  vain  or 
b(jastful  rlisplay  of  learning. 

PED'ANTIZE,  r.  r".  To  play  the  pedant; 
to  domineer  over  lads ;  to  use  pedantic 
expressions.  Cotgrave. 

PED'ANTRY,  n.  [Fr.  pedanterie.]  Vain 
ostentation  of  learning;  a  boastful  display 
of  knowledge  of  any  kind. 

Horace  has  enticed  rae  into  this  pedantry  of 

quotation.  Cmkey. 

Pedantry  is  the  unseasonable  ostentation  of 

learning.  Rambler. 

PEDA'RIAN,  n.  A  Roman  senator  who 
gave  his  vote  by  the  feel, that  is.  by  walk- 
ing over  to  the  side  he  espoused,  in  divis- 
ions of  the  senate.  Enci/c. 

PED'ATE,  a.  [L.  pedalus,  from  pes,  the 
foot.] 

In  botany,  divided  like  the  toes.    A  pedate 


leaf  is  one  in  which  a  bifid  petiole  coil-i 
nects  several  leaflets  on  the  inside  otdy. 

Marty  n.i 

PED'ATIFID,  a.  [L.  pes,  foot,  and  Jindo, 
to  divide.] 

A  pedatijid  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  whose 
parts  are  not  entirely  separate,  but  con- 
nected like  the  toes  of  a  water-fowl. 

Marlyn. 

PED'DLE,  V.  i.  [perhaps  from  the  root  of 
petty,  W.  pitw,  Fr.  petit,  small.]  To  be 
busy  about  trifles. 

2.  To  travel  about  the  country  and  retail 
goods.     He  peddles  for  a  living. 

PED'DLE,  V.  t.  To  .sell  or  retail,  usually  by 
traveling  about  the  country. 

PED'DLING,  ppr.  Traveling  about  and 
selling  small  wares. 

2.  a.  Trifling;  unimportant. 

PED'ERAST,  n.  [Gr.  na.ib>fa^r,i,  from  HMi,  a 
boy.  and  fpw5,  love.]  A  sodomite.      Kncyc. 

PEDERAS'Tle,  a.  Pertaining  to  pederas- 

t.V- 

PEDERASTY,  n.  Sodomy;  the  crime 
against  nature. 

PEDERE'RO,  n.  [Sip.  pedrero,  (ram  piedra, 
a  stone,  L.  pctra,  Gr.  rttrpof ;  so  named 
from  the  use  of  stones  in  the  charge,  be- 
fore the  invention  of  iron  balls.]  A  swiv- 
el gun  ;  sometimes  written  patercro. 

PED'ESTAL,  n.  [Si^.  pedestal ;  It.  piede- 
stallo  :  Fr.  piedestal ;  L.  pes,  the  foot,  and 
Tent,  stall ;  G.  stetlen,  to  set.] 

In  nrchitectiirc,  the  lowest  part  of  a  column 
or  pillar  ;  the  part  which  sustains  acolumn 
or  serves  as  its  foot.  It  consists  of  three 
parts,  the  base,  the  die  and  the  cornice. 

Addison.     En  eye. 

PEDES'TRIAL,  a.  [L.  pedestris.]  Per- 
tainififf  to  the  foot.  Moseley.' 

PEDES'TRIAN,  a.  [L.  pedestris,  Croin  pes, 
the  foot.] 

Going  on  foot;  walking;  inade  on  foot ;  as 
a  pedestrian  journey. 

PEDES'TRIAN,  n.  One  that  walks  or 
journeys  on  foot. 

2.  One  that  walks  for  a  wager ;  a  remarka- 
ble walker. 

PEDES'TRIOUS,  a.  Going  on  foot ;  not 
winsed.  Brown.l 

PED'ICEL,  I       [L.  pediculus,  from  pes,  thel 

PED'ICLE,  \  "■  foot.]  In  botany,  the  ulti-j 
mate  division  of  a  common  peduncle;  the, 
stalk  that  supports  one  flower  only  when 
there  are  several  on  a  peduncle.     Martyn. 

PEDICELLATE,  a.  Having  a  pedicel,  or 
supported  by  a  pedicel. 

PEDICULAR,    I        [h.  pedicidaris,  from 

PEDICULOUS,^"-  pediculus,  a  lou.se.] 
Lousy  ;  having  the  lousy  distemper. 

PED'IGREE,  n.  [probably  from  L.  pes, 
pedis,  foot,  like  \).,stam,  G.  stamm,  stem, 
stock,  degree.] 

1.  Lineage;  line  of  ancestors  from  which  a 
person  or  tribe  descends  ;  genealogy. 

Alterations  of  surnames — have  obscured    the 
truth  of  oui  pedigrees.  Camden 

2.  An  account  or  register  of  a  line  of  ances- 
tors. 

The  Jews  preserved  tlie  pedigrees  of  their 

several  tribes.  Atterbury 

PEDTLUVY,  )!.  [h.pes.  font,  and  lavo,io 

wash.]     The  b;ithing  of  the  feet;  a  bath 

for  the  fei't. 
PED'IMF.NT,    71.    [from    L.  pes,  the  foot.] 

la  architecture,  an  ornament  that  crowns 


the  ordonances,  finishes  the  fronts  of  build- 
ings and  serves  a.s  a  decoration  over  gates, 
windows  and  niches.  It  is  of  two  forms, 
triangular  and  circular.  A  pediment  is 
properly  the  representation  of  the  roof. 

E7icyc. 

PED'LER,  n.  [from  peddk,  to  sell  by  trav- 
eling ;  or  from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.] 

A  traveling  foot-trader;  one  that  carries 
about  small  commodities  on  his  back,  or 
in  a  cart  or  wagon,  and  sells  tliem. 

Spenser.     Su^Jl. 

PED'LERESS,  n.  A  female  pedler. 

Overbury. 

PED'LERY,  n.  Small  wares  sold  or  carried 
about  for  sale  by  pedlers. 

PEDOBAP'TISM,  n.  [Gr.  rtau,  rtatSo«,  u 
child,  and  ^artrio^a,  baptism.]  The  bap- 
tism of  infants  or  of  cliildri'u. 

PEDOBAP'TIST,  n.  One  that  holds  to  in- 
fant baptism  ;  one  that  practices  the  bap- 
tism of  children.  Most  denominations  of 
christians  are  pedobaptists. 

PEDOMETER,  n.  [L.  pes,  the  foot,  and 
Gr.  ffrpn^,  measure.] 

An  in.strumcnt  by  which  paces  are  number- 
erl  as  a  person  walks,  and  the  distance 
from  place  to  place  ascertained.  It  also 
marks  the  revolutions  of  wheels.  This  is 
done  by  means  of  wheels  with  teeth  and 
a  chain  or  string  fastened  to  the  foot  or  to 
the  wheel  of  a  carriage  ;  the  wheels  ad- 
vancing a  notch  at  every  step  or  at  everr 
revolution  of  the  carriage  wheel.      Encyc. 

PEDOMETRIeAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
iiieasiired  by  a  pedometer. 

PEDUN'CLE,  n.  [L.  pes,  the  foot.]  hi  bota- 
ny, the  stem  or  stalk  that  supports  the 
fructification  of  a  plant,  and  of  course  the 
fruit.  Martyn. 

PEDUN'€UL.'VR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  jiediin- 
cle  ;  growing  from  a  peduncle  ;  as  a  pedun- 
cular tendril.  Martyn. 

PEDUNCULATE,  a.  Growing  on  a  pedun- 
cle ;  as  a  pedunculate  flower. 

PEE,  V.  i.  To  look  with  one  eye.  [jyol 
used.]  Ray. 

PEED,  a.  Blind  of  one  eye.     [JSTotused.] 

Ray. 

PEEK,  in  our  popular  dialect,  is  the  same 
as  peep,  to  look  through  a  crevice. 

PEEL,  i\t.  [Fr.  peler,  pUler ;  Sp.  pelar,  pil- 
lar ;  Port,  pelar,  pilhar ;  It.  piglinre  ;  L. 
pilo,  to  pull  offhair  and  to  pillage;  Ann. 
pillM ;  W.  piliaic,  to  take  otT  the  surface 
or  rind.  The  first  verb  pe/er,  pe/or,  seems 
to  be  foruied  from  L.  pilus,  the  hair.  The 
Eng.  peel  is  therefore  from  the  other  verb. 
^ee  Pill.  Class  Bl.  No.  :«.  11.  .51.] 

1.  To  strip  off  skin,  bark  or  mid  without 
a  cutting  instrument ;  to  strip  by  drawing 
or  tearing  off  the  skin  ;  to  bark  ;  to  flay  ; 
to  decorticate.  When  a  knife  is  u.se<l,  we 
call  it  paring.  Thus  we  say,  to  peel  a  tree, 
to  peel  an  orange  ;  but  we  say,  to  pare  an 
apple,  to  pure  land. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  remove  the  skin, 
bark  or  rind,  even  with  an  instrument. 

3.  To  strip;  to  jilundcr;  to  pillage;  as,  to 
peel  a  province  or  conquered  people. 

Milton.     Dryden. 
PEEL,  n.    [L.  peUis,¥T.  peau,  G.  fell,  D. 

vel,  .skin  ;  froiu  peeling.] 
The  skin  or  riud  of  any  thing;  as  the  peel  of 

an  orange. 


PEE 


P  E  K 


PEL 


PEEL,  n.  [Fr.  pelle  ;    L.  Sf).  It.  pala;  W. 

pal;  probably   from  thrusting,  throwing, 

L.  ptUo,  Gr.  ^aM.u,  like  Eng.  shovel,  from 

shove  ;  or  from  spreading.] 
A  kind  of  wooden  shovel  used  by  bakers, 

with   a   broad    palm   and    long    handle  ; 

hence,  in  popular  use   in   America,  any 

large  fire-shovel. 
PEE'LED,  pp.  Stripped  of  skin,   bark   or 

rind  ;  plundered  ;  pillaged. 
PEE'LER,  n.  One  that  peels,  strips  or  flays. 
2.  A  plunderer ;  a  pillager. 
PEE'LING,  ppr.  Stripping  off  skin  or  bark; 

plundering. 
PEEP,  V.  i.  [Ir.  piobam,  to  pipe,  to  peep  ; 

D.  piepen,  to  pipe,   to  chirp  ;  G.  pfeifen ; 

Sw.  pipa ;  Dan.  piper,  plpper ;    L.  pipio. 

The  primary  sense  is  to  open  or  to  shoot, 

to  thrust  out  or  forth  ;  Dan.  pipperfrem,  to 

sprout,  to  bud.     This  coincides  with  pipe, 

fife,  &c.,  Heb.  33'  to  cry  out,  Abib,  &c.] 

1.  To  begin  to  appear  ;  to  make  the  iirst  ap- 
pearance ;  to  issue  or  come  forth  from 
concealment,  as  through  a  narrow  ave- 
nue. 

I  can  see  liis  pride 
Peep  through  each  part  of  him.  Shak. 

When  flowers  first  peeped —  Dri^den. 

2.  To  look  through  a  crevice ;  to  look  nar- 
rowly, closely  or  slyly. 

A  fool  will  peep  in  at  the  door.  Ecclus. 

Thou  art  a  maid  and  must  not  peep.      Prior. 

3.  To  cry,  as  chickens;  to  utter  a  fine  shrill 
sound,  as  through  a  crevice ;  usually  writ- 
ten pip,  but  without  reason,  as  it  is  the 
.same  word  as  is  here  defined,  and  in 
America  is  usually  pronounced  peep. 

PEEP,  »i.  First  appearance ;  as  the  peep  of 
day. 

2.  A  sly  look,  or  a  look  through  a  crevice 

Swift. 

3.  The  cry  of  a  chicken. 
PEE'PER,  Ji.  A  chicken  just  breaking  the 

shell.  Bramston. 

2.  In  familiar  language,  the  eye. 

PEE'P-HOLE,  \        A  hole  or  crevice 

PEE'PING-HOLE,  I  "'  through  which  one 
may  peep  or  look  without  being  discover- 
ed. 

PEER,  n.  [Fr.  pair ;  L.  j)ar;  It.  pari;  Sp 
par.  See  Pair.] 

i.  An  equal ;  one  of  the  same  rank.  A  man 
may  be  familiar  with  his  peers. 

2.  An  equal  in  e.\cellence  or  endowments. 

In  song  he  never  had  his  peer.  Dryden 

3.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow  ;  an  associate. 

He  all  his  j'eers  in  beauty  did  surpass. 

Spenser 

4.  A  nobleman  ;  as  a  peer  of  the  realm  ;  the 
house  of  peers,  so  called  because  noble 
men  and  barons  were  originally  consider- 
ed as  the  companions  of  the  king,  like  L.l 
comes,  count.  In  England,  persons  be- 
longing to  the  five  degrees  of  nobility  are 
all  peers. 

PEER,  I',  i.  [L.  pareo;  Norm,  percr.  See 
Appear.] 

1.  To  come  just  insight;  toappear;  apoetic 
word. 

So  hono^  peereth  in  the  meanest  habit. 

Shak. 
See  how  liis  gorget  peerx  above  his  gown 

B.  Junson. 

2.  To  look  narrowly ;  to  peep ;  as  the  peer 
ing  day.  Millon. 

Peering  in  maps  for  i)orts  and  piers  and  roads 

Shak 


PEE'RA6E,  n.  [See  Peer,  an  equal.]  The 
rank  or  dignity  of  a  peer  or  nobleman. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  body  of  peers.  Dryden. 

PEE'RDOM,  «.  Peerage.     [JSfot  used.] 

PEE'RESS,  n.  The  consort  of  a  peer;  a 
noble  lady.  Pope. 

PEE'RLESS,  a.  Unequaled ;  having  no 
peer  or  equal ;  as  peerless  beauty  or  majes- 
ty. Dryden. 

PEE'RLESSLY,  adv.  Without  an  equal. 

PEE'RLESSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
no  cqiial. 

PEE'VISH,  a.  [In  Scot,  pew  is  to  complain 
or  mutter.  It  is  probably  a  contracted 
word,  and  perhaps  from  the  root  of  pet, 
petulant.] 

1.  Fretful;  petulant;  apt  to  mutter  and 
complain  ;  easily  vexed  or  fretted  ;  queru- 
lous; hard  to  please. 

She  is  peevish,  sullen,  froward.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  discontent  and  fretfulness. 
I  will  not  presume 

To  send  such  peevish  tokens  to  a  king. 

Shak. 

3.  Silly  ;  childish.  Shak. 
PEEVISHLY,  adv.  Fretfully;  petulantly; 

with  discontent  and  murmuring. 

Hayward. 
PEE'VISHNESS,    n.     Fretfulness;    petu- 
lance; disposition   to  murmur;   sourness 
of  temper  ;  as  childish  peevishness. 
When  peevishness  and  spleen  succeed. 

Swifl. 
PEG,  n.  [This  is  probably  from  the  root  of 
L.  pango,  pactus,  Gr.  jtijyiv^t ;  denoting 
that  which  fastens,  or  allied  to  beak  and 
picket.] 
1.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  wood  used  in 
fastening  boards  or  otiier  work  of  wood, 
&c.  It  does  the  office  of  a  nail.  The 
word  is  applied  only  to  small  pieces  of 
wood  pointed ;  to  the  larger  pieces  thus 
pointed  we  give  the  name  of  pins,  and 
pins  in  ship  carpentry  are  called  tree-nails 
or  trenails.  Coxe,  in  his  travels  in  Russia, 
speaks  of  poles  or  beams  fastened  into  the 
ground  with  pegs. 

The  pins  of  an  instrument  on  which  the 
strings  are  strained.  Shak. 

3.  A  nickname  for  Margaret. 
To  take  a  peg  lower,  to  depress  ;  to  lower. 

Hudibras. 
PEG,  I'.  /.  To  fasten  with  pegs.  Evelyn. 
PEG'GER,  n.  One  that  fastens  with  pegs. 

Sherwood. 
PEGM,  n.  pern.  [Gr.  ;try/to.]  A  sort  of  mov- 
ing machine  in  the  old  pageants. 

B.  Jonson. 
PEG'MATITE,  ?j.  Primitive  granitic  rock, 
composed  essentially  of  lamellar  feldspai 
and  quartz ;  frequently  with  a  mixture  of 
mica.  In  it  are  found  kaolin,  tin  tour- 
malin, beryl,  aqua  marina,  taiitale,  schee- 
lin  and  other  valuable  minerals.  Diet 

PEIRAS'TK',  a.  [Gr.  .iKpafixcj,   from  «»- 
pau,  to  strain,  to  attempt.]     Attempting; 
making  trial. 
3.  Treating  of  or  representing  trials  or  at- 
tempts ;  as  the  peirastic  dialogues  of  Plato 

Enfield. 

PEISE.  [See  Poise.] 

PEK'AN,  n.  A  species  of  vveasel. 

Buffon.    Pennant. 


PEL'AGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pilus,  hair.]  The 
vesture  or  covering   of  wild  beasts,  con- 
sisting of  hair,  fur  or  wool.  Bacon. 
PELA'GIAN,  >         [L.    ptlagus,    the    sea.] 
PEL'AGl€,     ^    ■    Pertaining   to   the    sea ; 
as  pelagian  shells.              Journ.  of  Science. 
PELAGIAN,  n.  [from  Peiog^'us,  a  native  of 
Great  Britain,  who  lived  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury.] 
A  follower  of  Pelagius,  a  monk  of  Banchor 
or  Bangor,  who  denied  original  sin,  and 
asserted  the  doctrine  of  free  will  and  the 
merit  of  good  works.                     Bp.  Hail. 
PELA'GIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pelagius  and 
hia  doctrines.  South. 
PELA'GIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Pe- 
lagius. South. 
PELF,  n.  [probably  allied  to  pUfer.]  Money; 
riches  ;  but   it   often  conveys  the  idea  of 
something  ill  gotten  or  worthless.     It  has 
no  plural. 
PEL'I€AN,  n.  [how  h.  pelicanus ;  Gr.  rtrt- 

txav  ;  Fr.  pelican.] 
1.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  PeUcanus.  It  is  lar- 
ger than  the  swan,  and  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  bill,  to  the  lower  edges  of  the 
under  choj)  of  which  is  attached  a  pouch 
or  bag,  capable  of  being  distended  so  as 
to  hold  many  quarts  of  water.  In  this  bag 
the  fowl  deposits  the  fish  it  takes  for  food! 

En  eye. 
A  chimical  glass  vessel  or  alembic  with  a 
tubulated  cnpital,  from  which  two  oppo- 
site and  crooked  beaks  pass  out  and  enter 
again  at  the  belly  of  the  cucurbit.  It  is 
designed  for  continued  distillation  and  co- 
hobation ;  the  volatile  parts  of  the  sub- 
stance distilling,  rising  into  the  capital  and 
returning  through  the  beaks  into  the  cu- 
curbit. JS/icholson. 
PE'LIOM,  n.  [Gr.  rti-^iwua,  black  color.]  A 
mineral,  a  variety  of  iolite.  Cleaveland. 
PELiSSE,  n.    pelee's.    [Fr.  from    L.  peliis, 

skin.] 
Originally,  a  furred  robe  or   coat.     But  the^ 
name  is  now  given  to  a  silk  coat  or  habit 
worn  by  ladies. 
PELL,  n.  [L.  peliis,  It.  pelle,  a   skin.]     A 

skin  or  hide. 
Clerk  of  the  pells,  in  England,  an  officer  of  the 
exchetiuer,  who  enters  every  teller's  bill 
on  the  parchment  rolls,  the  roll  of  receipts 
and  the  roll  of  disbursements. 
PEL'LET,  ».  [Fr.  pelole ;  W.  pellen,   from 
L.  pita,  a  ball.  It.  palla.]     A  httle  ball ;  as 
a  pe//c<  of  wax  or  lint.     Bacon.     H'iseman. 
2.  .\  bullet ;  a  ball  for  fire-arms.     [JVot  now 
used.]  Bacon.     Ray. 

PELLETED,  a.  Consisting  of  bullets. 

Shak. 
PEL'LICLE,  71.  [L.  pellicula,  dim.  of  peliis, 
skin.]  A  thin  skin  or  film.   Sharp.     Encyc. 
Among  chimists,  a  thin  saline  crust  form- 
ed  ou  the   surface  of  a  solution  of  salt 
evaporated  to  a  certain  degree.     This  pel- 
licle consists  of  saline  particles  crystalized. 
Encyc.     JVicholson. 
PEL'LITORY,    n.    [Sp.  pelltre ;  corrupted 
perhaps  from  h.  parietaria,  the  wall  plant, 
from  paries.] 
The  name  of  several  plants  of  difliereut  gen- 
era.    The  pellitory  of  the  wall  or  common 
ptUilory  is  of  the  genus  Parietaria ;  the 
bastard  pellitory    of  the    genus  Achillea; 
and  the  pellitory  of  Spain  is  the  Antliemia 
pyreturum.  Lee.    Parr. 


PEN 


PELL'-MELL,  adv.  With  confused  violence. 

Shak.     Hudibrns. 

PELLU'CID,  a.  [L.  pellucidus  ;  per  and  lu- 

cidus  ;  very  bright.     See  Light.] 
Perfectly  clear ;  transparent ;  not  opake ;  as 

a  body  as  pellucid  as  crystal.  «  oodward. 
PELLUCID'ITY,  ?„  Perfect  clearness  v 
PELLU'CIDNESS,  S       transparency  ;    as 

the  pellucidilv  of  the  air;  the  pellucidness 

of  a  gem.  ^  ,    p-^*/-     ^f- 

PELT,  n.    [G.  pelz  i  Sp.  pelada  ;  L.  pellis. 

See  FeU.]  .  ,     ..    u  ■ 

1    The  skin  of  a  beast  with  the  hair  on  it ; 
'  a  raw  hide.  Broum 

2.  The  quarry  of  a  hawk  all  torn. 

AinsxvorOi. 

3.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  something  thrown, 
[infra.] 

PELT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peloter,  from  pelole,  a  bull ; 
or  contracted  from  pellet.  In  Sw.  bulla 
is  to  beat.  The  word  is  from  Er.  pelole,  a 
Utile  ball,  or  from  L.  pello,  Gr.  |3aWiu  ] 
L  Properly,  to  strike  with  something 
thrown,  driven  or  falling;  as,  to  pelt  with 
stones;  pelted  with  hail. 

The  chidiug  liillows  seem  to  pelt  the  clouds 

Shak. 

2.  To  drive  by  throwing  something. 

.Merbury. 
PELT' ATE,      I       [h.  pella,  a  target.]     In 
PELT'ATED,  S  "'  iotam/,  having  the  sliape 
of  a  target  or  niund  sliicid,  as  a  peltate 
stigrna ;  having  the  petiole  inserted  in  the 
disk,  as  a  peltate  leaf  Martjpi. 

PELT'ATELY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  a  tar- 
get. Eaton. 
PELT'ED,    pp.     Struck    with    something 

thrown  or  driven. 
PELT'ER,  Ji.  One  that  pelts  ;  also,  a  pinch- 
penny  ;  a  mean,  sordid  person.         Hulvet. 
PELT  IiXG,  ppi:   Striking  with  somethin 

thrown  or  driven. 
PELTING,  Ji.  An  assault  with  any  thing 
thrown.  Shak.\ 

PELT'ING,  a.   In  Shakspeare,  mean  ;  pal- 
try.    [Improper.] 
PELT'-JMoNGER,  n.  A  dealer  in  pelts  or 

raw  hides. 
PEL'TRY,  n.  [from  pell,  a  skin.]  The  skins 
of  aniinal.s  producing  fur;  skins  in  gene- 
ral, with  the  fur  on  them  ;  furs  in  general. 

Smollett. 
PELVIftl'ETER,    n.     [L.  pelvis  and    Gr. 

ftsfpor,  measure.] 
An  instrument  to  measure  the  dimensions  of 
the  female  ])ph  is.  Coxe. 

PEL'VIS,  n.  [L.  pelvis,  a  bason.]  The  cavi- 
ty of  the  body  lormed  by  the  os  sacrum, 
OS  coccyx,  and  ossa  innoniinata,  forming 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 
PEN,  >i.  [L.  penna  ;  Sax.  pinn  ;  D.  pen  ;  It. 
penna,  a  fetlier,  a  pen,  and  a  top  ;  VV.  pen, 
top,  summit,  head  ;  Ir.  beann,  beinn,  writ- 
ten also  ben.  The  Celtic  nations  called 
the  peak  of  a  mountain,  ben  or  pen.  Hence 
the  name  .ilpennine,  applied  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Italy.  It  may  belong  to  the  same 
root  as  L.  pinna,  a  Jin,  that  is,  a  shoot  or 
point.] 
L  An  instrument  used  for  writing,  usually 


PEN 

PEN,  n.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  press,  or  pyndan,  to 
pound  or  shut  up  ;  both  probably  from 
one  root.] 

A  small  inclosure  for  beasts,  as  for  cows  or 
sheep. 

PEN,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  penned  or  pent.  To 
shut  in  a  pen ;  to  confine  in  a  small  inclo- 
sure ;  to  coop ;  to  confine  in  a  narrow 
place  ;  usually  followed  by  up,  which  is 
redundant.  Boyle.     Milton. 

PE'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  Sp.  id.  ;  It.  penate ;  from 
L.  pmna,  Gr.  noiijj,  pain,  punishment.  See 
Pai7i.] 

1.  Enacting  punishment  ;  denouncing  the 
punishment  of  offenses ;  as  a  penal  law  or 
statute ;  the  penal  code.  Penal  statutes 
must  be  construed  strictly.         Blackstone. 

2.  Inflicting  punishment. 
Adamantine  chains  and  penal  fire.       Milton. 

'3.  Incurring  punishment ;  subject  to  a  pen- 
alty ;  as  a  penal  act  or  ofiense. 

PENAL'ITY,  n.  Liableness  or  condemna- 
tion to  punishment.     {J*^ol  used.] 

Brown. 

PEN'ALTY,  n.  [It.  penalita ;  Sp.  penali- 
dad.     See  Penal?] 

1.  Tlie  suffering  in  jjerson  or  property 
which  is  annexed  by  law  or  judicial  de- 
cision to  the  commission  of  a  crime,  of- 
fense or  trespass,  as  a  punishment.  A 
fine  is  a  pecuniary  penally.  The  usual 
penalties  inflicted  on  the  person,  are  whip- 
ping, cropping,  branding,  imprisonment, 
liard  labor,  transportation  or  death. 

2.  The  suffering  to  which  a  person  subjects 
himself  by  covenant  or  agreement,  in  case 
of  non-fulfilhnent  of  his  stipulations;  the 
forfeiture  or  sum  to  be  forfeited  for  non- 
payment, or  for  non-compliance  with  an 
agreement ;  as  the  penalty  of  a  bond. 

PEN'ANCE,  n.  [Sp.  pcnante,  from  penar,  It 
penare,  to  sutler  pain.     See  Pain.] 

1.  The  sufl'ering,  labor  or  pain  to  which  a 
person  voluntarily  subjects  himself,  or 
which  is  imposed  on  liim  by  authority  as 
a  punishment  for  his  faults,  or  as  an  e.\ 
pressiou  of  penitence  ;  such  as  fa.sting, 
flagellation,  wearing  chains,  &c.  Penance 
is  one  of  the  seven  sacraments  of  the  Ro-j 
inish  church.  Encyc., 

2.  Repentance. 
PENCE,  n.  pens.  The  plural  ofpennjf,  when 

used  of  a  sum  of  money  or  value.  When 
pieces  of  coin  are  mentioned,  we  use  pen- 
nies. 

PEN'CIL,  n.  [Fr.  pinceau  ;  Sp.  pincel ;  L. 
penicillus.] 

I.  A  small  brush  used  by  painters  for  laying 
on  colors.  The  proper  pencils  are  made 
of  fine  hair  or  bristles,  as  of  camels,  badg-j 
ers  or  squirrels,  or  of  the  down  of  swans,' 
inclosed  in  a  quill.  The  larger  pencils,' 
made  of  swine's  bristles,  are  called  brushes. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  pen  formed  of  carburet  of  iron  or  plum- 
bago, black  lead  or  red  chalk,  with  a  point 
at  one  end,  used  for  writing  and  drawing. 

Encyc. 
3.  Any  instrument  of  writing  without  ink. 

Joh nson 


P  E  N 

2.  Radiated  :  having  pencils  of  rays. 

PENCILING,  ppr.  Painting,  drawing  or 
marking  with  a  pencil. 

PENCIL-SHAPED,  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  pencil. 

PENDANT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pendeo,  to 
hang,or  Sp. /;endo)!.     See  Pennon.] 

[l.  An  ornament  or  jewel  hanging  at  the  ear, 
usually  composed  of  j)earl  or  some  pre- 
cious stone.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  hanging  by  way  of  ornament. 

Jf'allcr. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  i)art  hanging  from  the  label, 
resembling  the  drops  in  the  Doric  frieze. 

Enoyc. 

4.  A  streamer  ;  a  small  flag  or  long  narrow 
banner  displayed  from  a  ship's  mast  head, 
usually  terminating  in  two  points  called 
the  swallow's  tail.  It  denotes  that  a  ship 
is  in  actual  service.  The  broad  jiendanl 
is  used  to  distinguish  the  chief  of  u  scpiad- 
ron.  Mur.  Dirt. 

A  short  piece  of  rope  fixed  on  each  side 
under  the  shrouds,  mi  the  heads  of  the 
main  and  fore-mast,  having  an  iron  thim- 
ble to  receive  the  hooks  of  the  tackle. 

Mar.  Did. 
There  are  many  other  pendants  consist- 
ing of  a  rojje  or  ro()(:s,  to  wlio.se  lower  ex- 
tremity is  attached  a  block  or  tackle.  The 
rudder-pendant  is  a  rope  made  fast  to  the 
rudder  by  a  chain,  to  prevent  tlie  loss  of 
the  rudder  when  unshipped.  Mar.  Diet. 
(V  pendulum.     [JVot  used.]  Digby. 


made  of  the  quill  of  some  large"fowl,  but  I"*-  An  aggregate  or  collection  of  rays  of  light. | 
it  may  be  of  any  other  material.  |  PEN'CIL,  v.  t.  To  paint  or  draw  ;  to  write 


2.  A  fetlier  ;  a  wing.     [Ao<  %ised.]     Spenser 

PEN,  I',  t.  pret.  and  pp.  penned.  To  write ;  to 

compose  and  commit  to  paper.    Mdison. 


or  mark  with  a  pencil.  Shak.     Harte. 

PEN'CILED,7j;).  Painted,  drawn  or  mark- 
ed with  a  pencil. 


G. 

PEND'ENCE,  n.  [L.  pendens,  pendeo,  to 
hang.]     Slope;  inclination.  IVotion. 

PEND'ENCY,  n.  [L.  pendens,  pendeo,  su- 
pra.] 

Suspense;  the  state  of  being  undecided  ;  as, 
to  wait  during  the  pendency  of  a  suit  or 
petition. 

PEND'ENT,    a.    [L.  pendens.]     Hanging; 
fastened   at    one   end,     the    other    being 
loose. 
With  ribbons  pendent,  flaring  about  her  head. 

Shak. 

a.  Jutting  over;  projecting;  as  a  pendant 
rock.  Shak. 

3.  Supported  above  the  ground.  Milton. 

PEND  ING,  a.  [L.  pendeo,  to  hang;  pen- 
dente lite.] 

De|)ending;  remaining  undecided  ;  not  ter- 
minated. This  was  done,  pending  the 
suit. 

PENDULOS'ITY,        )       [Sec  Pendulous.] 

PEND'ULOUSNESS,  ^  "•  The  state  of 
hanging  ;  suspension.  [The  latter  is  tht 
preferable  icord.] 

PENDULOUS,  a.  [L.  pendtUus,  from  pen- 
deo, to  hang.] 

Hanging  ;  swinging  ;  fastened  at  one  end, 
the  other  being  movable.  The  dewlap  of 
an  animal  Is  pendulous. 

PEND'ULUM,  n.  [L.  pendulus,  pendulum.] 
A  vibr.'iling  body  suspended  from  a  fixed 
point  ;  as  t\>e  pendulum  of  a  clock.  The 
oscillations  of  a  pendidum  depend  on  grav- 
ity, and  are  alwiiys  performed  in  nearly 
equal  times,  supposing  the  length  of  the 
Iienilulum  and  the  gravity  to  remain  the 
same. 
PENETRABIL'ITY,  n.  [from  penetrable.] 
Susceptibility  of  being  penetrated,  or  of  be- 
ing entered  or  passed  through  hv  another 
bodv. 


PEN 


PEN 


PEN 


There  being  no  mean  between  penetrahUily 
and  iinpenetiability.  Cheyiie 

PEN'ETRABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  penetrabi- 
lis.     See  Penetrate.] 

1.  That  maybe  penetrated,  entered  or  pierc- 
ed by  another  body. 

Let  him  try  thy  dart. 
And  pierce  his  only  penetrable  part. 

Dryden. 

2.  Snsreptible  of  moral  or  intellectual  im- 
pression. 

I  am  not  made  of  stone. 
But  penetrable  to  your  kind  entreaties. 

Shak. 
PEN'ETRAIL,  n.  [L.  penetralia.]    Interior 
parts.     [jYot  used.]  Harvey. 

PEN'ETRANCY,  ji.  [L.  penetrans.]  Power 
of  entering  or  piercing;  as  the  penetrnney 
of  subtil  effluvia.  Ray. 

PEN'ETRANT,  a.  [L.  penetrans.]  Having 
the  power  to  enter  or  pierce  ;  sharp  ;  sub- 
til ;  as  penetrant  spirit  ;  food  subtilized 
and  rendered  fluid  and  penetrant. 

Boyle.     Ray. 
PEN'ETRATE,  v.  t.  [L.   penetro,  from  the 
root  of  pen,  a  point.] 

1.  To  enter  or  pierce  ;  to  make  way  into  an 
other  body  ;  as,  a  sword  or  dart  penetrates 
the  body  ;  oil  penetrates  wood  ;   marrow, 
the  most  penetrating  of  oily  substances. 

Arbuthnot 

3.  To  affect  the  mind ;  to  cause  to  feel.  I 
am  penetrated  with  a  lively  sense  of  your 
generosity. 

3.  To  reach  by  the  intellect ;  to  understand  ; 
as,  to  penetrate  the  meaning  or  design  of 
any  tiling. 

4.  To  enter ;  to  pass  into  the  interior ;  as,  to 
penetrate  a  country. 

PENETRATE,  v.  i.  To  pass;  to  make 
way. 

Bom   where  heaven's  influence  scarce  can 
penetrate.  Pope 

2.  To  make  way  intellectually.  He  had  not 
penetrated  into  the  designs  of  the  prince. 

PENETRATED,    pp.    Entered  ;  pierced 

understood  ;  fatliotiiod. 
PEN'ETRATING,;>jt»-.  Entering ;  piercing ; 

understanding. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or  pierc- 
ing another  body  ;  sharp  ;  subtil.  Oil  is 
a  penetrating  substance. 

3.  Acute  ;  discerning  ;  quick  to  understand  ; 
as  a  penetrating  mind. 

PENETRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  entering 
a  body.  Milton 

2.  Mental  entrance  into  any  thing  abstruse  ; 
as  a  penetration  into  the  abstruse  difficul 
ties  of  algebra.  Watts. 

3.  Acuteness ;  sagacity ;  as  a  man  of  great 
or  nice  penetration. 

PENETRATIVE,  a.  Piercing  ;  sharp  ; 
subtil. 

l^et  not  air  be  too  gross  nor  too  penetrative. 

Wvtton. 

2.  Acute;  Scigacious;  discerning;  as  pene- 
trative wisdom.  Swift. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  affect  or  impress  the 
mind;  as  penetrative  H\\a.me.  Shak. 

PEN'ETRATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  penetrative. 
PEN'FISH,   n.    A  kind  of  eelpout  with  a 

.smooth  skin.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PEN'GIJIN,  n.  [W.  pen,  head,  and  gwyn, 

white  ;  or  h.  pinguidine,  with  fatness.] 


1.  A  genus  of  fowls  of  the  order  of  Palmi-| 
peds.  The  penguin  is  an  aquatic  fowl 
with  very  short  legs,  with  four  toes,  three 
of  which  are  webbed  ;  the  body  is  clothed; 
with  short  fethers,  set  as  compactly  as  the 
scales  of  a  fish;  the  wings  are  small  like 
fins,  and  covered  with  short  scale-like  feth-' 
ers,  so  that  they  are  useless  in  flight.  Pen- 
guins seldom  go  on  shore,  except  in  the 
season  of  breeding,  when  they  burrow  like 
rabbits.  On  land  they  stand  erect ;  they 
are  tame  and  may  be  driven  like  a  flock 
of  sheep.  In  water  they  swim  with  rapid- 
ity, being  assisted  by  their  wings.  These 
fowls  are  found  only  in  the  southern  lati-j 
tudes.  Encyc. 

2.  A  species  of  fruit.  Miller. 
PEN'ICIL,  n.  [L.  penicillus.     See  Pencil.] 

1.  Among  physicians,  a  tent  or  pledget  for 
wounds  or  ulcers. 

2.  A  species  of  shell. 

PENIN'SULA,  n.  [L.  pene,  almost,  and  in- 
sula, an  isle  ;  It.  penesolo.] 

1.  A  portion  of  land,  connected  with  a  con- 
tinent by  a  narrow  neck  or  isthmus,  but 
nearly  surrounded  with  water.  Thus 
Boston  stands  on  a  peninsula. 

A  large  extent  of  country  joining  the 
main  lanil  by  a  part  narrower  than  the 
tract  itself  Thus  Spain  and  Portugal  are 
said  to  be  situated  on  a  peninsula. 

PENIN'SULAR,  «.  In  the  form  or  state  of 
a  peninsula  ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula. 

PENIN'SULATE,  v.  t.  To  encompass  al- 
most with  water  ;  to  form  a  peninsula. 

•South  river  peninsxilates    Castle   hill    farm, 
and  at  high  tides,  surrounds  it. 

Bentlei)'s  Hist.  Coll. 

PENIN'SULATED,  pp.  Almost  surround- 
ed with  water. 

PENIN'SULATING,  ppr.  Nearly  surround- 
ing with  water. 

PENITENCE,   \        [Fr.  ;jcm7e»!ce,  from  L. 

PEN'ITENCY,  \  "■  pcEnitentia,  irom  pa:ni- 
teo,  from  pcena,  pain,  punishment.  Seei 
Pain.] 

Repentance;  pain;  sorrow  or  grief  of  heart' 
for  sins  or  offenses;  contrition.  Rea\  peti- 
itence  springs  from  a  conviction  of  guilt 
and  ingratitude  to  God,  and  is  followed 
bv  amendment  of  life. 

PEN'ITENT,   a.    [Fr.   from    L.  panitens.] 

Suffering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart  on    ac- 
count of  sins,  crimes  or  offenses;  contrite; 
sincerely  affected  by  a  sen.se  of  guilt  and 
resolving  on  amendment  of  life. 
The  proud  he  tam'd,  the  penitent  he  cheer'd. 

Dryden. 

PEN'ITENT,  n.  One  that  repents  of  sin ; 
one  sorrowful  on  account  of  his  transgres- 
sions. 

2.  One  under  church  censure,  but  admitted 
to  penance.  Stillingjleet. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 
Penitents  is  an  appellation  given  to  certain 

fraternities  in  catholic  countries,  distin-| 
guislied  by  their  habits  and  employed  in| 
charitable  acts.  EncycJ 

Order  of  penitents,  a  religious  order  establish-} 
ed  by  one  Bernard  of  Marseilles,  about: 
the  year  1272,  for  the  reception  of  re-i 
formed  courtezans.  The  congregation  of 
penitents  at  Paris,  was  founded  with  a  si 
ilar  view.  Enc>/c.\ 

PENITENTIAL,  a.  [Fr.  penilentiel ;  It. 
penitenziale.] 


Proceeding  from  or  expressing  penitence  or 
contrition  of  heart ;  as  penitential  sorrow 
or  tears.  South. 

PENITEN'TIAL,  n.  Among  the  Roman- 
ists, a  book  containing  the  rules  which  re- 
late to  penance  and  the  reconciliation  of 
penitents.  Encyc. 

PENITENTIARY,  a.  Relating  to  pen- 
ance, or  to  the  rules  and  measures  of  pen- 
ance. BramhttU. 

PENITEN'TIARY,  n.  One  that  prescribes 
the  rules  and  measures  of  penance. 

Bacon.     Ayliffe. 

2.  A  penitent ;  one  that  does  penance. 

Hammond. 

.3.  At  the  court  of  Rome,  an  office  in  which 
are  examined  and  delivered  out  the  secret 
bulls,  graces  or  dispensations  relating  to 
cases  of  conscience,  confession,  &c. 

Encyc. 

4.  An  officer  in  some  cathedrals,  vested  with 
power  from  the  bishop  to  absolve  in  cases 
reserved  to  him.  The  pope  has  a  grand 
penitentiary,  who  is  a  cardinal  and  is  chief 
of  the  other  penitentiaries.  Encyc. 

5.  A  house  of  correction  in  which  offenders 
are  confined  for  punishment  and  reforma- 
tion, and  compelled  to  labor:  a  work- 
house.    A  state  prison  is  &  penitentiary. 

PEN'ITENTLY,     adv.     With    penitence  ; 

with  repentance,  sorrow  or  contrition  for 

sin. 
PEN'KNIFE,    n.   [See  Pen  and  Knife.]   A 

small  knife  used  for  making  and  mending 

pens. 
PEN'MAN,  n.  plu.  penmen.    [See  Pen  and 

Man.] 

1.  A  man  that  professes  or  teaches  the  art 
of  writing.     More  generally, 

2.  One  that  writes  a  good  hand. 

3.  An  author;  a  writer;  as  the  sacred  pen- 
men. Addison. 

PEN'MANSHIP,  n.  The  use  of  the  pea  in 
writing;  the  art  of  writing. 

2.  Manner  of  writing  ;  as  good  or  bad  pen- 
manship. 

PEN'NACHED,  a.  [Vt.  pennache  or  pana- 
che, from  panache,  a  plume  or  bunch  of 
fethers.] 

Radiated  ;  diversified  with  natural  stripes 
of  various  colors ;  as  a  flower.  [Little 
used.]  Evelyn. 

PEN'NANT,  I       [Fr.  fanion,  pennon  ;   It. 

PEN'NON,  S  pennone;  Sp.  pendon  ;  W. 
penwn  ;  Goth,  fana  ;  L.  pannus,  a  cloth.] 

1.  A  small  flag  ;  a  banner.     [See  Pendant.^ 

2.  .\  tackle  for  hoisting  things  on  board  a 
ship.  Ainsworth. 

PEN'NATE,      \       [L.   pennatus,    winged, 
PEN'NATED,  (,  ""  from  penna,  a  quill  or 
wing.] 

1.  Winged. 

2.  In  botany,  a  pennate  leaf  is  a  compound 
leaf  in  which  a  simple  petiole  has  several 
leaflet^  attached  to  each  side  of  it.  [See 
Pinnate.  ] 

PEN  NED,  pp.  Written. 

PENNED,  a.  Winged  ;  having  plumes. 

Huloet. 
PEN'NER,  n.  A  writer. 
2.  A  pen-case.    [Local.]  Ainsworth. 

PEN'NIFORM,  a.  [L.  penna,  a  fether  or 

ipiill,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  fether. 

Encyc. 


PEN 


PEN 


PEN 


t'EN'NILESS, o.  [from penny.]  Moneyless; 

destitute  of  money  ;  j>oor.  Arbuthnot. 

PEN'NIiNG,  jipr.  (Committing  to  writing. 
PENNON.     [.See  PtnnanL] 
I'EN'NY,  n.  phi.  pennies  or  pence.    Pennies 

denotes  the  number   of  coins ;  pence  the 

amount  of  pennies  in  vahie.     [Sax.penig; 

D.  Sw.  penning;  G.  pfennig;  Dun.  penge, 

money.] 

1.  An  ancient  English  silver  coin  ;  but  now 
an  imaginary  money  of  account,  twelve  of 
which  are  e(|ual  to  a  shilling.  It  is  the 
radical  denomination  from  which  Eng- 
lish coin  is  numbered.  Johnson 

2.  In  ancient  English  statutes,  any  or  all 
silver  money. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  small  sum.  He  will  not 
lend  a  penny. 

4.  Money  in  general. 

Be  sure  to  turn  Ihe  pamy.  Dryden 

PEN'NYPOST,  n.  One  tliat  carries  letters 
from  the  ]K)st  office  and  deUvers  them  to 
the  proper  ]>ersons  for  a  peimy  or  other 
small  compensation. 

PENNYROY'AL,  n.   A  plant  of  the  genus 

Mentha.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

The  English  pennyroyal  is  the  Mentha 

pulegium  ;  the  N.  American  pennyroyal  is 

the  Cunila  pulegioiiks.        Pair.     Bigelow. 

PEN'NYWtHillT,  n.  A  troy  weight  con- 
taining twenty  four  grains,  each  grain  be- 
ing eijual  in  weight  to  a  grain  of  wheat 
from  the  middle  of  tlie  ear,  well  dried.  It 
was  anciently  the  weight  of  a  silver  pen- 
ny, whence  the  name.  T\yenty  penny- 
weights make  an  ounce  troy.' 

PEN'NYWISE,  a.  Saving  small  sums  at 
the  hazard  of  larger ;  niggardly  on  im- 
proper occasions.  Bacon. 

PENNYWORTH,  n.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  pemiy. 

2.  Any  purchase  ;  any  thing  bought  or  sold 
for  money  ;  that  which  is  worth  the  mon- 
ey given.  South. 

3.  A  good  bargain;  something  advantageous- 
ly purchased,  or  for  less  than  it  is  worth. 

Dnjden. 

4.  A  small  quantity.  Stinfl. 
PEN'SILE,  a.  [L.  pensUis,  from  pendeo,  to 

hang.] 
J.  Hanging;  suspended;  as  a ;?C7Mi7e  bell. 

Bacon.     Prior. 

2.  Supported  above  the  ground  ;  as  a  pensile 

garden.  Prior. 

PEN'SILENESS,  n.  The  state  of  hanging. 

Baco7i. 

PENSION,  n.    [Fr.   Sp.  id.;  It.  pensione; 

from  L.  pensio,   from  pendo,  pensum,   to 

pay-] 

1.  An  annual  allowance  of  a  sum  of  money  to 
a  person  by  government  in  consideration 
of  past  services,  civil  or  military.  Men  of- 
ten receive  pensions  for  eminent  services 
on  retiring  from  office.  But  in  particular, 
officers,  soldiers  and  seamen  receive  pen- 
sions when  they  are  disabled  for  further 
services. 

2.  An  annual  payment  by  an  individual  to 
an  old  or  disabled  servant. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  an  annual  allowance 
made  by  government  to  indigent  widows 
of  officers  killed  or  dying  in  public  service. 

4.  Payment  of  money  :  rent.    1  Esdras. 

5.  A  yearly  payment  in  the  inns  of  court. 

Eng. 


G.  A  certain  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  clergy- 
man in  lieu  of  tithes.  Cyc. 

7.  An  allowance  or  annual  payment,  con- 
sidered in  the  light  of  a  bribe. 

PEN'SION,  V.  t.  To  grant  a  pension  to ;  to 
grant  an  annual  allowance  from  the  pub- 
lic treasury  to  a  person  for  jiast  services, 
or  on  account  of  disability  incurred  in  pub- 
lic service,  or  of  old  age. 

PEN'SIONARY,  a.  Maintained  by  a  pen- 
sion ;  receiving  a  pension  ;  as  pensionary 
spies.  Donne. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  pension  ;  as  a.  pensionary 
provision  for  maintenance. 

PEN'SIONARY,  n.  A  person  who  receives 
a  pension  from  government  for  past  ser- 
vices, or  a  yearly  allowance  from  some 
prince,  company  or  individual. 

2.  The  first  minister  of  the  states  of  the 
province  of  Holland  ;  also,  the  first  njinis- 
ter  of  the  regency  of  a  city  in  Holland. 

Encyc. 

PENSIONED,;;;).  Having  a  pension. 

PENSIONER,  n.  One  to  whom  an  annual 
sum  of  money  is  paid  by  government  in 
consideration  of  past  services. 

2.  One  who  receives  an  annual  allowance 
for  services. 

3.  A  dependant. 

4.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and  in 
that  of  Dublin,  an  undergraduate  or  bach- 
elor of  arts  who  lives  iit  liis  own  expense. 

En  cyc. 

5.  One  of  an  honorable  band  of  gentlemen 
who  attend  on  the  king  of  England,  and 
receive  a  pension  or  an  nuniial  allowance 
of  a  hundred  pounds.  This  band  was  in- 
stituted by  Henry  VII.  Their  duty  is  to 
guard  the  king's  person  in  his  own  house. 

Enryc.     Cyc. 
PEN'SIONING,  ppr.  Granting  aii   annual 

allowance  for  past  services. 
PENSIVE,  a.    [It.  pensivo,  pensieroso;  Sp. 

pensativo  ;  Fr.  pensif  i'rom  penser,  to  tliinkj 

or  reflect ;  L.  penso,  to  weigh,  to  consider  ; 

pendo,  to  weigh.] 

1.  Literally,  thouglitful ;  employed  in  se- 
rious study  or  reflection ;  but  it  often 
implies  some  degree  of  sorrow,  anxiety, 
depression  or  gloom  of  mind  ;  thouglitful 
and  sad,  or  sorrowful. 

Anxious  cares  the  pensive  nymph  oppress'd. 

Pope. 

2.  Expressing  thouglitfulness  with  sadness  ; 
as  pensive  numbers ;  pensive  strains. 

Prior. 

PEN'SIVELY,  adv.  With  thonglnfulness; 
with  gloomy  seriousness  or  some  degree 
of  melancholy.  Spenser. 

PEN'SIVENESS,  n.  Gloomy  thouglitful- 
ness ;  melancholy ;  seriousness  from  de- 
pressed spirits.  Hooker. 

PEN'STOCK,  n.  [pen  and  stock.]  A  narrow 
or  confined  ])lace  formed  by  a  frame  of 
timber  planked  or  boarded,  for  holding  or 
conducting  the  water  of  a  mill-pond  to  a 
wheel,  and  furnished  with  a  flood  gate 
which  may  be  shut  or  opened  at  pleasure. 

PENT,  pp.  of  pen.  Shut  up ;  closely  con- 
fined. 

PENTA€AP'SULAR,  a.  [Gr.  ntvri,  five, 
and  capsular.]  In  botany,  having  five 
capsules. 

PENTACHORD,  n.  [Gr.  .turf,  five,  and 
chord.] 


1.  An  instrument  of  music  with  rive  strings. 

2.  An  order  or  system  of  five  sounds. 

Busby. 
PEN'TA€OC€OUS,  a.  [Gr.  >i««,five,  aiid 

L.  coccus,  a  berry.] 
Having  or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds,  or 

having  five  united  cells  with  one  ceed  in 

each.  Martyn. 

PEN'TA€OSTER,    n.    [Gr.]     In     ancunl 

Greece,  a  military  officer  commanding  fifty 

men  ;  but  the  number  varied.         Mitford. 
PEN'TACOSTYS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  body  of  fifty 

soldiers;  but  the  number  varied. 

Mitford. 
PENTAC'RINITE,  n.  The  fossil  remains 

of  a  zoophyte. 
PENTA€ROS'Tl€,  a.  [Gr.  jt.rrt,  five,  and 

acrostic] 
Containing  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name 

in  five  divisions  of  each  verse. 
PENTACROS'TIC,  n.  A  set  of  verses  so 

disposed  as  to  have  five  acrostics  of  the 

same  name  in  five  divisions  of  each  ver.se. 

Encyc. 
PENTADAC'TYL,  n.  [Or.  miti,  five,  and 

SoxrvXoj,  finger.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  plant  caWcd  fve  fingers ;  a 
name  given  to  the  Ricinus  or  Palina 
Christi,  from  tlie  shape  of  its  leaf. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  ichthyology,  the  five  fingered  fish  ;  a 
name  given  to  a  fi.-li  common  in  the  East 
Indian  seas,  which  has  five  black  streaks 
on  each  side  resembling  the  prints  of  five 
fingers.  Encyc. 

PEN'TAGON,  n.  [Gr.  rcntt,  five,  and  -/uno, 
a  corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  of  five  sides  and  five 
angles.  Encyc. 

2.  In/or/t/?cn<!0)i,  a  fort  with  five  bastions. 

Encyc. 
PENTAGONAL.  >  Having  five  corners 
PENTAG'ONOUS,  \  "•  or  angles. 

Ji'oodicard.     Lee.     Martyn. 
PEN'TAGRAPH,  n.    [Gr.  xi.r,,   five,   and 

7paiJ>u,  to  write.] 
.'\n  instrument  for  drawing  figures   in  any 

proportion  at  pleasure,  or  for  copying  or 

reducing  a  figure,  jilau,  print,  &c.  to  any 

desired  .size. 
PENTAGRAPII'IC,         >        PertainiuL'  to 
PENTAGRAPH  l€AL,  ^    "•  apentagrHph; 

performed  by  a  pentagrapli. 
PEN'TAGYN,  n.   [Gr.  nivTi,  five,  and  yvir;, 

a  female.]     In  botany,  a  plant  having  five 

pistils. 

PENTAGYN'IAN,  a.  Having  five  pistils. 
PENTAHEDRAL,     }      Having  five  equal 
PENTAHE'DROUS,  \  "sides. 
PENTAHEDRON,  n.  [Gr.  m,r,,  five,  and 

ihi>a.,  a  side  or  base.]    A  figure  having  five 

equal  sides. 

PENTAHEXAIIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rtai-t, 
five,  and  heinhedral.] 

In  crystalography,  exhibiting  five  ranges  of 
faces  one  above  another,  each  range  con- 
taining si.\  faces.  CIcaveland. 

PENTAM  ETER,  n.  [Gr.  rtiyn,  five,  and 
fii-ffiny,  measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  five  feet.  The 
two  first  feet  may  be  either  dactyls  or 
spondees;  the  third  is  always  a  spondee, 
and  the  two  last  anapcsts.  A  pentame- 
ter verse  subjoined  to  a  hexameter,  con- 
stitutes what  is  called  elegiac.  Encyc. 


PEN 


P  E  O 


PEP 


PENTAMETER,   a.  Having  five  metrical 

(pet.  Warlon. 

PENTAN'DER,   n.    [Gr.   rtfrft,    five,   and 

ai'jjp,  a  male.] 
In  botany,  a  plant  having  five  stamens. 
PENTAN'DRIAN,  a.  Having  five  stamens. 
PENTAN'GULAR,  a.  [Gr.  rttrrf,  five,  and 

avgular.]    Having  five  corners  or  angles,  l 

Greiv.l 
PENTAPET'ALOUS,  a.   [Gr.   rttrrt,  five, 

and  Httar.op,  a  petal.] 
Having  five  petals  or  flower  leaves.  | 

Encyc 
PENTAPH'YLLOUS,   a.   [Gr.  «»Tf,   five,! 

and  ^\)M.ov,  a  leaf.]     Having  five  leaves.     | 
PEN'TAR€HY,    n.    [Gr.   ntiTt,  five,  andj 

apx'it  rule.] 
A  government  in  the  bands  of  five  persons.. 

Brewer. 
PEN'TASPAST,  n.    [Gr.  jit^ff,  five,  and 

ortau,  to  draw.] 
An  engine  with  five  pulleys.  Did. 

PENTASPERM'OUS,   n.   [Gr.   rtivti,  five, 

and  aitipfia,  seed.]     Containing  five  seeds. 

Encyc. 
PEN'TASTI€H,   n.    [Gr.   rffirt,  five,   and 

;iX°U  verse.] 
A  composition  consisting  of  five  verses. 

Did. 
PEN'TASTYLE,  n.   [Gr.   itivm,  five,  and 

fvXof,  a  column.]  \ 

In  nrchitecture,  a  work  containing  five  rows 

of  ciilumns. 
PEN'TATEU€H,  «.    [Gr.  ««*(,  five,   and, 

tivxo;.  a  book  or  composition.]  i 

The  first  five  books  of  the  Old  Testament.: 
PEN'TECONTER,   n.   [from   the   Greek.] 

A  Grecian  vessel  of  fifty  oars,  smaller  thaii' 

a  trireme.  Mitford. 

PEN'TEeOST,  n.  [Gr.  rttiTixo;r„  rttrTfxofo;, 

fiftieth.] 

1.  A  solenm  festival  of  the  Jews,  so  called 
because  celebrated  on  the  fiftieth  day  af- 
ter the  sixteenth  of  Nisan,  which  was  the, 
second  day  of  the  passover.     It  was  call 
ed  the  feast  of  weeks,  because  it  was  celc 
brated  seven  weeks  after  the  passover.    It 
was  instituted  to   oblige  the  people  to  re 
pair  to  the  temple  of  the  Lord,  there  to  ac 
knowledge  his  absolute  dominion  over  the 
coimtry,  and  ofi'er  him   the  first  frwits  of 
their  harvest ;  also  that  they  might  call  tO| 
mind  and  give  thanks  to  God  for  the  law| 
which  he  had  given  them  at  Sinai  on  the 
fiftieth    day  from    their   departure   from 
Egypt.  Calmet.     Encyc' 

2.  Whitsuntide,  a  solemn  feast  of  the  church, 
held  in  commemoration  of  the  descent  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  on  the  apostles.    Acts  ii. 

PEi\'TE€OSTAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  Whit- 
suntide. Sandersott 

PENTECOS'TALS,  n.  Oblations  formerly 
made  by  parishioners  to  the  parish  ])riest, 
at  the  feast  of  Pentecost,  and  sometimes 
by  inferior  churches  to  the  mother  church. 

Cowd. 

PENT'IIOUSE,  n.  [Pr.  pente,  a  slope,  and; 
house.     In  Welsh,  penty.]  \ 

A  shed  standing  aslope  from  the  main  wall 
or  building. 

PEN'TICE,  n.  [It.  pendice,  a  declivity,  from 
L.  petido,  to  bend.] 

A  sloping  roof.     [Little  used.]  Wotton. 

PEN'TILE,  n.   [Fr.  pente,  a  bending,  and 


A  tile  for  covering  the  sloping  part  of  a 
roof.    [(Xn.  ■pantile.]  Johnson. 

PEN'TREMITE,  n.  A  genus  of  zoophytes 
or  fossil  shells. 

PENULT',  n.  [L.  penullimus;  pene,  almost, 
and  ultimus,  last.] 

The   last   syllable   of  a  word   except   one 

PENULT'IMATE,  a.  [supra.]  The  last  hut 
one  ;  a  word  used  of  the  last  syllable  of  a 
word  except  one.  It  may  be  sometimes 
used  as  a  noun 

PENUM'BRA,  n.  [L.  pene,  almost,  and  um- 
bra, shade.] 

In  astronomy,  a  partial  shade  or  obscurity  on 
the  margin  of  the  perfect  shade  in  an 
eclipse,  or  between  the  perfect  shade 
where  the  light  is  entirely  intercepted,  and 
the  full  light.  Cyc. 

PENURIOUS,  a.  [It.  penurioso,  from  L. 
penuria,  scarcity,  want;  Gr.  /ttiijs,  poor; 
anavos,  rare.] 

1.  Excessively  saving  or  sparing  in  the  use 
of  money;  parsimonious  to  a  fault;  sor 
did  ;    as  a  penurious   man.     It  expresses 
somewhat  less  than  niggardly. 


2.  Scanty  ;  affording  little ;   as  a  penurious 


tile.] 


spring.  Addison. 

PENU'RIOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  saving  or  par 
sinionious  manner;  with  scanty  supply. 

PENU'RIOUSNESS,  n.  Parsimony  ;  a  sor- 
did dispcsition  to  save  money.      Addison. 

'i.  Scantiness;  not  plenty. 

PENURY,  n.  [L.  penuria,  from  Gr.   ntfijs, 
needy.] 

Want  of  property  ;  indigence;  extreme  pov- 
erty. 

All  innocent  they  were  exposed  to  hardship 
and  penury.  Sprat. 

PE'ON,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  a  foot  soldier,  or 

a  footman  armed  with  sword  and  target ; 

said  to  be  corrupted  from  piadah.  [Qu.  L. 

pes,  pedis.]     Hence, 

2.  In  France,  a  common  man  in  chess  ;  usu 

ally  written  and  called  pawn. 
PE'ONY,  n.  [L.  pwonia  ;  Gr.  naiuvia,  from 

naiut;  Apollo.] 
A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pseonia.    It 

is  written  also  piony. 
PEOPLE,  n.  [Fr.  peuple  ;  h.popidtts;  W. 
pawb,  pob,  each,  every  one ;  poblac,  com- 
mon people;  G.  pobet ;  Ir.  pupal,  pobal ; 
Sp.  pueblo  ;  Russ.  bobiel,  a  peasant.  This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  babe  and 
pupil,  and  perhaps  originally  signified  the 
children  of  a  family,  likeg'ens.] 
1.  The  body  of  persons  who  compose  a  com- 
munity, town,  city  or  nation.  We  say,  the 
people  of  a  town ;  the  people  of  London  or' 
Paris;  the  English  people.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  is  not  used  in  the  plural,  but  it 
comprehends  all  classes  of  iidiabitants, 
considered  as  a  collective  body,  or  any 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  city  or 
country. 

The  vulgar;  the   mass  of  illiterate  per- 
sons. 

The  knowing  artist  may  judge  better  than  the 
people.  IValler 

The  commonalty,  as  distinct  from  men 
of  rank. 

Myself  shall  mount  the  rostrum  in  his  favor. 
And  strive  to  gain  his  pardon  iVom  the  peo- 
ple. Mdison 
4.  Persons  of  a  particular  class  ;  a  part  of  a 
nation  or  community ;  as  country  people 


Persons  in  general ;  any  persons  indefi- 
nitely ;  like  on  in  French,  and  man  in  Sax- 
on. 

People  were  tempted  to  lend  by  great  premi- 
ums and  large  interest.  Swift 

C.  A  collection  or  community  of  animals. 
The  ants   are  a  people  not  strong,   yet   they 
prepare  their  meat  in  the  summer.     Prov.  xxx. 
When  people  signifies  a  separate  nation 
or  tribe,  it  has  the  plural  number. 

Thou  must  prophesy  again  before  manypeo- 
jAes.    Rev.  x. 

8.  In  Scripture,  fathers   or  kindred.     Gen. 

9.  The  Gentiles. 

— To  him  shall   die  gathering  of  the  people 
be.   Gen.  xlix. 

PEOPLE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peupler.]  To  stock  with 
inhabitants.       Emigrants    from     Europe 
have  peopled  the  United  States. 
PEOPLED,  pp.  Stocked  or  furnished  with 

inhabitants. 
PEOPLING,   ppr.    Stocking  with  inhabit- 
ants. 
PEOPLISH,  a.  Vulgar.  Chaucer. 

PEPAS'TIe,  n.  [Gr.  mrtaivu,  to  concoct  or 

mature.] 
A  medicine  that  serves   to  help  digestion ; 
applied  particularly  to  such  medicines  as 
tend  to  promote  the  digestion  of  wounds. 

Coxe. 
PEP' PER,  n.  [L.  piper;  Sax.  peppor;  D. 
peper  ;  Sw.  peppar  ;  G.  pfeffer  ;  Dan.  pe- 
her  ;  Fr.  poivre  ;  It.  pepe  ;  Gr.  rttnipi ;  Hin- 
doo, pipel ;  Sanscrit,  pipali;  Pers.  pilpil.] 
A  plant  and  its  seeil  or  grain,  of  the  genus 
Piper.  The  stem  of  the  plant  is  a  vine  re- 
quiring a  prop,  which  is  usually  a  tree. 
The  leaves  are  oval  and  the  flower  white. 
We  l:ave  three  kinds  of  pepper,  the  black, 
the  white,  and  the  long.  The  black  pep- 
per is  the  produce  of  Java,  Sumatra,  Cey- 
lon, and  other  Asiatic  countries  ;  the  white 
pepper  is  the  black  pe()per  decorticated  ; 
the  long  pep|ier  is  the  fruit  of  a  different 
species,  also  from  the  E.  Indies.  It  con- 
sists of  numerous  grains  attached  to  a 
common  footstalk.  Pepper  has  a  strong 
aromatic  smell  and  a  pungent  taste. 

A.iiat.  Res.     Encyc. 
PEP'PER,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  pepper. 
i.  To  heat ;  to  pelt  with   shot ;  to   mangle 
with  blows.  Shak. 

PEP'PER-BOX,  n.  A  small  bos  with  a  per- 
forated lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pulverized 
pepper  on  food. 
PEP'PER-€AKE,  n.  A  kind  of  spiced  cake 

or  gingerbread. 
PEP'PER-eORN.  n.  The  berry  or  seed  of 

the  pepper-plant. 
2.  Something    of  inconsiderable   value;  as 

lands  held  at  the  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 
PEPPERED,  ;;;).  Sprinkled  with  pepper; 

I)eltcd ;  spotted. 
PEPPER  GlN'tiERBREAD,  n.  A  kind  of 

cake  made  in  England. 
PEP'PEKGRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Pihilaria  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lepid- 
ium. 
PEPPERING,  ppr.   Sprinkling  with  pep- 
per ;  pelting. 
2.  a.  Hot ;  pungent ;  angry.  Swift. 

PEP'PERMINT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Mentha.  It  is  aromatic  and  pungent.  Al- 
so, a  liquor  distilled  from  the  plant. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PEP'PERMINT-TREE,  n.  The  Eucalyp- 
tus piperita,  a  native  of  New  Soutti  Wales. 

Encyc. 

PEPPER-POT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Capsicum. 

PEP'PER-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Vitis. 

PEPPER-WATER,  n.  A  liquor  prepared 
froiri  powdered  black  pepper; used  in  tuic- 
roscopiral  observations.  Enryt. 

PEP'PER-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
I.ppidiuni. 

PEP'TI€,  o.  [Gr.  KtrCTixof,  from  rciytru,,  to 
digest.] 

Promoting  digestion  ;  dietetic,  as  peptic  pre- 
cepts. Kilrhener. 

PER,  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  through, 
passing,  or  over  the  whole  extent,  as  in 
perambvlo.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  equiva- 
lent to  very  in  English,  as  in  pernrutusl 
very  sharp.  As  a  prefix,  in  English,  it  re-j 
tains  these  significations,  and  in  chiniistry 
it  is  used  to  denote  venj  or  fully,  to  the  ut- 
vmst  extent,  as  in  peroryd,  a  substance  ox- 
ydated  to  the  utmost  degree. 

Ptr  is  used  also  for  by,  as  per  bearer,  hy  the 
bearer. 

Per  annum,  [L.]  by  the  year  ;  in  each  year 
successively. 

Perse,  [L.]  by  himself;  by  itself;  by  them- 
selves. 

PERACU'TE, a.  [L.peraeutus ; per,  through, 
and  acutus,  sharp.] 

Very  sharp  ;  very  violent ;  as  a  peracvte  fe- 
ver.    [Little  used.]  Harvey. 

PERADVENT'URE,  adv.  [Fr. par avenlwc  ; 
par,  by,  and  aventure,  from  L.  venio,  to 
come.] 

By  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  be.         Hooker. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  noun  for  doubt  or 
question,    but    rather    improperly.     The 
word  is  obsolescent  and  inelegant. 

PERAGRATE,  v.  i.  [L.  peragro  ;  per, 
through,  over,  and  ager,  a  field.] 

To  travel  over  or  through  ;  to  wander ;  to! 
ramble.     [Little  used.]  | 

PERAGRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  passing! 
through  any  space ;  as  the  peragralion  of 
the  moon  in  her  monthly  revolution.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Broivn.     Holder. 

PERAM'BULATE,  v.  t.  [L.  perambulo ;  per 
and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 

To  walk  through  or  over ;  properly  and 
technically,  to  pass  through  or  over  for  the 
purpose  of  surveying  or  examining  some- 
thing ;  to  visit  as  overseers;  as,  to  per- 
ambulate a  parish.  So  in  New  England, 
the  laws  require  the  selectmen  of  towns 
to  appoint  suitable  persons  annually  to 
perambulate  the  borders  or  bounds  of  the 
township,  and  renew  the  boundaries,  or 
see  thai  liie  old  ones  are  in  a  good  state. 

PERAMBULATED,  pp.  Passed  over  ;  in- 
spectcil. 

PERAM'BULATING,ppr.  Passing  over  or 
tljrongh  fur  the  purpose  of  inspection. 

PERASIBULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pass- 
ing or  walking  through  or  over.       Bacon 

2.  A  traveling  survey  or  inspection. 

Howell. 

3.  A  district  within  which  a  per.son  has  the 
right  of  inspection  ;  jurisdiction. 

Holidn  II. 

4.  Annual  survey  of  the  bounds  of  a  paris 
in  England,  or  of  a  township  in  America. 

Vol.  11. 


PERAMBULATOR,  n.  An  instrument  or 
wheel  for  measuring  distances,  to  be  used 
in  surveying  or  traveling  ;  called  also  a 
pedometer.  Encyc. 

PERBISUL'PHATE,  n.  A  sulphate  with 
two  proportions  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 
combined  with  an  oxyd  at  the  maximum 
ofoxydation.  Siliiman. 

PER€>AI{BI  RETED,  a.  The  percarbu- 
reted  hydrtJficn  of  the  Erench  chimists  is 
said  to  be  the  oidy  definite  compound  of 
these  two  elements.  Urt. 

PERCA'KE,  adv.  [per  and  ca.ie,  by  case.] 
Perhaps  ;  perchance.     [JVot  used.] 

Bacon. 

PER'CEANT,  a.  [Fr.  per^ant.]  Piercing  ;; 
penetrating.     [jVot  used.]  Speiiser. 

PERCEIVABLE,  a.  [See  Perceive.]  Per- 
ceptible; that  maybe  perceived  ;  that  may 
fall  under  perce|)tion  or  the  cognizance  of 
the  senses  ;  that  may  be  felt,  seen,  heard, 
smell  or  tasted.  We  say,  the  roughness 
of  cloth  is  pcrrcivabtc ;  the  dawn  of  the 
morning  is  pcrreixable  ;  the  sound  of  a  bell 
is  percnvahte  ;  the  scent  of  an  orange  is 
percrirnble :  the  diflference  of  taste  in  an 
apple  and  an  orange  is  perceivable. 

2.  Tliat  may  be  known,  understood  or  con- 
ceived.    [Less  proper.' 


process  of  the  mind  which  makes  known 
an  external  object.  In  other  v»ords,  the 
notice  which  the  mind  takes  of  external 
objects.  We  gain  a  knowledge  of  the 
coldness  and  smoothne^s  of  marble  by 
perception. 

2.  In  philosophy,  the  faculty  of  perceiving  ; 
the  faculty  or  peculiar  part  of  man's  coQ- 
stitution,  by  vvhiih  be  has  kciowleilge 
through  the  medium  or  instrumentality  of 
(he  bodily  organs.  Rcid.     Enryr. 

3.  Notion  ;  idea.  Hall. 

4.  The  state  of  being  aft'ecled  or  capable  of 
being  affected  by  something  external. 

This  experiment  discovers  pcrcepHon  in 
plants.  Bacon. 

PERCEP'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of 
perceiving.  Glanville. 

PERCEPTIV  ITV,  n.  The  power  of  per- 
ception or  thinking.  Locke. 

PERCH,  n.  [Vr.perche;  L.  perca ;  G.  hart, 
a  perch,  and  barsch,  sharp,  keen,  pun- 
gent ;  D.  baars ;  Sw.  abbore  :  Uan.  ahorre.  It 
would  seem  from  the  German,  that  this 
fish  is  named  from  its  prickly  spines,  and 
the  name  allied  to  perk.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Perca.  This  fish  has  a 
dec|)  body,  \cry  rough  scales,  an  arched 
back,  and  prickly  dorsal  fins. 


PERCE  IVABLY,   adv.   In  such  a  manner'lPI^RCH,  n.  [Vr.perche;  L.pcrtica:  W.perc; 


as  to  be  perceived 

PERCE'IVANCE,  n.  Power  of  |)erceiving. 
LVo/  in  use.]  Milton. 

PERCEIVE,  v.  t.  [h.  percipio  ;  per  and  ca- 
pio,  to  take.] 

\.  To  have  knowledge  or  receive  impres- 
sions of  external  objects  through  the  me-' 
diuni  or  instrumentality  of  the  senses  or 
bodily  organs  ;  as,  to  perceive  light  or  col 
or;  to  perceive  the  cold  of  ice  or  the  taste 
of  honey. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand  ;  to  observe 

Till  we  ourselves  see  it  with  our  own  eyes, 
and  perceive  it  by  our  own  understanding,  we' 
are  in  the  dark.  iocAre. 

3.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  receive  impressions 
from. 

The  tipper  regions  of  the  air  perceive  the  col- 
lection of  the  matter  of  tempests  before  the  air 
below.  Bacon. 

PERCE'IVED,  pp.  Known  by  the  senses; 
felt;  understood;  observed. 

PERCE'lVER,  II.  One  who  perceives,  feels 
or  observes. 

PERCEPTIBILITY,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  perceptible;  as  the  perceph'W/- 
ity  of  light  or  color. 

2.  Peiception.     [Less  proper.]  More. 

PERCEPTIBLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  pfrapio, 
perceptu^.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  im- 
press the  bodily  organs  ;  that  may  come 
under  the  cognizance  of  the  senses ;  as  a 
perceptible  degree  of  heat  or  cold  ;  a  per- 
ceptible odor  ;  a  perceptible  sound.  A  thing 
may  be  too  minute  to  be  perceptible  to  thcj 
touch.  I 

2.  That  may  he  known  or  conceived  of. 
PERCEP'f  IBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be 

perceived. 

The  «  Oman  decays  perceptibly  every  week. 

Pope. 
PERCEP'TION,  n.  [L.  perceptio.     See  Per- 
ceive.] 
1.  The  act  of  perceiving  or  of  receiving  im- 
pressions by   the  senses;  or  that  act  or 

33 


Arm.  perchen  ;  probably  allied  to  the  for- 
mer w  ord  in  the  sense  of  sharpness,  shoot- 
ing or  extending.     See  Perk.] 

1.  A  pole  ;  hence,  a  roost  for  fowls,  which 
is  often  a  pole ;  also,  any  thing  on  w  Inch 
they  light. 

2.  A  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards 
and  a  half;  a  rod.  In  the  popular  lan- 
guage of  America,  rod  is  chiefly  used  ;  but 
rod,  pole  and  perch,  all  signifying  the  same 
thing,  may  be  used  indifferently. 

PERCH,  v.'i.  To  sit  or  roost  ;  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  light  or  settle  on  a  fixed  body  ;  as  a 
bird. 

PERCH,  V.  t.  To  place  on  a  fixed  object  or 
perch.  More. 

PERCH^ANCE,  adv.  [per  and  chance.]  By 
chance ;  perhaps.  JVotton. 

PERCH'ERS,  n.  Paris  candles  anciently 
used  in  England  ;  also,  a  larger  sort  of  wa.v 
candles  which  were  usually  set  on  the  al- 
tar. Bailey. 

PER€HLO'R.\TE,  n.  A  compound  of 
perchloric  acid  with  a  biise. 

PERCHLO'Rl€,  a.  Perchloric  acid  is  chlo- 
rine converted  into  an  acid  by  combining 
with  a  maximum  of  oxygen.         Siliiman. 

PERCIP'IENT,  o.  [\..perripiens.]  Perceiv- 
ing ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception. 
Animals  are  percipient  beings  ;  nicre  mat- 
ter is  not  percipient.  Benlley. 

PERCIP'IENT,  n.  One  that  perceives  or 
has  the  faculty  of  perception.  More. 

PERCLO'SE,  n.  s  as  :.  Conclusion.  [.Vol 
used.]  Raleigh. 

PER'€OLATE,  v.  t.  [L.  percolo  :  per  and 
Colo,  to  strain  ;  Fr.  couler.  to  flow  or  run.] 

To  strain  through  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through 
small  interstices,  as  a  hquor  ;  to  filter. 

Hale. 

PER'COLATE,  i-.  t.  To  pass  through  small 
interstices;  to  filter;  as,  water  percolates 
through  a  porous  stone. 

PERCOLATED,  pp.  Filtered  ;  passed 
through  small  interstices. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


.  ^  [Fr.  perdu,  lost,  from  per- 
"'  '■  dre,  to  lose,  L.  perdo.'] 


PER'COLATFNG,  ppr.  Filtering. 
PERCOLATION,  n.  The  act  of  straining 

or  filtering;  filtration;  the  act  of  passing 

through  small  interstices,  as  liquor  througl; 

felt  or  a  porous  stone. 

Percolation  is   intended  for  the  purification 

of  liquors.  Bacon 

PER€USS',  t>.  /.  [L.  percuasus,  from  percu- 
tio,  to  strike.]     To  strike.     [Litlle  used.] 

Bacon. 

PEReUS'SION,  n.  [L.  percussio.]  The  act 
of  striking  one  body  against  another,  with 
some  violence ;  as  the  vibrations  excited 
in  the  air  by  percussion.  JVeicton. 

2.  The  impres.sion  one  body  makes  on  an- 
other by  falling  on  it  or  striking  it.  Encyc. 

3.  The  impression  or  effect  of  sound  on  the 
ear.  Rynier. 

PER€U'TIENT,  ??.  [L.  percutiens.]  That 
which  strikes,  or  has  power  to  strike. 

Bacon. 

PER'DIFGIL,  n.  [L.  perdo,  to  lose,  and/o- 
tixtm,  leaf.] 

A  plant  that  annually  loses  or  drops  its 
leaves  ;  opposed  to  evergreen. 

The  passion  flower  of  America  and  the  jas- 
mine of  Malabar,  which  are  evergreens  in  their 
native  climates,  become  perdifoils  when  trans- 
planted into  Britain.  Barton. 

PERDI'TION,  n.  [h.perditio,  from  perdo, 
to  lose,  to   ruin.     Qu.  per  and  do,  or  Gr. 
rtf|j9u.] 
1.  Entire  loss  or  ruin  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as 
the  perdition  of  the  Turkish  fleet.       Shak. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  now  nearly 
or  wliolly  obsolete.] 
9.  The  utter  loss  of  the  soul  or  of  final  hap- 
piness in  a  future  state  ;  future  misery  or 
eternal  death.     The  impenitent  sinner  is 
condemned  to  final  perdition. 

If  we  reject  the  truth,  we  seal  our  own  per- 
dition. J.  jV.  Mason. 
3.  Loss.  [JVof  used.]  Shak. 
PERDU',  ' 
PERDUE 
Close  ;  in  concealment. 

The  moderator,  out  of  \iew, 
Boncath  the  desk  had  lain  perdue. 

Tnmibull's  MTingal. 

PERDU',    n.    One   that   is   placed  on    tlie 

watch  or  in  ambush.  Shak. 

PERDU',  «.  Abandoned;  einploycdon  des 

j]erate  purposes;  accustoined  to  desperate 

purposes  or  enterprises. 

Beaum.  and  Fletcher 
PER'DULOUS.  a.  [Fr.  perdu,  from  L.  per- 
do.]    Lost  ;  thrown  away.     [jVo<  iiscrf." 

Bramhedl. 
PERDU'RABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  h.  perduro . 

per  and  duro,  to  last.] 

Very    durable  ;    lasting  ;    continuing    long 

\.\'ot  used.]  Shak.     Drayton. 

PERDU'RABLY,  adv.  Very  durably.    [JVol 

used.]  Shak 

PERDURA'TION,    n.   Long   continuance. 

[JVut  used.]  J)insworth. 

PER'DY,  adv.  [ Fr.  ;)ar   Ditu.]    Certainly 

verilv  ;  in  trutli.     Ohs.  Spenser. 

PER'EGAL,    a.    [Fr.  ;)er  and  fg-ai,  ei|ual.] 

Erpial.     [jVot  used.]  Spenser. 

PER'I'.ORIN.VTE,  v.  i.  [L.  peregrinor,  from 

pcregri'.ius,  a  traveler  or  stranger  i^JC/agro, 

to  wander;  pir  and  ager.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place  or  from  one 

country  to  another;  to  live  in  a  forci 

country.  Did. 


PEREGRINA'TION,  n.  A  traveling  from 
one  country  to  another  ;  a  wandering  ; 
abode  in  foreign  countries. 

Hammond.     Benttey. 

PER'EGRINATOR,  n.  A  traveler  into 
foreign  countries.  Casaubon. 

PER'EGRINE,  a.  [L.  peregrinus.]  Foreign  ; 
not  native.     [Little  iised.]  Bacon. 

Peregrine  falcon^  a  species  of  hawk,  the 
black  hawk  or  falcon,  found  in  America 
and  in  Asia,  and  which  wanders  in  sum- 
mer to  the  Arctic  circle.  Pennant. 

PEREMPT',  v.t.  [L.  peremptus,  perimo,  to 
kill.] 

In  laxv,  to  kill ;  to  crush  or  destroy.  [.Voi 
used.]  Aidiffe. 

PEREMP'TION,  n.  [X,.  percmplio.]  A  kill- 
ing ;  a  quashing  ;    nonsuit.      [JVot  used-] 

Ayliffe 

PER'EMPTORILY,  adv.  [from pmrnptory.] 
Absolutely;  positively;  in  a  decisive  man- 
ner ;  so  as  to  ()reclude  further  debate. 

Never  ynvi^ti  peremptorily  on  iirst  appearan- 
ces. Clarissa. 

PER'EMPTORINESS,  n.  Positiveness  ; 
absolute  decision;  dogmatism. 

Peremptoriuess  is  of  two  sorts  ;  one,  a  ma- 
gisterialness  in  matters  of  opinion  ;  the  other 
a  positiveness  in  matters  of  fact. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PEREMPTORY,  a.  [Fr.  peremptoire ;  It 
perentorio  :  L.  peremptorius,  from  peremp- 
tus, taken  away,  killed.] 

1.  Express;    positive;    absolute;    decisive; 
authoritative  ;  in  a   manner   to   preclude 
debate   or   expostulation.     The  orders  of 
the  commander  are  peremptory. 
Positive    in   oi)inion   or  judgment.     The 


its  nature  and  kind ;  as  a  perfect  statue  ;  s 
perfect  likeness  ;  a  perfect  work ;  a  perfect 
system. 

As  full,  as  perfect  in  a  hair  as  heart.       Pope. 
'2.  Fully   informed  ;   cotiipletely   skilled ;  as 
men  perfect  in  the  use  of  arms ;  perfect  in 
discipline. 
3.  Complete  in  moral  excellencies. 

Be  ye  therefore  perfect,  even  as  your  Father 
who  is  in  heaven  is  perfect.     Matt.  v. 
•1.  Manifesting  perfection. 

;  My  strength  is  made  perfect  in  weakness.     2 

Cor.  .\ii. 

Perfect  chord,  in  music,  a  concord  or  union 
of  sounds  which  is  perfectly  coalescent 
and  agreeable  to  the  ear,  as  the  fifth  and 
the  octave  ;  a  perfect  consonance. 

Jl  perfect  flower,  in  botany,  has  both  stamen 
and  pistil,  or  at  least  anther  and  stigma. 

Marlyn. 

Perfect  tense,  in  grammar,  tlie  preterit  tense; 
a  tense  which  exi>resses  an  act  comple- 
ted. 

PERFECT,  r.  t.  [L.  perfeclus,  perficio.]  To 
finibh  or  complete  so  as  to  leave  nothing 
wanting ;  to  give  to  any  thing  all  that  is 
requisite  to  its  nature  and  kind  ;  as,  to 
perfect  a  picture  or  statue.     2  Chron.  viii. 

• — Inquire  into  the  nature   and   properties   of 

things,  and  thereby  perfect  oiu-  ideas  of  distinct 

species.  Locke. 

If  we  love  one  another,  God  dnelleth  in  us, 

and  his  love  is  perfected  in  us.     1  John  iv. 

2.  To  instruct  fully  ;  to  make  fully  skillful : 
as,  to  perfect  one's  self  in  the  rules  of  mu- 
sic or  architecture ;  to  perfect  soldiers  in 
discipline. 

PERFECTED,   pp.  Finished  ;  completed. 


genuine  effect  of  sound  learning  is  to  make  PER'FECTER.  ri.'  Cue  that  makes  perfect, 
men  less  peremptory  in   their   determina   '  '  - 

tions. 


3.  Final ;  determinate. 

4.  Peremptory  challenge,  in  law,  a  challenge 
or  rigiit  of  challenging  jurors  without 
showing  cause. 

PEREN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  perennis  ;  per  and 
annus,  a  year.] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  without  cessation 
through  the  year.  Cheyne. 

2.  Perpetual ;  unceasing  ;  never  failing. 

Harvey. 

3.  In  botany,  continuing  more  than  two 
years ;  as  a  perennial  stem  or  root. 

Martyn. 

4.  Continuing  without  intermission  ;  as  a  fe- 
ver. Core. 

PEREN'NIAL,  n.  In  botany,  a  ])lant  which 
lives  or  coiuiuues  more  than  two  years, 
whether  it  retains  its  leaves  or  not.  That 
which  retains  its  leaves  during  winter  is 
caWeA  ;\n  evergreen  :  that  which  casts  its 
leaves,  deciduous,  or  a  perdifoit. 

PEREN'NIALLY,  arfu.  Continually  ;  with- 
out ceasing. 

PEREN'NITY,  n.  [h.  perennitas.]  An  en- 
during or  continuing  through  the  whole 
year  without  ceasing.  Derham. 

PERERRA'TION,  n.  [L.  pererro  ;  per  nw\ 
erro,  to  wander.] 

A  wandering  or  rambling  throngh  various 
places.  Howell. 

PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  perfeclus,  pafcio,  to 
complete  ;  per  and  facio,  to  do  or  mr.kc 
through,  to  carry  to  the  end.] 

1.  Finished  ;  complete  ;  consuunuatc  ;  not 
defective ;  having   all  that  is  recpiisite  to 


Broome. 

IPERFECTIBIL'ITY,   n.  [from  perfectible.] 

I     The  capacity  of  becoming  or  being  made 

1     perfect. 

iPERFECT'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  becoming 

1  or  being  made  perfect,  or  of  arriving  at 
the  utmost  perfection  of  the  species. 

PER'FECTING,  ppr.  Finishing  ;  comple- 
ting :  consuuunating. 

PERFECTION,)!.  [L.  perfectio.]  The  state 
of  being  perfect  or  complete,  so  that  noth- 
ing requisite  is  wanting  ;  as  perfection  iu 
an  art  or  science ;  perfection  in  a  system 
of  morals. 

2.  Physical  perfection,  is  when  a  natural  ob- 
ject has  all  its  powers,  faculties  or  quali- 
ties entire  anil  in  lull  vigor,  and  all  its 
parts  in  due  proportion.  Encyc. 

3.  Metaphysical  or  transcendental  perfection, 
is  the  possession  of  all  the  essential  attri- 
butes or  all  the  parts  necessary  to  the  in- 
tCL'rity  of  a  subslauce.  This  is  absolute, 
where  all  defect  is  (irecluded,  such  as  the 
pcrfvction  of  God  ;  or  according  to  its  kind, 
as  iu  crcatf^d  things.  Encyc. 

■I.  .Moral  jieifection,  \yi  t\ie  complete  posses- 
sion of  all  moral  excellence,  as  in  the  Su- 
preme Being  ;  or  the  possession  of  such 
moral  qualities  and  virtues  as  a  thing  is 
capable  of. 

5.  A  (piahty,  endowment  or  acquirement 
conq>letcly   excellent,   or  of  great  worth. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 
Wiat  tongue  can  her  perfections  tell ! 

Sidnej/. 

6.  An  inherent  or  essential  attribute  of  su- 
preme or  iufiuitc  excellence ;  crone  perfect 


PER 


PER 


PER 


;  as  the  perfections  of  God.  The||PER'FORATE,  v.  t.  [L.  per/ore  ;  per  and 
wer,  holiness,  justice,  benevo-il    foro.  Kug.  lo  bore.] 
'  '      '  '  I.  To  bore  tl) rough. 

2.  To  pioTCe  with  a  pointed  instrument;  to 
make  a  liole  or  holes  throuf:h  any  thing 
hy  horing  or  driving  ;  as,  to  perforate  the 
hottotn  of  a  vessel. 

Bored  or   pierced 


in  its  kind 

infinite  power, 

lencc  and  wisdom  of  God  are  donoinina 

ted  his  perfections. 
7.  Exactness  ;  as,  to  imitate  a  model  to  per 

fection. 
PERFEC'TIONAL,  a.  Made  complete. 

/'(Y(rso7..|iPKR'FORATED,    pp. 
PERFEC'TIONATE,  used  by  Drydeii  and,;__throiigh  ;  pierced. 


Tooke,  in  lieu  of  the  verb  to  perfect,  is  a 

useless  word. 
PERFECTIONIST,  n.  One  pretending  to 

perfection  ;  an  enthusiast  in  religion. 

South. 
PERFECT'IVE,    a.    Conducing    to   mukd 

perfect  or  bring   to  perfection;  fullowedj 

Praise  and  adoration  are  actions  perfective  of\ 
the  soul.  More. I 

PERFECT'IVEI.Y,  adi:  In  a  manner  that! 
brings  to  perfection.  Grew. 


PERFORATING,  ppr.  Boring  or  piercing 
throuirh  ;  piercing. 

PERFORATION,  n.  The  act  of  boring  or 
piercing  through. 

3.  A  hole  or  aperture  passing  through  any 
thing,  or  into  the  interior  of  a  substance, 
whether  natural  or  made  by  an  instru- 
ment. 

PER'FORATIVE,  a.  Having  power  to 
pierce:  aw  an  instrument. 

PERFORATOR,  n.  An  instrument  that 
bores  or  perforates.  Sharp. 


PER'FECTLY,  adv.  In  the  highest  degreellPER FORCE,  adv.  [per  and/orcc]  By  force 


Shnk. 
One 


or  violence.  Shak 

PERFORM',  V.  t.  [L.  per  and  formo,  to 
make.] 

1.  To  do;  to  execute;  to  accomplish  ;  as,; 
to  perform  two  days'  labor  in  one  day  ;  to 
perform  a  noble  deed  or  achievnient. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge;  as,  to  perform 
a  duty  or  office. 

3.  To  fulfill  ;  as,  to  perform  a  covenant, 
pi'oinise  or  contract ;  to  perform  a  vow. 

PERFORM',  V.  i.  To  do  ;  to  act  a  part. 
Tiie  player  performs  weU  in  different  char- 
acters.    The    musician  performs  well   on 

perform'' A  RLE,  a.  That  maybe  done, 
executed  or  fulfilled  ;    practicable. 

Brown. 

PERFORM'ANCE,  ji.  Execution  or  com-| 
pleiion  of  any  thing  ;  a  doing  ;  as  the  per- 
formawe  a(  work  or  of  an  undertaking  ;| 
the  performance  of  duty. 

2.  Action  ;  deed  ;  thing  done.  Shak.\ 

.3.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  character  onj 
the  stage.  Garrick  was  celebrated  for  his 
theatrical  performanres. 

4.  Composition  ;  work  written. 
Few  of  our  comic  performances  give  good 

examples.  Clariisa. 

j5.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  feats;  as  per- 
Swif.'    formiinces  of  horsemanship. 
The   (|uality  of  PERFORM  ED, pp.  Done  ;  executed  :  dis- 
charged. 

PERFORMER,  n.  One  that  performs  any 
thing,  particularly  in  an  art  ;  as  a  good 
performer  on  the  viohi)  or  organ  ;  a  cele- 
bratetl  performer  in  comedy  or  tragedy,  or 
in  the  cin'us. 

PERFORMING,  ppr.  Doing;  executing; 
accoinpli>hiiig. 

PERFORMING,  n.  Act  done  ;  deed  :  act 

of  executinsr.  Swift. 

a.      [from    perfume.] 

That  [lerfimies.  Leii^h. 

PFJIFU'ME,  ».  [Fr.parjum;  U.  profnmo  ; 
S\t.  perfume  :  L.  /ler  aiulfumus,  smoke,  or 
fumo,  to  fumigate.] 

1.  A  substance  that  emits  a  scent   or  odor 
which   affects  agreeably    the    organs    of 
smelling,  as  musk,  civet,  spices  or  aromat 
ics  of  any    kind  ;  or  any  composition  of 
aromatic  substances. 
The  scent,  odor  or  volatile  particles  emit 
ted  from  sweet  smelling  substances. 


of  excellence 

2.  Totally  ;  completely  ;  as  work  perfectly 
executed  or  performed ;  a  thing  perfectly 
new. 

3.  Exactly ;  accurately  ;  as  a  proposition 
perferth)  understood. 

PER'FECTNESS,  n.  Completeness  ;  con- 
summate excellence  ;  pertt^ction. 

2.  The  highest  degree  of  goodness  or  holi- 
ness of  which  man  is  capable  in  this  life. 

And  above  all  Ihinfjs  put   on   oliaiity,    which 
is  the  bond  of /jcr/f ctnes.v.     Col.  iii. 

3.  Accurate  skill. 
PERFF'CIENT,    n.    [L.  perfciens 

who  endows  a  charity. 
PERFID'IOIJS,    a.    [L.   perfidus ;  per  and 
fidus,  faithful.     Per  in  this  woril  signifies 
through,  beyond,  or  6^,  aside.] 

1.  Violating  good  faith  or  vows  ;  false  to 
trust  or  confidence  reposed  ;  treacherous; 
as  a  perfdious  agent ;  a  perfidious  t'riend. 
[See  Perfidy.] 

2.  Proceeding  iVom  treachery,  or  consisting 
in  breach  of  faith  ;  as  a  perjidious  act. 

•3.  Guilty  of  violated  allegiance;  as  a  perfid- 
ious citizen  ;  a  man  perfidious  to  his  coun- 
try. 

PERFIDIOUSLY,     adv.     Treacherously  ; 
traitorously  ;  by  breach  of  faith  or  alleg 
ance. 

PERFID'IOUSNESS,    n. 

being  perfidious  ;  treachery  ;  traitorous 
uess  ;  breach  of  faith,  of  vows  or  allegi- 
ance. ! 

PER'FIDY,  n.  [L.  perfdia  ;  per  and  fdes,\ 
faith.] 

The  act  of  violating  faith,  a  promise,  vow  or' 
allegiance;  treachery  ;  the  violation  of  a! 
trust  reposed.  Perfidy  is  not  applied  to! 
violations  of  contracts  in  ordinary  pecun- 
iary transactions,  but  to  violations  of  faith  ,. 

or  trust  in  friendship,  in  agency  and  office,  IPERFF'iMATORY, 
in  allegiance,  in  connubial  engagements,"     ^ 
and  in  the  transactions  of  kings. 

PERFLA'TE,  v.  t.  [L.  perjlo  ;  per  and  flo, 
to  blow.]     To  blow  through.  Harvey 

PERFLA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  blowing 
throuirh.  It'oodward. 

PERFO'LIATE,  a.  [L.  per  and  folium,  a 
leaf] 

In  botany,  a  perfolinte  or  perforated   leaf  isi 
one  iliat  has  the  base  entirely  surrouiidingij3 
the  stem  transversely.  Martyn.u 


No  rich  p«i/times  refresh  the  fruitful  field. 

Pope. 

PERFUME,  V.  t.  To  scent  ;  to   fill  or  im- 
pregnate with  a  grateful  odor;  a.s,  to  per- 
fume  an  apartment ;  to  perfume  a  garment. 
And  Carmel's  flowery  top  perfumes  the  skies. 

Pope. 

PERFU'.'MED,  pp.  Scented ;  impregnated 
with  fragrant  odors. 

PERFU  MER,  n.  He  or  that  which  per- 
fumes. 

2.  One  whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes. 

Bacon. 

PERFUMERY,  n.  Perfumes  in  general. 

PERFU'MIN(;,  ppr.  Scenting  ;  impregna- 
ting with  sweet  odors. 

PERFUN€'TORILV,  adv.  [L.  perfunetorie, 
from  perfungor ;  per  and  fungor,  to  do  or 
execute.] 

Carelessly ;  negligently  ;  in  a  manner  to 
satisfy  external  form.  Clarendon. 

PERFUNC'TORINESS,  n.  Negligent  per- 
formance ;  carelessness.  H'hillock. 

PERFUNCTORY,  a.  [m\n-a.]  Slight :  care- 
less; negligent.  fVoodwnrd. 

2.  Done  oidy  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of 
the  duty.  Bickersteth. 

PERFUSE,  v.t.  iasz.  [L.  perfusus,  per- 
fundo;  per  ami  fundo,  to  pour.]  To  sprin- 
kle, pour  or  spread  over.  Hurvey 

PER'(;OLA,  n.  [It.]  A  kind  of  arbor. 

Finett. 

PERHAPS',  adv.  [per  and  hap.  See  Hap- 
pen.]    By  chance  ;  it  may  be. 

Perhajis   her    love,    perhaps     her   kingdom 
charmed  him.  Smith. 

PERIANTH,  n.  [Gr.  «fpi,  about,and  a.Soj, 
flower.] 

The  calyx  of  a  flower  when  contiguous  to 
the  other  parts  of  fructification.      Martyn. 

PER'I.APT,  n.  [Gr.  nifnantu,  to  fit  or  tie 
to.] 

An    amulet  ;     a    charm    worn    to    defend 

against  disease  or  mischief.      [.Yot  used.] 

Hanmer.     Shak. 

PERIAUGER,   ^    ra      o-  i 

PERIAGUA.      I    [^''^  Pirogue.] 

PERICARDIUM,  n.  [Gr.  rt.pi,  around,  and 
xafita,  the  heart.] 

.\  membrane  that  incloses  the  heart.  It 
contains  a  liipior  which  prevents  the  sur- 
face of  the  heart  from  becoming  dry  by  its 
continual  motion.  Quincy. 

PERICARP,  n.  [Gr.  «»pt,  about,  and  xopwoj, 
fruit.] 

The  .seed-vessel  of  a  plant ;  a  general  name 
including  the  capsule,  legume,  silique,  fol- 
licle, drupe,  pome,  berry  and  strobile. 

Martyn. 

PERICRA'NIUM,  n.  [Gr.  «<pt,  about,  and 
xpanoi,  the  skull.] 

The  periosteum  or  membrane  that  invests 
the  skull.  Coxe. 

PERIC'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  periculosus.  Sec 
Peril.]     Dangerous  ;  hazardous.     Brown. 

PERIDODECAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fp<, 
and  dod'cahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  twelve 
sides.  Cleaveland. 

PERIDOT,  )i.  [Fr.]  .Another  name  of  the 
chrysolite.  It  may  be  known  by  its  leek 
or  ohve  greeu  color  of  various  shades,  and 


PER 


PER 


PER 


by  its  iiifusibility.     It  is  found  in  grains, 
granular  masses,  and  rounded  crystals. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PERIE'CIAN,  n.  [Gr-Jifpioixo;.]  An  inhab- 
itant of  llie  (>p|)Osite  side  of  the  globe,  in 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude. 

PER'IGEE,      I       [Gr.  rtfpt,  about,  and  yi;, 

PERIGE'UM,  S  "■  the  lurth.] 

That  point  in  the  orbit  of  the  sun  or  moon 
in  which  it  i.s  at  the  least  distance  fromj 
the  earth  ;  opposed  to  apogee.  Encyc.l 

PER'IGORD-STONE,  n.  An  ore  of  man! 
ganese  of  a  dark  gray  color,  like  basalt 
or  trap  ;  so  called  from  Perigord,  in 
France.  EncycJ 

PER'IGRAPH,  71.  [Gr.  xtpc,  about,  and 
■ypaiji?;,  a  writing.]  I 

1.  A  careless  or  inaccurate  delineation  of 
any  thing.  i 

2.  The  white  lines  or  impressions  that  ap- 
pear on  the  musculus  rectus  of  the  abdo- 
men. Encyc] 

PERIG'YNOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ttipv,  about,  and 
■yiwij,  female.]  | 

In  botany,  inserted  around  the  pistil,  as  the 
corol  or  stamens  ;  having  the  corolor  sta-, 
mens  inserted  around  the  pistil,  as  a  flow- 
er or  plant.  jussieu.     Smith.] 

PERIHE'LIO^f,  I       [Gr.  rttpt,  about,  and 

PERIHE'LIUM,  I  "•  tj^ioi,  the  sun.]  I 

That  part  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet, 
in  which  it  is  at  its  least  distance  from  the 
sun  ;  opposed  to  aphelion.  Encyc. 

PERIHEXAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fpt,  and 
hexahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  the  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  six 
sides.  Cleaveland., 

PER'IL,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  periglio  ;  Sp.  peligro  ; 
Port,  perigo  ;  from  L.  periculum,  from  Gr.j 
.'tfipaw,  to  try,  to  attempt,  that  is,  to  strain  ;j 
nttpa,  an  attempt,  danger,  hazard  ;  allied 
to  rtfipw,  to  pass,  to  thrust  in  or  transfix. 
rtstpa  is  also  the  point  or  edge  of  a  sword, 
coinciding  with  W.  ber  and  ^eV,  a  spit,  a 
spear  or  pike.  Hence  L.  experior,  Eng. 
experience.  Tlie  Greek  rtsipau  is  express- 
ed in  Dutch  by  vaareyi,  to  go,  to  sail,  to 
fare  ;  sevaar,  danger,  peril  ;  G.  gefakr, 
I'vomfahren.     These  words  are  all  of  one 

'  family.  See  Pirate.  The  i)rimary  sense 
of  peril  is  an  advance,  a  pushing  or  goingi 
forward ;  the  radical  sense  of  boldness. 
The  Welsh  has  perig,  perilous,  from  per, 
and  peri,  to  bid  or  command,  the  root  of 
L.  impero,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Danger;  risk;  hazard  ;  jeopardy;  partic- 
ular exposure  of  person  or  property  to 
injury,  loss  or  destruction  from  any  causel 
whatever. 

In  perils  of  waters  ;  in  perils  of  roljbers.     2 
Cor.  xi. 

2.  Danger  denounced  ;  particular  exposure.! 
You  do  it  ut  your  peril,  or  at  the  peril  of] 
your  father's  displeasure. 

PER'IL,  V.  i.  To  be  in  danger. 


jYot  used.]', 

Milton.l 

Danger- 

as  a  perit-l 


PERiLOUS,  a.  [Fr.  perileux 
ous;  hazardous;  full  of  risk; 
ous  undertaking  ;  a  perilous  situation.         I 

2.  Vulgarly  used  for  very,  like  mighty ;  as' 
perilous  shrewd.     05s.  Hudibras. 

3.  Smart ;  witty  ;  as  a  perilous  [parlous]  boy. 
[Vulgar  and  obsolete.] 


PER'ILOUSLY,  adv.  Dangerously ;  with 
hazard. 

PER'lLOUSNESS,n.  Dangerousness ;  dan 
ger  ;  hazard. 

PERIMETER,  n.  [Gr.  rt<p.,  about,  and  /tit- 
poi',  measure.] 

In  geometry,  the  bounds  and  limits  of  a 
body  or  figure.  The  ^en'mcfcri  of  surfaces 
or  figures  are  lines ;  those  of  bodies  are 
surfaces.  In  circular  figures,  instead  of 
perinuter,  we  use  circumference  or  periphe- 
ry. Encyc. 

PERIOeTAHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  «fp<.  and 
octahedral.] 

Designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four  sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary 
form  is  converted  into  a  prism  of  eighi 
sides. 

PE'RIOD,  n.  [L.  periodus ;  Fr.  periode ;  It 
Sp.  Port,  periodo ;  Gr.  rt£pto6o5 ;  ?t£pi,  about 
and  oSo;,  way.] 

1.  Properly,  a  circuit  ;  hence,  the  time 
which  is  taken  up  by  a  planet  in  making 
its  revolution  round  the  sun,  or  the  dura- 
tion of  its  course  till  it  returns  to  the  point 
of  its  orhit  where  it  began.  Thus  the  pe- 
riod of  the  earth  or  its  annual  revolution 
is  3G5  days,  0  hours,  9  minutes,  and  30 
seconds.  Encyc. 

2.  In  chronology,  a  stated  number  of  years ; 
a  revolution  or  series  of  years  by  which 
time  is  measured  ;  as  the  Calippic  period; 
the  Dionysian  ^jen'oti  ;  the  Jidian  period. 

3.  Any  series  of  years  or  of  days  in  which  a 
revolution  is  completed,  and  the  same 
course  is  to  be  begun. 

4.  Any  specified  portion  of  time,  designated 
by  year.",  months,  days  or  hours  complete; 
as  a  period  of  a  thousand  years  ;  the  peri- 
od of  a  year  ;  the  period  of  a  day. 

End  ;  conclusion.     Death  puts  a  period  to 
a  state  of  probation. 

6.  An  indefinite  portion  of  any  continued 
state,  existence  or  series  of  events;  as  the 
first  period  of  life  ;  the  last  period  of  a 
king's  reign  ;  the  early  periods  of  history. 

7.  State  at  which  any  thing  terminates  ; 
iinit. 

8.  Length  or  usual  length  of  duration. 
Some  experiments  would  be   made  how  by 

art  to  make  plants  more  lasting  than  their  ordin- 
ary period.  Bacun. 

9.  A  complete  sentence  from  one  full  stop  to 
another. 

Ptriods  are  beautiful  wlien   they  are  not  too 
long.  B.  Jonson. 

10.  The  point  that  marks  the  end  of  a  com- 
plete sentence  ;  a  full  stop,  thus,  (.) 

IL  In  numbers,  a  distinction  made  by  a  point 
or  comma  after  every  sixth  place  or  fig- 
ure. Encyc. 

12.  In  medicine,  the  time  of  intension  and 
remission  of  a  disease,  or  of  the  paroxysm 
and  remission.  Encyc. 

Julian  period,  in  chronology,  a  period  of  7980 
years;  a  ntiinbcr  produced  by  multiplying 
28,  the  years  of  the  solar  cycle,  into  19. 
the  years  of  the  lunar  cycle,  and  their  pro- 
duct by  1.5,  the  years  of  the  Roman  in- 
diction. 

PE'RIOD,  V.  I.  To  put  an  end  to.  [jVol 
used.]  Shak. 

PERIODTC,        I       [It.  periodico;  Fr.  pe- 

PERIOD'ICAL,  \  "■  riodiquc.] 

1.  Performed  in  a  circuit,  or  in  a  regular 
revolution  in  a  certain  time,  or  in  a  series 


of  successive  circuits  ;  as  the  periodical 
motion  of  the  planets  round  the  sun  ;  the 
periodical  motion  of  the  moon  round  the 
earth.  ffatts. 

2.  Happening  by  revolution,  at  a  stated 
time ;  as,  the  conjunction  of  the  sun  and 
inoon  is  periodical. 

3.  Happening  or  returning  regularly  in  a 
certain  period  of  time.  The  Olympiads 
among  the  Greeks  were  periodical,  as  was 
the  jidiilee  of  the  Jews. 

4.  Performing  some  action  at  a  stated  time  ; 
as  the  periodical  fountains  in  Switzerland, 
which  issue  oidy  at  a  particular  hour  of 
the  day.  Addison. 

5.  Pertaining  to  a  period  ;  constituting  a 
complete  sentence.  Mam's  Led. 

6.  Pertaining  to  a  revolution  or  regular  cir- 
cuit. Broum. 

PERIOD'ICALLY,  adv.  At  stated  periods  ; 
as  a  festival  celebrated  periodically. 

PERIOSTEUM,  n.  [Gr.  rtspt,  about,  and 
o;iov,  bone.] 

.'\  nervous  vascular  membrane  endued  with 
quick  sensibihty,  immediately  investing 
the  bones  of  animals.  Encyc.     Coxe. 

The  periosteum  has  very  little  sensibili- 
ty in  a  sound  state,  but  in  some  cases  of 
disease  it  appears  to  be  very  sensible. 

fVistar. 

PERlPATET'IC,a.  [Gr.  rtfpirtar^Tixoj,  from 
Ttfpirtarsu,  to  walk  about ;  rttpc  and  rtortw.] 

Pertaining  to  Aristotle's  system  of  philoso- 
phy, or  to  the  sect  of  his  followers. 

PERIPATETIC,  n.  A  follower  of  Aristot- 
le, so  called  becau.se  the  founders  of  his 
philosophy  taught,  or  his  followers  disput- 
ed questions,  loalking  in  the  Lyceum  at 
Athens.  Encyc. 

2.  It  is  ludicrously  applied  to  one  who  is 
obliged  to  walk,  or  cannot  aflbrd  to  ride. 

Tatler. 

PERIPATET'ICISM,  n.  The  notions  or 
philosophical  system  of  Aristotle  and  his 
followers. 

PERIPHERAL, 

PERIPHERIC, 

PERIPHER'ICAL,  ^  "riphery  ;  "constitut- 
ing a  periphery. 

PERIPHERY,  n.  [Gr.  jtfpt,  around,  and 
<}itpu,  to  bear.] 

The  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipsis,  or 
other  regular  curvilinear  figure.       Encyc. 

PER'IPHRASE,   n.s  as  :.    [Gr.  Jtfpitpaijis; 
rtfpt,  about,  and  ifpoiio,  to  speak.] 

Circumlocution;  a  circuit  of  words  ;  the  use 
of  more  words  than  are  necessary  to  ex- 
press the  idea;  a  figure  of  rhetoric  em- 
ployed to  avoid  a  common  and  trite  man- 


Barrow. 
Peripheric.  Fleming. 
>      Pertaining  to  a  pe- 


ner  of  expression. 


r.  t. 


Encyc. 
To   express  by  cir- 


V.  i.   To  use  circumlocu- 


PER'IPHRASE 

cunilncutioii. 
PER'IPHRASE. 

tioii. 

PERIPHRASIS.     [See  Periphrase.] 
PERIPHRASTIC,        >      Circumlocutory: 
PERIPHRAS'TICAL,  ^  "■  expressing       or 
expressed  in  more  words  than  are  neces- 
sary ;  expressing  the  sense  of  one  word  in 
many. 
PERIPHRAS'TICALLY,    adv.     AVith  cir- 
cumlocution. Hoswell. 
PER'IPLUS,  n.  [Gr.  Ki^mi^avs ;  rftpi,  about, 
and  na^u,  to  sail.] 


PER 


PER 


PER 


Circumnavigation  ;  a  voyage  round  u  cer- 
tain sea  or  sea  coast.  Vincent. 

PERIPNEUMON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  peri- 
pneuniouy ;  consisting  in  an  inflammation 
of  tlio  lungs. 

PKRll'NEU'MONY,  n.  [Gr.  rdfi,  about, 
anil  «KV|Utw,  the  lungs.] 

An  inlianimation  of  the  lungs,  or  of  some 
purl  of  ihe  thorax,  attended  with  acute 
fever  and  difficult  respiration.  Encyc. 

PEIUPOLVG'ONAL,  a.  [Gr.rttpt  andpoly- 
gon.] 

Ill  crystalography,  having  a  great  number  of 
sides. 

PERIS'CIAN,  n.  [Gr.  nnfirsxioi ;  rtspt,  around, 
and  axM,  shadow.] 

An  inhabitant  of  a  frigid  zone  or  within  a 
polar  circle,  whose  sliadow  moves  round, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  day  falls  in  every 
point  of  compass.  The  Greek  word  pt- 
riscii,  in  the  plural,  is  generally  used  in 
geographies  ;  but  the  English  word  is 
preferable. 

PER'ISH,  V.  i.  [Fr.  perir,  pcrissanl ;  It.  pc- 
rire  ;  Sp.  perccer  ;  from  L.  pcreo,  supposo<l 
to  be  compounded  of  per  and  eo,  to  go  ; 
literally,  to  depart  wholly.] 

1.  To  die  ;  to  lose  life  in  any  manner ;  ap- 
plied to  animals.  Men  perish  by  disease  or 
decay,  by  the  sword,  by  drowning,  by  hun- 
ger or  famine,  &c. 

2.  To  die ;  to  wither  and  decay ;  applied  to 
plants. 

3.  To  waste  away ;  as,  a  leg  or  an  aim  has 
perished. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decay  or  passing 
away. 

Duration,  aiul  time  which  is  a  part  of  it,  i» 
the  idea  we  have  of  perishing  distance. 

Locke. 

5.  To  be  destrojed  ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

Perish  the  lore  tliat  deadens  young  desire. 

6.  To  fail  entirely  or  to  be  extirpated.  2 
Kings  ix. 

7.  To  be  burst  or  ruined;  as,  the  bottles 
shall  perish.     Luke  v. 

8.  To  he  wasted  or  rendered  useless.    Jer.  i.x. 

9.  To  be  injured  or  tormented.     1  Cor.  viii. 

10.  To  be  lost  eternally  ;  to  be  sentenced  to 
endless  miserv.     2Pet.  ii. 

PER'ISH,  V.  t.  i'o  destroy.  [Mt  legitimate.' 

PER'ISH  ABLE,  a.  Liable  to  perish  ;  sub 
ject  to  decay  and  desi ruction.  The  bodies 
of  animals  and  plants  are  perishable.  The 
souls  of  men  arc  i\ot  perishable. 

'2.  Subject  to  speedy  dei-ay. 

Property  of  a  perishable  nature,  saved  from  a 
wreck,  may  be  sold  within  a  year  and  a  day. 

Stat,  of  Conn. 

PER'ISHABLENESS,  n.  Liableness  to 
decay  or  destruction.  Locke. 

PER'ISPERM,  ,t.  [Gr.  «..pi,  around,  and 
anffna.,  seed.] 

A  thick,  farinaceous,  fleshy,  horny  or  woody 
part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  either  entirely 
or  only  partially  siirjomiding  the  embryo, 
and  inclosed  within  the  investing  mem- 
brane.    It  corresponds  to  the  aibiimen  of 


iSuperfluous  words ;  much  talk  to  little  pur- 
pose.    [Little  used.]  Campbell 

PERISTALTIC,  a.    [Gr.  rtipiSat.Ti.xu;,  from 
rtfpiffXXw,  to  involve.] 

Spiral ;  vermicular  or  worm-like.   The  peri- 
staltic motion  of  the  intestines  is  performed 
by   the   contraction  of  the   circular   andji 
longitudinal  fd)res  composing  their  lleshy 


tered  in  some  judicial  proceeding,  to  a 
person  who  swears  willfully,  absolutely 
and  falsely  in  a  matter  material  to  the  is- 
sue. Coke. 
PERK,  a.  [W.  perc,  compact,  trim,  perk; 
as  a  noun,  something  that  is  close,  com- 
pact, trim,  and  a  perch.]  Properly,  erect ; 
hence,  smart  ;  trim. 


coals,  by  which  the  chyle  is  driven  into  PERK,  v.i.  [W.  percu,   to   trim 

the  orifices  of  the  lacleals,  and  the  excre-| 

inents  are  protruded  towards  the  anus.      i 

Encyc. 
PERISTE'RION,  »i.  [Gr.]    The  herb  ver-| 

vain.  Dict.\ 

PER'ISTYLE,     )(.      [Gr.    rtjpifiaor ;   ,iipi,[ 

about,  and  fi^.os,  a  column.] 
.\.  circular  range  of  columns,  or  a  building 


to  make 
smart.) 

To  hold  up  the  head  with  affected  smart- 
ness. ^  Pope. 

PERK,  r.  t.  To  dress ;  to  make  trim  or 
smart ;  to  prank.  ^hak. 

PERK'IN,  >i.  Cyderkin;  a  kind  of  cyder 
made  by  sleeping  the  murk  in  water. 

.-     ■  ,  ..       ,  -  '  Encyc. 

encompassed  with  a  row  ol  coliuims  on\>Perlate  acid,    the    acidulous    phosphaie  "of 

soda.  Chi    ' 


the  outside.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

PERISYSTOLE,  n.  perisystoly.  [Gr.  rttpi,'! 

about,  and  av^o-Krj,  contraction.]  I; 

The  pause  or  interval   between  the  systole' 

or  contraction,  and  the  diastole  or  dilala-li 

lion  of  the  heart.  Qi/inciy. > 

PERI'TE,  a.  [L.  peritus.]  Skillful.     [Utlle\ 

used.]  ff'hitaker.u 

PERITO'NEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pcri-j| 

toneum. 
PERITONEUM,  n.    [Gr.  rttpirovatov  ;  rtrpt,! 

about,  and  Tomu,  to  stretch.]  I 

A  thin,  smooth,  lubricous  membrane  invest-' 

ing  the  whole  internal  surface  of  the  ab-| 

dnmen,  and   more  or  less  completely,  all; 

the  viscera  contained  in  it. 

Encyc.     Parr.\ 
PER'IWIG,  n.  [Ir.  pereabhic.     Qu.  D.ymr- 

uik ;  G.  perriicke ;  Ban.   perryk  ;  Fr.  pcr-^ 

ruque;  li.  parrucca.]  ; 

A  small   wig  ;  a  kind  of  clo.se  cap  formed 

by  an  iiilertexture  of  false  hair,  worn  by 

men  for  ornament  or  to  conceal  baldness.; 

Periwigs  were  in  fashion  in  the  days  of, 

Addison. 
PER'IWIG,  V.  t.  To  dress  with  a  periwig,! 

or  with  false   hair,  or  with  any  thing  iiij 

like  finin.  Sa-ift.. 

PERIWINKLE,     n.     [Sax.  pernince  ;    It.] 

pervinca ;  Fr.  pervenche  ;  L.   vinca  ;  Sax. 

u'incle,  a  shell  thU.     If  n  is  casual,  vinca] 

may  be  and  probably  is  the  W.  gwic,  for 

Ki'c,  a  squeak,  whence  giviciad,  a  periwin- 
kle] 

1.  A  sea  snail,  or  small  shell  fish. 

2.  .'V  |)Iant  of  the  genus  Vinca. 
PERJURE,   v.l.    per'jur.    [L.  pojuro  ;  per  iPER' MAN ENTLY,  m/u.  With  long  contin 

and  jitro,  to  swear  ;  that  is,  to  swear  aside;' 
or  beyond.] 
Willfully  fo  make  a  false  oath  when  admin- 
istered by  law  lid  authority  or  in  a  court  of 
justice  ;  to  linswear 
imself. 


'iimistry.     .Vichotson. 

Perlaled  acid,  or  ourelic,  biphosphate  of  soda. 

PER'LOUS,  for  perilous,  is  not  used. 

Spenser. 

PERLUSTRA'TION,  n.  [L.  perlustro ;  per 
and  lustra,  to  survey.]  The  act  of  view- 
ing all  over.  Howell. 

PER'MAtiY,  n.  A  little  Turkish  boat. 

Did. 

IPER'MANENCE,  }   „    [See     Permanent.] 

PER'M.VNENCY,  ^  "•  Continuance  in  the 
same  state,  or  without  a  change  that  de- 
stroys the  form  or  nature  of  a  thing  ;  du- 
ration ;  fixedness;  as  the  pcrmnne?ice  of  a 
government  or  state;  the  permanence  of 
institutions  or  of  a  system  of  principles. 

2.  Continuance  in  the  same  place  or  at  rest. 

PERMANENT,  a.  [L.  permanens,  perma- 
neo ;  per  and  maneo,  to  remain.  Class 
Mn.] 

Durable;  lasting;  continuing  in  the  same 
state,  or  without  any  change  that  destroys 
the  form  or  nature  of  the  thing.  The  law  s, 
like  the  character  of  God,  are  unaltera- 
bly permanent.  Unman  laws  and  institu- 
tions may  be  to  a  degree  pirmanent,  hut 
they  are  subject  to  change  and  overthrow. 
We  speak  o(  u  permanent  wall  or  building, 
a  permanent  bridge,  w  hen  ihey  are  so  con- 
structed as  to  endure  long;  in  wdiich  ex- 
amples, ;«nna/ie/i<  is  ecjuivalent  to  durable 
or  lasting,  but  not  to  uuderai/ing  or  unal- 
terable. So  we  say,  a  permanent  residence, 
a  permanent  inlcrcoiime, permanent  friend- 
ship, when  it  continues  a  long  time  with- 
out interrufition. 


jured  1 


as,  the  witness  per- 


Ga^rtner.  Jussieu. 

PERISPHER'IC,  (/.  [Gr.  .ttpt  and 

Globular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  ba 

Journ.  of  Science. 
PERISSOLO(i'I€AL,    a.     Redundant    in 

words. 
PERISSOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  rtfp«r5o?u>yia;  rtf- 

pi5TO5,  redundant,  and  >^yo;,  discourse.] 


PER'JURE,  n.    A  perjured  person.     [JVof 
used.]  Shak. 

PERJURED,  pp.  Guilty  of  perjury;  hav- 

inc  sworn  falsely. 
PEli'JURER,  )!.  One  that  willfidly  takes  a[ 
false  oath  lawfully  a<lministered. 


ShuV/j.jPER  JURING,  ppr.    Taking   a   false  oath! 
Taipa.lil     lawfully  administered. 

PERJURIOUS,  a.  Guilty  of  perjury  ;  con-j 
tainiuff  perjury.  Coke.: 

PERJURY,  n.  [I.,  perjurium.]  The  act  or 
crime  of  willfully  making-  a  false  oath, 
when  lawfully  administered  ;  or  a  criniei 
committed  when  a  lawful  oath  is  adininis-| 


nance  ;  durably  ;  in  a  fixed  state  or  place  ; 

as  a  government  permanently  established. 

n.  [L.  permansio.]   Con- 


Brown. 
The  quality 


PERMAN'SION, 

tinuauce.     \.\"ot  used.] 

PERMEABILITY,  n.  [infra 
or  stale  of  being  permeable. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

PERMEABLE,  a.  [L.  permeo ;  per  and 
mco,  to  pass  or  glide.] 

That  may  be  passed  through  without  rup- 
ture or  displacement  of  its  parts,  as  solid 
matter;  applied  particularly  lo  substances 
that  admit  the  passage  of  llnids.  Thus 
cloth,  leiher,  wood  are  permeable  to  water 
and  oil:  glass  ispermeable  to  light,  but  not 
to  water. 

PER'ME.ANT,  3.  [supra.]  Passing  through. 
[.Vot  used.]  Brown. 

PER'MEATE,  v.  t.  [L.  permeo  ;  per  and 
meo,  to  glide,  flow  or  pass.] 


PER 


PER 


PER 


To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of 
a  buiJy  ;  to  penetrate  and  pass  through  u 
sub:>tanfe  without  rupture  or  displace- 
ment of  its  parts;  applied  particularly  to 
fluids  which  pass  through  substances  ot 
louse  texture  ;  as,  water  permeates  sand  or 
a  tiltering  stone  ;  light  permeates  glass 

PER'MEATED,  pp.  Passed  through,  as  by 
a  fluid. 

PER'MEATING,  ppr.  Passing  through  the 
pores  or  interstices  of  a  substance. 

PERMEA'TJOiN,  n.  The  act  of  passing 
through  the  |)ores  or  interstices  of  a  body 

PERMIri'CIBLE,  a.  [h-permisceo  ;  per  and 
misceo,   to  nii.x.]     That   may    be   mi.\ei: 

PERMIS'SIBLE,    a.    [See   PermiJ.]    That 

may  be  permitted  or  allowed. 
PERMIS'SION,  n.  [L.  permissio,  from  per 

initio,  to  permit.] 

1.  The  act  of  permitting  or  allowing. 

2.  Allowance  ;  license  or  liberty  granted. 

You  have  given  me  your  permission  for  thi 
address.  Drydcii. 

PERMIS'SIVE,  a.  Granting  liberty;  al- 
lowing. Milton. 

2.  Granted ;  sufft-red  without  hinderam-e. 
Thus  1  emboldened  spake,  and  freedom  used 
Permissive,  and  acceplaiicc  louiid.      .MiUnn. 

PERiMIS'SlVELY,  «</!•.  By  allowance; 
witliout  iirohibition  or  hinderance. 

PERMIS'TIOX,  I       [L.  pennistio,  pcniii.r- 

PERMIX'TION,  ^  "•  lio.]  The  act  of  mix- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  mingled. 

PERMIT,  v.t.  [L.  permitto  ;  per  and  mitto, 
to  send  ;  Vt.permellre;  h.  permettere ;  Sp. 
permilir.] 

1.  To  allow;  to  grant  leave  or  hberty  toby 
express  consent.  He  asked  my  leave  and 
1  permitted  him. 

2.  To  allow  by  silent  consent  or  by  not  pro- 
hibiting ;  to  sufl^er  witliout  giving  express 
authority.  The  laws  permit  us  to  do  what 
is  not  expressly  or  impliedly  forbid. 

What  God  neither  commands  nor  forbids,  he 
permits  with  approbation  to  be  done  or  left  un- 
done. Honker. 

3.  To  afTord  ability  or  means.  Old  age  does 
not  permit  us  to  retain  the  vigor  of  youth. 
The  man's  indigence  does  not  permit  him 
to  indulge  in  luxuries. 

4.  To  leave  ;  to  give  or  resign. 

Let  us  not  aggiavale  our  sorrows, 

But  to  the  gods  permit  the  event  of  things. 

.^Mison. 
[The  latter  sense  is  obsolete  or  obsoles- 
cent.] 
PERMIT',  11.  A  written  license  or  permis- 
sion  from    the  custom    house   oflicer  or 
other  proper  authority,  to  export  or  trans- 
port goods  or  to  land  goods  or  persons. 
2.  Warrant ;  leave  ;  permission. 
PERMIT'T.\NCE,  n.  Allowance  ;  forbear- 
ance of  prohibition ;  permission. 

Derhavi 
PERMIXTION.  [See  Pernmtion.] 
PERMUTA'TION,  n.  [L.   permutatio,  per- 
viuto  ;  per  am\  mnto,  to  change.] 

1.  In  commerrc.  exchange  of  one  thing  for 
another;  barter.  Baron. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  the  excliange  of  one 
benefice  for  another.  Encyc. 

3.  Ill  alfrebra,  change  or  different  coinhina- 
tion  of  any  niunher  of  (|uantities.      If'allis. 

PKRMU'TE,  v.t.  \\..  permiilo;  per&ndmu- 
lo.  to  change]  To  exchange  ;  to  barter 
[JVot  used.] 


PERMU'TER,  n.  One  that  exchanges.! 
^  /Voi  used.] 

PER'NANCY,  n.  [Norm,  perner,  to  take.] 
A  taking  or  reception,  as  the  receiving 
of  rents  or  tithes  in  kind.  Blackalone. 

PERNI"CIOUS,  a.  [L.  pernieiosus,  from 
pernicies ;  perneco,  to  kill ;  per  and  tier,  ne- 
cis,  death.] 

1.  Destructive;  having  the  quality  of  killing, 
destroying  or  injuring  ;  very  injurious  or 
tiiischievous.  Food,  drink  or  air  may  be 
pernicious  to  life  or  health. 

3.  Destructive;  tending  to  injure  or  destroy. 
Evil  examples  are  pernicious  to  morals. 
Intemperance  is  a  pernicious  vice. 

;i.  \L.pcrnij:.]  Quick.     [jYot  used.]     Milton. 

PERNI'dOlISLY,  adv.  Destructively; 
with  ruinous  tendency  oreftects. 

Ascham 

PERNI"CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  very  injurious,  mischievous  or  de- 
structive. 

PERNIC'ITY,  n.  [L.  pernicitas,  from  per- 
iiir.]  Swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Ray. 

PERNOCTA'TION,  n.  [h.  pernocto ;  per 
and  nox,  night.] 

The  act  of  passing  the  whole  night ;  a  re- 
maining all  night.  Taylor. 

PEROGIIE.   [See  Pirogue.] 

PERORA'TION,  n.  [L.  peroratio,  from 
peroro  ;  per  and  oro,  to  pray.] 

Tlie  concluding  part  of  an  oration,  in  which 
the  speaker  recapitulates  the  |ninclpal 
ixnuts  of  his  discourse  or  argument,  and 
urges  them  with  greater  earnestness  and 
force,  with  a  view  to  make  a  deep  impres- 
sion on  his  hearers.  Encyc. 

PEROX'YD,  11.  [per  and  ori/d.]  A  sub- 
stance containing  an  unusual  quantity  of 
oxygen.  Davy. 

PEROX'YDIZE,  f.  I.  To  oxydize  to  the 
titinost  degree.  Cuthush 

PERPF2ND',   V.   t.    [L.  perpendo ;   per  and 
pendo,  to  weigh.]     To  weigh  in  the  iniiu' 
to  consider  attentively.     [Little  used.] 

Shak.     Brown. 

PERPEND'ER,  n.  [Fi:  parpaing.]  A  co- 
ping stone.  Johnson 

PERPEND'ICLE,  n.  [Fr.  perpendicule, 
from  L.  pcrpendiculum.] 

Something  hanging  down  in  a  direct  line  ; 
a  plumb  line.  Did. 

PERPENDICULAR,  a.  [L.perpendicularis, 
from  perpcndicxdum,  a  plumb  line  ;  per- 
pendeo  ;  per  and  pendeo,  to  hang.] 

1.  Hanging  or  extending  in  a  right  line  from 
any  point  towards  the  center  of  the  earth 
or  of  gravity,  or  at  right  angles  with  the 
))lane  of  the  horizon. 

2.  In  geometry,  falling  directly  on  another 
line  at  rigiit  angles.  The  line  A  is  per 
pendicutar  to  the  line  B. 

PERPENDICULAR,  n.  A  line  falling  at 
right  angles  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
that  is,  extending  from  some  |)nint  in  ii 
right  line  towards  the  center  of  the  earti 
or  center  of  gravity,  or  any  body  standing 
in  that  direction. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  line  falling  at  right  aiiglcf 
on  another  line,  or  making  eipial  anglis 
with  it  on  eucli  side.  Enci/c. 

PERPENDICULARITY,  n.  The  state  of 
being  [lerpendicular.  li'alts. 

PERPENDICULARLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  fall  on  another  line  at  right  angles. 


2.  So  as  to  fall  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
at  right  angles ;  in  a  direction  towards  the 
center  of  the  earth  or  of  gravity. 

PERPEN'SION,  n.  [L.  perpendo.]  Consid- 
eration.    [.Vbi  usfrf.]  Brown. 

PERPES'SION,  n.  [L.  perpessio,  perpelior, 
to  suffer  ;  per  and  patior.]  Sufl'ering  ;  en- 
durance.    [JVot  used.]  Pearson. 

PER'PETRATE,  v.t.  [L.  perpetro ;  per  and 
patro,  to  go  through,  to  finish.] 

To  do  ;  to  commit ;  to  perform  ;  in  an  ill 
sense,  that  is,  always  used  to  express  an 
evil  act ;  as,  to  perpetrate  a  crime  or  an 
evil  design.  Dryden. 

PERPETRATED,  pp.  Done;  committed: 
as  an  evil  act. 

PERPETRATING,  ppr.  Committing  ;  as 
a  crime  or  evil  net. 

PERPETRATION,  n.  The  act  of  commit- 
ting a  crime.  Wotton. 

2.  An  evil  action.  A".  Charles. 

PER  PETRATOR,  n.  One  that  commits  a 
crime. 

PERPETUAL,  a.  [Fr.  perpeiuel ;  L.  per- 
petuus, from  perpes,  pcrpetis  ;  per  and  pes, 
from  a  mot  signifying  to  pass.] 

1.  Never  ceasing  ;  continuing  forever  in  fu- 
ture time  ;  destined  to  be  eternal;  as  a 
perpetual  covenant ;  a  perpetual  statute. 
[Literally  true  with  respect  to  the  decrees 
of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

Continuing  or  continued  without  inter- 
mission ;  uninterrupted  ;  as  a  perpetual 
stream  ;  the  perpetual  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries. 

X  Permanent;  fixed;   not  temporary;  as  a 
perpetual  law  or  edict ;   perpetual  love  or 
amity  ;  pirpctual  incense.     Ex.  xxx. 
.  Everlasting ;  endless. 

Destruclious  are  come  to  a  perpetual  end. 
Ps.  ix. 

5.  During  the  legal  dispensation.     Ex.  xxix. 

Perpetual  curacy,  is  where  all  the  tithes  are 
appropriated  and  no  vicarage  is  endowed. 

Blackstone. 

Perpetual  motion,  motion  that  generates  a 
power  of  continuing  itself  forever  or  indef- 
initely, by  means  of  mechanism  or  some 
application  of  the  force  of  gravity  ;  not  yet 
discovered,  and  probably  impossible. 

Perpetual  screw,  a  screw  tliat  ai'ts  against 
the  teeth  of  a  wheel  and  continues  its  ac- 
tion without  end.  Wilkins. 

PERPETUALLY,  adv.  Constantly;  con- 
tinually ;  ajiplieil  to  things  which  proceed 
without  intermission,  or  which  occur  fre- 
quently or  at  intervals,  without  limitation. 
A  perennial  spring  flows  perpetually ;  the 
weather  varii^s  perpetually. 

The  Bible  and  common  prayer  book  in  the 
vulgar  tongue,  being  perpetually  read  in 
churches,  have  proved  a  kind  of  standard  for 
langu.iije.  Swift. 

PERPETUATE,  v.  I.  [L.  perpetuo.]  To 
make  perpetual  ;  to  eternize. 

2.  To  cause  to  endure  orto  be  continued  in- 
definitely ;  to  j)i-eserve  from  extinction  or 
oblivion ;  as,  to  perpetuate  the  remem- 
brance of  a  great  event  or  of  an  illustrious 
character.  The  monuinent  in  London 
perpetuates  the  remenibrance  of  the  con- 
fla;;ration  in  Ilitifi.  Medals  may  perpetu- 
ate the  glorii^s  of  a  prince.  Mdi.ion. 

.3.  To  continue  by  repetition  without  limita- 
tion. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PERPET'UATED,  yp.  Made  perpetual; 
continued  through  eternity,  or  for  an  in- 
definite time. 

PERPETUATING,  ppr.  Continuing  for- 
ever or  indefinitely. 

PEUPETUA'TIOxN,  n.  The  act  of  making 
perpetual,  or  of  preserving  from  extinc 
tion  or  oblivion  through  an  endless  exist 
ence,  or  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time. 

Brown. 

PERPETU'ITY,  n.   [L.  perpeluttas.]    End 
less  duration  ;  continuance  to  eternity. 

2.  Continued  uninterrupted  existence,  or  du 
ration  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time  ;  as 
the  perpetuity  of  laws  and  institutions  ;  the 
perpetuity  of  fame. 

3.  Something  of  which  there  will  be  no  end 

South 
PERPHOS'PHATE,    n.    A    phosphate    ir 

which  the   phosphoric  acid    is  combined 

with  an  oxyd  at  the  maximum  of  oxyda 

tion. 
PERPLEX',  V.  I.  [L.  perplexua,   perplexor 

per  and  ptector,  to  twist,  from  the  root  of 

Gr.  rtXfxu,  L.  ptiio,  to  fold.] 

1.  To  make  intricate;  to  involve;  to  entan- 
gle;  to  make  complicrated  and  difliciilt  to 
be  understood  or  uiuaveled. 

What  was  tlioiiglil  olisciirp,  prrplexed  and 
too  hard  for  our  weak  parts,  will  lie  open  to  tire 
understanding  in  a  fair  view.  Locke 

2.  To  euibarrass  ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  distract ;  to 
tease  with  suspense,  anxiety  or  ambiguity. 

We  can  distinguish  no  general  truths,  or  at 
least  sliall  be  apt  to  jnrplcx  the  mind.      Locke. 

We  are  perplexed.,  bul  not  in  despair.     2  Coi 
iv. 

3.  To  jjlague  ;  to  vex.  Glanville. 
PERPLEX',  a.    Intricate ;    difficult.     [^Vo/ 

use/.]  Glanville 

PERPLEX'ED,   pp.    Made  intricate ;    eni- 

barrur-sed  ;  puzzled. 
PERPLEX'EDLY,  adv.  Intricately  ;    with 

involution. 
PERPLEX'EDNESS,  n.    Intricacy  ;   diffi 

culty  from  want  of  order  or  precision. 
2.  Embarrassment  of  mind  from  doubt   or 

uncertainty. 
PERPLEX'ITY,    n.    Intricacy;   entangle 

inent.     The  jm-y  were  embarrassed  by  the 

perplexity  of  the  case. 
2.    Embarrassment   of   mind ;    disturbance 

from  doubt,  conliision,   difficulty  or  anxi- 
ety. 

Perplexity  not  suffering  Iheni  to  be  idle,  they 

tliink  and  do,  as  it  were,  in  a  frenzy.     Hooker. 

PER(iU.\DRISLL'PHATE,  n.  A  sulphate 
with  four  proportions  of  sulphuric  acid 
combined  with  a  maximum  oxyd. 

Silliman 

PER'QIIISITE,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  perquisitus, 
perquiro  ;  per  and  qucero,  to  seek.] 

A  fee  or  pecuniary  allowance  to  an  officer 
for  services,  beyond  his  ordinary  salary  or 
settled  wages;  or  a  fee  allowed  by  law  to 
an  officer  for  a  specific  service,  in  lieu  of 
an  annual  salary.  [The  latter  is  the  com- 
mon acceptation  of  the  word  in  America.^ 

PER'QUISlTEl),  a.  Supplied  with  perqui 
sites.     [A  bad  uord  and  not  used.\ 

Savage. 

PERQUISP'TION,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  perquisi- 
tus.]    An  accurate  inquiry  or  search. 

.iinsworth 

PERROQUET',  n.  [Fr.]  A  species  of  par- 
rot ;  also,  the  Alca  Psittacula,  an  aijuatic 


fowl  inhabiting  the  isles  of  Japan  and  the 
western  shores  of  America.  Pennant. 

PER'RY,  n.  [Fr.  poire,  Horn  poire,  W.  pir, 
a  pear.] 

The  juice  of  pears,  which  being  clarified  by 
fermentation,  is  a  pleasant  drink. 

PERSCRUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  per.icrutalio, 
perscrutor.]  A  searching  thoroughly  ;  mi- 
nute search  or  inquiry. 

PERSECUTE.   V.  t.    (Fr.  persecuter ;    It, 

i     perseguitare  ;  Sp.  perseguir ;  L.  persequor ; 

'     per  and  sequor,  to  pursue.    See  Seek  and 

!     Essay.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  pursue  in  a  manner 
I     to  injure,  vox  or  afflict ;  to  harass  with  un- 
just punishment  or  penalties  for  siipposcc 

I     offenses ;  to  inflict   pain    from  hatred  or 
'     malignity. 

2.  Appropriately,  to  afflict,  harass  or  destroy 
'  for  adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  sys- 
I  tem  nf  religious  principles,  or  to  a  mode 
I  of  worship.  Thus  Nero  persecuted  the 
I  Christians  by  crucifying  some,  burning 
!  others,  and  condeuming  others  to  be  wor- 
ried by  dogs.     See  .Arts  xxii. 

3.  To  harass  with  solicitations  or  importu 
nitv. 

PER'SECUTED,  pp.  Harassed  by  troubles 
or  punishments  unjustly  inflicterl,  particu- 
larly for  religious  opinions. 

>ER'SECUTING,  ppr.  Pursuing  with  en- 

I     mity  or  vengeance,    particularly   for   ad- 

'     hering  to  a  particular  religion. 

,PERSH:cU'T10N,  n.  The   act  or  practice 

]  of  persecuting  ;  the  infliction  of  pain,  pun- 
ishment or  death  upon  others  unjustly, 
I)arlicularly  for  adhering  to  a  religious 
creed  or  mode  of  worship,  either  by  way 
of  penalty  or  for  compelling  them  to  re- 
nounce their  principles.  Historians  enu- 
iTieratc  ten  persecutions  sufi'ered  by  the 
Christians,  beginning  with  that  of  Nero, 
A.  D.  31,  and  ending  with  that  of  Uiocle- 
tiaii,  A.  D.  .303  to  31.3. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted. 

Our  necks  are  under  persecution  ;  we  labor 
and  have  no  rest.     Lam.  v. 

PER'SEeUTOR,  n.  One  that  persecutes; 
one  that  pursues  another  unjustly  and 
vcxatiously,  particularly  on  account  of  re- 
ligious principles. 

Henry  rejected  the  pope's  supremacy,  but 
retained  every  corruption  beside,  and  became  a 
cruel  persecutor.  Swift. 

PERSEVERANCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  \,.  perse- 
verantia.  See  Persevere.] 

1.  Persistoice  in  any  thing  undertaken;  con- 
tinued i)ursuit  or  prosecution  of  any  busi- 
ness or  enterirrise  begun  ;  applied  alike  to 
good  or  evil. 

Perseverance  keeps  lionor  biiglit.  Shak, 

Patience    and    peiseverance    overcome    the 

greatest  difficulties.  Clarissa. 

2.  In  theology,  continuance  in  a  state  of  grace 
to  a  state  of  glory  ;  sometimes  calle(l/«a/ 
perseverance,  Hammond. 

PERSEVE'RANT,  a.  Constant  in    pursuit 

I     of  an  undertaking.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Ainsworlk. 

IPERSEVE'RE,  v.i.  [h.persevero.  The  last 
component  part  of  this  word,  severe,  must 
be  the  same  as  in  assevcro,  with  the  radical]  2. 
sense  of  set,  fixed  or  continued.  So  persistA 
is  formed  with  per  and  .?uv(o,  to  stand.  Con-I 
slant  and  continue  have  a  like  primary' 
sense.     So  we  say,  to /ioi<io/!.]  ||3. 


To  persist  in  any  business  or  enterprise  un- 
dertaken ;  to  pursue  steadily  any  design  or 
course  commenced ;  not  to  give  over  or 
abandon  what  is  uudertaken  ;  applied  alike 
to  good  and  evil. 

Thrice  happy,  if  they  know 
Tlieir  happiness,  andpereevere  upiightl 

Milton. 

To  persevere  in  any  evil  course,  makes  you 

unhappy  in  this  life.  IVake. 

jPERSEVE'RlNG,  ppr.    Persisting  in  any 

]     business  or  course  begun. 

2.  a.  Constant  in  the  exerutionof  a  purpose 
or  enterprise  ;  as  a  ;>e)jeucri;ig- student. 

PERSEVE  RINGLY,  adv.  With  perseve- 
rance or  continued  pursuit  of  what  is  un- 
dertaken. 

PER'SIFLAOE,  n.  [Fr.  from  persifer ;  L. 

',     sihilo,  to  hiss.]     A  jeering  ;  ridicule. 

'  H.  More. 

I'ERSIM'MON,  n.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  a 
species  of  Diospyros,  a  native  of  the  states 

]     soiuli  of  New  York.     The   liuit  is  like  a 

!     plum,  and  when  not  ripe,  very  astringent. 

I  Mease. 

PERSIST',  I",  t.  [L.  persisto ;  per  and  sisto, 
to  stand  or  be  fixed.] 

To  continue  steadily  and  firmly  in  the  pur- 
suit of  anj-  business  or  course  commeticed  ; 
to  persevere.  [Persist  is  nearly  .synony- 
mous whU  persevere  ;  but  ;)cr»isY  frequenlly 

I     implies  more  obstinacy  than /jc/icrerc,  par- 

j     ticidarly  in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious 

i     to  others.] 

I  If   they  persist   in   pointing   their  batteries 

against  particular  persons,  no  laws  of  war  forbid 

t      the  making  reprisals.  Addison. 

PERSISTENCE,  n.  The  state  of  jiersist- 
ing;  steady  pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken  ; 
perseverance  in  a  good  or  evil  course, 
more  generally  in   that  which  is  evil  and 

'     injurious  to  others,  or  unadvisable. 

3.  Obstinacy  ;  contumacy.  Shak. 
PERSIST'ENT,  I  hibotany,  contimiing 
PERSISTING,   I"-  without      withering; 

opposed  to  marce.icent ;  as  a  persisting 
stigma:  continuing  after  the  corol  is  with- 
ered, as  a  persistent  lalyx  :  continuing  af- 
ter the  leaves  droj)  ofi',  as  a  persistent  stip- 
ule ;  remaining  on  the  plant  till  the  fruit 
is  ripe,  or  till  aAertbe  summer  is  over,  as 
a  persistent  leaf  Ijte.     Marti/n. 

jPERSIST'ING,  ppr.  Contimiing  in  the 
prosecution  of  au  undertaking;  persever- 
ing. 

PERSIST'IVE,  a.  Steady  in  pursuit:  not 
receding  from  a  purpose  or  undertakinir ; 
|)ersevering.  Shak. 

PERSON,  n.  per'sn.  [L.  persona;  said  to 
Ire  compounded  of  per,  through  or  hy,  and 
sonus,  sound  ;  a  Latin  word  signifying 
primarily  a  mask  used  by  actors  on  the 
stage.] 

1.  .\u  individual  human  being  consisting  of 
body  and  soul.  We  apply  the  word  to 
living  beings  only.  pusse.=.sed  of  a  rational 
natUH! ;  the  body  when  dead  is  not  called 
a  person.  It  is  applied  alike  to  a  man,  wo- 
man or  child. 

A  person  is  a  thinking  intelligent  being. 

Locke. 
.\  man.  woman  or  child,  considered  as 
opposed  to  things,  or  distinct  from  them. 
A  zeal  (or  persons  is  far  more  easy  to  be  per- 
verted, than  a  zeal  for  things.  Sprat. 
A  human  being,  considered  with  respect 


PER 


PER 


PER 


to  the  living  body  or  corporeal  existence 
only.     Tlic  form  of  Uer  person  is  elegant. 

You'll  finil  her  j)ersvH  dilficult  to  gain. 

Iky  den 

The  rebels  maintained  the  fight  for  a  small 
time,  anil  for  their  y7Crso7i«  showed  no  want  of 
courage.  Bacon 

4.  A  liuiiian  being,  indefinitely  ;  one;  a  man 
Let  a  person's  attainments  be  never  so 
great,  lie  should  remember  he  is  frail  and 
imperfect. 

5.  A  liiiiiian  being  represented  in  dialogue, 
fiction,  or  on  the  stage ;  character.  A 
player  appears  in  the  person  of  king  Lear. 

These  tables,  Cicero  pronounced  under  Ihe 
person  of  Crassus,  were  of  more  use  and  au- 
thority than  all  the  books  of  the  philosophers. 

Baker. 

6.  Character  of  office. 

How  different  is  the  same  man  from  himself, 
as  he  sustains  the  person  of  a  magistrate  and 
that  of  a  friend.  South. 

7.  In  grammar,  the  nominative  to  a  verb  ;  the 
agent  that  performs  or  the  patient  that 
suffers  any  thing  affirmed  by  a  verb  ;  as,i 
1  write  ;  he  is -smitten  ;  she  is  beloved  ;  the 
rain  descends  in  torrents.  I,  thou  or  you 
he,  she  or  it,  are  called  the  first,  second 
and  third  persons.  Hence  we  apply  tlie 
word  person  to  the  termination  or  modifi 
ed  form  of  the  verb  used  in  connection 
with  the  persons  ;  as  the  first  or  the  third 
person  of  the  verb ;  the  verb  is  in  the 
second  person. 

8.  In  law,  an  artificial  person,  is  a  corpora 
tion  or  body  politic.  Blackslone. 

In  perso7i,  by  one's  self;  with  bodily  pres- 
ence; not  by  representative. 

The  king  in  person  visits  all  around. 

Dryden 

I'ER'SON,  V,  I.  To  represent  as  a  person  ; 

to  make  to  resemble ;  to  image.     [jVoI  in 

PER'SONABLE,  a.  Having  a  well  formed 
body  or  person;  graceful;  of  good  ap- 
pearance ;  as  a  personable  man  or  woman. 

Raleigh. 

9.  In  to!«,  enabled  to  maintain  pleas  in  court. 

Coivel. 
3.  Having  capacity  to  take  any  thing  grant- 
ed or  given.  Plowiten. 
[The  Iwo  taller  senses,  I  believe,  are  little 
used.] 
PER'SONAgE,  n.  [F.personnage.]  A  man 
or  woman  of  distinction  ;  as  an  illustrious 
personage. 

2.  Exterior  appearance;  stature;  air;  as  a 
taW  personage  ;  a  stately  personage. 

Shah.     Hayward. 

3.  Character  assumed. 

The  Venetians,  naturally  ptrave,  love  to  give 
in  to  the  follies  of  such  seasons,  when  disguised 
in  a  false  personage.  Adjlison. 

4.  Character  represented. 

Some  persons  must  be  found,  already  known 
in  history,  whom  we  may  make  the  actors  and 
personages  of  this  fable.  Broome. 

PER'SONAL,  a.  [h. personalis.]  Belonging 
to  men  or  women,  not  to  things;  not  real. 
Kvery  man  so  termed  by  way  of  personal  dif- 
fcreuc-c  oTdy.  Hooker. 

2.  Relating  to  an  imlividual ;  affecting  indi- 
viduals; peculiar  or  proper  to  him  or  her, 
or  to  private  ai-tinns  or  character. 

The  words  arc  conditional ;  if  thou  doest 
well ;  and  so  personal  to  Cain.  Lorkc 


Character  and  success  depend  more  on  per- 
sonal effort  than  on  any  external  advantages. 

J.  Hawes 

So  we  speak  of  personal  pride,  personal 
reflections. 

3.  Pertaining   to   the  cor^ioral   nature ;  ex 
terior  ;  corporal  ;    as  personal  charms  or 
accomplishments.  Jlddison 

4.  Present  in  person ;  not  acting  by  repre- 
sentative;  as  a/ferMnaiiiiterview.  | 

The  immediate  and /(crsonaZ  speaking  of  Godj 
almighty  to  Abraham,  Job  and  Moses.      White.] 

Personal  e«<o<e,  in  law,  movables  ;  chattels;' 
things  belonging  to  the  person  ;  as  money, 
jewels,  furniture,  &c.  as  distinguished  from 
real  estate  in  land  and  houses. 

Personal  action,  in  law,  a  suit  or  action  by 
which  a  man  claims  a  debt  or  personal 
duty,  or  damages  in  lieu  of  it ;  or  wherein 
he  claims  satisfaction  in  dauiages  for  a!i 
injury  to  his  person  or  property  ;  an  action 
founded  on  contract  or  on  tort  or  wrong  ; 
as  an  action  on  a  debt  or  promise,  or  an 
action  for  a  trespass,  assault  or  defamato- 
ry words;  opposed  to  reni actions,  or  such 
as  concern  real  property.  Blackslone. 

Personal  idenlitij,  in  metaphysics,  sameness 
ofljeing,  of  which  consciousness  is  the 
evidence. 

Personal  verb,  in  grammar,  a  verb  conjugated 
in  the  three  persons;  thus  called  in  dis- 
tinction from  an  impersonal  verb,  which 
has  the  third  person  only.  Encyc. 

PER'SONAL,  n.  A  movable.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

PERSONAL'ITY,  n.  That  which  consti- 
tutes an  individual  a  distinct  person,  or 
that  which  constitutes  individuality. 

The  personality  of  an  intelligent  being  ex- 
tends itself  beyond  present  existence  to  what  is 
past,  only  by  conciousness —  Locke. 

'2.  Direct  application  or  applicability  to  a 
person  ;  as  the  personalily  of  a  remark. 

PER'SONALLY,  adr.  In  person  ;  by  bodi- 
ly presence  ;  not  by  representative  or  sub- 
stitute ;  as,  to  be  personally  present ;  to 
deliver  a  letter  ^cr«o?!o//)/.  They /(crson- 
aib/  declared  their  assent  to  the  measure. 

2.  With  respect  to  an  individual ;  particu- 
larly. 

She  bore  a  niortal  hatred  to  the  house  ot" 
Lancaster,  and  personally  to  \he  king.  Bacon. 
With  regard  to  numerical  existence. 

The  converted  man  is  personalty  the  same 
he  was  before.  Rogers 

PER'SONATE,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  a  fic- 
titious or  assumed  character  so  as  to  pass 
for  the  person  represented.  Bacon 

2.  To  represent  by  action  or  appearance  ; 
to  assume  the  character  and  act  the  part 
of  another. 

3.  To  pretend  hypocritically.     [Utile  used." 

Swiji: 

4.  To  counterfeit ;  to  feign;  as  a  personated 


devotion.  Hammond. 

5.  To  resemble. 

The  lofty  cedar  persojia/es  thee.  Shak. 

C).  To  make  a  representation  of,  as  in  picture. 


SlwL 
[L.  persona.]     \j\'ot 


Obs. 

To  describe.     Obs. 

8.  To  celebrate  loudly.  [1,.  persona.]  LVoi 
ttsed.]  Mllon 

PER'.SONATE,  a.  [L.  persona,a  mask.' 
Masked.  A  personate  corol  is  irregidar 
and  closed  by  a  kind  of  palate;  or  riii- 
geiit,  but  closed  between  the  lips  by  the 
palate-  Smith.     Linne. 


PERSONA'TION,  n.  The  counterfeiting' 
ol  the  person  and  character  of  another.   "^ 

Bcteov. 

PER'SONATOR,  n.  One  who  assumes  the 
character  of  another.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  One  that  acts  or  performs.         B.  Jonson 

PERSONIFICA'TION,  n.  [from personify.] 
The  giving  to  an  inanimate  being  the  figure 
or  the  sentiments  and  language  of  a  ra- 
tional being  ;  prosopopoeia ;  as,  "con/u- 
sioti  heard  his  voice."  Milton 

PERSON  IFIED,  pp.  Represented  with 
the  attributes  of  a  person. 

PERSON'IFY,  t).  t.  [h.  persona  and  facio.] 
To  give  animation  to  inanimate  objects  ;  to 
ascribe  to  an  inaiiinjate  being  the  senti- 
ments, actions  or  language  of  a  rational 
being  or  person,  or  to  represent  an  jnani- 
itiate  being  with  the  affections  and  actions 
of  a  person.  Thus  we  say,  the  plants 
thirst  for  rain- 

The  trees  said  to  the  fig-tree,   come  thou, 
and  reign  over  us.     Judges  ix- 

PERSON'IFYING,  ppr.  Giving  to  an  in- 
animate being  the  attributes  of  a   person 

PER'SONIZE,    v.  t.    To   personify.     [,Voi 

i     much  used.]  Richardson. 

iPERSPEe'TIVE,  a.  [infra.]  Pertainit.g  to 
the  science  of  optics  ;  optical.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective. 

Encyc, 

PERSPE€'T1VE,  n.  [Fr.  ;  It.  perspettiva; 
^'■p.  perspectiva  ;  from  L.  perspicio ;  per  and 
specio,  to  see.] 

1.  A  glass  through   which  objects  are  view- 
■     e<|.  Temple. 

2.  The  art  of  drawing  on  a  plane  surface 
true  resemblances  or  pictures  of  objects, 
as  the  objects  appear  to  the  eye  from  any 
distance  and  situation,  real  and  imagina- 
ry ;  as  the  rules  of  perspective.  Encyc. 

3.  A  representation  of  objects  in  perspective. 

Etici/c. 

4.  View  ;  vista  ;  as  perspectives  of  pleasant 
shades-  Dryden. 

5.  A  kind  of  painting,  often  seen  in  gardens 
and  at  the  end  of  a  gallery,  designed  ex- 
pressly to  deceive  the  sight  by  represent- 
ing the  continuation  of  an  alley,  a  build- 
ing, a  landscape  or  the  like. 

Aerial  perspective,  the  art  ofgiving  due  dimin- 
ution to  the  strength  of  light,  shade  and 
colors  of  objects,  according  to  their  dis- 
tances and  the  quantity  of  light  falling  on 
them,  and  to  the  medium  through  which 
they  are  seen.  Encyc. 

PERSPEC'TIVELY,  adv.  Optically  ; 
through  a  glass ;  by  representation. 

Shak. 

PER'SPICABLE,  a.  Discernible.     Herbert. 

PERSPICACIOUS,  a.  [L. perspicax,  from 
perspicio.] 

1.  (iuick  sighted  ;  sharp  of  sight. 

2.  Of  acute  discernment.  South. 
PERSPICA'CIOL'SNESS,  n.  Acuteness  of 

sight. 
PERSPICACITY,    n.      [L-  pcrspicacitas.] 

1.  Acuteness  of  sigtit ;  quickness  of  sight. 

2.  Acuteness  of  discernment  or  understand- 
ing. 

PER'SPICACY,  n.  Acutene-ss  of  sight  or 
discernment.  B.  Jonson. 

PER'SPICIL,  71.  [L.  per  and  speculum,  a 
glass-] 

An  optic  glass-     [Little  used.] 

Crashaie.     Glanvilk. 


PER 


PER 


PER 


PERSPICU'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  perspicuM ;  L. 
perspicuitas,  from  perspicio.] 

1.  Transpiirency  ;  clearneas  ;  that  quality 
of  a  substance  which  renders  objects  vis- 
ible tlirough  it.     [Liltle  used.]  Brown. 

2.  Clearness  to  mental  vision  ;  easiness  to 
be  understood;  freedom  from  obscurity 
or  ambiguity  ;  tliat  quality  of  writing  or 
language  which  readily  presents  to  the 
mind  of  another  the  precise  ideas  of  the 
author.  Perspicuity  is  the  first  excellence 
of  writing  or  speaking. 

PERSPI€'UOUS,  a.  [h.perspicuus.]  Trans- 
parent; translucent.    [IMlt  used.] 

Peacham. 

2.  Clear  to  the  understanding ;  that  may  be 
clearly  understood  ;  not  obscure  or  am- 
biguous. Language  is  perspicuous  when 
it  readily  presents  to  the  reader  or  hearer 
the  precise  ideas  which  arc  intended  to 
be  expressed.  Meaning,  sense  or  signifi- 
cation is  perspicuous,  when  it  is  clearly 
and  easily  comprehended. 

PERSPIC'l'Oi:SLY,  adv.  Clearly  ;  plain 
ly  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  easily  understood. 

Bacon. 

PF.RSPIC'IJOUSNESS,  n.  Clearness  to  in- 
tellectual vision  ;  plainness;  freedom  from 
obscurity.  , 

[We  generally  apply  perspicuous  to  objects  of 
intellect,  and  conspicuous  to  objects  of  oc- 
ular sight.) 

PERSPIRABIL'ITY,  v.  [(mm  perspirable] 
The  quality  of  being  perspirable. 

PER'SPIRABLE,  a.  [from  L.  ;^ers:;n>o.  See 
Perspire.] 

1.  That  may  be  perspired  ;  that  may  be 
evacuated  through  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

Arhulhnol. 

2.  Emitting  perspiration.     [JVo/  proper.] 

Bacon. 

PERSPIRA'TION,  n.  [L.  perspiro.  See 
Perspire.] 

1.  The  act  of  perspiring  ;  excretion  by  the 
cuticular  pores  :  evacuation  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  through  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

Encyc.     Jlrhuihnot. 

2.  Matter  perspired. 
PER'SFIRATIVF,,    a.    Performing  the  act 

of  perspiration. 
PER'SPIRATORV,  a.  Perspirative. 

Berkeley. 

PERSPI'RE,  V.  i.  [L.  per  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.] 

1.  To  evacuate  the  fluids  of  the  body 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  per- 
son perspires  freely. 

2.  To  be  evacuated  or  excreted  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  fluid  perspires. 

PERSPI'RE,   V.  t.     To  emit   or  evacuate 

through  the  pores  of  the  skin.        Smollett 
PERSTRINgE,    v.    t.    perstrinj'.    [L.  per 

siringo  ;  per  and  stringo,  to  graze  or  brush. 

To  graze  ;  to  glance  on.  Burton 

PERSUA'DABLE,  a.  [See  Persuade.]  That 

may  be  persuaded. 
PERSUA'DABLY,  adv.   So  as   to  be  per 

suaded. 
PERSUA'DE,  v.t.    [L.  persuadeo;  per  and 

suadeo,  to  urge  or  incite.] 
1.  To  influence  by   argument,   advice,    in 

treaty   or  expostulation  ;  to   draw  or  in 

cline  the  will  to  a  determination  by  pre 

senting  motives  to  the  mind. 

Vol.  II. 


I  should  be  glad,  if  I  could  persuade  him  to  Q, 
write  such  another  critick  on  any  thing  of  mine.  | 

J^yden. 
AUnost  thou  jiersuadest  me  to  be  a  christian. 
Acts  xxvi. 
2.  To  convince  by  argument,  or  reasons  of- 
fered ;  or  to  convince  by  reasons  suggest- 
ed by  reflection  or  deliberation,  or  by  evi- 
dence presented  in  any  manner  to  the 
mind. 

Beloved,  we  are  persuaded  better  things  of 
you.     Heb.  vi. 

To  inculcate  by  argument   or  expostula- 
tion.    [Little  used.]  Taylor. 
;4.  To  treat  by  persuasion.     [Ao(  in  use.] 

Shak. 
PERSfJA'DED,  pp.  Influenced  or  drawn 
to  an  opinion  or  determination  by  argu- 
ment, advice  or  reasons  suggested  ;  con- 
vinced ;  induced. 
PERSUA'DER,  n.  One  tliat  persuades  or 
influences  another.  Bacon 

2.  That  which  incites. 

Hunger  and  thirst  at  once, 
Powerful  per.siiaders .'  Milton 

PERSUA'DINC,  ppr.   Influencing  by  mo- 
tives presented. 
PERSUASIBIL'ITY,  n.  Capability  of  be 
ing  persuad<^fl.  HidbjweU. 

PERSUA'SIBLE,  a.  [L.persuasiii&.]Thui 
may  be  persuaded  or   influenced    by   rea- 
sons offeied. 
PERSUA'SIBLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  influenced  by  persuasion. 
PERSUASION,    n.    s  as  z.    [Fr.  from  L. 

per.masio.] 
1.  The  act  of  persuading  ;  the  act  of  influ- 
encing the  mind  by  argurmiits  or  reasons 
oflered,  or  by  any  thin^  llat  mo.  cs  ihe 
mind  or  pa.ssions,  or  inclines  the  will  to  a 
deterniination. 

For  thou  hast  all  (lie  arts  of  fine  persuasion. 

Olu'ay. 
12.  The  state  of  being  persuaded  or  convin- 
ced ;  setllcd  opinion  or  conviction  ]iro- 
ceeding  from  arguments  and  reasons  of- 
fered by  others,  or  suggested  by  one's  own 
reflections. 

When  we  liave  no  other  certainty  of  being 
in  the  riglu,  but  our  own  jierstta.sion  that  we 
are  so —  Gnv.  of  Ihe  Tongue 

3.  A  creed  or  belief;  or  a  sect  or  parly  ad- 
hering to  a  creed  or  system  of  opinions  ; 
as  men  of  the  .same  persuasion ;  all  per- 
siiasiotis  concur  in  the  measure. 

PERSUA'SIVE,    a.    Having  the  power  of| 
persuading  ;  influencing  the  mind  or  pas 
sions  ;  as  persuasive  eloquence  ;  persuasive 
evidence.  Hooker.     SotUlt 

PERSUA'SIVELY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  to  persuade  or  convince.  Milton 

PERSUA'SIVENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of 
having  influence  on  the  mind  or  passions. 

Taylor. 
PERSUA'SORY,  a.  Having  power  or  ten- 
dency to  jier.suade.  Brotvn. 
PERSPL'PHATE,    n.    A  combination   of 
sulphuric  acid  with  the  peroxyd  of  iron. 
Webster's  Manual. 
PERT,  a.  ( W.  pert,  sirart,  spiuce  ;  proba- 
bly   allicil   to  perk,  primarily  erect,  from 
shooting  up  or  forward.] 
1.  Lively  ;  brisk  ;  smart. 

Awake  the  ]>ert  and  nimble  spirit  of  mirth 

Shak. 
On  the  lawny  .sands  and  shelves, 
Trip  the  pert  fairies,  and  the  dapper  elves. 

Milton 

34 


Forward  ;  saucy  ;  bold  ;  indecorously 
free. 

A  lady  bids  me  in  a  very  pert  manner  mind 
my  own  affairs —  Addison. 

PERTA'IN,  v.i.  [L.  pcr/ineo;  perand  feneo, 
to  hold  ;  It.  pertenere.] 

1.  To  belong  ;  to  be  the  property,  right  or 
duty  of 

Men  liatc  those  who  affect  honor  by  ambi- 
tion, which  ^cr/ai7ie(/i  not  to  them. 

Ilayward. 

He  took  the  foitified  cities  which  pertained 
to  Judah.     2  Kings  xii. 

It  pertains  to  llie  governor  to  open  the  ports 
by  proclamation.  Anon. 

2.  To  have  rehilion  to.     Actsi. 
PERTEREBRA'TION,  n.  [L.  per  and  fer- 

ebratio.]     The  act  of  boring  through. 

Jlinsworlh. 
PERTINACIOUS,     a.    [L.   pertinax ;  per 
and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  Holding  or  adhering  to  any  opinion,  i)ur- 
])ose  or  design  with  obstinacy  ;  obstiuaie  ; 
perversely  resolute  or  persistent ;  as  jirrti- 
naa'ous  in  opinion  ;  a  man  of  pejfinaciou* 
confidence.  WuUon. 

2.  Resolute  ;  firm  ;  constant ;  steady. 
Diligence  is  a  steady,  constant,  pertinneinin- 

study^  South. 

[This  word  often  implies  a  censurable  de- 
gree of  firmness  or  constancy,  like  ob- 
slinacy.'^ 

I^ERTINATIOIISLY,  adv.  Obstinately  ; 
with  firm  or  perverse  adherence  to  opin- 
ion or  purpose.  Me  pertinaciously  main- 
tain^ his  first  opinions. 

PKKTINA'CIOUSNESS,  ^        [L.    perfrna- 

PKKTINAC'ITY.  ^       da.]       F  rm 

or  unyielding  adherence  to  opinion  or  jiur- 
pose  ;  obstinacy.  He  pursues  his  scheme 
with  pertinacity. 

2.  Resolution  ;  constancy. 

PER'TINACY.n.  [supra.]  Obstinacy  ;  stub- 
bornness :  persistency  ;  resolution  ;  stead- 
iness.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

PER'TINENCE,  {      [L.  pertinens, pertineo  ; 

PER'TINENCY,  \  per  and  leiieo.  to  hold.] 
Justness  of  relation  to  the  subject  or  mat- 
ter in  hand  ;  fitness  ;  appositenc;ss  ;  suita- 
bleness. 

I  have  shown  the  fitness  and  pertinency  of 
the  apostle's  discourse  to  the  persons  he  ad- 
dressed. Bentlcy. 

PER'TINENT,  a.  [L.  peHinens.]  Related 
to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand  ;  just  to 
the  purpose  ;  adapted  to  the  end  jiropo- 
."ed  ;  apposite;  not  foreign  to  the  thing 
intended.  VV'e  say,  he  used  an  argument 
not  pertinent  to  his  subject  or  design.  The 
discourse  abounds  with  pertinent  remarks. 
He  gave  pertinent  answers  to  the  ques- 
tions. 

2.  Regarding ;  concerning ;  belonging.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hooker. 

PER'TINENTLY,  adv.  Appositely  ;  to  the 
purpose.     He  answered  pertinently. 

PER'TINENTNESS,  n.  Ap|iositeiiess. 

PERTIN'gENT,  o.  [L./)crfingc7M.]  Reach- 
ing to. 

PERTLY,  adv.  Briskly.;  smartly;  with 
prompt  boldness. 

2.  Saucily  ;  with   indecorous  confidence  or 

i     boldness.  Sxvifl. 

iPERTNESS,  n.  Briskness;  smartness. 

2.  Sauciness  ;  forward  promptness  or  bold- 
ness ;  implying  less  than  effrontery  or  im- 
pudence. 


PER 


PER 


PES 


Pertness  and  ignorance  may  ask  a  question 

in  three  lines,   which   it  will  cost  learning  and 

inffcnuity  thirty  pages  to  answer.       G.  Spring. 

3.  Petty   liveliness  ;    sprightliness    without 

force,  dignity  or  solidity. 

There  is  in  Shaf'lsbury's  works  a  lively  pert- 
ness and  a  pamde  of  literature.  Wattsj 
PERTURB',           I      ,     [L.  perturbo  ;    per] 
PER'TURBATE,  S       ■    and  iurio,  proper- 
ly to  turn,  or  to  stir  by  turning.] 

1.  To  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  disquiet. 

2.  To  disorder ;  to  confuse.  Broxvn. 

[This  verb  is  little  used.     The  participle 
is  in  use.] 
PERTURBA'TION,     n.     [L.  perlurhatio.] 

1.  Disquiet  or  agitation  of  mind.  Milton. 

2.  Restlessness  of  passions  ;  great  uneasi- 
ness. 

3.  Disturbance  ;  disorder ;  cominotion  in 
public  atfairs.  Bacon. 

4.  Disturbance  of  passions  ;  commotion  of 
spirit.  B.  Jonson 

5.  Cause  of  disquiet. 

0  polished  perturbation,  golden  care  ! 

Shak. 
PERTURBA'TOR,  f  One  that  disturbs 
PERTURB'ER,        I  ""  or  raises    commo 

tion.     [Little  used.] 
PERTURBED,  pp.    Disturbed  ;    agitated  ; 
disquieted. 

Rest,  rest,  perturbed  spirit.  Shak 

PERTU'SE,     I       [L.  pertusus,  pertundo  ; 
PERTU'SED,  \  "■■  per  and  tundo,  to  beat.' 

1.  Punched  ;  pierced  with  holes. 

2.  In  botany,  full  of  hollow  dots  on  the  sur- 
face, as  a  leaf 

PERTU'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  pertusus,  per- 
tundo.] 

1.  The  act  of  punching,  piercing  or  thrust- 
ing through  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

The  manner   of  opening  a  vein  in   Hippo- 
crates's  time,  was  by  stabbing  or  perfusion. 

.drbuthnot. 

2.  A  little  hole  made  by  punching  ;  a  perfo- 
ration. Bacon. 

PERU'KE,  »i.  [Fr.  perruque  ;  It.  perrucca  ; 
Sp.  peluca  ;  D.  paruik  ;  G.  perriicke  ;  Sw. 
peruk.] 

An  artificial  cap  of  hair  ;  a  periwig. 

Wiseman. 

PERU'KE-ftlAKER,  n.  A  maker  of  pe- 
rukes ;  a  wig-maker. 

PERU'SAL.  n.  «  as  z.  [from  peruse.]  The 
act  of  reading. 

This  treatise  requires  application  in  the^fni- 
sal.  Woodward. 

2.  Careful  view  or  examination.    [Unusual 

Tallf 

PERU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Soine  of  tlie  senses 
of  this  word  would  lead  to  the  inference 
that  it  is  from  the  IjUtin  perviso.  If  not,  I 
know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  read,  or  to  read  with  attention. 

Addison. 

2.  To  observe ;  to  examine  with  careful  sur- 
vey.    06s. 

1  have  perus'd  her  well.  Shak. 
Myself  I  tlien  perus'd,  and  limb  by  limb 
Survey'd.                                                  Milton. 

PERU'SED,  pp.  Read;  observed;  examin- 
ed. 

PERU'SER,  )!.  One  that  reads  or  examines 

It'oodward. 

VEKU'SING,  ppr.  Residing ;  examining 

PERUVIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Peru,  in 
r^outli  America. 


Peruvian  bark,  the  bark  of  the  Cinchona,  a 
tree  of  Peru ;  called  also  Jesuits'  bark. 
The  taste  is  bitter  and  pungent,  and  it  is 
used  as  an  astringent  and  tonic,  in  cases 
of  debility,  aiul  particularly  as  a  febrifuge 
in  intermittents. 

PERVA'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  pervado ;  per  and  va- 
do,  to  go,  Eng.  to  wade.] 

1.  To  pass  through  an  aperture,  pore  or  in 
terstice  ;  to  permeate;  as  liquors  thatper- 
vade  the  pores.  Al'ewton. 

2.  To  pass  or  spread  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  a  thing  anil  into  every  minute  part. 

What  but  God 
Pervades,  adjusts  and  agitates  the  whole .' 

Thomson. 

3.  We  use  this  verb  in  a  transitive  form  to 
express  a  passive  or  an  intransitive  signi- 
fication. Thus  when  we  say,  '"the  electric 
fluid  pervades  the  earth,"  or  "  ether  pervades 
the  universe,"  we  mean  only  that  the  fluid 
is  diffused  through  the  earth  or  universe, 
or  exists  in  all  parts  of  them.  So  when 
we  say,  "  a  spirit  of  conciliation  pervades 
all  classes  of  men,"  we  may  mean  tha 
such  a  spirit  passes  through  all  classes,  or 
it  exists  among  all  classes. 

PERVA'DED,  pp.  Passed  through  ;  per- 
meated ;  penetrated  in  every  part. 

PERVA'DING,  ppr.  Passing  through  or 
extending  to  every  part  of  a  thing. 

PERVASION,  n.  s  as  z.  The  act  of  perva 
ding  or  passing  through  the  whole  extent 
of  a  thing.  Boyle 

PERVERSE,  a.  pervers'.  [L.  penersus.  See 
Pervert.] 

1.  Literally,  turned  aside ;  hence,  distorted 
from  the  right.  Milton. 

2.  Obstinate  in  the  wrong ;  disposed  to  be 
contrary  ;  stubborn  ;  untractable. 

To  so  perverse  a  sex  all  grace  is  vain. 

I>ryden 

3.  Cross ;  petulant  ;  peevish  ;  disposed  to 
cross  and  \  ex. 

I'll  frown  and  he  perverse,  and  say  thee  nay. 

Shak. 

PERVERSELY,  adv.  pervers'ly.  With  in- 
tent to  vex  ;  crossly  ;  peevishly  ;  obsti- 
nately in  the  wrong.  Locke.     Sinft. 

PERVERSENESS,  7i.  pervers' ness.  Dispo- 
sition to  cross  or  vex ;  untractableness  ; 
crossness  of  temper  ;  a  disposition  uncom- 
plying, unaccommodating  or  acting  in  op- 
jiosition  to  what  is  proper  or  what  is  de- 
sired by  others. 
Her  whom  lie  wishes  most,  shall  seldom  gain 
Tbiou^h  her  jierverseness.  Afilto?i 

2.  Perversion.     [.Vof  used.]  Bacon 

PERVER'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.perversus.] 
The   act   of  perverting ;   a  turning  fron 
truth  or  propriety;  a  diverting  from  the 
true  intent  or   object ;  change   to   some 
thing  worse.     We  speak  ol'  the  perversion 
of  the  laws,  when  they  are  iiiisinteriireted 
or   misapplied  ;    a   perversion  of   reason 
when  it  is  ruisemiiloyed  ;  a  jierversion  of 
Scripture,  when  it  is  willfully   misinter- 
preted or  misapplied,  &:c. 

PERVERS'ITV,  71.  I'erverseness  ;  cross- 
ness ;  disposition  to  thwart  or  cross. 

JVorris. 

PERVERS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  pervert  or 
corrupt. 

PERVERT',  v.  t.  [L.  perverto  ;  per  and 
t'crfo,  to  turn.] 


L  To  turn  from  truth,  propriety,  or  from  its 
proper  purpose ;  to  distort  from  its  true 
use  or  end  ;  as,  to  pervert  reason  by  mis- 
directing it ;  to  pervert  the  laws  by  misin- 
terpreting and  misapplying  them  ;  to  ^cr- 
verl  justice ;  to  pervert  the  meaning  of  ai» 
author;  to  ;7en'ert  nature  ;  to  perwrf  truth. 
Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right ;  to  corrupt. 
He  in  the  serpent  had  perverted  Eve. 

Milton. 

PERVERT^ED,  pp.  Turned  from  right  to 
wrong  ;  distorted  ;  corrupted  ;  misinter- 
preted ;  misemployed. 

PERVERT'ER,  n.  One  that  perverts  or 
turns  froiTi  right  to  wrong;  one  that  dis- 
torts, misinterprets  or  misapplies. 

PERVERTIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  pervert- 
ed. Ainsworih. 

PERVERT'ING,  ppr.  Turning  from  right 
to  wrong  ;  distorting  ;  misinterpreting  ; 
misapplying  ;  corrupting. 

[Pervert,  when  used  of  persons,  usually  im- 
plies evil  design.] 

PERVES'TIGATE,  v.  t.  [h.  pervestigo ;  per 
and  vestigo,  to  trace  ;  vestigium,  a  track.] 

To  find  out  by  research.  Cockerani. 

PERVESTIGA  TION,  n.  Diligent  inquiry: 
thorough  research.  Chillinsworth. 

PERVICA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.uemcax;  com- 
posed perhaps  of  ;>er  and  Teutonic  wigan, 
to  strive  or  contend.] 

Very  obstinate  ;  stubborn  ;  willfully  contrary 
or  refractory.  Denham. 

PERVICA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  willful 
obstinacy. 

PERVICA'CIOUSNESS,    I         Stubborn- 
PERVICAC'ITY,  \    "■  uess;  will- 

ful obstinacy.  [Little  used.] 
PERVIOUS,  a.  [L.  pervius;  per  and  via, 
way,  or  from  the  root  of  that  word.] 
Admitting  passage  ;  that  may  be  pene- 
trated by  another  body  or  substance  ;  per- 
meable ;  penetrable.  We  say,  glass  is ;7er- 
vious  to  light ;  a  porotis  stone  is  pervious 
to  water  ;  a  wood  is  pervious  or  not  pervi- 
ous to  a  body  of  troops. 

A  country  pervious  to  the  arms  and  authority 
of  the  conqueror.  Gibbon. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  by  the  mental 
sight. 

By  darkness  they  mean  God,  whose  secrets 
are  pervious  to  no  eye.  Taylor. 

3.  Pervading:  permeating;  as  pejvious  fire. 
[.Vo(  proper.]  Prior. 

PER'VIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  ad- 
mitting passage  or  of  being  penetrated  ; 
as  the  ptrviousness  of  glass  to  light. 

Boyle. 

PESA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  passade.  See  Pass.] 
The  motion  of  a  horse  when  he  raises  his 
fore  quarters,  kee[)ing  his  hind  feet  on  the 
ground  without  advancing.  Far.  Diet. 

PE'SO,  n.  [supra.]  A  Spanish  coin  weigh- 
ing an  ounce  ;  a  piaster;  a  piece  of  eight. 

Sp.  Diet. 

PESSARY,  71.  [Fr.  pessaire  ;  ll.  pessario  ; 
L.  pessus.] 

A  solid  substance  composed  of  wool,  lint  or 
linen,  mixed  HJlli  jiowder,  oil,  wax,  &c. 
made  roiuid  and  long  like  a  linger,  to  bo 
introduced  into  the  neck  of  the  matrix  for 
the  cure  of  some  disorder.  Encyc. 

An  instrument  that  is  introduced  into  the  va- 


PES 


PET 


PET 


gina  to  support  tlie  uterus.     It  is  made  of 
wood,  clastic  gum,  waxed  linen,  &.c. 

Jlooptr.  Cooper. 
PEST,  n.  [Fr.  peste;  L.  pestis;  It.  pesle. 
whence  apuestare,  to  iiilecl  or  corrupt,  Sp. 
apestar.  Tiiese  words  may  be  allied  to 
the  lleb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  wxa  to  he  fetid,  Ar, 
to  beat  or  throw  down,  or  to  a  verb  of  that 
family.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to 
strike  or  beat,  hence  a  stroke.  See  Class 
Bs.  No.  25.  3!).  48.] 

1.  Plague ;  pestilence  ;  a  fatal  epidemic  dis- 
ease. 

Let  fierce  Achilles 
The  god  propitiate,  and  the  pest  assuage. 

Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  very  noxious,  mischievous  or 
destructive.  The  talebearer,  the  gambler, 
the  libertine,  the  drunkard,  are  pests  to  so- 
ciety. 

Of  all  virtues  justice  is  the  best ; 
Valor  without  it  is  a  common  pest. 

Waller 
PEST'ER,  V.  I.  [Fr.  pester.]  To  trouble  ;  to 
disturb  ;  to  annoy  ;  to  harass   with  little 
vexations. 

We  are  pestered  with  mice  and  rats.      More 

A   multitude   of  scribblers   daily  pester  the 

world  with  their  insufferable  stuff.         Drydcn 

2.  To  encumber.  Milton 

PEST'ERED,/»p.  Troubled  ;  disturbed  ;  an 
noyed. 

PEST'ERER,  n.  One  that  troubles  or  har- 
asses with  vexation. 

PEST' ERING, />;)(■.  TrouhlinR;  di.-iturhiiig, 

PEST'EROUS,  a.  Encumbering  ;  burden- 
some.    [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

PEST'HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  hospital  for 
persons  infected  with  any  contagious  and 
mortal  disease. 

PESTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pestis,  plague,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

1.  Pestilential ;  noxious  to  health ;  malig- 
nant ;   infectious  ;   contagious. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Noxious  to  peace,  to  morals  or  to  society ; 
mischievous ;  destructive. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious.  Shak. 
PEST'lLENCE,  n.  [L.  peslilentia,  from  pes 

tilens  ;  pestis,  plague.] 

1.  Plague,  appropriately  so  called;  but  in  a 
general  sense,  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  that  is  epidemic   and  mortal. 

Shak 

2.  Corruption  or  moral  disease  destructive 
to  happiness. 

Profligate    habits    carry  pestilence  into  the 
bosom  of  domestic  society.  J.  M.  Mason 

PEST'ILENT,  a.  [L.  pestilens,  from  pestis, 
plague.] 

1.  Producing  the  plague,  or  other  malignant, 
contagious  disease ;  noxious  to  health  and 
life  ;  as  a  pestilent  air  or  climate.      Bacon. 

2.  Mischievous  ;  noxious  to  morals  or  socie- 
ty ;  destructive ;  in  a  general  sense ;  as 
pestilent  books. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  mischievous ;  making  dis- 
turbance ;  corrupt  ;  as  a  pestilent  fellow. 
Acts  xxiv. 

PESTILEN'TIAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  plague  or  other  infectious  dis- 
ease ;  as  a  pestilential  fever. 

2.  Producing  or  tending  to  produce  infec- 
tious disease  ;  as  pestilential  vapors. 

3.  Miscliievous  ;  destructive  :  pernicious. 

South. 


PEST'ILENTLY,  arff.  Mischievously;  de- 
structively. 

PESTILLA'TION,  ?i.  [from  L.  pislillum, 
Eng.  pestle.] 

The  act  of  jjouuding  and  bruising  in  a  mor- 
tar.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

PF^STI,E,  n.  pes'l.  [L.  pistillum,  and  proba- 
bly pinso,  tor  piso,  to  pound  or  beat;  Sw. 
piika,  to  strike.     Sec;  Pest.] 

An  instrument  for  pounding  and  breaking 
substances  in  a  mortar.  Locke.\ 

Pestle  of  pork,  a  ganmion  of  bacon. 

Ainsworth. 

PET,  n.  [This  word  may  be  contracted  from 
petulant,  or  belong  to  the  root  of  that 
word.     Pecmsh,  which  is  evidently  a  con- 

I  tracted  word,  may  be  from  the  same 
root.] 

A  slight  fit  of  peevishness  or  fretful  discon- 
tent. 

Life  givers  for  noble  purposes  must  not  be 
thrown  away  in  ajp«(,  nor  whined  away  in  love 

Collier. 

PET,  71.  [formerly  peat.  Q,u.  W.  peth,  a  lit- 
tle ;  pethan,  a  babe  or  little  thing ;  D.  bout, 
a  duck  or  dear ;  Ir.  baidh,  love ;  L.  peto,  or 

o  - 
Gr.   fto9os,  xoBiu.     In   Pcrs.    C\j    bat  is 

an  idol,  a  dear  friend,  a  mistress.  In  Russ. 
pitayu  signifies  to  feed,  nourish  or  bring 
up.  The  real  origin  of  the  word  is  doubt- 
ful.] 

1.  A  cade  lamb;  a  lamb  brought  up  by 
hand. 

2.  A  fondling;  any  little  animal  fondled  and 
indulged.  Taller. 

PET,  V.  t.  To  treat  as  a  pet ;  to  fondle  ;  to 
indulge. 

PE'TAL,  n.  [Vr.  petale  ;  Gr.  xira.>jov,  from 
ftetaa,  to  expand,  L.  pateo.  Class  Bd.  No. 
65.  &c.] 

In  botany,  a  flower  leaf.  In  flowers  of  one 
petal,  the  corol  ami  petal  are  the  same.  In 
flowers  of  several  petals,  the  corol  is  the 
whole,  and  the  petals  are  the  parts,  or  the 
petal  is  one  of  the  leaves  of  which  the 
whole  corol  is  comi>osed.  Marti/n 

PET  ALED.     )      Having  petals;  as  a  pet- 

PET' A  LOUS,  ^"'aled  flower;  opposed  to 
apetalous.  This  word  is  much  used  in 
compounds;  as  ono-petaled ;  threc-petaled. 

PET'ALINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  petal  ;  at- 
tached to  a  petal ;  as  a  petaline  nectary. 

Barton. 

PET'ALISM,  n.  [Gr.  !tito.\taitos.  See  Petal.] 
A  form  of  sentence  among  the  ancient 
Syracusaus,  by  which  they  proscribed  a 
citizen  whose  wealth  or  popularity  alarm 
ed  their  jealousy,  or  who  was  suspected  of 
aspiring  to  sovereign  power ;  temporary 
proscription,  or  banishment  for  five  years. 
The  mode  was  to  give  their  votes  by  writ- 
ing his  name  on  a  leaf  Petalism  in  Syra- 
cuse answered  to  o.itracism   in  Athens. 

Enci/c.     Vijc. 

PET'ALITE,  n.  [Gr.  Hitaxov,  a  leaf.]  A  rare 
mineral  occurring  in  masses,  having  a  fol 
iated  structure ;  its  color  milk  white  or 
shaded  with  gray,  red  or  green.  The  new 
alkali,  litliia,  was  first  discovered  in  this 
mineral.  CleaveUind. 

PET'ALOID,  a.  [jitlal  and  Gr.  fiSoj,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  petals. 

Barton.     Rafnesque. 


3L,  }      An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  gc 
'-.,     ^    '  nus  Procellaria. 


PET'AL-SHAPED,  a.  Having  the  shape  of 
a  petal. 

PET'ARD,  n.  [It.  Sp.  petardo;  Fr.  pet- 
ard.] 

An  engine  of  war  made  of  metal,  nearly  in 
the  shape  of  a  hat,  to  be  loaded  with  pow- 
der and  fixcil  on  a  madrier  or  plank,  and 
used  to  break  gates,  barricades,  draw- 
bridges and  the  like,  by  explosion. 

Encyc. 

PETECHIA,  n.  [Sp.  petequia;  It.  peiec- 
chia.] 

Purple  spots  which  appear  on  the  skin  in 
malignant  fevers. 

PETE'€IIIAL,  a.  [Sp.  petequial;  It.  petec- 

chiak.] 
Spotted.     A  petechial  fever  is  a  malignant 

fever  accompanied  with  [uirple  spots  on 

the  skin. 

PETRf'  (    ^^^^  Saltpeter.] 

PET  EREL, 

PET'REL, 

PE'TERPENCE,  n.  A  tax  or  tribute  for- 
merly paid  by  tiie  English  people  to  the 
pope  ;  being  a  penny  for  every  hou.-ie,  pay- 
able at  Lammas  day.  It  was  called  also 
Romescot.  Hall. 

PE'TERWORT,  n.  A  plant. 

PET'IOLAK,     ?        Pertaining  to  a  petiole. 

PET'iOLARY,  S  or  proceeding  from  it; 
as  a  petiolar  tendril. 

2.  Formed  from  a  petiole  ;  as  a  petiolar  bud. 

3.  Growing  on  a  petiole  ;  as  a  />e<iotar  gland. 

Marty  n. 

PET'IOL.'VTE,  >       Growing  on  a  petiole ; 

PET'lOLED,     S  "■  as  a  petiotatc  leaf. 

Martyn. 

PETIOLE,  n.  [L.  petiolus,  probably  a  di- 
minutive from  pes,  pedis.] 

In  botany,  a  leaf-stalk  ;  the  foot-stalk  of  a 
leaf.  Martyn. 

PETIT,  a.  pet'ty.  [Fr.  See  Petty.]  Small ; 
little  ;  mean.  South. 

This  v/ord  petit  is  now  generally  written 
petty. 

Petit  constable,  an  inferior  civil  officer  subor- 
rliriate  to  the  high  constable. 

Petit  jurt/.  n  jury  of  twelve  freeholders  who 
are  cmpanneled  to  try  causes  at  the  bar  of 
a  court ;  so  called  in  distinction  from  the 
grand  jury,  which  tries  the  truth  of  in- 
dictments. 

Petit  larceny,  the  stealing  of  goods  of  the  val- 
ue of  twelve  pence,  or  under  that  amount ; 
opposed  to  grand  larceny. 

Petit  serjeanty,  in  English  law,  the  tenure  of 
lands  of  the  king,  by  the  service  of  ren- 
dering to  him  annually  some  implement  of 
war,  as  a  bow,  an  arrow,  a  sword,  lance, 
&c. 

Petit  treason,  the  crime  of  killing  a  person, 
to  whom  the  offender  owes  duty  or  sub- 
jection. Tiuis  it  is  petit  treason  for  a  wife 
to  kill  her  husband,  or  a  servant  his  lord 
or  master.  Blackstone. 

PETIT- iVIAITRE,  n.  pel'ty-mailre.  [Fr.  u 
little  master.] 

A  spruce  fellow  that  dangles  about  females ; 
a  fop  ;  a  coxcomb.  Mdison. 

PETI  'TION,  n.  [L.  petilio,  from  peto,  to 
ask,  ]>roi)erly  to  urge  or  press,  Sax.  bid- 
dan,  Goth,  bidyan,  G.  bitten,  D.  bidden, 
S\v.  bedia,  Dan.  beder,  Sp.  pedir.  Arm. 
pidi,    Ir.    iinpidhim,   Corn,  pidzha.     Qu. 


PET 


PET 


PEW 


Cli.  U'9  to  supplicate.     See  Class  Bd.  No. 
57.  03.  64.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication 
or  prayer;  but  cliiefly  and  appropriately, 
a  solemn  or  formal  supplication  ;  a  prayer 
addressed  by  a  person  to  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing, for  something  needed  or  desired,  or  a 
branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer. 

Law. 

2.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal 
or  written  ;  particularly,  a  written  suppli- 
cation from  an  inferior  to  a  superior,  ei- 
ther to  a  single  person  clothed  with  pow- 
er, or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,  grant,  right  or  mercy. 

3.  The  ])aper  containing  a  supplication  or 
solicitation.  Much  of  the  time  of  our  le- 
gislative bodies  is  consumed  in  attending 
to  private  petitions.  The  speaker's  table 
is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Petitions 
to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain 
nothing  reflecting  on  the  administration. 

Encyc. 
PETl"TION,  V.  i.  To  make  a  request  to ; 
to  ask  from ;  to  solicit ;  particularly,  to 
make  supplication  to  a  superior  for  some 
favor  or  right ;  as,  to  petition  the  legisla- 
ture ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  molher petitioned]ter  goddess  to  bestow 
on  them  the  greatest  gift  that  could  be  given. 

Addison. 
PETI'TIONARILY,  adv.   By  way  of  beg- 
ging the  question.  Brown. 
PETi"TIONARY,   a.   Supplicatory ;  com-j 
ing  with  a  petition. 

Panloii  thy /)f/i(io)iari/ countrymen.      tShiik. 
2.  Containing  a  petition  or  request ;  as  a  pe- 
titionary prayer  ;  a  petitionary  epistle. 

Hooker.     Sivijl. 
PETI"TIONER,  )i.  One  that  presents  a  pe- 
tition, either  verbal  or  written. 
PETP'TIONING,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor, 

grant,  right  or  mercy  ;  supplicating. 
PETP'TIONING,  n.  The  act  of  asking  or 
soliciting;  solicitation  ;  supplication.  Tu- 
multuous petitioning  is  made  penal  by 
statute. 
PET'ITORY,  a.  Petitioning ;  soliciting.  [Not 
used.]  Brewer. 

PETONG',  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  copper  of  a  white  color.  It  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  tutenag. 

Pinkerton. 
PETRE'AN,  a.  [L.  pctra,  a  rock.]  Pertain- 
ing to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 
PE'i'RES'CENCE,  ?i.  The  process  of  chang- 
ing into  stone.                                       Kirwun. 
PETRES'CENT,  a.   [Gr.  ttitfos,  a  stone,  L. 

pctra.] 
Converting  into  stone ;  changing  into  stony 
hardness.  Boyle. 

PETRIFACTION,  n.  [See  Petrify.]  The 
process  of  changing  into  stono;  ;  the  con- 
version of  wood  or  any  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble substance  into  stone  or  a  body  of  stony 
harilncss. 

When  tlic  water  in  which  wood  h  lodged  is 
slightly  impregnated  witli  petrescent  particles, 
tlie  petrifaction  very  slowly  tal.es  place. 

Kirwan 
2.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  into  stone. 

— The  cak-arioiis  petrifaction  called  ostco- 

colla.  Kirwan. 

An  organized   body  rendered  hard  by 

depositions  of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities. 

Ure 


3.  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with 
stony  matter  ;   an  incrustation. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PETRIFAC'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  petri- 
faction. 

2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  an- 
imal substances  into  stone.  Broion. 

PETRIFTC,  a.  Having  power  to  convert 
into  stone.  Milton 

The  cold,  dry,  petrific  mace  of  a  false  and  un- 
feeling philosophy.  Burke 

PET'RIFICATE,  v.  t.  To  petrify.  [JVot 
used.]  Hall. 

PETRIFICATION,  71.  The  process  of  petri- 
fying- 

2.  That  which  is  petrified ;  a  i)etrifaction. 
[The  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

3.  Obdiuacy  ;  callousness.  Hallywell. 
iPET'RIFIED,  pp.  Changed  into  stone! 

12.  Fixed  in  amazement. 
iPET'RlFY,   V.  t.    [L.  petra,    Gr.     rtfrpoj,  a 
stone  or  rock,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance ; 
as  an  animal  or  vegetable  substance. 

North  of  Quito,  there  is  a  river  thdi  petrijiefi 
any  sort  of  wood  or  leaves.  ICirwan 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  pet- 
rify the  heart. 

And  petrify  a  genius  to  a  dunce.  Pope 

3.  To  fi,\ ;  as,  to  petiify  ouo  with  astonish- 
ment. 

PET'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  stone,  or  of  a 
stony    hardness,   as  animal  or    vegetable 
substances  by  means  of  calcarious  or  oth 
er  depositions  in  their  cavities. 

PET'RIFYlXG.ppc.  Convening  into  stone 
as  petrifying  operation.  Kirwan. 

PE'TRO'L,  )        [Fr.  petrole,  from   Gr. 

PETRO'LEUM,  \  "•  rtfrpoj,  a  stone,  and 
iXaiov,  oil ;  quasi  petrolaion.] 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid  intiainmable  substance  or 
bitumen  exsnding  from  the  earth  and  col- 
lected on  the  surfai-e  of  the  water  in  wells, 
in  vru'ious  parts  of  the  world,  or  oozing 
from  cavities  in  rocks.  Tiiis  is  essentially 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Fourcroy.     Kirwan.     Cyc. 

PET'RONEL,  n.  A  horseman's  pistol. 

PET'ROlSILEX,  n.  [L.  pctra,  Gr.  nitpof,  a 
stone,  and  silex,  flint.] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PETROSILI'CIOUS,  a.  Consisting  ofpe 
trosilex  ;  as  pelrosilicious  breccias. 

Kirwan. 

PE'TROUS,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  stone.]  Like 
stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper. 

PET'TICOAT,  n.  [Fr.  petit,  petty,  and  coat] 
A  garment  worn  by  females  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs. 

PET'TIFOG,  V.  i.  [Fr.  petit,  small,  and 
voguer,  to  row.  But  in  Nornuin,  voguer\ 
is  rendered  to  call  again,  to  return,  as  if 
from  L.  I'oro,  like  advocate.] 

To  do  small  business;  as  a  lawyer.  [Vid- 
gar.] 

PET'TIFOGGER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney 
or  lawyer  who  is  employed  in  small  or 
mean  business. 

PETTIFOGGERY,  n.  The  practice  of  a 
pettifogger  ;  tricks  ;  quibbles.  Milton. 

PET'TlNESS,  n.  [from  petty.]  Smallness  ; 
littleness.  Shak. 

PET'TISH,  a.  [from  pet.]  Fretful;  peevish; 
subject  to  freaks  of  ill  teiiiper.  Creech. 

PET'TISHLY,  adv.  in  a  jiet  :  with  a  freak 
of  ill  temper. 


PET'TISHNESS,  n.  Fretfulness  ;  petu- 
lance ;  peevishness.  Collier 

PET'TITOES,  n.  [petty  and  toes.]  The  toee 
or  feet  of  a  pig ;  sometimes  used  for  the 
human  feet  iu  contempt.  Shak. 

PETTO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 
The  breast ;  hence, in  petto,  in  secrecy  ;  in 
reserve.  Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.  [Fr.  petit.]  Small ;  little  ;  tri- 
fling ;  inconsiderable ;  as  a  petty  trespass ; 
a  petty  crime.  Miiton. 

2.  Inferior;  as  a peH^  prince.  Denham. 

\Ve  usually  write  petty  constable,  petty 
jury,  petty  larceny,  petty  treason.  [See 
Petit.] 

PET  TYCHAPS,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Motacilla,  called  also  beambird ;  found 
iu  the  north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

The  beambird  is  the  spotted  fly-catcher, 
of  the  genus  Muscicapa.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TY€OY,  n.  An  herb.  JKnsworth. 

PET'ULANCE,  (      [h.  petulatitia  ;  Fr.  pet- 

PET' UL ANC Y,  p- usance.] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  jiettishness  ; 
sauciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  with  petulance ;  the  former 
implying  more  permanence  of  a  sour,  fret- 
ful temper;  the  latter  more  temporary  or 
capricious  irritation. 

'I  hat  which  looked  like   pride  in  some,  and 

petulance  in  others.  Clarendon. 

The  pride  and  petulance  of  youth.        fVatIs 

PET'ULANT,  a.  [L.  petulans.]  Saucy  ;  pert 
or  forward  with  fretfulness  or  sourness  of 
temper  ;  as  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance;  proceeding  from 
])ettishness  ;  as  a  petulant  demand ;  a  pet- 
ulant answer. 

3.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 
PETULANTLY,    adv.     With    petulance; 

with  saucy  pertness. 

PETUNSE,     )  Porcelain     clay 

PETUNTSE,  }  n.peluns'.  so   called,   used 

PETUNTZE,  )  by  the  Chinese 

in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  or  china- 
ware.     It  is  a  variety  of  feldspar. 

Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

PEW,  n.  [D.  pui/e;  L.  podium.]  An  inclosed 
.seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  formerly 
made  square  ;  in  modern  churches  in 
America  they  are  generally  long  and  nar- 
row, and  sometimes  called  slips. 

PEAV,  II.  (.  To  furnish  \vith  pews.  [Little 
used.]  ^sh. 

PE'WET,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  sea  crow 
or  mire  crow,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  lapwing.  Ainsworth. 

PEW'-FELLOW,  n.  A  companion. 

Bp.  Halt. 

PEWTER,  n.  [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  peltre,  from 
which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I 
into  w,  as  the  French  change  belle  into 
beau.  We  receive  the  word  from  the 
Norm,  peautre.] 

1.  A  coinpii.sition  or  factitious  metal,  consist- 
ing of  tin  and  lead,  or  tin,  lead  and  brass, 
in  the  proportions  of  a  hundred  pounds  of 
tin  to  fifteen  of  lead,  and  si.\  of  brasa. 
This  was  formerly  in  extensive  use  in  do- 
mestic utensils  or  vessels  ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less 
u.sed. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter ;  as 
plates,  dishes,  porringers  and  the  like. 

.Iddison. 


P  H  A 


P  H  A 


P  H  E 


PEW'TERER,  n.  Otie  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  vessels  and  utensils  of  pewter. 

Boyle. 
PHA'ETON,  n.  [Gr.  from  ^oww,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  mylholoffi/,  tlie  son  of  Phuibtis  ami  Cly- 
mene,  or  otX'ephalus  and  Aurora,  that  is, 
the  son  of  light  or  of  the  sun.  This  aspir 
ingyoutli  bcfjged  of  Phoehus  that  he  wouh 
permit  liini  to  guide  the  chariot  of  the  sun, 
in  doing  which  he  nianilested  want  ol 
skill,  and  heing  struck  with  a  thunderbolt 
by  Jupiter,  he  was  hurled  headlong  into 
the  river  Po.  This  fuhle  probably  orig 
inaled  in  the  appearance  of  a  comet  witi 
a  splendid  train,  which  passeil  from  the 
sight  in  the  northwest  of  Italy  and  Greece 

2.  An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four 
wheels,  and  drawn  by  two  horses. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  genus  of  fowls,  the  tropic 
bird. 

PHAGEDEN'le,  a.  [Gr.  ^ythaivixo^,  from 
^oyu,  to  eat.] 

Eating  or  corroding  flesh  ;  as  a  phagedenic 
ulcer  or  medicine. 

Phagedenic  water,  is  made  from  quick  lime 
and  corrosive  sublimate. 

PHAGEDEN'le,  n.  A  medicine  or  applica 
tion   that   eats    away   proud   or   fungous 
flesh.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

PHALAN'(5lOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^xiXoyywi',  a  kind 
of  spider,  from  ipa%ay%.] 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denomi- 
nated tpa.'Kayyi.ov,  phalangium.  Broivn. 

PHAL'ANtilTE,  7i.  [Gr.  fa^xvyyit^S,  a  le- 
gionary soldier.] 

A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.      Mitford. 

PHAL'ANX,  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  ^taayl.]  In  Grecian 
antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body  of 
soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close 
and  deep,  with  their  shields  joined  and 
pikes  crossing  each  other,  so  as  to  render 
it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its 
force,  consisted  of  8000  men;  but  smaller 
bodies  of  soldiers  were  called  by  the  s;une 
name.  Encyc.     Mitford. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  dis- 
tinguished for  firmness  and  solidity  of 
union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  three  rowsof  small  bones 
forming  the  fingers. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  term  used  to  express 
the  arrangement  of  the  columns  of  a  sort 
of  fossil  corolloid,  called  lithostrotion,  found 
in  Wales.  fVoodward. 

PIIAL'AROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  water  fowls  inhabiting  the 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  America. 

Pennant. 
PHAN'TASM,  ji.  [Gr.  ■jxtt-rai^a,  from  $or- 
raju,  to  show,  from  the  root   of  ijioiru,  to 
shine  ;  tfawufnai,,  to  appear.] 
That  which  appears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image 
of  an  external  object ;  hence,  an  idea   ur 
notion.     It  usually  denotes  a  vain  or  airy 
appearance  ;  something  imagined. 
All  the  intciim  is 
Like  a  phantasm  or  a  hideous  dream.     Shak. 

PUANTAS'TIC,  (  [See  Fantastic  anA  Fan- 

PHAN'TASy.     s      <:y-] 

PHAN'TOM,    n.    [Fr.  fantome,  corrupted 

from  L.  phatitasma.] 
1.  Something  that  apjiears ;  an  apparition 

a  specter. 


Strange  phantoms  rising  as  the  amis  arite. 


Pope. 
2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope. 

PIIA'RAON,  «.  The  name  of  a  game  of 
chance. 

PHARAON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Phara 
ohsor  kingsof  Egy|)t,  or  to  the  old  Egyp- 
tians. .Viehuhr. 

PHARISAIC,        I       [from  Pharisee.)  I'cr 

PHARISA'I€AL,  S  taining  to  the  Phari- 
secH ;  resembling  the  Pharisees,  a  sect 
among  the  .lew.s,  distinguished  by  their 
zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and 
by  their  exact  observance  of  these  tradi- 
tions and  the  ritual  law.  Hence  pharisnic 
denotes  addicted  to  external  forms  and 
ceremonies ;  making  a  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PHARISA'IeALNESS,  n.  Devotion  to  ex- 
ternal rites  and  ceremonies  :  external 
show  of  religion   without  the  spirit  of  it 

PHAR'ISAISAI,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines 
and  conduct  of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  re- 
ligion without  genuine  piety  ;  hypocrisy 
in  religion.  Encyc.     Miiner. 

PHARISE'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice 
of  the  Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'ISEE,  Ji.  [Heb.  013,  to  separate. 
One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  re 
ligion  consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of 
rites  and  ceremonies  and  of  the  traditions 
of  the  elders,  and  whose  pretended  holi- 
ness led  them  to  .sci)arate  themselves  as  a 
sect, considering  themselves  as  more  right- 
eous than  other  Jews. 

PHARMACEl'TIC,        )       [Gr   ().ap^ax£v- 

PHARMACEU'TICAL,  S  rixof,  from  tap- 
fiaxd'w,  to  practice  witchcraft  or  use 
meilicinc;  ifajj.uaxoi',  poison  or  meilicine.] 

t'crtaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  phar- 
macy, or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 

PHARMACEU'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the 
maimer  of  pharmacv. 

PHARMACEUTICS",  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  and  exhibiting  medicines. 

Parr. 

PHAR'MACOIJTE,  )j.  Arseniatn  of  lime, 
snow  white  or  milk  white,  inclining  to 
re(hlish  or  yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in 
small  reniform,  botryoidal  and  globularj 
masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster.  Dlct.\ 

PHARMACOL'OlilST,  n.  [Gr.  fofuaxo,' 
and  J.fyoJ.] 

One  that  writes  on  drugs,  or  the  composi- 
tion and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Woodward. 

PHARMACOL'OtiY,  n.  [supra.]  The  sci- 
ence or  knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of 
preparing  medicines. 

2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. Encyc. 

PHARMACOPOEIA,  }         [Gr.     ^o^j/hoxo^ 

PHAR'MACOPY,  S  Ji"*!  «""">  1° 
make.] 

!A  dispensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describ- 
ing the  preparations  of  the  several  Icinds 
of  medicines,  with  their  uses  and  manner 
of  ai)plication. 

PHARMACOP'OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  ^ap^oxor 
and  rtuiitu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  medi- 
cines; an  apothecary. 

PHAR'MACY,  n.  [Gr.  $ap/taxf«i,  a  me- 
dicament, whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 


iThe  art  or  practice  of  preparing,  preser\iug 


and  compounding  substances,  whether 
vegetable,  mineral  or  animal,  for  the  |)ur- 
poses  of  medicine ;  the  occupation  of  an 
apothecary.  Encyc. 

PIIA'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  $apoj.  This  word  is  geii- 
ernlly  supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name 
of  a  small  isle,  near  Alexanilria,  in  Egypt. 
But  qu.  is  not  the  word  iVoin  the  root  ot'fire, 
or  from  the  Celtic  fnirim,  to  watch,  and 
the  isU'  so  called  from  the  tower  upon  it.-"] 
1.  A  light-house  or  tower  which  am-iently 
stood  on  a  small  isle  of  that  iiajiic,  adjoin- 
ing the  Egyptian  shore,  over  against  .-Vl- 
exandria.  It  consisted  of  several  stories 
and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
I  which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a 
guide  to  seamen.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

:2.  Any  light-house  for  the  direction  of  sea- 
!  men;  a  watch-tower ;  a  beacon. 
PIIARYNGOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  t°vvy|,  the 
muscular  and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to 
j  the  esophagus,  and  rt^no,  to  cut.] 
The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into 
i  the  pharynx  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any 
j  thing  that  obstructs  the  passage.  C'oje. 
PH-iVSE,  }  phi.  phases.  [Gr.  ijiast;,  from 
PHA'SIS,  \  "■  ^aivui,  :j>ttu,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance;  that 
which  is  e.vliibited  to  the  eye;  appropri- 
ately, any  appearance  or  quantity  of  illu- 
mination of  the  moon  or  other  planet. 
The  moon  presents  difl'erent /)A(Mcs  at  the 
full  and  the  quadratures. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  transparent  green  quartz. 

Cyc. 

PHAS'EL,  71.  [Gr.  ^afjr^xoi  or  faito%os.]  The 
French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 

PHASM,      (       [Gr.  from  t<^>'.,(j!au,  su|ira.] 

PHAS'MA,  i"'  Appearance;  fancied  appa- 
rition ;  phantom.     [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

PHAS'SACHATE,  n.  The  lead  colored 
agate.     [Hec  .igati.]  Encyc. 

PHEASANT,  )(.  phez'ant.  [Fr.  faisnn ;  It. 
fagiano  ;  Sp.  faysan  ;  L.  phasianus  ;  Gr. 
iJ)a5iaio{ ;  Rtiss.  phazan ;  supposed  to  be 
BO  named  from  the  river  Phasis,  in  Asia. 
Rut  is  it  not  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spotted^  See  Class  Bs.  No.  3i.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Phasianus,  of  beautifid 
plumage,  and  its  flesh  delicate  food. 

PHEER,  71.  A  coiripanion.  [Sax.  gefera.] 
[See  Peer.] 

PHEESE,  t>.  /.  To  comb.     [See  Fease.] 

PHEN'tilTE,  71.    [(Jr.  tfiT'Ti.  from  ^ty/w, 

to  shine.] 
A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  superior  in 

brightness  to  tnostspccies  of  marbles. 

£iic^c. 
PHEN'ICOPTER,     ti.     [Gr.    f'-'^ortftpo;, 

red  winged  ;    ifooaxos-,     red,    and    jtrtpor, 

wing.] 
A   fowl   of  the  genus   Phaenicopterus,  the 

flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of 

both  continents.  HaUeu-ill. 

PHE'NIX,  n.  [Gr.  9011.5;    L.   phanix,  the 

palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fowl  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes. 

Locke. 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 
PHENOGAM'IAN,  a.  [Gr.   *o(m  and  ya- 


PET 


PET 


PEW 


Ch.  O'S  to  supplicate.     See  Class  Bfl.  No. 
57.  C,3.  64.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sense,  a  request,  supplication 
or  prayer;  but  chiefly  and  appropriately, 
a  solemn  or  formal  supplication  ;  a  prayer 
addressed  by  a  person  to  the  Supreme  Be 
ing,  for  something  needed  or  desired,  or  a 
branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer. 

Law. 

2.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal 
or  written  ;  particularly,  a  written  suppli- 
cation from  an  inferior  to  a  superior,  ei- 
ther to  a  single  person  clothed  with  pow- 
er, or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,  grant,  right  or  mercy. 

3.  The  paper  containing  a  supplication  or 
solicitation.  Much  of  the  time  of  our  le- 
gislative bodies  is  consumed  in  attending 
to  private  petitions.  The  speaker's  table 
is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Petitions 
to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain 
nothing  reflecting  on  the  administration. 

Encyc. 
PETl"TION,  V.  t.  To  make  a  request  to  ; 
to  ask  from ;  to  solicit ;  particularly,  to 
make  supplication  to  a  superior  for  some 
favor  or  right ;  as,  to  petition  the  legisla- 
ture ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  mother  petitioned  her  goddess  to  bestow 
on  them  the  greatest  gift  that  could  be  given. 

Mddison. 
PETI'TIONARILY,  adv.  By  way  of  beg- 
ging the  question.  Brown. 
PETI"T10NARY,   a.   Supplicatory  ;  com- 
ing with  a  petition. 

Pardon  thy  petitionary  countrymen.     Shak. 
2.  Containing  a  petition  or  request;  a.s  a  pe- 
titionary prayer  ;  a  petitionary  epistle. 

Hooker.     Swijl. 
PETP'TIONER,  n.  One  that  presents  a  pe- 
tition, either  verbal  or  written. 
PETP'TIONING,  ppr.  Asking  as  a  favor, 

grant,  right  or  mercy  ;  supplicating. 
PETP'TIONING,  n.  The  act  of  asking  or 
soliciting;  solicitation  ;  supplication.  Tu- 
multuous petitioning  is  made  penal  by 
statute. 
PET'ITORY,  a.  Petitioning ;  soliciting.  [JVot 
used.]  Brewer. 

PETONG',  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  copper  of  a  white  color.  It  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  tutenag. 

Piiikerlon. 
PETRE'AN,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  rock.]  Pertain- 
ing to  rock  or  stone.  Faber. 
PET  RES'CENCE,!!.  The  process  of  chang- 
ing into  stone.                                       Kirwan. 
PETRES'CENT,  a.  [Gr.  rtitpos,  a  stone,  L. 

petra.] 
Converting  into  stone;  changing  into  stony 
hardness.  Boyle. 

PETRIFACTION,  n.  [See  Petrify.]  The 
proce-ss  of  changing  into  stone  ;  the  con- 
version of  wood  or  any  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble substance  into  stone  or  a  body  of  stony 
hardness. 

Wlicn  tlio  water  in  which  wood  is  lodged  is 
slightly  iEiipregnated  with  petrescciit  particles, 
the  2'elrifactiun  very  slowly  ta:.es  place. 

JCirwan. 
2.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  into  stone. 

— The  calcarious  petrifaction  called  osteo- 

colla.  Kirwcin . 

An  organized   body  rendered  hard  by 

depositions  of  stony  matter  in  its  cavities. 

Ure. 


3.  In  popular  usage,  a  body  incrusted  with 
stony  matter  ;   an  incrustation. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PETRIFAC'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  petri- 
faction. 

2.  Having  power  to  convert  vegetable  or  an- 
imal substances  into  stone.  Broivn. 

PETRIF'le,  a.  Having  power  to  convert 
into  stone.  Milton. 

The  cold,  ivy ,  petrifc  mace  of  a  false  and  un- 
feeling philosophy.  Burke. 

^PET'RIFICATE,  v.  t.  To  petrify.  LVo< 
used.]  Hall. 

jPETRIFICA'TION,n. The  process  of  petri- 
fying. 

|2.  That  which  is  petrified ;  a  petrifaction. 
[The  latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

C.^.  Obduracy  ;  callousness.  Hallywcll. 

iPET'RIKIED,  ;);j.  Changed  into  stone. 

2.   Fixed  in  amazeitient. 

PET'RIFY,   V.  t.    [L.  petra,    Gr.    rtitpoi,  a 

i     stone  or  rock,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  substance ; 
I  as  an  animal  or  vegetable  substance. 
I  North  of  Quito,  there  is  a  river  thAt  petrifies 
I       any  sort  of  wood  or  leaves.  Kirwan. 

2.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  pet- 
rify the  heart. 

And  petrify  a  genius  to  a  dunce.  Pope. 

.3.  To  fi.K ;  as,  to  petrify  one  with  astonish- 
ment. 

PET'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  become  stone,  or  of  a 
stony  hardness,  as  animal  or  vegetable 
substances  by  means  of  calcarious  or  oth- 
er depositions  in  their  cavities. 

PET'RIFYIXGjP;*;-.  Converting  into  stone; 
as  petrifying  operation.  Kirwnn. 

PE'TROL,  }        [Fr.  petrole,  frotn   Gr. 

PETRO'LEUM,  \  "■  rttrpo;,  a  stone,  and 
(Xaior,  oil ;  quasi  pelrolaion.] 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid  inflammable  substance  or 
bitumen  e.xsuding  from  the  earth  aud  col- 
lected on  the  suri'ace  of  tiie  water  in  wells, 
in  various  jrarts  of  the  world,  or  oozing 
from  cavities  in  rocks.  This  is  essentially 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Fourcroy.     Kirwan.     Cyc. 

PET'RONEL,  n.  A  horseman's  pistol. 

PET'ROSILEX,  n.  [L.  petra,  Gr.  rtfTpo;,  a 
stone,  and  siler,  flint.] 

Rock  stone  ;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PETROSILI'CIOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  pe- 
trosilex  ;  as  petrosilicious  breccias. 

Kirwan. 

PE'TROUS,  a.  [L.  petra,  a  stone.]  Like 
stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper} 

PET'TleOAT,  )i.  [Fr.  pe«t<,  petty,  and  coa<.] 
A  garment  worn  by  females  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs.  j 

PET'TIFOG,  V.  i.  [Fr.  petit,  small,  and; 
voguer,  to  row.  But  in  Norman,  voguer\ 
is  rendered  to  call  again,  to  return,  as  if 
from  L.  roco,  like  advocate.] 

To  do  small  business  ;  as  a  lawyer.  [  Vid- 
gar.] 

PET'TIFOGGER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney 
or  lawyer  who  is  employed  in  small  or 
mean  business. 

PETTIFOGGERY,  n.  The  practice  of  a 
pettifogger;  tricks;  quibbles.  Milton 

PET'TINESS,  71.  [from;je%.]  Smallness 
littleness.  Shak. 

PET'TISH,  n.  [I'rom  pet.]  Fretful;  peevish 
subject  to  freaks  of  ill  temper.  Creech. 

PETTISHLY,  adv.  In  a  pet  ;  with  a  freak 
of  ill  temj)cr. 


PET'TISHNESS,  n.  Fretfulness  ;  petu- 
lance ;  peevishness.  Collier 

PET'TITOES,  n.  [petty  and  loes.]  The  toes 
or  feet  of  a  pig;  sometimes  used  for  the 
human  feet  in  contempt.  Shak. 

PETTO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 
The  breast ;  hence,  in  petto,  in  secrecy  ;  in 
reserve.  Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.  [Fr. petit.]  Small;  little;  tri- 
fling ;  inconsiderable ;  as  a  petty  trespass ; 
a  petty  crime.  MUton. 

2.  Inferior;  as  a  petty  jtriuce.  Denham. 

We  usually  write  pelly  constable,  petty 
jury,  petty  larceny,  petty  treason.  [See 
Petit.] 

PET  TYCHAPS,  n.  A  small  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Motacilla,  called  also  beambird ;  found 
in  the  north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

The  beambird  is  the  spotted  fly-catcher, 
of  the  genus  Muscicapa.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TYCOY,  n.  An  herb.  Jiinsimrth. 

iPET'ULANCE,  >      [L.  petulantia  ;  Fr.  pet- 

IPET'UL.^NCY,  I  "■  ulance.] 

Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  pettishness  ; 
sauciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely 
synonymous  with  petulance  ;  the  former 
itnplying  more  permanence  of  a  sour,  fret- 
ful temper;  the  latter  more  temporary  or 
capricious  irritation. 

']  hat  which  looked  like   pride  in  some,  and 

jietulance  in  others.  Clarendon. 

The  pride  iimi  petulance  of  youth.        Watts 

PET'ULANT,  a.  [L.  petulans.]  Saucy  ;  pert 
or  forward  with  fretfulness  or  sourness  of 
temper  ;  as  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance ;  proceeding  from 
pettishness;  as  a  petulant  demand;  a  pet- 
ulant answer. 

3.  Wanton  ;  freakish  in  passion. 
PETULANTLY,    adv.     With    petulance  ; 

with  saucy  pertness. 

PETUNSE,      ^  Porcelain    clay 

PETUNTSE,  }  n.petuns'.  so   called,   used 

PETUNTZE,  )  by  the  Chinese 

in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  or  china- 
ware.     It  is  a  variety  of  feldspar. 

Encyc.     Cleaveland. 

PEW,  n.  [D.  puye ;  L.  podium.]  An  inclosed 
seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  formerly 
made  square  ;  in  modern  churches  in 
America  tliey  are  generally  long  and  nar- 
row, and  sometimes  called  slips. 

PEW,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  pews.  [LillU 
used.]  ^Ish. 

PE'WET,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  sea  crow 
or  mire  crow,  of  the  genus  Larus. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  lapwing.  Ainsworth. 

PEW'-FELLOW,  n.  A  companion. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PEW'TER,  ?i.  [It.  peltro  ;  Sp.  peltre,  from 
which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I 
into  It),  as  the  French  change  belle  into 
beau.  We  receive  the  word  from  the 
Norm,  peaiitre.] 

1.  A  composition  or  factitious  metal,  consist- 
ing of  tin  and  lead,  or  tin,  lead  and  brass, 
in  the  (iroportions  of  a  hundreil  pounds  of 
tin  to  fifteen  of  lead,  and  si.\  of  brass. 
This  was  fornterly  in  extensive  use  in  do- 
mestic utensils  or  vessels  ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less 
used. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter ;  as 
plates,  dishes,  porringers  and  the  like. 

Addison. 


P  H  A 


P  H  A 


P  H  E 


PEW'TERER,  n.  Ouc  whose  occupation  is 
to  make  vessels  and  utensils  oC  pewter. 

Boyle 
PHA'ETON,  u.   [Gr.  from  fMvu,  to  sbine.i 

1.  lu  mylholoffy,  the  sou  of  Phu^bus  and  Cly- 
mene,  or  of  (Jephalus  and  Aurora,  that  is, 
the  son  of  light  or  of  the  sun.  This  aspir- 
ing youth  begged  of  Phoebus  that  he  would 
permit  bim  to  guide  the  chariot  of  the  sun, 
in  doing  which  he  manifesteil  want  ol 
skill,  and  being  struck  with  a  thunderbolt 
by  Jupiter,  he  was  hurled  headlong  into 
the  river  Po.  This  tiible  probaldy  orig 
inaled  in  the  ap[)earance  of  a  comet  will 
a  splendid  train,  which  passed  from  the 
sight  in  the  northwest  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

2.  An  open  carriage  like  a  chaise,  on  four 
wheels,  and  drawn  by  two  liorses. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  genus  of  fowls,  the  tropic 
bird. 

PHAGEDEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ^ayiiaivixof,  from 
^ayu,  to  cat.] 

Eating  or  corroding  flesh  ;  as  a  phagedenic 
ulcer  or  medicine. 

Phagedenic  water,  is  made  from  quick  lime 
and  corrosive  sublimate. 

PHAGEDEN'IC,  n.  A  medicine  or  applica 
lion  that  eats  away  proud  or  fungou; 
flesh.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

PHALAN'tilOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ijxiXayywi',  a  kind 
of  spider,  from  fafMy^.] 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denomi- 
nated 0a^ayyM»',  phalangium.  Brown. 

PIlAL'ANtilTE,  n.  [Gr.  ■^.axoyytr'jjs,  a  le- 
gionary soldier.] 

A  soldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.      Milford. 

PHAL'ANX,  71.  [L. ;  Gr.  0aXay§.]  In  Grecian 
antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body  of 
soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close 
and  deep,  with  their  shields  joined  and 
pikes  crossitig  eacli  other,  so  as  to  render 
it  almost  impossible  to  break  it.  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebrated  for  its 
force,  consisted  of  8000  men;  but  smaller 
bodies  of  soldiers  were  called  by  the  s;'nie 
name.  Encyc.     Milford. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  close 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  dis- 
tinguished for  firmness  and  solidity  of 
union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  three  rowsof  small  bones 
forming  the  fingers. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  term  used  to  express 
the  arrangement  of  the  columns  of  a  sort 
of  fossil  corolloid,  called  tithostrotion,  found 
in  Wales.  fVoodward. 

PIIAL'AROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  water  fowls  inhabiting  the 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  America. 

Pennant. 
PHAN'T.VSIM,  >i.  [Gr.  tcwra^Ma.  from  $ai- 
raju),  to  show,  from  the  root   of  ifiaiiu,  to 
shine  ;  tfawuinai,  to  appear.] 
That  which  a|)pears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image 
of  an  external  object ;  hence,  an  idea   or 
notion.     It  usually  denotes  a  vain  or  airy 
appearance  ;  something  imagined. 
Ail  the  iatciim  is 
Like  a  phantasm  or  a  hideous  dream.     Shak. 

PHANTAS'TIC,  /  [See  Fantastic  and  Fan- 

PHANTASY.      S       <y-] 

PHAN'TOM,    n.    [Fr.  fantime,  corrupted 

from  L.  phantasma.] 
I.  Something  that  apjjcars ;  an  apparition: 

a  specter. 


Strange  phantoms  rising  as  the  mists  ariire. 

Pope 

2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope 

PIIA'RAON,  «.  The  name  of  a  game  of 
chance. 

PHARAON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Phara 
ohs  or  kings  of  Egypt,  or  to  the  olil  Egyp- 
tians. .Vieliuhr. 

PHARISA'IC,        I       [from  Pharisee.]  Per 

PHARISA'ICAL,  ^  "'  taining  to  the  Phari- 
sees ;  resembling  the  Pharisees,  a  sect 
among  the  .Jews,  distinguished  by  their 
zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and 
by  their  exact  observance  of  these  tradi- 
tions and  the  ritual  law.  Hence  pharisnic 
denotes  addicted  to  external  forms  and 
ceremonies ;  making  a  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PHARISA'I€ALNESS,  n.  Devotion  to  ex- 
ternal rites  and  ceremonies  :  external 
show  of  religion  without  the  spirit  of  it. 

PH.VR'ISAISM,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines 
and  conduct  of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  re- 
ligion without  genuine  piety  ;  hypocrisy 
in  religion.  Encyc.     Milner. 

PHARISE'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice 
of  the  Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'ISEE,  Ji.    [Heb.   D-\3,  to   separate. 
One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  re 
ligion  consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of 
tes  and  ceremonies  and  of  the  traditions 


of  the  elders,  and   whose  pretended  hoi 
ncss  led  them  to  .separate  themselves  as  a 
sect, considering  themselves  as  more  right- 
eous than  other  Jews. 

PHARMACEr'TiC,        )       [Gr   ^.ap^axsu 

PHARMACEUTICAL,  S      ^'"o;,  from  tap 
fiaxeiw,    to    practice    witchcrall    or    use 
medicine;  f  p.'"*'">''i  IJoison  or  medicine.] 

i'ertaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  phar 
macy,  or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 

PHARMACEL'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the 
maimer  of  pharmacv. 

PHARM.\CEI)'T1CS",  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  and  exhibiting  medicines. 

Parr. 

PHAR'MACOLITE,  n.  Arscniate  of  lime, 
snow  white  or  milk  white,  inclining  to 
reddish  or  yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in 
small  reniform,  botryoidal  and  globular 
masses,  and  has  a  silky  luster.  Did. 

PHARMA€OL'0(iIST,  «.  [Gr.  foiiuaxoy 
and  7.iyu.] 

One  that  writes  on  drugs,  or  the  composi- 
tion and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Woodward. 

PHARMACOL'OtiY,  n.  [supra.]  The  sci- 
ence or  knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the  art  of 
I>reparing  medicines. 

2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. Encyc. 

PHARMACOPAl'IA,   ?  [Gr.     -pafnaxm 

PHAR'MACOPY,  S  and  rtoito,  to 
make.] 

A  dispensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describ- 

1     ing  the  preparations  of  the  several  kinds 

I     of  medicines,  with  their  uses  and  manner 

I     of  n])plication. 

PHARMACOP  OLIST,  n.  [Gr.  #ap^*o^ 
and  rtuTisu,  to  sell.]  One  that  sells  medi- 
cines; an  apothecary. 

PHARMACY,  n.  [Gr.  ^op^joxtio,  a  me- 
dicament, whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 


The  art  or  practice  of  preparing,  preserving 
and  compounding  substances,  whether 
vegetable,  mineral  or  ainrnal,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  medicine ;  the  occupation  of  an 
apothecary.  Encyc. 

PHA'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  4>apo5.  This  word  is  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name 
of  a  small  isle,  near  Alexandria,  in  Egypt. 
But  qu.  is  not  the  word  from  the  root  ot'/ire, 
or  from  the  Celtic  fnirim,  to  watch,  and 
the  isle  so  called  from  the  tower  upon  it?] 

1.  A  light-house  or  lower  which  anciently 
stood  on  a  small  isle  of  that  name,  adjoin- 

'  ing  the  Egyptian  shore,  over  against  .\l- 
exandria.  It  consisted  of  several  stories 
and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  the  top, 
which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a 
guide  to  seamen.  Encyc.     Cyc. 

2.  Any  light-house  for  the  direction  of  sea- 
men ;  a  watch-tower ;  a  bcacou. 

PIIARYNGOT'OMY,  n.  [Gr.  tapvyl,  the 
muscular  and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to 
the  eso[)hagus,  and  t^^uvu,  to  cut.] 
The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into 
I  the  pharynx  to  remove  a  tumor  or  any 
1  thing  that  obstructs  the  passage.  Core. 
PH.\SE,  )  plu.  phases.  [Gr.  <paati,  from 
PHA'SIS,  ^    ■  faw^,  fou,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  an  app;;araiice;  that 
]     which  is  CAliibited  to  the   eye;  appropri- 
j     ately,  any  a|)pearance  or  quantity  of  illu- 
mination  of  the   moon    or  other   planet. 
The  moon  presents  different /jAcwes  at  the 
full  and  the  quadratures. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  transparent  green  quartz. 
I  Cyc- 
PHAS'EL,  n.  [Gr.  taoijXo,-  or  faiioixt;.]  The 

French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 

PIL'VSM,      (        [Gr.  from  tt^ivj^a^isuiira.] 

PHAS'MA,  ^  ■  Appearance ;  fancied  appa- 
rition ;  phantom.     [IMtle  used.] 

Hammond. 

PHAS'SACHATE,  n.  The  lead  colored 
agate.     [See  .Igate.]  Encyc. 

PHEASANT,  n.  phez'atit.  [Fr.  faisan  ;  It. 
Jagiano  ;  Sp.  Jaysati ;  L.  pliasianus  ;  Gr. 
taiiaioj ;  Rass.  phazan ;  supposed  to  bo 
so  named  from  the  river  Phasis,  in  Asia. 
But  is  it  not  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spoltcd7  See  Class  Bs.  No.  31.] " 

.\  fowl  of  the  genus  Phasianus,  of  beautiful 
plumage,  and  its  flesh  delicate  food. 

PHEER,  n.  A  companion.  [Sax.  gefera.] 
[See  Peer.] 


PHEESE,  V.  t.  To  comb.     [See  Feaae.] 
PHEN'GITE,  71.    [Gr.  ^nT"''i5>  from  $jy-/<o, 

to  shine.] 
A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  .superior  in 

brightness  to  most  species  of  marbles. 

£l!C^C. 

PHEN'ICOPTER,  7i.  [Gr.  ^uvixoTttifo;, 
red  winged  ;  t°"'""'s'>  fsd,  and  Ktifov, 
wing.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Phjenicopterus,  the 
flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of 
both  continents.  Hakeuiil. 

PHE'NIX,  n.  [Gr.  toad;  L.  phoenix,  the 
palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fowl  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes. 

Loclic. 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 
PHENOGAM'IAN,  a.   [Gr.   to'^u  and  ya.- 


PHI 


PHI 


P  H  1 


III  botany,  liaving  the  essential  organs  of 
fructification  visible. 

PHENOMENOL'OgY,  n.  [phenomenon 
and  Gr.  :».oyo5,  discourse.]  A  description 
or  history  of  phenomena.  Encyc. 

PllENOM'ENON,  n.  phi.  phenomena.  [Gr. 
^aivoficvov,  from  ^atrofiat,  to  appear.] 

In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance ;  any  thing 
visible  ;  whatever  is  presented  to  the  eye 
by  observation  or  experiment,  or  what- 
ever is  discovered  to  exist ;  as  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  natural  world  ;  the  phenom- 
ena of  heavenly  bodies,  or  of  terrestrial 
substances  ;  the  phenomena  of  heat  or  of 
color.  It  sometimes  denotes  a  remarka- 
ble or  unusual  appearance. 

PHE'ON,  n.  In  heraldry,  the  barbed  iron 
head  of  a  dart. 

I'HI'AL,  n.  [L.  phiala ;  Gr.  t'<»^'! ;  Pers. 
pialah  ;  It.  Jiale  ;  Fr._^o/e.] 

1 .  A  glass  ve.'fsel  or  bottle  ;  in  common 
visage,  a  small  glass  vessel  used  for  hold-; 
ing  liquors,  and  particularly  liquid  medi- 
cines. It  is  often  written  and  pronounced 
vial. 

2.  A  large  vessel  or  bottle  made  of  glass;  as 
the  Lerjden  phial,  which  is  a  glass  vessel 
partly  cuated  with  tinfoil,  to  be  used  in 
electrical  experiments. 

PHI'AL,  V.  t.  To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial. 

Shenstone. 

PIIILADELPH'IAN,  a.  [Gr.  ^aoj  and 
aJfJ.^05.] 

Pertaining  to  Philadelphia,  or  to  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus. 

PIIILADELPII'IAN,  n.  One  of  the  family 
of  love.  TntUr. 

PHILANTHROPIC,        ?„    [See   Phitan- 

PHILANTHROP'ICAL,  ^  "•  thropi/.]  Pos- 
sessing general  benevolence ;  entertaining 
good  will  towards  all  men  ;  loving  man- 
kind. 

2.  Directed  to  the  general  good. 

PHILANTHROPIST,  n.  A  person  of  gen- 
eral benevolence  ;  one  who  loves  or  wishes 
well  to  his  fellow  men,  and  who  exerts 
himself  in  doing  them  good. 

PHILANTHROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ^afu,  to  love, 
or  $ao;,  a  friend,  and  ai^Spujtos,  man.] 

The  love  of  mankind;  benevolence  towards 
the  whole  human  family  ;  universal  good 
will.  It  differs  from  friendship,  as  the  lat- 
ter is  an  affection  for  individuals. 

Encyc.    Mdison. 

PHILIPPIC,  n.  An  oration  of  Demosthe- 
nes, the  Grecian  orator,  against  Philip, 
king  of  Macedon,  in  which  the  orator  in- 
veighs against  the  indolence  of  the  Athe 
niaiis.  llence  the  word  is  used  to  denote 
anv  discourse  or  declamation  full  of  acri- 
monious invective.  The  fourteen  orations 
of  Cicero  against  Mark  Anthony  are  also 
called  Philippics. 

PHIL'H'PIZE,  i\{.  To  write  or  utter  in 
vcctive  ;  to  declaim  against.     [Unusual.] 

liurke 

2.  To  side  with  Philip  ;  to  support  or  advo 

rate  I'liillp.  Sioifl. 

PHILLYRE'A,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  Mock- 

I)rivet.  Encyc. 

PIHLOLOOF.R,  ?       One   versed    in    the 

I'iHLOl.'OtilS'l',  <i  "•  history  and  constnic- 

lioii  of  language.     Philologist  iH  generally 

ii«rd. 


PHIL0L06'I€,       ?         [See     P/M'WooT/.]ij7.  Calm;  cool;  temperate;   rational;  suci> 
PHILOLOG'ICAL,  I  "■     Pertaining  to  phi-j'     as  characterizes  a  philosopher, 
lology,  or  to  the  study  and  knowledge  of  PHILOSOPH'ICALLY,    adv.    In   a   philo- 


language.  Ifatts. 

PHIL0L'06IZE,  i'.  i.  To  offer  criticisms 

[Little  used.]  Evelyn. 

PHILOL'OGY,  n.  [Gr.   fiXoXoyia;  ^iTuu,  to 

love,  and  ^oyo;,  a  word.] 
1.  Primarily,  a  love  of  words,  or  a  desire  to 

know  the  origin  and  construction  of  lan-j 

guage.     In  a  more  general  sense. 


sopliical   manner;  according  to  the" rules 

or  principles  of  philosophy;  as,  to  argue 

philosophically. 
'2.  Calmly;  wisely;  rationally. 
IPHILOS'OPHISM,  n.    [Gr.  .j.*os,  a  lover, 

and  so^iii^a,  sophism.] 
L  The  love  of  fallacious  arguments  or  false 

reasoninj;. 


2.  That  branch  of  literature  which  compre- 12.  The  practice  of  sophistry.  Ch.  Obs. 

bends  a  knowledge  of  the  etymology  or  PIIILOS'OPHIST,  n.    A  lover   of  sophis- 
origin  and  combination  of  words  ;  grain- 1     try  ;  one  who  practices  sophistry, 
mar,  the  construction  of  sentences  or  uselj  Porteus. 

of  words  in  language;  criticism,  the  in-  pfjjLOSOPHIS'TIC 


terpretation  of  authors,  the  aflinities  of 
different  languages,  and  whatever  relates 
to  the  history  or  present  state  of  languages 
It  sometimes  includes  rhetoric,  poetry 
history  and  antiquities. 

PHI'LOMATH,  71.  [Gr.  <j)*o/ia9)75;  t'^j,  a 
lover,  and  uai'Soiu,  to  learn.]  A  lover  of 
learning. 

PHILOMATH'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  love 
of  learning. 

2.  Having  a  love  of  letters.  Med.  Repos 

PHIL'OMATHY,  n.  The  love  of  learning. 

PHI'LOMEL,       I  [from       Philomela 

PHILOMELA,  \  "•  daughter  of  Pan- 
(lion,  king  of  Athens,  who  was  changed 
into  a  nightingale.]     The  nightingale. 

Pope. 

PHIL'OMOT,  a.  [corrupted  from  Fr.  feu 
ille  morte,  a  dead  leaf.]     Of  tlie  color  of  a 
dead  leaf.  Addison. 

PHILOMU'SIeAL,  a.  Loving  music. 

Busby. 

PHILOPOLEM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  f^o;,  a  lover, 
and  rto>.fjiiij[o;,  warlike.] 

Ruling  over  opposite  or  contending  natures; 
an  epithet  of  Mmerva.     Pausani'tf:,  Trans, 

PHILOS'OPHATE,  v.  i.  [L.  philosophor, 
philosophatus.]  To  play  the  philoso])her  ; 
to  moralize.     [JVol  nsed.]  Barrow. 

PHILOSOPIIA'TION,  n.  Philosophical 
discussion.     [J^ot  tised.]  Petty. 

PHILOS'OPHEME,  n.  [Gr.  f'^ouofij/ia.] 
Principle  of  reasoning  ;  a  theorem.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

PHILOSOPHER,  n.  [See  Philosophy.]     A 
person  versed    in   philosophy,  or   in   th 
principles   of  nature   and   morality ;   one 
who  devotes  himself  to  the  study  of  phys 
ics,  or  of  moral  or  intellectual  science. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  one  who  is  profoundly 
versed  in  any  science. 

Philo.'iopheys  stone,  a  stone  or  preparation 
which  the  alchimists  formerly  suughl,  as 
the  instrument  of  converting  the  baser 
metals  into  pure  gold. 

PHILOSOPHTC,        I       Pertaining  to  phi 

PIHLOSOPH'ICAL,  ^°'  losophy;  as  a 
philosophical  experiment  or  problem. 

2.  Proceednig  from  philoso|)hy  ;  as  philo 
sophic  priile. 

3.  Suitable  to  philosophy  ;  according  to  phi 
losophy  ;  as  philosophical  reasoning  or  ar 
guments. 

4.  Skilled  in  philosophy ;  as  a  philosophical 
historian. 

5.  Given  to  philosophy ;  as  a  philosophical 
mind. 

0.  Regulat(^d  by  philosophy  or  the  rules  ol 
reason;  ar' philosophic  (are.  Dryden 


•       Pertaining  to 

PHILOSOPHIS'TICAL,  \  °"  the  love  or 
practice  of  sophistry. 

PHILOSOPHIZE,  V.  i.  [from  philosophy.'. 
To  reason  like  a  philosopher  ;  to  search 
into  the  reason  and  nature  of  things ;  to 
investigate  phenomena  and  assign  rational 
causes  for  their  existence.  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton lays  down  four  rules  of  philosophizing. 
Two  doctors  of  the  schools  weic  philosophiz- 
in<;  on  the  advantages  of  mankind  above  all 
other  cieaturex.  L'Estrange. 

PIHLOS'OPHIZING,  ppr.  Searching  into 
the  reasons  of  things  ;  assigning  reasons 
for  phenomena. 

PHILOSOPHY,  n.  [L.  pMlosophia;  Gr. 
^I'Koiofi.a  ;  ij)!?.!!,  love  ;  fiy.iu,  to  love,  and 
5o<j)ia,  wisdom.] 

1.  Literally,the  love  of  wisdom.  But  in  mod- 
ern acceptation,  philosophy  is  a  general 
term  denoting  an  explanation  of  the  rea- 
sons of  things  ;  or  an  investigation  of  the 
causes  of  all  phenomena  both  of  mind  and 
of  matter.  When  applied  to  any  particu- 
lar department  of  knowledge,  it  denotes 
the  collection  of  general  laws  or  princi- 
ples under  which  all  the  subordinate  phe- 
nomena or  facts  relating  to  that  subject, 
are  comprehended.  Thus,  that  branch  of 
philosophy  which  treats  of  God,  &c.  is  call- 
ed theology  ;  that  which  treats  of  nature, 
is  called  physics  or  natural  philosophy ;  that 
which  treats  of  man  is  called  logic  and 
ethics,  or  moral  philosophy ;  that  which 
treats  of  the  mind  is  called  intellectual  or 
mental  philosophy,  or  metaphysics. 

The  objects  of  philosophy  are  to  ascer- 
tain facts  or  truth,  and  the  causes  of  things 
or  their  phenomena;  to  enlarge  our  views 
of  God  and  his  works,  and  to  render  our 
knowledge  of  both  practically  useful  and 
subservient  to  human  happiness.  * 

True  religion  and  true  philosophy  must  ulti- 
mately arrive  at  the  same  principle. 

S.  S.  Smith. 

2.  Hypothesis  or  system  on  which  natural 
effects  are  explained. 

We  shall  in  vain  interpret  their  words  by 
the  notions  of  oar  philosophy  and  tlie  doctrines 
in  our  schools.  Locke. 

3.  Reasoning  ;  argumentation.  Milton. 

4.  Course  of  sciences  read  in  the  schools. 

Johnson. 
PHIL'TER,  n.  [Yr. philtre;  h.philtra;  Gr. 
.jsarpo:',  from  ^ixtu,  to   love,  or  ^ixoj.] 

1.  A  potion  intended  or  adapted  to  excite 
love.  Mdison. 

2.  A  charm  to  excite  love. 
PHILTER,   !'.   /.   To   impregnate  with   a 

love-potion;  as,  to  ;)/i!7/<:r  a  draught. 


P  H  L 


P  H  O 


P  H  R 


%  To  charm  to  love ;  to  excite  to  love  ori 
animal  desire  by  a  potion.  I 

PHIZ,  n.  [supposed  to  be  a  contraction  ofi 
physiognomy.]  Tlie  face  or  visage  ;  in  con-j 
tempt.  Stepney., 

I'ULrUSOT'OMIST,  n.  [See  Pldebolomy.l 
One  tliat  opens  a  vein  for  letting  blood  ; 
a  blood-letter. 

PHLEBOTOMIZE,  v.  t.  To  let  blood  from 
a  vein.  Howell. 

PHLEBOTOMY,  n.  [Gr.  ^>.f8oTOftia ;  ^Xf^-, 
a  vein,  and  rtinn^,  to  cut.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  opening  a  vein  for  let- 
ting blood  for  the  cure  of  diseases  or  pre- 
serving health. 

PHLEGM, )       [Gr.   ft-tyiio.,   inflammation, 

PHLEM,     \  "■  and  pituitous  matter,   fron 
ijiKiyu,  to  burn  ;  hence  the  word  must  have 
originally  expressed  the  matter  formed  byj 
suppuration.]  j 

1.  Cold  animal  fluid;  watery  matter;  one^ 
of  the  four  humors  of  which  the  ancients, 
supposed  the  blood  to  be  composed. 

Coxe.     Encyc' 

2.  In  common  usage,  bronchial  mucus;  the; 
thick  viscid  matter  secreted  in  the  throat. 

3.  Among  chimists,  water,  or  the  water  of 
distillation.  Coxe. 

4.  Dullness  ;  coldness ;  sluggishness  ;  indif- 
ference. 

PHLEGMAGOGUE,  ti.  phleg'viogog.  [Gr. 
(STity/jo,  phlegm,  and  ayu,  to  drive.] 

A  term  anciently  used  to  denote  a  medi-j 
cine  supposed  to  possess  the  property  of] 
expelhiig  pldegm.     Obs.     Encyc.     Floyer) 

PHLEGMATIC,      a.      [Gr.      tp^tyinatixoi.] 

1.  Abounding  in  phlegm  ;  as  phlegvialic  hu- 
mors; a  pWfg'mdh'c  constitution.     Harvey. 

2.  Generating  phlegm  ;  as  phlegmatic  meat.] 

3.  Watery.  .Ve»'<o?i. 

4.  Cold;  dull;  sluggish;  heavy;  not  easily 
excited  into  action  or  passion  ;  as  aphleg-, 
matic  temper  or  temperament.       Addison. 

PHLEGMAT  I€ALLY,  adv.  Coldly  ;  heav- 
ily. IVarburton.i 

PHLEG'MON,  n.  [Gr.  ^Jityftowj,  from  ^xtyu, 
to  burn.]  t 

An  external  inflammation  and  tumor,  attend-! 
ed  with  burning  heat.  j 

PHLEGMONOUS,  a.  Having  the  nature 
or  properties  of  a  phlegmon  ;  inllanuna-' 
tory  ;  burning ;   as  a  phlegvwnnus  tumor.l 

Harvey.i 

PHLEME,  n.  [.\rn!.  Jlemm,  a  sharp  point.]] 
[See  Fleam.] 

PHLOGIS'TIAN,  n.  A  believer  in  the  ex-j 
istence  of  i)hlogiston. 

PHL0(5IS'TI€,  a.  [See  Phlogiston.]  Par- 
taking of  phlogiston  :  inflaming.  ! 

.Jdams. 

PHLOGlS'TIC.\TE,  v.  t.  To  combine 
phlogiston  with. 

PIILO(5ISTIeA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  combining  with  i)hlogiston. 

PIILOGIS'TON,  ti.  (Gr.  ^Xoyijoj,  from  ^Xo- 
•yiju,  to  burn  or  inflajne  ;  ipt.tyu,  to   burn.] 

The  principle  of  inlianimabihty  ;  the  matter! 
of  lire  in  composition  with  other  bodies. 
Stalil  gave  this  name  to  an  element  which 
he  supposed  to  be  pure  fire  fixed  in  com- 
bustible bodies,  in  order  to  distinguish  it 
from  fire  in  action  or  in  a  state  of  liberty. 


But  the  theory   has  been  proved   to   be 
false  and  is  generally  abandoned. 

Bartram. 

PHO'LADITR,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  I'hola.s.  Jameson. 

PHON'ICS,  71.  [Gr.  ^uvtj,  sound.]  The  doc- 
trine or  science  of  sounds;  otherwise  call- 
ed acoustics.  Encyc, 

2.  The  art  of  combining  musical  sounds. 

Bitsln/. 

PHONO€AMP'TIe,  a.  [Gr.  ?«..;,  sound, 
and  xa/iT<ru,  to  inflect.] 

Having  tlie  puwer  to  inflect  sound,  or  turn  it 
from  its  direction,  and  thus  to  alter  it. 

Derham. 

PIION'OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  #(*«?,  sound,  and 
ueo(,  stone.] 

Sounding  stone  ;  a  name  proposed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  klingstein  [jingling  stone.] 

PHONOLOg'ICAI,,  a.  Pertaining  to  pho- 
nology. 

PHONOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  ipavr;,  sound,  voice, 
and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  sounds,  or  the  science  or  doc- 
trine of  the  elementary  sounds  uttered  by 
the  human  voice  in  speech,  including  its 
various  distinctions  or  subdivisions  of 
tones.  fju  Ponceau. 

PHOS'gENE,  a.  [Gr.  ^uj,  light,  and  yu low, 
to  generate.] 

Generating  light.  Phosgene  gas  is  genera- 
ted by  tlie  action  of  light  on  chlorin  and 
carbonic  oxyd  gas.  Silliman. 

PHOS'PHATE,  n.  [See  Phosphor  and  Phos- 
phortis.] 

1.  A  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of  phos- 

I  phoric  acid  with  a  base  of  earth,  alkali  or 
metal.  Lavoisier 

!2.  A  n;ineral  found  in  Estrcmadiua,  &c. 

PHOSPHITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  a  com- 
bination of  phosphorous  acid  with  a  salifi- 
able base.  Lavoisier.] 

PHOS'PHOLITE,  n.  [phosphor  and  Gr.: 
uOoi,  a  stone.]  An  earth  united  wiili  phos- 
phoric acid.  Kirwan. 

PHOS'PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^ua^opo;;  ^.w;,  light. i 
from  fcuo,  to  shine,  and  #fpu,  to  bring.  See 
Phosphorus.] 

The  morning  star  or  Lucifer  ;  Venus,  when 
it  precedes  the  sun  and  shines  in  the  morn- 
ing. In  this  sen.se,  it  is  also  written  Phos- 
phonis.  Pope. 

PHOSPHORATE,  v.  t.  To  combine  or  im- 
))regnate  with  phosphorus. 

PHOSPHORATED,  ;;;).  Combined  or  im- 
pregnated with  phosphorus.  ] 

PHOS'PHOKATING,/9/)r.  Combining  with' 
phosphorus. 

PHOSl'HORESCE,  v.i.  phosphoress'.  [See 
Phosphoitis.]  j 

To  shine,  as  phosphorus,  by  exhibiting   a 

faint  light  without  sensible  heat.  t 

Arcuaceous  limestone  phosphoresces  in  tlic' 

(lark,  when  scraped  with  a  knife.  Kirwan.l 

PHOSPHORES  CENCE,  n.  A  faint  light' 
or  luminousnessof  a  body,  unaccompanied 
with  sensible  heat.  It  is  exhibited  byj 
certain  animals,  as  well  as  by  vegetable, 
and  mineral  substances.  ! 

PHOSPHORESCENT,  a.  Shining  with  a 
faint  light ;  luminous  without  sensible 
heat. 

PHOSPHORESCING,  ppr.  Exhibiting 
light  without  sensible  heat.  I 

Cleaveland.i 


PHOS  PHORIC,    a.    Pertaining  to  or  ob 
tained  from   pln)S|)horus.     The  phospho- 
ric acid  is  fonued  by  a  saturated  combi- 
nation of  pnosphorus  and  oxygen. 

PHOSPHORITE,  n.  A  species  of  calcan- 
eus earth ;  a  subspecies  of  apatite. 

Ure. 

PHOSPHORIT'Ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  phos- 
phorite, or  of  the  nature  of  jihosphorite. 

Simltanzani. 

PHOS'PHOROUS,  „.  The  phosphorous 
acid  is  formed  by  a  combination  of  phos- 
(iliorus  with  oxvgen. 

PHOS'PHORLS;?  .    [L.  from  the  Greek. 

PHOS'I'HOR,       I  ''•  aee  Phosphor.] 

1.  The  morninsr  star. 

[3.  Phosphorus,  in  chimistry,  a  combustible 
substance,  hitherto  undecom[iosed.  It  is  of 
a  yellowish  color  and  semi-transparent, 
resembling  fine  wax.  It  burns  in  com- 
mon air  with  great  rapidity  ;  and  in  oxy- 
gen ga.s,  with  the  greatest  vehemence. 
Even  at  the  common  temperature,  it  com- 
bines with  oxygen,  undergoing  a  slow 
combustion  and  emitting  a  luminous  va- 
por. It  is  originally  obtained  from  urine ; 
but  it  is  now  manufactured  from  bones, 
which  consist  of  phosphate  of  lime. 

D.  Olmsted. 

PHOS'PHURET,  n.  A  combination  of  phos- 
pliorus  not  oxygenated,  with  a  base  ;  as 
phosphuret  of  iron  or  copper.  Hooper 

PHOt?  PHURETED,  a.  Combined  with 
a  phosphuret. 

PHO  TIZITE,  n.  A  mineral,  an  oxvd  of 
manganese.  Phillips. 

PHOTOLOti'IC,        I  „     [Sec   Photologu.] 

PHOTOLOg'ICAL,  \  "■  Pertaining  to 
plioiologv,  or  the  doctrine  of  light. 

PHOTOLbliY,  n.  [Gr.  t"«,  light,  and 
7.oyo;,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  light,  explaining 
its  nature  and  phenomena.  Milchill 

PHOTOMETER,  n.  [Gr.  t«5,  light,  and 
ftiTpoi;  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  relative  in- 
tensities of  light.  Rum  ford.     Leslie. 

PHOTOMETRIC,        )       Pertaining  to  or 

PHOTOMETRICAL,  ()°-  made  by  a  pho- 
tometer. 

PHRASE,  >!.  6as:.  [Gr.  tpos'f,  from  tpn^u, 
to  speak.] 

1.  .\  short  sentence  or  expression.  .\  phrase 
may  be  complete,  as  when  it  conveys  com- 
plete sense,  as  humnnnm  est  errnr'c,  to  err 
is  human;  or  it  may  be  incomplete,  as 
when  it  consists  of  several  words  without 
afliriniiig  any  thing,  or  when  the  noun 
and  tlie  verb  do  the  office  of  a  noun  only  ; 
as,  that  which  is  true,  that  is,  truth,  satis- 
fies the  mind.  Encyc. 

2.  A  particular  inode  of  speech  ;  a  peculiar 
sentence  or  short  idiomatic  expres.sion ; 
as  a  Hebrew;;/! rase;  an  Italian  phrase. 

!3.  Style ;  expression. 

I  Tliou  speak'st 

1  In  better /(/irajie.  Shah. 

4.  In  music,  any  regular  .symmetrical  course 

I     of  notes  which  begin  and  complete  the 

intended  expression.  Bvsby. 

PHRASE,  r.i.  To  call ;  to  style ;  to  express 

in  words  or  in  peculiar  words. 
These  suns, 
For  so  they  phrase  them.  Shak. 

PHRA'SELESS,  a.  Not  to  be  expressed  or 

described. 


PHY 


PHY 


PHY 


PllKASEOLOG'Ie,       ?       Peculiar  iii  ex- 
PHRASEOLOG'ICAL,  J    ■  pression  ;  co 

listing  of  a  peculiar  form  of  words. 
PHRAsJEOL'OfiY,  n.    [Gr.  ^paais,  phrase, 

ami  ?.fyu,  to  speak.] 

1.  Milliner  of  expression  ;  peculiar  words 
used  in  a  genteiice  ;  diction. 

2.  A  collection  of  phrases  In  a  language. 

Encyc. 

PHRENET'lC,  a.  [Gr.  ^pivitixo;.  See 
Phrensy.] 

.Sulijoct  to  strong  or  violent  sallies  of  imag- 
ination or  excitement,  which  in  some 
measure  pervert  the  judgment  and  cause 
the  person  to  act  in  a  manner  different 
from  the  more  rational  part  of  mankind  ; 
wild  and  erratic  ;  partially  mad.  [It  has 
been  sometimes  written  phreviic,  but  is 
now  generally  written/rand'c.] 

PlIRENET'le,  n.  A  person  who  is  wild  and 
erratic-  in  his  imagination.  tf'oodwnrd. 

PHR1;N'I€,  a.  [from  Gr.  ^ftus,  the  dia- 
piiragm.] 

Belonging  to  the  diaphragm  ;  as  a  phrenic 
vein. 

PHIiEN'lTIS,  n.  [Gr.  ^ptrtrij,  from  tptyv, 
the  mind.  The  primary  sense  of  the  rout 
of  this  word  is  to  move,  advance  or  rush 
forward  ;  as  in  L.  animus,  animosus,  and 
the  Teutonic  mod,  Eng.  mood.] 

J.  In  medicine,  uti  inflammation  of  the  brain,; 
or  of  the  meninges  of  the  brain,  attended 
with  acute  fever  and  delirium.  Encyc. 

9.  Madness,  or  partial  madness;  delirium  ^ 
phreuzy.  [It  is  generally  written  in  Eng- 
lish, phrensy  «r  frenzy.] 

PHRENOL'OGV,  II.  [Gr.  .^p,?.,  the  mind, 
and  '/.oyo5,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  human  mind  and  its  va- 
rious properties.  Ch.  Obs. 

Phrenology  is  now  applied  to  the  science  of 
the  mind  as  connected  with  the  supposed 
organs  of  thought  and  passion  in  the  brain, 
broached  by  Gall. 

PHREN'SV,"?!.  «.  as  r.  [supra.]  Madness; 
deliriiun,  or  that  partial  madness  which 
manifests  itself  in  wild  and  erratic  sallies 
of  the  imagination.  It  is  written  also 
frenzy. 

Demoniac  phrensy  ;  moping  melancholy. 

Milton. 

PHRON'TISTERY,  n.  [Gr.  tpwriuri^pw.., 
fri'iii  ^ponu,  to  think;  tp'?>',  niind.] 

A  school  or  .seminary  of  learning.   [JVot  used.] 

PHRYG'IAN.a.  [from  Phrygia,\a  Asia  Mi- 
nor.] 

Pertaining  to  Phrygia ;  an  epithet  applied  to 
a  sprightly  animating  kind  of  music. 

Jlrbulhnol. 

Phr}j^nn  stone,  a  stone  described  by  the  an 
cients,    used    in  dyeing ;  a   light   spungy 
stone  reseiiibling  a  pumice,  said  to  be  dry- 
ing ai'd  astringent.       Pliny.     Dioscorides. 

PHT1!IS  l€,  n.  tiz'zic.  A  consumption.  [Lit- 
llt  i/.iti/.] 

PHTHISICAL,  a.  tiz'zical.  [Gr.  ^Siuixoi, 
See  Phtbi.tis.] 

Wasting  the  Hesh  ;  as  a  phthisical  consiimp- 

tio'i.  Hnnmi. 

PHTHISIS,  V.  Ihe'sis  or  tlii'.iis.    [Gr.  tS'O'S, 

from  'pOtu,  fOfu,  to  consume.] 

A    consumption    occasioned    by    ulcerated 

\i"<?^.  Encifr.     Core. 

PIIYLAC'TKK,     )      (Gr.$v?.axr'j;i«m.,  Irom 

PHYLACTERY,  S      l>v>.a5ffu,to  defend  or 

guard.] 


1  In  a  general  sense,  any  charm,  spell  or  am- 
ulet worn  as  a  preservative  from  danger 
or  disease. 

2.  Among  Me  Jeivs,  a  slip  of  parchment  on 
which  was  written  some  text  of  Scripture, 
particularly  of  the  decalogue,  worn  by 
ilevout  persons  on  the  foreliead,  breai^t  cr 
neck  as  a  mark  of  their  religion.       Encyc. 

3.  Among  the  primitive  christians,  a  case  inl 
which  they  inclosed  the  relics  of  the  dead. 

Encyc. 

PHYLAC'TERED,  a.  Wearing  a  phylacte- 
ry ;  dressed  like  the  Pharisees.  Green. 

PHYLAC'TERIC,        )         Pertaining      to 

PHYLACTER'I€AL,  ^  ""    phylacteries. 

^Iddison. 

PHYL'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  $i.x?.o.,  a  leaf,  and 
Mdof,  a  stone.] 

A  petrified  leaf,  or  a  mineral  having  the  fig- 
ure of  a  leaf.  Lunier. 

PHYLLOPH'OROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^vxw,  a 
leaf,  and  fif>u,  to  bear.]  Leaf-bearing ; 
producing  leaves. 

PHYS'ALITE,  n.  [Gr.  $i.rou,  to  swell  or 
inflate,  and  >.tSo5,  a  stone.] 

'\  mineral  of  a  greenish  white  color,  a  sub 
species  of  prismatic  topaz ;  called  also 
pyrophysalite,  as  it  intumesccs  in  heat. 

Jameson.     Phillips. 

PHYSETER.     [See  Cachalot.] 

PHYSIAN'THROPY,  n.  [Gr.  ti-W,  nature, 
and  afSpunoi,  man.] 

The  philosophy  of  human  life,  or  the  doc- 
trine of  the  constitution  and  diseases  of 
man,  and  the  remedies.  Med.  Repos. 

PHYS'IC,  n.  s  as  r.  [Gr.  ^v(j<.xt],  from  i)>t'oi5, 
nature  ;  fiw,  to  produce.] 

\.  The  art  of  healing  diseases.  This  is  now 
generally  called  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  Medicines  ;  remedies  for  diseases.  We 
desire  ^/i)/sic  only  for  the  sake  of  health. 

Hooker. 

3.  In  popular  language,  a  medicine  that  pur- 
ges ;  a  purge;  a  cathartic.  [In  technical 
and  elegant  language  this  sense  is  not 
used.] 

PIIYS'l€,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  physic;  to 
evacuate  the  bowels  with  a  cathartic  ;  to 

Shak. 
Skak. 

PHYS'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nature  or 
natural  productions,  or  to  material  things, 
as  opposed  to  things  moral  or  imaginary. 
We  speak  of  physical  force  or  power,  with 
reference  to  material  things  ;  as,  muscu- 
lar strength  is  physical  force  ;  armies  and 
navies  are  the  physical  force  of  a  nation  ; 
whereas  wisdom,  knowledge,  skill,  &c. 
constitute  moral  force.  A  physical  point 
is  a  real  point,  in  distinction  from  a  math- 
ematical or  imaginary  point.  A  physical 
body  or  substance  is  a  material  body  or 
substance,  in  distinction  from  spirit  or 
metaphysical  sub.stance. 

2.  External  ;  perceptible   to  the  senses  ;  as 
the  physiciit  idiaiacters  of  a  mineral  ;  op 
posed  to  chimical.  Phillips. 

3.  Relating  to  the  art  of  healing;  as  aphysi 
cat  treatise. 

4.  Having  the  property  of  evacuating  the 
bowels  ;  as  physical  herbs. 

5.  Medicinal  ;  promoting  the  euro  of  dis- 
eases. 

U.  Resembling  physic  ;  as  a  physical  tnstp. 

Johnson. 


purge. 
2.  To  cure, 


I         [In  the  three  latter  senses,  nearly  obso- 

'     lete  among  professional  men.] 

■Physical  education,  the  education  which  is 

j     directed  to   the  object  of  giving  strength, 

i     health  and  vigor  to  the  bodily  organs  and 

1     powers. 

PUYS'lCALLY,  adv.  According  to  nature; 
by  natural  power  or  the  operation  of  nat- 
ural laws  in  the  material  system  of  things, 
as  distinguished  from  moral  power  or  in- 
fluence. We  suppose  perpetual  motion  to 
be  physically  impossible. 

1  am  not  now  treating  physically  of  light  or 
colors.  Locke. 

2.  According  to  the  art  or  rules  of  medicine. 
Obs. 
He  that  lives  physically,  must  live  miserably. 

Cheyne. 

PHYSI'CIAN,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  the 
art  of  healing  ;  one  whose  profession  is 
to  prescribe  remedies  for  diseases. 

2.  In  a  spiritual  sense,  one  that  heals  moral 
diseases;  as  a  physician  of  the  soul. 

PHYSI€0-LOg'IC,  n.  Logic  illustrated  by 

natural  philosophy. 
PHYSI€0-L0G'I€AL,    a.    Pertaining   to 

physico-logic.     [Little  used.]  Sicijl. 

PHYSI€0-THEOL'OgY,     n.     [physic    or 

physical  and  theology.] 

Theology  or  divinity  illustrated  or  enforced 
by  physics  or  natural  philosophy. 

PHYS'ICS,  n.  s  as  i.  In  its  most  extensive 
sense,  the  science  of  nature  or  of  natural 
objects,  comprehending  the  study  or 
knowledge  of  whatever  exists. 

2.  In  Me  usual  and  more  limited  sense,  the 
.science  of  tlie  material  system,  including 
natural  history  and  philosophy.  This  sci- 
ence is  of  v,-ist  extent,  comprehending 
whatever  can  be  discovered  of  the  nature 
and  pro|ierties  of  bodies,  their  causes,  ef- 
fects, affections,  operations,  phenomena 
and  laws. 

PIIYS10GN0MER.     [See  Physiognomist.] 

PHYSIOUN(!M'l€,        )       5   as   r.      [See 

PHYSIOGNOMICAL,  \  "•  Physiognomy.] 

Pertaining  to  physiognomy;  expressing  the 
temper,  disposition  or  other  qualities  of 
the  mind  by  signs  in  the  countenance: 
or  drawing  a  knowledge  of  the  state  of 
the  mind  from  the  features  of  the  face. 

PIIYSIOGNO.AI'ICS,  n.  Amon^ physicians, 
signs  in  the  countenance  which  indicate 
the  state,  temperament  or  constitution  of 
the  body  and  mind.  Encyc. 

PHYSIOG'NOMIST,  n.  One  that  is  skilled 
in  physiognomy  ;  one  that  is  able  to  jinlge 
of  the  particular  temper  or  other  qualities 
of  the  mind,  by  signs  in  the  countenance. 

Dri/den. 

PHYSIOG'NOMY,  n.  [Gr.  ^vsioy, u^oroa ; 
fvui;,  nature,  and  yiufLovixo;,  knowing; 
yiviof^xu,  ro  know.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  discerning  the  char- 
acter of  the  mind  from  the  features  of  the 
face  ;  or  the  art  of  discovering  the  pre- 
dominant temper  or  other  characteristic 
qualities  of  the  mind  by  the  form  of  the 
body,  but  especially  by  the  external  signs 
(d'tlie  countenance,  or  the  C(niibiiiation  of 
the  features.  Bacon.     Lavaler. 

2.  The  face  or  countenance  with  respect  to 
the  temper  of  the  mind  ;  particular  con- 
figuration, cast  or  e.\])rcssion  of  counte- 
nance. Dryden. 


P  I  A 


P  I  C 


PIC 


[  This  word  formerly  comprehended  the  art 
of  Jonidlinfr  the  future  fortunes  of  persons 
bi/  irulieations  of  the  countenance.] 

PHYSIOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  9vw,  nature, 
aii(i  ypct^u,  to  describe.] 

A  (leBcriplion  of  nature,  or  the  science  of 
natural  objects.  Joum.  of  Science. 

PHYSIOL'OtiER,  n.  A  physiologist.  {_The 
latter  is  freneraUy  used.] 

PHYSIOLOO'IC,        \„    [See  Physiology.] 

PIIYSIOLOG'ICAL,  S    •  Pertaining  to; 

physiology  ;  relating  to  the  science  of  tlioi 
properties  and  functions  of  living  beiiigs.i 

PHYSIOLOGICALLY,  adv.  According  toj 

the  principles  of  physiology.  | 

Lawrence^s  Lect.^ 

PHYSIOL'OdlST,  n.  One  who  is  versi^d  in, 
the  science  of  living  beings,  or  in  the  prop-j 


A  keyed  musical  instrument  of  German  ori- 
gin and  of  the  harpsichord  kind,  but 
smaller  ;  so  called  from  its  solter  notes  or 
expressions.  Its  tones  are  produced  by 
hammers  instead  of  quills,  like  the  virgin- 
al and  spinet.  Kncyc.     Cyc' 

PIAS'TER,  n.  [It.  piastra,  a  thin  plate  of 
metal,  or  a  dollar.     See  Flale  ' 

An  Italian  coin  of  about  80  cents  value,  or 
3s.  7d.  sterling.     But  the  value  is  different 
in  different  states  or  countries.     It  is  call 
0(1  also,  apiice  of  eight. 

PIAZ'ZA,  n.  [It.  for  piazza;  Sp.  plaza; 
Port,  praga,  for  plaga  ;  Fr.  place  ;  Kng 
id. ;  i).  plants  ;  G.  platz  ;  l)an.  pluds  ; 
Sw.  plats.] 

In  building,  a  portico  or  covered  walk  sup- 
ported by  arches  or  columns.  Encyc. 


the   Welsh,   a  wind   instrument 
with  a  horn  at  each  end 

PI'15RO€H,  n.  [Gael,  piobaireachd,  pipe- 
music:  Celtic  7)r6, /«oi,  a  pipe.] 

A  wild  irregular  species  of  music,  peculiar  to 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  It  is  perform- 
ed on  a  bagpipe,  and  adapted  to  excite  or 
assuage  passion,  and  particularly  to  rouse 
a  martial  spirit  among  troo|)s  going  to 
battle.  Encyc.     Jamicson. 

I'I'€A,  n.  In  ornithology,  the  pie  or  mag- 
pie, a  species  of  Corvii.s. 

2.  In    7ncdicine,   a   vitiated   appetite    which 
makes  the  patient  crave  wliat  is  unfit  for 
food,  as  ch;dk,  ashes,  coal.  &c. 
A  printing  type  of  a  large  size  ;  probably 
named  from  litem   picnta,  a  great  black 


.3. 


ertiesand  functions  of  animals  and  plants.||PIB'-€ORN,     n.    |VV.  iiipe-horn.] 
2.  One  that  treats  of  physiology. 
PHYS10L'0(iY,   71.    [Gr.   ^vuio^ia ;  ^vm, 

nature,  and  >.{yu,  to  discourse.] 

1.  According  to  the  Greek,  this  word  signi- 
fies a  discourse  or  treatise  of  nature,  but 
the  moderns  use  the  word  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  for  the  science  of  the  properties  and 
functions  of  animals  and  plants,  comprc-; 
hending  what  is  common  to  all  aninudsj 
and  plants,  and  what  is  peculiar  to  indi- 
viduals and  species. 

2.  The  science  of  the  mind,  of  its  various 
phenomena,  affections  and  powers. 

B,ou-n.\ 
PHYSY,  for/u»cf.     [jYot  used.]  Locke. 

PHYTIV'OROLfS,   a.    [Gr.  <fvro>,  a   plant, 

and  L.  voro,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  plants  or  herbage ;  as  phytivorous 

animals.  Rny. 

PHYTOGRAPII'ICAL,    a.    Pertaining   to 

the  descri])tion  of  plants. 
PHYTOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  c^rw,  a  plant, 

and  yfo^ri,  description.]     A  description  of 

plants. 
PHYT'OLITE,  n.  [Gr,  ^rm;  a  plant,  and 

>.i9oj,  a  stone.]     A  plant  petrified,  or  fossil 

vegetable. 
PHYTOL'OGIST,  n.  [See  Phytology.]  One 

versed  in  plants,  or  skilled  in  phytology  ; 

a  botanist.  Evelyn. 

PHYTOL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  $vro.',  a  plant,  and 

Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  of  plants,  or  the  doc- 
trine of  plants  ;  description  of  the   kinds 

and  properties  of  plants. 
Pia  mater,  [L.]  in   anatomy,   a   thin    mem-i 

brane  immediately  investing  the  brain. 

Coxe. 
PI  ABA,  n.  A  small  fresh  water  fish  of  Bra 

zil,  about  the  size  of  the  minnow,  much  es 

teemed  for  food.  Encyc. 

Pl'.^CLE,  n.    [L.  piaculum.]    An  enormous 

crime.     [JVot  v^ed.]  Hoivett. 

PIA€'ULAR,     I       [L.  piacularis,  from  pio, 
PIAC'ULOUS,  I  "■  to  expiate.] 
1.  Expiatory  ;  having  power  to  atone 


Among 
or   pipe 


fruit  from  trees;  as,  to  pick  apples  oi 
oranges  ;  to  pick  strawberries. 
To  pull  off  or  separate  with  the  teeth, 
beak  (jr  claws;  as,  to  pick  flesh  from  a 
bone ;  hence, 

3.  To  clean  by  the  teeth,  fingers  or  claws', 
or  by  a  small  inslrumcnt,  by  separating 
something  that  adheres  ;  as,  to  pick  a 
bone  ;  to  pick  the  ears. 

4.  To  take  up ;  to  cause  or  seek  industrious- 
ly ;  a>,  to  inck  a  quarrel. 

5.  To  separate  or  jmll  asunder  ;  to  pull  into 
small  parcels  by  the  fingers ;  to  separate 
locks  iijr  loosening  and  cleaning  ;  as,  to 
pick  wool. 

,6.  To  pierce  ;  to  strike  with  a  pointed  instru- 

'     ment ;  as,  to  pick  an  apple  with  a  pin. 

!  Bacon . 

17.  To  strike  with  the  bill  or  beak  ;  to  punc- 

[     ture.     In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  ;)ecA. 

8.  To  steal   by  taking  out  with   the   fingers 

I     or  hanils  ;  as,  to  pick  the  pocket.       South. 

p.  To  open  by  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to 
pick  a  lock. 

10.  To  select;  to  cull ;  to  separate  particu- 
lar things  from  others  ;  as,  to  pick  the  best 
men  from  a  conqiaiiy.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  is  ollen  followed  by  out. 

To  jiick  off,  to  separate  by  the  fingers  or  by 
a  small  pointed  instrument. 

To  pick  out,  to  select;  to  separate  individu- 
als from  numbers. 

To  pick  JIB,  to  take  up  with  the  fingers  or 
beak  ;  also,  to  take  particular  things  here 
and  there  ;  to  gather;  to  glean. 

To  pick  a  hole  in  one''s  coat,  to  find  fiiult. 


letter  at  the  bcginiiiiig  of  some  new  order  jPK'K.  v.  i.  To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels  ;  to 
in  the  liturgy  ;  hence,  |      nibble.  Dryden. 

4.  Pica,  pye   or   pie,  formerly   an  ordinarj',''2.  To  do  any  thing   nicely  or  by  attending 
a  table  or  directory   for  devotional   servi-;i     to  small  things.  Drydtn. 

ces  ;  also,   an    alphabetical   catalogue   ofPK'K,    n.    [Fr.  pique;    D.   pik.]     A   sharp 


2.  Requiring  expiation.  Broirn. 

3.  Criminal ;  atrociously  bad.  Glanville. 

[These  tvords  are  little  jised.]  j 

PI'ANET,  n.    [L.  pica  or  picus.]     A  bird, 

the  lesser  woodpecker.  Bailey} 

2.  The  magpie.  j 

PI'ANIST,   n.    A   performer  on  the  forte-i 

piano,  or  one  well  skilled  in  it.  Busby. 

PIANO-FORTE,    n.    [It.  piano,  from    L.I 

planus,  plain,  smooth,  and  It.  forte,  L.ybr-| 

tis,  strong.]  I 

Vol.  IJ. 


names  and  things  in  rolls  and  records. 

Encyc. 

Pica  marina,  the  sea-pye,  ostralegus,  or  oys- 
ter-catcher; an  aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus 
Haematopus.  This  fowl  feeds  on  oysters, 
limpets  and  marine  insects. 

PICAROON',  n.    [Fr.  picoreur,  from  pico-l 


|)<)iiited  tool   for  digging  or   removing  m 
small  quantities. 

What  the  miners  cill  chert  and  whern — is  so 
hard  that  thepicks  will  not  touch  it. 

WooJicarrf. 

2.  Choice  ;   right   of  selection.      Y'ou   may 

have  your  pick. 

rer,  to  plunder;  Scot. piA-ar^.  rapine  ;  irom;3.  Among  ;)n'n(e«,  foul   matter  which   col- 

ihe  root  of ^iVi,  ;7f<7r,  Sp.  ;)icar.]  j     lects  on  printing  types  fnmi  the  balls,  had 

A  plunderer;  a  pirate.     This  word  is  not  |     ink,  or  from  the  [)a|icr  impressed. 

apjilied  to  a    highway  robber,   but  to  pi- |PICKAPA('K,  adv.    In  manner  of  a  pack. 

rates  and  plunderers  of  wrecks.  '     [Vulgar.]  E'Estrange. 

In  all  wars,  Corsica  and  Majorca  have  been,|PIfK'AX,  n.   [pick  and  ax.]    An  ax  with 


Temple.\\     sharp  point  at  one  end  and  a  broad  blade 

[probably     from     the,     at  the  other.  .1/i7<0)i. 

root    of   pike,  ;)eaA-.]!  PICK'BACK,  a.  On  the  bark.       Hudihras. 

A    high    collar  or   aj  PICK'ED,  pp.  Plucked  off  by   the  fingers, 

H'ilson.W     teeth  or  claws  ;  cleaned  by  picking  ;  open- 

[Norm.    pecker,  to   break|i    ed  by  an  instrument ;  selected. 

J>et  the  stake  be  mnAe  picked  at  the  top. 

Mortimer. 
PICK'EDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  pointed 
at  the  end  ;  sharpness. 
Gr.  Hixu  or  jtfixu :  L.  peclo.     The  verb' 2.  Foppery;  spruceness.  Johnson. 

maybe   radicah  [see  Class  Bg.No.  61.  02.  PICKEF,  R,  v.  I.  [Fr.  picorer  ;  from  pick.] 
C5.]   or    derived     from   the    use    of   thelll.  To  pillage ;  to  pirate.  Hudihras. 

beak  or  any   pointed  instrument.      It  be-j  2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers   on   the  outposts 
longs  to  a  numerous  family  of  words,  at  I     of  an  army,  or  in  pillaging  parties, 
least  if  connected  with  ieaA,^{A:p,  &c.]       |,PICK'ER,  n.  One  that  picks  or  culls. 
To  pull   oft'  or   pluck   witii    the   fingers|[  .Mortimer. 

something  that  grows  or  adheres  to  an-j[2.  A   pickax   or  instrument  for  picking  or 
other  thing  ;  to  separate  bv  the  hand,  as  ,     separntin;:. 

35 


nests  o( picaroon 
PIC'CADIL, 
PICCADILLY, 
PICK'ARDIL, 

kind  of  ruff. 
PIC'CAgE,     ji. 

open  ;  from  the  root  of  pick,  peck.] 
Money  paid  at  fairs  for  breaking  ground  for 

booths.  Jiinsworth. 

PICK,     t'.  t.     [Sax.   pycan  ;  D.  pikken  ;  G. 

picken  ;  Dan.  pikker ;  Sw.  picka  ;  W.  pi- 

gaiv,  to  pick  or  peck  ;  Sp.  picar  ;  Fr.  piquer 


.Mortimer. 


PIC 


P  I  E 


PIE 


3.  One  tliat  excites  a  quarrel  between  him- 
self aJi  J  another. 

PICK'EREL,  71.  [from  pike.]  A  small  pike, 
a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox. 

PICK'EREL-WEED,  n.  A  plant  supposed 
to  breed  pickerels.  ff'alton. 

PICK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  piquet ;  Russ.  bekd.]  A 
stake  sharpened  or  pointed ;  used  in  forti- 
fication and  encampments. 

2.  A  narrow  board  pointed ;  used  in  making 
fence. 

3.  A  guard  posted  in  front  of  an  army  to 
give  notice  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy. 

Marshall 

4.  A  game  at  cards.     [See  Piquet.] 

5.  A  punishment  which  consists  in  making 
the  offender   stand    with   one   foot  on 
pointed  stake. 

PICK'ET,  V.  t.  To  fortify  with  pointed 
stakes. 

2.  To  inclose  or  fence  with  narrow  pointed 
boards. 

3.  To  fasten  to  a  picket.  Moore. 
PICK'ETED,  pp.  Fortified  or  inclosed  with 

pickets. 

PICKETING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying 
with  pickets. 

PICK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  off  with  the  fin 
gers  or  teeth  ;  selecting. 

PICK'ING,  )!.  The  act  of  plucking;  selec 
tion  ;   gathering  ;   gleaning. 

PICK'LE,  n.  [D.pikel;  G.  pokel]  Brine 
a  solution  of  salt  and  water,  sometimes 
impregnated  with  spices,  in  which  flesh, 
fish  or  other  substance  is  preserved ;  as 
pickle  for  beef ;  pickle  for  capers  or  for 
cucumbers  ;  pickle  for  herring. 

2.  A  thing  preserved  in  pickle. 

3.  A  state  or  condition  of  difficulty  or  disor- 
der ;  a  word  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 
You  are  in  a  fine  pickle. 

How  cam'st  thou  in  tins  pickle  ?  Shak. 

4.  A  parcel  of  land  inclosed  with  a  hedge. 
[Local.] 

PICK'LE,  V.  t.  To  preserve  in  brine  or 
pickle  ;  as,  to  pickle  herring. 

2.  To  season  in  pickle. 

3.  To  imbue  highly  with  any  thing  bad  ;  as 
a  pickled  rogue. 

PICKLE-HER'RING,  n.  A  merry  Andrew  : 
a  zany  ;  a  buffoon.  Spectator. 

PICK'LOCK,  n.  [pick  am\  lock.]  An  instru- 
ment for  opening  locks  without  the  key. 

L'  Estrange.     Arbuthnol. 
9.  A  person  who  picks  locks. 
PICK'NICK,  71.  An  assembly  where   each 
person  contributes  to  the  entertainment. 

Todd. 
PICK'POCKET,  71.   One  who   steals  frmi) 
the  pocket  of  another.  Arbuthnot 

PICK'PURSE,  71.  One  that  steals  from  the 
purse  of  another.  Swift. 

PICK'THANK,  »i.  An  officious  fellow  who 
does  what  he  is  not  desired  to  do,  for  the 
sake  of  gaining  favor;  a  whispering  par- 
asite. South. 
PICK'TOOTII,  11.  An  instrument  for  pick- 
ing or  cleaiiing  the  teeth.  [But  toothpick 
is  more  gcnerallv  used.] 
Pico,  71.  [Sp.     t^ee  Peak.]      A  peak;  the 

pointed  head  of  a  ni<mntaiii. 
PIC'UOl.rrK,  n.  A  mineral  composed  chief- 
ly of  the  carbonate  of  magnesia,  of  a  green 
color.     [See  Pikrolitr.] 
PIC'ROMEL,  71.    [(Jr.  rtutpoj,  bitter.]    The 
characteristic  principle  of  bile.  Ure. 


PICROTOX'IN,  7!.  [Gr.  rtixpoj,  bitter,  and 
L.  toxicum.] 

Tlie  bitter  and  poisonous   principle   of  the 
Cocculus  Indicus.  Vre. 

PI€T,  71.  [L.pirlus,pingo.]  A  person  whose 
body  is  painted. 

PICTORIAL,  a.  [h.  pictor,  a  painter.]  Per 
taining  to  a  painter ;  produced  by  a  paint- 
er. Broum 

PIC'TURAL,  n.  A  representation.     [Ao(  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

PICTURE,  71.   [L.  pictura,  from  pingo,  to 
paint;  It. pittura.] 

1.  A  painting  exhibiting  the  resemblance  of 
any  thing ;  a  likeness  drawn  in  colors 

Pictures   and    shapes  are   but  secondary  ob- 
jects. Bacon. 
3.  The  works  of  painters;  painting. 

Quimilian,  when  he  saw  any  well  express- 
ed iniafje  of  grief,  either  ia  picture  or  sculpture, 
would  usually  weep.  Wotton. 

3.  Any  resemblance  or  representation,  either 
to  the  eye  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
we  say,  a  child  is  the  picture  of  his  father  ; 
the  poet  has  drawn  an  exquisite /lidure  of 
grief. 
PIC'TL'RE,  V.  t.  To  paint  a  resemblance 

Love  is  like  a  painter,  who,  in  drawing  the 
picture  of  a  friend  having  a  blemish  in  one  eye 
would  picture  only  the  other  side  of  the  face. 

.Snuth 

2.  To  represent ;  to  form  or  present  an  itleal 
likeness. 

1  do  picture  it  in  my  mind.  Spenser 

PICTURED,  pp.  Painted  in  resemblance 

drawn  in  colors;  represented. 
PICTURESQUE,   )        [Fr.  pittoresque ;  It 
PlCTURESK',        ^       pittoresco  ,  from  the 
L.    pictura,   or    pictor.      In  Knglish,  thi; 
would  be  picturish.] 
Exjiressing   that   peculiar   kind   of    beauty 
which  is  agreeable  in  a  picture,  natural  or 
artificial ;  striking    the   mind    with   great 
power  or  pleasure  in  representing  objects 
of  vision,  and  in  ])ainting  to  the  imagina- 
tion any  circumstance  or  event  as  clearly 
as  if  delineated  in  a  picture.  Gray. 

PlCTURKStiUELY,  ?      .      In    a    pietu'r- 
PICTURESK'LY,        ^  esque  manner. 

•i/oiifg'omcri/. 
PICTURESQUENESS,  ?  ..   The    state  of 


PICTURESK'NESS,  '  \  ""  being  pictur- 
esque. Price 

PID'DLE,  1'.  i'.  [This  is  a  different  spelling 
oi peddle,  or  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  To  deal  in  trifles ;  to   spend  time  in  tri 
fling  objects  ;   to  attend  to  trivial  concerns 
or  the  small  parts  rather  than  to  the  main. 

Ainsworlli. 

2.  To  pick  at  table  ;  to  eat  squeamishly  oi 
without  appetite.  Sirifl. 

PID'DLER,  71.  One  who  busies  himself 
about  little  things. 

2.  One  that  eats  squeamishly  or  without  ap- 
petite. 

PIE,  n.  [Ir.  pighe,  perhaps  from  the  paste  ; 
Gr.  naxvi,  thick  ;  or  from  mixing.] 

An  article  of  tbod  consisting  of  jiaste  baked 
with  something  in  it  or  under  it,  as  apple, 
minced  meat,  &c. 

PIE,  71.  [L.  pica  ;  W.  piog.]  The  magpie, 
a  party-colored  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus. 
It  is  sometimes  written  pye. 

2.  The  old  popish  service  book,  supposed  to 
be  so  called  from  the  ditVerenl  color  of  the 
text  and   rubric,  or  from  litera  picatu,  a 


large  black  letter,  used  at  the  beginning  of 
each  order. 

3.  Printers'  types  mixed  or  unsoned. 

Cock  and  pie,  an  adjuration  by  the  pie  or  ser- 
vice book,  and  by  the  sacred  naiue  of  the 
Deity  corrupted.  Shak. 

Pl'EBALD,  a.  [Sp.  pio,  of  various  colors.] 
Of  various  colors;  diversified  in  color; 
as  a  piebald  horse.  Pope. 

PIECE,  71.  [Fr. pike;  It.  pezzo  ;  Sp.pieza; 
Port,  pefa  ;  Ir.  piosa;  Arm.  pez.  If  the 
elements  of  this  word  are  Bz,  it  may  be 
from  the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  i'M,  to  cut  off 
or  clip.] 

1.  A  fragment  or  part  of  any  thing  separa- 
ted from  the  whole,  in  any  manner,  by 
cutting,  splitting,  breaking  or  tearing  ;  as, 
to  cut  in  pieces,  break  in  pieces,  tear  in 
;ji'ecc«,  pull  in  pieces,  &c. ;  a  piece  of  a 
rock ;  a  piece  of  paper. 

2.  A  part  of  any  thing,  though  not  separa- 
ted, or  sejiarated  only  in  idea ;  not  the 
whole  ;  a  jiortion  ;  as  a  piece  of  excellent 
knowledge.  Tillotson. 

3.  A  distinct  part  or  quantity  ;  a  part  con- 
sidered by  itself,  or  separated  from  the 
rest  only  by  a  boundary  or  divisional  line: 
as  a  piece  of  land  in  the  meadow  or  on 
the  mountain. 

4.  A  separate  part ;  a  thing  or  portion  dis- 
tinct from  others  of  a  like  kind  ;  as  a  piece 
of  timber;  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  a.  piece  of  pa- 
per hangings. 

A  composition,  essay  or  writing  of  no 
great  length  ;  as  a  piece  of  poetry  or  prose ; 
a  piece  of  music. 

A  separate  performance;  a  distinct  por- 
tion of  labor  ;  as  apiece  of  work. 
A  picture  or  painting. 

If  unnatural,  the  finest  colors  are  but  daub- 
ing, and  the  piece  is  a  beautiful  monster  at  the 
best.  Dryden. 

8.  A  coin  ;  as  a  piece  of  eight. 
y.  A  gun  or  single  part  of  ordnance.  \Ve 
apply  the  word  to  a  cannon,  a  mortar,  or 
a  musket.  Large  guns  are  called  batter- 
ing pieces;  smaller  guns  are  called  field 
pieces. 

10.  In /iera?dri/,  an  ordinary  or  charge.  The 
fess,  the  bend,  the  pale,  the  bar,  the  cross, 
the  saltier,  the  chevron  are  called  honora- 
ble pieces. 

11.  Ill  ridicule  or  contempt.  A  piece  of  a 
lawyer  is  a  smatterer. 

12.  A  castle  ;  a  building.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

.l-piece,  to  each  ;  as,  he  paid  the  men  a  dollar 

a-piece. 
Of  a  piece,  like  ;  of  the  same  sort,  as  if  taken 
from  the  same   whole.    They  seemed  all 
of  a  piece.     Sometimes  followed  by  with. 

The  poet  must  be  itf  a  piece  with  the  spec- 
tators to  gain  reputation.  Dryden. 

PIECE,  1'.  /.  To  enlarge  or  mend  by  the 
addition  of  a  jiiece  ;  to  patch;  as,  to  piece 
a  garment ;  to  piece  the  time.  Shnk. 

To  piece  out,  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  addi- 
tion of  a  piece  or  pieces.  Temple. 

PIECE,  i\  i.  To  unite  by  coalescence  of 
parts ;  to  be  compacted,  as  parts  into  a 
whole.  Bacon. 

PIK'CED,  pp.  Mended  or  enlarged  by  a 
piece  or  pieces. 

PIE'CELESS,  a.  Not  made  of  pieces  ;  con- 
sisting of  an  entire  thing.  Don^e. 


ti. 


7. 


PIE 


P  I  G 


P  I  K 


PIE'CEMEAL,  adv.  [pitce  and  Sax.  met, 
time.     Qu.] 

1.  In  pieces  ;  in  Tragments. 

On  which  it  ;>icce/nea2  broke.  Chapman. 

2.  By  pieces  ;  by  little  and  little  in  succes- 
sion. 

Piecemeal  they  win  this  acre  first,  then  that. 

Pope. 

PIE'CEMEAL,  a.  Single;  separate  ;  made 
of  parts  or  pieces.  South. 

PIE'CEMEALED,  a.  Divided  into  small 
pieces.  Cotgrave. 

PIE'CER,  n.  One  that  pieces ;  a  patcher. 

PI'ED,  a.  [allied  probably  to  pie,  in  piebald, 
and  a  contracted  word,  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  L.  piclus.] 

Variegated  with  spots  of  different  colors ; 
spotted.  We  now  apply  the  word  cliietly 
or  wholly  to  animals  which  arc  marktui 
with  large  spots  of  different  color.';.  It' 
the  spots  arc  small,  we  use  speckled.  This 
distinction  was  not  formerly  observed,  and 
in  some  cases,  pied  is  elegantly  used  to  ex- 
press a  diversity  of  colors  in  small  spot.-*. 
Meadows)  trim  witfi  daisies  pierf.        Milton. 

PI'EDNESS,  n.  Diversity  of  colors  in  spots 

Shak 

PIE'LED,  a.   [See  Peel.]     Bald  ;  bare. 

PIE'POUDUE,  n.  [Fr.  pied,  fool,  and  poud 
reux,  dusty,  from  poudre,  dust  ;  or  pitd 
puldreaxu,  a  pcdiar.j 

An  ancient  court  of  record  in   England,  in 
cident  to  every  fair  and  market,  of  whiili 
the  steward  of  him   who  owns  or  has  the 
toll,  is  the  judge.     It  had  jurisdictiou  of 
all  causes  arising  in  the  fair  or  market. 

Blacksione. 

PIER,  n.  [Sax.  per,  pert ;  D.  heer,  steene  beer. 
If  this  word  is  from  the  French  pieire,  it 
is  a  contraction  of  L.  petra.  But  more 
probably  it  is  not  from  the  FVencli.] 

1.  A  mass  of  solid  stone  work  for  support- 
ing an  arch  or  the  timbers  of  a  bridge  or 
other  building. 

2.  A  mass  of  stone  work  or  a  mole  project- 
ing into  the  sea,  for  breaking  the  force  of 
the  waves  and  making  a  safe  harbor. 

PIERCE,  1).  t.  pers.  [Fr.  percer ;  Gr.  rtapu. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  thrust  or 
drive,  and  the  word  may  be  connected  in 
origm  with  the  W.  ber  or  pfV,  a  spit,  i 
spear,  Ir.  hior.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  with  a  pointed  instrument 
as,  to  pierce  the   body   with   a   sword  or 
spear  ;  to  pierce  the  side  with  a  thorn. 

2.  To  penetrate  ;  to  enter  ;  to  force  a  way 
into ;  as,  a  column  of  troops  pierced  the 
main  body  of  the  enemy ;  a  shot  pierced 
the  ship. 

3.  To  penetrate  the  heart  deeply ;  to  touch 
the  passiotis ;  to  excite  or  aflFect  the  pas 
sions.     1  Tim.  vi. 

4.  To  dive  or  penetrate  into,  as  a  secret  or 
purpose. 

PIERCE,  V.  i.  pers.  To  enter ;  as  a  pointed 
instrument. 

2.  To  penetrate ;  to  force  a  way  into  or 
through  any  thing.  The  shot  pierced 
through  the  side  of  the  ship. 

Her  tears  will  pierce  into  a  marble  heart. 

Shak. 

3.  To  enter ;  to  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a 
secret. 

She  would  not  pierce  further  into  his  mean- 
ing than  himself  should  declare.  Sidney. 
i.  To  affect  deeply. 


PIERCEABLE,  o.  pers'abk.  That  may  be||PI(i'EON-HOLES,  n.  An  old  English  game 
ierced.  Spenser. ',     in  which  balls  were   rolled   through  little 

irches.  Sleevens. 


\> 

PIERCED,  pp.  pers'ed.  Penetrated ;  enter- 
ed by  force;  transfixed. 

Plf^KCER,  7!.  pers'er.  An  instrument  that 
pierces,  penetrates  or  bores. 

2.  One  that  pierces  or  perforates. 

PIERCING,  ppr.  pers'ing.  Penetrating  ; 
entering,  as  u  pointed  instrument;  making 
a  way  by  force  into  another  body. 

2.  Affecting  deeply ;  as  eloquence  piercing 
the  heart. 

3.  o.  Affecting;  cutting;  keen. 
PIERCINGLY,  adv.  pers'ingh/.  With  pen 

etratin^  force  or  oflect ;  sharply.  I 

PIERCINGNESS,  n.  pers'ingness.  The 
power  of  piercing  or  penetrating  ;  sharp- 
ness ;  keemiess.  Derham. 

PI'ETiSM,  n.  [See  Pte<^.]  Extremely  strict 
devotion,  or  affectation  of  piety.  Fre;i. 

PI'ETIST,  n.  One  of  a  sect  professing  great 
strictness  and  purity  of  life,  dcspisingj 
learning,  school  theology  and  ecclesiasti- 

I  cal  polity,  as  also  forms  and  ceremoniesj 
in  religion,  and  giving  themselves  up  to 
mystic  theology.  This  sect  sprung  up 
among  the  protestants  of  Germany,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Enci/c.     Burnet. 

PI'ETY,  )i.  [L.  pietas,  from  puis,  or  its] 
root,  probably  a  contr.icted  word  ;  Fr.j 
pieti  ;  It.  pietii,  piety,  and  pity  ;  Sp.  piedad,', 
piety,  pity,  charity.]  | 

1.  Piety  in  principle,  is  a  compouml  of  vene-1 
ration  or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being; 
and  love  of  his  character,  or  veneration 
accompanied  with  love  ;  and  piety  in  prac- 
tice, is  the  exercise  of  these  affections  in 
obedience  to  his  will  and  devotion  to  his) 
service. 

Piely  is  (he  only  proper  and  adequate  relief 
of  decaying  man.  Rambler 

2.  Reverence  of  parents  or  friends,  accom- 
panied with  affection  and  devotion  to  their 
honor  and  happmess 

PIEZOMETER,  n.  [Gr.  rt«fu,  to  press, 
and  jxiTfiov,  measure.] 

An  instrimient  for  ascertaining  the  com- 
pressibility of  water,  and  the  degree  of 
such  compressibility  under  any  given 
weight.  Perkins. 

PJG,  n.  [D.  big.  In  Sax.  pig'a,  Dan.  pjge,  is 
a  little  girl ;  S\v.  piga,  a  maid-servant. 
The  word  signifies  a  little  one,  or  issue.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine,  male  or  female. 

2.  An  oblong  mass  of  unforged  iron,  lead  or 
other  metal.  A  pig  of  lead  is  tlie  eighth 
of  a  fother,  or  2.50  pounds.  Encyc. 

PIG,  V.  t.  or  i.   To  bring  forth  pigs. 

PiG'EON,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  piccione.  This 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  pick, 
peck,  pie,  pica.] 

A  fowl  of  the  genus  Columba,  of  several 
species,  as  the  stock  dove,  the  ring  dove, 
the  turtle  dove,  and  the  migratory  or  wild 
pigeon  of  America.  The  domestic  pigeon 
breeds  in  a  box,  often  attached  to  a  build- 
ing, called  a  dovecot  or  pigeon-house.  The 
wild  pigeon  builds  a  nest  on  a  tree  in  the 
forest. 

PIG'EON-FQQT,  n.  \  plant.       Ainsworfh. 

PIG'EON-HEARTED,  a.  Timid;  easily 
frightened.  Beaum. 

PIti'EON-IlOLE,  ?!.  .-V  little  apartment  or 
division  in  a  case  tor  papers. 


cavities  or 
PIO'EON-LIVERED,   a.   Mild  in  temper  ; 

soil ;  (gentle.  .Shuk. 

PiG  EON-PEA,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cytisus. 
PIG'GIN,  n.  [Scot,  a  milking  pail.]  A  small 

woollen  vessel  with  an  erect  handle,  used 
[     as  a  dipper. 

PIGHEADED,  a.  Having  a  large  head; 
stupid.  B.Jonson. 

PIGIIT, /)/).  pile.  [Scot,  pighl  or  picht ;  from 
pitch.  W.  picinw.]  Pitclied  ;  fixed  ;  de- 
termined.    Obs.  Shak. 

PIGHT,  IT.  t.  [W.  pigaw.]   To  pierce.     Obs. 

m-khfft. 

PIGHTEL,  n.  A  little  inclosure.     [Local] 

PIGME'AN,  a.  [trompigmy.]  Verysiuall; 
like  a  pigmy ;  as  an  image  of  pigmean 
size.  Parkhurst. 

PIG'MENT,  n.  [L.  pigmentum,  from  the 
root  of  pingo,  to  paint. ]^ 

Paint  ;  a  preparation  used  by  painters,  dy- 
ers, &c.  to  impart  colors  to  bodies. 

Encyc. 

PIG'MY,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Port,  pigmeo  ;  L.  pyg- 
ma-us  ,"  Gr.  rivyiuuof,  from  rtviy^ij,  the  fist.] 

A  dwarf;  a  person  of  very  small  stature  ;  a 
name  applied  to  a  fabled  nation  said  to 
have  been  devoured  by  cranes. 

PIG'MY,  a.  Very  small  in  size  ;  mean;  fee- 
ble ;  inconsiderable. 

PIGNORA'TION,  n.  [L.p^nero,  to  pledge.] 
The  act  of  pledging  or  pawning. 

PIG'NORATIVE,  a.  Pledging  ;  pawning. 
[Little  nsed.]  Did. 

PIG'NUT.  n.  [pig  and  nut.]  The  ground 
nut,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Bunium  ;  also,  a 
tree  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Juglans. 

PIG'SNEY,  n.  [Sax.  pig-a,  a  little  girl.]  A 
word  of  endearment  to  a  girl.  [LitUt 
used.]  Hudibras. 

PIGTAIL,  n.  [pig  and  tail.]  A  cue;  the 
hair  of  the  head  tied  in  the  form  of  a  pig's 
tail. 

2.  A  small  roll  of  tobacco. 

PIGWID'GEON,  Ji.  [pig  and  widgeon.]  A 
fairy  ;  a  cant  word  for  any  thing  very 
small.  Cleaveland. 

PIKE,  II.  [This  word  belongs  to  a  mimer- 
ous  family  of  words  expressing  something 
pointed,  or  a  sharp  point,  or  as  verbs,  to 
dart,  to  thrust,  to  prick  ;  Sax.  piic,  a  small 
needle  ;  W.  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  pigaw,  to 
prick  ;  piciaw,  to  dart ;  It.  pica,  a  pike ; 
piccare,  to  prick  or  sting  ;  Sp.  pica,  picar  ; 
Fr.  picjue,  piquer  ;  .\rm.  picq,  picqat ;  D. 
pick;  G.pteke;  Hw.  Dsin. pik ;  Eng. peak, 
beak,  Sec.  Class  Bg.] 

1.  A  military  weapon  consisting  of  a  long 
wooden  shaft  or  staff,  with  a  flat  steel 
head  pointed  ;  called  the  spear.  This 
weapon  was  formerly  used  by  infantry, 
but  its  use  is  now  limited  to  officers,  and 
it  is  called  a  sponton  or  spontoon.  Its  use 
among  soldiers  is  superseded  by  the  bayo- 
net. 

2.  A  fork  used  in  husbandry  ;  but  we  now 
use  furk  or  pitchfork.  Tusser. 

3.  Among  turners,   the  iron   sprigs  used  to 
,     fasten  any  thing  to  be  turned.  .Moxon. 

4.  In  ichthyology,  a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox, 
so  named  from  its  long  shape  or  from  the 
form  of  its  snout.     It  is  a  fresh  water  fish. 


P  I  L 


P  I  h 


P  I  L 


living  in  deep  wawr  and  very  voracious/ 

but  very  palatable  food.  j 

The  pike,  the  tyrant  of  the  flood.  Pope. 

PIK'ED,  a.  Ending  in  a  point;  acuminat-j 
ed.  Camden.' 

PI'KEMAN,  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  a  pike. 

Knolles. 

PI'KESTAPF,  n.  Tlie  staff  or  shaft  of  a 
pike.  TatUr.\ 

PIK'ROLITE.n.  [qu.  Gr.  «ixpo{,  bitter,  and 
Xi9o;,  a  stone.] 

A  mineral  found  at  Taberg,  in  Sweden,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  variety  of  serpentine. 

Cteaveland. 

PILAS'TER,  n.  [It.  pilnstro;  Fr.  piliistre ; 
Sp.  pilastra,  from  pita,  a  pile,  whence  pil- 
lar.] 

A  square  column,  sometiines  insulated  ;  but 
usually  pilasters  are  set  within  a  wall,  pro- 
jecting only  one  quarter  of  their  diame- 
ter. Their  bases,  capitals  and  entabla- 
tures have  the  same  parts  as  those  of  col- 
imms.  Eiicyc. 

PILCH,  ti.  [It.  pelliccia;  Fr.  pelisse ;  Sax. 
piika,  pylece  ;  L.  peltis,  a  skin.] 

A  iurred  gown  or  case ;  something  lined 
with  fiu-.     [JVbt  used.]         Chaucer.    Shak. 

PIL'CHARD,  Ji.   [h:  pilseir.]  A  fish  reseiii-j' 
bling  the  herring,  but  thicker  and  round-  j 
er  ;  the  nose  is  shorter  and  turns  up  ;   thcii 
under  jaw  is  shorter;  the  back  more  ele- 
vated, and  the  belly   less   sharp.     These! 
fishes    appear    on   the   Cornish    coast  in! 
England,  about  the  middle  of  July,  in  im- 
mense immbers,  and  furnish  a  considera- 
ble article  of  commerce.  Encyc. 

PILE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  pila  ;  Port,  mlha  ;  Fr.  pile  ; 
from  L.  pila  ;  Gr.  rtaoj.  The  bolei  men- 
tioned by  Pausanias,  were  heaps  of  stones.] 

1.  A  heap  ;  a  mass  or  collection  of  things  inj 
a  roundish  or  elevated  form  ;  as  a  pile  of 
stones  ;  a  pile  of  bricks  ;  a  pile  of  wood  or 
timber;  a.  pile  of  ruins. 

2.  A  collection  of  combustibles  for  burning 
a  dead  body  ;  as  a  funeral  pile. 

3.  A  large  building  or  mass  of  buildings  ;  an 
edifice. 

The  pile  o'erlook'd  the  town  and  drew  the 
sight.  Dry  den. 

4.  A  heap  of  balls  or  shot  laid  in  horizontal 
courses,  rising  into  a  pyramidical  form. 

PILE,  n.  [D.paal;  G.pfahl;  Sw.  Dan.  po/, 
a  pole  ;  L.  palus  :  D.  pyl,  an  arrow  or  dart ; 
Sw.  Dan.  pil,  id. ;  W.'pill,  a  stem.  These 
have  the  same  elements  and  the  like  rad- 
ical meaning,  that  of  a  shoot  or  extended 
thinff.] 

1.  A  large  stake  or  piece  of  timber,  pointed 
and  driven  into  the  earth,  as  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  river,  or  in  a  harbor  where  the 
"round  is  soft,  for  the  support  of  a  build 
fng  or  other  superstructure.  The  stadt 
lio°ise  in  Amsterdam  is  supported  )>y  piles. 

2.  One  side  of  a  coin  ;  originally,  a  pmicli  or 
puncheon  used  in  stamping  figures  on 
coins,  and  containing  the  figures  to  be  im 
pressed.  Hence  the  arms-side  of  a  coin 
is  called  tlie  pile,  and  the  head  the  cross 
which  was  formerly  in  the  place  of  the 
head.     Hence  cross  and  pile.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  in  form  of  a  point 
inverted  or  a  stake  sharpened. 

PILE,  n.  [1).  /)'/';  I'an.  Sw.  pil;  L. /)i7um.] 

The  head  of  an  aiTuw, 
PILE,   n.    [L.  pil  us ;  G.  boll;  Hindoo,  W  ; 

Gipsey,  hallow.] 


Properly,  a  hair ;  hence,  the  fiber  of  wool, 
cotton  atid  the  like  ;  hence,  the  nap,  tlie 
fine  hairy  substance  of  the  surface  of 
cloth.  j 

PILE,  V.  I.  To  lay  or  throw  into  a  heap  ;  to 
collect  many  things  into  a  mass;  aa,  to! 
pile  wood  or  stones. 

'i.  To  bring  into  an  aggregate ;  to  accumu- 
late ;  as,  to  pile  quotations  or  comments. 
AHerbxiry.     Felton. 

3.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.         Abbot: 

4.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top. 

5.  To  break  ofl'the  awns  of  threshed  barley.: 
[Local.]  \ 

PIL'E.'VTG,     \      [L.  pileus,  a  cap.]  Having 

PIL'EATED,  \  "■■  the  form  of  a  cap  or  cov- 
er for  the  head.  IVoodward. 

PI'LEMENT,  n.  An  accumulation.  [JVo( 
used.]  Hall. 

PI'LEK,  »i.  [from  pile,  a  heap.]  One  who, 
piles  or  forms  a  heap.  j 

PILES,  n.  plu.  The  hemorrhoids,  a  disease. 

PI'LEWOKM,  n.  A  worm  found  in  piles  in 
Holland.  I 

PI'LEWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ra- 
nunculus. I 

PIL'FER,  V.  i.  [VV.  yspeiliata,  to  pilfer; 
yspeiliau;  to  spoil,  to  ravage  ;  Sp.  pdlizcar, 
to  ()inch,  to  pilfer,  to  take  little  food.  It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  peel,  pillage.] 

To  steal  in  small  quantities;  to  practice  pet- 
ty theft ;  as  a  boy  accustomed  to  pilfer.      : 
A  pilfering  hand.  Dryden. 

PIL'FER,  r.  t.  To  steal  or  gain  by  petty 
theft ;  to  filch. 

He  would  not  pilfer  the  victory,  and  the  de- 
feat was  easy.  Bacon.' 

PIL'FERED,  /)/).  Stolen  in  small  parcels. 

PIL'FERER,  ?i.  One  that  pilfers  or  prac- 
tices petty  theft.  Young. 

PIL'FERI.NG,^;/).  Stealing;  practicing  petty' 
thefts. 

PILFERING,  71.  Petty  theft. 

Pilfering  was  so  universal  in  all  the  South 
sea  islands,  that  it  was  hardly  recognized  in  the 
moral  code  of  the  natives  as  an  offense,  much 
less  a  crime.  J-  Sparks. 

PIL'FERINGLY,  adv.  With  petty  theft  ; 
filchingly. 

PIL-G-AliLICK,  I         [pUled,  peeled, 

PILL'EDGARLICK,  S         ami  garlick.] 

One  who  has  lost  his  hair  by  disease ;  a  poor 
forsaken  wretch.  Stevens: 

PILGRIM,  n.  [G.  pilger ;  Fr.  pelerin  ;  It. 
pellegrino  ;  Sp.  Port,  peregrino ;  L.  pere-\ 
grinus.  (iu.  L.  peragro,  to  wander.  In 
^V.  pererin  is  a  pilgrim,  and  pcllynig  is 
wandering,  far-roaming,  from  pellau,  to 
remove  far,  coinciding  with  the  L.  palor: 
The  Corn,  pirgrin  and  Arm.  pirchirin, 
seem  to  be  the  L.  peregrinn.'!.  The  D. 
palsrok,  a  ))ilgrim's  coat,  anil  pahtcrstok,  a 
pilgrim's  stall',  indicate  that  tlie  first  sylla- 
ble is  from  the  root  of  l^. palor,  to  wander. 
The  uncertainty  of  the  true  original  or- 
thography renders  the  derivation  uncer- 
tain.] 

1.  A  wanderer  ;  a  traveler  ;  particularly,! 
one  that  travels  to  a  distance  from  his  own 
country  to  visit  a  holy  place,  or  to  pay  his 
devotion  to  the  remains  of  dead  saints. 
[See  Pilgrimage.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  that  has  only  a  tempo- 
rary residence  on  earth.  Heb.  .\i. 

PIL'GRIM,  V.  i.  To  wander  or  ramble.  [JVo( 
used.]  Greic. 


PIL'GRIMA(5E,  n.  A  long  journey,  particu- 
larly a  journey  to  some  place  deemed  sac- 
red and  venerable,  in  order  to  pay  devo- 
tion to  the  relics  of  some  deceased  saint. 
Thus  in  the  middle  ages,  kings,  princes, 
bishops  and  others  made  pilgrimages  to 
Jerusalem,  in  pious  devotion  to  the  Sav- 
ior. Pilgrims  now  resort  to  Loretto,  in 
Italy,  to  visit  the  chamber  of  the  blessed 
virgin,  and  the  Mohammedans  make  pil- 
grimages to  Mecca,  where  their  prophet 
was  buried. 

2.  In  Scripture,  the  journey  of  human  life. 
Gen.  xlvii. 

3.  Time  irksomely  spent.  Shak. 
PIL'GRIMIZE,  I',  i.  To  wander  about  as  a 

pilgrim.     [ATot  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

PILL,  n.  [L.  pila,  a  ball;  pihda,  a  little  ball ; 
VV.  pel,  a  ball ;  Ir.  pillim,  to  roll.  It  is 
probable  that  this  word  and  ball  are  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  in  the  form  of  a 
little  ball  or  small  round  mass,  to  be  swal- 
lowed whole.  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  nauseous.  Young. 
PILL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pUler  ;  It.  pigliare  ;  Sp.  pU- 

tar.] 
To  rob ;  to  plunder ;  to  pillage,  that  is,  to 

peel,  to  strip.     [See   Peel,  the  same  word 

in  tlie  proper  English  orthography.] 
PILL,  V.  1.  To  be  peeled  ;   to  come  off  iji 

flakes.  Shak.    Dryden. 

2.  To  rob.     [See  Peel] 
PILL'AgE,  n.  [Fr.  from  pUler,  to  strip  or 

peel.] 

1.  Plunder;  spoil;  that  which  is  taken  from 
another  by  open  force,  particularly  and 
chiefly  from  enemies  in  war. 

2.  The  act  of  plundering. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  square  pillar  behind  a 
column  to  bear  up  the  arches.  Cyc. 

PILL'AgE,  v.  t.  To  strip  of  money  or  goods 
by  open  violence  ;  as,  troops  pillage  the 
camp  or  towns  of  an  enemy  ;  to  plunder ; 
to  spoil.  It  differs  from  stealing,  as  it  im- 
plies open  violence,  and  from  robbery, 
which  may  be  committed  by  one  individ- 
ual on  another  ;  whereas  pillaging  is  usu- 
ally the  act  of  bands  or  numbers.  To 
pillage  and  to  ro6  are  however  sometimes 
used  synonymously. 

PILL'A(iED,  pp.  Plundered  by  open  force. 

PILL'AGER,  n.  One  that  plunders  by  open 
violence;  a  plunderer. 

PILL'AGING,  ;i7)r.  Plundering;  stripping. 

PIL'LAR,  H.  [Fr.  pi/iVr;  Sp.  Port. /JiVnr;  It. 
pila  or  pilicre  ;  L.  pilii,  a  pile,  a  pillar,  a 
inortar  and  pestle.  The  L.  pila  denotes  a 
heap,  or  things  thrown,  |)ut  or  driven  to- 
gether: W.pilcr:  Ir.  pileir  ;  Sw.  pelare  ; 
Dan.  pille  ;  D.pylaar;  G.  pfeiler.] 

Literally,  a  pile  or  heap  ;  hence, 

1.  A  kind  of  irregular  column  round  an  in- 
sulate, but  deviating  from  the  proportions 
of  a  just  column.  Pillars  are  either  too 
massive  or  too  slender  for  regular  archi- 
tecture ;  they  are  not  restricted  to  any 
rules,  and  their  parts  and  proportions  are 
arbitrary.  \  square  pillar  is  a  massive 
work,  called  also  a  pier  or  piedroit,  serving 
to  su]i[)ort  arches,  iVc.  Cyc. 

2.  A  supporter;  that  wliicli  sustains  or  up- 
holds; that  on  which  some  superstructure 
rests.    Gal.  ii.  Shak. 


P  I  L 


P  I  M 


PIN 


^.  A  monument  raised  to  commemorate  any 
lierson  or  remarkable  transaction. 

And  Jacoli   set  a  pillar  on  lier  f;iave.     Ocn. 
XXXV.  2  Saiu.  xviii. 

4.  Something  resenihling  a  pillar  ;  a.s.-i/>i/- 
lar  of  salt.  Gen.  xix. 

So  a  pillar  of  a  cloud,  a  pillar  of  fire. 
Ex.  xiii. 

5.  Foundation  ;  support.  Job  i.x. 

0.  In  ships,  a  Kt|Uure  or  round  timber  fixed 
perpendicularly  under  the  middle  of  the 
beams  for  supporting  the  decks.  Cyc. 

7.  In  the  manege,  the  center  of  the  volta,  ring 
or  manege  groimd,  aroun<l  which  a  horse 
turns.  There  are  also  pdlars  on  the  cir- 
cumference or  side,  placed  at  certain  dis- 
tances by  two  and  two. 

PIL'LARED,  a.  Supported  by  pillars. 

Milton. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pillar.         Thumsun. 

PILL'ER,  n.  One  that  pills  or  plunder.s. 
[Not  used.]  Chaucer. 

PILL'ERY,  n.  Plunder ;  pillage  ;  rapine. 
LVo<  in  use.\  Huloet. 

PlLldON,  n.  pil'yun.  [Ir.  pillin  ;  from  pile, 
L.  pilus,  liair,  or  from  stuffing.  See  Pil 
loiv.] 

1.  A  cushion  for  a  woman  to  ride  on  behind 
a  person  on  horseback.  .Si«n/J. 

2.  A  pad  ;  apannel;   a  low  saddle. 

Spenser. 

3.  The  pud  of  a  saddle  that  rests  on  the 
horse's  back. 

PIL'LORIED,  a.  Put  in  a  pillory. 
PIL' LORY,  II.  [Ir.  pilo7-i,  pioloir ;  Fr.  piloti  ; 
Arm.  bouilhour  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  palus, 
a  stake,  apile,  G.  pfahl.     An  den  pfnhl 
stellen,  to  put  in  the  pillory.] 
A  frame   of  wood  erected    on   po?ts,  with' 
movable  boards  and  holes,  through  which' 
are  put  the  head  and  hands  of  a  criminal; 
for  punishment. 
PIL'LORY,  V.  t.  To  punish  with  the  pillory. 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 
PIL'LOW,  n.  [Sax.  piU  or  pylc  ;  Ir.  pilliur  ; 
L.  pulvinar ;  from  L.  piius,  hair,  or  from| 
stutting.]  I 

1.  A  long  cushion  to  support  the  head  of  a^ 
person  when  reposing  on  a  bed  ;  a  sack! 
or  case  filled  with  fethers,  down  or  other: 
soft  material. 
'i.  In  a  ship,  the  block  on  which  the  inner 
end  of  a  bowsprit  is  supported. 

Mar.  Did. 
The  pillow  of  a  plow,  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood 
which  serves  to  raise  or  lower  the  beam. 

Cyc. 
PIL'LOW,  V.  t.  To  rest  or  lay  on  for  sup- 
port. Milton. 
PILLOW-BIER,  I       The  case  or  sack  of 
IML'LOW-CASB,  (,  "•  a  pillow  which  con 
tains  the   fethers.     Pillow-tur  is  tlie  pil- 
\o\v-beiirer. 
PIL' LOWED,  pp.  or  a.  Supported  by  a  pil 

low. 
PILLOWING,  ;);jc.  Resting  or  laying  on; 

pillow. 
PILO'SE,  }        [L.  pilosus,  from  pilus,  hair. 
PI'LOUS,  S       Hairy.     A  pilose  leaf,  in  hot 
any,  is  one   covered   witli    long    distinct 
hairs.     A  pilose  receptacle  has  hairs  be- 
tween the  florets.  Martyn. 
PILOS'ITY,  n.   [supra.]    Hairiness. 

liacon. 

PI'LOT,  n.   [Fr.  pilote  ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  piloto. 

TJie  French  word  pitoter  signifies  to  drive 


in  piles,  as  well  as  to  pilot,  and  pilotage  is  a 
piling,  |>ile-work,  a  foumlation  of  piles ; 
Arm.  pilocha,  to  drive  piles.  The  Y).  loots, 
G.  lothse,  and  Dan.  lods,  are  from  lead ; 
ttie  pilot 
throws  the  lead 

1.  One  who  steers  a  ship  in  a  dangerous 
navigation,  or  rather  one  whose  ortire  or 
occupation  is  to  steer  ships,  particularly 
along  a  coast,  or  into  and  out  of  a  harbor, 
bay  or  river,  where  navigation  is  danger 
ous. 

2.  .\  guide ;  a  director  of  the  course  of  an- 
other person.     {In  collof/uial  use.] 

PI'H)T,  V.  t.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  sliii 
in  any  place  where  navigation  is  danger- 
ous. 
PI'LOTAtiE,  n.  The  compensation  made  or 
allowed  to  one  who  directs  the  course  of 
a  ship. 
2.  The  pilot's  skill  or  knowledge  of  coasts, 
rocks,  bars  and  channels.    [jYot  now  used.] 

Raleigh. 

PI'LOT-FISH,  n.  A  fi.-sh,  a  species  of  Gas- 

terosteus,    called  also  rudder-fish,   of  an 

oblong  shape  ;  so  named  because  it  often 

ae(MiMij)anics  ships.  Encyc. 

PI'LOTING,  ppr.    Steering;  as  a  ship  in 

dangerous  navigation. 
PI'LOTINtJ,  n.  The  act  of  steering  a  ship. 
PI'LOTISW,  I       Pilotage  ;  skill  in  piloting. 
PI'LOTRY,    (  "•  [.Yot  used.] 
Pl'hOVS, a.  [L.  pilosus.  See  Pilose.]  Hairy; 
abounding  with  hair.  Robinson.] 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

PIL'SER,  n.  The  moth  or  fly  that  runs  into 

a  flame.  .iinsworth. 

PIM' ELITE,  71.  [Gr.  mfiAr;,  fat,  and  xcSoj, 

stone.] 
A  terrene  substance  of  an  apple  green  col- 
or, fat  and  unctuous  to  the  touch,  tender 
and  not  fusible  by  the  blowpipe.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  colored  by  nickel.  It  is  a 
varintv  of  steatite.  Did.  JVat.  Hist.  Ure. 
PI'MENT,  n 

or  honey.  Chaucer. 

PIMEN'TO,  n.  [Sp. pimienta.]  Jamaica  pep- 
per, popularly  called  allspice.  The  tree 
producing  this  spice  is  of  the  genns  Myr- 
tus,  and  grows  spontaneously  in  Jamaica 
ill  great  abundance.  Encyc. 

PIMP,  n.  A  man  who  provides  gratifications 
for  the  lust  of  others  ;  a  procurer;  a  pau-1 
der.  Addison.l 

PIMP,  I',  i.  To   pander;    to   procure  lewd 
women  for  the  gratification  of  others.         ( 
PIMPERNEL,  /      [L.  pimpinella  ;  Fr.  pim-\ 
PIM'PINEL,      ^      Vi-enelle.]  j 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  dilTerent  gen- 
era. The  scarlet  pimpernel  is  of  the  genus 
Anagallis,  the  water  pimpernel  of  the  genus 
Veronica,  ami  the  i/cllow  piiitpcrncl  of  the 
genus  Lysiniachia.  Lee. 

PIM'PILLO,   Ji.  .\  plant  of  the  genus  Cac- 
tus. 
PIMPINEL'LA,  »!.  A    genus  of  plants,  in- 
cluding the  burnct  saxifrage  and  the  an 
ise.  jEnc^c. 

PIMP'ING,  ppr.  Pandering  ;  procuring  lewd 

women  for  others. 
PIMP'ING,  a.  Little;  petty.  Skinner. 

PIM'PLE,  n.  [Sax.  pinpel ;  probably  from 

pin,  or  its  root." 
A  small  pustule  oil  the  face  or  other  part  of| 
the  body,  usually  a  red  pustule 


PIM'PLED,  a.  Having  red  pustules  on  the 
skin  ;  full  of  piinples. 

PIMP'LIKE,  a.  Like  a  pinip;   vile;  infa- 
mous ;  mean, 
then  is  the  lead-man,  he  tUal  PIN,  n.  [W.  pin,  miin  or  pen  ;  piner,piniaw, 

10  pin  ;  Ir.  pion  ;  Sw.  pimie,  whence  pinn- 
suin,  pin-swine,  the  porcupine!:  Dan.winrf, 
a  sprig ;  pindsviin,  the  porcupine  ;  I'orl. 
pino,  a  peg  ;  D.  pen,  penne,  a  /n'n  or  peg  ; 
G.  pinne,  a  pin  ;  pinsel,  a  [)encil ;  Fr.  epine, 
a  spine,  and  qu.  epingle,  a  pin  ;  L.  penna, 
pinna;  W.  pen,  a  summit;  Sax.  pinn,  a 
]>en,  and  ptnn-treuiv,  the  pine-tree.  See 
Pine,  Fin,  and  Porcupine.  This  word  de- 
notes a  sharp  point  or  end,  or  that  which 
fastens;  Hux.pinan,  pyndan.  If  the  sense 
is  a  point,  it  is  a  shoot.  From  this  is 
formed  spine,  W.  yspin.] 

\.  A  small  pointed  instrument  made  of  brass 
wire  and  headed  ;  used  chiefly  by  females 
for  lastening  their  clothes. 

2.  ."V  piece  of  wood  or  metal  sharpened  or 
pointed,  used  to  fasten  together  boards, 
plank  or  other  timber.  The  larger  pins  of 
metal  are  usually  called  boUs,  and  the 
wooden  pins  used  in  ship  building  are 
c.a.\\r\i\  treenails  [trunnels.]  A  small  wood- 
en pin  is  called  a  peg. 

3.  A  Ihing  of  little  value.  It  is  not  a  pin's 
mailer.     I  care  not  a  pin. 

j4.  A  linchpin. 

|5.  The  lentral  part.  Shak. 

jG.  A    peg   used    in   musical    instruments  in 
1     straining  and  relaxing  the  strings. 

7.  A  note  or  strain.     [I'uJgar  and  Jtot  used.] 
I  L'Estrange. 

8.  A  horny  induration  of  the  membranes  of 
I     the  eye.  Hanmer. 

9.  A  cylindrical  roller  made  of  wood. 

Corbd. 

10.  A  noxious  humor  in  a  hawk's  foot. 

Ainsworth. 

IL  The   pin  of  a  block  is  the  axis  of  the 
sheave. 
Wine  with  a  mixture  of  spice  |PIN,  v.  t.  [W.  piniain.]  To  fasten  with  a  pin 

or  with  pins  of  any  kind;  as,  to  pin   the 
clothes  ;  to  pin  boards  or  timbers. 
2.  To  fasten;  to  make  fast;  or  to  join  and 
fasten  together. 

Our  gates — we  have  but/JimieiZ  with  rushes. 

Shak. 

She  lifted  the  princess  from  the  eartli,  and  so 

locks  her  in  embracing,  as  if  she  wouM  pin  her 

to  her  he.irt.  Shak. 

■i.  To  inclose ;  to  confine.  [See  the  verbs 
Pen  and  Pound.]  Hooker. 

jPINAS'TER,  n.  [L.  See  Pine.]  The  wild 
pine. 

PIN'CASE,  n.  A  case  for  holding  pins. 

PINCERS,  an  erroneous  orthography  of 
pinchers,  which  see. 

PINCH,  r.  t.  [Fr.  pinrcr,  formerly  pinscr  ; 
Arm.  pincza  ;  Sp.  pizcar :  h.  pizzare,  piz- 
zicare.  These  are  evidently  from  the  root 
of  It.  piccare,  to  prick,  smart,  itch,  to  peck, 
to  provoke,  Sp.  Port,  picnr,  to  .sting  or 
prick,  to  peck,  to  dig,  to  bite  or  i)inch,  as 
cold.  The  root  then  is  that  of  peck,  pick, 
pike;  and  pinch  is  primarily  to  press  be- 
tween two  sharp  points,  or  to  prick. 
Hence  its  peculiar  application  to  pressure 
between  the  fingers.] 

1.  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  between  tlip 
ends  of  the  fingers,  the  teeth,  '•laws,  or 
with  an  instrument,  &c. 


PIN 


P  I  N 


PIN 


2.  To  squeeze  or  compress  between  any  two 
hard  bodies. 

3.  To  squeeze  the  flesh  till  it  is  pained  or 
livid. 

4.  To  gripe ;  to  straiten  ;  to  oppress  with 
want ;  as,  to  pinch  a  nation  ;  to  pinch  the 
belly  ;  to  be  pinched  for  want  of  food. 

5.  To  pain  by  constriction  ;  to  distress  ;  as 
pinching  cold.   The  winter  pinches. 

G.  To  press  ;  to  straiten  by  difficulties ;  as, 
the  argument  pinches  the  objector. 

The  respondent  is  pinched  with  a  strong  ob- 
jection. Watts. 
7.  To  press  hard  ;  to  try  thoroughly. 

Collier. 
PINCH,  V.  i.  To  act  with  pressing  force  ;  to 
bear    bard  ;    to   be    puzzling.     You    see 
where  the  reasons  ptncA.  Dnjden. 

9.  To  spare  ;  to  be  straitened  ;  to  be  covet- 
ous. 

The  wretch  whom  avarice  bids  to  pinch  and 

spare, 
Starve,  steal  and  pilfer  to  enrich  an  heir. 

F^ranklin. 

PINCH,   n.  A  close  compression  with  the 

ends  of  the  fingers.  Dryden. 

2.  A  gripe;  a  pang.  Shak. 

3.  Distress  inflicted  or  suffered  ;  pressure ; 
oppression  ;  as  necessity's  sharp  pinch. 

Shak. 

4.  Straits ;  difliculty ;  time  of  distress  from 
want.  Bacon. 

PINCH'BECK,n.  [said  to  be  from  the  name 

of  the  inventor.] 

An  alloy  of  copper ;  a  mixture  of  copper  and 

zink,  consisting  of  three  or  four  parts  of 

copper  with  one  of  zink.  Encyc. 

PINCH' ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  pinches. 

PINCH'ERS,  n.  plu.  [from  pinch,  not  from 

the  French  pincette.] 

An  instrument  for  drawing  nails  from  boards 

and  the  like,  or  for  griping  things  to  be 

held  fast. 

PINCH'PIST, 

PINCH'PENNY, 

PIN'eySHION,   n.    A  small   case  stuffed 

with  some  soft  material,  in  which  females 

stick  pins  for  safety  and  preservation. 

PINDAR'I€,  a.  After  the  style  and  manner 

of  Pindar. 

PINDAR'IC,  n.  An  ode  in  imitation  of  the 
odes  of  Pindar  the  Grecian,  and  prince  of 
the  lyric  poets ;  an  irregular  ode. 

Mdison. 
PIN' DUST,    n.    Small  particles  of  metal 
made  by  pointing  pins.  Digby. 

PINE,  n.  [Fr.  pin  ;  Sp.  It.  pino ;  h.  pinus 
Sax.  pinn-treow,   i)in-tree  ;  D.  pyn-hoom 
W.  pin-bren,  j)in-tiee,  and  pin-gwyz,  pin 
wood.     Tliese   words   indicate    that   this 
name  is  fronf  the  leaves  of  the  pine,  which 
resemble  pins.     But  the  Welsh   has  also 
feinid-tcyz,  from  feinid,  a  rising  to  a  point, 
from /ain,  a  cone,  and  gwyz,  wood.     The 
latter  name  is  from  the  cones.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Pinus,  of  many  species 
some  of  which  furnish  timber  of  the  most 
valiiablo  kind.     The  species  which  usual 
ly  bvar  tliis  name  in  tlie  United  States,  are 
the  white  pine,  Pinus  strobus,  the  ])rince  of 
our  forests;  ihc  yellow  pine,  Pinus  resino- 
sa  ;  and  the  pilch  pine,  Pinus  rigida.     The 
other  species  of  this  genus  are  calle<l  by 
other  names,  as  fir,  liemlock,  larch,  spruce, 
&c. 


PINE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  pain  or  torture, 
and  to  pine  or  languish.  This  verb  in 
the  sense  of  pain,  is  found  in  the  other 
Teutonic  dialects,  but  not  in  the  sense  of 
languishing.    The  latter  sense  is  found  in 


the  Gr.  ><f  o'oo,  tttvu.     See  Ar. 


fanna, 


Class  Bn.  No.  22.  and   ^J,,s  No.  25.  and 
(lji<,No.29. 


n.  A  miser ;  a  niggard, 


To  languish;  to  lose  flesh  or  wear  away 
under  any  distress  or  anxiety  of  mind  ;  to 
grow  lean  ;  followed  sometimes  by  away. 
Ye  shall  not  mourn  nor  weep,  but  ye  shall 
pine  aiimy  lor  your  iniquities.  Ezek.  xxiv. 
To  languish  with  desire;  to  waste  away 
with  longing  for  something;  usually  fol- 
lowed hy  for. 

Unknowing  that  she  pin'd/or  your  return. 

Dryden. 
PINE,  V.  t.   To  wear  out ;  to  make  to  lan- 
guish. 
VVTiere  shivering  cold  and  sickness  pines  the 
clime.  Shak. 

Beroe  pined  with  pain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  grieve  for  ;  to  bemoan  in  silence. 
Abashed  the  devil  stood — 
Virtue  in  her  own  shape  how  lovely,  saw, 
And  pined  his  loss.  Jifdton. 

[In  the   transitive   sense,  this  verb   is  now 
seldom   used,   and  this  use  is   improper, 
except  by  ellipsis.] 
PINE,  )!.  [Sax.  pin,  D.  pyn,  pain;  Gr.  mv- 
ojuai,  «oi'o;.]      Woe;  want;  penury;   mis- 
ery. Sjienser. 
[This  is  obsolete.     See  Pain.] 
PIN'EAL,  a.  [Fr.  pinealc,  from  L.  pinus.] 
The  pineal  gland   is   a  part   of  the    brain, 
about  the  bigness  of  a  pea,  situated  in  the 
third  ventricle  ;  so  called   from  its  shapi 
It  was  considered  by   Descartes  as   the 
seat  of  the  soul. 
PINE- APPLE,  n.  The  ananas,  a  species  of 
Bromelia,  so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  cone  of  the  pine  tree. 

Miller.     Locke. 
PI'NEFUL,  a.  Full  of  woe.     [.Vol  used.] 

Hall. 

PI'NERY,  n.   A  place  where  pine-apples; 

are  raised.  Todd. 

PIN'-FETHER.  n.  A  small  or  short  fether. 

PIN'-FETHERED,  o.  Having  the  feihers 

only  beginning  to  shoot ;  not  fully  fledged. 

Dryden. 
PIN'FOLD,  n.  [pin  or  pen  and /oW;  Dan. 

pindan,  Eng.  to  pound,] 
A  place  in  which  beasts  are  confined.     We 

now  call  it  a  pound. 
PIN'GLE,  n.  A  small  close.     [M'ol  used.] 

Ainsworlh. 
PIN'GUID,  a.  [h.pinguis  ;  Gr.  .-ta;i^s, com- 
pact, L.  pactus,  Eng.  pack.] 
Fat;  unctuous.     [JVot  u.sed.]  Mortimer. 

PIN'HOLE,  Jt.  A  small  hole  made  by  the 
puncture  or  perforation  of  a  pin  ;  a  very 
small  aperture.  H'iseman. 

Vl'NlNG, ppr.  Languishing;  wasting  away. 
PINION,  n.  pin'yon.  [Fr.  pignon,  the  cope 
of  the  ridge  of  a  house ;  Norm.  id.  a  pen  ; 
Sp.  pihon,  pinion ;  from   Celtic  pen,  top, 
summit.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  fowl's  wing,  remotest  from 
the  body. 

2.  A  fether  ;  a  quill.  Shak. 


A  wing. 
Hope  humbly  then,    on   trembling  pinion! 
soar.  Pope. 

The  tooth  of  a  smaller  wheel,  answering 
to  that  of  a  larger. 
Fetters  or  bands  for  the  arms. 

JKnsworth. 
PINION,  i".  (.  pin'yon.  To  bind  or  conline 
the  wings.  Bacon. 

To  confine  by  binding  the  wings. 

3.  To  cut  off  the  first  joint  of  the  wing. 

4.  To  bind  or  confine  the  arm  or  arms  to 
the  body.  Dryden. 

5.  To  confine  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  chain  :  as,  to 
be  pinioned  by  formal  rules  of  state. 

J^orris. 

6.  To  bind ;  to  fasten  to.  Pope. 
PINIONED,   pp.   Confined  by  the  wings: 

shackled. 

2.  a.  Furnished  with  wings.  Dryden. 

PIN'IONIST,  n.  A  winged  animal ;  a  fowl. 
[JVot  used.]  Broion. 

PINIRO'LO,  n.  A  bird  resembling  the 
sandpiper,  but  larger  ;  found  in  Italy. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PIN'ITE,  n.  [from  Pint,  a  mine  in  Saxony.] 

A  mineral  holding  a  middle  place  ijetwcen 
steatite  and  mica  ;  the  inicaiel  of  Kirwan. 
It  is  found  in  prismatic  crystals  of  a  green- 
ish white  color,  brown  or  deep  led.  It 
occurs  also  massive.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PINK,  n.  [In  Welsh,  pine  signifies  sinart. 
fine,  gay,  and  a  finch,  and  pincinw,  to 
sprig.  This  is  by  Owen  formed  froniDtit, 
a  pen  or  pin.  But  in  Portuguese,  picar, 
to  sting,  to  prick,  to  peck,  to  nip,  to  pinch, 
to  dig,  to  spur,  and /n'carfo,  pricked,  ^inAerf, 
as  cloth,  are  from  the  root  of  peck,  pick, 
pico,  beak,  pike,  Sp.  picar.  It.  piccare.  The 
latter  would,  with  n  casual,  give  pink,  a 
little  eye  or  perforation,  and  the  sense  of 
pink,  in  pink-sterned.  The  Welsh  gives 
pink,  a  flower.] 

1.  An  eye,  or  a  small  eye  ;  but  now  disused 
except  in  composition,  as  in  pink-eyed, 
pink-eye.  Shak. 

2.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Dian- 
thus,  common  in  our  gardens. 

3.  A  color  used  by  painters  ;  from  the  color 
of  the  flower.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  thing  supremely  excellent. 

5.  A  ship  with  a  very  narrow  stern.  [Fr. 
pinqite,  D.  pink,  that  is,  piked,  n  being 
casual ;  hence  pink-sterned.] 

6.  A  fish,  the  minnow.  Ainsicorlh. 
PINK,   r.  t.   To  work  in  eyelet-holes ;    to 

pierce  with  small  boles.        Carew.     Prior. 

2.  To  stab ;  to  ])ierce.  Addison. 

PINK,  V.  i.  [D.  pinken.]  To  wink.  [JVot 
used.]  L'Estrange. 

PINK-EYED,  a.  Having  small  eyes. 

Holland. 

PINK-NEEDLE,  n.  A  shepherd's  bodkin. 

Sherwood. 

PINK-STERNED,  a.  Having  a  very  nar- 
row stern  ;  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Did. 

PIN'-MAKER,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  pins. 

PIN'-Mt')NEY,  n.  A  sum  of  money  allowed 
or  settled  on  a  wife  for  her  private  ex- 
penses. Addison. 

PIN'N.ACE,  n.  [Sp.  pinaza  ;  Fr.  pinasse  ; 
Port,  pinafa.] 

A  small  vessel  navigated  with  oars  and  sails, 
and   having  generally  two  masts  rigged 


P  1  o 

like   those    of  a  scbooner;  also,   a 
usually  rowed  with  eight  ours. 


boat 


Mar.  Did. 

IMN'NACLE,  n.  [Fr.pinacle;  It.  pinacolo  ; 
W.  jjinygyl,  Irom  Celtic  pen,  suiuiuit,  L. 
piiina.] 
1.  A  turret,   or  part   of  a  building  elevated 
above  tlio  tiiaiu  building. 
Some  metropolis 
Witli  elisteriiiK  spires  and  pinnacles  adorn  d. 
°  Milton. 

Cowley. 


a.  A  high  spiring  point  ;  summit. 
PINNACLE,     V.  t.     To   build   or  furnish 
with  pinnacles.  ff'arion. 

PIN'NA€LED,  pp.  Furnished  with  pinna 

PIN'NAgE,  n.   Poundage  of  cattle.     [JVot 

used.]     [See  Pound.] 
PIN'NATE,     )       [L.  pinnatus,  from  pinna, 
PIN'NATED,  S  "'  "  tetlier  or  fin.] 
In  botany,  a  pinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  com 
pound   leaf  wherein  a  simple  i)etiole  has 
several  leallets  attached  to  each  side  of  it. 

Martyn. 

PIN'NATIFID,  o.  [L.  pnnia,  n  fcther,  and 
findo,  to  cleave.] 

In  botany,  fetlier-cleft.  A  pinnalijid  leaf  is 
a  species  of  simple  lt;af,  divided  trans- 
versely by  oblong  horizontal  segments  or 
jags,  not  extending  to  the  mid  rib. 

Martyn. 

PIN'NATIPED,  a.  [L.  pinna  and  pes,  foot.] 
Fiu-footed  ;  having  tlie  toes  bordered  by 
membranes.  Latham. 

FIN'NED,  pp.  Fastened  with  pins ;  confin- 
ed. 

PIN'NER,  n.  One  that  pins  or  fastens; 
also,  a  pounder  of  cattle,  or  the  pound- 
keeper. 

2.  A  pin-maker. 

3.  The  lappet  of  a  head  which  flies  loose. 

Gay. 
PIN'NITE,  n.  Fossil  remains  of  the  Pinna, 

a  genus  of  shells.  Jameson. 

PIN'NOCK,  n.  A  small  bird,  the  tomtit. 

.'linsworlh. 
PIN'NULATE,  a.  A  pinnulatc  leaf  is  one 

in  which  each  pinna  is  subdivided. 

Martyn. 
PINT,  n.  [D.  pint  ;  Fr.  pinte ;  $p.  pinta.] 
Half  a  quart,  or  four    gills.     In    medicine, 

tw(dve  ounces.      It  is  applied  both  to  ii 

quid  and  dry  measure. 
PIN'TLE,    ?!.  A   little  pin.     In  artillery,  a 

long  iron  bolt. 
PIN'L'LES,  71.  plu.  In  asdonomy,  the  sightsj 

of  an  astrolabe.  Did., 

PIONEER,    n.     [Fr.  pionnier.    contracteil 

I'rom  piochnitr,  from  pioche,  a  pickax  ;  pio- 

cher,  to  dig,  that  is,  to  peck,  W.  pigaiv,  Sp. 

Port,  picar.     The  Italians  use  guaslatore, 

Sp.   gastador,   from  guastare,   gaslar,    to 

waste,  to  wear  away.     The  Germans  use 

schanxgrahcr,   D.  schansgraaver,   a  trench 

digger.] 

1.  In  the  art  and  practice  of  ivar,  one  whose 
business  is  to  march  with  or  before  ani 
army,  to  repair  the  road  or  clear  it  of  ob-! 
struolions,  work  at  intrenchments,  or  form 
mines  for  destroying  an  enemy's  works. 

J3aco7i. 

2.  One  that  goes  before  to  remove  obstruc- 
tions or  prepare  the  way  for  another. 

PI'ONING,  n.  The  work  of  pioneers.  [J\i"ot 
used.]  Spenser. 


PIP 

PI'ONY,   ?        [Sax.  pionie,  from  L.  pceonia  ; 

PEONY,  J  "■  Or.  jiaiuHa,  irom  ftatui/,  Apol- 
lo, a  physician,  and  a  hymn.] 

All  herbaceous  perennial  plant  of  the  genus 
PtBonia,  with  tuberous  roots,  and  bearing 
large  beautiful  red  flowers.  Encyc. 

IM'OlJS,    n.    IL.  pins;    Fr.    pieitx ;  Sp.  It. 
Port.  pio.     In  Sp.  and  It.  the  word  signi 
fies  not  only  pious,  but  niild  and  compas 
siouate,  and  pity  aud  piety  are  expressed 
by  one  and  the  same  word.     Sec  Pity.] 
Goilly  ;    reverencing   and    honoring   the 
Supreme  bomg  in  heart  and  in  the  iirac 
ticc  of  the  duties  he  has  enjoined;  having 
due  veneration  and  affection  for  the  char- 


acter of  God,  and   habitually  obeying  his 
connnands;  religious;  devoted  to  the  ser- 
vice of  God  ;  applied  to  persons. 
2.  Dictated  by  reverence  to  God  ;  proceed- 
ing from  piety  ;  applied  to  things ;  as  pioiis 
awe  ;  pious   services  or   affections  ;  pious 
sorrow. 
;}.  Having  due  respect  and  affection  for  pa 
rents   or   other  relatives  ;  practicing   the 
duties  of  respect   and    affection   towards 
I)arents  or  other  near  relatives. 

Taylor.  Pope. 
Practiced  under  the  pretense  of  religion  ; 
as  pious  frauds. 
PI'OLi'SLY,  adv.  In  a  pious  manner;  with 
reverence  and  affection  for  God  ;  relig- 
iously ;  with  due  regard  to  sacred  things 
or  to  the  duties  God  has  enjoined. 

Hammond 
2.  With  due  regard  to  natural  or  civil   rela- 
tions and  to  the  duties  which  spring  from 
them.  Addison. 

PIP,  n.  \p.  pip  ;    Fr.  pepie.]     A  disease  of 
fowls;  a  horny  pellicle  that  grows  on  the 
tip  of  their  tongue.      Johnson.     Hudibras. 
2.  .\  spot  on  cards.  Addison. 

PIP,  1'.  J.  [L.  pipio  ;  'W.pipian  ;  Dan.  piper.] 
To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a   chicken;  connnonly 
pronounced  ;jfe/).  Boyle. 

PIPE,  ji.  [Sax.  yJijpe;  W.pib;  Ir.  pib,  piob  ; 
Sw.  pip,  pipa  ;  U-pyp  :  G.  pfeife,  whence 
Eng._^e  ;  Dan.  pibe  ;  Port.  It.  Sp.  pipa  ; 
Fr.  pipe  ;  Arm.  pip  or  pimp.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  consisting 
of  a  long  tube  of  wood  or  metal ;  as  a 
rural  pipe.  The  word,  I  believe,  is  not 
now  the  proper  technical  name  of  any 
particular  instrument,  but  is  applicable  to 
any  tubular  wind  instrument,  and  it  oc- 
ciu's  in  bagpipe. 

2.  A  long  tube  or  hollow  body ;  applied  to 
the  veins  aud  arteries  of  tlic  body,  and  to 
many  hollow  bodies,  particularly  such  as 
are  used  for  conductors  of  water  or  other 
fluid 

3.  A  tube  of  clay  with  a  bowl  at  one  end ; 
used  in  smoking  tobacco 


p  I  a 

PIPE,  I'.  J.  To  play  on  a  pipe,  fife,  flute  oi 
other  tubular  wind  instrument  of  music. 

Dryden.     Stcifl. 
WehAve  piped  to  you,  aoJ  ye  have  not  danc- 
ed.   Matt.  xi. 
2.  To  have  a  shrill  sound ;  to  whistle. 

Shak. 
PIPE,  I'.  I.  To  play  on  a  wind  instrument. 

I  Cor.  xiv. 
PI'PED,  a.  Formed  with  a  tube  ;  tubular. 

Kncyc. 

PIPE-FISH,  H.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Syn- 

guathus.  Encyc. 

Pl'PEK,  n.  One  who  plays  on   a  pipe  or 

wind  instrument. 


4.  The  organs  of  voice  and  respiration ;  as 


in  irindpipe.  Peacham. 

5.  The  key  or  sound  of  the  voice.  Shak. 

6.  In  England,  a  roll  in  the  exchequer,  or 
the  exchequer  itself.  Hence,  pipe-nffwe  is 
an  office  in  which  the  clerk  of  the  pipe 
makes  out  leases  of  crown  lands,  accounts 
of  sheriffs,  &c. 

A  cask  containing  two  hogsheads  or  120 
gallons,  used  for  wine  ;  or  the  quantity 
which  it  contains. 

In  mining,  a  pipe  is  where  the  ore  runs 
fbrwarrl  endwise  in  a  hole,  and  does  not 
sink  downwards  or  in  a  vein.  Encyc. 


PIP'EKIDtiE,  n.  A  shrub,  the  berberis,  or 

barberry.  Earn,  of  Plants. 

The  jriperidge  of  New  England  is  the 

nyssa  vitlosa,  a  large  tree  with  very  tough 

wood. 

PIP'EKIN,  n.  A  concretion  of  volcanic 
ashes.  De  Costa.     Kirwan. 

2.  A  peculiar  crystaline  substance  extracted 
from  black  pepper.  The  crystals  of  pipe- 
rin  are  transparent,  of  a  straw  color,  aud 
they  assume  the  tetrahedral  prismatic 
form  with  oblique  summits.         Carpenter. 

PII'E-TKEE,  n.  The  lilac. 

I'I'PING,  ppr.  Playing  on  a  pipe. 

2.  a.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  sickly.  [Vulgar  and 
not  in  use  in  America.] 

.3.  Very  hot ;  boiling ;  from  the  sound  of 
boiling  fluids.     [Used  in  vulgar  language.] 

PIPIS'TREL,  n.  A  speeies  of  bat,  the  small- 
est of  the  kiud. 

PIP'KIN,  n.  [dim.  of  pipe]  A  small 
earthen  boiler.  Pope. 

PIPPIN,  n.  [D.  pippeling.]  A  kind  of  ap- 
ple;  a  tart  apple.  This  name  in  America 
is  given  to  several  kinds  of  apples,  as  to 
the  Newtown  pippin,  an  excellent  winter 
apple,  and  the  suunncr  pippin,  a  large 
apple,  but  more  perishable  than  the  New- 
town pi|)pin. 
PIQUANCY,  n.  pik'nncy.  [infra.]  Sharp- 
ness ;  pungency  ;  tartness  ;  severity. 

Barroio. 
PIQUANT,  a.  pik'ant.    [Fr.  from  piquer,  to 
prick  or  sting.  It.  piccare,  Sp.  Port,  picar, 
from  the  root  oC pike,  peak.] 

1.  Pricking  ;  stimulating  to  the  tongue  ; 
as  rock  vrnpiijuant  to  the  tongue  as  salt. 

Addison. 

2.  Sharp  ;  tart ;  pungent ;  severe ;  as  pi(j- 
unnt  railleries.  Gor.  of  the  Tongue. 

PIQUANTLY,  adv.  pikantly.  With  sharp- 
ness or  pungency  ;  tartly.  Locke. 
PIQUE,  n.  peek.  [Fr.  S"ee  Piqitani.]  An 
offense  taken;  usually,  slight  anger,  irrita- 
tion or  displeasure  at  persons,  railur  ti'Ui- 
porary  than  permanent,  .and  di?tingui>lH  d 
either  in  degree  or  toiiiporarincss  from 
settled  enmity  or  malevolence. 

Out  of  personal  pique  to  tliosc  in  service,  he 

stands  as  a  looker  on,  when  the  government  i^s 

attacked.  Addison. 

2.  A  strong  passion.  Hudibras. 

■i.  Point ;  nicety  ;  punctilio. 

Add  long  prescription  of  established  laws. 
And  pique  of  honor  to  maintain  a  cause. 

Drydfn . 


PIQUE,  V.  t.  peek.  [Fr.  piquer.  See  Piq- 
uant.] 

1.  To  offend ;  to  nettle  ;  to  irritate;  to  sting  : 
to  fret;  to  excite  a  degree  of  anger.  It 
expresses  less  than  exasperate. 


P  I  R 


PIS 


PIS 


2. 


3, 


Ihc  lady  vras piqued  by  her  iniliflerence. 

Female  Quixote 
To  stimulate ;  to  excite  to  action  ;  to 
touch  with  envy,  jealousy  or  other  passion. 
Piqu'd  by  Protogenes'  fame, 
From  Co  to  Rhodes  Apelles  came —  Prior 
With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride  or 
value  one's  self. 

Men  pique  themselves  on  their  skill  in  the 
the  learned  languages.  Locke 

PiQIJED,  pp.  pee'ked.  Irritated  ;  nettled  ; 
(jflended ;  excited. 

PIQIJEKR.     [See  Pickeer.] 

I'lQL'EE'RER,    n.  A     plunderer;  a  free 
hooter.     [See  Pickeerer.]  Steijl. 

PIQUET.     [See  Picket] 

PKiUET,  71.  piktt'.  [Fr.]  A  game  at  cards 
played  between  two  persons,  with  only 
thirty  two  cards ;  all  the  deuces,  threes, 
fours,  fives  and  sixes  being  set  aside. 

Encyc. 

ViQ,VllSG,  ppr.pee'king.  Irritating;  oflend- 
ing;  priding. 

PrRACY,  n.  [Fr.  piraterie ;  L.  piratica 
from  Gr.  rtfiparsto,  from  itnpaw,  to  attempt 
to  dare,  to  enterprise,  whence  I,,  periculum 
experior.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is  to  run,  rush  or  drive  forward  ;  allied  to 
Sax./araji,  Eng.  to  fare    Class  Br.] 

1.  The  act,  practice  or  crime  of  robbing  on 
the  high  seas  ;  the  taking  of  property  from 
others  by  open  violence  and  without  au 
thority,on  thesea ;  a  crime  that  answers 
to  robbery  on  land.        fValler.     Arbuthnot. 

Other  acts  than  robbery  on  the  high 
seas,  are  declared  by  statute  to  be  piracy. 
See  Act  of  Congress,  April  30,  ]7i)0. 

2.  The  robbing  of  another  by  taking  his 
writings. 

PI'RATE,  ?i.  [It.  pirato;  L.Sp.pirata;  G 
rttiparjjt,  from  rtttpou.     See  Piracy.     For- 
merly this  word  signified  a  ship  or  sea 
soldier,  answering  to  the  marine  of  the 
present  day.] 

1.  A  robber  on  the  high  seas;  one  that  by 
open  violence  takes  the  property  of  an 
other  on  tlie  high  seas.  In  strictness,  tlie 
word  pirate  is  one  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  cruise  for  robbery  or  plunder ;  a 
freebooter  on  the  seas. 

2.  An  armed  ship  or  vessel  which  sails  with 
out  a  legal  conunission.  for  the  purpose  of 
plundering  other  vessels  iudiscrin)inately 
on  the  high  seas. 

3.  A  bookseller  that  seizes  the  copies  or 
writings  of  other  men  without  permission. 

Johnson. 
PI'RATE,  V.  I.  To  rob  on  the  high  seas. 

Jlrbuthnot. 
I'I'RATE,  ('.  t.  To  take  by  theft  or  without 

right  or  permission,  as  books  or  writings. 
Tlicy  advertised  Ihiy  would  pirate  his  edi- 
tion. Pope. 
Pi' RXTEn,  pp.  Taken  by  theft  or  without 

right. 
J'l'llATlNG,    ppr.     Robbing  on   the   Ingli 

seas;  taking  without  right,  as  a  book  or 

writing. 
2.  a.  Undertaken  for  the  sake  of  piracy  ;   as 

a  jnmllnir  expedition.  Milford. 

PIUATK'AL,    a.    [\..  ■piralicvs.]     Robbing 

or  plundering  by   ojicn  violence   on   the 

high  .'^eas;  as  a  piralical   conunander  or 

ship. 
2.    Consisting   in    piracy;   predatory;   rob 

hing  ;  as  a  piralical  \\-m\i-  or  occupation. 


Practicing  literary  theft. 

The  errors  of  the   press   were  multiplied  by 
piratical  printers.  Pope. 

PIRATICALLY,  adv.  By  piracy.     Bryant. 

PIROGUE,  J  Spiro'ge,     [Sp.    piragua. 

PIRAGUA,  S  "•  Ipirau'gtia.  This  word  is 
variously  written,  periagua  or  pirogue.] 
The  former  is  the  spelling  of  Washington 
and   Jefferson;  the  latter  of  Charlevoix] 

1.  A  canoe  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
or  two  canoes  united.  Charlevoix. 

2.  In  modern  usage  in  America,  a  narrow 
ferry  boat  carrying  two  masts  and  a  lee- 
board. 

PIR'RY,  n.  A  rough  gale  of  wind;  a  storm. 
[J^ot  used.]  Elyol. 

PIS'C.VRY,  n.  [It.  pescheria,  from  pescare, 
to  fish,  Sp.  pescar ;  Fr.  pecherie,  from  pe- 
cher,  to  fish  ;  L.  piscis,  afish  \piscor,  to  fish.] 

In  laiv,  the  right  or  privilege  of  fishing  in  an- 
other man's  waters.  Blackslove. 

PISCA'TION,  n.  [h.  piscatio.  See  Piscary 
and  Fish.]     The  act  or  practice  of  fishing 

Blown 

PIS'€ATORY,  a.  [h.piscalorius.]  Relating 
to  fishes  or  to  fishing ;  as  a  piscatory  ec- 
logue. Addison 

PIS'CES,  71.  plu.  [L.  piscis.]  In  astronomy. 
the  Fishes,  the  twelfth  sign  or  con-,tella- 
tion  in  the  zodiac. 

PIS'CINE,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a  fish.]  Pertaining 
to  fish  or  fishes  ;  as  piscine  remains. 

Kirwan. 

PISCIV'OROUS,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a  fish,  and 
voro,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  fishes.  Many  spe- 
cies of  aquatic  fowls  are  piscivorous. 

PISH,  exclam.  [perhaps  the  oriental  t;n3  or 
nn.  Class  Bs.  No.  2.  3.] 

A  word  expressing  contempt ;  sometimes 
spoken  and  written  pshaw. 

PISH,  V.  i.  To  express  contempt.  Pope. 

PIS'IFORM,  a.  [L.;«sit»H,  apea.and /onnn, 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  a  pea. 
Masses  o{ pisiform  argillaceous  iron  ore. 

Kirwan. 

PIS'MIRE,  71.  [The  last  syllable  is  the  Sw. 
myra,  Dan.  myre,  D.  mier,  an  ant ;  Sax. 
myra,  tender.  I  know  not  the  origin  or 
meaning  of  the  first  syllable.]  The  insect 
called  the  ant  or  emmet. 

Prior..    Mortimer. 

PIS'OLITE,  n.  [Gr.  /tiao^,  a  pea,  and  'Atfio;, 
a  stone.] 

Peastone,  a  carbonate  of  hme,  slightly  color- 
ed by  the  oxyd  of  iron.  It  occurs  in  little 
globular  concretions  of  the  size  of  a  pea 
or  larger,  which  usually  contain  each  a 
grain  of  sand  as  a  nucleus.  These  con 
cretions  in  union  sometimes  compose  en- 
tire beds  of  secondary  mountains.  It  is 
sometimes  called  calcarious  tufa. 

Did.  JVal.  Hist.     Cleaveland. 

PIS'OPIIALT,  71.  Pea-mineral  or  n)ineral- 
pea  ;  a  soft  bitumen,  black  and  of  a  strong 
pungent  smell.  It  appears  to  be  petrol 
passing  to  asphalt.  It  holds  a  middle 
place  between  petrol,  which  is  liquid, 
and  asphalt,  which  is  dry  and  brittle. 

Did.  AU.  Hist. 

PISS,  11./.  [D.  G.  pissen  ;  Dau.  pisser :  Sw. 

pissa;    Fr.  pisser ;    W.  pisaw ;    Basque, 


pisye  ;  \t.pisciare;  Pers.     A 


J^ 


pishar 


urine.  Class  Br.  No.  CI.  09.] 


To  discharge  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys and  lodged  in  the  urinary  bladder. 

PISS,  n.  Urine ;  the  liquor  secreted  by  the 
kidneys  into  the  bladder  of  an  animal  and 
discharged  through  the  proper  channel. 

PISS'ABED,  71.  The  vulgar  name  of  a  yel- 
low flower,  growing  among  grass. 

PIS'SASPHALT,  n.  [Gr.  rtw»a,  pitch,  and 
ooijxixros,  asphalt :  Sp.  pisasfatto.] 

Earth-pitch  ;  pitch  mi.xed  with  bitumen, 
natural  or  artificial  ;  a  fluid  opake  mineral 
substance,  thick  and  inflammable,  but 
leaving  a  residuum  afterburning.     Encyc. 

PISS'BURNT,  a.  Stained  with  urine. 

iPIST,     )  ^    [Fr.  piste,  from  Sp.  Port,  pisla, 

PISTE,  ^  ■  from  Sp.  pistar,  to  beat,  or  piso- 
nar,  to  ram  or  drive.] 

jThe  track  or  foot-print  of  a  horseman  on  the 
ground  he  goes  over.  Johnson. 

PISTACHIO,  n.  [Fr.  pistache ;  It.  pistac- 
chio ;    L.    pistachia ;    Gr.   7ti;axta ;    Pers. 

<j  J    (J  J  5    ^  (J  y 

t_itxM>i;  Ar.  i_JiA*».i.] 

The  nut  of  the  Pi^tacia  terehinlhus  or  ttu"- 
pentine  tree,  containing  a  kernel  of  a  jmle 
greenish  color,  of  a  pleasant  taste,  resem- 
bling that  of  the  almoml,  and  yielding  n 
well  tasted  oil.  It  is  wholesome  anrl  nu- 
tritive. The  tree  grows  in  Syria,  Arabia 
and  Persia.  Encyc. 

PIS'TAf  ITE,  ?    re       r    j  .  t 

PIS T AZITe!  \   [^'^'^  Epidote.] 

I'lSTAl.EE'N,  71.  A  siher  coin  of  the  value 
of  17  or  18  ccnt.s,  or  9d.  sterling. 

PIS'TIL,  )(.  [L./!S/r7fom,a  pe-stle.]  In  tof- 
any,  the  pointal,  an  organ  of  female  flow- 
ers adhering  to  the  fruit  for  the  reception 
of  the  pollen,  supposed  to  be  a  continua- 
tion of  the  i)ilh,  and  when  perfect,  con- 
sisting of  three  parts,  the  germ  or  ovarj'. 
the  style,  and  the  stigma.  Marlyn. 

PISTILLA  CEOUS,  a.  Growing  on  the 
germ  or  seed  bud  of  a  flower.  Barlmx. 

PIS'TILL.VTE,  a.  Having  or  consisting  in 
a  pistil. 

PISTILLA'TION,  n.  [L.pistiUum,  a  pestle, 
that  is,  a  beater  or  driver.]  The  act  of 
pounding  in  a  mortar.     [Little  used.] 

PISTILLIF'EROUS,  a.  [pistil  and  L.  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Having  a  pistil  without  stamens ;  as  a  female 
flower. 

PIS'TOL,  7!.  [Fr.  pistole,  pistold ;  It.  Sp. 
pistola,  a  pistol.  This  word,  like  piston 
and  pestle,  signifies  a  driver,  or  a  canal 
or  spout,  from  the  same  root.     Class  Bs.] 

A  small  fire-arm,  or  the  smallest  fire-arm 
used,  differing  from  a  musket  chiefly  in 
size.  Pistols  are  of  diflerent  length.s,  and 
borne  by  horsemen  in  cases  at  the  saddle 
bow,  or  by  a  girdle.  Small  jiistols  are 
carried  in  the  pocket. 

PIS'TOL,  J',  t.  [Fr.  pistoler.]  To  shoot  with 
a  pistol. 

PISTOLE,  71.  [Fr.]  A  gold  coin  of  Spain, 
but  current  in  the  neighboring  countries. 

PIS'TOLET,  71.  [Fr.]  A  little  pistol. 

PIS'TON,  71.  [Fr.  Sp.  pis/o)i,  from  the  root 
of  ^p.  pisar,  pistar,  h.  pinso,  the  primary 
sense  of  which  is  to  press,  send,  drive, 
thriist   or   strike,  like  embolus,   from  Gr. 

A  short  cylinder  of  metal  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance, used  in  pumps  and  other   engines 
i     or  machines  for  various   purposes.     It  is 


PIT 


fitted  exactly  to  tlin  hore  of  another  body 
so  as  to  prevent  llje  oinratice  or  escape  of 
air,  and  i.s  usually  applied  to  tlie  purpose 
of  forcing  koiik;  fluid  into  or  out  of  the  ca- 
nal or  tuhe  which  it  fills,  as  in  pumps. 
fire-t'njL;infs  and  the  like. 
PIT,  n.  [isnx.  jiit  i>r  pi/t ;  1).  pul ;  W.  jnid; 
Ir.  pit;  \ ..  jiuleun  ;  .'•ans.  put,  pultu :  W. 
pydniv,  a  well  or  spriiiff,  an  oozing  fluid 
£t  is  uncertain  wliether  this  word  original- 
ly sigiufied  a  hollow  place  i\up  in  the  earth, 
or  a  natural  spnng  of  water  and  itsbas<in 


PIT 


P  I  T 


See  Ar.   laxj  to    spring,  and  Class  Bd. 

No.  58.  50.  G;{.] 

1.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by 
digging  ;  a  deep  hole  in  the  earth. 

Bacon.     Slink. 

2.  A  deep  place  ;  an  abyss;  i)rofundity. 

/iito  what  pit  thou  seest 
From  what  hclghl  lallen.  Milton. 

3.  The  grave.     I's.  xxviii.  and  xxx. 

4.  The  area  for  cock-figliting ;  whence  the 
phrase,  v.JI;/  the  pit.        Locke,     lludilnas. 

5.  '1  he  middle  part  of  a  theater.  Dryd 
C.  The  hollow  of  the  body  at  the  stomach. 

We  say,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  cavity  under  the  shoulder  ;  as  the 
arm-pit. 

8.  A  dint  inaile  by  impression  on  a  soft  sub 
stance,  as  by  the  finger,  &c. 

9.  A  little  hollow  iii  the  flesh,  made  bv  a 
pustule,  as  in  the  sninll  pocks. 

10.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth  excavated 
for  catching  wild  beasts;  hence  in  Scrip 
ture,  whatever  ensnares  and  brings  into 
calamity  or  misery,  from  which  it  is  difli- 
ciilt  to  escape.  I's.  vii.  Prov.  xxii.  and 
xxiii. 

11.  Great  distress  and  misery,  temporal, 
spiritual  or  eternal.     Is.  xxxviii.     Ps.  xl 

12.  Hell ;  as  the  bottomless  pit.     Rev.  xx. 
PIT,  V.  t.  To  indent ;  to  press  into  hollows. 

2.  To  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  vario- 
lous pustules ;  as  the  face  pitted  by  the  small 
pocks. 

3.  To  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 

Federalist,  Madison 
PITAHA'YA,    n.     A   shrub   of  California, 
which  yields  a  delicious  fruit,  the   Cactus 
Pttaja>/a.  Enci/c 

PIT'APAT,  adv.   [probably  allied  to  beat.] 
In  a  flutter;  with  palpitation  or  quick  suc- 
cession of  beat.-^ 
pat. 

PIT'APAT,  n.  A  light  quickstep. 

Now    I    hear  the  pitapat   of  a  pretty   foot, 
tlirough  the  dark  .illey.  Drydcn 

PITCH,  n.  [iiax.pic;  D.pik  ;  G.pech;f^w. 
beck  ;  Dan.  icg-  or  beeg ;  Ir.  pic  or  pccli  ■ 
W.  pt/^;  Sp.  pez;  It.  pece  ;  Ii.  poix :  L. 
piT  ;  Gi^.  niana.  or  Xitra;  most  pnjliably 
iiauicd  from  its  thickness  or  inspissatioi'i, 
from  the  root  of  n,jyu,  «»;yviw.  nraau,  L. 
fgo.  See  Class  Bg.  No.  2;{.  'M.  3:3. '(>(].] 

I.  A  thick  tenacious  substance,  the  juice  of  a 
species  of  pine  or  fir  called  abics  picea, 
obtained  by  incision  from  the  bark  of 
tree.  When  melted  and  pressed  in  li.i-r.s 
of  clotli,  ii  is  received  into  bands.  Tins 
is  white  or  Burgmuly  pitch  ;  by  mixtiue 
with  lamiiblack  it  is"con\ertcd  into  Itlack 
pitch.  W  hen  kept  long  in  fiision  with  vin- 
egar, it  becomes  diy  and  brown,  and  tonus 

Vol.  Jl. 


I    colophony.    The  smoke  of  pitch  condensed' 
[     forms  lamj)black.  Fourcroui 

2.  The  resin  of  pine,  or  turpentine,  inspissa-j 
ted  ;  used  in  calking  ships  and  paying  the 
sides  and  bottom. 

PITCH,  n.  [from  the  root  olpike,  peak,  W. 

pig.     Kee  the  Verb.] 
1.  Literally,  a  ])oiiit;  lience,   any   point  or! 
degree  of  elevation  ;  as  a  high  pitch  ;  low- 
est pitch. 

How  high  apitchhis  resolution  soars. 

Shak. 
Alcihiadcs  was  one  of  the  best  orators  of  his 
age,  notwithstanding  he  lived  when  learning 
w:is  at  its  highest  pitch.  Addison. 

3.  Highest  rise.  Shak. 

3.  Size ;   stature. 

So  like  in  |)ersoii,  garb  and  pitch.    Hudibras. 

4.  Degree ;  rate. 
tio pitch  of  glory  from  the  grave  is  free. 

Waller. 
The  point  where  a  declivity  begins,  or  the 
declivity  itself;    descent;    slope;    as  the' 
pitch  of  a  hill. 
().  The  degree  of  descent  or  declivity. 

7.  A  descent ;  a  fall  ;  a  thrusting  down. 

8.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  key-note  of  a 
tun(!  or  of  any  note. 

PITCH,  v.t.  [formerly  pg-'''-'  W.  mVioii',  to 
dart,  from  pig,  a  point,  a  pike  ;  D.  pikken 
to  peck,  to  pick,  to  pitch;  G.  pichcn  ;  Fr 
fichcr  ;  Arw.  Jicha  ;  coinciding  with  h.ft<ro, 
to  fix,  and  uniting  ;3)'Af,;)!V/«e  with  Jix,  Sp. 
picar.  It.  piccarc,  to  |)rick  or  sting.] 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust,  and  primarily,  to 
thrust  a  long  or  pointed  object ;  hence,  to 
fix  ;  to  plant ;  to  set ;  as,  to  pitch  a  tent  or 
pavilion,  that  is,  to  set  the  stakes. 

rr.  Dryden 

2.  To  throw  at  a  point ;  as,  to  pitch  r|Uoits. 
'.i.  To  throw  headlong ;  as,  to  pitch   one  in 

the  mire  or  down  a  precipice. 

To  throw  with  a  fork;  as,  to  pitch  hay  or 


palpitation  or  rpncK  sue 
as,  his  heart  went  pita 


sheaves  of  corn. 
a.  To  regulate  or  set  the  key-note  of  a  tune 
in  music. 

6.  To  set  in  array;  to  marshal  or  arrange  in 
order;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle;  as  a 
pitched  battle. 

7.  [from  pitch.]  To  smear  or  pay  over  with 
pitch  ;  as,  to  pitch  the  scams  of  a  ship. 

PITCH,  r.  i.  To  light ;  to  settle  ;  to  come  to 
rest  from  flight 

1  ake  a  hi aiich  of  the  tree  on  which  the  bees 
pilch,  and  wipe  the  hive.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  fall  headlong  ;  as,  to  pitch  from  a  pre 
cipice  ;  to  pitch  on  the  head.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  as,  to  pitch  into  a  river. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  fix  choice  ;  with  on  or  upon. 
Pilch  vp&n  the  liest  course  of  life,   ami  cus- 
tom will  render  it  the  most  easy.  Tillotson. 
To  fix  ;i  tent  or  temporary  habitation ;  to 
encamp. 

I.ahan  witli    his    brethren   pitched    in    the 
mount  of  Gilcad.     Gen.  xx.\i. 
In  navigation,  to  rise  and  fall,  as  the  head 
and  stern  of  a  ship  passing  over  waves. 
To  flow  or  fall  precipitously,  as  a  river 

Over  this  rock,  the  n\e\  pilches  in  one  entire 
'^hcot.  B.  Trumbull 

PITCHED,    ;)/). 
thrown  headlong 
with  jiitch. 
PITCH'ER,  Jl.  [Ann. picker ;  Basque, /le^ar 
from  its  spout,  or  from  throwing.] 
An  earthen  vessel  with  a  spout  tor  pour 
iiig  out  liquors.     This  is  its  present  signi- 

36 


Set ;     planted ;      fixed 
,■  set  in  array  ;  smeared 


fication.     It  seems  formerly  to  have  sig- 
nified a  water  pot,  jug  or  jar  with  ears. 

Shak. 
2.  An  Instrument  for  piercing  the  ground. 

AJortimer. 

PITCH-FARTHING,  „.   A   play  in   which 

copper  com  is  pitched  into  a  hole  ;  called 

also   chuck-farthing,    from    the    root    of 

choke. 

PITCHFORK,  ».  [W.pirfurc]     A  fork  or 

farming  utensil  used   in   tlnowing   hay  or 

sheaves  of  grain,  in  loading  or  unloading 

carts  and  wagons. 

PITCH'INESS,  71.  [from  pitch.]  Blackness ; 

darkness.     [Little  used.] 
PITCHING,  ppr.  Setting  ;  jilanting  or  fix- 
ing; throwing  headlong;  [dunging  :  daub- 
ing with  piti:li;  setting,  as  a  tune. 
2.  a.  Declivous  ;  descending ;  sloping ;  as  a 

hill. 
PITCH'ING,  77.  In  navigation,  the  risin" 
j  and  falling  of  the  head  and  stern  of  a  ship, 
as  she  moves  over  waves  ;  or  the  vertical 
I  vibration  of  a  ship  about  her  center  of 
(     gravity.  Mar.  Did. 

TITCH -ORE,  71.   Pitch-blend,  an  ore  of 
I     uranium. 

iPITCH'PIPE,  ?i.    An  instrument  used   bj 
j     choristers  in  regulating  the  pitch  or  eleva- 
tion of  the  key  or  leading  note  of  a  tune. 
'  Spectator. 

PITCH-STONE,  n.  A  mineral,  a  sub- 
species of  quartz,  which  in  luster  and  tex- 
I  ture  reseinhlcs  ])itch,  whence  its  name. 
It  is  soiuetimes  called  resinite.  Its  colors 
are,  several  shades  of  green;  black  with 
green,  brown  or  gray  ;  brown,  tinged  w  ith 
red,  green  or  yellow  ;  sometimes  yellow- 
ish or  blue.  It  occurs  in  large  beds  and 
sometimes  forms  whole  iriountains. 

Cleaveland. 

PITCH'Y,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of 

pitch  ;  like  pitch.  Jf'oodward. 

2.  Smeared  with  pilch.  Dryden. 

3.  Black;    dark;    dismal;     as    the    pitchy 
inantle  of  night.  Shak. 

PIT'eOAL,  7!.  Fossil  coal ;  coal   dug  from 

the  earth. 
PIT'EOUS,    a.     [See     Pity.-]    Sorrowful; 

mournful;  that  may  excite  pity  ;  &sa.pile- 

ous  look. 

2.  Wretched  ;  miserable  ;  deserving  coin- 
passion  ;  as  a  piteous  condition. 

3.  Compassionate  ;  aflected  by  pity. 

Prior.     Pope. 

4.  Pitiful ;  paltry  ;  poor ;  as  piteous  amends. 

Milton. 
PIT'EOIISLY,  adv.  In  a  piteous  manner; 

with  compassion.  Shak. 

2.  Sorrowfullv  ;  mournfully. 
PIT'EOUSNESS,  71.  Sorrowfulness. 
2.  Tenderness ;  comjiassion. 
PIT'FALL,  71.   A  pit   slightly  covered  for 

concealment,  and  intended  to  catch  wild 

beasts  or  men. 

PIT'FALL,  V.  t.  To  lead  into  a  pitfall. 

Milton. 

PIT-FISH,  7!.  A  small  fish  of  the  Indian 
seas,  about  the  size  of  a  smelt,  of  a  green 
and  yellow  color.  It  has  the  power  of 
protruding  or  retracting  its  eyes  at  jileas- 
ure.  Diet.  J^Tat.  Hist. 

PITH,  77.  [Sax.  pitha  ;  D.  pit,  pith,  kernel.] 

1.  The  soft  spungy  substance  in  the  center  of 
plants  and  trees.  Bacon.    Encyc. 


PIT 


P  I  V 


P  L  A 


2.  In  rtnimnfs,  the  spinal  marrow.  /fi.y- 

3.  Strength  or  force.  Shak.\ 

4.  Energy  ;  cogency  ;  concentrated  force  ; 
closeness  and  vigor  of  thouglit  and  style. 

5.  Condensed  .substance  or  matter ;  quint- 
essence. The  summary  contains  the  pith 
of  the  original. 

6.  Weight ;  moment ;  importance. 

Enterprises  of  great  7^(//i  ami  nioineiit. 

.S7iH/f. 

PITHILY,  adv.  With  strength;  with  close 

or   concentrated    force ;    cogently ;    with 

energy. 
PITII'INESS,    n.    Strength;    concentrated 

force;  as  the  pithiness  of  a  reply. 

Spenser. 
PITH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  [lith  ;  wanting 

strength. 

2.  Wanting  cogency  or  concentrated  force. 
PIT'HOLE,  n.  A  mark  made  by  disease. 

Obs.     Beaum.\ 
PITHY,  a.  Consisting  of  pith;  containing 
pith;  abounding  with  pith  ;  as  a  ptV^  sub- 
stance ;  a  pithy  stem. 
9.  Containing  concentrated  force  ;   forcible  ;| 
energetic  ;  as  a  pithy  word  or  expression. 
This  ^>i7/(y  speech  prevailed  and  all  agreed. 

hriftlen. 

3.  Uttering  energetic  words  or  expressions. 

In  all  these,   Goodman   Fact  was  very  short, 
but  pithy.  Addison. 

PITIABLE,  a.  [Fr.  pitoyabk:  from  pity.] 
Deserving  pity  ;  worthy  of  compassion  ; 
miserable  ;  as  pitiable  persons  ;  a  pitiable 
condition.  Atlerbury. 

I'lT'IABLENESS,  n.  State  of  deserving 
compassion.  Kettlewell. 

PITIED,  pp.  Compassionated.  [See  the 
verb,  to  piti/.] 

PIT'IFIIL,  a.  [See  Pity.]  Full  of  pity;  ten- 
der; compassionate;  having  a  heart  to 
feel  sorrow  and  sympathy  lor  the  distress- 
ed. James  v.  1  Pet.  iii.  [This  is  the 
proper  sense  of  the  tvord.] 

9.  Miserable;  moving  compassion;  as  a 
sight  most  pitiful;  a  pitiful  condition. 

Shak.     Ray. 
This  is  a  very  improper  use  of  pitiful  for 
pitiable. 

3.  To  be  pitied  for  its  littleness  or  mean- 
ness ;  paltry  ;  contemptible ;  despicable. 

That's  villainous,  ami   shows  a  most  pitiful 
ambition  in  the  tool  that  uses  it.  Shak. 

4.  Very  small  ;  insignificant. 
PIT'IFULLY.    adv.    With   pity  ;    compas- 
sionately. 

Pitifully  behold  the  sorrows  of  our  hearts. 
Com.  Prayer 

2.  In  a  manner  to  excite  pity. 

They  would  sigh  and   groan  as  pitifully  as 
other  men.  Tillotson 

3.  Contemptibly  ;  with  meanness. 

Richardson 

I'lT'lFULNESS,  n.  Tenderness  of  heart 
that  disposes  to  pity  ;  mercy;  compassion 

Sidney. 

2.  Contemptibleness. 

PIT'ILKHS,  a.  Destitute  of  |)ity  ;  lianl- 
hearted  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as  a  pililess 
master. 

2.  Exciting  no  pity  ;  an  ;i  pililess  ^Uite. 

PITILESSLY,  adv.  Without  mercy  or 
C"irip:ission.  Shenvood. 

PIT'ILESSNESS,  n.  Unmercifulness ;  in- 
sensibility to  the  distresses  of  others. 


PITMAN,  n.  The  man  that  stands  in  a  pit 
when  sawing  timber  with  another  man 
who  stands  above.  Moron. 

PIT'-SAW, )!.  A  large  saw  used  in  dividing 
timber,  and  used  by  two  men,  one  of 
whom  staiuls  in  a  pit  below.  Moxon. 

PITTANCE,  n.  \Vr.  pilance  ;  It.  pietanza  ; 
y ort.  piliinca.  The  word  signifies  prima- 
rily, a  portion  of  food  allowed  to  a  monk. 
The  S))anish  has  pilar,  to  distribute  allow- 
ances of  meat,  and  pitancero,  a  person  who 
distributes  allowance.?,  or  a  friar  who  lives 
on  charity.] 

1.  An  allowance  of  meat  in  a  monastery. 

2.  A  very  small  portion  allowed  or  assigned. 

Shak. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity.  Arbuthnot. 
PITU'lTARY,     a.      [L.    piluita,     phlegm, 

rheum  ;  (Jr.  tttvu,  to  spit.] 
That  secretes  phlegm  or  mucus;  as  tliepi7i(- 
ilary  mendnane.  Med.  Repos. 

'riw  pituitary  gland  is  a  small  oval  body 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  brain,  supposed 
by  the  ancients  to  secrete  the  mucus  of 
the  nostrils.  Parr,      (^uincy. 

PIT'lIITE,  n.  [Fr.fromL.pi7i()7n.]  Mucus. 
PITU'ITOUS,  a.  [L.  pituilosus.]  i:onsist- 
ing  of  mucus,  or  resembling  it  in  qual- 
ities. 
PIT'Y,  n.  [Fr.  pitie  ;  h.pietii,  pity  and  piety  ; 
Sp.  jiietad,  pity  anil  piety  ;  Port,  piedade, 
id.  The  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish  and  Por- 
tuguese languages  unite  pity  and  piety  in 
the  same  word,  and  the  wonl  may  be  from 
the  root  of  compassion  ;  L.  patior,  to  suf- 
fer ;  It.  compatire,  Sp.  Port,  compadecersc, 
to  pity.] 
1.  The  feeling  or  suffering  of  one  person,  ex- 
cited by  the  distresses  of  another  ;  sympa- 
thy with  the  grief  or  misery  of  another;! 
compassion  or  rdlow-suftering. 

He  that  hath  pity  upon  the  poor  lendeth  to 
the  Lord.      I'rov.  xix. 

In   Scripture    however,   the  word  pity 

usually  includes  compassion  accomjjanied 

with  some  act  of  charity  or  benevolence, 

and  not  simply  a  fellow  feeling  of  distress. 

Pity  is  always  painful,  yet  always  a;;reeable. 

Kdmes. 
The  ground  or  subject  of  pity;  cause  of 
grief;  thing  to  be  regretted. 
What  pill/  is  it 
Tliat  we  can  die  but  once  to  serve  oiir  coun- 
try !  Jjddison 
That  he  is  old,  the  more  is  the  pity,  his  while 
hairs  do  witness  it.  Shak. 
In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  irlural.     It 
is  a  thousand  pities  he  shoidd  waste  his 
estate  in  prodigality. 
PIT'Y,  V.  I.  [Fr.  pitoyer.]     To  feel   pain  or 
grief  for  one  in  distress;  to  have  sympa- 
thy for  ;  U)   conqjassioiiate  ;  to   have  ten- 
der feelings  for  one,  cxcit(Ml  by  his  mdiap- 
piness. 

Like  as  a  father   piliclh   his  ohildrcn,  so  the 
Lord /)(()c(/i  Ihem  that  IVar  hiui.     Ps.  ciii. 
Taught  liy  (hal  power  who  pities  me, 
I  learn  to pily  them.  Gold.smilh. 

PIT'Y,  V.  i.  To  be  cotnpassionate  ;  to  exer- 
cise pity. 

I  will  not  pily  nor  spaie,  nor  have  mercy. 
Jer.  xiii. 

[Rut  this  may  be  considered  as  an  ellip- 
tical phrase] 
PIVOT,  n.  [Fr.  In  Italian,  piVo/o  or /niio/o 
is  a  peg  or  pin.]  .\  pin  on  which  anything 
turns.  Drydcn. 


PIX,  n.  [L.pyris.]  A  little  bo.x  or  chest  in 
which  the  consecrated  host  is  kept  in  Ro- 
man catholic  countries.  Hanmer. 

'i.  A  box  used  for  the  trial  of  gold  and  silver 
coin.  Leake. 

PIZ'ZLE,  n.  [D.  pees,  a  tendon  or  string.] 
In  certain  quadrupeds,  the  part  which  is 
oflicial  to  generation  and  the  discharge  of 
urine.  Brown. 

PLACABIL'ITY,      ?         [from     placable.] 

PLA'€ABLENESS,  J  "•  The  quality  of 
being  appeasable;  susceptibility  of  being 
pacified. 

PLA'CABLE,  a.  [It.  placabile ;  Sp.  placa- 
ble ;  L.  placabilis,  from  placo,  to  |)acify ; 
probably  formed  on  the  root  of  lay.  See 
Please.] 

That  may  be  appeased  or  pacified;  appeas- 
able ;  admitting  its  passions  or  irritations 
to  be  allayed  ;  willing  to  forgive. 

Methought  I  saw  him  placable  and  mild. 

Milton . 

PLACARD,  n  [Fr.  placard  ;  Sp.  placarte ; 
D.  plakaat  ;  plakken,  to  paste  or  stick  ;  G. 
Dan.  placat ;  Fr.  plaquer,  lo  c\iip  on,  Arm. 
plucfja.  According  to  the  French  orthog- 
raphy, this  word  is  composed  of  plaquer, 
to  lay  or  clap  on,  and  carte,  card.] 

Properly,  a  written  or  printed  paper  posted 
in  a  pidjlic  place.  It  seems  to  have  been 
fornrerly  the  name  of  an  edict,  proclama- 
tion or  manifesto  issued  by  authority,  but 
this  sense  is,  I  believe,  seldom  or  never 
annexed  to  the  word.  A  placard  now  is 
an  advertisement,  or  a  libel,  or  a  paper 
intended  to  censure  public  or  private  char- 
acters or  pidjIic  measures,  posted  in  a 
|)ublic  place.  In  the  case  of  libels  or  pa- 
pers intended  to  censure  pid)lic  or  private 
characters,  or  the  measiues  of  govern- 
ment, the.se  papers  are  usually  pasted  up 
at  night  forsecrecv- 

PLA'CATE,  v.t.  [L.;>/rtco, to  appease.]  To 
appease  or  pacify  ;  to  conciliate.      Forbes. 

PLACE,  n.  [Fr.  «/. ;  Sp.  plaza;  Pon.  pra- 
ca  ;  It.  piazza,  tiir  piazza;  Arm.  plagz; 
D.  plaats ;  G.  platz  ;  S w.  plats  ;  Dan.  plads. 
Words  of  this  signification  liave  for  their 
radical  sense,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  particular  |iortion  of  space  of  indefinite 
extent,  occupied  or  intended  to  be  occu- 
pied by  any  person  or  thing,  and  consid- 
ered as  the  space  where  a  person  or  thing 
does  or  may  rest  or  has  rested,  as  distinct 
from  space  in  general. 

Look  from  the  place  where  thou  art.  Gen. 
xiii. 

Tlie  place  where  thou  standestis  holy  ground. 
Ex.  iii. 

Every  place  whereon  the  soles  of  your  feet 
shall  tread  shall  be  yours.     Ueut.  xi. 

David's  place  was  empty.     1  Sam.  xx. 

2.  Any  portion  of  space,  as  distinct  from 
space  in  general. 

Enlargement  and  deliverance  shall  arise  to 
the  Jews  liom  another  ^((iff.     E.sth.  iv. 

.3.  Local  existence. 

From  whose  face  the  earth  and  the   Ijeavcn 
lied  away,  and  there  was   found   no  place  for 
them.     Rev.  xx. 
4.  Separate  room  or  apartment. 

His  catalogue  had  an  especial  place  for  se- 
questered divines.  Feli. 

.5.  Scat ;  residence  ;  mansion. 

The  Komans  shall  come  and  take  away  both 
our  place  and  nation.     John  xi. 


P  L  A 


a.  A  portion  or  passage  of  writing  or  of  a 
book. 

The  place  of  the  Scripture  which  he  read  was 
this.     Acts  viii. 

7.  Point  or  degree  in  order  of  proceeding  ; 
as  ill  the  first  place  ;  in  the  second  place  ; 
in  the  last  D/ace.     Hence, 

8.  Rank  ;  order  of  priority,  dignity  or  im- 
portance, lie  holils  the  first  place  in  so- 
ciety, or  in  the  affections  of  tlie  people. 

9.  Ortice  ;  employment ;  official  station.  Tlie 

man  lias  a  place  nnder  the  government. 

Do  you  your  otfice,  or  give  up  your  place. 

Shak. 

10.  Ground  ;  room. 

There  is   no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  is 
the  very  same.  Hammond. 

11.  Station   in    life  ;    calling ;    occupation 
condition.      All,   in   their   several  places, 
perform  their  duty. 

12.  A  city  ;  a  town ;  a  village.  In  vvliat 
place  does  he  reside  ?  He  arrived  at  this 
place  in  the  mail  coach.     Gen.  xviii. 

13.  In  military  affairs,  a  fortified  town  or' 
post ;  a  fortress  ;  a  fort ;  as  a  strong  place  ; 
a  place  easily  defended.  The  place  was 
taken  l)y  assault. 

14.  A  country  ;  a  kingdom.  England  is  the 
place  of  his  birtli. 

15.  Space  in  general. 

but  she  all  place  within  herself  confines. 

Davies. 
1(3.  Room  ;  stead  ;  with  the  sense  of  substi- 
tution. 

And  Joseph  said  unto  them,  fear  not ;  for  am 
I  in  the  place  of  God  ?     Gen.  1. 

17.  Room  ;  kind  reception. 

My  word  hatli  no  place  in  you.     Jolin  viii. 

18.  The  place  of  the  moon,  in  astronomy,  is 
tlie  part  of  its  orbit  where  it  is  found  at 
any  given  time.  The  place  of  the  sun  or 
a  star,  is  the  sign  and  degree  of  the  zodi- 
ac, in  which  it  is  at  any  given  time,  or  the 
degree  of  the  ecliptic,  reckoning  from  tlie 
beginning  of  Aries,  which  the  star's  circle 
of  longitude  cuts,  and  theretbre  coincides: 
with  the  longitude  of  the  sun  or  star. 

Encyc. 

To  lake  place,  to  come;  to  happen  ;  to  come; 
into  actual  existence  or  operation  ;  as' 
when  we  say,  this  or  that  event  will  or 
will  not  take  place.  The  perfect  e.vemp- 
tioii  of  ni;in  from  calamity  can  never  take 
place  ill  this  state  of  existence. 

2.  To  take  the  precedence  or  priority. 

Addison.     Locke. 

To  lake  the  place,  but  sometimes  to  take  place,] 
omitting  the  article,  is  to  occupy  the  place 
or  station  of  another.  I 

To  have  place,  to  have  a  station,  room  or 
seat.  Such  desires  can  have  no  place  in  a 
good  heart. 

2.  To  have  actual  existence. 

To  give  place,  to  make  room  or  way.  Give', 
place  to  your  superiors. 

2.  To  give  room ;  to  give  advantage ;  toij 
yield  to  the  influence  of;  to  lisicn  to.  j 

Neither  give  place  to  tlie  devil.     Eph.  iv. 

3.  To  give  way  ;  to  yield  to  and  suffer  to 
pass  away. 

High  place,  in  Scripture,  a  mount  on  which 
sacrifices  were  offered. 

PL.\CE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  placer.]     To  put  or  sot  in 
a  particular  jiart  of  space,  or  in  a  particu- 
lar part  of  the  earth,  or  in  something  oiijl 
its  surface  ;  to  locate  :  as,  to  place  a  houseji 


P  L  A 

by  the  side  of  a  stream  ;  to  place  a  book 
on  a  shelf;  to  place  a  body  of  cavalry  on 
each  flank  of  an  army. 
2.  To  a|ipoint,  set,  induct  or  establish  in  an 
oflice. 

Thou  slialt  provide  out  of  all  the  people  able 
men,  such  as  fear  God,  men  of  truth,  hating 
covetousness  ;  and  place  such  over  them  to 
bo  rulers  of  lliousands,  &.c.     Kx.  xviii 

It  is  a  fiigh  moral  duty  of  sovereii^ns  and  su- 
preme maj^islrates  and  councils,  to  place  in  of- 
fice men    of  unquesliijnable  virtue  and  talents, 

.Anon 

"i.  To  put  or  set  in  any  particular  rank,  state 
or  condition.  Some  men  are  placed  in  a 
condition  of  rank  and  opulence,  others  are 
placed  in  low  or  narrow  circumstances  : 
but  in  whatever  sphere  men  are  placed, 
contentment  will  insure  to  them  a  large 
portion  of  happiness. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix ;  as,  to  place  one's  affec- 
tions on  an  object ;  to  place  confidence  in 
a  friend. 

5.  To  put ;  to  invest ;  as,  to  place  money  in 
the  tiinds  or  in  a  bank. 

ti.  To  put   out  at   interest ;  to  lend  ;  as,  to 


place  money  in  good  hands  or  in  good  se 

ciirity. 
PLA'fJCD,  pp.  Set;  fixed;  located;  estab 

lished. 
PLA'CE-M.VN,  n.  One  that   has   an  office 

under  a  government. 
PI.ACEN'TA,    71.  [L.  ;  probably   from    the 

root  of  D.  plakken,  Fr.  plaquer,  to  stick  or 

clap  together.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  substance  that  connects 
the  i'etus  to   the   womb,  a  soft  roundish 
mass  or  cake  by  which  the  circulation  is 
carried  on  between  the  parent  and  the  fe 
tus.  Coxe.     Quijici/. 

2.  The  part  of  a  plant  or  fruit  to  which 
the  seeds  are  attached.  Coxe.     Parr. 

PLACEN'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pla- 
centa. Jf'aterhouse. 

PLACENTA'TION,  n.  In  botany,  the  dis 
position  of  the  cotyledons  or  lobes  in  the 
vegetation  or  germination  of  seeds. 

JVfarf^n. 

PLA'CER,  n.  One  who  places,  locates  or 
sets.  Spenser. 

PL.\C'ID,  a.  [L.  placidus,  from  ;;/aco,  to 
appease.] 

1.  Gentle  ;  quiet  ;  undisturbed  ;  equable  ; 
as  a  placid  motinn  of  the  spirits.       Bacon. 

i2.  Serene  ;  mild  :  umutHed  ;  indicating  peace 
of  mind  ;  as  a  /j/ucirf  countenance  or  smile 

3.  Calm  ;  traiupiil ;  serene  ;  not  stormy  ;  as 
a  placid  sU\'. 

4.  Calm  ;  ipViet  ;  unruffled  ;  as  a  placid 
stream. 

PLACIDLY,  adv.  Mildly;  calmly;  quiet- 
ly; without  disturbance  or  passion. 

PLAC'IDNKSS,  n.  Calmness  ;  quiet ;  tran- 
qiiillilj  ;  uiirufHed  state. 

2.  Mildness;  gentleness;  sweetness  of  dis- 
position. Chandler 

PLAC'IT,  n.  [L./j/nciVion,  that  which  pleas- 
es, a  decree,  from  placeo,  to  please.]  A 
decree  or  determination.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Glanville. 

PL.\CK'ET,  n.  [from  the  Fr.  plaquer,  to 
clap  on.     See  Placard.] 

A  petticoat.  If  this  is  the  sense  of  the  word 
in  Shakspeare,  it  is  a  derivative.  The 
word  signifies  the  opening  of  the  garment ; 
but  it  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete. 


P  L  A 

PLA'dlARISM,  n.  [from  plagiary.]  The 
act  of  purloining  another  man's  literary 
works,  or  introducing  jiassages  from  an- 
other man's  writings  and  putting  them  off 
as  one's  own  ;  literary  theft.  Sufifl. 

PLA'(;I.\11IST,  ji.  One  that  purloins  the 
writings  of  another  and  puts  them  off  as 
his  own. 
PL.\'(';IAIIY,  (I.  [L. /j^agaum,  a  kidnapping, 
probably  from  plagm,  nets,  toils,  that 
which  is  layed  or  spread,  from  the  root  of 
Eng.  lay.  The  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  is  the 
same  woril  differently  applied,  a  laying 
on.] 
1.  A  thief  in  literature  ;  one  that  purloins 
another's  writings  and  offers  them  to  the 
public  as  his  own.  South.     Dryden. 

The  crime  of  literary  theft.     [.Vol  used.] 

Brown. 
PLA'lilARY,  a.  Stealing  men  ;  kidnap- 
ping. [Not  xised.]  Brown. 
Practicing  literary  theft.  Hall. 
PLAGUE,  JI.  plfig.  [Sp.  plaga  or  llaga,  a 
wound,  a  plague  ;  U.  piaga,  for  plaga  ;  G. 
Dan.  plage  ;  Sw.  plaga;  W.  pla,  plague; 
llac,  a  slap  ;  llaciaw,  to  strike,  to  lick,  to 
cudgel ;  Ir.  plaig  ;  L.  plaga,  a  stroke,  Gr. 
rO-riyr;.  See  Lick  and  Lay.  The  primary 
sense  is  a  stroke  or  striking.  So  afflict  is 
from  the  root  of  fog,  and  probably  of  the 
same  family  an  plague.] 

1.  Any  thing  troublesome  or  vexatious  ;  but 
in  this  sense,  applied  to  the  vexations  we 
suffer  from  men,  and  not  to  the  unavoida- 
ble evils  inflicted  on  us  by  Divine  Provi- 
dence. The  application  of  the  word  to 
the  latter,  would  now  be  irreverent  and 
reproachful. 

2.  A  pestilential  disease  ;  an  acute,  malig- 
nant and  contagious  disease  that  often 
prevails  in  Egypt,  Syria  and  Turkey,  and 
lias  at  times  infected  the  large  cities  of 
Europe  with  frightful  mortality. 

3.  A  state  of  misery.     Ps.  xxxviii. 

4.  Any  great  natural  evil  or  calamity ;  as 
the  ten  plagues  of  Egypt. 

PLAGl/E,  r.t.  pldg.  [Sp.  plagar :  W.  pla- 
caw  ;  Xi.piagare  :  Q.plagen;  Dan.  plager ; 
Sw.  plaga  ;   from  the  noun.] 

1.  To  infest  with  disease,  calamity  or  natu- 
ral evil  of  any  kind. 


Thus  were  they  plagued 
And  worn  with  famine.  .Milton. 

2.  To  vex  ;  to  tea.se  ;  to  harass  ;  to  trouble  ; 
to  embarrass  ;  a  very  general  and  indefinite 
signification. 

If  her  nature  be  so. 
That  she  will  plague  the  man  that  loves  her 
most —  Spenser. 

PLAGUEFUL,  a.  Abounding  with  plagues  ; 

infected  with  |)lagues. 
PLAGUILY,  adv.  Vexatiously ;  in   a  man- 
ner to  vex,  harass  or  embarrass  ;  greatly  ; 
horribly.     [/;i  vulgar  tise.] 

Swijt.     Dryden. 
PL.AGUY,  a.  Vexatious ;  troublesome  ;  tor- 
menting.    [I'ulgar.]  Hudibra.s. 
PLAICE,  /      [Fr.  plie ;  Sp.platija  ;  G.ptall- 
PLAISE,  y    eise  ;  Dan.  plat fisk,  im-fish  ; 

from  plat,  flat.] 
A  fish  of  the   genus  Pleuronectes,  growing 
to  the  size  of  eight  or  ten  pounds  or  more. 
This  fish  is  more  flat  and  square  than  the 
halibut. 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


I'LAID,  I      [qu.  W.  plaid,   a  partition  ;  di- 

FLAU,  I  ""  versity  of"  colors  being  often 
naiiierl  from  dividing.] 

A  striped  or  variegated  cloth  worn  by  the 
highlanders  in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow 
woolen  stuff  worn  round  the  waist  or  on 
the  shoulders,  reaching  to  the  knees,  and 
in  cold  weather  to  the  feet.  It  is  worn  by 
both  sexes.  Pennaiit.\ 

PLAIN,  a.  [Fr. plain;  It. piano;  Sp.  planoj 
llano;  Port,  piano;  from  L.  planus;  G.j 
Sw.  plan  ;  D.  plein;  Sw.  Dan.  D.  G.  plan, 
a  plan  or  scheme  ;  W.  plan,  a  plane,  a 
plantation,  a  shoot  or  cion,  a  ray  of  light, 
whence  plant,  children,  issue  ;  pleiniaw,  to 
radiate ;  plenig,  radiant,  splendid,  whence 
ysplan,  clear,  bright,  splendid,  and  ysplan- 
der,  L.  splendor.  Tlie  Gr.  rtXaiuw,  to  wan- 
der, is  from  the  same  root.  Here  we  havej 
decisive  evidence,  that  plain,  plan,  planl,i 
and  splendor  are  from  the  same  radix. 
See  Plant.     Class  Ln.  No.  4.  6.  7.] 

1.  Smooth;  even;  level;  flat;  without  ele- 
vations and  depressions;  not  rough;  as 
plain  ground  or  land ;  a  plain  surface. 
In  this  sense,  in  phUosophical  writings,  it 
is  written  plane. 

fi.  Open  ;  clear. 

Our  troops  beat  an  aiiny  in  plain   fissht  and 
opun  held.  Feltvn. 

3.  Void  of  ornament ;  simple ;  as  a  plain 
dress. 

Plain  without  pomp,  ^nd  rich  without  a  show. 

Dryden. 

4.  Artless  ;  simple  ;  unlearned  ;  without  dis- 
guise, cunning  or  affectation  ;  without  re- 
finement ;  as  men  of  the  plainer  sort- 
Gen.  XXV.  s  Bacon. 

Plain  but  pious  christians —  Hammond 

5.  Artless;  simple;  unaffected;  unenibcl- 
lished;  as  a  plain  tale  or  narration. 

6.  Honestly  undisguised ;  open  ;  frank ;  sin- 
cere ;  utaeserved.  I  will  tell  you  the 
plain  truth. 

Give  me  leave  to  be;)/ain  witli  you.     Baron. 

7.  Mere  ;  bare  ;  as  a  plain  knave  or  fool. 

Shak.     Pope. 

8.  Evident  to  the  understanding  ;  clear  ; 
manifest ;  not  obscure  ;  as  plain  words  or 
language  ;  a  plain  difference  ;  a  plain  ar- 
gument. 

It  is  plain  in  the  history,  that  Esau  was  nev- 
er subject  to  Jacob.  Locke 

9.  Not  nnich  varied  by  modulations ;  as  a 
plain  song  or  tune. 

10.  Not  high  seasoned  ;  not  rich  ;  not  luxu 
riously  dressed  ;  as  a  plain  diet. 

11.  Not  ornamented  with  figures  ;  as  plain 
muslin. 

12.  Not  dyed. 

13.  Not   ditKcult ;  not   embarrassing  ; 
plain  case  in  law. 

-.14.  F^asily  seen  or  discovered  ;  not  ob.scure 

or  difficidt  to  be  found  ;  as  a  plain  road  or 

jialh.  Om-  couvseU  \ei-y  plain.     I's.  xxvii. 

A  plain  or  plane  figure,   in    geometry,  is  a 

uniform   surface,    from     every    point   of 

whose  perimeter  right  lines  may  bo  drawn 

to  every  other  point  in  the  same.     Encijc. 

A  plain  figure,  in   geometry,  is  a  surface  in 

which,  if  any    two  points   are  takcni,  the 

straight  line  which  joins  them  lies  wholly 

in  that  surface. 

A  plain   angle,  is   one  contained  under  two 

lines  or  siu'fuces,  in  contradistinction  to  a 

solid  angle.  Enci/c. 


PLAIN,  adv.  Not  obscurely  ;  in  a  manner  toi 
be  easily  understood.  | 

2.  Distinctly  ;  articulately  ;  as,  to  speak' 
plain.     Mark  vii. 

3.  With  simplicity  ;  artlessly  ;  bluntly.  1 
PLAIN,  »i.  [Ir.  clnain ;  W.llan;  ¥r.plaine.\ 

See  the  Adjective.]  ' 

1.  Level  land  ;  usually,  an  open  field  with  an 
even  surface,  or  a  surface  little  varied  by 
inequalities;  as  all  the  plain  of  Jordan. 
Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Field  of  battle.  Arhutknol. 
PLAIN,  v.t.  To   level;   to   make  plain    or 

even  on  the  surface.  Haijward. 

PLAI.N,  v.i.  [Fv.  plaindre  ;  h.  plan  go.]  To 
lament  or  wail.  [jYot  used.]  [See  Com- 
plain.} Spejtser. 

PLAIN-DE'ALING,  a.  [plain  an<l  deal.] 
Dealing  or  communicating  with  frank- 
ness and  sincerity  ;  honest  ;  open  ;  speak- 
ing and  acting  withoul  art;  as  a  plain- 
dealing  man.  Shak.     L'Estrange. 

PLAIN  DK'ALING,  n.  A  speaking  or  com- 
municating with  openness  and  sincerity  ; 
management  without  art,  stratagem  or 
disguise  ;  sincerity.  Dryden. 

PLAIN-HEARTED,  a.  Having  a  sincere 
heart ;  communicating  without  art,  re-j 
serve  or  hypocrisy  ;  of  a  frank  disposition. 

Milton. 

PLAIN-HE'ARTEDNESS,  n.  Frankness 
of  disposition  ;  sincerity.  Hallijwell. 

PLAINLY,  adv.  With  a  level  surface. 
Little  used.] 

2.  Without  cunning  or  disguise. 

3.  Without  ornament  or  artificial  embel- 
lishment;  as,  to  be/)/(((H/^  clad. 

4.  Frankly  ;  honestly  ;  sincerelj' ;  as,  <leal 
plainly  with  me.  Pope. 

5.  In  earnest ;  fairly.  Clarendon) 
G.  In  a  manner  to  be  easily  seen  or  compre-^ 

bended.  i 

Thou  shall  write  on  the  stones  all  the  words' 

of  this  law  very  yj/inii/y.     Deut.  xxvii.  \ 

7.  Evidently  ;  clearly  ;  not  obscurely.     The 

doctrines  of  grace   are  plainly   taught  in 

the  Scriptures. 
PL,\'INNESS,    n.    Leveluess  ;  evenness  oi 

surface. 

2.  Want  of  ornament ;  want  of  artificial  show. 
So  moiesi  jilainness  sets  off  s|)rightly  wit. 

Pope. 

3.  Openness  ;  rough,  blunt  or  unrefined 
frankness. 

Your  plainness  and  your  shortness  please  me 
well.  Slwk. 

Artlessness;  simplicity;  candor;  as  un- 
thinking plainness.  Dryden. 
Clearness  ;  openness  ;  sincerity. 

Seeing  then  we  have  such  hope,  He  use  great 
plaitmess  of  speech.     2  Cor.  iii. 

PLATN-SONG,  n.  The  plain,  unvaried 
chant  of  churches;  so  called  in  contra- 
distinction from  the  prick-song,  or  varie- 
gated music  sung  by  note.  Shnl,-.' 

PLATN-SPOKEN,  a.  Speaking  with  plain,! 
unreserveil  sincerity.  Dryden.l, 

PLAINT,  n.  [Fr.  plainte,  from  plaindre,  Ui 
lament,  tVoiri  L.  plango,  to  strike,  to  beat, 
to  lament,  whence  complaint;  Gr.  rtXijiffUjj 
TfKTirru,  to  strike,  from  the  root  rtJ.ijyw,  dis-^ 
u.ied,  whence  rfkr;y);,  a  stroke,  L.  j)laga,t 
Eng.  plague  ;  Goth.Jlekan,  to  lament  ;  Sp,' 
plahir,  from  the  Latin.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  strike,  that  is,  to  drive  or  thrust,j 
applied  to  the  band  or  to  tlie  voice ;  or' 


the  sense  of  complaint  and  lamentation 
is  from  beating  the  breast,  as  in  viulent 
grief;  Sw.  plagga,  to  beat.| 
Lamentation  ;  complaint;  audible  expres- 
sion of  sorrow. 

From  inward  grief 
His  bursting  passion  into  plaints  thus  pour'd. 

JmUon. 
2.  Complaint ;  representation  tnade  of  inju- 
ry or  wrong  done. 

There   are    three  just  grounds  of  war   with 
Spain;  one  oi  plaints ;  two  upon  defense. 

Bacon. 
In  law,  a  private  memorial  tendered  to  a 
court,  in  which  the  person  sets  forth  his 
cause  of  action.  Blackslone. 

4.  In  law,  a  complaint ;  a  formal  accusation 
exhibited  by  a  private  person  against  an 
otTender  for  a  breach  of  law  or  a  public 
offense.  Laws  of  .V.  York  and  Conn. 

PL.'V'INTFUL,  a.  Complainnig  ;  express- 
ing sorrow  with  an  audible  voice;  as  my 
ptaintful  tongue.  Sidney. 

PLA'INTIF,     n.     [Fr.  plaintif,   mournful, 

making  complaint.] 
in  law,  the   person  who  commences  a  suit 
before  a  tribunal,  tor   the  recovery  of  u 
claim  ;  opposed  to  defendant. 

[Pri(n'  uses  this  word  as  an  adjective,  iu 
the  French  sense,  for  plaintive,  but  the 
use  IS  not  autlmrized.] 
PLATNTlVt:,  a.  [Fr.  plaintif.]  Lament- 
ing; coniplaiiiing  ;  e.xpressive  of  sorrow; 
as  a  plaintive  sound  or  song.  Dryden. 

2.  Complaining  ;  expressing  sorrow  or  grief; 
repining. 

To  sooth  the  sorrows  of  her  plaintive  son. 

Dryden . 
PLAINTIVELY,    adv.    In  a  manner   ex- 
pressive of  grief 
PLA'LMTIVENESS,     n.     The    quality   or 

state  iif  expressing  grief. 
PLA'INTLESS,    o.     Without    complaint  ; 

unrepiiiing. 
PLATN-WORK,  n.    Plain   needlework,  as 
distinguished  from  embroidery.  Pope. 

PLAIT,  n.  [W.  pleth,  a  plait  or  \o\A;plethu, 
to  plait  or  braid,  from  lleth ;  Sw.  JVala, 
Dan.  fetter,  to  plait,  braid,  twist,  Russ. 
pletu,  opletayu,  Fr.  plisser,  with  a  dialectical 
change  of  <  to  s.    Qu.  Gr.  x'Ki^B^,  to  twist.] 

1.  A  fold  ;  a  doubling  ;  as  of  cloth. 
It  is  very  dirticult  to  trace  out  the  figure  of  a 

vest  through  all  tlie  plaits  and  folding  of  the 
drapery.  Addison. 

2.  A  braid  of  hair ;  a  tress. 
PL.'^IT,  V.  t.    To  fold;  to  double  in  narrow 

streaks  ;  as,  lo  plait  a  gown  or  a  sleeve. 

Gay. 

2.  To  braid  ;  to  interweave  strands ;  as,  to 
plait  the  hair. 

3.  To  entangle  ;  to  involve.  Shak. 
PLA'ITED,    pp.     Folded  ;  braided  ;  inter- 
woven. 

PLA'ITER,  ?i.  One  that  plaits  or  braids. 

PLATTING,  ppr.  Folding;  doubling;  braid- 
ing. 

PLAN.  n.  [Fr.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  Russ.  plan. 
The  Italian  has  pianta,  a  plant,  and  a 
plan,  and  in  Welsh,  plan  is  a  shoot,  cion, 
plaiitatiiiii  or  planting,  and  a  plane.  Hence 
plan,  plain,  plane  and  plant  are  from  one 
root.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to 
extend.] 

1.  .\  draught  or  form  ;  properly,  the  repre- 
sentation of  any  thing  drawn  on  a  plane, 
as  a  map  or  chart,  which  is  a  representa- 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


tion  of  some  portion  of  land  or  water. 
Bill  the  word  is  iippiied  purticiilurly  lo  the 
model  of  a  bujldii)j<,  sliowiiig-  tlie  form, 
extent  and  divisions  in  miniature,  anil  it 
may  he  apjilied  to  the  drau^'lit  or  repre- 
sentutii.n  of  .my  projected  work  on  paper 
or  on  a  plain  surface:  as  the  plan  of  a 
town  or  city,  orof  a  liarhor  or  fort.  The 
form  of  a  machine  in  miniature,  is  called 
a  model. 

2.  A  scheme  devised;  a  project;  the  form 
of  something  to  be  done  existing  in  the 
min<l,  with  the  several  parts  adjusted  in 
idea,  expressed  in  words  or  connnitted 
to  writiiifr;  as  t\te  plitn  of  a  constitution  of 
govermiient ;  tlie  plon  of  a  treaty  ;  the 
plan  of  an  expedition. 

PLAN,  11.  t.  To  form  a  draught  or  rejire- 
sentation  of  any  intended  work. 

2.  Toscdieme;  to  devise;  to  form  in  design; 
as,  to  plan  the  comiuest  of  a  country;  to 
plan  a  reduction  of  taxes  or  of  the  nation- 
al debt. 

PLA'NARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  plane. 

Did. 

PLANCH,  V.  I.  [Fr.  planche,  a  plank.  See 
Plank.] 

To  plank ;  to  cover  with  planks  or  boards. 

Gorges 
Covered   or    made   of 


PLANCH' ED,   pp. 
plaidis  or  boards. 
PLANCJl'ER,  n.  A 
PLANCIl'KT, 


floor.  Bacon. 

[Fr.    planchetle.      See 


Plank.]     A  flat  piece  of  metal  or  com. 

Kncuc. 

PLANCH'ING,  n.  The  laying  of  floors  in 
a  building;  also,  a  floor  of  boards  or 
planks.  Carew. 

PLANE,  n.  [from  L.planus.  See  Plain.]  In 
geomctn/,  an  even  or  level  surface,  like 
plain  in  popular  laiiKuagc. 

2.  Li  n.itiononii/,  an  imaginary  surface  sup- 
posed to  pas.s  throush  any  of  the  curves 
described  on  the  celestial  sphere  ;  as  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  ;  the  plane  of  a  plan- 
et's orbit ;  the  ^ianc  of  a  great  circle. 

.1.  In  mechanics.     [See  Plain  Jigure.] 

4.  In  juim/T/ and  cabinet  icork,  an  in.strument 
consisting  of  a  smooth  piece  of  wood, 
with  an  aperture,  throufih  which  passes 
oblicpieiy  a  piece  of  eilged  steel  or  cliisel, 
used  in  paring  or  smoothing  boards  or 
wood  of  any  kind. 

PLANE,  I'.  I.  To  make  smooth  ;  to  pare  oft 
th(^  inequalities  of  the  surface  of  a  board 
or  other  piece  of  wood  by  the  use  of  a 
plane. 

2.  To  free  from  inequalities  of  sm-face. 

.  Irhiilhnol. 

PLA'NED,  pp.  Made  smooth  with  a  plane  ;i 
leveled. 

PLAN'ET,  n.  [Ft.  planete;  It.  pianela ;  L. 
Sp.  Port.  p/ane(a  ;  W.phuieit;  Gr.  }fKair;Tt;(, 
wanderinj;,  from  nxaiau,  to  wander,  alli- 
ed to  L.  planus,  Vr.loin.     See  Plant.] 

A  celestial  body  which  revolves  about  the 
sun  or  other  center,  or  a  body  revolving 
about  another  planet  as  its  center.  The 
planets  which  revolve  about  the  sun  as: 
their  center,  are  called  primary  planets ; 
those  which  revolve  about  other  planets 
as  their  center,  and  with  them  revolve 
about  the  sun,  are  called  secondary  planets, 
satellites  or  moons.  The  prin,ary  planets: 
are  named  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth,  Mars,| 
Jupiter,  Saturn  and  Herschell.  Four  small-! 


er  planets,  denominated  by  some,  asteroids, 
namely,  Ceres,  I'allas,  Juno  and  Vesta,' 
have  recently  been  discovered  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mars, 
Jupiter, Saturn  and  Ilerschelj,  being  with- 
out the  earth's  orbit,  are  sometimes  called 
the  superior  planets  :  Venus  and  Mercury, 
being  wuliin  the  earth's  orbit,  are  called 
inferior  planets.  The  planets  are  opake 
bodies  which  receive  their  light  from  the 
sun.  They  are  so  named  from  their  mo- 
tioti  or  revolution,  in  distinction  from  the 
fixed  stars,  and  are  distinguished  from  the 
latter  by  their  not  twinkling. 

PLAN  ETA  HIUM,  ti.  An  astronomical  ma- 
chine which,  by  the  movement  ol'  its  jjaits, 
represents  the  motions  and  orbits  of  the 
planets,  agreeable  to  the  Copernican  sys- 
tem. Encyc. 

PLAN'ETARY,  a.  [Fr.  planclaire.]  Per- 
taining to  the  planets;  an  planetary  inhab- 
itants ;  planetary  motions. 

2.  Consisting  of  ])lanets  ;  as  a  planetary  sys- 
tem. 

3.  Under  the  dominion  or  influence  of  a 
planet ;  as  a  planetary  hour.     [Astrology. 

Dryden 

4.  Produced  by  planets;  as  ^fauciory  plague 
or  influence.  Shak. 

5.  Having  the  nature  of  a  planet;  erratic  or 
revolving.  Blackmore. 

Planetary  days,  the  days  of  the  week  as 
shared  among  the  planets,  each  having  its 
day,  as  we  name  the  days  of  the  week 
after  the  planets. 

PLAN'ETED,  a.  Belonging  to  planets. 

Young. 

PLANET'Ie.'VL,  a.  Pertaining  to  jilanets. 
[JVul  used.]  Broivn. 

PLA'NE-TREE,  n.  [L.  platanus ;  Vr.plane, 
platane.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Plataims.  The  oriental 
plane-tree  is  a  native  of  Asia  ;  it  rises' 
with  a  straight  smooth  branching  stem  to: 
a  great  highth,  with  pahnated  leaves  and 
long  pendulous  peduncles,  sustaining  sev- 
eral heads  of  small  close  sitting  flowers. 
The  seeds  are  <lowny,  and  collected  into 
rounil,  rough,  hard  balls.  The  occidental 
plane-tree,  which  grows  to  a  great  highth,! 
is  a  native  of  N.  America;  it  is  called 
also  button-wood. 

PLANET-STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the 
influence  of  planets  ;  blasted.        SuckJing. 

PLANIFO'LIOUS,  a.  [L.  planus,  jilain,  and 
folium,  leaf] 

In  botany,  a  planifolious  flower  is  one  made 
up  of  plain  leaves,  set  together  in  circular 
rows  round  the  center.  [See  Planipeta- 
lous.]  Diet. 

PLANl.MET  RI€,        I       Pertaining  to  the 
PLANIMET'RICAL,  S       mensuration     of 
plain  surfaces. 

PLANLM'ETRY,  n.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 

Gr.  lUtrpsio,  to  measure.] 
The  mensuration  of  plain  surfaces,  or  that 

part  of  geometry  which  regards  lines  audi 

plain   figures,   without   considering   their! 

highth  or  depth.  Encyc.\ 

PLANIPET  ALDUS,  a.   [L.  planus,  plain, 

and  Gr.  rtita'Km;  a  petal.]  I 

In    botany,   flat-leafed,   as   when    the  small 

flowers  are  hollow  only  at  the  bottom,  but! 

flat  upwards,  as  in  dandelion  and  succory. 

Diet: 


iPLAN'ISH,  f.  /.  [from  plane.]  To  make 
smooth  or  plain ;  to  polish  ;  used  by  tnan- 
ufacturers.  Henry's  Chim. 

PLAN  ISHED,  pp.  Made  smooth. 

PLANISHING, /(/ir.  Making  smooth  ;  pol- 
ishing. 

PLANISPHERE,  ?i.  [L./>/a;iiw,  plain,  and 
sphere.] 

A  sphere  projected  on  a  plane,  in  which 
sense,  maps  in  which  are  exhibited  the 
meridians  and  other  circles,  are  plani- 
spheres. Encyc. 

PLANK,  n.  [Vr. planche;  Arm. planci/uenn, 
phi.  plencli;  W.  plane;  D.  plank  ;  G.Dan. 
plankc  ;  Sw.  planka  ;  Rnss.  placha,  a 
h'laril  or  [ilank.  Probably  n  is  casual  and 
the  woni  belongs  to  Class  Lg.] 

A  broad  piece  of  sawed  tindier,  ditlerin" 
from  a  board  only  in  being  thicker.  In 
America,  broad  pieces  of  sawed  timber 
which  are  not  more  than  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  thick,  are  called  boards ; 
like  pieces  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three 
or  four  inches  thick,  are  called  planks. 
Sometimes  pieces  more  than  four  inches 
thick  arc  called  planks. 

PLANK,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  lay  with  jilanks ; 
as,  to  plank  a  floor  or  a  ship. 

PLA.N'NED,  /)/;.  Devised;  schemed. 

PL.\N  NER,  n.  One  who  plans  or  forms  a 
plan  ;  a  ))rojector. 

PLAN'NI.N'G,  jypr.  Scheming  ;  devising  ; 
making  a  plan. 

PLANO-€ON'l€AL,  a.  [plain  and  conical.] 
Plain  or  level  on  one  side  and  conical  on 
the  other.  Gmv. 

PLANO-CON'VEX,  a.  [plain  and  convex.] 
Plain  or  flat  on  one  side  and  convex  on 
the  other ;  as  a  plano-convex  lens. 

JSTeuion. 

PLANO-HORIZOXTAL,  a.  HaNing  a 
level  horizontal  surface  or  position.      Lee. 

PLANO-SU15  ULATE,  a.  [Sec  Subulate.] 
Smooth  and  a«l-shaped.  Lee. 

PLANT,  n.  [Fr.  plante ;  It.  pianta ;  L.  Sp. 
Port.  Sw.  pianta;  li:  plaunda  ;  T).  plant ; 
G.  pfanze  ;  Dan.  plante  ;  .Arm.  plantcnn  ; 
W.  plant,  issue,  oftspring,  children,  from 
plan,  a  ray,  a  shout,  a  plantation  or  plant- 
ing, a  plane;  planed,  a  shooting  body,  a 
planet;  pleiniaw,  to  radiate;  plenig,  radi- 
ant, .?;>/en(/iV;  ;;/t)i/,  that  is  rayed;  plen- 
tyn,  a  child ;  pianta,  to  beget  or  to  bear 
children.  In  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pianta  sig- 
nifies a  plant  and  a  plan.     Here   we   find 

I  plan,  plane,  plant,  planet,  all  from  one 
stock,  and  the  Welsh  pleiniaw,  to  radiate, 
shows  that  the  L.  splendeo,  splendor,  are  of 
the  same  family.  The  f\M\i- clan  is  prob- 
ably the  Welsh  plan,  plant,  with  a  <lifler- 
ent  prefix.  The  radical  sense  is  obvious, 
to  shoot,  to  extend.] 

1.  A  vegetable  ;  an  organic  body,  destitute 
of  sense  and  spontaneous  motion,  adher- 
ing to  another  body  in  such  a  mamior  as 
to  draw  from  it  its  nourishment,  and  hav- 
ing the  power  of  propagating  itself  by 
seeds;  "  whose  seed  is  in  itself"  Gen.  i. 
This  definition  may  not  be  perfectly  cor- 
rect, as  it  respects  all  plants,  for  some  ma- 
rine plants  grow  without  being  attached 
to  any  fixi^d  body. 

The  woody  or  dicotyledonous  pl.mts 
consist  of  three  parts  ;  the  bark  or  exterior 
coat,  wliich  covers  the  wood  ;  the  wood 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


planted   with  trees,  as  uii  orchard  or  the! 
like.  Addison. 

3.  Ill  the  United  States  and  the  IVtsl  Indies,  a.\ 
cultivated  estate ;  a  t'ariii.  In  the  United, 
Slates,  this  word  is  applied  to  an  estate,  aj 
tract  of  land  occupied  and  cultivated,  in 
those  states  only  where  the  labor  is  per- 
tbrined  by  slaves,  and  where  the  land  is 
more  or  less  appropriated  to  the  culture 


which  is  hard  and  constitutes  the  princi- 
pal part ;  and  the  pith  or  center  of  the 
stem.  In  monocutyledonous  plants,  the 
ligneous  or  fibiuus  parts,  and  tlie  pithy  or 
parenchymatous,  are  equally  distributed 
throuijh  the  whole  internal  substance  ; 
and  in  the  lower  plants,  funguses,  sea 
weed,  &c.  the  substance  is  altogether  par- 
enchymatous. By  means  of  proper  ves- 
sels, the  nourishing  juices  are  distributed 
to  every  part  of  the  plant.  In  its  most 
general  souse,  plant  comprehends  all  veg- 
etables, trees,  shrubs,  herbs,  grasses,  &c. 
In  popular  language,  the  word  is  general- 
ly applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  vegeta- 
bles. 

2.  A  .sapling.  Dryden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  child  ;  a  descendant ;  the 
inhabitant  of  a  country.  Ps.  cxliv.  Jer. 
xlviii. 

4.  The  sole  of  the  foot.     [Lillle  used.] 
Sea-plant,  a  plant  that  grows  in  the  sea  or  in 

salt  water  ;  sea  weed. 
Sensitive  plant,  a  plant  that  shrinks  on  being 

touched,  the  mimosa. 
PLANT,  V.  t.    To  put   in   the   ground   and 

cover,  as   seed   for  growth  ;  as,  to  plant 

maiz. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a 
young  tree  or  a  vegetable  with  roots. 

3.  To  engender ;  to  set  the  germ  of  any 
thing  that  may  increase. 

It  engenders  choler,  jtlanteth  anger.      Shak. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fi.x.  j 

His  standard  ^>/a7i(c//  on  Laurentiim's  towers. I 

Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  ;  to  fi.\  the  first  inhabitants;  to 
establish:  as,  to  ;)(o»/ a  colony. 

G.  To  furnish  with  plants;  to  lay  out  and 
prepare  with  plants;  as,  to  plant  a  garden 
or  an  orchard. 

7.  To  set  and  direct  or  point ;  as,  to  plant 
cannon  .against  a  furl. 

8.  To  introduce  and  establish  :  as,  to  plant 
Christianity  among  the  heathen. 

I   have  planted.   ApoHos    watered,  but  God 
gave  the  increase.     1  for.  iii. 

;i.  To  unite  to  Christ  and  fix  in  a  state  of 
fellowship  with  him.     Ps.  xcii. 

PLANT,  V.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  pl.-mt- 
ing.  Pope. 

PLANT'ABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  plant- 
ed. Edwards,  IV.  lndie.t. 

PLANT' AGE,  n.  [L.  planlago.]  An  heib, 
or  herbs  in  general.     [JVut  in  rtse.] 

Shak. 

PLANT'AIN,  )i.  [Fr. ;  from  L.  planlago;  It. 
pianlaggine.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Plantago,  of  several 
species.  The  router  plantain  is  of  the  ge 
nus  Alisina.  Encyc. 

PLANT'AIN,  ?        [Sp.  platano.]    A 

PLANT  ./VIN-TREE,  p-  tree  of  the  ge 
nus  Musa,  the  most  remarkable  species  ofi 
which  are,  the  p.iradislaca  or  plantain,  and 
the  sapienluni  or  banana  tree.  The  plaiit-l 
.■tin  rises  with  a  soft  stem  fifteen  or  twenty 
feet  high,  and  the  li-uit  is  a  substitute  fi.r 
breath  Enci/i: 

PLANT' .'VL,  a.  Belonging  to  plants.     [jVot 

u.'!cd.]  Glanville. 

PLANTA'TION,     n.     [L.    planlalio,    fron 

jdanto,  to  plant.] 
1.  The  act  of  planting  or  setting  in  theearti 
for  growth. 


2.  The  place  planted;  applied  to  ground jiPLASH,  v.i.  To  dabble  in  water;  usually 
'      ■    '        ■'  '       '         ■'     '      splash. 

PLASH,  !>.  t.  [Fr.  plisser.  See  Plait.  But 
perhaps  originally  pleach,  from  L.  plico,  to 
fold.] 

To  interweave  branches;  as,  to  plash  a 
hedge  or  quicksets.  [In  New  England, 
to  splice.] 

PLASH' ING,  ppr.  Cutting  and  interweav- 
ing, as  branches  in  a  hedge. 


of  tobacco,  rice,  indigo  and 
is,  from  Maryland  to  Georgia  mclusive, 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  in  the  western  states 
where  the  land  is  appio])riatcd  to  the 
same  articles  or  to  the  culture  of  the  sugar 
cane.  From  Maryland,  northward  and 
eastward,  estates  in  land  are  called /arm*. 

4.  An  original  settlement  in  a  new  country  ; 
a  town  or  village  i)lanted. 

While  these  plantations  were  forming  in  Cou- 

nectieut —  £.  Trumbull. 

A  colony.  Bacon. 

6.  A  first  planting  ;  introduction  ;  establish- 
ment; as  the  plantation  of  Christianity  in 
England.  A'.  Charles. 

PLANT'-CANE,  n.  In  the  Ifest  Indies,  the 
original  plants  of  the  sugar  cane,  produc- 
ed from  gerins  |)laced  in  the  ground  ;  or 
canes  of  the  first  growth,  in  distinction 
from  the  ratoons,  or  sj>routs  from  the 
roots  of  canes  which  have  been  cut. 

Edwards,   If.  Indies. 

PLANT'ED,  pp.  Set  in  the  earth  lor  prop- 
agation ;  set ;  fixed  ;  introduced  ;  estab- 
lished. 

2.  Furnished  with  seeds  or  plants  for 
growth  ;  as  a  planted  field. 

3.  Furnished  with  the  first  inhabitants  ;  set- 
tled ;  as  territory /j^d/Uerf  with  colonists. 

4.  Filled  or  furnished  with  vvhaf  is  new. 
A  man  in   all  the  world's  new  fashion  plant- 
ed.    [.See  iJef.  3.]  Shak. 

PLANT'ER,  n.  One  that  plants, sets,  intro- 
duces or  establishes ;  as  a  planter  of^iuaiz  ; 
a  planter  of  vines ;  the  planters  of  a  colo- 
ny. 

2.  One  that  settles  in  a  new  or  uncultivated 
territory;  as  the  first  ;)/.3«(e(s  in  Virginia. 

3.  One  who  owns  a  plantation  ;  used  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  states  of  Ainer- 


4.  One  that  introduces  and  establishes. 

The  apostles  were  the  first  planters  of  Chris- 
tianity. .lYelson.     Addison 

PLANT'ERSHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a 
planter,  or  the  manageuient  of  a  planta- 
tion, as  in  the  West  Indies.  Encyc 

PL.'VNT'I€LE,  n.  A  young  plant  or  plant 
in  embryo.  Darwin 

PLANT'I'NG,  ppr.  Setting  in  the  earth  for 
propagation  ;  setting  :  settling  ;  introduc 
ing;  establishing. 

PLANT'LVG,  n.  The   act  or  operation  of 
setting  in  the  ground  for  propagation,  a; 
seeds,  trees,  shrubs,  &c. 

PL.\NT'-LOUSE,  n.  An  insect  that  infests 
plants;  a  vine  fretter  ;  the  puceron. 

PLaSH,  )(.  [D.y)/as,  a  puddle  ;  G.  pldtsrhern, 
to  plash,  to  dabble;  Dim.  plasker,  to  plash; 
(ir.  7t?ia6oj,  superabundant  moisture.     Qii. 

1.  A  siiiidl  collection  of  standing  wtiter ;  .i 
|iiiddlc.  Huron.      Pope. 

2.  The  branch  of  a  tree  partly  cut  or  loppeil 
and  boimil  to  other  branches.       Mortimer. 


cotton,  that'PLASH'ING,  71.  The  act  or  operation  of 
cutting  and  lopping  small  trees  and  inter- 
weaving thein,  as  in  hedges.  Encyc. 

PLASH'Y,  a.  Watery ;  abounding  with 
puddles.  Sandys. 

PLASM,  n.  [Gr.  rtXaci.ua,  from  jtXairctw,  to 
form.] 

A  mold  or  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast 
or  formed  to  a  particular  shape.  [Little 
used.]  Woodward. 

PLAS'MA,  n.  A  silicious  mineral  of  a  col- 
or between  grass  green  and  leek  green, 
occurring  in  angular  pieces  in  beds,  as- 
sociated with  common  chalcedony,  and 
among  the  ruins  of  Rome.  Ure. 

PLASMATIC,        I       Giving  shape;  hav- 

PL.-^SMAT  I€AL,  S  "■  ing  the  power  of 
giving  form.  More. 

PL'ASTER,  ?!.  [G.  pflasler  ;  D.  pleistre  : 
Sw.  plaster;  Dan.  pla.sler  ;  Fr.  pldtre : 
Mm.  plastr  :  \V.  plaslyr ;  Ir.  plastar,  plas- 
trail ;  Sp.  empln.ito  ;  P.irt.  id.  or  emprasio  ; 
It.  impiastro  ;  L.  empUislrum  ;  Gr.  i/xrt'Mi;- 
pop,  from  t/j-Tf^-aaau,  to  daub  or  smear,  prop- 
erly to  lay  or  spread  on  ;  nXaaau,  to  daub 
or  to  fashion,  mold  or  shape.] 

1.  A  composition  of  lime,  water  and  sand, 
well  mixed  into  a  kiiiil  of  paste  and  used 
for  coating  walls  and  paititions  of  houses. 
This  composition  when  dry  beromiis  hard, 
but  still  retains  the  name  of  plaster.  Plas- 
ter is  sometimes  made  of  different  mate- 
rials, as  chalk,  gypsum,  &.c.  and  is  some- 
times used  to  parget  the  whole  surface  of 
a  building. 

2.  Ill  pharmacy,  an  external  application  of  a 
harder  consistence  than  an  ointment,  to 
be  s|)read,  acconling  to  different  circum- 
stances, either  on  linen  or  letiier.      Encyc. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  a  composition  of  several 
species  of  gypsum  ilug  near  Montmar- 
tre,  near  Paris  in  France,  used  in  building 
and  in  casting  busts  and  statues.  In  pop- 
ular language,  this  name  is  applied  im- 
properly to  plaster-stone,  or  to  any  spe- 
cies of  gypsum. 

PL  ASTER,  V.  I.  To  overlay  with  plaster, 
as  the  partitions  of  a  house,  walls,  &c. 

2.  To  cover  with  plaster,  as  a  wound. 

3.  In  popular  lan::u(ige,  to  smooth  over ;  to 
cover  or  conceal  defects  or  irregularities. 

PL'ASTERED,;;;;.  Overlaid  with  plaster. 

PL\\STERER,  )!.  One  that  overlays  with 
plaster. 

2.  One  that  makes  figures  in  plaster. 

Wotton. 

PL^ASTERING,  ppr.  Covering  with  or  lay- 
ing on  plaster. 

PLWSTERING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
overlaying  with  plaster. 

2.  The  plaster- work  of  a  building  ;  a  cover- 
ing of  plaster. 

PLASTEK  STONE,    n.     Gypsum,  which 

j    .see.     This  when  pulverized  is  extensively 

i     used  as  a  manure. 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


I'LAS'TIC,  a.  [Civ.  rt?^j-«o{,  from  jOoktou,  to 
form.] 

Having  tlie  power  to  give  form  or  fashion  to 
a  mass  of  matter;  as  ihn  plastic  hand  of 
the  Creator  ;  the  plastic  virtue  of  nature. 
Prior.     fVoodward. 

PLASTICITY,  n.  The  quahty  of  giving 
form  or  .sljape  to  matter.  Encyc. 

PLAS'TKON,  n.  [See  Piaster.]  A  piece  of 
lether  stuffed ;  used  by  fencers  to  iletend 
the  body  against  pushes.  Drijden. 

PLAT,  V.  t.  [from  plait,  or  plat,  flat. )  To 
weave;  to  form  by  texture.  Malt,  x.xvii. 

Ray.     Spectator, 

PLAT',  I      Work  done  by  platting  or 

PLAT'TING,  I  "'interweaving." 

PLAT,  n.  [Dan.  D.  plat,  llat ;  Fr.  id.;  G. 
platt ;  W.  plad,  phis  ;  Gr.  rt?.ari{,  broad, 
L.  latiis ;  or  from  the  root  oi' place,  G. 
pUtlz.  See  Plot,  the  same  word  diffonnt- 
ly  written.  But  probably  tliese  are  all  of 
one  family.     The  sense  is  laid,  spread.] 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  usually  a  portion  of 
flat  even  ground  ;  as  a  flowery  plat ;  uplat 
of  willows.  Milton.     Spectator. 

PLAT,  a.  Plain  ;  flat.     [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

PLAT,  adv.  Plainly; flatly;  downright.  [.Vol 

used.]  Chaucer. 

2.  Smoothly ;  evenly.  [JVotused.]  Drant. 
PLA'TANE,   n.    [L.  platanus.]    The  pl.me- 

tree,  which  see.  Milton, 

PLAT'BAND,  n.  A   border  of  flowers  in  a 

garden,  along  a  wall  or  the  side  of  a  jiar- 

terre. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  flat  square  moldnig 
whose  liighth  much  exceeds  its  project 
ure,  such  as  the  faces  of  an  architrave. 

3.  Tlio  lintel  of  a  door  or  window. 

4.  A  list  or  fillet  between  the  flutings  of  a 
column.  Ci/c. 

PLATE,  n.  [D.  plaat,  G.  platte,  plate  ;  Sw. 
pliitt ;  Dan.  U.  plat,  G.  plait,  tiat ;  It.  ;;{- 
alto,  Hal,  and  puistra  :  Sp.  plata  ;  Ir.  id.  : 
W.  plud,  a  plate  ;  priibably  allied  to  Gr. 
TtKarvi,  L.  talus,  with  the  railical  si^nse  of 
laid,  spread.  \ 

1.  A  piece  of  metal,  flat  or  extended  in 
breadth.  Bacon,     South 

2.  -Ai  iimr  of  plate,  composed  of  bioad  jiieces, 
and  thus  distinguished  from  mail. 

Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  wrought  silver,  as  a  dish  or 
other  ^llallow  vessel:  hence,  vessels  of  si 
ver  ;    wrought  silver  in   general.     Plate, 
by  the  laws  of  some  states,  is  subject  to  a 
tax  by  the  ounce. 

4.  A  small  shallow  vessel,  made  of  silver  or 
other  metal,<)r  of  earth  glazed  and  baked, 
from  whicli  provisions  are  eaten  at  tabic. 
A  wooden  plate  is  called  a  trencher, 

5.  Tlie  prize  given  for  the  best  horse  in  a 
race. 

C.  In  architecture,  tiie  piece  of  timber  which 
supports  the  ends  of  the  rafters.  [See 
Pltlfnrm.] 

PL.VTE,  V.  t.  To  cover  or  overlay  with 
plate  or  with  metal ;  used  particularly  ofi 
silver  ;  as  plated  vessels.  I 

2.  To  arm  with  plate  or  metal  for  defense; 
as,  to  plate  sin  with  gold.  Shak.' 

Why  plated  in  haliiliniciits  of  war  r         Shak.l 

3.  To  adorn  with  plate;  as  a  plated  harness.'' 

4.  To  beat  into  thin  flat  pieces  or  lainens.     I 

Drtjden.    .\'tu'ton\ 


PLA'TED,  pp.  Covered  or  adorned  with 
plate  ;  armed  with  plate  ;  beaten  into 
plates. 

PLAT'EN,  n.  [from  its  Jlatness,]  Among 
l)rinters,  the  flat  part  of  a  press  by  which 
the  iiopiession  is  made. 

PLA'TEY,  a.  Like  a  plate;  flat.       Gregory. 

PLATT'OKAl,  ,1.  [plat,  flat,  and/orm.]  The 
sketch  of  any  thing  horizontally  delineat- 
ed ;  the  ichnography.  Sandys.' 

2.  A  place  laid  out  alter  any  model.      Pope, 

3.  In  the  military  art,  an  elevation  of  earth 
or  a  floor  of  wood  or  stone,  on  wliich  can- 
nous  are  mouuled  to  fire  on  an  enemy. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  row  of  beams  or  a  piece 
of  timber  which  supports  the  timber-work 
of  a  roof,  and  lying  on  the  top  of  the  wall. 

Encyc. 
This  in   New   England    is    called   the 
plate. 

5.  A  kind  of  terrace  or  broad  smooth  open 
walk  on  the  top  of  a  building,  as  in  the  ori- 
ental houses.  Encyc. 

t).  In  ships,  the  orlop.     [See   Orlop.] 

7.  Any  number  of  planks  or  other  materials 
forming  a  floor  lor  any  purpose. 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  A  plan  ;  a  scheme  ;  ground-work. 

Bacon. 

9.  In  some  of  the  JVew  England  states,  an  ec- 
clesiastical constitution,  or  a  plan  for  the 
government  of  churches;  as  tlie  Cam- 
bridge or  Saybrook  platform. 

Platic  aspect,  in  astrology,  a  ray  cast  from 
one  planet  to  another,  not  exactly,  but 
witliiii  the  orbit  of  its  own  light.       Bailey. 

PLATI'iNA,       (        [Sp.  p/afiiia,  from /i/a(a 

PLATl  iNLM,  S  "•    silver.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  the  mines  of  Choco 
in  Peru,  nearly  of  the  color  of  silver,  but 
less  bright,  and  the  heaviest  of  the  metals 
lis  specific  gravity  is  to  that  of  water  as 
23  to  1.  It  is  harder  than  iron,  undergoes 
no  alteration  in  air,  resists  the  action  of 
acids  and  alkalies,  is  very  ductile  and  capa- 
ble of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates. 

Encyc 

PLA'TING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  plate  or 
with  a  metal:  beating  intu  thin  laniens. 

PLA'TING,  ».  The  art  or  operation  ot'cuv 
ering  any  thing  with  plate  or  with  a  met 
al,  p.uiiciilarly  ol  ov(Mlayiiig  a  baser  met- 
al with  a  thin  plate  of  silver.  The  coatin^ 
of  silver  is  soddered  to  the  metal  with  tin 
or  a  mixture  of  three  parts  of  silver  with 
one  of  brass. 

PLATINIF'EROLS,  a.  [platina  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  platina;  as /(/afini/eroKS  sand. 

Diet.  .Yat.  Hist. 

PLATON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  phi 
losopher,  or  to  his  philosophy,  his  school 
or  his  opinions. 

Platonic  love,  is  a  pure  spiritual  afTection 
subsisting  between  the  sexes,  unmixed 
with  carnal  desires,  and  regarding  the 
mind  only  and  its  excellencies;  a  species 
of  love  for  which  Plato  was  a  warm  ad- 
vocate. 

Platonic  year,  the  great  year,  or  a  period  of 
time  determined  by  the  revolution  of  the 
equinoxes,  or  the  space  of  time  in  which 
the  stars  and  constellations  return  to  their 
former  places  in  respect  to  the  equinoxes. 
This  revolution,  which  is  calculated  by  the| 


precession  of  the  equinoxes,  is  accomplish- 
ed in  about  25,000  years.  Encyc. 

PLATON'ICALLY,  adv.  .After  the  manner 
of  Plato.  H'olton, 

PLA  TONISM,  n.  The  philosophy  of  Plato, 
consisting  of  three  branches,  theology, 
physics  ami  mathematics.  Under  theology 
is  included  moral  philosophy-  The  foun- 
dation of  Plato's  theoligy  is  the  opinion 
tliat  there  arc  two  eternal,  primary,  inde- 
pendent and  incorruptible  principles  or 
causes  of  all  tilings,  which  are  Cod,  the 
maker  of  all  things,  and  matter,  from 
wliich  all  things  are  made.  It  was  a  fun- 
damental maxim  with  him  that  from  noth- 
ing, nothing  can  proceed.  While  there- 
fore he  held  (Jod  to  be  the  maker  of  the 
universe,  he  held  matter,  the  substance  of 
wliich  the  universe  was  made,  to  be  eter- 
nal. Enfitld, 

PLA'TONIST,      I      One   that   adheres  to 

PLA'TONIZER,  \  "-the  philosophy  of  Pla- 
to ;  a  follower  ol  Plato.  Hammond. 

PLA'TONIZE,  v,i.  To  adopt  the  opinions 
or  philosophy  of  Plato.  .Milner, 

PLA'TONIZE,  V,  t.  To  explain  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Platonic  school,  or  to  accom- 
modate to  those  principles.  Enfitld, 

PL.\  TO.MZED. /y/>.  Accommodated  to  the 
philosoph\  ol  Plato.  Enfield, 

PLA'TONIZING,  ppr.  Adopting  the  princi- 
ples of  Plato  :  accommodating  to  the  prin- 
cijiles  of  the  Platonic  school.  Enfield, 

PLATOON',)!.  [Fr.pt(o/oii,a  ball  of  thread, 
a  knot  of  men,  from  pelote,  a  ball ;  Sp.  pelo- 
ton.     See  Ball,] 

.\  small  square  body  of  soldiers  or  musket- 
eers, drawn  out  of  a  battalion  of  foot  «  hen 
they  form  a  hollow  square,  to  strengthen 
the  angles ;  or  a  small  body  acting  togeth- 
er, but  separate  fVom  the  main  body  ;  ns, 
to  fire  In  platoons. 

PLAT'TEK,  )i.  [iroM  plate.]  A  large  shal- 
low dish  for  holding  the  provisions  of  a 
table.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  plats  or  forms  by  weaving.  [See 
Plat.] 

PLAT  TER-FACED,  a.  Having  a  broad 
faci'. 

iPL\T'TING,    ppr.    Weaving;  forming  by 

I     texture. 

I'LAT'YPI'S,  n.  A  quadruped  of  New  IIoI- 

1     land,  whose  jaws  are  eloiigaieil   into  the 

I     shape  of  a  duck's  bill.     The  body  is  cov- 

I  ered  with  thick  hair  and  the  feet  are  web- 
bed. 

This  animal  has  been  arranged  with  the 
.Mammalia,  but  it  is  now  presumed  to  be 
oviparous ;  at  least  its  breasts  have  not 
hitherto  been  observed. 

Ed.  Encyc,     Cuvitr, 

PLAUD'IT,  n,  [L.  plaudo,  to  praise,  said  to 
be  taken  from  plaudite.  a  demand  of  ap- 
lilause  by  players  when  they  lelt  the 
stage.] 

.Applause  :  praise  bestowed.  Denham, 

PLAUSIBILITY,  n,  s  as  :.  [See  Plausi- 
ble,] 

Speciousness  ;  superficial  appearance  of 
right.  Surifl, 

PLAUS'IBLE,  a,  s  as  r.  [L, plausilnlis,  from 
plaudo,  to  clap  hands  in  token  of  approba- 
tion ;  W.  btoez,  an  outcry ;  bloeziaw.  to 
shout ;  blozest,  applause,  acclamation  ;  Ir. 
bladh,  blaodh ;  from  the  root  of  Gr.  xUiu, 
L.  laus,  taudo,  Eng.  loud,] 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  E 


J.  That  may  be  applauded;  ibat  may  gain 
favor  or  approbation  ;  hence,  superticiaHy 
pleasing  ;  a])parenlly  riglit  ;  specious  ; 
popular  ;  as  a  plausible  argument ;  a  plaus- 
ible pretext ;  a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse ; 
as  a  plausible  man. 

PLAU8'lBLENESS,n.  Speciousness;  show 
of  right  or  propriety  ;  as  the  plaitsibleness 
of  Arminianism.  Sanderson. 

PLAUS'IBLY,  adv.  With  fair  show  ;  spe- 
ciously ;  ill  a  manner  adapted  to  gain  fa- 
vor or  approbation. 

They  could  talk  plausibly  about  what  they 
did  not  understand.  Collier. 

PLx\US'IVE,  a.  Applauding ;  manifesting 
praise. 

2.  Plausible.  Shak. 

PLAY,  V.  i.  [Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  to  play, 
to  joke,  to  perform  on  an  instrument  of 
music,  to  move  or  vibrate,  to  clap  or  ap- 
plaud, to  deride  or  make  sport  of;  pleg- 
gan,  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ; 

fe-plagan,  to  play,  and  to  dance  or  leap, 
'he  Svv.  leka,  Dan.  leger,  to  play,  are  the 
same  word  witliout  a  prefix,  and  in  the 
northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is  used 
as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to 
be  formed  on  the  same  root  as  lay.'] 

1.  To  use  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  re- 
creation ;  to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or 
for  profit,  but  for  amusement ;  as,  to  play 
at  cricket. 

The  people  sat  down  to  eat  and  to  drink,  and 
rose  up  to  play.  Ex.  xxxii. 

2.  To  sport ;  to  IVolick  ;  to  frisk. 

The  lamb  thy  riol  dooms  to  bleed  to  day, 
Had  he  thy  reason,  would  he  skip  and  play  ? 

Pope. 

3.  To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Millon. 

4.  To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thought- 
lessly. 

Men  are  apt  to  play  with   their  healths  and 
their  lives  as  they  do  with  their  clothes. 

Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fan- 
ciful turn  to ;  as,  to  play  upon  words. 

Shak 
Q.  To  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  mer- 
riment. 

1  would  make  use  of  it  rather  to  play  upon 
those  1  despise,  than  trifle  with  those  1  love. 

Pope. 

7.  To  mock ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  alive. 
Or  is  it  fancy  plays  upon  our  eyesight  ? 

Shak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game;  as,  to  play  at 
cards  or  dice ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to 
play  for  money. 

P.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  false  with  a  smith. 

Shak. 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music  ; 
as,  to  play  on  a  flute,  a  violin  or  a  harpsi- 
chord. 

Play,  my  friend,  and  charm  the  charmer. 

Granville. 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  with  alternate  di 
latation  and  contraction. 

Tlio    beart    l)eats,    the  blood  circulates,  the 
\\n\y^9play.  Cheyne. 

12.  To  ojiorate;  to  act.  The  engines  play 
against  a  lire.  I}njden. 

13.  To  move  irregularly;  to  wanton. 

Ev'n  as  the  waving  sedges  play  with  wind 

Shak 


The  setting  sun  | 

Plays  on  their  shining  arms  and  burnish'd 

helmets.  Addisun!\ 

All  fame  is  foreign,  but  of  true  desert,  | 

Plays  round  the  head,  but  comes  not  to  the 

heart.  Popt. 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage  ;  to  personate 
a  character. 

A  lord  will  hear  you  ptay  to-night.         Shak. 

15.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 
Courts  are  theaters  where  some  men  play. 

Donne. 

IG.  To  act  ill  any  particular  character  ;  as, 
to  play  the  fool ;  to  play  the  woman ;  to 
play  the  man.  Shak. 

17.  To  move  in  any  manner;  to  move  one 
way  and  another ;  as  any  part  of  a  ma- 
chine. 

PLAY,  V.  t.  To  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  as, 
to  play  cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 

2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to 
play  the  flute  or  the  organ.     \  Ulliplical.] 

Gay 

3.  To  act  a  sportive  part  or  cliaracter. 
Nature  here 

Wanton'd  a?  in  her  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies.  .Milton 

4.  To  act  or  perform  by  representing  a  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  play  a  comedy  ;  to  play  the 
|>art  of  king  Lear. 

o.  To  act ;  to  ])erform  ;  as,  to  play  our  parts 

well  on  the  stage  of  life. 
6.  To  perform  in  contest  for  amusement  or 

for  a  prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist. 
To  play  off,  to  display;' to    show;  to  put  in 

exercise  ;  as,  to  play  o_^tricks. 
To  play  on  or  upon,  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  or 

to  trifle  with. 
2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PLAY,  n.  Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions! 

intended   for  pleasure,  amusement  or  di-| 

version,  as  at  cricket  or  quoit,  or  at  blind 

man's  buff. 

2.  Amusement ;  sport ;  frolick  ;  gambols. 

Spen.<ier. 

Two  gentle  fawns  at  play.  Millun. 

3.  Game  ;  gaming  ;  practice  of  contending 
for  victiny,  for  amusement  or  for  a  prize, 
as  at  dice,  cards  or  billiards. 

Practice  in  any  contest ;  as  sv;in\\-play. 

He   was    resolved    not  to    speak    distinctly, 
knowing  his  hestplay  to  be  in  the  dark. 

Tillotson 
John  naturally  loved  rough  play. 

./Irbuthnot. 

5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  oflice. 
— But  justifies  the  next  who  comes  in  play 

Dry  den. 

G.  Practice  ;  action ;  manner  of  acting  in 
contest  or  negotiation;  as  fair  play;  foul 
play. 

i.  A  dramatic  composition;  a  comedy  or 
tragedy  ;  a  composition  in  which  charac 
ters  are  represented  by  dialogue  and  ac- 
tion. 

A  play  ought  to  be  a  just  image  of  human  na- 
ture. Dryihn. 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  of  a  coniody 
or  tragedy;  as,  to  he  at  the  play,  lie  at- 
tends every  play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

10.  Motion  ;  movement,  regular  or  irregu- 
lar; as  the  play  of  a  wheel  or  ))iston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 
Many  ha\e  been  sav'd,  and  many  may. 
Who  never  heard  this  question  biought  in 

play.  J}rydcn. 


12.  Room  for  motion. 
The  joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another, 

that  they  have  no  play  between  them. 

Moxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting ;  room  for  enlargement 
or  display  ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to 
mirth.     Let  the  genius  have  free  ptay. 

PLA'YBILL,  n.  A  printed  advertisement  of 
a  play,  with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  act- 
ors. 

PLA'YBOOK,  71.  A  book  of  dramatic  com- 
positions. 

PLA'Y-DAY,  /       A  day  given  to  play 

PLA'YING-DAY,  ^  "•  or  diversion  ;  a  day 
exempt  from  work.  Stmft. 

PLA'YDEBT,  n.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. Arbuthnot. 

PLA'YED,  pp.  Acted;  performed;  put  in 
motion. 

PLA'YER,  )!.  One  who  plays  in  any  game 
or  sport. 

2.  An  idler.  Shak. 

3.  An  actor  of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  imitate  characters  on  the 
stage.  Bacon. 

4.  A  mimic.  Dryden. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  an  instrument  of 
music. 

G.  A  gamester. 

7.  One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLAYFELLOW,  n.  A  companion  in 
amusements  or  sports.  Sidney. 

PL.^'YFUL,  a.  Sportive  ;  given  to  levity  ;  as 
a  playful  child.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy;  as  a  playful 
genius. 

PLA'YFULLY,  adv.  In  a  sportive  manner. 

PLAYFULNESS,  n.  Sportiveness. 

PLAYGAME,?!.  Play  of  children.     Locke. 

PL.l'YHOUSE,  n.  A  house  appropriated  to 
tlie  exhibition  of  dramatic  compositions; 
a  theater.  Pope.     Dryden. 

PLA'YM.^TE,  n.  A  playfellow  ;  a  compan- 
ion in  diversions.  More. 

PLA'Y-PLEASURE,  ».  Idle  amusement. 
[.Vnt  used.]  Bacon. 

PL.VYSOME,  a.  Playful;  wanton. 

Shelton. 

PLA'YSOMENESS,  h.  Playfulness;  wan- 
tonness. 

PLA'YTIIING,  li.  A  toy;  any  thing  that 
serves  to  amuse. 

A  child  knows  bis  nurse,  and  by  degrees  the 
playlhins;s  of  a  little  more  advanced  age. 

Locke. 

PLAYWRIGHT,  n.  A  maker  of  plays. 

Pope. 

PLEA,  n.  [Norm,  plait,  plet,  plaid,  pie ;  plu. 
pliz,  pltylz ;  Fr.  plaider,  to  plead  ;  plai- 
doycr,  a  plea ;  It.  pinlo,  a  plea  ;  piatire, 
to  plead  ;  Sp.  phylo,  dispute  ;»ie)//ear,  to 
plead  ;  pleyteador,  a  pleader  ;  Port,  pleito, 
pleitear ;  D.  plelt,  pleiten.  The  Spanish 
word  plcylo  signifies  a  dispute,  contest, 
debate,  law.suil,  and  a  covenant,  contract 
or  bargain,  and  pleyta  is  a  plaited  strand 
of  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  pleitear 
signifies  to  plead,  to  go  to  law,  to  strive  or 
vie.  The  elements  of  this  word  are  prob- 
ably Ld  or  Pld.  In  tlu^  sense  of  jileading, 
the  word  acc<irds  with  the  Gr.  Xirij,  and 
in  that  of  striving,  with  the  \..  lis,  litis.] 
1.  I11.V//C,  that  which  is  alledicd  by  a  |)arty 
in  support  of  his  demand ;  but  in  a  more 
limiteil  and  technical  sense,  the  answer  of 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


the  defendant  to  the  plaintifs  declaration 
and  demand.  That  which  the  plaintifal- 
ledges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  by  the  defendant's 
plea.  Pleas  are  dilatory,  or  pleas  to  the  ac- 
tion. Dilatory  picas,  are  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  court,  to  the  disability  of  the 
plaintif,  or  in  abatement.  Pleas  to  the  ac- 
tion are  an  answer  to  the  merits  of  the 
complaint,  which  confesses  or  denies  it. 
Pleas  that  deny  the  plaintiPs  complaint 
or  den)and,  are  the  general  issue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration ;  or  special 
pleas  in  bar,  which  state  something  which 
precludes  the   plaintiPs  right  of  recovery. 

2.  A  cause  in  court  ;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as  the  pleas  of  the  crown  ;  the 
court  of  common  pleas. 

The  snprcnio  judicial  court  shall  have  cog- 
nizance ot plriix  real,  personal  and  mixed. 

Laws  of  JMiiss. 

3.  That  which  is  alledged  in  defense  or  jus- 
tification ;  an  excuse  ;  an  apology  ;  as  the 
tyrant's  pka. 

When  such  occasions  arc. 
No  plea  must  serve  ;  'tis  cruelty  to  spare 

Denhain. 

4.  Urgent  prayer  or  entreaty. 
PLEACH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  plis.ur,  or  from  the  root 

of  L.  plico,  Gr.  nxixu.]     To  bend  ;  to  in 
terweave.     [.Vo(  in  U3e.]  Shak. 

PLEAD,  V.  i.  [f'ee  Plea.]  In  a  general  sen.ie, 
to  argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  de 
fense  against  the  claim  of  another. 

2.  In  law,  to  present  an  answer  to  the  decla- 
ration of  a  plaintif;  to  deny  the  plaintiPs 
declaration  and  demand,  or  to  alledge 
facts  which  show  that  he  ought  not  to  re- 
cover in  the  suit.  The  plaintif  declares 
or  alledges ;  the  defendant  pleads  to  his 
declaration.  The  king  or  the  state  prose 
cutes  an  oftender,  and  the  oflfender  pleads 
not  guilty,  or  confesses  the  charge. 

3.  To  urge  reasons  for  or  against ;  to  at- 
teni])t  to  persuade  one  by  argument  or 
supplication;  as,  to  plead  for  the  life  of  a 
criminal ;  to  plead  in  his  favor ;  to  plead 
with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

0  that  one  might  plead  for  a  man  with  God 
as  a  m.in  pleadeth  for  liis  ueiglibor !     Job  xvi. 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 
.  5.  To  urge ;    to   press  l)y  operating   on  the 

passions. 

Since  you  can  love,  and  yet  your  error  see. 
The  same  resisUess  power  may  ^i«a(/  for  me 

Drt/deti 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend  and  at- 
tempt to  maintain  by  arguments  or  reasons 
offered  to  the  tribunal  or  person  who  has 
the  power  of  determining  ;  as,  to  plead 
a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In  this 
sense,  argue  is  more  generally  used  by 
lawyers. 

2.  To  alledge  or  adduce  in  proof,  support  or 
vindication.  The  law  of  nations  may  be 
pleaded  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  embassa- 
dors. 

3.  To  offer  in  excuse. 

1  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  faults.  Dryden 

4.  To  alledge  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  de 
fense,  or  for  repeUiug  a  demand  in  law 
as,  to  plead  usury ;  to  plead  a  statute  ofl 
limitations.  Ch.  Kent. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  the  cause  of  the 
righteous,  as  God,  is  to  avenge  or  vindi- 

Vol.  II. 


cate  them  against  enemies,  or  to  redreas 
their  grievances.     Is.  li. 

PLE'.ADAIUjE,  a.  'J'hat  may  be  pleaded; 
that  may  be  alledged  in  j)r»'of,  defense  or 
vindication  ;  as  a  right  or  privilege /liearfa- 
bte  at  law.  Dryden. 

PLE'ADKD,  ;)/».  Oflered  or  urged  in  de- 
fense; allcilged  in  proof  or  support. 

PLE'ADEK,  )!.  [Fr.  plaideur.]  One  who 
argues  in  a  court  of  justice.  Swijl. 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  pleadings;  as  a 
special  pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  or  against  ; 
one  that  attempts  to  maintain  by  argu- 
ments. 

So  fair  z  pleader  any  ea\ise  may  gain. 

Dryden 

PLE'ADING,  ppr.  Oflering  in  defense; 
supporting  by  arguments  or  reasons ;  sup- 
plicating. 

PLE'ADING,  n.  The  art  of  supporting  by 
arguments,  or  of  reasoning  to  persuade. 

PLE'ADINGS,  n.  In  law,  the  mutual  alter 
cations  between  the   plaintif  and  defend 
ant,  or  written  statements  of  the  parties  in 
support  of  their  claims,   comprehending 
the  declaration,  count  or  narration  of  the 
plaintif,    the  plea  of  the  defendant  in  re 
ply,  the  replication  of  the  plaintif  to  the 
defendant's  i)lea,  the  defendant's  rejoin- 
der,  the  plaintifs  sur-rejoinder,   the   de- 
fendatit's  rebutter,  the  plaintirs  sur-rebut- 
ter,  &:.c.  till  the  question  is  brought  to  is- 
sue, that  is,  to  rest  on  a  single  point. 

PLEASANCE,  n.  plez'ance.  [Vr.  plaisance 
See  Please.]  Gayety  ;  pleasantry  ;  mer- 
riment.    Obs.  Spenser.     Shak. 

PLEASANT,  a.  plez'ant.  [Ft.  plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing;  agreeable ;  grateful  to  the  mind 
or  to  the  senses;  as  a  pleasant  ride;  a 
pleasant  voyage ;  a  pleasant  view.  Light 
is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  orange  is  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  bretlr 
ren  to  dwell  together  in  unity  !     Ps.  cxxxiii. 

2.  Cheerful;  enlivening;  as p{ea«an(  society 
or  company. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively  ;  humorous ;  sportive  ;  as  a 
pleasant  companion. 

4.  Trifling;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than 
use.  Locke. 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 
This  word  expresses  less  than  delight- 
ful, to  tlie  mind,  and  delicious,  to  the  taste 

PLEASANTLY,  adv.  plez'antly.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  please  or  gratify. 

2.  Gayly ;  merrily ;  in  good  humor. 

Clarendon 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome. 
PLEASANTNESS,  n.  plez'antness.    State 

of  being  pleasant   or  agreeable  ;    as   the 

pleasantness  of  a  situation.  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  gayety ;  merriment ;  as tlie 

pleasantness  of  youth. 
PLEASANTRY,  n.  plez'antry.  [Fr.plaisan- 
terie.]     Gayety  ;  merriment. 

The  harshness  of  reasoning  is  not  a  little  soft- 
ened and  smoothed  by  the  infusions  of  mirth 
and  pleasantry.  .Addison. 

2.  Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk ;  effusion  of 
humor. 

The  grave  abound  in  pleasantries,  the  dull  in 
repartees  and  points  of  wit.  Addison.] 

37 


PLEASE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  plaire,  plaisant, 
from  h.  placere,  placeo ;  Arm.  pligea,plige- 
out ;  It.  piacere  ;  Sp.  placer ;  ( 'orn.  plezia  ; 
formed  perhaps  on  the  root  of  like.  Class 

I*] 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emo- 
tions in  ;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  please  the  taste  ; 
to  please  the  mind. 

Their  words  pleased  Hamor,  and  Shechcm, 
Hamor's  son.     Gen.  xxxiv. 
Leave  such  to   trifle  witli  more  grace  than 

ease. 
Whom  folly  pleases,  and  whose  follies  please. 

Pope. 

2.  To  satisfy ;  to  content. 

what  next  I  bring  shall  please 
Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire. 

Milton. 

3.  To  prefer ;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to 
like  ;  to  choose. 

Many  of  our  most  skilful  painters  were  ;>?cas- 

ed  to  recommend  this  author  to  me.       Dryden. 

To  be  pleased  in  or  with,  to  approve  ;  to  have 

complacency  in.     Matt.  iii. 
To  please  God,  is  to  love   his  character  and 
law  and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become 
the  object  of  his  approbation. 

They  that  are  in  the  flesh  cannot /)/ease  God. 
Rom.  viii. 
PLEASE,  r.  i.  s  as  z.    To  like ;  to  choose  ; 
to  prefer. 

Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 
Assume   what   sexes  and  what  shapes  they 
please.  Pope. 

2.  To  condescend ;  to  comply ;  to  be  pleas- 
ed; a  word  of  ceremony. 
Please  you,  lords, 
In  sight  of  both  our  battles  we  may  meet. 

Shak. 

The  first  words  that  I  learnt  were,  to  express 

my  desire  that  he  would  please  to  give  me  my 

liberty.  Surift. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than 

delight. 

PLEASED,  pp.    Gratified ;   affected   with 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions. 
PLE'ASEMAN,  n.  An  officious  person  who 
courts  favor  servilely  ;  a  pickthank.  Shak. 
PLE'ASER,  n.  One  that  pleases  or   grati- 
fies ;  one  that  courts  favor  by  humoring  or 
flattering  compliances  or  a  show  of  obedi- 
ence ;  as  men-pleasers.     Eph.  vi.     Col.  iii. 
PLE'ASING,    ppr.     Gratifying ;    exciting 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in. 
PLE'ASING,  a.  Giving  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ;  agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the 
mind  ;  as  a  pleasing  prospect ;  a  pleasing 
reflection  ;  pleasing  manners. 
2.  Gaining  approbation.     1  John  iii. 
PLE'ASING,  n.  The  act  of  gratifying. 
PLE'ASINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  give  pleasure.  Dryden. 

PLE'ASINGNESS,  ji.  The  quality  of^ giv- 
ing pleasure. 
PLEASURABLE,    a.    plezh'urahU.     [from 

pleasure.] 
Pleasing  ;  giving  pleasure ;  affording  gratifi- 
cation. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profitable  as  well 

2iS  pleasurable .  Bacon. 

PLEAS'URABLY,    adv.    With    pleasure; 

with   gratification  of  the  senses  or  tho 

mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS  URABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

giving  pleasure.  Fettliani. 

PLEASURE,  n.pUzIt'ur.  [Fr.  plawir;  Arm. 

pligeadiir ;  It.  piacere;  Sp.  placer ;    Port. 

prazer.  See  Please.} 


P  L  A 


P  L  A 


P  L  E 


2. 


a 

4. 


1.  That  may  be  applauded;  that  may  gain 
favor  01-  approbation  ;  henre,  superticialiy 
pleasing  ;  ai)parently  riglit  ;  specious  ; 
popular  ;  as  a  plausihle  argument ;  a  plaus- 
ible pretext ;  a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse ; 
as  a  plausible  man. 

PLAUS'IBLENESS,?!.  Spaciousness;  show 
of  right  or  propriety  ;  as  ihe  plausibleness 
of  Arminianism.  Sanderson 

PLAUS'IBLY,  adv.  With  fair  show  ;  spe- 
ciously ;  in  a  manner  adapted  to  gain  fa- 
vor or  approbation. 

They  could  talk  plausibly  ubout  what  they 

did  not  understand.  Collier. 

PLAUS'IVE,  o.   Applauding;    manifesting 

praise. 
2.  Plausible.  S''"*- 

PLAY,  V.  i.  [Sax.  plegan,  plegian,  to  play, 
to  joke,  to  perform  on  an  instrument  of 
nmsic,  to  move  or  vibrate,  to  clap  or  ap 
plaud,  to  deride  or  make  sport  of;  pleg- 
gan,  to  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ; 
ge-plagan,  to  play,  and  to  dance  or  leap. 
The  Sw.  leka,  Dan.  leger,  to  play,  are  the 
same  word  without  a  prefi.x,  and  in  tlie 
northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is  used 
as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to 
be  formed  on  the  same  root  as  lay.] 
1.  To  use  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  re- 
creation ;  to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or 
for  profit,  but  for  amusement ;  as,  to  play 
at  cricket. 

The  people  sat  down  to  eat  and  to  drink,  and 
rose  up  lo  play.  Ex.  xsxii. 
To  sport ;  to  frolick  ;  to  frisk. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to  day. 
Had  he  thy  reason,  wouid  he  skip  and  play  ? 

Pope. 
To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Milton. 

To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thought 

lessly. 

Men  are  apt  to  play  with  their  healths  and 
their  lives  as  tliey  do  witli  their  clothes. 

Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fan- 
ciful turn  to ;  as,  to  play  upon  words. 

Shak. 
C.  To  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  mer- 
riment. 

1  would  make  use  of  it  rather  to  play  upon 
those  I  despise,  than  trifle  with  those  1  love. 

Pope. 

7.  To  mock ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thou  alive. 
Or  is  it  Uncy  plays  upon  our  eyesight  ? 

Shak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  game;  as,  to  play  at 
cards  or  dice  ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to 
play  for  money. 

9.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  false  with  a  smith. 

Shak 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music; 
as,  to  play  on  a  flute,  a  violin  or  a  harpsi- 
chord. 

Play,  my  friend,  and  charm  the  charmer. 

Granville 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  with  alternate  di- 
latation and  contraction. 

The    heart    heats,    the  blood   circulates,  the 
lungs  play.  Cheyne 

12.  To  operate;  to  act.  The  engines  play 
against  a  lire.  Dryden. 

13.  To  move  irregularly;  lo  wanton. 

Ev'n  as  the  waving  sedges  play  with  wind 

Shak 


The  settine;  sun  | 

Plays  on  their  sliining  arms  and  burnish'd| 

■  helmets.  Mdisun.l 

All  lame  is  foreign,  but  of  true  desert, 

Plays  round  the  liead,  but  comes  not  to  the] 

heart.  Pope.' 

14.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage  ;  to  personate 

u  character. 

A  lord  will  hear  you  ;)(ay  to-night.         Shak. 

1.5.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 

Courts  are  theaters  where  some  men  play. 

Ikinne. 
IG.  To  act  in   any  particular  cliai-acter  ;  as, 
to  play  the  fool;  to  play  the  woman;  to 
play  the  man.  S 

17.  'to  move  in  any  manner;  to  move  one 
way  and  another ;   as  any  part  of  a  ma- 
chine. 
PLAY,  V.  (.  To  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  as, 

to  plan  cannon  or  a  fire-engine. 
2.  To  use  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to 
idaii  the  flute  or  the  organ.     [Elliptical 
'    -^  Gay. 

To  act  a  sportive  part  or  character. 
Nature  here 
Wanton'd  as  in  her  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies.  Milton. 

To  act  or  perform  by  representing  a  char- 
acter ;  as,  to  play  a  comedy  ;  to  play  the 
part  of  king  Leai-. 

To  act ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  play  our  parts 
well  on  the  stage  of  life. 
6.  To  perform  in  contest  for  amusement  or 
1     for  u  prize  ;  as,  to  play  a  game  at  whist 
To  play  off,  to  display:  to   show;  to  put  in 
I     exercise  ;  as,  to  ;?/oi/o_/tricks.  ' 

\To  play  on  or  upon,  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  orj 
'     to  trifle  with.  j 

J2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PL.\Y,  n.  Any  exercise  or  series  of  actions 
intended   for  pleasure,  anuisement  or  di- 
vei-sion.  as  at  cricket  or  quoit,  or  at  blind 
man's  huff. 
Amusement ;  sport ;  frolick  ;  gambols. 

Spenser. 
Two  gentle  fawns  at  play.  Mi  lion. 

Game  ;  gaming  ;  practice  of  contending 
for  victory,  for  amusement  or  for  a  prize, 
as  at  dice,  cards  or  billiards. 
4.  Practice  in  any  contest ;  as  swmH-play. 
He  was   resolved    not  to    speak   distinctly. 
knowing  his  best  vlau  to  be  in  the  dark. 

^  Tillotson 

John  naturally  loved  rough  jilay. 

.Irbulhnot 

,5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  oflice. 

— But  justifies  the  next  who  comes  in  play. 

JJryden. 

6.  Practice ;    action ;    manner   of  acting  in 

contest  or  negotiation;  as  fair  play;  Ibid 

_  play-, 

I 


12.  Room  for  motion. 
The  joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another, 

that  they  have  no  play  between  them. 

Moxon. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting;  room  for  enlargement 
or  display  ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to 
mirth.     Let  the  genius  have  free  play. 

PLA'YBILL,  n.  A  printed  advertisement  of 
a  play,  with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  act- 
ors. 

PLA'Y'BOOK,  ?i.  A  book  of  dramatic  com- 
positions. 

PLAY-DAY,  \       A  day  given  to  play 

PLA'YING-DAY,  \  or  diversion  ;  a  day 
exempt  from  work.  Swift. 

PLA'YDEBT,  n.  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. Arhuthnot. 

PLA'YED,  pp.  Acted  ;  performed  ;  put  in 
motion. 

)!.  One  who  plays  in  any  game 


PLAYER, 

or  sport. 

2.  An  idler. 

3.  An  actor 


.'A dramatic  composition;  a  comedy  or 
tragedy ;  a  composition  in  which  charac- 
ters are  represented  by  dialogue  and  ac- 
tion- .      . 

A  play  ought  to  be  a  just  image  ol  human  na- 
ture. Ih-yden 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  ofii  comedy 
I  or  tragedy  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  ;);«iy.  He  at- 
I     tends  every  play. 

9.  Performance  on  an  instrument  ol  music. 

10.  Motion ;  movement,  regular  or  irregu- 
lar; as  the  play  of  a  wheel  or  piston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 

Many  have  been  sav'd.  and  many  may. 

Who  never  heard  this  question  biou^ht  in 

phiij.  J)rydcn 


Shak. 

of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whose 

occupation  is  to  imitate  characters  on  the 

stage.  Bacon. 

4.  .\  mimic.  Drydtn. 

5.  One  who  performs  on  au  instrument  of 
music. 

6.  A  gamester. 
One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carew. 

PLA'YFELLOW,     n.     A    companion    in 

amusements  or  sports.  Sidney. 

PL.^'YFUL,  a.  Sportive  ;  given  to  levity  ;  as 

a  playful  child.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy;  as  a  playful 

genius 
PLAYFULLY,  adv.  In  a  sportive  manner. 
PLAYFULNESS,  n.  Sportiveness. 
PL.A'YGAME.  n.  Play  of  children.  Locke. 
PL.V'YHOUSE,  71.  A  house  appropriated  to 
the  exhibition  of  dramatic  compositions; 
a  theater.  Pope.     Drxjden. 

PLAYMATE,  n.  A  playfellow  ;  a  compan- 
ion in  diversions.  More. 
PL.'V'Y-PLEASIJRE,   n.    Idle  amusement. 

Bacon, 
a.  Plavful;  wanton. 

Shelton. 
PLA'YSOMENESS,  n.  Playfulness;  wan- 
tonness. 
PLAYTHING,  n.  A  toy ;   any  thing  that 
serves  to  amuse. 

A  child  knows  his  nurse,  and  by  degrees  the 
ptaviliings  of  a  little  more  advanced  age. 
^  ^       '  Locke. 

PLAYWRIGHT,  n.  A  maker  of  plays. 

Pope. 

PLEA,  n.  [Norm,  plait,  plet,  plaid,  pie  ;  plit. 
pliz,  pleylz;  Fr.  plaider,  to  ]ilead  ;  p/ai- 
doi/tr,  a  plea ;  It.  piato,  a  plea  ;  piaiire, 
to'plead;  Sp.  pleyto,  dispute  ;»/ei//<'ar,  to 
l>lead  ;  ptei/teador,  a  pleader  ;  Port,  plcito, 
pleitear;  D.  pleit,  pleiten.  The  Spanish 
word  pleyto  signifies  a  dispute,  contest, 
debate,  lawsuit,  and  a  covenant,  contract 
or  bargain,  and  plryla  is  a  plaited  strand 
(if  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  pleitear 
signifies  to  plead,  to  go  to  law.  to  strive  or 
vie.  The  .■Icinents  of  this  u  ord  are  prob- 
ably Ld  or  Pld.  Ill  ihi'  siiisc  of  pleading, 
thewnnl  accords  wilh  ihi' Gr.  Xirj;,  and 
ill  lliat  of  striving,  wilh  the  L. /i'.<J, ''''"*•] 
1.   In /rue.  that  which  is  alledi;cd  by  a   party 


\,\hl  used.] 
PLA'YSOME, 


ill  support  of  his  dciiiaiul ;  hut  in  a  more 
limited  and  technical  sense,  the  answer  of 


P  L  E 

the  defendant  to  the  plaintiPs  declaration 
and  demand.  That  which  tlin  plaintifal- 
ledges  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
repelled  or  justified  by  the  defendant's 
plen.  Pleas  arc  dilalory,  or  pleas  <o  Uic  ac- 
tion. Dilatory  picas,  are  to  the  jurisdic 
lion  of  the  court,  to  the  disability  of  the 
plaintif,  or  in  abatement.  I'leas  to  the  ac- 
tion are  an  answer  to  the  merits  of  the 
complaint,  which  confes.ses  or  deines  it. 
Pleas  that  deny  the  plaintiPs  complaint 
or  demand,  are  the  general  issue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration  ;  or  special 
pleas  in  bar,  which  state  something  which 
precludes  l|ie   [ilaintirs  right  of  recovery 

!.  A  cause  in  court ;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as  the  pleas  of  the  crown  ;  the 
court  of  common  pleas. 

The  supremo  judicial  court  shall  have  cog- 
nizance u(  jiledti  real,  personal  and  mixed. 

LawB  o/Mnss 

1.  That  which  is  alledged  in  defense  or  jus- 
tification;  an  excuse;  an  apology;  as  the 
tyrant's  plea. 

When  such  occasions  are. 
No  plea  must  serve  ;  'tis  cruelty  to  spare. 

Denhain 


P  L  E 


4.  Urgent  prayer  or  entreaty. 

PLRACM,  I'.  (.  [Fr.ftoser,  or  from  the  root 
of  L.  plico,  Gr.  rt>.exu.]  To  bend  ;  to  in- 
terweave.    [JVot  in  use.]  Shuk 

PLEAD,  V.  i.  [See  Plea.]  In  a  general  sense, 
to  argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  de 
fense  against  the  claim  of  another. 

2.  In  Inn;  to  present  an  answer  to  the  decia 
ration  of  a  plaiutif ;  to  deny  the  plaintirs 
declaration   and  demand,   or    to   alledge 
facts  which  show  that  he  ought  not  to  re 
cover  in  the  suit.     The   plaintif  declares 
or  alledges ;   the  defendant  pleads  to  his 
declaration.     The  king  or  the  state  prose 
cutes  an  offender,  and  the  offender  pleads 
not  guilty,  or  confesses  the  charge. 

3.  To  urge  reasons  for  or  against ;    to  at 
tempt  to  persuade  one   by  argument  or 
supplication;  as,  to  plead  for  the  life  of  a 
crimitial ;  to  plead  in  his  favor;  to  plead 
with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

O  that  one  might  plead  for  a  man  with  God 
as  a  man  pleadeth  for  his  neighbor  !     Job  xvi. 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 
.  5.  To  urge ;   to   press  by  operating   on  the 

passions. 

Since  you  can  love,  and  yet  your  error  see. 
The  same  resistless  power  may  plead  for  lue 

Dry  den. 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend  and  at- 
tempt to  maintain  by  arguments  or  reasons 
offered  to  the  tribunal  or  person  who  has 
the  power  of  determining  ;  as,  to  plead 
a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In  this 
sense,  argue  is  more  generally  used  by 
lawyers. 

2.  To  alledge  or  adduce  in  proof,  support  or 
vindication.  The  law  of  nations  may  he 
pleaded  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  embassa 
dors. 

3.  To  offer  in  excuse. 

1  will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness  in 
excuse  of  faults.  Dryden 

4.  To  alledge  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  de 
fense,  or  for  repelling  a  demand  in  law 
as,  to  plead  usury;  to  plead  a  stattilc  of|i2. 
limitations.  Ch.  Kent 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  the  cause  of  the 
righteou.«,  as  God,  is  to  avenge  or  vindi 

Vol.  II. 


cat©  them  against  enemies,  or  to  redress 
their  grievance's.     Is.  li. 

PLEADABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pleaded; 
that  may  be  allcdgetl  in  proof,  defense  or 
vindication  ;  as  a  right  or  privilege  nicado- 
ble  at  law.  Dryden. 

PLE'ADED,  pp.  Offered  or  urged  in  de- 
fense;  alledged  in  proof  or  support. 

PL?:'ADEU,  n.  [Vr.  plaideur.]  One  who 
argues  in  a  coint  of  justice.  Sivijl. 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  pleadings;  as  a 
special  pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  or  against  ; 
one  that  attempts  to  maintain  by  argu- 
ments. 

So  lair  a  pleader  any  cause  may  gain. 

Dryden 

PLE'ADING,  ppr.  Offbring  in  defense; 
supporting  liy  arguments  or  reasons  ;  sup- 
plicating. 

PLE'ADING,  n.  The  art  of  supporting  by 
arguments,  or  of  reasoning  to  persuade. 

PLE'ADINGS,  n.  In  law,  the  mutual  alter 
cations  between  the  plaintif  and  defend 
ant,  or  written  statements  of  the  parties  in 
support  of  their  clainjs,  comprehending 
the  declaration,  count  or  narration  of  the 
plaintif,  the  plea  of  the  defendant  in  re- 
ply, the  replication  of  the  |)laintif  to  the 
defendant's  plea,  the  defendant's  rejoin- 
der, the  plaintiPs  sur-rcjoinder,  the  de- 
fendant's rebutter,  the  ])lainlirs  sur-rebut- 
ter,  &c.  till  the  question  is  brought  to  is- 
sue, that  is,  to  rest  on  a  single  point. 

PLEASANCE,  7i.  plez'ance.  [Fr.  plaisance. 
See  Please.]  Gayety  ;  pleasantry  ;  mer- 
riment.    Obs.  Spenser.     Shak 

PLEASANT,  a.  plez'ant.  [Ft.  plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing ;  agreeable ;  grateful  to  the  mind 
or  to  the  senses ;  as  a  pleasant  ride ;  al 
pleasant  voyage  ;  a  pleasant  view.  Light' 
is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  orange  is  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  breth- 
ren to  dwell  together  in  unity  !     Ps.  cxxxiii. 

2.  Cheerful;  enlivening;  as  pZea»an<  society 
or  cotnpany. 

3.  Gay  ;  lively  ;  humorous ;  sportive  ;  as  a 
pleasant  companion. 

4.  Trifling;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  than 
use.  Locke. 

5.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 
This  word  expresses  less  than  delight 

ful,  to  the  mind,  and  delicious,  to  the  taste. 
PLEASANTLY,  adv.  plez'antly.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  please  or  gratify. 

2.  Gayly;  merrily;  in  good  humor. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome. 
PLEASANTNESS,  «.  plez'antness.    State 

of  being  pleasant   or  agreeable  ;    as   the 

pleasantness  of  a  situation.  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness;  gayety ;  merriment ;  as  the 

pleasantness  of  youth. 
PLEASANTRY,  n.plez'antry.  [Fr.plaisan- 
terie.]     Gayety  ;  merriment. 

The  harshness  of  reasoning  is  not  a  Uttle  soft- 
ened and  smoothed  by  the  infusions  of  mirth 
and  pleasantry.  Addison. 

Sprightly  saying  ;  lively  talk;  effusion  of| 
liumor. 

The  grave  abound  \n  pleasantries,  tlie  dull  in 
repartees  and  points  of  wit.  Addison. 

37 


P  L  E 

PLEASE,  v.t.  s  as  r.  [Fr.  plain,  plaisant, 
from  Ij.  placere,  placeo ;  \rm.pligea,plige- 
out;  It.  piacere  ;  i^p.  placer ;  Cori\.  plezta  ; 
formed  perhaps  on  the  root  of  like.  Class 

1.  To  excite  agreeable  sensations  or  emo- 
tions in  ;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  please  the  taste ; 
to  please  the  mind. 

Their  words  pleased  Hamor,  and  Shechem, 
Hamor's  son.     Gen.  xxxiv. 
Leave  such  to   trifle  witli  more  grace  than 

e;ise. 
Whom  folly  pleases,  and  whose  follies  please. 

Pope. 

2.  To  satisfy  ;  to  content, 
what  next  I  bring  shall  please 

Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire. 

Milton. 

3.  To  prefer ;  to  have  satisfaction  in  ;  to 
like  ;  to  choose. 

Many  of  our  most  skilful  painters  were  ;)(cas- 

ed  to  recommend  this  author  to  me.       Dryden. 

To  be  pleased  in  or  wiih,  to  approve  ;  to  have 

complacency  in.     Matt.  iii. 
To  please  God,  is  to  love   his  character  and 
law  and  perform  his  will,  so  as  to  become 
the  object  of  his  approbation. 

They  that  are  in  the  flesh  cannot  ;)tease  God. 
Rom.  viii. 
PLEASE,  V.  i.  s  as  z.    To  like ;  to  choose ; 
to  prefer. 

Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 
Assume  what   sexes  and  what  shapes  they 
please.  Pope. 

To  condescend  ;  to  comply  ;   to  be  pleas- 
ed; a  word  of  ceremony. 
Please  you,  lords. 
In  sight  of  both  our  battles  we  may  meet. 

Shak. 

The  first  words  that  I  learnt  were,  to  expres? 

my  desire  that  he  would  please  to  give  me  ray 

liberty.  .Swiji. 

Please  expresses  less  gratification  than 

delight. 

PLEASED,  pp.    Gratified  ;   affected   with 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions. 
PLE'ASEMAN,  n.  An  officious  person  who 
courts  favor  servilely ;  a  pickthank.  Shak. 
PLE'ASER,  n.  One  that  pleases  or  grati- 
fies ;  one  that  courts  favor  by  humoring  or 
flattering  compliances  or  a  show  of  obedi- 
ence ;  as  men-pleasers.     Eph.  vi.     Col.  iii. 
PLE'ASING,    ppr.     Gratifying;    exciting 

agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in. 
PLE'ASING,  a.  Giving  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ;  agreeable  to  the  senses  or  to  the 
mind  ;  as  a  pleasing  prospect ;  a  pleasing 
reflection  ;  pleasing  maimers. 
2.  Gaining  ai>probation.     1  John  iii. 
PLE'ASING,  n.  The  act  of  gratifying. 
PLE'ASINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  give  pleasure.  Dryden. 

PLE'ASINGNESS.  ji.  The  quality  of  giv- 
ing pleasure. 
PLEASURABLE,    a.    plezh'urable.     [fiom 

pleasure.] 
Pleasing ;  giving  pleasure ;  affording  gratifi- 
cation. 

Planting  of  orchards  is  very  profitable  as  well 

AS  pleasurable .  Bacon. 

PLEAS'URABLY,    adv.    With    pleasure; 

with   gratification   of  the  senses  or  tho 

mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS  I'RABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

giving  pleasure.  Feltham. 

PLEASURE,  n.pU-Oi'ur.  [Fr.  plaisir;  Arm. 

pligeadur ;  It.  piacere;  Sp,  placer ;    Port. 

prazer.  See  Please.] 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


P  L  E 


].  The  gratifiration  of  the  senses  or  of  the 
niiiid  ;  agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  ; 
the  Pxciteinent,  rehsh  or  ha])()iiiess  pro- 
duced by  enjoyment  or  the  expeetation  of 
of  good;  opposed  to  pain.  We  receive 
pleasure  from  the  indulgi'nce  of  appetite  ; 
from  the  viewofa  beautiful  landscape  ;fron: 
the  harmony  of  sounds  ;  from  agreeable 
society  ;  from  the  expectation  of  seeing  an 
absent  friend ;  from  the  prospect  of  gain 
or  success  of  any  kind.  Pleasure,  bodily 
and  mental,  carnal  and  spiritual,  consti 
tutes  the  whole  of  positive  happiness,  as 
pain  constitutes  the  whole  of  misery. 

Pleasure  is  i)roperly  positive  excilenjent 
of  the  passions  or  the  mind  ;  but  we  give 
the  name  also  to  the  absence  of  excite- 
ment, when  that  excitement  is  painful ; 
as  when  we  cease  to  labor,  or  repose  after 
fatigue,  or  when  the  mind  is  tranquilized 
after  anxiety  or  agitation. 

Pleasure  is  susceptible   of  increase  to 
any  degree  ;  but  the  word  when  unquali- 
fied, expresses   less  excitement  or  ba|)pi 
ness  than  delight  or  joy. 

2.  Sensual  or  sexual  gratification. 

3.  Approbation. 

The  Lord  taketh /)?eas«re  in  his  people.     Ps 
cxlvii.  anil  cxlix. 

4.  What  the  will  dictates  or  prefers ;  will 
choice  ;    purpose  ;    intention  ;    comtnand  ; 
as,  use  your  pleasure.  Shak. 

Cyrus,  he  is  my  shepliertl  and  shall  perform 
all  ray  pleasure.     Is.  xliv. 

My  counsel  shall  stand  and  I  will  do  all  my 
pleasure.     Is.  xlvi. 

.">.  A  favor  ;  that  which  pleases. 

Festus,  willing  to  do  the  Jews  a  pleasure,  an- 
swered Paul.     Acts  XXV. 

6.  Arbitrary  will  or  choice.  He  can  vary 
his  scheme  at  pleasure. 

PLEAS'URE,  V.  t.  plezh'ur.  To  give  or  af- 
ford pleasure  to ;  to  please ;  to  gratify. 
[A  word  authorized  bij  some  good  writers, 
but  superfluous  and  not  much  ttsed.] 

Baron.     Shak. 

PLEAS'URE-BOAT,  n.  A  boat  appropri- 
ated to  sailing  for  amusement. 

PLEASURE-CARRIAGE,  n.  A  carriage 
for  pleasure. 

PLEAS'UREFUL,  a.  Pleasant;  agreeable. 
[Little  used.]  Abbot. 

PLEASURE-GROUND,  7i.  Ground  laid 
out  in  an  ornamental  manner  and  appro- 
l)riated  to  pleasure  or  annisemeiit.    Graves. 

PLEAS'URIST,  n.  A  person  devoted  to 
worldly  pleasure.     [Little  used.]      Brown. 

PLEBEIAN,  a.  [It.  plebeio ;  Sp.  plebeyo ; 
L.  plebeius,  from  plebs,  the  common  peo- 
pie.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people;  vid- 
gar;  a^  plebeian  minds  ;  plebeian  .sports. 

9.  Consisting  of  common  people  ;  as  a  jilebe- 
ian  throng. 

PLEBE'IAN,  n.  One  of  the  common  peo- 
ple or  lower  ranks  of  men.  [Usually  ap- 
plied to  the  common  [joople  of  ancient 
Rome.]  Swiff. 

PLKl'.K'IANCE,   n.   The  common   people. 

[JVnt  1)1  use.] 
i'LI'irXiE,  n.  [Fr.  pleige  ;  It.  pieggeria : 
Norm,  plegg.  This  is  evidiMitly  the  (Celtic 
form  of  the  Teutonic  plight.  Sax.  pHht, 
plihtiin.  See  PUl'-IiI.  It  coincides  witli  L. 
pliai.  (Jr.  nXfxu,  W.  pli/gu,  to  told,  proper- 
ly t"  I'l/  to,  lo  put  or  throw  to  or  on.  A 
pledge  is  that  which  is  laid  or  deposited.] 


1.  Something  put  in  jjawn  ;  that  which  is 
deposited  with  another  as  security  for  the 
repajiiient  of  money  borrowed,  or  for  the 
I'erlormance  of  some  agreement  or  obli- 
gation ;  a  pawn.  A  borrows  ten  pounds 
ol  B,  and  dejiosits  his  watch  as  a  pledge 
that  the  money  shall  be  repaid ;  and  by 
repayment  of  the  money,  A  redeems  the 
pledge. 

2.  Any  thing  given  or  considered  as  a  secu 
rity  for  thi^  performance  of  an  act.  Thu; 
a  tnan  gives  his  word  or  makes  a  ])romise 
to  another,  which  is  received  as  a  pledge 
for  fulfillment.  The  mutual  affection  of 
husband  and  wife  is  a  pledge  for  the  faith- 
ful performance  of  the  marriage  cove 
naiit.  Mutual  interest  is  the  best  pledge 
for  the  performance  of  treaties. 

3.  A  surety ;  a  hostage.     Raleigh.     Dryden 

4.  In  law,  a  gage  or  security  real  or  person- 
al, given  for  the  repayment  of  money.  It 
is  of  two  kinds ;  vadium  vivum,  a  living 
pledge,  as  when  a  man  borrows  money 
and  grants  an  estate  to  be  held  by  the 
])ledgee,  till  the  rents  and  profits  shall  re- 
fund the  money,  in  which  case  the  land  or 
pledge  is  said  to  he  living;  or  it  is  vadium 
mortuum,  a  dead  pledge,  called  a  mortgage. 
[See  Mortgage.]  Btackstone. 

5.  Li  laiv,  bail  ;  surety  given  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  a  suit,  or  for  the  appearance  of  a 
defendant,  or  for  restoring  goods  taken 
in  distress  and  replevied.  The  distress 
itself  is  also  called  a  pledge,  and  the  glove 
formerly  thrown  down  by  a  champion  in 
trial  by  battel,  was  a  pledge  by  which  the 
champion  stipulated  to  encounter  his  an- 
tagonist in  that  trial.  Blackstone. 

C.  A  warrant  to  secure  a  pei-son  from  injury 

in  drinking. 
To  put  in  pledge,  to  pawn. 
To  hold  in  pledge,  to  keep  as  security. 
PLEDGE,  V.  t.    [Fr.  pUiger.     See    Plight.] 

1.  To  deposit  in  pawn;  to  de|)osit  or  leave 
in  possession  of  a  person  something  which 
is  to  secure  the  repayment  ot'  money  bor- 
rowed, or  the  |)erformance  of  some  act. 
[This  word  is  applied  chielly  to  the  de- 
positing of  goods  or  personal  ]iroperty. 
When  real  estate  is  given  as  security  we 
usually  ap|)ly  the  wortl  mortgage.] 

2.  To  give  as  a  warrant  or  scciuily  :  as,  to 
pledge  one's  word  or  honor ;  to  pledge  one's 
veracity. 

3.  To  secure  by  a  pledge. 

1  accept  her. 
And  here  to  pledge  my  vow  I  gi\e  my  hand. 
[C'»»suo/.]  Shak. 

4.  To  invite  to  drink  by  accepting  the  cup 
or  health  after  another.  Johnson.  Or  to 
warrant  or  be  surely  for  a  person  that  he 
shall  receive  no  harm  while  drinking,  or 
from  the  draught;  a  iiraciice  which  orig- 
inated among  our  aiu'cstnrs  in  their  rude 
state,  and  which  was  iiUended  to  secure 
tlje  jiersoii  from  beingstablied  while drijik- 
ing,  or  from  being  ]n^isoMed  by  the  lifpior. 
In  the  first  case,  a  by-stander  pledges  the 
person  thinking;  in  the  latter,  the  persim 
drinking  pledges  his  guest  by  driidiing 
first,  and  then  handing  the  cu|)  to  his 
guest.  The  latter  practice  is  fie(iuent 
among  the  common  people  in  America  to 
this  day  ;  the  owner  ol  the  lirjuor  taking 
the  cup  says  to  his  fiicnd,  I  pledge  i/im, 
and  drinks,  then   hands  the   cup   to   his 


guest ;  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  pow- 
er of  habit,  as  the  reason  of  the  custom  has 
long  since  ceased. 

PLEDG'ED,  pp.  Deposited  as  seciu-ity : 
given  in  warrant. 

PLEDGEE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  any 
thing  is  pledged. 

PLEDG'ER,  n.  One  that  pledges  or  pawns 
any  thing  ;  one  that  warrants  or  secures. 
[Pledgor,  in  Blackstone,  is  not  to  be  coun- 
tenanced.] 

2.  One  that  accepts  the  invitation  to  drink 
after  aimther,  or  that  secures  another  by 
drinking. 

PLEDO'ERY,  n.  A  pledging ;  suretisbip. 
[.Wot  in  use.]  Encyc. 

PLEDti'ET,  71.  [from  folding  or  laying.] 
In  surgery,  a  compress  or  small  flat  tent  of 
lint,  laid  over  a  wound  to  imbibe  the  mat- 
ter discharged  and  kee()  it  clean.     Encyc. 

PLEDti'lNG,  ;)/)r.  Depositing  in  pawn  or  as 
security ;  giving  warrant  for  security  or 
safety. 

PLEIADS,  n.  ye'3/arfs.  [L.  Pleiades;  Or. 
rtJitiaSfj,  su|iposed  to  be  formed  from  xxtu, 
to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the  seven  stars  in- 
dicated the  time  of  safe  navigation.] 

|In  astronomy,  a  cluster  of  seven  stars  in  the 
neck  of  the  constellation  Taurus.  The 
Latins  called  them  Vergiliei,  from  ver, 
spring,  because  of  their  rising  about  the 
vernal  equinox.  Encyc.     Ainsworth. 

PLE'NAL,  a.  [See  Plenary.]  Full.  [Not 
used.]  Beaumont. 

PLE'NARILY,  adv.  [from  plenary.]  Fully; 
completely.  Ayliffe. 

PLE'NARINESS,  ?i.  Fullness;  complete- 
ness. 

PLEN'ARTY,  «.  The  state  of  a  benefice 
when  occupied.  Blackstone. 

PLE'NARY,  a.  [L.  plenus ;  Fr.  plein ;  It. 
plenario,  pieito ;  Sp.  plena,  lleno ;  W. 
llawn;  Ir.  lain, Ian;  Ann.  lean.  The  Russ. 
has  polnei  and  polon,  full,  and  with  a  pre- 
fix, napolniayu,  to  fill.  Qu.  the  radical  let- 
ters, and  the  identity  of  the  Russ.  with  the 
others.] 

Full;  entire;  complete  ;  as  a  pZcnajT/ license  ; 
plenary  consent ;  plenary  indulgence.  The 
plenary  indulgence  of  the  j)ope  is  an  en- 
tire remission  of  penalties  due  lo  all  sins.    , 

Encyc. 

PLE'NARY,  n.  Decisive  procedure.  [A'ot 
used.]  Ayliffe. 

PLENILU'NARY,  a.  Relating  to  the  full 
moon.  Brown. 

PLEN'ILUNE,  n.  [fj.  plenilunium  ;  plenus, 
fidl,  anil  luna,  moon.]  The  full  moon. 
[.\o/  n.ted.]  B.  Jonson. 

PLENIP'OTENCE,  n.  [i..  plenus,  M\,aru\ 
potentia,  jioxver.]  Fullness  or  complete- 
ness of  ])owcr.  Milton. 

PLENIP'OTENT,  a.  [L.  plenipotens,  su- 
pra.]    Possessing  full  power.  Milton. 

PLENIPOTEN'TIARY,  n.  [Fr.  plcnipo- 
ttntiaire.  See  Pienipotence.] 

A  person  invested  \\\\h  fidl  power  to  trans- 
act any  business;  usnallj,  an  einba.ssador 
or  envoy  to  a  foreign  court,  furnished 
with  full  power  to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  to 
tnmsact  other  bnsini'ss. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  a.  Containing  full 
power;  as  plenipotentiary  license  or  au- 
thority. 

'PLENISII,  for  replenish,  not  used. 


P  L  E 


P  L  I 


P  L  I 


PLE'NIST,  n.  [L.  plenus.]  One  who  main- 
tains tliat  all  space  is  full  of  matter. 

Boyle. 

PLEN'ITUDE,  n.  [L.  pkniludo,  from  pie 
nus,  full.]     Fullness ;   as  the  plenitude  of| 
space.  Bentley. 

2.  Repletion ;  animal  fullness ;  pletliura ; 
redundancy  of  blood  and  humors  in  the 
animal  body.  Encyc. 

3.  Fullness ;  complete  competence  ;  as  the 
plenitude  of  the  popcj's  powi;r.  Bacon. 

4.  Completeness;  as  tliepiou'dirfeof  a  man'si 
fame.  Prior. 

PLEN'TEOUS,  a.  [from  plenli/.]  Abun- 
dant; copious;  plentiful;  .sutlicicnt  for 
every  purpose  ;  as  a  plenteous  sup()ly  of 
provisions;  a/)/e«/eous  crop.  Alilton. 

2.  Yielding  abundance  ;  as  a  plenteous  foun- 
tain. 

The  seven  7)/fn^«)vs years.     Gen.  xli. 

3.  Having  an  abundance. 

The  Lord  sliall  iiiuke  thee  plenteous  in  goods. 
Deut.  xxviii. 

4.  Possessing  in  abundance  and  ready  to  be- 
stow liberally.    Ps.  Ix.wvi. 

(This  word  is  loss  used  than  plentiful.] 
PLEN'TEOUS  I, Y,  adv.  In  abundance  ;  co- 
piously ;  plentifidly.  Milton 
PLEN'TKOUSNESS,  n.    .Abundance;  co- 
pious supply  ;  plenty  ;  as  the  seven  years 
of  plenteousness  in  E^'ypt. 
PLEN'TIFUL,  a.  [frorn  plenty.]    Copious  ; 
abundant;  adeiinale  to  every  purpose;  as 
a  plentiful  crop  of  grain  ;  a  plentiful  har- 
vest;  a />/e»/i/it/ supply  of  water  ;  a  plen- 
tiful fortune. 
2.  Yielding  abundant  crops  ;  aftbrding  am- 
ple supply ;  fruitful ;  as  a  plentiful  year. 

Bacon. 
PLEN'TIFULLY,    adv.    Copiously;  abun- 
dantly; with  ample  supply.  Addison. 
PLEN'TIFULNEriS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

plentiful  ;  abundance. 
2.  The  quality  of  art()rding  full  supply. 
PLEN'TY,  n.  [from  L.  plenus.]  ,\buiidanc(! ; 
co|i!otisiiess  ;  full  or  adciiuate  supply  ;  as, 
we  have  a  plcnli/  of  corn  for  bread  ;  the 
garrison  has  a  plenty  of  provisions.     Its 
application  to  persons,  as  a  plenty  of  buy- 
ers or  sellers,  is  ineleirant. 
2.  Fruitfulness  ;  a  poetic  use. 
The  teeming  clouds 
Descend  in  gladsome  plenty  o'er  the  worlil. 

Thomson. 
PLEN'TY,    a.    Plentiful  ;    being  in  abund- 
ance. 

Where  water  is  plenty —  Tusscr. 

If  reasons  were  as  plenty  as  blackberries. 

Shah: 
In  every  countiy  vrhere  liquors  are  plenty. 

Hist.  Collections. 
The  common  sorts  of  fowls  and  the  several 
gallinaceous  species  are  plenty. 

Tooke,  Russ.  Emji. 

A  variety  of  other  herbs  and  roots  wliich  ii.c 

plenty.  Adatr 

They  seem  formed  for  those  countries  where 

shrub's  are  plenty  and  water  scarce. 

Goldsmith. 

When  laborers  are  plenty,  their  wagc^  will  lie 

low.  Friinklin. 

in  the  countiy,  where  wood  is  more  ;)/«!(!/, 

they  make  their  beams  stronger.  Enruc. 

[The  use  of  this  word  as  an  adjective 

seems  too  well   authorized  to  be  rejected. 

It  is  universal  in  common  parlance  in  the 

United  States.] 


PLE'NUM,  n.  [L.]  Fullness  of  matter  in' 
space.  Descartes. 

PLE'ON.\SM,  n.  [L.  plconasmus ;  Gi:  rcu-, 
ovas/ioi,  from  the  root  of  rtXtoj,  full,  aXciov, 
more,  L.  pleo,  in  impteo,  Id  fit.] 

Redundancy  of  words  in  speaking  or  wri- 
ting; the  use  of  more  words  to  express 
ideas,  than  are  necessary.  This  may  be 
justiliable  when  we  intend  to  present 
thoughts  with  particular  perspicuity  or 
force. 

PLE'ONASTE,  n.  [Gr.  «>.foiafo;,  abund- 
ant ;  from  its  four  facets,  sometimes 
found  on  each  solid  angle  of  the  octahe- 
dron.] 

A  mineral,  commonly  considered  as  a  varie- 
ty of  the  spinelle  ruby.     [See  Ceylonite.] 

PLEONAS'Tle,        (      Pertaining  to  pleo- 

PLEONAS'TiCAL,  $  "'  nasm  ;  partaking  of 
pleonasm  ;  redundant.  Blackwall. 

PLEONAS'TICALLY,  adv.  With  redund- 
ancy of  words. 

PLEROPirOIlY,  n.  [Gr.  rt7.);pof opia  ;  «>.);pt;;, 
full,  and  ijifp",  to  bear.] 

Full  persuasion  or  confidence.    [Little  used.] 

Hall. 

PLESH,  for  plash,  not  used.  Spenser. 

PI.FTII'ORA,  n.  [Gr.  TO.rjeofa,  from  ta.r,9oi, 
fullness.]     Literally,  fullness. 

In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  excess  of 
blood  ;  repletion  ;  the  slate  of  the  vessels 
of  the  human  body,  when  they  are  too  full 
or  overloaded  with  fluid.s. 

Coxe.     Parr.     Encyc. 

PLETII'ORIe,  a.  Having  a  full  habit" of 
body,  or  the  vessels  overcharged  with 
fluids.  Arbulhnot 

PLETH'ORY.     [See  Plethora.] 

PLETH'RON,  I      [Gr.  TtKiBfiov.]     A  square 

PLETH'RUM,  \  "-measure  used  in  Greece, 
but  the  coutents  are  not  certainly  known. 
Some  authors  suppose  it  to  correspond 
with  the  Roman  juger,  or  240  feet ;  others 
alliMlge  it  to  be  double  the  Egyptian  arou- 
r.i,  which  was  the  square  of  a  hundred 
cubits. 

PLEU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  the  side.]  In  anatomy,  a 
thin  membrane  which  covers  the  inside  of 
the  thorax. 

PLEU'RISY,  n.  [Gr.  jtXfvpiT'is,  from  jtXftpa, 
the  side  ;  Fr.  pleurrsie  ;  It.  pleurisia.] 

.\n  inflammation  of  the  pleura  or  membrane 
that  covers  the  inside  of  the  thorax.  It 
is  accompanied  with  fever,  pain,  difficiilt 
respiration  and  cough.  The  usual  reme- 
dies are  venesection,  other  evacuations 
diluents,  &c.  Encyc. 

PLEIJRIT'IC,        I      Pertaining  to   pleuri 

PLEURIT'I€AL,  S  °"  sy ;  as  pleuritic  symjv 
toms  or  affections. 

2.  Diseased  with  pleurisy.  Arbutknol. 

PLEV'IN,  n.  [OldFr.JAwarrant  of  assu- 
rance.     Ohs. 

PLEX'IFORM,  a.  [L.  plerus,  a  fold,  and 
funn.] 

In  the  form  of  net-work;  complicated. 

Quincy, 

PLEX'US,  n.  [L.]  Any  union  of  vessels, 
nerves  or  fibers,  in  the  form  of  net-work. 

Coj-f. 

PLIABILITY,?!,  [from  pliable.]  The  qua 
ity  of  bending  or  yielding  to  pressure  or 
force    without  rupture  ;    flexibility ;  plia- 
bleness. 


PLI'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  plier,  to  bend,  to 
fold  ;  L.  plico,  Gr.  .t7.fxu),  W.  plygu.  It. 
piegare,  to  fold  ;  piegktvole,  pliable.] 

1.  Ea.sy  to  be  bent ;  that  readily  yields  to 
pressure  without  rupture;  flexible;  as, 
willow  is  a  pliable  plant. 

2.  Flexible  in  disposition  ;  readily  yielding 
to  moral  influence,  arguments,  persuasion 
or  discipline  ;  as  a  pliable  youth. 

PLI'ABLE.N'ESS,  n.  Flexibihty  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  yielding  to  force  or  to  moral  influ- 
ence; (diability  ;  as  the  plinbleness  of  a 
plant  or  of  the  disposition.  Hammond. 

PLI'ANCY,  n.  [fromy)/iVi/i/.]  Easiness  to  be 
bent ;  in  a  physical  sense;  as  the  pliancy 
of  a  rod,  of  cordage  or  of  limbs. 

Addison. 

2.  Readiness  to  yiidd  to  moral  influence  ;  as 
pliancy  of  temper. 

PLI'AN'T,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  be  easily 
bent ;  readily  yielding  to  force  or  jires- 
sure  without  breaking  ;  flexible  ;  flexile; 
lithe;  limber;  as  a /)/inn<  thread. 

Spectator. 

2.  That  may  be  easily  formed  or  molded  to 
a  different  shape  ;  as  pliant  wax. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  moral  influence;  easy 
to  be  persuaded  ;  ductile. 

The  will  was  then  more  ductile  and  pliant  to 
right  rcTson.  South. 

PLI'ANTNESS,  n.  Flexibility.  Bacon. 

PLI'CA,  n.  [!j.  a  fold.]  The  plica  polonica 
is  a  disease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to  Poland 
and  the  neighboring  countries.  In  this 
disease,  the  hair  of  the  head  is  matted  or 
clotted  by  means  of  an  acrid  viscid  hu- 
mor which  exsudes  from  the  hair.      Coie. 

PLI'€ATE,     I      [h.plicatus,  plico,  lofo\A.] 

PLI  €ATED,  S  Plaited  ;  folded  hke  a  fan ; 
as  a  plieale  leaf.  Lee.     Murtyn. 

PLI€A'TION,  n.  [from  L.  p/i'co.]  A  folding 
or  fold. 

PLI€'ATURE,    Ji.    [L.  plicalura;  plico,  to 

fold.]     A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 
PLI'ERS,  n.   plu.    [Fr.  plier,   to  fold.     See 

Ply-] 

An  instrument  by  which  any  small  thing  is 
seized  and  bent.  Moxon. 

PLI' FORM,  a.  [Fr.  pli,  a  fold,  and  form.] 
In  the  form  of  a  fold  or  doubling. 

Pennon/. 

PLIGHT,  V.  t.  plite.  [Sax.  plihtan,  to  pledge, 
and  to  expose  to  danger  or  rather  per- 
haps to  perplexity  ;  Sw.  beplichta,  to  bind  ; 
D.  pligl,  duty,  mortgage  ;  G.  pficht,  duty, 
[iledge  ;  Dan.  pligl,  duty,  obligation  ;  plig- 
lig,  bound,  obliged  ;  Sw.  plieht.  This 
seems  to  be  the  Teutonic  form  of  the 
Celtic  pledge,  Fr.  pleige,  pleiger,  L.  plico, 
Gr.  rCKixu,  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar,  Fr. 
plier,  Arm.  plega,  W.  plygu,  to  fold ;  Sp. 
pleyto,  a  covenant  or  contract ;  and  the  G. 
fleckten,  to  braid,  coinciding  with  the  L. 
ftecto,  to  bend,  appears  to  be  of  the  same 
family.  If  the  elements  are  Z>g,  as  I  sus- 
pect, pledge  and  plight  arc  formed  on  the 
root  of  lay,  Ann.  lacqacil.  To  pledge  or 
plight  is  to  lay  down,  throw  down,  set  or 
deposit.  Plight  may  however  be  more 
directly  from  the  root  of  L.  ligo,  but  this 
is   of  the   same  family.     See   .illou  and 

Ply-] 

I.  To  pledge;  to  give  as  security  for  tlie 
performance  of  some  act ;  but  never  appli- 
ed to  property  or  goods.     We  say,  he  plight- 


P  L  O 


P  L  O 


P  L  O 


cd  bis  liand,  his  faith,  his  vows,  his  honor, 
his  truth  or  troth.  Pledge  is  apphed  to 
property  as  well  as  to  word,  faith,  truth, 
honor,  &.C.  To  plight  taitb  is,  as  it  were, 
to  deposit  it  in  pledge  for  the  ))erformance 
of  an  act,  on  the  non-performance  of 
which,  the  pledge  is  forfeited. 

2.  To  weave ;  to  braid.         Spenser.    Milton. 
[This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word, 
L.  plico,  but  now  obsolete.] 

PLIGHT,  n.  plite.  Literally,  a  state  of  be- 
ing involved,  [L.  plicatus,  implicatus,  im 
plicitus ;]  hence,  perplexity,  distress,  or  a 
distressed  state  or  condition  ;  as  a  misera- 
ble plight.  But  the  word  by  itself  does 
not  ordinarily  imply  distress.     Hence- 

2.  Condition  ;  state  ;  and  sometimes  good 
case  ;  as,  to  keep  cattle  in  plight. 

In  most  cases,  this  word  is  now  acconi 
panied  with  an  adjective  which  determines 
its  signification  ;  as  bad  plight ;  miserable 
or  ivretched  plight ;  good  plight. 

3.  Pledge;  gage. 

The  Lord,  whose  hand  must  take  iiiy  plight. 

Shak. 

4.  A  fold  [L.  plica  ;]  a  double ;  a  plait. 

All  in  a  silken  Camus,  lily  white, 
Purfled  upon  with  many  a  folded  plight.  Obs. 

Spenser. 

5.  A  garment.     [JVot  used.]  Chapman. 
PLIGHTED,  pp.  pli'ted.  Pledged. 
PLIGHTER,  Ji.   pli'ter.    One  that  pledges ; 

that  which  plights. 
PLIGHTING,  ppr.  pli'ling.  Pledging. 
PLIM,  V.  i.  To  swell.     {Mot  in  use.] 

Grose. 

PLINTH,  n.  [Gr.  rtXwSoj,  a  brick  or  tile ;  L. 
plinlhus.] 

In  architecture,  a  flat  square  member  in  form 
of  a  brick,  which  serves  as  the  foundation 
of  a  column  ;  being  the  flat  square  table 
under  the  molding  of  the  base  and  pedes- 
tal, at  the  bottom  of  the  order.  Vitruvius 
gives  the  name  to  the  abacus  or  upper 
part  of  tlie  Tuscan  order,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  plinth. 

Plinth  of  a  statue,  is  a  base,  flat,  round  or 
square.  Encyc. 

Plinth  of  a  wall,  two  or  three  rows  of  bricks 
advanced  from  the  wall  in  form  of  a  plat 
band ;  and  in  general,  any  flat  high  mold 
ing  that  serves  in  a  front  wall  to  mark  the 
floors,  to  sustain  the  eaves  of  a  wall  or  the 
larmier  of  a  chimney.  Encyc. 

PLOD,  V.  i.  [D.  plots,  dull,  heavy.  Qu.]  To 
travel  or  work  slowly  or  with  steady  la- 
borious diligence. 

A  plodding  diligence  brings  us  sooner  to  our 
journey's  end,  than  a  fluttering  way  of  advanc- 
ing by  starts.  V Estrange 
Some  stupid,  plodding,  money-loving  wight 

Young. 

2.  To  study  heavily  with  steady  diligence. 

Shak.    Swift. 

3.  To  toil ;  to  drudge. 
PLOD'DRR,   71.    A  dull,   heavy,   laborious 

person.  Shak. 

PLOD'DING,  ppr.  Traveling  or  laboring 
with  slow  movement  and  steady  diligence 
studying  closely  but  heavily. 

2.  a.  Industrious;  diligent,  but  slow  in  con- 
trivance or  execution. 

PLOD'DING,  n.  Slow  movement  or  study 
with  steadiness  or  persevering  industry. 

Prideaux. 


PLOT,  n.  [a  different  orthography  of  plat.] 

1.  A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground  ;  as  a 
garden  plot.  Locke. 

It  was  a  c\\osenplot  of  fertile  land.     Spenser. 

When  we  mean  to  build, 
We  first  survey  the  plot.  Shak. 

2.  A  plantation  laid  out.  Sidney. 
.3.  A  plan  or  scheme.     [Qu.  the  next  word.] 

Spenser. 

4.  In  surveying,  apian  or  draught  of  a  field, 
farm  or  manor  surveyed  and  delineated 
on  paper. 

PLOT,  V.  t.  To  make  a  plan  of;  to  delineate. 

Careic. 

PLOT,  Ji.  [The  French  retain  this  word  in 
the  compounds  complot,  comptoter ;  Arm 
complod,  complodi.  It  may  he  from  the 
root  of  plait,  to  weave,  Russ.  pletu,  whence 
opktayu,  to  plait,  to  twist,  to  deceive  ;  oplot, 
a  hedge.     See  Plait.] 

1.  Any  scheme,  stratagem  or  plan  of  a  com- 
plicated nature,  or  consisting  of  many 
j)arts,  ada])ted  to  the  accomplishment  of 
some  purpose,  usually  a  mischievous  one. 
A  plot  may  be  formed  by  a  single  person 
or  by  numbers.  In  the  latter  case,  it  is  a 
conspiracy  or  an  intrigue.  The  latter 
word  more  generally  denotes  a  scheme 
directed  against  individuals;  the  former 
against  the  government.  But  this  dis 
tinction  is  not  always  observed. 

0  think  what  anxious  moments  pass  between 
The  birth  of  plots,  and  their  last  fatal  periods  ! 

Jlddiso?i 

In  dramatic  writings,  the  knot  or  intrigue 
the  story  of  a  play,  comprising  a  compli- 
cation of  incidents  which  are  at  last  un- 
folded by  unexpected  means. 

If  the  plot  or  intrigue  must  be  natural,  and 
such  as  sprinecs  from  the  subject,  the  winding 
up  of  the  plot  must  be  a  probable  consequence 
of  all  that  went  before.  Pope 

Contrivance  ;    deep  reach   of   thought 


3. 

ability  to  plot, 

A  man  of  much  plot.  Denham 

PLOT,  V.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mischief 
against  another,  or  against  a  government 
or  those  who  administer  it.  A  traitor 
plots  against  his  king. 

The   wicked  ptotteth  against  the  just.     Ps. 
xxxvii. 

To  contrive  a  plan ;  to  scheme. 
The  prince  did  plot  to  be  secretly  gone. 

IVotton 

PLOT,  V.  I.  To  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  to  contrive ; 
a.s,  to  plot  an  unprofitable  crime.     Dryden. 

PLOT'THD,  pp.  Contrived  ;  planned. 

PLOT'TER,  H.  One  that  plots  or  contrives ; 
a  contriver.  Shak. 

2.  A  conspirator.  Dryden. 

PLOT'TING,  ppr.  Contriving  ;  planning  ; 
forming  an  evil  design. 

PLOUGH.     [See  Plow.] 

PLOVER,  n.  [Vr.plmier,  the  water  bird, 
from  L.  pluvialis,  rainy  ;  pluo,  to  rain.] 

The  connnon  name  of  several  species  of 
birds  tlial  frequent  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
the  sea  shore,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Charadrius.  Encyc. 

PLOW,  n.  [Norm.  Sax.  plage;  D.  ploeg ; 
G.pjlug  ;  Uan.  ploug,  plov  ;  Ice.  plog  ;  Svv. 
id.  ;  liuss.  plug ;  Polish,  plug  ;  Scot. 
pleuch.  pleugh.  It  corresponds  in  elements 
with  plug,  and  both  perhaps  from  thrust- 
ing-] 


1.  In  agriculture,  an  instrument  for  turning 
up,  breaking  and  preparing  the  ground  for 
receiving  the  seed.  It  is  drawn  by  oxen 
or  horses  and  saves  the  labor  of  digging  ; 
it  is  therefore  the  most  useful  instrument 
in  agriculture. 

The  emperor  lays  hold  of  the  plow  and  turns 

up  several  furrows.  Grosier,  Trans. 

Where  fern  succeeds,  ungrateful  to  the  plow. 

Dryden. 

2.  Figuratively,  tillage ;  cultureof  the  earth; 
agriculture. 

3.  A  joiner's  instrument  for  grooving. 
PLOW,  V.  t.  To  trench  and  turn  up  with  a 

plow  ;  as,  to  plow  the  ground  for  wheat ; 
to  plow  it  into  ridges. 

2.  To  furrow  ;  to  divide  ;  to  run  through  in 
sailing. 

With  speed  we  plow  the  watery  wave. 

Pope. 

3.  To  tear ;  to  furrow.  Skak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  to  labor  in  any  calling. 
He  that  plou'eth  shou\d plow  in  hope.  1  Cor. 

ix. 

To  plow  on  the  back,  to  scourge ;  to  mangle, 
or  to  persecute  and  torment.    Ps.  cxxix. 

To  plow  with  one's  heifer,  to  deal  with  the  wife 
to  obtain  something  from  the  husband. 
Judges  .\iv. 

To  plow  iniquity  or  wickedness,  and  reap  it,  to 
devise  and  practice  it,  and  at  last  suffer 
the  punishment   of  it.     Job  xiv.     Hos.  .\. 

To  plow  in,  to  cover  by  plowing ;  as,  to  plow 
in  wheat. 

To  plow  up  or  out,  to  turn  out  of  the  ground 
by  plowing. 

To  put  one's  hand  to  the  plow  and  look  back,  is 
to  enter  on  the  service  of  Christ  and  af- 
terwards abandon  it.     Luke  ix. 

[The  difference  of  orthography  often  made 
between  the  noun  and  verb  is  wholly 
unwarrantable,  and  contrary  to  settled 
analogy  in  our  language.  Such  a  diflfer- 
ence  is  never  made  in  changing  into  verbs, 
plot,  harrow,  notice,  question,  and  most  oth- 
er \vords.     See  Practice.] 

PLOW'-ALMS,  n.  A  penny  formerly  paid 
by  every  plow-land  to  the  church.     Cowel. 

PLOW'-BOTE,  n.  In  English  law,  wooi\  or 
timber  allowed  to  a  tenant  for  the  repair 
of  instruments  of  husbandry. 

PLOW'BOY,  n.  A  boy  that  drives  or  guides 
a  team  in  plowing  ;  a  rustic  boy.       H'atts. 

PLOWED,  pp.  Turned  up  with  a  plow; 
furrowed. 

PLOW'ER,  n.  One  that  plows  land  ;  a  cul- 
tivator. Spenser. 

PLOW' ING,  ppr.  Turning  up  with  a  plow; 

furrowing. 
PLOWING,  ?i.    The  operation  of  turning 
up  ground  with  a  plow ;  as  the  first   and 
second  plotifing ;  three  plowings. 
PLOW-LAND,  n.  Land  that  is  plowed,  or 

suitable  for  tillage. 
PLOW'M.VN,  n.    One   that  plows  or  holds 
a  i)low. 

At  last   the   robber  binds  the  plowman  and 
carries  him  olF  with  the  oxen.  Spelman. 

A  cultivator  of  grain  ;  a  husbandman. 

Temple. 

3.  A  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  hardy  labor- 
er. Shak.     .'Irbiithnot. 

PLOW-MONDAY,  n.  The  Monday  after 
twelfth-day.  Tusser. 


P  L  U 


P  L  U 


I'LOW'SHARE,  n.  [See  Shear.]  The  part 
of  a  plow  wliicli  cuts  the  giounil  at  the 
bottom  of  the  furrow,  and  raises  the  slice 
to  tlie  niol(i-hoaril,  vvhii^h  turns  it  over. 

PLUCK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  pluccian,  which  seems 
to  bo  llie  same  word,  with  a  prefix,  as  bjc- 
can  or  alucan,  aiucean,  to  i)ull  ofl'  o""  "'"  ' 
G.  pflucken;  D.  plukken  ;  Dan.  plukkcr; 
Svj.plocka;  Fr.  eplucher ;  VV.  phciaw,  to 
pKick,  to  peel ;  plig,  a  peel.] 

1.  To  pull  witli  sudden  force  or  effort,  or  to 
pull  off,  out  or  from,  with  a  twitch.    T' 
we  say,  to  pluck  fethers  from   a  fowl ;  to 
pluck  hair  or  wool  from  a  skin  ;  to  pluck 
grapes  or  other  fruit. 

They  pluck  the   fatherless   from  the  breast. 
Job  xxiv. 

2.  To  strip  by  plucking ;  as,  to  pluck  a  fowl. 

They  that  pas3  by  Ao  pluck  her.     Ps.  Ixxx. 
The  sense  of  this  verb  is  modified  by 
particles. 
To  pluck  away,  to   pull  away,  or  to  separate 
by  pulling  ;  to  tear  away. 

He  shall  pluck  away  his  crop  with  his  feth- 
ers.    Lev.  i. 
To  pluck  down,  to  pull  down  ;  to  demolish 
or  to  reduce  to  a  lower  state.  Shak 

To  pluck  off,  is   to  pull  or  tear  off ;  as,   to 

pluck  offlbe  skin.   Mic.  iii. 
To  pluck  on,  to  pull  or  draw  on.     04s. 

'^  Shak 

To  pluck  up,  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  or  from 
the  foundation  ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  extermin- 
ate ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  pluck  up  a  plant ; 
to  pluck  up  a  nation.  Jer.  xii. 
To  pluck  out,  to  draw  out  suddetdy  or  to  tear 
out ;  as,  to  pluck  out  the  eyes  ;  to  pluck  outi 
the  hand  from  the  bosom.  Ps.  Ixxiv. 
To  pluck  up,  to  resume  courage ;  properly,! 
to  pluck  up  the  heart.     [JVol  elegant.] 

Knolles. 
PLUCK,  Ji.  The  heart,  liver  and  lights  of 

an  animal. 
PLUCK' ED,   pp.    Pulled    off;   stripped   of 

Hahersor  hair. 
PLUCK'ER,   n.    One  that  plucks. 

Mortimer. 
PLUCK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  off;  stripping. 
PLUG,  n.  [D.plug;  Dan.  pi.i/g- ;  Sw.pligg; 
G.  pfock ;  W.   ploc,   a   block  ;  plociaiv,  to 
block,  to  plug.     It  seems  to  be  the  same 
word  radically  as  block,  W.  Woe] 
.\  stopple;  any  piece  of  pointed  woodorolh-i 
er  substance  used  to  stop  a  hole,  but  larg-1 
er  than  a  peg  or  spile.  Boyle.     SimjV 

Hawse-plug,  in  marine  affairs,  a  plug  to  stopi 
a  hawse-hole.  1 

Shot-plug,  a  plug  to  stop  a  breach  made  by  a 
cannon  ball  in  the  side  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 
PLUG,  V.  t.  To  stop  with  a  plug  ;  to  make 

tislit  by  stopping  a  hole. 
PLt'M,  71.  [Sax.   plume;  G.  pfiaume;  Dun. 
bloiiime  ;  S\\ .  plommon  :  Corn,  pluman;  Ir. 
ptuma.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belongiug  to  the  genus' 
Prunus.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  containing! 
a  nut  or  stone  with  prominent  sutures  and, 
inclosing  a  kernel.  The  varieties  of  the, 
plum  arc  numerous  and  well  known.  j 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun;  a  raisin. 

3.  The  sum  of  £  100,000  sterling.       London.' 

4.  A  kind  of  l)lay.  Myisworth. 
[Dr.   Johnson   remarks   that    this   word    is 

often   written  improperly  plumb.    This  is 


true,  not  only  of  this  word,   but  of  all 
words  in  which  6  follows  m,  as   in  thumb, 
dumb,  &c.] 
PLU'MAGE,   n.    [Fr.   from  plume.]     The 
fethers  that  cover  a  fowl.  I 

Siiiit  with  her   varying  plumage,  spare  the 
dove.  Pope.\ 

PLUMB,  n.  plum.  [Fr.  plomb;  Sp.  plomo  ;i 
It.  piombo ;  VV.  plwm ;  L.  plumbum,  lead  ; 
probably  a  clump  or  lump.]  1 

A  mass  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  and  used 
to  ascertain   a   perpendicular  position  of 
buildings  and  the  like.     But   the  word  as 
a  noun  is  seldom  used,  except  in  composi- 
tion.    [See  Plumb-line.] 
PLUMB,  a.  Perpendicular,   that  is,  stand 
ing  according  to  a  plumb-line.     The  post 
of  the  house  or  the  wall  is  plumb.  [This  is 
the  common  language  of  our  mechanics.] 
PLUMB,  adv.  In  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
in  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
horizon.     The  wall  stands  plumb. 

Plumb  down  he  falls.  Milton 

2.  Directly;  suddenly;  at  once;  as  a  fall- 
ing mass;  usually  pronounced  plump.  He 
fell  plumb  into  the  water. 
PLUMB,  V.  t.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ; 
to  set  in  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  to 
plumb  a  building  or  a  wall. 
2.  [W.  plymiaw.]  To  sound  with  a  plum- 
met, as  the  depth  of  water.    [Litlle  used.] 

Sioift. 
PLUMBAti'INOUS,   a.    Resembling  plum- 
bago ;  consisting  of  plumbago,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  properties. 
PLUMBA'GO,  n.  [L.]  A   mineral  consist- 
ing of  carbon  and  iron;  used  for  pencils 
&c. 
PLUM'BEAN,    I      Consisting  of  lead;   re- 
PLUM'BEOUS,  S  "'  sembling  lead.       Ellis. 
2.   Dull;  heavy  ;  .stupid.  J.P.Smith. 

PLUMBED,  ;;;).  plum'med.    Adjusted   by  a 

plumb-line. 
PLUMBER,  n.  plum'mer.    One  who  works 

in  lead. 
PLUMBERY,  n.plum'viery.  Works  in  lead 
manufactures  of  lead  ;    the  place  where 
lead  is  wrought. 
2.  The  art  of  casting  and   working  lead,  or 

of  making  sheets  and  pipes  of  lead. 
PLUMBIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  plumbum,  lead, 
and /ero,  to  produce.]     Producing  lead. 

Kirwan. 

PLUMB-LINE,  n.  plum'-line.    A   line  per-: 

pendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon ;  or 

a  line  directed  to  the  center  of  gravity  in 

the  earth. 

PLUM-CAKE,  n.  Cake   containing  raisins 

or  currants. 
PLUME,  n.  [Fr.  plume  ;  L.  Sp.  pluma  ;  It. 
piuma  ;  W.  plu,  plui\] 

1.  The  fether  of  a  fowl,  particularly  a  large 
fether.  Shak 

2.  A  fether  worn  as  an  ornament,  particu- 
larly an  ostrich's  fether. 

And   his  high  plume   that   nodded   o'er  his 
head."  Drydm. 

.3.  Pride  ;  towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor;  prize  of  contest. 
.\mbiUous  to  win  from  me  some  plume. 

Milton. 

PLUME,        ?       In   botany,  the  ascending 

PLU'MULE,  I  "■  scaly  part   of  the  corcu- 

lum  or  heart  of  a  seed;  the  scaly  part   of 

the  embryo  plant  within  the  seed,  whic''' 


PLU 


extends  itself  into  the  (-avity  of  the  lobes, 
and  is  terminated  by  a  small  branch  re- 
sembling a  fether,  from  which  it  derives 
it.s  name.  Marlyn.     Milne. 

PLUME,  v.t.  To  pick  and  adjust  plumes  or 
fethers. 

Swans  must  be  kept  in  some  inclosed  pond, 
where  they  may  have  room  to  come  on  shore 
an<l  plume  lliemselves.  Mortimer. 

To  strip  of  fethers.  Carnivorous  animals 
will  not  take  pains  to  plume  the  birds  they 
devour. 

To  strip  ;  to  |)eel.  Bacon. 

To  set  as  a  plume  ;  to  set  erect. 

His  stature  reach'd  the  sky,  and  on  his  crest 
Sat  honor /)/um'(Z.  Milioii. 

5.  To  adorn  with  fethers  or  plumes.     Shak. 


tj.  To  pride  ;  to  value;  to  boast.    Hep/umes 
himself  on  his  skill  or  his  prowess. 

PLUME-AL'UM,  n.  A  kind  of  asbestus. 

IVUkins. 

PLU'MELESS,     a.     Without     fethers    or 
plumes.  Eusden. 

PLUMWEROUS,  a.  [L.  phma,  a  fether, 
and  gero,  to  wear.] 

Fethered  ;  having  fethers.  Did. 

PLU'MIPED,  a.  [infra.]  Having  feet  cover- 
ed with  fethers. 

PLU'.MIPKD,  n.  [L.  pZuma,  fether,  and  pes, 
foot.] 

A  fowl  that  has  fethers  on  its  feet.  Diet. 

PLUM'MET,  n.  [Si>.  plomada.  See  Plumb.] 
A  long  piece  of  lead  attached  to  a  line, 
used  in  sounding  the  depth  of  water. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  carpenters,  ma- 
sons, &c.  in  adjusting  erections  to  a  per- 
pendicular line,  and  with  a  square,  to  de- 
termine a  horizontal  line.  It  consists  of  a 
piece  of  lead  fastened  to  a  line. 

3.  Any  weight.  Wilkins. 

4.  A  piece  of  lead  used  by  school  boys  to 
rule  their  paper  for  writing. 

PLUM'MING,  n.  Among  miners,  the  opera- 
tion of  finding  by  means  of  a  mine  dial 
the  ])lace  where  to  sink  an  air  shaft,  or  to 
bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or  to  find  which 
way  the  lode  inclines.  Encyc. 

PLU'MOSE,  I        [h.  plumosus.]    Fethcry  ; 

PLU'MOUS,  S  "•    resembling  fethers. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plumose  bristle  is  one  that  has 
hairs  growing  on  the  sides  of  the  main 
bristle.  Plumose  pappus  or  down  is  a  fly- 
ing crown  to  some  seeds,  composed  of 
fethery  hairs.  Martyn. 

PLUMOS'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  having  feth- 
ers. 

PLUMP,  a.  [Dan.  plomp,  plump,  blunt,  un- 
handy, clownish,  rude ;  Sw.  plump  ;  D. 
plomp ;  O.  plump.  The  primary  sense 
seems  to  he  thick,  as  if  allied  lo  lump  and 
clump.     See  the  iNoun.] 

1.  Full  ;  swelled  with  fat  or  flesh  to  the  full 
size;  fat;  having  a  full  skin:  round;  as  a 
plump  boy  ;  a  plump  habit  of  body. 

The  famish'd  crow  grows  plump  and  rounil. 

Swifl. 

2.  Full:  blunt;  unreserved;  unqualified ;  as 
a  plump  lie. 

PLUMP,  n.  A  knot;  a  cluster;  a  clump ;  a 
number  of  things  closely  united  or  stand- 
ing together:  as  a  plump  of  trees  ;  a  phimp 
of  fowls;  a  plu7np  of  horsemen. 

Bacon.     Hayward.     Dryden. 

[This  word  is  not  now  used  in  this  .sense, 
but  the  use  of  it  formerly,  is  good  evidence 


rises  and  becomes  the  stem  or  body.     lt(!     that  plump  is  clump,  with  a  different  pre- 


P  L  U 


P  L  U 


PLY 


fix,  and  both  are  radically  one  word  with 

lump.     Plumh,  L.  plumbum,   is  the  same 

vvoril,  a  lump  or  mass.] 
PLUIVII',   V.  t.     [from   the   adjective]      To 

swell ;  to  extend  to  fuUuess  ;  to  dilate  ;  to 

fatten. 

Tlie  particles  of  air  expanding  themselves, 

plump  out  the  sides  of  the  bladder.  Boyle. 

A  wed(hng  at  our  house   will  j)lump  me  up 

with  good  cheer.      [Colloquial.]      V Estrange- 
PLUMP,  V.  i.  [from  the  noun  ;  G.  plumpen, 

D.  plompen,  Uan.  plomper,  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  plunge  or  fall  like  a  heavy  mass  or 
lump  of  dead  matter;  to  fall  suddenly  or 
at  once. 

2.  To  enlarge  to  fullness ;  to  be  swelled. 

Ainsworth. 

PLUMP,  adv.  Suddenly ;  heavily ;  at  once, 
or  with  a  sudden  heavy  fall.       B.  Jonson. 

PLUMP'ER,  n.  Something  carried  in  the 
mouth  to  dilate  the  cheeks  ;  any  thing  in- 
tended to  swell  out  something  else. 

Swifl. 

2.  A  full  unqualified  lie.     [In  vulgar  uae  ' 

PLUMP'LY,  adv.  Fully  ;  roundly  ;  without 
reserve;  as,  to  assert  a  thing  plumply ;  a 
word  in  common  popular  rise. 

PLUMP'NESS,  n.  Fullness  of  skin  ;  disten 
tion  to  roundness ;  as  the  plumpness  of  a 
•  boy ;  plumpness  of  the  eye  or  cheek. 

JVewloH 

1'LUM-POR'RIDgE,  ?!.  Porridge  witl 
iiiums.  Addison. 

PLUM-PyD'DING,  )(.  Pudding  containing 
raisins  or  currants. 

PLUMP'Y,  a.  Plump  ;  fut ;  jolly.  [J\"ot  ele- 
gant.] Shak 

PLUM-TREE,  71.  [Sax.  plum-lreow.]  A  tree 
that  produces  plums. 

PLU'MULE,   n.   [h.  plumula.]  The  ascend 
ing  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant,  which 
becomes  the  stem.     [See  Plume.] 

PLU'MY,  a.  [from  ;7/(tme.]  Fethered  ;  cov- 
ered with  fethers.  Millon 

2.  Adorned  with  plumes  ;  as  a  plumy  crest. 

Addison. 

PLUN'DER,  V.  t.  [G.  plundern  ;  D.  plunder- 
en  ;  Sw.  plundra  ;  Dan.  plyndrer.  Qu 
the  root  of  eloign.] 

1.  To  pillage  ;  to  spoil ;  to  strip  ;  to  take  the 
goods  of  an  enemy  by  open  force.     Neb 
uchadnezzar  plundered  the  temple  of  the 
Jews. 

2.  To  take  by  pillage  or  open  force.  The 
enemy  plundered  all  the  goods  they  found 
We  say,  he  plundered  the  tent,  or  he  plun- 
dered the  goods  of  the  tent.  The  first  ii 
the  proper  use  of  the  word. 

3.  To  rob,  as  a  thief;  to  take  from  ;  to  strip 
as,  the  thief p/«?u/c/-erf  the  house;  the  rob- 
ber plundered  a  man  of  his   money  and 
watch  ;  pirates  plunder  ships  and  men. 

PLUN'DER,  71.  That  which  is  taken  from  an 

enemy  by  force  ;  pillage ;  prey  ;  spoil. 
2.  That  which  is  taken  by  theft,  robbery  or 

fraud. 
PLUNDERED,  pp.  Pillaged  ;  robbed. 
PLUN'DERER,    n.    A   hostile   pillager;  a 

spoiler. 

2.  A  thief;  a  robber.  Addison 

PLUN'DERING,  ppr.  Pillaging;  robbing. 

PLUNt'iE,  v.t.    [V\.  plonger;  \rin.  plungia 

or  phigcin  ;  W.  plwng,  ii  ))lungc,  from  tin 

(same  root  as  llwnc  or  llwng,  the  gullet,  s 


gulp  or  swallow ;  probably  connected  witli 
luncheon.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  water  or  other  fluid  sub- 
stance, or  into  any  substance  that  is  pen- 
etrable ;  to  innnerse  in  a  fluid  ;  to  drive 
into  flesh,  mire  or  earth,  &c. ;  as,  to 
plunge  the  body  in  water  ;  to  plunge  the 
arm  into  fire  or  flame ;  to  plunge  a  dagger 
into  the  breast.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  thrust  or  drive  into  any  state  in  which 
the  thing  is  considered  as  enveloped  or 
surrounded ;  as,  to  plunge  one's  self  into 
difficulties  or  distress ;  to  plunge  a  nation 
into  war. 

3.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 
PLUNtiE,  v.  i.  To  pitch;  to  thrust  or  drive 

one's  self  into  water  or   a  fluid  ;  to  dive 
or  to  rush  in.     He  plunged  into  the  river. 
The  troops  plunged  into  the  stream. 
His  courser  plung'd, 
And  threw  him  off;  the  waves  whelm'd  over 
liim.  Dryden 

To  fall  or  rush  into  distress  or  any  state 
or  circumstances  in  which  the  person  or 
thing    is    enveloped,    inclosed    or    over- 
whelmed ;  as,  to  plunge   into  a  gulf;  to 
plunge  into  debt  or  embarrassments ;  to 
plunge    into    war ;     a    body    of   cavalry 
plunged  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy. 
3.  To  pitch  or  throw  one's  self  headlong. 
'PLUNuE,   71.  The  act  of  thrusting  into  wa- 
ter or  any  penetrable  substance. 
2.  Difficulty;  strait;  distress;  a  state  of  be- 
ing surrounded  or  overwhelmed  with  dif- 
ficulties. 

People  when   put  to  a  plunge,  cry  out  to 
heaven  for  lielp.  VEstrange 

And  wilt  thou  not  reach  out  a  friendly  arm, 
To  raise  ine  from  amidst  this  plunge  of  sor- 
row :  Addison. 
[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  nolo  Utile  used.] 
PLUNG'ED,  pp.  Thrust  into  a  fluid  or  other 
penetrable  substance;  immersed;   involv- 
ed in  straits. 
PLUN'GEON,  n.  A  sea  fowl.        Ainsworth. 
PLUN(>'ER,  71.   One  that  plunges  ;  a  diver. 
2.  A  cylinder  used  as  a  forcer  in  pump.s. 
PLUNti'ING,  ppr.  Immersing  ;  diving  ;  rush- 
ing headlong. 
PLUNG'Y,  a.  Wet.     [Xot  used.]      Chaucer. 
PLUNK'ET,  71.  A  kind  of  blue  color. 

Ainsworth. 
PLU'RAL,  o.  [h.  pluralis,  t'lom  plus,  pluris 

more.] 
L  Containing  more  than  one  ;  consisting  of 
two  or  more,  or  designating  two  or  more 
as  a  plural  word. 
2.  In  grammar,  the  plural  number   is  that 
which  designates  more  than  one,  that  is, 
any  number  except  one.     Thus  in  most 
languages,  a  word  in  the  plural  niiniberj 
expresses  two  or  more.     15ut  the  Greek 
has  a  dual  number  to  exjiress   two ;  and 
the  plural  expresses  more  than  two.  ] 

PLU'RALIST,7i.  A  clerk  or  clergyman  vvhoj 
holds  more   ecclesiastical  benefices  thai 
one,  with  cure  of  souls.  Juhn-ion 

PLURAL' ITY,  n.  [Fr.  pluraliU,{vo\n  L.plu 
I     ralis.] 
\l.  A  number  consisting  of  two  or  more  of 

the  same  kind ;  as  a  plurality  of  gods 
I     plurality  of  worlds.  Encyc. 

2.  A  state  of  being  or  having  a  greater  niim 
her. 

3.  In  elections,  a  plurality  of  votes  is  when 
!     one  candidate  has  more  votes  than  any 


other,  but  less  than  half  o{  the  whole  num- 
ber of  votes  given.  It  is  thus  distinguish- 
ed from  a  majority,  which  is  more  than  half 
of  the  whole  number. 
4.  Plurality  of  benefices,  is  where  the  same 
clerk  is  possessed  of  more  benefices  than 
one,  with  cure  of  souls.  In  this  case,  each 
benefice  thus  held  is  called  a  plurality. 
PLU' RALLY,    adv.    In    a  sense   implying 

more  than  one. 
PLCRILIT'ERAL,   a.    [L.  plus  and  literit, 
letter.]      Containing    more    letters    than 
three. 
PLCRILIT'ERAL,  n.  A  word  consisting  of 

more  letters  than  three. 
PLU'RISY,    n.    [L.  plus,  pluris.]    Supera- 
bundance.    [jYot  used-]  Shak. 
PLUS,    [L.   more,]    in  algebra,  a  character 
marked  thus,  +,  used  as  the  sign  of  addi- 
tion. 
PLUSH,  71.  [G.  pliisch,  shag  ;  D.  pluis,  flock, 
nap,  plush  ;  pluizen,    to   fray,  pick,  carp, 
fleece.     Qu.  Fr.  peluche.     The  Italian  pe- 
luzzo  signifies  a  little  hair  or  down,  from 
pelo,  hair,  L.  pilus.] 
Shag ;    a   species   of  shaggy  cloth  or  stuflT 
with  a  velvet  nap  on  one   side,  composed 
regularly  of  a  woof  of  a  single  thread  and 
a  doulile   warp  ;    the   one,  wool  of   two 
threads  twisted,    the   other   of  goat's   or 
camel's  hair.     But  some  plushes  are  made 
wholly  of  worsted;  others  wholly  of  hair. 

Encyc. 
PLUSH'ER,  n.  A  marine  fish.  Carew. 

PLUTO'NIAN,  a.  Plutonic,  which  see. 
PLUTO'NL\N,  71.  One  who  maintains  the 
origin  of  mountains,  &c.  to  be  from  fire. 
Journ.  of  Science. 
The  Plutonian  theory  of  the  formation 
of  rocks  and  mounlains  is  opposed  to  the 
JVeptunian. 
PLUTONIC,  a.  [from  Pluto,  in  mythology, 

the  king  of  the  infernal  regions.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  system  of 
the  Plutonists  ;  as  the  Plutonic  theory. 

Kirivan. 
PLU'TONIST,  71.  One  who  adopts  the  the- 
ory of  the  formation  of  the   world  in  its 
present  state  from  igneous  fusion. 

Good. 
PLU'VL^L,  ^  [L.  plurialis,  from  pbtvia, 
PLU'VIOUS,  S  "■  rain  ;  Fr.  It.  pluviale  ;  Sp. 

plitvial.] 
Rainy  ;  humid.  Brown. 

PLU'VIAL,  n.  [Fr.  pluvial.]  A  priest's  cope. 

Ainsworth. 
PLUVIAM'ETER,  n.   [h.  pluvia,  laio,  and 

Gr.  ^fTpoi,  measure.] 
A  rain  gage,  an  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  ipiantity  of  water  that  falls  in  rain,  or 
in  rain  and  snow,  in  any  particular  cli- 
mate or  place. 
PLOVIAMET'Rl€AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
phiviameter ;  made  or  ascertained  by  a 
phiviameter.  Journ.  of  Science. 

PLY,  V  t.  [Vr.plier,  to  bend  or  fold,  former- 
ly written  ploycr,  whence  employ;  Arm. 
pUgu,  W.  plygu.  It.  piegare,  Sp.  plegar. 
Port,  pregar,  L.  plico,  Gr.  jtxtxu,  to  fold  ; 
Sax.  pleggan.  to  play  and  to  lie  on  ;  D. 
pleegen,  to  u.sc,  to  exercise;  Dan.  plcjer,to 
exercise,  to  perform  an  oflice,  to  ten<l,  to 
nurse;  G.  pjlegen,  id.;  Sw.  plll^a.  That 
these  words  are  from  the  rootol  lie,  /n^,  is 


P  N  E 


P  O  C 


1'  O  E 


obvious,  for  in  G.  liegeji,  to  lie,  signifies 
also  to  ply,  to  apply.  Tlie  prefix  /)  inay 
be  tiseil  for  the  Teutonic  he ;  be-hegen,  to 
lie  close,  to  heiid  to.     See  Lay  anil  Lie.] 

1.  'I'o  lay  on,  to  put  to  or  on  with  force  and 
repetition  ;  to  apply  to  closely,  with  con-, 
linnation  of  efforts  or  urgency.  | 

And  plies  liiiii  with  redoubled  strokes  | 

'^  Dryden. 

The  hero  from  afar 

Plies  him  witli  darts  and  stones.        Ihryden. 

We   retain    the   precise    sense    in   the 

phrase  to  lay  on,  to  put  it  on  him. 

2.  To  employ  with  diligence  ;  to  apply  close- 
ly and  steadily  ;  to  keep  busy. 

Her  gentle  wil  ihejilies.  Spenser. 

The  wearied  Trojans  ply  their  shattered  oars. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  practice  or  perform  with  diligence. 

Their  bloody  task,  unweari'd,  still  thry  ply. 

Waller. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  with  pressing  or  per- 
severing importunity. 

Hn  plies  the  duke  at  morning  and  at  night. 

Shalt. 

5.  To  urge ;  to  press  ;  to  strain  ;  to  force. 
PLY,   V.  i.    Tohend;  to  yield. 

Tlie  viiWovi  j>lied  and  gave  way  to  the  gust. 
V  Estrange. 

2.  To  work  steadily. 

He  was  forced  to  ply  in  the  streets. 

Spectator. 

3.  To  go  ill  haste. 

Thither  he  plies  undaunted.  Milton. 

4.  To  busy  one's   self;    to  be  steadily  em 


ployed.  Dryden. 

5.  To  endeavor  to  make  way  against  the 
wind.  Mar.  Did. 

PLY,  n.  A  fold ;  a  plait.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Bout ;  turn  ;  direction  ;  bias. 

The  late  learners  cannot  so  well  take  iheply. 

Bacon. 

PLY'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  plies.  In  for- 
tification, plyers  denotes  a  kind  of  balance 
u.-icd  in  ruL-iing  and  letting  down  a  draw- 
bridge, consisting  of  timbers  joined  in  the 
form  i.f  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

PLV'ING,  ppr.  Laying  on  with  steadiness 
or  repetition  ;  applying  closely  ;  employ- 
ing ;  performing;  urging;  pressing  or  at- 
tempting to  make  way  against  tlie  wind. 

PLY'ING,  n.  Urgent  solicitation. 

Hammond. 

2.  Effort  to  make  way  against  the  wind. 

PNr.UMATI€,        )  ,,■      [C.r.Ttviv- 

nikii'iim  .m^  »T     >a.numat'ic.    '■ 
PNLuMATI€.\L,   \)  fiartxoj, 

from  nviviM,  breath,  spirit ;  rti'£u,  to  breathe 
or  blow.] 

L  Consisting  of  air,  as  a  thin  compressible 
substance  ;  opposed  to  dense  or  solid  sub- 
stances. 

The  pneumatic  substance  being,  in  some  bod- 
ies, the  native  spirit  of  the  body.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  air,  or  to  the  philosophy  of 
its  pro)ierties;  as  p;ieuma/ic  e.\peiiiiients; 
a  pneumatic  engine.  Locke.     Encyc. 

3.  Moved  or  played  by  means  of  air  ;  as  a 
pneumatic  instrument  of  music. 

PNEUMATICS,  Ti.  In  natural  philosophy, 
thai  branch  vvhicli  treats  of  air.  In  chim- 
istry,  that  brancli  which  treats  of  the 
gases. 

2.  Ill  (/lescAoo/s,  the  doctrine  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances, as  God,  angels,  and  tlie  souls  of 
men.  Diet. 

PNEUMAT  OCELE,  ji. 
and  xT^*;,  a  tumor.] 


In  surgery,  a  distension  of  the  scrotMiii  by 

air.  Coxe. 

PNEUMAT0L06'I€AL,  a.   Pertaining  to 

pneiiinatology.  Davy. 

PNEUMATOL'OGIST,  n.   One   versed  in 

piK'umutulogy. 
I'NLUMATOL'OtiY,    n.    [Gr.   nviv/xa,  air 

and  Jtoyoj,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  properties  of  elastic 
fluids,  or  of  spiritual  substances. 

2.  A  treatise  on  elastic  duids,  or  on  spiritual 
suli.stances. 

PJNKUMO'MA,  ?      [Gr.  rtvtv,uuw,  the  lungs,] 
PNEU'MOINY,   J  "•  fiom  jiffw,  to  breathe.]! 

In  medicine,  an  inflammation  of  the  limgs.| 
PNEUMON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;; 

pulmonic. 
PNKL  MON'l€,n.  A  medicine  for  affections 

of  tlie  lungs.  Coxe. 

POACH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pocher.     In  Fr.  poche  is  a 

pocket,  a  bag  or  purse  net ;  pocheter  dts 
fruits,  to  mellow   fruit  in  the  pocket ;  Ir. 

boucqaaal    is    to    soften  ;    Sax.   pocca,  aj 

pouch.] 
L  To  boil  slightly.  Johnson. 

2.  To  dress  by  boiling  slightly  and  mixing 

in  a  sofl  mass. 

To  begin  and  not  complete.  Bacon. 

4.  To  tread  soft  ground,  or  snow  and  wa- 
ter, as  cattle,  whose  feet  penetrate  the  soil 

or  soft  substance  and  leave  deep  tracks. 

lyVlsit'  England.] 

To  steal  game  ;  properly,  to  pocket  game, 

or  steal  it  and  convey  it  away  in  a  bag. 

England. 
G.  To  steal ;  to  plunder  by  stealth. 

They  poach   Parnassus,   and   lay   claim  for 


A  [lortable  looking 
The  opening  into  a 


praise. 


Garth. 


POACH,  V.  t.  [Corn,  pokkia,  to  thrust ;  pe 
hajis  Fr.  pocher.     It  seems  to  be  allied  to 
Eiig.  poke,  poker,  Norm,  pouchon,  a  punch- 
eon.   It  so,  it  is  from  the  root  of  L.puugo, 
Eng.  lo punch;  O.pochen,  to  knock.] 

To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  spear  ;  as,  to  poach 
fish.  England. 

POACH,  I'.  I.  To  be  trodden  with  deep 
tracks,  as  soft  ground.  We  say,  the 
ground  is  soft  in  spring,  and  poaches 
badly. 

Chalky  and   clay  lands  burn  in  hot  weather. 
chap  in  sunnuer,  and  ^oacft  in  winter. 

Jlfortimer 

POACH AUD,  }      [from  poacA.]  A  fresh  wa- 

POCIIAKD,  5""terduck  of  an  excellent; 
taste,  weighing  a  pomid  and  twelve 
ounces.  It  is  the  red  lieaded  duck  of 
Lawson  ;  found  in  America  and  in  the 
north  of  Europe.  Pennant. 

POACHED,  pp.  Slightly  boiled  or  softened  ; 
trodden  with  deep  footsteps ;  stolen. 

POACHER,  n.  One  that  steals  game. 

More. 

POACHINESS,  n.  Wetness  and  softness; 
the  state  of  being  easily  penetrable  by  the 
feet  of  beasts  ;  applied  to  land. 

POACHY,  a.  Wet  and  sofl ;  such  as  the  feet 


named  from  the  pustules,  small  vox,  or  as 
it  ought  to  be  written,  small  pocks. 
POCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  pochetle,l'r<ju>  poche,  \)uck- 
el,  pouch  ;  Sax.  pocca.] 

1.  A   small    bag    inserted  in  a  garment  for 
carrying  small  articles. 

i.  A  small  bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in 

hilliurds. 
i.  A  certain  (piantity  ;  as  a  pocket  of  hops, 

as  in  other  cases  we  use  sack.     [J\'ot  used 

in  America.]  Johnson. 

POCKET,  V.  t.  To  put  or  conceal  in  the 

pocket ;  as,  to  pocket  a  penknife. 
i.  To  lake  clandestinely. 
To  pocket  an  insxtlt  or  ajfront,  to  receive  it 

without  resenting   it,   or  at   least  without 

.seeking  redress,     [in  popular  use.] 
POCK'ET-B(.)QK,  )i.  A  small  hook  of  paper 

covered    with    leiher ;    used   for  currying 

jiapers  in  the  pocket. 
POCKET-GLASS,  n. 

glass. 
POCK'ET-HOLE,  ii. 

pocket. 
POCKET-LID,  n.  The  flap  over  the  pock- 

el-li(ile. 
POCKET-MONEY,  ji.  Money  for  the  pock- 
et or  for  occasional  expenses. 
POCK'-HOLE,  n.  The  [lit  or  scar  loade  by 

a  pock. 
P0(;K'INESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pocky. 
POCK'WyOD,  n.  Lignum  vita?,  a  very  hard 

wood. 
POCK'Y,  a.  [irompock.]  Infected  with  the 

small  pocks;  full  of  pocks. 

2.  Vile  ;  rascally  ;  mischievous ;  contempti- 
ble.    [In  vulgar  use.] 

POC'ULENT,  a.  [L.  poculentus,  from  pocv- 
lum,  a  cup.]     Fit  for  drink.     [.Yoi  used.] 

POD,  n.  [In  \\ .  podi  signifies  to  take  in  or 
comprehend  ;  hut  I  know  not  from  what 
source  we  have  this  word.] 

The  pericarp,  ca[isule  or  seed  vessel  of  cer- 
tain plants.  The  silique  or  pod  is  an 
oblong,  membranaceous,  two  valved  peri- 
carp, having  the  seeds  fixed  along  both 
sutures.  A  legume  is  a  pericarp  of  two 
valves,  in  which  the  seeds  are  fixed  along 
one  suture  only.  Marlyn. 

According  to  these  descriptions,  the  seed 
vessels  of  peas  and  beans  are  legumes, 
and  not  pods;  hut  in  (lopular  language, 
pod  is  used  tor  the  legume  as  well  as  lor 
the  silique  or  siliqua.  In  New  England, 
it  is  the  only  word  in  popular  use. 

POD,  V.  i.  To  swell  ;  to  fill ;  also,  to  pro- 
duce pods. 

PODAGRIC,        I      [h.  podagra  ;  Qr.  noi- 

P()I).\G  RICAL,  ^°oypo;  .^ol5,  the  fool, 
and  aypa,  a  seizure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  gout;  gouty  ;  partaking 
of  the  gout. 

2.  -MHirted  with  the  gout.  Broun. 
PODDED,  a.  Having  its  pods  formed  ;  fur- 
nished with  pods. 

POD  DER,  n.  A  gatherer  of  pods. 


of  cattle  will  penetrate  to  some  depth;  a/j-jlPODtiE,  n.  A  puddle;  a  plash.         Skinner, 
plied  to  land  or  ground  of  any  kind.  i  POEM,    n.    [L.  poema  ;    Gr.  xoiriia,   fmm 

""  '^        '      "^        rtoifu,   to   make,   to   compose    songs.     In 

Russ.  poyu  signifies  to  sing.  The  radical 
sense  is  the  same,  to  strain.] 
1.  A  metrical  composition:  a  composition 
in  which  the  verses  consist  of  certain 
measures,  whether  in  blank  verse  or  in 
rhyme  ;  as  the  poems  of  Homer  or  of  Mil- 
ton ;  opposed  10  prose.  Dryden. 


POCK,  ?i.  [Sax.  poc  or  pace;  D.  pok;  G.i 
pocke  :  Dan.  pukkel :  W.  picg-,  that  swells 
out ;  Ir.  bocam,  to  swell,  coinciding  with 
G.  bauch,  D.  6i<iA-,  Dan.  bug,  the  belly, 
Eng.  big,  &c. ;  probably  all  of  one  fam- 

[Gr.   niivna,  air, !a  pustule  raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body 
ll     in    the   variolous    and  vaccine  diseases,'' 


P  O  I 


P  O  I 


P  O  I 


3.  TIlis  terra  is  also  applied  to  some  compo- 
sitions in  which  the  language  is  that  of  ex- 
cited imagination  ;  as  the  poems  of  Ossian. 

PO'ESY,  n.  [Fr.  poesie ;  L.  poeds;  Gr. 
noi);«i!,  from  «o«u,  to  make.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  composing  poems  ;  as, 
the  heavenly  gift  of  poesy.  Dryden. 

2.  Poetry ;  metrical  composition. 

Music  AnA  poesy  used  to  quicken  you. 

Shah. 

3.  A  short  conceit  engraved  on  a  ring  or 
other  thing.  Shak. 

FO'ET,  n.  \Fv.  poete;  h.  Sp.  h.poeta;  Gr. 
rtoiijrjyj.     See  Poem.] 

1.  The  author  of  a  poem ;  the  inventor  or 
maker  of  a  metrical  composition. 

A  poet  is  a  maker,  as  the  word  signifies  ;  and 
he  who  cannot  make,  that  is,  invent,  hath  liis 
name  for  notliing.  Dryden. 

2.  One  skilled  in  making  poetry,  or  who  lias 
a  particular  genius  for  metrical  composi- 
tion ;  one  distinguished  for  poetic  talents. 
Many  write  verses  who  cannot  be  called 
poets. 

PO'ETASTER,  n.    A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful 
rhymer  or  writer  of  verses.      Roscommon. 
PO'ETESS,  n.  A  female  poet.  Hall. 

POET'IC,        I       [Gr.   HoLr;tixoi;    L.  poeti- 
POET'ICAL,  \  "■  cus  ;  Fr.  poetique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  poetry  ;  suitable  to  poetry ; 
as  a.  poetical  q^emus;  poetic  turn  or  talent; 
poetic  license. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry  or  measure  ;  as  a  po 
etical  composition. 

3.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poet 
ry  ;  sublime  ;  as  a  composition  or  passage 
highly  poetical. 

POET'IeALLY,  adv.  With  the  qualities  of 
poetry ;  by  the  art  of  poetry ;  by  fiction. 

Dryden. 

FOET'l€S,  n.  The  doctrine  of  poetry. 

Warton 

PO'ETIZE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  poetiser.]  To  write  as 
a  poet ;  to  compose  verse.  Donne. 

POET-LAUREAT,  n.  A  i)oet  employed  to 
compose  poems  for  the  birth  days  of  a 
prince  or  other  sj)ecial  occasion. 

POET-MUSP'CIAN,  n.  An  appellation 
given  to  the  bard  and  lyrist  of  former 
ages,  as  uniting  tlie  professions  of  poetry 
and  music.  Busby. 

PO'ETRESS,  n.  A  female  poet. 

PO'ETRY,  n.  [Gr.  «oi^rpia.]  Metrical  com 
position  ;  verse  ;  as  heroic  poetry  ;  dramat- 
ic poetry;  lyric  or  Pindaric  poetry. 

'i.  The  art  or  practice  of  composing  in 
verse.     He  excels  in  poetry. 

3.  Poems ;  jjoetical  composition.  We  take 
pleasure  in  reading  poetry. 

4.  Tliis  term  is  also  applied  to  the  language 
of  excited  imagination  and  feeling. 

POIGNANCY,  n.  poin'ancy.  [See  Poign- 
ant.] 

1.  Sharpness;  the  power  of  stimulating  the 
organs  of  taste.  f>iin/i 

2.  Point:  sharpness;  keenness;  the  power 
of  irritation;  asperity;  as  the^oig"nanc^of 
wit  or  sarcasm. 

3.  Severity  ;  acuteness. 

P01GN.\NT,  a.poin'ant.  [Fr. poignant,  par- 
ticiple of  poindre,  from  L.  pungere,  pungo, 
to  prick.] 

1.  Sharp;  stimulating  the  organs  of  taste 
as  poignant  sauce.  Dryden 

2.  Pointed  ;  keen  ;  bitter  ;  irritating  ;  satiri 
cal ;  as  poignant  wit. 


3.  Severe  ;  piercing  ;  very  painful  or  acute  ; 
as  poignant  pain  or  grief. 

J^orris.    South. 

POIGNANTLY,  adv.  poin'antly.  In  a  stim- 
ulating, piercing  or  irritating  manner ; 
with  keenness  or  point. 

POINT,  n.  [Fr.  from  poind;  Sp.  li. punto, 
punta  ;  W.  pwnc ;  from  L.  punctum,  from 
pungo,  to  prick,  properly  to  thrust,  pret. 
pepugi,  showing  that  n  is  not  radical. 
Hence  it  accords  with  Norm,  pouchon,  a 
puncheon,  Fr.  poingon,  Eng.  to  punch,  and 
with  poke,  poker,  Gr.  jt)jy«  vq,  &c.] 

I.  The  sharp  end  of  any  instrument  or  body  ; 
as  the  point  of  a  knife,  of  a  sword  or  of  a 
thorn. 

A  string  with  a  tag ;  as  a  silken  point. 

Shak. 

3.  A  small  cape,  headland  or  promontory  ;  a 
tract  of  land  extending  into  the  sea,  a 
lake  or  river,  beyond  the  line  of  the  shore, 
and  becoming  narrow  at  the  end  ;  as  point 
•Tudith  ;  Montauk  point.  It  is  smaller 
than  a  cape. 

4.  The  sting  of  an  epigram;  a  lively  turn  of 
thought  or  expression  that  strikes  with 
force  and  agreeable  surprise. 

With  peiiods,  points  and   tropes  he  slurs  his 
crimes.  Dryden 

.5.  An  indivisible  part  of  time  or  space.  We 
say,  a  point  of  time,  a  point  of  space. 

Locke.     Dairies. 

6.  A  small  space  ;  as  a  small  point  of  land. 

Pnor. 

7.  Punctilio ;  nicety ;  exactness  of  ceremo- 
ny ;  as  points  of  precedence. 

8.  Place  near,  next  or  contiguous  to  ;  verge  ; 
eve.  He  is  on  the  point  of  departure,  or 
at  the  point  of  death. 

9.  Exact  place.  He  left  off  at  the  point 
where  he  began. 

10.  Degree  ;  state   of  elevation,   depression 
or  extension ;  as,  he  has  reached   an  ex 
traordinary  poiiit  of  excellence.     He  has 
fallen  to  the  lowest  ;7oi»!<  of  degradation. 

II.  A  character  used  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  writing,  or  the  pauses  to  be  observed  in 
reading  or  speaking  ;  as  tlie  comma,  seini 
colon,  colon  and  |ieriod.  The  period  is 
called  a  full  stop,  as  it  marks  the  close  of  a 
sentence. 

12.  A  spot ;  a  part  of  a  surface  divided  by 
spots  or  lines;  as  the  ace  or  sise  point. 

13.  In g'eo^nffri/,  that  which  has  neither  parts 
nor  magnitude.  Euclid. 

A  point  is  that  wliich   lias   position  but   not 
magnitude.  Playfair. 

A  point  is  a  limit  terminating  a  line. 

Legendre. 

14.  In  music,  a  mark  or  note  anciently  used 
to  distinguish  tones  or  sounds.  Hence, 
simple  counterpoint  is  when  a  note  of  the 
lower  part  answers  exactly  to  that  of  the 
upper,  and  figurative  counterpoint,  is  when 
a  note  is  syncopated  and  one  of  the  )inrts 
makes  several  notes  or  iiiHections  of  tlie 
voice  while  the  other  holds  on  one. 

Encijc. 

15.  In  modern  music,  a  dot  jilaced  by  a  note 
to  raise  its  value  or  prolong  its  time  by 
one  half,  so  as  to  make  a  semibreve  eipial 
to  three  minims  ;  a  minim  equal  to  three 
quavers,  &c. 

16.  In  astronomy,  a  division  of  the  great 
circles  of  the  horizon,  and  of  the  marin- 
er's compass.     The  four  cardinal  points, 


are  the  east,  west,  north  and  south.  On 
the  space  between  two  of  these  points, 
making  a  quadrant  or  quarter  of  a  circle' 
the  compass  is  marked  with  subordinate 
divisions,  the  whole  number  being  thirty 
two  points. 

17.  In  a.ilronomy,  a  certain  place  marked  in 
the  heavens,  or  distinguished  for  its  im- 
portance in  astronomical  calculations. 
The  zenith  and  nadir  are  called  vertical 
points ;  the  nodes  are  the  points  where 
the  orbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  ;  the  place  where  the 
equator  and  ecliptic  intersect  are  called 
equinoctial  points  ;  the  points  of  the  eclip- 
tic at  which  tlie  departure  of  the  sun  from 
the  equator,  north  and  south,  is  termin- 
ated, are  called  solstitial  points. 

18.  In  perspective,  a  certain  pole  or  place 
with  regard  to  the  perspective  plane. 

En  eye. 

19.  In  manufactories,  a  lace  or  work  wrought 
by  the  needle;  as  point  le  Venice,  point  de 
Genoa,  &c.  Sometimes  the  word  is  used 
for  lace  woven  with  bobbins.  Point  devise 
is  used  for  needle  work,  or  for  nice  work. 

20.  The  place  to  which  any  thing  is  direct- 
ed, or  the  direction  in  which  an  object  is 
presented  to  the  eye.  We  say,  in  this 
point  of  view,  an  object  appears  to  advan- 
tage. In  this  or  that  point  of  view,  the 
evidence  is  important. 

21.  Particular ;  single  thing  or  subject.  In 
what  point  do  we  differ  ?  All  points  of 
controversy  between  the  parties  are  ad- 
justed. We  say,  in  point  of  antiquity,  in 
point  of  fact,  in  point  of  excellence.  The 
letter  in  every  point  is  admirable.  The 
treaty  is  executed  in  every  point. 

22.  Aim  ;  purpose ;  thing  to  be  reached  or 
accomplislied  ;  as,  to  gain  one's  poi»i<. 

23.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

What  a  point  your  falcon  made.  Shak. 

24.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion  ;  a 
single  part  of  a  complicated  question  or  of 
a  whole. 

These  arguments  are  not  sufficient  to  prove 
tlie  ^oin(. 

Strange  point  and  new ! 
Doctrine   which    we   would   know   whence 
learneil.  .Milton. 

25.  A  note  or  tune. 

Turning  your  tongue  divine 
To  a  loud  trumpet,  and  a  point  of  war. 

Shak. 

26.  In  heraldry,  points  are  the  several  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  escutcheon,  denoting  the 
local  jiositions  of  figures.  Encyc. 

27.  In  electricity,  the  acute  termination  of  a 
body  which  facilitates  the  passage  of  the 
fluid  to  or  from  the  body.  Encyc. 

28.  Ill  gunnery,  iioiiit-blank  denotes  the  shot 
of  n  gun  levidod  horizontally.  The  pnint- 
hlank  range  is  the  extent  of  the  apparent 
right  line  of  a  ball  discharged.  In  shoot- 
ing poiut-blaiik,  the  ball  is  supposed  to 
move  directly  to  the  object,  without  a 
curve.  Hence  adverbially,  the  word  is 
equiv.ilcnt  to  directly. 

29.  In  marine  language,  ])oints  are  flat  pie- 
<•(  s  of  braided  ciirdage,  tapering  from  the 
middle  towards  each  end  ;  u.sed  in  reefing 
the  courses  and  top-sails  of  square-rigged 
vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

Point  de  vise,  [Fr.]  exactly  in  the  point  of 
view.  Shak. 


P  O  I 

Vowel-points,  in  the  Hebrew  and  oilier  east- 
ern languages,  are  certain  marks  placed 
above  ur  below  the  consonants,  or  attach- 
ed to  them,  as  in  the  Ethiopic,  represent- 
ing the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels,  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  the  articulations. 

The  point,  the  subject;  the  main  question; 
the  precise  thing  to  be  considered,  deter- 
mined or  accomplished.  This  argument 
may  be  true,  but  it  is  not  to  the  point. 

POINT,  V.  i.  To  sharpen  ;  to  cut,  forge, 
grind  or  file  to  an  acute  end  ;  as,  to  point 
a  dart  or  a  pin  ;  also,  to  taper,  us  a  roiie. 

2.  To  direct  towards  .m  objector  [ilaee,  to 
show  its  position,  or  excite  attention  to  it ; 
as,  to  point  the  finger  at  an  object ;  to 
point  the  tiuger  of  scorn  at  one.  Shak. 

3.  To  direct  the  eye  or  notice. 

Whosoever  should  he  j^uidcd  through  his 
battles  hy  Minerva,  dLtiA  poinled  lo  every  scene 
of  Ihem,  would  see  nothing  but  subjects  of  sur- 
prise. Pope. 

4.  To  aim  ;  to  direct  towards  an  object ;  as. 
to  point  a  musket  at  a  wolf;  to  point  a 
cannon  at  a  gate. 

5.  To  mark  with  characters  for  the  purpose 
of  distinguishing  the  members  of  a  sen- 
tence, and  designating  the  pauses ;  as,  lo 
point  a  written  composition. 

C.  To  mark  with  vowid-points. 

7.  To  appoint.     [.Vo< »)!  use.]  Spenser. 

8.  To  fill   the  joints   of  with   mortar,   and 


P  O  I 


P  O  K 


5.  To  oppress ;  to  weigh  down. 

Lest  leaden  slumber  jioiee  nie  down  to-morrow, 
When  i  should  uouot  on  wings  of  victory. 

Shak. 
POIS'ED,    pp.    Balanced ;  made   equal  in 
weight;  resting  in  equilibrium, 
he  declared  pointedly  he  would  accede  to  [POISING,  ppr.   lialancing. 

POISON,  71.  poiz'7t.  [Fr.  poison ;  Arm.  em- 
Sp.  ponzoha ;  Port. 


POINT'EDLY,  adv.  In  a  pointed  manner;! 

with  lively  turns  of  tbonght  or  expre.ssionJ 

He  often  wrote  too  pointedly  for  his  subject.! 

r/ryden) 

2.  With  direct  assertion  ;  with   direct  leler-' 

ence  to  a  subject;  with   explieitness;  as,; 


the  proposition. 
POINT  KI)NESt«,  n.     Sharpness;  picked- 

ness  with  asperity.  Johnson. 

2.  Epigramniatieal  keenness  or  smartness. 

In  this  you  excel  Horace,  that  you  add  point- 

edness  of  thought.  Vryden. 

POINT'EL,  n.  Something  on  a  point. 

These    poises  or  pnintcls  are,  for    the   most 
part,  little  balls  set  at  the  top  of  a  slender  stalk, 

which  they  can  move  eveiy  way  at  pleasure. 

Derhnm 
2.  A  kind  of  pencil  or  style.  Hiekliffe 

POINT'ER,  n.  Any  thing  that  points. 
2.  The  hand  of  a  timepiece.  Jf'atls. 

,3.  A  dog  that  points  out  the  game  to  .sport 

men.  Go//. 

POINT'ING,    ppr.     Directing   the   finger 

showing  ;  directing. 
'2.  Marking  with  points  ;  as  a  writing. 
'3.  Filling  the  joints  and  crevices  of  a  wal 

with  iiKM-lar  or  cement. 
POINT'ING,  (I.  The  art  of  making  the  di 
I     visions  of  a  writing  ;  punctuation. 
,2.  The  slate  of  being  pointed  with  marks  or 


as,  to  point  a  wall. 
To  point  out,   to  show  by   the   finger  or  by 

other  means. 
To  point  a  sail,  to  affix  points  through  the 

eyelet-holes  of  the  reefs. 
POINT,  V.  i.  To  direct  the  finger  for  desig- 
nating an   object,  and  exciting  attention 
to  it ;  with  at. 
Now  must  the  world  point  at  poor  Catherine. 

Shak. 
Point  at  the  tatter'd  coat  and  ragged  shoe. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  indicate,  as  dogs  do  to  sportsmen. 

He  treads  with  caution,  and   be  points  with 
fear.  Uo^. 

3.  To  show  distinctly  by  any  means. 

To  point  at  what  time  the  balance  of  power 
was  most  equally  held  hetween  the  lords  and 
commons  at  Rome,  would  perhaps  admit  a 
controversy.  Swi/I 

4.  To  fill  the  joints  or  crevices  of  a  wall 
with  mortar. 

5.  In  tilt  rigging  of  a  ship,  to  taper  the  end 
of  a  rope  or  splice,  and  work  over  the  re 
duced  part  a  small  close  netting,  with 
an  even  number  of  knittles  twisted  from 
the  san:e.  Cyc. 

To  point  at,  to  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt 
bv  pointing  or  directing  attention  to. 

POiNT'AL,  n.  In  botany,  the  pistil  of  a 
plant ;  an  organ  or  viscus  adhering  to  the 
fruit  for  the  reception  of  the  pollen.  Its 
appearance  is  that  of  a  colinnn  or  set  of 
columns  in  the  center  of  the  flower. 

Marty  n. 

POINT' ED,  pp.  Sharpened  ;  formed  to  a 
point ;  directed  ;  aimed 

2.  Aimed  at  a  particular  person  or  transac- 
tion. 

3.  a.  Sharp ;  having   a  sharp  point ;  as 
pointed  rock. 

4.  Epigramniatieal ;  abounding  in  conceits 
or  lively  turns ;  as  pointed  wit. 

Pope 

Vol.  II. 


.pe- 
see 


points. 
,     ,  .,     ,  ...      """[ipoiNT'ING-STOCK,  II.  Anobjeclofridi 

smooth  them  with  the  point  ol  a  trowel ;      ^.^^,^  ^_.  ^^^^^^^  g,^^,^ 

JPOINT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  point;  blunt; 

obtuse  ;  as  a  pointless  sword. 
2.  Having  no  smartness  or  keenness. 
POISE,  n.  poiz.   [W.  pays,   weight ;  Arm 

poes  ;  Vr.poids.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  Weight ;  gravity  ;  that  which  causes  a 
body  to  descend  or  tend  to  the  center. 

Spenser: 

2.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in 
weighing  with  steelyards,  to  balance  the 
substance  weiglied. 

3.  Balance ;  equilibrium ;  a  state  in  which 
things  are  balanced  by  equal  weight  ori 
power ;  equipoise.  The  mind  may  rest! 
in  Bi  poise  between  two  oiiinions. 

The  particles  forming  the  earth,  must  con- 
vene from  all  quarters  towards  the  middle 
which  would  make  the  w-hole  compound  rest 
in  a  jmise.  Bentley. 

4.  A  regulating  power  ;  that  which  balances. 
Men   of  an    unbounded    imagination     often] 

want  the  poise  of  judi;ment.  Dryden. 

POISE,  V.  t.  poiz.  [W.  ptvysaw,  to  throw 
down,  to  press,  to  lean  or  incline,  to 
weigh  ;  Ann.  poesa  ;  It.  pesare ;  Sp.  Port. 
pesar  ;  Corn,  puza  ;  Fr.  peser.] 

1.  To  balance  in  weight;  to  make  of  equal 
weight ;  as,  to  poise  the  scales  of  a  bal- 
ance. 

2.  To  hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  or  equi- 
ponderance. 

Our  nation  with  united  interest  blest. 
Not  now  content  to  poise,  shall  sway  the  rest. 

Dryde7i. 
To  load  with  weight  for  balancing. 
Where  could  they  find  another  foim  so  fit. 
To  poise  with  solid  sense  a  sprightly  wit .' 

Dryden. 
4.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  the  bal- 
ance ;  to  weigh. 

Ho  cannot  consider  the  strengtli,  ^Joise  the 
weighi,  and  discern  llie  evidence  of  the  clearest 
argumentations,  where  they  would  conclude 
against  his  desires.  South. 

38 


poesoun,  pouison  ;   hp.  ponzona  ; 

fonha.     Qu.  its  alliance  to  L.  pus.     See 

Class  Bs.  No.  2.5.] 

1.  A  substance  which,  when  taken  into  the 
stomach,  mixed  with  the  blood  or  applied 
to  the  skill  or  flesh,  proves  fatal  or  delete- 
rious by  an  action  not  mechanical ;  ven- 
om. The  more  active  and  virulent  pois- 
ons destroy  life  in  a  short  time  ;  others 
are  slow  in  their  operation,  others  pro- 
duce intlammation  without  |)roving  fatal. 
In  the  apjilication  of  poison,  much  de- 
pends on  the  i|ilantity. 

2.  Any  thing  iiilt'ctious,  malignant,  or  no.x- 
ioiis  lo  health;  as  the  poison  of  pestilen- 
tial diseases. 

3.  That  which  taints  or  destroys  moral  pu- 
rity or  health  ;  as  the  poison  of  evil  exam- 
ple ;  ihcpoison  of  sin.  South. 

POIS'ON,  v.t.  To  infect  with  anything  fa- 
tal to  life;  as,  lo  poison  an  arrow. 

2.  To  attack,  injure  or  kill  by  poison. 

He  was  so  discouraged    that  he  poisoned 
liimself  and  died.     2  Mace. 

3.  To  taint;  to  mar;  to  impair;  as,  discon- 
tent poisons  the  happiness  of  life. 

Hast  lliou  not 
With  thy  false  zrts  poison'd  his  people's  loy- 
alty ?  Rowe. 
To   corrupt.      Our  youth    are    poisoned 
with  false  notions  of  honor,  or  with  perni- 
cious maxims  of  government. 

To  sulTer  the   thoughts  to  be  vitiated,  is  to 
poison  the  fountains  of  morality.  Rambler. 

POIS  ONED,  pp.  Infected  or  destroyed  by 
poison. 

POISONER,  n.  One  who  poisons  or  cor- 
rupts ;  that  which  corrupts. 

POIS  ONING,  ppr.  Infecting  with  poison  ; 
corrupting. 

POIS'ONOUS,  a.  Venomous  ;  having  the 
(pialities  of  poison  ;  corrupting  ;  impairing 
soundness  or  purity. 

POIS'ONOUSLY,  a'dv.  With  fatal  or  inju- 
rious effects ;  venomously. 

POIS  ONOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing fatal  or  injurious  to  health  and  sound- 
ness ;  venomousness. 

POISON-TREE,  n.  A  tree  that  poisons 
the  flesh.  This  name  is  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Rhus  or  sumac,  the  Rhus  vemix  or 
poison  ash,  a  native  of  America ;  also  lo 
the  bohun  upas  of  Java.  Encyc. 

POI'TREL,  71.  [Fr.  poitrail,  from  L.  pecto- 
7-ale,  from  pectus,  the  breast.] 

1.  Armor  for  the  breast.  Skinner. 

2.  A  graving  tool.     [Ciu.  poinlel.] 

.linsworth. 
POIZE,  a  common  spelling  of  poise.     [See 

Poise.] 
POKE,  71.  [Sax.  pocca,  poha ;  Fr.  poche,  a 

pouch  or  bag.] 
A  pocket ;  a  small  bag ;  as  a  pig  in  a  poke. 

Camden.     Spectator. 
POKE,  }       The  popular  name  of 

PO'KE-^^'EED,  i       a  plant  of  the  genus 

Phytolacca,  otherwise  called  cocum    and 

garget;  a  native  of  N.   America.    As  a 


POL 


POL 


POL 


medicine,  it  has  emetic  and  cathartic  qual- 
ities, and  has  had  some  reputation  as  a 
remedy  tor  rheumatism.  It  was  formerly 
called  m  Virginia,  jtocan.  Bigtloui. 

POKE,    V.  t.    [Corn,  pokkia,   to   thrust  or 
push.     In   Armoric,  pochan   is   one   that 
dives  or  plunges.] 
1.  Properly  ,  to   thrust  ;    hence,  to   feel   or 
search  for  with  a  long  instrument. 

Broivii. 
9.  To  thrust  at  with  tlie  horns,  as  an  ox  ; 
a  popular  use  of  the  word  in  JVew  England 
And  intransitively,  to  poke  at,  is  to  thrust 
the  horns  at. 
POKE,  n.    In  JVeiv  England,  a  machine  to 
prevent  unruly  beasts  from  leaping  fences, 
consisting  of  a  yoke  with  a  pole  inserted, 
pointing  forward. 
POKE,  V.  t.  To  put  a  poke  on  ;  as,  to  poke 
an  ox.  JVew  England. 

PO'KER,  n.  [{rom  poke.]  An  iron  bar  used 
in  stirring  the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for 
fuel.  Smjt. 

PO'KER,    n.    [Dan.  pokker,   the  dnse ;  W 
picca,   a  hobgoblin  ;     bug,  id.  ;  bwgan,   a 
bugbear  ;  bw,  terror,  fright.     These  words 
seem   to  be  allied  to  bnw,  buu'c,  an   ox  or 
cow,   L.  bos,  boi'is,  and  all  perhaps  from 
the  bellowing  of  bulls.] 
.Any  frightful  object,  especially  in   the  dark  ; 
a  bugbear;  a  word  in  common   popular 
use  in  America. 
POKING,  ppr.    Feeling  in  the  dark;  stir- 
ring with  a  poker ;  thrusting  at  with  the 
horns  ;  putting  a  poke  on. 
PO  KING,    a.    Drudging  ;  servile.     [Collo 
quial.]  Gray. 

PO'KING-STICK,  n.  An  instrument  for 
merly  used  in  adjusting  the  plaits  of  ruffs 
then  worn.  Middhlon.     Shak. 

POLA'CRE,  Ji.  [Sp.  id. ;  Port,  j'olaca,  pol- 

hacra  ;  Fr.  polacre,  polaque.] 
A  vessel  with  three  masts,  used  in  the  Med- 
iterranean. The  masts  are  usually  of  one 
piece,  so  that  they  have  neither  tops,  caps 
nor  cross-trees,  nor  horses  to  their  upper 
yards.  Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 

PO'LAR,  a.  [Fr.  polairex  It. polare;  Sp.  po- 
lar. See  Pole] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  poles  of  the  earth,  north 
or  south,  or  to  the  poles  of  artificial 
globes;  situated  near  one  of  the  poles;  as 
polar  regions ;  polar  seas  ;  polar  ice  or  cli- 
mates. 
9.  Proceeding  from  one  of  the  regions  near 

the  poles;  as /)o/ar  winds. 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  pole,  or  to  the 
point  to  which  the  magnetic  needle  is  di- 
rected. 
POLARITY,  n.  That  quality  of  a  body  in 
virtue  <>f  which  peculiar  properties  reside 
in  certain  points;  usually,  as  in  electrified 
or  magnetized  bodies,  properties  of  attrac- 
tion or  repulsion,  or  the  power  of  taking  a 
certain  direction.  Thus  we  sjieuk  of  tjie 
polarity  of  the  magnet  or  magnetic  nee- 
dle, whose  pole  is  not  alwiiys  that  of  the 
earth,  but  a  point  somewhat  easterly  or 
westerly  ;  and  the  deviation  of  the  needle 
from  a  north  and  south  line  is  called  its  va- 
riation. A  mineral  is  said  to  ])Ossess  po- 
larity, when  it  attracts  one  pole  of  a  mag- 
netic needle  and  icpels  the  other. 
POI.ARIZA'TION,  „.  The  act  of  giving 
polarity  to  a  body. 


lion  of  light,  a    change    produced|iPO'LE-AX,    )       An  ax  fixed  to  a  pole  or 
ight  by  the  action  of  certain  rnedia,i  POLE-AXE,  ^    "  handle  ;  or  rather  a  sort 


Polarization 
upon  I 

by  whicli  it  exhibits  the  appearance  ol 
having  polarity,  or  poles  possessing  dif- 
ferent ])roperties.  This  property  of  light 
was  first  discovered  by  Huygens  in  his 
investigation  of  the  cause  of  double  re 
fraction,  as  seen  in  the  Iceland  crystal 
The  attention  of  opticians  was  more  par 
ticularly  directed  towards  it  by  the  discov 
eries  of  Mains,  in  IblO.  The  knowledge 
of  this  singular  property  of  light,  has  af- 
forded an  explanation  of  several  very  in- 
tricate phenomena  in  optics. 

PO'LARIZE,  V.  t.  To  communicate  polari- 
ty to. 

PO'LAR IZED,  pp.  Having  polarity  com- 
municated to. 

POLARIZING,  ppr.  Giving  polarity  to. 

PO'LARY,  a.  [See  Polar.]  Tenumg  to  a 
pole  ;  having  a  direction  to  a  pole. 

Brown 

POLE,  ?i.  [Sax.  pol,  pal ;  G.pfahl;  D.paal; 
Sw.piUe;  Dan.  pid;  W.  pawl;  L.  palus. 
See  Pale.] 

1.  A  long  slender  piece  of  wood,  or  the  stem 
of  a  small  tree  deprived  of  its  branches. 
Thus  seamen  use  poles  for  setting  or 
driving  boats  in  shallow  water;  the  stems 
of  small  trees  are  used  for  hoops  and  ca 
ed  hoop-poles  ;  the  stems  of  small,  but  tall 
straight  trees,  are  used  as  poles  for  support- 
ing the  scafi'olding  in  building. 
A  rod;  a  perch;  a  measure  of  length  of 
five  yards  and  a  half 

[III  New  England,  rod  is  generally  used.] 

,3.  An  instrument  for  measuring.  Bacon. 

Bare  poles.  A  ship  is  under  bare  poles,  when 
her  sails  are  all  furled.  J\]ar.  Diet. 

POLE,  n.  [Fr.  pole  ;  It.  Sp.  polo  :  G.  Dan. 
Sw.pol;  ii.puol;  Ij. polu-s;  Gr.  rto>.o{,  from 
no'Mio,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  extremities  of 
the  axis  on  which  the  sphere  revolves. 
These  two  points  are  called  the  poles  of 
the  world. 

3.  In  spherics,  a  point  equally  distant  from 
every  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  great 
circle  of  the  sphere;  or  it  is  a  point  !)0° 
distant  from  the  plane  of  a  circle,  and 
in  a  line  passing  perpendicularly  througti 
the  center,  called  the  axis.  Thus  the  ze- 
nith and  nadir  are  the  poles  of  the  hori- 
zon. 

Ill  geography,  the  extremity  of  the  earth's 
axis,  or  one  of  the  jioints  on  the  stufaee 
of  our  globe  through  which  the  axis 
passes. 

4.  The  star  which  is  vertical  to  the  pole  of 
tlie  earth  ;  the  pole  star. 

Poles  of  the  ecliptic,  are  two  [ioints  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere,  93°  30'  distant  from 
the  poles  of  the  world. 

Magnetic  poles,  two  ]ioints  in  a  lodestone, 
corresponding  to  the  poles  of  the  world  ; 
the  one  pointing  to  the  north,  the  other 
to  the  south. 

POLE,  n.  [from  Poland.]  A  native  of  Po- 
land. 

jPOLE,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  poles  for  sup- 
port ;  as,  to  pole  beans. 

i2.  To  hear  or  convey  ou  poles;  as,  to  pole 
hay  into  a  barn 

3.  To  impel    by  poles,  as  a  boat  ;  to   push 

I     forward  by  the  use  of  poles 


of  hatchet  with  a  handle  about  fifteen 
inches  in  length,  and  a  point  or  claw  bend- 
ing downward  from  the  back  of  its  head. 
It  is  principally  used  in  actions  at  sea,  to 
cut  away  the  rigging  of  the  enemy  at- 
tempting to  board ;  sometimes  it  is  thrust 
into  the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  in  mount- 
ing the  enemy's  ship,  and  it  is  sometimes 
called  a  boardingax.     Mar.  IMct.     Encyc. 

PO'LE€AT,  n.  [Qu.foul  cat,  or  Gr.  i)>avXoj.] 
A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mustela  ;  the 
fitcliew  or  fitchet.  Encyc. 

PO'LE-DAVY,  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  doth. 

Jlinsworth . 

POL'EMAR€H,  n.  [Gr.  ifou^ta^^xos;  noxi- 
fios,  war,  and  opj;);,  rule,  or  a(j;to5,  chief] 

1.  Anciently,  a  magistrate  of  Athens  and 
Thebes,  who  had  under  bis  care  all  stran- 
gers and  sojourners  in  the  city, and  all  chil- 
dren of  parents  who  had  lost  their  lives  in 
the  service  of  their  country. 

Encyc.     Milford- 
A  military  officer  in  Laccdsemon. 


POLEM'IC,        )      [Gr.  noX(;Uixo5,  from  rtoji- 
POLEM'It  AL,  I  "-itios,  war.] 

1.  Controversial;  dispiitative;  intended  to 
maintain  an  opinion  or  system  in  opposi- 
tion to  others;  as  a  polemic  treatise,  dis- 
course, essay  or  book;  polemic  divinity. 

2.  Engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion  or  sys- 
tem by  controversy;  as  a  polemic  writer. 

South. 

POLEM'IC,  n.  A  disputant;  a  controver- 
tist ;  one  who  writes  in  support  of  an 
opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  another. 

Pope. 

POLEM'OSCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  nojit^oj,  war, 
and  nxoHiu,  to  view.] 

An  oblique  perspective  glass  contrived  for 
seeing  objects  that  do  not  lie  directly  be- 
fore the  eye.  It  consists  of  a  concave 
glass  placed  near  a  plane  mirror  in  the 
end  of  a  short  round  tube,  and  a  convex 
glass  in  a  hole  in  the  side  of  the  tube.  It 
is  called  opera-glass,  or  diagonal  opera- 
glass.  Encyc. 

POLE-STAR,  n.  A  star  which  is  vertical, 
or  nearly  so,  to  the  pole  of  the  earth ;  a 
lodestar.  The  northern  pole-star  is  of 
great  use  to  navigators  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

2.  That  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director. 

Burton. 

PO'LEY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  t-enus 
Lvthriim.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PO'LEY-MOUNTAIN,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Teucrium.  lb. 

POLICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.polilia;  Gr.  jtoXi- 
tita,  from  nuXif,  city.] 

1.  The  government  of  a  city  or  town  ;  the 
admiiiistriilion  of  the  laws  and  regulations 
of  a  city  or  incorporated  town  or  borough  ; 
as  the  policr  of  London,  of  New  York  or 
UostiMi.  The  word  is  applied  also  to  the 
government  of  all  towns  in  New  England 
which  are  made  corporations  by  a  general 
statuie,  for  certain  purposes. 

2.  The  internal  regulation  and  government 
of  a  kingdom  or  state.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  corporation  or  body  of  men  govern- 
ing a  city.  Jamieson. 

4.  In  Scottish,  the  pleasure-ground  about  a 
gentleman's  seat. 


POL 


POL 


POL 


POL'ICED,  a.  Regulated  by  laws;  furnish- 
ed with  a  regular  system  of  laws  and  ad- 
ministration. Baron. 

POLiCE-OFFICRR,  n.  An  officer  entrust- 
ed with  theexecutionof  thelawsof  acity. 

POL'ICV,  n.  [Fr.  police;  L.  polilia ;  Gr.l 
Ttoutna,  from  noUi,  city,  Sans,  palya.]      \ 

1.  Polia/,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  the; 
Bame'uf>  polity,  comprehending  tlie  funda-| 
mental  constitution  or  frame  of  civil  gov- 
crmni^n  in  a  state  or  kingdom.  But  by 
usafje,  poiici/  is  now  more  generally  used: 
to  d'enote  what  is  included  under  legisla-l 
tioii  and  adminislralion,  and  may  be  de-, 
fined,  the  art  or  mannerof  governing  a  na-| 
tion  ;  or  that  system  of  measures  which 
the  sovereign  of  a  country  adopts  and  pur-! 
sues,  as  best  ada|)ted  to  the  interests  of 
the  nation.  Thus  we  speak  of  domestic 
policij,  or  the  system  of  internal  regula- 
tions in  a  nation ;  foreign  policy,  or  the 
measures  which  respect  foreign  nations  ; 
commtrcial  policy,  or  the  measures  which 
respect  commerce. 

2.  Art,  prudence,  wisdom  or  dexterity  in  the 
management  of  public  affairs ;  applieit  to 
persons  governing.  It  has  been  the  pulicy 
of  France  to  prechnle  females  from  the 
throne.  It  iias  been  the  policy  of  Great 
Britain  to  encourage  her  navy,  by  keeping 
her  carrying  trade  in  her  own  hands. 
In  this  she  manifests  sound  pulicy.  For- 
merly, Enghmd  pi'iniitted  wool  to  be  ex- 
ported and  miiiiufactiired  in  the  Low 
Countries,  which  was  very  had  policy. 

The  policy  of  all  laws  ha.-^  made  some  forms 
necessary  in  Uie  wording  of  last  wills  ant!  tes- 
taments. Stackstone. 

All  violent  policy  defeats  itself.       Hamilton.' 

3.  In  coHimoti  usage,  the  art,  prudence  or 
wisdom  of  individuals  in  the  management 
of  their  private  or  social  concerns. 

4.  Stratagem;  cunning;  dexterity  of  man- 
agement. 

5.  A  ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the  pub- 
lic funds.   [It. /Jo/i':ti.] 

6.  [Sp.  poliza.]  Policy,  in  commerce,  the 
writing  or  instrument  by  which  a  contract 
of  indenuiity  is  efi'ected  between  the  in- 
surer anil  the  insured;  or  the  instrument 
containing  the  terms  or  conditions  on 
which  a  person  or  company  undertakes  to 
indemnify  another  person  or  company 
against  losses  of  property  exposed  to  pe-, 
culiar  hazards,  as  houses  or  goods  exposed 
to  tire,  or  ships  and  goods  exposed  to  de-' 
stniction  on  the  high  seas.  This  writing 
is  subscribed  by  tlic  insurer,  who  is  called! 
the  underwriter.  The  terms  policy  of  in- 
surance, or  assurance,  are  also  used  for  the. 
contract  between  the  insured  and  the  un- 
derwriter. I 

Policies  are  valued  or  open  ;  valued,  when 
the  property  or  goods  insured  are  valued 
at  prime  cost ;  open,  when  the  goods  are 
not  valued,  but  if  lost,  their  value  must  he 
proved.  _  Park.     Blackstone. 

Wagering  policies,  which  insure  sums  of 
money,  interest  or  no  interest,  are  illegal. 

All  insurances,  interest  or  no  interest,  or 
without  further  proof  of  interest  than  the  policy 
itself,  are  null  and  void.  Blackstone.. 

The  word  policy  is  used  also  for  the  writing: 
which  insures  against  other  events,  as  well 
as  against  loss  of  property.  I 


PO'LING,  n.  In  g'arrfemng-,  the  operation  of]  POL'ITIC,  o.  [L.politicus 

II    over   the! 


dispersing    the    worm-casts    all    over 
walks,  with  hnig  ash  poles.     Tliis  destroysi 
the   worm-casts  and  is  benehcial  to  the 
walks.  Cue. 

PO'LING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  poles  for 
support. 
He.iringon  pole.s. 

3.  Pushing  fiirwanl  with  poles,  as  a  boat. 

PO'LISII,    a.     [from   Slav,  pole,    a    plain 
whence  Poland.  See  the  Verb.] 

Pertaining  to  Poland,  a  level  country  on  the 
south  of  Russia  and  the  Baltic 

POL'ISII,  V.  t.  [Fr.  potir,  polissant;    Arm. 
poulifza  ;  It.  polire  or  puHre  ;  Sp.  polir,  pit- 
lir;    L.  polio;  Dan.   polertr;    Sw.  polera 
Kuss.  poliruyit ;  W.  caboli,  with  a  prefix  ; 

Ar.  ^.is.  chafala,  to  polish.  Qu.  its  alli- 
ance to_^/f.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usually  by 
friction  ;  as,  to  polish  glass,  marble,  met 
als  and  the  like. 

2.  To  refine;  to  wear  off  rudeness,  rusticity 
and  coarseness ;  to  make  elegant  an(l  po- 
lite; as,  to  polish  life  or  maimers.     Milton 

The  Greeks   were  polished  by    the  Asiatic- 
and  Eeyptians.  '  S.  S.  Smith 

POL'ISII,  v.i.  To  become  smooth;  to  re- 
ceive a  gloss;  to  take  a  smooth  and 
glossy  surface. 

Steel    will  polish  almost  as  white  and  bright 
as  silver.  Bacon. 

POL'ISII,  n.  A  smooth  glossy  surface  pro- 
duced by  friction. 

Another  prism  of  clearer  glass  and  better po/. 
ish  seemed  free  from  veins.  jYewtmi 

2.  Refinement;  elegance  of  manners. 

What  are  these  wond'rous  civilizing  arts. 
This  Roman  polish  ?  Mdison 

POL'ISUABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  pol 
ished. 

POLISHED,  pp.  Made  smooth  and  glossy ; 
refined. 

POL'ISIIER,  n.  The  person  or  instrument 
that  polishes.  Mdison. 

POLISHING,  ppr.  Making  smooth  and 
glossy  ;  refining. 

POLISHING,  71.  Smoothness;  glossiness; 
refinement.  Goldsmith. 

POLI'TE,  a.  [L.  polilus,  polished,  from  po 
Ho,  supra.] 

1.  Literally,  smooth,  glossy,  and  used  in  this 
sense  till  within  a  century. 

Rays  of  light  falling  on  i  polite  surface. 

JVewton 

[This  application  of  the  word  is,  I  be- 
lieve, entirely  obsolete.] 

2.  Being  polished  or  elegant  in  manners ;  re- 
fined in  behavior;  well  bred. 

He  marries,  bows  at  court  and  grows  polite. 

Pope. 

3.  Courteous;  complaisant;  obliging. 
His  manners  were  warm  without  Insincerity, 

and  polite  without  pomp.  fVirt. 

POLI'TELY,  adv.  With  elegance  of  man- 
ners ;  genteelly ;  courteously. 

POLITENESS,  n.  Polish  or  elegance  of 
manners  ;  gentility  ;  good  breeding  ;  ease 
and  gracefulness  of  manners,  united  with 
a  desire  to  |)lease  others  and  a  careful  at- 
tention to  their  wants  and  wishes. 

2.  Com-teousness ;  complaisance  ;  obliging 
attentions. 


Gr.  jtoXtTtxof, 
from  rtoxtrfia,  from  rtou;,  a  city.  This 
word  in  its  origin  is  the  satnc  as  political, 
and  was  formerly  used  as  synonymous 
with  it.  It  is  so  still  in  the  phrase,  body 
politic.  Burke  used  politic  distinction  for 
political  distinction,  but  present  usage  does 
not  warrant  this  application.] 

1.  Wise  ;  prudeiu  and  sagacious  in  devising 
and  pursuing  measures  adapted  to  pro- 
mote the  pudlic  welfare;  applied  to  per 
sons ;  as  a  politic  prince. 

2.  Well  devised  and  adapted  to  the  public 
prosperity  ;  applied  to  things. 

This  land  was  famously  cmiched 

With  politic  grave  counsel.  Shak. 

3.  Ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any 
scheme  of  personal  or  national  aggrand- 
izement, without  regard  to  the  morality 
of  the  measme  ;  cumiing;  artfid  ;  sajra- 
cious  in  adai)ting  means  to  the  end,  wheth- 
er good  or  evil. 

I  have  been  politic  with  my  friend,  smootli 
with  my  enemy.  Shak.     Pope. 

4.  Well  devised  ;  adapted  to  its  end,  right  or 
wrong. 

POLIT'l€.-VL,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining  to 
policy,  or  to  civil  government  and  its  ad- 
ministration. Political  measures  or  af- 
fairs are  measures  that  respect  the  gov- 
ermnent  of  a  nation  or  slate.  So  we  say, 
political  power  or  authority  ;  political  wis- 
dom; a  political  scheme;  political  opin- 
ions. A  good  prince  is  lUe  political  father 
of  his  people.  The  founders  of  a  state  and 
wise  senators  are  also  called  political  fa- 
thers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  or  state,  or  to  na- 
tions or  states,  as  distinguished  from  civil 
or  municipal ;  as  in  the  phrase,  political 
and  civil  rights,  the  former  comprehend- 
ing rights  that  belong  to  a  nation,  or  per- 
haps to  a  citizen  as  an  individual  of  a  na- 
tion ;  and  ihe  latter  comprehending  the 
local  rights  of  a  corporation  or  any  mem- 
ber of  it. 

Speaking  of  the  political  state  of  Europe,  we 
are  accustomed  to  say  of  Sweden,  she  lost  her 
liberty  by  the  revolution.  Paley. 

3.  Pid)lic  ;  derived  from  office  or  connection 
with  government;  as /JoWica/ character. 

4.  Artful ;  skillful.  [See  Politic] 

5.  Treating  of  politics  or  government ;  as  a 
political  writer.  Paley. 

Political  arithmetic,  the  art  of  reasoning  by 
figures,  or  of  making  arithmetical  calcu- 
lations on  matters  relating  to  a  nation,  its 
revenues,  value  of  lands  and  effects,  pro- 
duce of  lands  or  manufactures,  population, 
&c. 

Polilical  economy,  the  administration  of  the 
revenues  of  a  nation  :  or  the  management 
and  regulation  of  its  resources  and  pro- 
ductive property  and  labor.  Political 
economy  comprehends  all  the  measures 
by  which  the  property  and  labor  of  citi- 
zens are  directed  in  tiie  best  manner  to 
the  success  of  individual  industry  and  en- 
terprise, and  to  the  public  prosperity.  Po- 
lilical economy  is  now  considered  as  a 
science. 

POLITICALLY,  adv.  With  relation  to  the 
government  of  a  nation  or  state. 

2.  Artfully  ;  with  address.     Obs.        KnoUes. 

POLIT'ICASTER,  n.  A  petty  politician  ; 
a  pretender  to  politics.  L'Estrange. 


POL 


POL 


POL 


POLITr'CIAN,  a.  Cunning;  using  artifice. 
Obs. 

POLITF'CIAN,  n.  [Fr.  politicien.']  One 
verseil  in  tlie  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  governing;  one  skilled  in  poli- 
tics. Dryden.     Pope. 

2.  A  man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance. 

Soulh. 

POL'ITICS,  71.  [Fr. politique;  Gr.noXi.ti.xri. 
See  Policy.] 

The  science  of  government;  that  part  of 
ethics  which  consists  in  the  regulation  and 
government  of  a  nation  or  state,  for  tlie 
preservation  of  its  safety,  peace  and  pros- 
perity ;  comprehending  the  defense  of  its| 
existence  and  rights  against  foreign  con-! 
trol  or  conquest,  the  augmentation  of  its; 
strength  and  resources,  and  the  protec- 
tion of  its  citizens  in  their  rights,  with  the 
preservation  and  improvement  of  theiri 
morals.  Politics,  as  a  science  or  an  art,  is^ 
a  suhject  of  vast  extent   and  importance. 

POL'lf  IZE,  V.  i.  To  play  the  pohtician. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

POL'ITURE,  n.  [See  Polish.]  Polish;  the 
gloss  given  by  polishing.     [Sjot  used.] 

Donne. 

POL'ITY,  n.  [Gr.  rtoT-trtia.]  The  form  or 
constitution  of  civil  government  of  a  nation 
or  state ;  and  in  free  states,  the  frame  or 
fundamental  system  by  which  the  several! 
branches  of  government  are  established, 
and  the  powers  and  duties  of  each  desig- 
nated and  defined. 

Every  branch  of  our  civil  polity  supports  and 
is  supported,  regulates  and  is  regulated  by  the 
rest.  Blackstone. 

With  respect  to  their  interior  polity,  our  col- 
onies are  properly  of  three  sorts  ;  provincial  es- 
tablishments, proprietary  governments,  and 
charter  governments.  BlacUstone. 

The  word  seems  also  to  embrace  legis- 
lation and  administration  of  government. 
2.  The  constitution  or  general  fundamental 
principles  of  government  of  any  class  of 
citizens,  considered  in  an  appropriate 
character,  or  as  a  subordinate  state. 

Were  the  whole  christian  world  to  revert 
back  to  the  original  model,  how  far  more  siur 
pie,  uniform  and  beautiful  would  the  church  eip 
pear,  and  how  far  more  agreeable  to  the  cedes 
iastical  polity  instituted  by  the  holy  apostles. 

President  Stiles. 

POLL,  n.  [D.  hoi,  a  ball,  bowl,  crown,  po 
pate,  bulb.] 

1.  The  head  of  a  person,  or  the  back  part  of 
the  head,  and  in  composition,  applied  to 
the  head  of  a  beast,  as  in  poll-evil. 

2.  A  register  of  heads,  that  is,  of  persons. 

Shak. 

3.  The  entry  of  the  names  of  electors  who 
vote  for  civil  officers.     Hence, 

4.  An  election  of  civil  officers,  or  the  ))lace  ofi 
election.  j 

Our  citizens  say,  at  the  opening  or  close 
of  the  poll,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
register  of  voters  and  reception  of  votes, 
or  the  close  of  the  same.  They  .say  al.s<),| 
we  are  going  to  the  poll;  many  voters  ap-! 
pearcd  at  the  poll.  JVew  York. 

3.  A  fish  called  a  chub  or  chevin.  [See  Pol- 
lard.] 

POLL,  I'. /.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees.     Bacon. 

2.  To  clip;  h>  cut  off  the  ends;  to  cut  otfi 
liair  or  wool ;  to  shear.    The   phrases,  tol 


poll  the  hair,  and   to  poll    the 

liet'ii  used.     The  latter  is  used  in  2  Sam 

.\iv.  26.     To  poll  a  deed,  is  a  phrase  Ktillj. 

used  in  law  language.  Z.  Stmft-.\ 

.'3.  To  mow  ;  to  crop.     [JVot  itsed.]         Shak.' 
4.  To  peel ;  to  strip  ;  to  plunder.     Ob.i. 

Bacon.     SpenserJ 
,5.  To  take  a  list  or  register  of  persons ;  to 

enter  names  in  a  list. 

6.  To  enter  one's  name  in  a  list  or  register. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  insert  into  a  number  as  a  voter. 

Tickel. 

POL'LARD,  n.  [from  poll.]    A  tree  loppeil. 

Bnco?i. 

2.  A  clipped  coin.  Camden. 

3.  The  chub  fish.  .tinsworlh. 

4.  A  stag  that  has  cast  his  horns. 

5.  A  mixture  of  bran  and  meal.     Jlin.vmrth. 
POL'LARU,  V.  t.  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees; 

„,  |,„||.  Evelyn. 

Pf)L'LEN,  n.  [L.  pollen,  pollis,  fine  flotn- ; 
Russ.  pil,picl,  dust,  L.  pulvis.] 

1.  The  feciuidatiiig  dust  or  fine  substance 
like  Hour  or  meal,  contained  in  the  anther 
of  flowers,  whi(-li  is  dispersed  on  the  pistil 
for  impregnation  ;  farin  or  farina. 

Encyc.     Milne.     Miirtyn. 

2.  Fine  bran.  Bailey. 
POL'LENGER,  n.  Brushwood.     Ohs. 

Tusser. 

POL'LENIN,  n.  [from  pollen.]  A  substance 
prepared  from  the  pollen  of  tulips,  highly 
inflammable,  and  insoluble  in  agents 
which  dissolve  other  vegetable  products, 
Exposed  to  the  air,  it  soon  undergoes  pu- 
trefaction. lVebster''s  .Manual. 

POLLER,  n.  [from  poH.]  One  that  shaves 
persons  ;  a  barber.     [.V(;(  used.] 

2.  One  that  lo|)s  or  polls  trees. 

3.  A  pillager;  a  plunderer;  one  that  fleeces 
by  exaction.     [.Yot  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  One  that  registers  voters,  or  one  that  en- 
ters his  name  as  a  voter. 

POLL-EVII>,  n.  [poH  and  ew/.]  A  swelling 
or  inipiisteui  on  a  horse's  head,  or  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck  between  the  ears. 

Far.  Diet. 

POLLICITA'TION,  n.  [h.  pollicitatio.]  A 
promise  ;  a  voluntary  engagement,  or  a 
paper  containing  it.  Henry's  Britain 

POLLINC'TOR.  n.  [L.]  One  that  prepares 

materials  for  embalming  the  dead  ;  a  kind 

"  undertaker.  Greenhill.'i 

POLLINJF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pollen  and  fero,' 
to  produce.]     Producing  pollen. 

POL'LOtUx,  (       A  fish,  a  species  of  Gadus 

POL'LACK,  (,  "■  or  cod. 

POLLU'TE,  v.t.  [L.polhw;  Fr.  polluer.  If 
this  word  is  compmind,  as  1  suspect,  it 
seems  to  be  com|)osed  of  the  preposition 
po,  which  is  in  the  Russian  language  and 
retained  in  the  L.  poUnceo  and  possideo, 
and  according  to  Ainsworth,  of /««o.  J5ut 
this  conibination  would  not  naturally  give 
the  signification.  If  lire  word  is  simple, 
the  first  syllable  coincides  with/ou/.  But 
neither  is'this  etymology  satisfactory.] 

I.  To  defile  ;  to  make  tbul  or  unclean ;  in  a 
general  sense.  But  appropriately,  among 
the  .lews,  to  make  tuiclean  or  impure,  in 
a  legal  or  ceremonial  sense,  so  as  to  dis- 
qualifv  a  person  for  sacred  services,  or  to 
render  things  unfit  fi)r  sacred  uses.  Niuu. 
xviii.  Ex.  XX.  2  Kings  x.\iii.  2  Cluon 
x.\xvi. 


head,  havej|2.  To  taint  with  guilt. 

Ye  pollute  yourselves  with  all   your  idols. 
Ezek.  XX. 

To  profane  ;  to  use  for  carnal  or  iilola- 
trous  purposes. 

My  sabbaths  they  greatly  polluted.     Ezek. 

XX. 

To  corrupt  or  impair  by  mixture  of  ill, 
moral  or  physical. 

Envy  you  my  pr.aise,  and  would  destroy 
Willi  grief  uiy  pleasures,  3.ni  pollute  my  joy  '. 

Dryden. 

5.  To  violate  bv  illegal  sexual  commerce. 

POLLL'TE.  a.  Polluted;  defiled.      MUton. 

PLLLU'TED,  pp.  Defile.l;  rendered  un- 
clean ;  tainted  with  guilt ;  impaired  ;  pro- 
faned. 

POLLU'TEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
polluted  ;  defilement. 

POLLUTER,  n.  A  <lefiler;  one  that  pol- 
lutes or  profanes. 

POLLUTING,  ppr.  Defiling;  rendering 
unclean  ;  corrujiting  ;  profaning. 

POLLU'TION,  n.  [L.  pollatio;  Fr.  pollu- 
tion ;  Sp.  polucion  ;  It.  polluzione.] 

1.  The  act  of  polluting. 

2.  Defilement ;  uncleanness  ;  impurity  ;  the 
state  of  being  polluted. 

3.  In  the  Jewish  economy,  legal  or,  ceremonial 
uncleanness,  which  disc|ualified  a  person 
for  sacred  services  or  for  common  inter- 
course with  the  people,  or  rendered  any 
thing  unfit  for  sacred  use. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  involuntary  emission  of 
semen  in  sleep. 

5.  In  a  religious  .^ense,  guilt,  the  effect  of 
sin ;  idolatry,  &c. 

POL' LUX,  n.  A  fixed  star  of  the  second 
magnitude,  in  the  constellation  Gemini  or 
the  Twins.  Encyc. 

2.  [See  Cn.itor.] 

POLONAISE,?       A  robe  or  dress  adopt- 

POLONE'SE,  (,  "•  ed  from  the  fashion  of 
the  Poles;  sometimes  worn  bv  ladies. 

POLONE'SE,  n.  The  Polish  language. 

£fic^c. 

POLONOISE,  n.  In  music,  a  movement  of 
three  croti-hets  in  a  bar,  with  the  rhuh- 
mical  cesine  on  the  last.  Busby. 

POLT,  n.  [Sw.  bulla,  to  beat.]  A  blow, 
stroke  or  striking  ;  a  ivord  in  common  pop- 
ular !(.?p  in  „\'.  England. 

POLT-FOflT,  »i.  A  distorted  foot.  [.Vol  in 
MSf.]  Herbert. 

POLT-FOOT,        ?       Having  distorted  feet. 

POLT-FQOTED,  I  "'  [.Vol  in  use.]  B.Jon.ion. 

POLTROON",  )i.  [Fr.  pottron  :  U.  poll  rone, 
an  idle  fellow,  a  coward  ;  poltri7-e.  to  sleep, 
to  be  idle,  to  loiter  ;  Sp.  poltron,  idle,  lazy, 
easy,  commodious  ;  Port.  poUram,  an  idler  ; 
poltram,  poltrona.  lazy,  cowardly;  Arm. 
poultroun  ;  certainly  not  from /joWice  <ri«n- 
cato.  The  primary  sense  is  idle,  at  ease, 
whence  lazv  ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of 
fail,  W.  paliu.] 

All  arrant  coward;  a  dastard;  a  wretch 
witlioul  spirit  or  courage.  Dri/den. 

POLTROONERY,  n.  Cowardice;  ba.se- 
ness  of  luiiid;  want  of  spirit. 

POLVERIN,     {       [h.  pulris,  dust;  ll.pol- 

POL'VERINE,  s"'  veriiw.]  The  calcined 
ashes  of  a  plant,  of  the  nature  of  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  brought  from  the  Levant  and 
Syria.  In  the  manufiictnre  of  glass,  it  is 
preferred  to  other  ashes,  as  the  glass  made 
with  it  is  perfectly  white.  Encyc. 


POL 


'O'LY,     )       [L.  potium;  ( 
•O'i.lOY,  S  "■  to-KiOi,  white.] 


PO 


the 


Gr.  xuT-wv,  from 
PO' i. 10 Y,  i  "■  noTiio;,  white.]     A  plant.   The 

jjolc!/  ^ass  is  (if  tli(^  ■;eiiu^  Lythruin. 
PC)1>Y,  III  ciiinpoumi    words,   is   from 

Greek   no-Kvs,  unil  signifies  7nani/ ;    as  in 

pohif^an,  a  figure  of  many  angles. 
POlA'ACOUSTle,    a.    [Gr.  rtouj,  many, 

atid  axoiiu,  to  hear.] 
Tliat   multinlies    or    magnifies    sound ;    as 

n  nonn,  nn  instrument  to  multiply  sounds. 
POL'YADKLPII,  71.  [Or-  t^i-!.  '"any,  and 

oifAijioj,  hrother.] 
In  hotanu,  a  plant  having  its  stamens  united 

in  three  or  more  bodies  or  bundles  by  the 

filaments.  ,.     .        . 

POLVADELPH'IAN,  a.  Having  its  sta- 
mens united  in  three  or  more  bundles. 

POLYAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  jtoxvf,  many,  and 
onjp,  a  male.] 

In  hotani),  n  plant  having  many  stamens,  or 
any  niimber  above  twenty,  inserted  in  the 
receptacle. 

POLYAN'DRIAN,  a.  Having  many  sta- 
mens, that  is,  any  number  above  twenty 
inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

POLYAN'DRY,  n.  [supra.]  The  practice 
of  females'  having  more  husbands  thai 
one  at  the  same  time;  plurality  of  hus- 
bands. Forster\i  Ohs. 

POL'YANTH,        I       [Gr.  rtoxv;,  many,  and 

POLYANTH'OS,  S  a'""?,  a  llower.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Primula  or  primrose, 
whose  flower  stalks  produce  flowers  in 
clusters.  Encyc. 

POIA'AUTOG  RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  rtoTii.?,  ma- 
ny, aufos,  ho  himself,  and  yijoujiw,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of 
one's  own  handwriting  or  of  manuscripts, 
by  engraving  on  stone  :  a  species  of  li- 
thography. Deln.iteyrie.     Med.  Repos 

POL  Y€HORD,  a.  [Gr.'rtoXvi,  muny,  and 
chord.] 

Having  many  chords  or  strings. 

Ch.  Retig.  .Appeal. 

POL'Y€HRKST,  n.  [Gr.  rtoxuf,  many,  ami 
Xfl^of,  useful.] 

Id  pharmacy,  a  medicine  that  serves  for  ma- 
ny usesj  or  that  cures  many  diseases. 
Obs. 

POL'YCHROITR,  n.  [Gr.  rtoxv,-,  many, 
and  xv°'-i"-  t"  color.]  The  coloring  mat 
tcr  of  saffron.  lire. 

POIA'COTVL'EDON,  n.  [Gr.  rtoAvj,  many, 
and  xotvXjjSw!'.  a  cavity.] 

In  botany,  a  iil.int  that  has  many  or  more 
than  two  cotyledons  or   lobes  to  the  seed. 

jMarlyi:. 

POLYCOTYLED'ONOUS,  a.  Having  more 
than  two  lobes  to  the  seed. 

POI.VEDRIC,      I  [See  PoUihcdron  and  Po- 

POKYEDROUS.  \  lyhedra!.] 

POli'YGAM,  I      [Gr.  ,-(ou;,  many,  and 

POLYGAM'IAN,  ^  "-yafios,  marriage.]  In 
iotoiii/,  aplant  which  bears  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers,  or 
both,  not  inclosed  in  the  same  common 
calyx,  but  scattered  either -on  the  same 
])lant,  or  on  two  or  three  distinct  indi- 
dividuals.  Martyn. 

POLYGAM  LAN,  a.  Producing  hermaphro- 
dite flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers, 
or  both. 

POLYG'AMIST,  n.  [See  Polygamy.]  A  per- 
son who  maintains  the  lawfulness  of  po- 
lygamy. 


POL 

POLYG'AMOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  polyga- 
my. Encyc. 
2.  Inclined  to  polygamy;  having  a  plurality 

of  wives. 
POLYG'AMY,    n.    [Gr.   tto^vs,  many,  and 

ya/ioi,  marriage.] 
A  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time  ;    or  the  having  of  such    plurality.: 
When  a  man  has  more  wives  than  one.  or 
a  woman  more  husbanils  than  one,  at  the 
same  time,  the  oft'ender  is  punishable  for 
polygamy.     Such   is  the  fact   in  christian 
countries.      But  polygamy   is   allowed   hi 
some  countries,  as  in  Turkey. 
POI/YGAR,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  woods. 
POLYu'ENOUS,  a.  [Gr.  xouj,  many,  and 

■yfi'o^,  kind.] 

Consisting  of  many  kinds  ;  as  a  polygenous 

mountain,  which  is  composed  of  strata  of 

diflereiit  species  of  stone.  Kirican. 

POL'YGLOT,    a.    [Gr.   nows,   many,    and 

7>.urra,  tongue.] 
Having  or  containing  many  languages  ;  as 
a  polyglot  lexicon  or  Bible.  ] 

POLYGLOT,  n.  A  book  containing  many 
languages,  particularly  the  Bible  contain- 
ing the  .Scriptures  in  several  languages. 
One  who  understands  many  languages. 
[,Vot  in  use.]  Howell. 

POL'YGON,  71.  [Gr.  jfcXus,  many,  and  yana. 
in  angle.]  ] 

In  geometry,  a  figure  of  many  angles  and 
sides,  and  whose  perimeter  consists  at 
least  of  mure  than  four  sides.  Enci/c. 

POLYG'ONAL,     )      Having  many  angles. 
POLYG'ONOIJS,  S  "•  Lee. 

POLYG'ONUM,  I  [Gr.  7to?.D5,  many,  and 
POL'YGON,  l^- yoii;  knee  or  "knot.] 
Knotgrass,  a  genus  of  plants  so  named 
from  tli(^  nmuerous  joints  in  the  stem. 
POL'YGRAiM,  71.  [Gr.  rto7.t-;,  many,  and 
ypauua.  a  writing.]  A  figure  consisting  of 
many  lines.  Dict.i 

POL'YGR  APH.  71.    [i^ee  Polygraphy.]     An' 
instruiiicnt  for  multiplying  copies  of  a  wri 
ting  wiih  case  and  expedition. 
POLYGRAPnie,        I      Pertaining  to  po 
POLYGRAPII'ICAL,  ^''"  lygraphy  ;   as  al 

polygraphic  instruinent. 
■2.  Done  with  a  polygraph;  as  a  poly  graphic 

copy  or  writing. 
POLYG'RAPIIY,  71.  [Gr.  jto%vi,  many,  and 
yjiaft-,  a  writing  ;  )va<J>"t  to  write.]  | 

The  art  iif  writing  in  various  ciphers,  and  of 
leciphcring  the  same.  Diet.     Encyc.\ 

POL'YgYN,  71.  [Gr.  rtoU'5,  many,  and  yvvr,,\ 
a  female.]     In  botany,  a  plant  having  many 
pistils. 
POLYOYN'IAN,  a.  Having  many  pistils. 
POLYG'YNY,    71.     [Gr.  rtoxvs,   many,   and 

yvirj,  a  female.] 
The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than  one 
at  the  same  time.  Forster's  Obs. 

POLYHA'LITE,  7i.  [Gr.   rtoM?,  many,  and 

aX5,  salt.] 
A  mineral  or  salt  occurring  in  masses  of  a 
fibrous  structure,  of  a  brick  red  color,  be- 
ing tinged  with  iron.  It  contains  sul-^ 
phatesof  lime,  of  magnesia,  of  potash  and; 
ofsoda.  Clcnvcland. 

POLA'HE'DRAL,     ?        [See    Polyhedron.]] 
POLYHE  DROlcJ,  ^  "•  Havingmany  sides ; 
as  a  solid  body.  ' 


POL 

POLYHE'DRON,  7!.  [Gr.  rco>xi,  many,  and 
f  Aptt,  side.] 

In  geometry,  a  body  or  solid  contained  un- 
der many  sides  or  planes. 
in  optics,  a  multiplying  glass  or  lens  con- 
sisting of  several  plane  surfaces  disposed 
in  a  convex  form.  Encyc. 

POLYL'OtiY,  71.  [Gr.  rtoxvj,  many,  and 
?.oyo5,  discourse.] 

A  talking  much  ;  talkativeness ;  garrulity. 
[jYot  in  use.]  Granger. 

POLYMATll'IC,  a.  [See  Potymathy.]  Per- 
taining to  polyinathy. 

POLY  31  ATI  I Y,  71.  [Gr.  rtoUj,  many,  and 
fiaDr^/jii,  learning  ;  ftavOava,  to  learn.] 

The  knowledge  of  many  arts  and  sciences ; 
acquaintance  with  many  branches  of  learn- 
ing or  with  various  subjects. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

POL'YMNITE,  ?(.  [stone  of  many  marshes.] 
A  stone  marked  with  dendrites  and  Mack 
linos,  and  so  disposed  as  to  represent  riv- 
er.*, marshes  and  ponds.       Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

POLYMORPH,  71.  [Gr.  «o?.v?,  many,  and 
/«op^,  form.] 

\  name  given  by  Soldani  to  a  numerous 
tribe  or  series  of  shells,  which  arc  very 
small,  irregular  and  singular  in  form,  and 
which  cannot  be  referred  to  anv  known  ge- 
nus. Did.  .Yal.  Hist. 

POLY.MORPH'OUS,  a.  [supra.]  Ha%ing 
many  forms.  Bigtlou: 

POL'YNEME,  n.  A  fish  having  a  scaly 
compressed  head,  with  a  blunt  prominent 
nose,  and  pliform  appendages  to  the  pecto- 
ral fins.  Pennant. 

POLYNE'SIA,  71.  s  as  :.  [Gr.  rtoj^vj,  many, 
and  iTjdo;,  isle.] 

A  new  term  in  geography,  used  to  designate 
a  great  number  of  isles  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  as  the  Pelew  isles,  the  Ladroiics, 
the  Carolines,  the  Sandwich  isles,  the 
Marquesas,  the  Society  isles  and  the 
Friendly  isles.        De  Drosses.     Pinkerton. 

POLYNE'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Poly- 
nesia. 

POL'YNOME, 
ovoua,  name.] 

In  algebra,  a  quantity  consisting  of  many 
terms. 

POLYNO'MIAL,  a.  Containing  many 
names  or  terms. 

POLYON'OMOUS,  a.  [Gr.  .fon-j,  matiy, 
and  oioua,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  titles;  many-titled; 

Sir  }y.  Jones. 

POLYON'OMY,  71.  [supra.]  Variety  of  dif- 
ferent names.  Fnber. 

POLYOP'TRU.'M,  71.  [Gr.  rtoxv,-,  many,  and 
orcrouai,  to  see.] 

A  glass  through  which  objects  appear  mul- 
tiplied. 


[Gr.  rto?.v{,  many,  aiid 


POL'YPE,    I      [Gr.  -toxt-rtovj ;  aoxvi,  many, 

POL'YPI'S,  i  "■  an.l  -tovs,  foot.] 

1.  Something  that  has  many  feet  or  roots. 

•2.  In  zoology,  a  species  of  fresh  water  insect, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Hydra  and  order 
of  zoophytes.  Of  this  animal  it  is  re- 
markable, that  if  cut  into  pieces,  each  part 
will  shoot  out  a  new  head  and  tail  and 
become  a  distinct  animal.  The  general 
character  of  this  animal  is,  it  fixes  itself 
by  its  base,  is  gelatinous,  linear,  naked, 
contractile,  and  capable  of  changing  place. 

Encyc. 


POL 


POM 


P  O  M 


The  common  name  of  all  those  small 
gelatinous  animals,  whose  mouth  is  sur- 
rounded by  tentacuta  or  feelers,  (whence 
the  name,)  and  conducts  to  a  simple  stom- 
ach, or  one  followed  by  intestines  in  the 
form  of  vessels.  They  constitute  a  dis- 
tinct class  or  order  of  zoophytes,  and  in- 
chide  those  compound  animals,  with  a 
fixed  and  solid  stem,  which  were  formerly 
regarded  as  marine  plants  (Ldthophi/les.) 

Cuviei: 

3.  A  concretion  of  blood  in  the  heart  and 
blood  vessels.  Pan 

4.  A  tumor  with  a  narrow  base,  somewhat 
resembling  a  pear  ;  found  in  the  nose, 
uterus,  &c.  Cooper. 

POLYPET'ALOUS,  a.    [Gr.   no%vs,  many, 

and  ttita7.ov,  a  petal.] 
In  botany,  having  many  petals  ;  as  a  poli/pet- 
alous  corol.  Martyn. 

POLYPHONIC,  a.  [infra.]  Havingor  con- 
sisting of  many  voices  or  sounds.      Busby. 
POLYPH'ONISM,  I       [Gr.    jioxi/j,    many 
POLYPH'ONY,       S"'  ai"'    t"*"?-    sound.; 
Multiplicity  of  sounds,  as  in  thereverbera 
tions  of  an  echo.  Derham. 

POLYPH'YLLOUS,    a.    [Gr.  ;io7ivj,  many 

and  ^v^'Kov,  leaf] 
In   botany,   many-leafed  ;  as   a  polypkyllous 

calyx  or  perianth. 
POL'YPIER,  n.    The   name   given  to   the 
habitations  of  polypes,  or  to  the  connnon 
part   of  those  compound    animals    called 
polypes.  Diet.  .IVat.  Hist.     Cuvier. 

POL'YPITE,  n.  Fossil  p.ilypo. 
POL' Y POD E,  )i.  [Gr.  Ttox^j  and  rtwi.]    An 
animal   having  many    feet;  the   millepe 
or  wood-louse.  Core. 

POLYP'ODY,  n.  [h.   polypodium,  from  the 

Greek.  See  Polype.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Polypodium,  of  the  or- 
der of  Filices  or  ferns.  The  fructifications 
are  in  roundish  points,  scattered  over  the 
inferior  disk  of  the  frons  or  leaf  There 
are  numerous  species,  of  wliicli  the  must 
remarkable  is  the  common  male  fern. 

Encyc. 
POL'YPOUS,    a.    [from  polypus.]    Having 
the  natiu'e  of  the   polypus  ;  having  many 
feet  or  roots,  like  the  polypus  ;  as  a  poly- 
pous concretion.  Arhuthnol 
POL'YSeOPE,    n.    [Gr.  rto%vi,  many,  and 

oxortfco,  to  view.] 
A  glass  which  makes  a  single  object  appear 
as  many.  Diet. 

POL'YSPAST,n.  [Sp.  polispastos  ;  Gr.  «oXt)5, 

many,  and  artau,  to  draw.] 
A  machine  consisting  of  many  pulleys. 

Did 
POL'YSPERM,    n.    [Gr.  Jtoxvj,  many,  and 

erlfpua,,  seed.] 
A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many  seeds 

Evelyn. 

POLYSPERM'OUS,   a.   Containing  manyl 

seeds ;  as  a  polyspermous  ca[)sule  or  lierry. 

Martyn: 
POLYSYLLAB'TC,        ^      [frotn  poh/s:/lla- 
POLY8VLLA1MCAL,  y  "'  bk.]    Pertaining 
to  a  poly.syllable;  consisting  of  many  syl- 
lables, or  of  more  than  three. 
POL'YSYLLABLE,  n.    [Gr.  noXvs,  many, 

and  rivXhiSri,  a  .syllable.] 
A  word  of  many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting 
of  more  syllables  than  three,  for  words  ofl 


a  less  number  than  four  are  called  mono- 
syllables, dissyllables  and  trisyllables. 

Encyc. 

POLYSYNDETON,  n.  [Gr.  jtoHmrSEfos ; 
HoXvi,  many,  and  amSiroi,  connecting.] 

A  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  the  copulative 
is  often  repeated ;  as,  "  we  have  ships 
and  men  and  money  and  stores." 

POLYTECHNIC,  a.  [Gr.  TtoXyj,  many,  and 
rexvy;,  art.] 

Denoting  or  comprehending  many  arts  ;  as 
a  polytechnic  school. 

POL'YTHEISM,  n.  [Fr.  polytheisme ;  Gr. 
rtoXvs,  many,  and  Stoj,  God.] 

The  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  go<ls  or  in- 
visible beings  superior  to  man,  and  having 
an  agency  in  thegovernment  of  the  world. 

Stillingjleet. 

POL'YTHEIST,  n.  A  per.son  who  believes 
in  or  maintains  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality 
of  gods. 

POLYTHEISTIC,         )        Pertaining    to 

POLYTHEIS'TICAL,  ^  ""  polytheism  ;  as 
polytheistic  belief  or  worship. 


2.  Holding  a  plurality  of  gods;  as  a  poly- 


theistic writer.  Miner.     Encyc. 

POMACE,  n,  [from  L.  pomum,  an  apple.  It. 
pome,  Sp.  porno,  Fr.  pomine.] 

The  substance  of  apples  or  of  similar  fruit 
crushed  by  grinding.  In  Atnerica,  it  is 
so  called  before  and  after  being  pressed. 
[See  Pomp  and  Pommel.' 

POMA'CEOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  apples; 
as  pomnceous  harvests.  Philips 

'2.  Like  pomace. 

POMA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  ponimade;  It.  pomala  ; 
Sp.  pomnila,  either  tVom  porno,  fruit,  or 
from  perfuming  ;  poma  signifyinij  in  Span- 
ish, a  perfume-box.]  Perfumed  ointment. 
[Little  used.] 

PO'MANDER,  n.  [Fr.pomme d'ambre.  John- 
son.] 

A  sweet  ball;  a  perfumed  ball  or  powder. 

Bacon.     Shak. 

POMA'TUM,  n.  [Fr.  pommade;  It.  pomata 
Sp.  pomaila.     S^e  Poinride.] 

An  unguent  or  composition  used  in  dressing 
the  hair.     It  is  also  used  in  medicine. 

En  eye. 

POMA'TUM,  V.  t.  To  apply  pomatum  toth. 
hair.  Diet. 

POME,  n.  [L.  pomum.]  In  hotnny,  a  pulpy 
pericarp  without  valves,  containing  a  cap- 
sule or  core,  as  the  apple,  pear,  &-c. 

Martyn. 

POME,  V.  i.  [Fr.  pommer.]  To  grow  to  a 
head,  or  form  a  head  in  growing.  [J^ot 
used.]  Diet. 

POMECIT'RON,  ?!.   A  citron  apple. 

B.  Jonson. 

POMEGRAN'ATE,  n.  [L.  pomum,  an  ap- 
ple, and  granatum,  grained.  See  Grain 
and  Oranate.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Puiiica.      This   fruit    is   as   large   as   an 
orange,  having  a  hard  rind    filled    with 
soft  |mlp  and  numerous  seeds.     It  is  of 
reddish  color. 

2.  The  tree  that  produces  pomegranates. 

3.  An  ornament  resembling  a  ponirgranato, 
on  the  robe  and  ejdiod  oi'the  Jewish  high 
iiriest. 

PoMEGRANATE-TREE,  n.  The  tree 
which  produces  pomegranates 


PO'MEROY,        \  ,,  Royal  apple ;  a  partic- 

POMERO  Y  AL,  \  "•  ular  sort  of  apple. 

Ainsworth. 

PO'ME-WATER,  n.    A  sort  of  apple. 

Shak. 

POMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  pomum,  an  apple, 
andy>ro,  to  produce.] 

Apple-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants 
which  bear  the  larger  fruits,  such  as  mel- 
ons, gourds,  pumpkins,  cucumbers,  &c. 
in  distinction  from  the  bacciferous  or  ber- 
ry-bearing plants.  Ray.    Arbuthnot. 

PO.\IME,  )      In  heraldry,  a  cross  with 

POMMETTE,  s"'one  or  more  knobs  at 
each  of  the  ends.  Encyc. 

POMMEL,  n.  [Fr.  pommeau;  It.  pomo,  aa 
apple  ;  porno  delta  spada,  the  pommel  of  a 
hilt;  Sp.  porno,  h.  pomum,  an  apple,  or  a 
similar  fruit  ;  VV.  pwmp,  a  round  mass  or 
lump.] 

1.  A  knob  or  ball.     2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  The  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword ;  the  pro- 
tuberant part  of  a  saddle-bow  ;  the  round 
knob  on  the  frame  of  a  chair.  &c. 

POMMEL,  i>.  t.  [from  the  noiin.]  To  beat 
as  with  a  pommel,  that  is,  with  something 
thick  or  bidky  ;  to  bruise. 

[The  French  se  pommeler,  to  grow  dap- 
ple, to  curdle,  is  from  the  same  source  ; 
but  the  sense  is  to  make  knobs  or  lumps, 
and  hence  to  variegate,  or  make  spots  like 
knobs.  The  Welsh  have  from  the  same 
root,  or  pwmp,  a  mass,  pwmpiau;  to  form 
a  round  mass,  and  to  thump,  to  bang,  Eng. 
to  bump.] 

POMMELED,  pp.  Beaten;  bruised. 

2.  In  heraldry,  having  pommels;  as  a  sword 
or  <lag'4er. 

POMME'LION,  n.  [from  pommel]  The 
cascabel  or  hmdmost  knob  of  a  cannon. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PO.MP,  n.  [L.  pompa;  Fr.  pompe  ;  Arm. 
pomp;  pompadi,  to  boast;  It.  Sp.  pompa; 
Svv.  pomp  ,  D.  pomp,  a  pump,  and  pompoen, 
a  gourd,  a  pumpkin  ;  G.  pomp,  show,  and 
pumpe,  a  \n\tu\\.  These  words  appear  to 
be  all  of  one  family,  coinciding  with  L. 
bomhns,  Sp.  bomlia,  Eng.  bomb,  bombdst. 
Tf)c  radical  sense  is  to  swell  or  dilate  ;  Gr. 
riop^Tir^,  ?to_urt£(a,  rtourtfiiuj.] 

1.  .\   procession  distinguished   by   ostenta- 


tion   of  grandeur  and  splendor  ;    as  the 
pomp  of  a  Roman  triumph. 
2.  Show    of  magnificence  ;    parade ;  splen- 
dor. 

Hearts  formed  for  love,  but   doom'd  in  vain 

to  i;h)vv 
In  prisoned  pomp,  and  weep  in  splendid  woe. 
Z).  Humphreys. 

POMPATTC,  a.  [Low  L.  pompaticus,  pom- 
patiis.] 

Pompous  ;  splendid  ;  ostentations.  [JSTot  in 
use.]  Barrow. 

I'OMP'ET,  >!.  The  ball  which  printers  use 
to  black  the  t\  pes.  Cotgrave. 

PO.M'PIIOLY.X,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  rto/u^oU'i  ; 
7tofi(}>o5,  a  tumor  ;  «fu^c|,  a  blast,  a  pufl",  a 
bubble,  a  pustule.     See  Pomp.] 

The  white  oxyd  which  sublimes  during  the 
combustion  of  ziiik  ;  called  flowers  of 
zink.  It  rises  and  adheres  to  the  dome  of 
the  furnace  and  the  covers  of  crucibles. 

Hill.     JVicholson.     Ure. 

POMP'ION,  71.  [M.  pompoen,  a  pumpkin,  a 
gouni ;  Sw.  pumpa.  See  Pomp  and  Pom- 
ace.] 


PON 


PON 


POO 


A  pumpkin  ;  a  plant  ant!  its  fruit  of  the  ge- 
nus ('ui'urhita. 

POM'I'IKh;,  n.  [L.  pomum,  apple,  and  py- 
rus.  pear.J     A  sort  of  peannaui. 

Jlinsivorih. 

POMl'OS'ITY,   n.  [It.  pomposita.]    Vomy- 

oiisMcss  ;  ustentation  ;  hoiisiuijr.        Jiikin. 

VOMl'-OUS,  «.  [I'r.  pompeux  ;  il.  pomjw.10.] 

1.  Dis|ilayin<r  pnnip  ;  .showy  with  {.'randeur  ; 
splendid  ;  ina^'uificent  ;  as  a  pompous  pro- 
cen.-iidn  ;  a  pompons  triumph. 

2.  O.-tentatious  ;  bcjastful ;  a.s  a  j)ompou«  ac- 
count of  private  adventures. 

POMl"OllSLY,  adv.  With  great  parade  or 
di.splay ;  magnificently  ;  splendidly  ;  os- 
tentatiously. Dryden. 

POMrOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pompous;  magnificence;  splendor  ;  great 
display  of  show  ;  osteutatiousness. 

Mdison. 

POM'-WATER,  li.  The  name  of  a  large 
apple.  Diet. 

PONO,  n.  [Sp.  Port.  It.  pantano,  a  pool  of 
stagnant  water,  also  in  Sp.  hinderauce, 
obstacle,  difliculty.  The  name  imports 
standing  water,  from  setting  or  confining. 
It  may  be  allied  to  L.  pono  ;  Sa.\.  pijndiin, 
to  pound,  to  pen,  to  restrain,  and  1-.  pon- 
tus,  the  sea,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  A  body  of  stagnant  water  without  an  out- 
let, larger  than  a  |)uddlc,  atid  smaller  than 
a  lake  ;  or  a  like  body  of  water  with  a 
small  outlet.  In  the  United  States,  we 
give  this  name  to  collections  of  water  in 
the  interior  country,  which  are  fed  by 
springs,  and  from  which  issues  a  small 
stream.  These  ponds  are  often  a  mile  or 
two  or  even  more  in  length,  and  the  cur- 
rent issuing  from  them  is  used  to  drive 
the  wheels  of  mills  and  furnaces. 

2.  A  collectior]  nt' water  raised  in  a  river  by 
a  dam,  for  the  purpose  of  propelling  mill- 
■whecls.  These  artificial  ponds  are  called 
mill-ponds. 

Pond  for  Jisli.     [See  Fish-pond.] 

PONO,  v.l    [from  the  noim.]    To   make  a 

liDiid  ;  to  collect  in  a  ])oud  by  stopping  the 

current  of  a  river. 
POND,   v.  <.  To  ponder.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
PON'DER,  V.   t.  [L.  pondero,   from  pondo, 

pondus,  a  pound  ;  pendeo,  pendo,  to  weigh  ; 
—     ,  o 

Pers.  ixiljvij      pindashatan,     and 


)  i^Jj  liX' 


bandazidan,    to    think,  to 


consider.] 
1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  and 
compare  the  circumstances  or  consequen- 
ces of  an  event,  or  the  importance  of  the 
reasons  for  or  against  a  decision. 

Mary   kept   all   those   things,  and  pondered 
them  iu  her  hiart.    Luke  ii. 

'2.  To  view  with  deliberation ;  to  examine. 
Ponder  the  path  of  thy  feet.  Prov.  iv. 
The  Lord  pondereth  the  hearts.   i-*rov.  xxi. 

To  ponder  on,  is  sometiines  used,but  is  not 
to  be  countenanced. 

PON'DERABLE.a.  That  maybe  weighed; 
capable  of  being  weighed.  Brown. 

PON'DERAL,  a':  [from  L.  pondus,  weight.] 
Estimated  or  ascertained  by  weight,  as 
distinguished  from  numeral;  as  a  ponderal 
drachma.  Jlrbuthnot. 


PON'DERANCE,  n.  Weight ;  gravity. 

Gregory. 
PON'DERATE,  v.t  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ; 

to  consider.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Ch.  Relie.  Appeal. 
PONDERA'TION,  n.  The  act  ol  weighurg. 

[LiUk  used.]  Jlrhuthnot. 

PON  IJLUED,  pp.  Weighed  in  the  mmd  ; 

coiisidered  ;  examined  by  intellectual  op- 
eration. 
PON'DEKER,  n.  One  that  weighs   in  his 

mmd.  }f  hillock 

PON'DERING,  ppr.    Weighing  iirtellectu- 

ally  ;  consideriirg  ;  deliberating  on. 
PON'DERINGLY,  adv.  With  consideration 

or  deliberatioir.  Hammond. 

PONDEROS  Try,    n.    Weight  ;    gravity  : 

heaviness.  Brown.     Ray. 

POiN'DLROUS,  a.  [L.  ponderosus;   It.  Sp. 

Port,  ponderoso.] 

1.  Very  heavy  ;  weighty ;  as  a  ponderous 
shield  ;  a  ponderous  load. 

2.  Important;  momentous;  as  a  ponderous 
project.  {This  application  of  the  word  is 
unusual.] 

3.  Forcible  ;  strongly   impulsive  ;  as  a  mo 
tion  vehement  or  ponderous ;  a  ponderous 
blow.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

Ponderous  spar,  heavy  spar,  or  baryte. 

|■0^'l)KROLSLV,a(/l'.  With  great  weight. 

PON'DEROL'SNESS,  n.  Weight;  heavi- 
ness ;  gravity.  Boyle. 

POND'-WEED,  n.  [pond  and  tceed.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus   Potanrogeton.     The  Iripli 
headed  pond-weed  is  of  the  genus  Zanni- 
chellia. 

PO'NENT,  a.  [It.  ponente,  the  west;  h.  po- 
nens,  Irom  pono,  to  set.] 

Western;  as  the  po7ieji<  winds.  [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

PON'GO,  n.  A  name  of  the  orang  outaug. 
Diet.  Ai'nt.  Hist. 

The  naine  pongo  was  applied  by  Ruti'on  to  a 
large  species  of  orang  outang,  which  is 
now  ascertained  to  have  been  an  imagin 
ary  aniiual.  It  is  applied  by  Cuvier  to  the 
largest  species  of  ape  known,  which  in- 
habits Borneo,  and  resembles  the  true 
orang  outang  iti  its  general  form  and  erect 
|iosition,  but  has  the  cheek  pouches  and 
lengthened  muzzle  of  the  baboon.  It  has 
also  been  applied  (Ed.  Encyc.)  to  the  Simla 
troglodytes  or  chim]ianzee  of  Cuvier,  a  na- 
tive <jf  W.  Africa.         Curler.     Ed.  Encyc. 

PONIARD,  n.  pon  yard.  [Er.  poignard ;  It. 
pugnale  ;  Sp.  puhal ;  Port,  punhal.  There 
is  an  appearance  of  the  formation  of  this 
word  from  the  name  of  the  fist,  Fr.  poing, 
S\t.  puho,  It.  pug)xo,  h.  pvgnus ;  but  this 
is  not  obvious.] 

A  small  dagger;  a  pointed  instrument  for 
stabbing,  borne  in  the  hand  or  at  the 
girdle,  or  in  the  pocket.  Encyc. 

PONIARD,  !'.  /.  pon'yard.  To  pierce  with  a 
poniard ;  to  stab. 

PONK,  n.  [qu.  W.  pwca,  bwg,  a  hobgoblin  ; 
Ice.  puke.] 

A  nocturnal  spirit ;  a  hag.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PONT'AGE,  n.  [L.  pons,  pontis,  a  bridge, 
Sp.  puente,  W.  pont.] 

.\  duty  paid  for  repairing  bridges.       Jlyliffe. 

PONTEE',  n.  In  glass  works,  an  iron  in- 
strument used  to  stick  the  glass  at  the 
bottotn,  for  the  more  convenient  fashion- 
ing the  neck  of  it.  Cyc. 


PONTTe,  a.  [L.  Pontus,  the  Euxine  sea, 
Ur.  novTOi.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Poulus,  Euxine,  or  Black 
Si-a.  J.  Barlow. 

PON  TIF,  n.  [Fr.  ponh/e ;  L.  pon(i/i?r  ;  said 
to  be  from  pOTiS,  a  bridge,  and  Jacio,  to 
make.] 

A  high  priest.  The  Romans  had  a  college 
of  pontifs  ;  the  Jews  had  their  pon  I  if s  : 
and  in  modern  limes,  the  pope  is  called 
pontifor  sovereign  pontif.  Encyc. 

POJ\TIF'l€,  a.  Relating  to  priests:  popish. 
.Milton.     Shenstone. 

PONTIF'l€AL,  a.  [L.  pontif , alts.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  high  j)riest ;  as  ponlifcal  author- 
ity ;  hence,  belonging  to  the  pope  ;  popish. 

Raleigh. 

2.  Splendid;  magnificent.  .Shak. 

3.  Bridge-building.     [JVot  used.]         Milton. 
PONTIF'ICAL,  Ji.  A  book  containing  rites 

and  ceremonies  ecclesiastical. 

South.     Stillingfleet. 

2.  The  dress  and  ornaments  of  a  priest  or 
bishop.  Liowth. 

PONTIFICAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  and  gov- 
ernment ol  the  pope;  the  papacy.  [.Xot 
used.]  Usher. 

PONTIF'ICALLY,  adv.  In  a  pontifical  man- 
ner. 

PONTIFICATE,  n.  [L.  pontifieatus.]  The 
state  or  dignity  of  a  high  priest ;  particu- 
larly, the  oflice  or  dignity  of  the  pope. 

He  turned  hermit  in  the  view  of  being  ad- 
vanced to  the  pontificate.  Addiaun. 

2.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

Paiutirrg,  sculpture  and  architecture  may  all 
recover  Iheri^sclves  under  tlie  present  pontiji' 
cate.  Jlddi.'^un. 

PONTTFICE,  n.  Bridge-work  ;  structure 
or  edifice  of  a  bridge.     [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

PONTIFI'CIAL,  a.  Popish.  Burton. 

PONTlFI"CIAN,  (I.  Popish;  papistical. 

Hall. 

PONTIFP'CIAN,  n.  One  that  adheres  to 
the  pope  :  a  papi.st.  Mountngue. 

PON'TINE,      /       [L.  pondHff,  a  lake.]   De- 

POMP'TINF:,  ^"' signaling  a  large  marsh 
between  Rome  and  Nai)les. 

PONT'LEVIS,  71.  In  horsemanship,  a  disor- 
derly resisting  of  a  horse  by  rearing  re- 
peatedly on  his  hind  leg.s,  so  as  to  be  in 
danger  of  coming  over.  Bailey. 

PONTOON',  JI.  [Fr.  Sp.  ponton,  from  Fr. 
pont,  L.  pons,  a  bridge,  probably  from  the 
root  of  pono,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  fiat-bottomed  boat,  whose  frame  of 
wood  is  covered  and  lined  with  tin,  or 
covered  with  copper;  used  in  forming 
bridges  over  rivers  for  armie.s.  Encyc. 

2.  A  lighter ;  a  Ion  flat  vessel  resembling  a 
barge,  furnished  with  cranes,  capstans 
and  other  machinery  :  used  in  careening 
ships,  chiefly  in  the  Mediterranean. 

.Mnr.  Diet. 

Pontoon-hridge,  is  a  bridge  formed  with  pon- 
toons, anchored  or  made  fist  in  two  lines, 
about  five  feet  asunder.  Cyc. 

Pontoon-carriage,  is  made  with  two  wheels 
only,  and  two  long  side  pieces,  whose  fore 
ends  are  supported  by  timbers.  Cyc. 

PO'NY,  n.  A  small  horse. 

POOD,  JI.  ."V  Russian  weight,  equal  to  40 
Russian  or  3G  English  pounds. 

POOL.  JI.  [Sax.  pol,  pul ;  Jy.poel;  G.pfuhl; 
Dan.  pol ;  W.  pwll,  a  pool  or  pit :  .^rm. 


POO 


POO 


POP 


poul ;  L-  pah'S  ;  Gr.  rt»iJ.o{ ;  probably  from 
setting,  stiiijtiiiig,  like  L.  skignum,  or  from 
issuing,  as  a  spring.]  1 

A  small  collection  of  water  in  a  hollow  place, 
supplied  by  a  spring,  and  discharging  its 
surplus  water  by  an  outlet.  It  is  smaller 
than  a  lake,  and  in  New  England  is  neverj 
confounded  with  pond  or  lake.  It  signi- 
fies with  us,  a  spring  with  a  small  bason 
or  reservoir  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
It  is  used  by  writers  with  more  latitude,' 
and  sometimes  signifies  a  body  of  stag- j 
nant  water.  Milton.     Encyc.     Bacon.W 

POOL,      I      [Fr.  poule.]  The  stakes  played 

POULE,  \  "■  for  in  certain  games  of  cards. 

Southern. 

POOP,  n.  [Fr.  poiipe ;  It.  poppa  ;  Sp.  popa ; 
L.  puppis  ;  probably  a  projection.] 

The  highest  and  aftmost  part  of  a  ship's 
deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOP,  V.  t.  To  strike  upon  the  stern,  as  a 
heavy  sea. 

2.  To  strike  the  stern,  as  one  vessel  that 
runs  her  stem  against  another's  stern. 

Mar.  Did. 

POOPING,  n.  The  shock  of  a  heavy  sea  on 
the  stern  or  (piarter  of  a  ship,  when  scud- 
ding in  a  tempest  ;  also,  the  action  of  one 
ship's  running  her  stem  against  another's 
stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOR,  a.  [h.pa%tper;  Fr.  paitvre;  Sit.pobre; 
It.  povero ;  Arm.  paour ;  Norm,  pour,  pow- 
er.] 

1.  Wholly  destitute  of  property,  or  not  hav- 
ing property  sufficient  for  a  comfortable 
subsistence ;  needy.  It  is  often  synony- 
mous with  indigent,  and  with  necessitous, 
denoting  extreme  want ;  it  is  also  applied 
to  persons  who  are  not  entirely  destitute 
of  property,  but  are  not  rich  ;  as  a  poor 
man  or  woman  ;  poor  people. 

2.  In  law,  so  destitute  of  property  as  to  be 
entitled  to  maintenance  from  the  i)ul>lic 

3.  Destitute  of  strength,  beauty  or  dignity  ; 
barren  ;  mean  ;  jejune;  as  a  poor  compo 
sition  ;  a  poor  essay  ;  a  poor  discourse. 

4.  Destitute  of  value,  worth  or  importance  ; 
of  little  use  ;  trifling.  | 

That  I  have  wronged  no  man,  will  lie  a  poor^ 
plea  or  apology  at  the  last  day.  C'atainy.i^ 

5.  Paltry  ;  mean ;  of  little  value  ;  as  a  poor, 
coat  -,  a  poor  house. 

C.  Destitute  of  fertility  ;  barren;  exhausted; 
as  poor  land.    The  ground  is  become  poor.^ 

7.  Of  little  w  orth  ;  unimportant ;  as  in  niy 
poor  opinion.  Sunjt. 

8.  Unhappy  ;  pitiable. 

Vex'il  sailors  curse  the  rain 
For  which  poor  shepherds  pray'd  in  vain. 

Waller. 


9.  Mean  ;  depressed  ;  low  ;  dejected  ;  desti 
lute  of  spirit. 

A  soothsayer  made  Antonius  believe  that 
his  a;enius.  which  was  olliurwise  brave,  was,  in 
the 'presence  of  Octavianus, /loor  and  cowardly. 

Bacon. 

10.  Lean;  emaciated;  as  a /)oor  horse.  The 
ox  is  poor. 

11.  Small,  or  of  a  bad  quality;  as  a  poor 
crop  ;  a  poor  harvest. 

12.  I'nconifdrtnble ;    restless;   ill.     The  pa- 
tient has  had  a  poor  night. 

13.  Destitute  of  saving  grace.  Rev.  iii. 

14.  In  general,  wanting  good  qualities,  or 
the  qualities  which  render  a  thing  valua- 


ble, excellent,  proper,  or  sufficient  for  its 
purpose;  as   a  poor  pen;  a  poor   ship;  a 
poor  carriage  ;  jmor  fruit ;  ^oor  bread  ;  poor 
wine,  &c. 
15.  A  word  of  tenderness  or  pity  ;  dear. 

Pour,  little,  pretty,  flutleriog  thing.       Prior. 
1(3.  A  word  of  slight  contempt;  wretched. 
The  poor  monk  never  saw  many  of  the  de- 
crees and  councils  he  had  occasion  to  use. 

Baiter. 

17.  The  poor,  collectively,  used  as  a  noun  ; 
those  who  are  destitute  of  property  ;  the 
indigent;  the  needy;  in  a  legal  sense, 
those  who  depend  on  charity  or  mainten- 
ance by  the  public. 

I  have  observed  the  more  public  provisions 
arc  made  for  the  ^oor,  the  less  they  provide  for 
themselves.  Franklin 

Poor  inspirit,  in  a  Scriptural  sense,  humble  ; 

'     contrite  ;  abased   in  one's  own  sight  by  a 

I     sense  of  guilt.  Matt.  v. 

POOR'JOIIN,  ?i.  A  sort  of  fish  [callanusl 
of  the  genus  Gadus.  Ainsworlh.] 

POOR'LY,  adv.  Without  wealth ;  in  indi- 
gence or  want  of  the  conveniences  and 
comforts  of  life  ;  as,  to  live  poorly. 

Sidney.] 

2.  With  little  or  no  success;  with  little! 
growth,  profit  or  advantage  ;  as,  wheat! 
grows  poorly  on  the  Atlantic  borders  of 
New  England;  these  men  have  succeeded 
poorly  in  business. 

j3.  Meaidy  ;  without  spirit. 

Nor  is  their  courage  or  their  wealth  so  low. 
That  from  his  wars  they  poorly  would  retire. 

Drydcn. 

4.  Without  excellence  or  dignity.     He  per- 
forms poorly  in  elevated  characters. 
POOR'LY,   a.    Somewhat  ill;   indisposed; 
not  in  health  ;  a  common  use  of  the  word  in 
America. 

For   three  or  four  weeks    past  I  have   lost 
ground,  having  been  poorlii  in  healtli. 
^  Th.  Scott. 

POOR'NESS,  n.  De.stitution  of  property  : 
indigence  ;  poverty  ;  want ;  as  the  poor- 
ness of  the  exchequer. 

No  less  1  hate  him  than  the  gates  of  hell. 
That  poorness  can  force  an  untruth  to  tell. 

Chapman 
[In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  poverty.] 

2.  Meanness  ;  lowness  ;  want  of  dignity  ; 
as  the  poorness  of  language. 

3.  Want  of  spirit ;  as  poorness  and  degene 
racy  of  spirit.  Addison. 

4.  Barrenness;  sterility;  as  the  poorness  of 
land  or  soil. 

3.  Unproductiveness  ;  want  of  the  metallic 
substance  ;  as  tlie  poorness  of  ore. 

6.  Smallness  or  bad  qiudity  ;  as  the  poorness 
of  crops  or  of  grain. 

7.  Want  of  value  or  importance ;  as  the 
poorness  of  a  plea. 

Want  of  goo<l  qualities,  or  the  proper 
(pialities  which  constitute  a  thing  good  in 
its  kind ;  as  the  poorness  of  a  ship  or  of 
cloth. 

'J.  Narrowness ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  ca- 
pacity. Spectator. 

Poorness  of  spirit,  in  a  theological  sense,  true 
humility  or  contrition  of  heart  on  accoimt 
of  sin. 

POOR-SPIRITED,  a.  Of  a  mean  spirit; 
cowardly  ;  base.  Dcnham. 

POOR-SPIR'ITEDNESS,  »i.  Mcamiess  or 

1     baseness  of  spirit ;  cowardice.  Soutk 


POP,  n.  [D.  potp.    The  primary  sense  is  to 

drive  or  thrust.] 
A  small  smart  quick  sound  or  report. 

Spectator. 
POP,  V.  i.  To  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a 
quick,  sudden  motion. 

1  startled  at  his  popping  upon  me  unexpect- 
edly. Addison. 
2.  To  dart ;  to  start  from  place  to  place  sud- 
denly. Swijl. 
POP,  ('.  (.  To  thrust  or  push  suddenly  with 
a  quick  motion. 

He  popp'd  a  paper  into  his  hand.        Milton. 

Uid'st  thou  never  pop 
Thy  head  into  a  tinman's  shop  .'  Prior. 

To  pop  off,  to  thrust  away  ;  to  shift  off. 

Locke. 
POP,  arfi'.  Suddenly;  with  sudden  entrance 

or  appearance. 
POPE,  n.  [Gr.  rtartci,  nartrtaj.  rtarato; ;  Low  L. 
papa  ;  Hindoo,  bab ;  Turkish,  baba ;  Bythin- 
iau,  pappus  ;  Sp.  It.  Port,  papa  ;  Fr. pape; 
Scythian,  papa.  The  word  denotes  fath- 
er, and  is  among  the  first  words  articulat- 
ed by  children.] 

1.  The  bishop  of  Rome,  the  head  of  the 
catholic  church.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  fish,  called  also  a  ruff. 

Walton. 

PO'PEDOM,  n.  The  place,  office  or  dignity 
of  the  pope;  papal  dignity.  Shak. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  pope. 

PO'PE-JOAN,  n.  A  game  of  cards. 

Jenner. 

PO'PELING,  n.  An  adherent  of  the  pope. 

PO'PERY,  71.  The  religion  of  the  church  of 
Rome,  coinprehending  drictrines  and  prac- 
tices. Swift.     Encyc. 

PO'PE'S-EYE,  n.  [pop  and  p^e.]  The  gland 
surrounded  with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the 
thigh.  Johnson. 

POP'GUN,  n.  A  small  gun  or  tube  used  by 
children  to  shoot  wads  and  make  a  noise. 

Cheyue. 

POPTN.IAY,  n.  [Sp.  papagayo  ;  papa  and 
gayo  ;  Port.  id.  ;  It.  pappagallo.] 

1.  A  (jarrot.  Grew. 

2.  A  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  gay  head. 

Peacham. 

The  green  woodpecker,  with  a  scarlet 
crown,  a  native  of  Europe.        Ed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  gay,  trifling  young  man  ;  a  fop  or  cox- 
comb. Shak. 

POPISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope ;  taught 
by  the  pope  ;  pertaining  to  the  pope  or  to 
the  churcii  of  Rome ;  as  popisti  tenets  or 
ceremonies. 

PO'PISHLY,  adv.  In  a  popish  manner; 
with  a  tendency  to  popery  ;  as,  to  (be  po- 
pishly  artected  or  inclined. 

POPLAR,  n.  [L.  popH/i/s  ;  Fr.  peuplier ;  It. 
pioppo  ;  D.  poputier  ;  <i.  pappel,  ]>oplar  and 
mallows  ;  S\v.  poppel-trad  ;  Ir.  pobhlar.] 

A  tree  of  the  geims  PopuUis,  of  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  allele,  the  white  poplar,  the 
black  )ioplar,  the  aspen-tree,  ifcc.  It  is 
numliereil  among  the  acpiatic  trees. 

Encyc. 

POP'LIN,  J!.  A  stuff  made  of  silk  and 
worsted. 

I'OPLIT'EAL,  ?  [from    L.  poples,    the 

I'OPLIT'IC,      S    "■    '"""•] 

Pertaining  to  the  ham  or  knee  joint. 

Med.  Repos. 

POPPET.     [See  Puppet.] 


POP 


P  O  R 


P  O  R 


POP'PY,  n.  [Sax.  poptg;  W.  pabi;  Fr. 
pavot ;  L.  papaver  ;  It.  papavero^ 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Papaver,  of  several 
species,  from  one  of  which,  the  snimvi/erum 
or  white  poppy,  is  collected  opiiini.  This 
is  the  milky  j"ice  of  the  capsule  when 
halfgrown,"which  exsudes  from  incisions 
in  the  cortical  part  of  the  capsule,  is 
scraped  oft",  and  worked  in  an  iron  pot  in 
the  sun's  heat,  till  it  is  of  a  consistence  to 
form  cakes.  Eneijc. 

POP'ULACB,  71.  [Fr.  from  the  It.  popolaccto, 
from  L.  populus.     See  People.] 

The  common  people  ;  the  vulgar;  the  mul- 
titude, comprehending  all  persons  not  dis- 
tinguished l>y  rank,  education,  office,  pro- 
fession or  erudition.  Pope.     Stcijl. 

POP'ULACY,  n.  The  populace  or  common 
people.  A"-  Charles. 

POP'ULAR,  o.  [Fr.  popuhiire;  It.  popolare  ; 
Sp.  popular  ;  L.  popularis.     See  People.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people  ;  as  the 
popular  voice  ;  popular  elections. 

Soothe  ^o^JUtar  vote  inclines.  Milton. 

2.  Suitable  to  common  people ;  familiar ; 
plain  ;  easy  to  be  comprehended  ;  not  crit- 
ical or  abstruse. 

Homilies  are  plain  and  pojndar  ini<tiuctioii9. 

Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by  the  people ;  enjoying  the  fa- 
vor of  the  people  ;  pleasing  to  people  in 
general ;  as  a /*o/>«/ar  governor  ;  a  popular 
preacher;  a  popular  ministry;  a  popular 
discourse;  a  popular  administration;  a 
popular  war  or  peace.  Suspect  the  man 
who  endeavors  to  make  that  popular  which 
is  wrong. 

4.  Ambitious  ;  studious  of  the  favor  of  the 
people. 

A  popular  man  is  in  truth  no  better  than  a 
prostitute  to  common  fame  and  to  the  people. 

Dry  den. 
[This  sen.se  is  not  usual.     II  is  more  cus 
tomarij  to  appli/  this  epilhit  to  a  person  who 
has  alreail;/  gained  the  favor  of  the  people.] 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  people;  extensively 
prevalent ;  as  a  popular  disease. 

G.  In  law,  a  popular  action  is  one  which  gives 
a  penalty  to  the  person  that  sues  for  the 
same.  Blackstone. 

[Note.  Popular,  at  least  in  the  United  State 
is  not  synonymous  with  vulgar;  the  latter 
being  applied  to  the  lower  classes  of  peo 
pie,  the  illiterate  and  low  bred  ;  the  former  is 
applied  to  all  classes,  or  to  the  body  of  the  peo 
pie,  including  a  great  portion  at  least  of  well 
educated  citizens.] 
POPULARITY,  n.  [L.  ;)o/)ij/fln7«s.]  Favor 
of  the  people  ;  the  state  of  possessing  the 
affections  and  confidence  of  the  people  in 
general ;  as  the  popularity  of  the  ministry  ; 
the  popularity  of  a  public  officer  or  of  a 
preacher.  It  is  applied  also  to  things;  as 
the  popularity  of  a  law  or  public  measure ; 
the  popularity  of  a  book  or  i>oem.  The 
most  valuable  trait  in  a  patriot's  character 
is  to  forbear  all  improper  compliauces  for 
gaining  popularity. 

I  have  long  since  learned  the  little  value 
which  is  to  be  placed  in  popularity,  acquired 
by  any  other  way  than  virtue;  I  have  also 
learned  that  it  is  often  obtained  by  other  means, 
P.  Henry,  WirCs  Sketches 
The  man  whose  ruling  principle  is  duty — is 
never  perplexed  with  anxious  corroding  calcu- 
lations of  interest  and  popularity.       J.  Haves 

2.  Representation  suited  to  vulgar  or  com- 

Vol.  II. 


mon  conception  ;  that  which  is  intendedJlPOR'CELAlN,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  poreelatia ;  It. 


or   adapted  to  procure  the  favor  of  the 
people.     [LAltle  used.]  Bacon. 

POP'ULARIZK,  V.  t.  To  make  jiopnlar  or 
common  ;  to  spread  among  the  jieople  ;  as, 
to  popularize  philosophy  or  ]diysics ;  to 
popularizea.  knowledge  of  chimical  princi- 
ples. Beddoes.     Ure. 

POP'ULAR IZED,p;).  Made  |,opular,  or  in- 
troduced among  the  people. 

POPULARIZING,  pjrr.  Making  popular,  or 
introducing  among  the  people. 

POP'ULARLY,  adv.  In  a  popular  manner; 
so  as  to  please  the  populace. 
The  victor  kuight. 
Bareheaded,  ^i)/m/ar/y  low  had  bow'd. 

Dryden 

2.  According  to  the  conceptions  of  the  com 
mon  people.  Brown. 

POPULATE,  V.  i.  [It.  popolare,  from  L. 
popidus.] 

To  breed  peojile  ;  to  propagate. 

\Mien  there  be  great  shoals  of  people  which 
go  on  to  populate.  Bacon, 

POPULATE,  V.  t.  To  people;  to  furnish 
with  inhabitants,  either  by  natural  in- 
crease, or  by  iiiiinigraiion  or  colonization. 

|l'()PULATE,  for  populous,  is  not  now  in 
use. 

POP'ULATED,;)/).  Furnished  with  inhabit- 
ants;  peopled. 

IPOPU  LATINO,  ppr.  Peopling. 

POPULA'TION,  n.  'I'he  act  or  operation  of 
peiipling  or  furnishing  with  inhabitants ; 
multiplication  of  inhabitants.     The  value 


porcellana,  signifying  porcelain  and  purs- 
I     lain,   u   plant  ;    Fr.  porcetaine,   porcelain, 
I     the  sea-snail,  the   purple   fish,  and   purs- 
lain  ;    Arm.    pourcelinnen.     Our  purslain 
\     is  doubtless  from  the    Latin  porlulaca,  as 
Phny  writes    it,   or  porculata,   as   others 
write  it.     But  I  know  not  the  reason  of 
I     the  name.] 

1.  The  finest  species  of  earthern  ware,  origin- 
I     ally    riiiinufactured    in  China   aii<l  .lapan, 

but  now  made  in  several  European  (  oun- 
I  tries.  All  eartliprii  wares  whiih  are  white 
and  semi-transparent,  are  called  |)<irce- 
lains,  but  they  diflcr  much  in  their  fine- 
ness and  beauty.  The  porcelain  of  China 
is  saiil  to  be  made  of  two  species  of  earth, 
the  petuntse,  v/hicli  is  fusible,  and  the  ka- 
olin, which  is  not  fusible,  or  not  with  the 
degree  of  heat  which  fii.ses  the  petuntse, 
and  that  in  porcelain  the  substances  are 
only  seiiii-vitrified,  or  one  substance  only 
is  vitrified,  the  other  not.  Hence  it  is  con- 
cluded that  porcelain  is  an  intermediate 
substance  between  earth  and  glass.  Hence 
the  second  degree  of  fusibility,  of  which 
emotlescence  is  the  first,  is  called  by  Kir- 
wan  the  porcelain  state. 

Diet.  A''at.  Hist,    .\icholson. 
Kinvan.     Knnjc. 

2.  The  plant  called  purslain,  which  see. 

Ainsworth. 

PORCELLA'NEOUS.  a.  [from  porcelain.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  porcelain  :  as 
porcellaneous  shells.  Hatche.lt. 


of  our  western  lands  is  annually  enhancedjpoR'CELLANITE,  n.  A  silicious  mineral, 

a  sjiecies  of  jasper,  of  various  colors.  It 
seems  to  be  formed  accidentally  in  coal 
mines  which  have  indurated  and  semi-vit- 
rified beds  of  coal-shale  or  slate-clay.  It 
is  .sometimes  marked  with  vegetable  im- 
pressions of  a  brick  red  color. 

Kinoan,froni  Peithner. 

Cyc.     Cleaveland. 

PORCH,  n.  [Fr.  porche,   from   L.  porticus, 

from  porta,  a  gate,  entrance  or   passage, 

or  from  partus,  a  shelter.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  vestibule  sup- 
ported by  columns  at  the  entrance  of  tem- 
ples, halls,  churches  or  other  buildings. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  portico  :  a  covered  walk. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  the  porch,  was  a 
public  [lortico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the 
philosopher,  taught  his  disciples.  It  was 
called  noi.xi7.r„  the  painted  porch,  from  the 
])ictiires  of  Polygnotus  and  other  eminent 
painters,  with  which  it  was  adorned. 
Hence,  iAe  Porch  is  equivalent  to  the  school 
of  the  Stoics.  Enfield. 

POR'CINE,  a.  [L.  porcinus,  from  porous. 
See  Port.] 

Pertaining  to  swine  ;  as  the  porcine  species 
of  animals.  Gregory. 

POR'€UPINE,  n.  [It.  porco-spinoso,  the 
spinous  hog  or  spine-hog  ;  L.  porcus,  \V. 
pore,  a  pig,  and  L.  s/nna,  a  spine  or  thorn. 
So  in  French,  porc-e/«V,  the  s/;iAc-/iog-;  Sp. 
puerco-espin  :  Port,  porcoespinho  ;  D.i/zer- 
varken,  iron-hog;  G.  stachelschwein,thori\- 
swine  ;  Sw.  pinsinn,  Dan.  pindsviin,  pin- 
swine.] 

In  zoology,  a  quadruped  of  the  genus  Hys- 
trix.  The  crested  porcupine  has  a  body 
about  two  feet  in  length,  fonrtoeson  each 
of  the  fore  feet,  and  five  on  each  of  the 


by  population.  V.  States. 

2.  The  whole  number  of  people  or  inhabit-! 
ants  in  a  country.  Tlie  population  ol  Eng-1 
land  is  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  souls; 
that  of  the  United  Slates  in  I8i3,  was  ten 
millions. 

.\  country  may  have  a  great  population,  and 
yet  not  be  populous.  Tooke. 

3.  The  state  of  a  country  with  regard  to  its 
number  of  inhabitants,  or  rather  with  re- 
gard to  its  numbers  compared  with  their 
expenses,  consumption  of  goods  and  pro- 
ductions, and  ciirnings. 

Neither  is  the  population  to  be  reckoned  on- 
ly by  number  ;  lor  a  smaller  nundier  that  spend 
more  and  earn  less,  do  wear  out  an  estate  sooner 
than  a  greater  number  that  live  lower  and  gath- 
er more.  Bacon. 

POPULOS'ITY,  »!.  Populousness.  [A'o< 
used.]  Brown. 

POP'ULOUS,  o.  [L.  populosus.]  Full  of  in- 
habitants; containing  many  inhabitants  in 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  country. 
A  territory  containing  fifteen  or  twenty 
inhabitants  to  a  .square  mile  is  not  a  popu- 
lous country.  The  Netherlands,  and  some 
parts  of  Italy,  containing  a  hundred  and 
fifty  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  are 
deemeil  populous. 

POP'ULOUSLY.  adv.  With  many  inhabit- 
ants ill  proportion  to  the  extent  of  coun- 
try. 

POP'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
many  inhabitants  in  proportion  to  the  ex- 
tent of  country. 

By  populousness,  in  contradistinction  topop- 
ulafion,  is  understood  the  proportion  the  num- 
ber bears  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  they  live 
on.  tooke. 

POR'CATED.  a.  [L.  porca,  a  ridge.]  Ridg- 
ed ;  formed  in  ridges.  Astat.  Res.W 

39 


P  O  R 


FOR 


P  O  R 


liiml  feet,  a  crested  bead,  a  short  tail,  and 
the  upper  lip  divided  like  that  of  the  hare 
TIjp  body  is  covered  with  prickles  whicl 
are  very  sharp,  and  some  of  them  nine  or 
ten  inches  long ;  these  he  can  erect  at 
pleasure.  When  attacked,  he  rolls  his 
body  into  a  round  form,  in  which  position 
the  prickles  are  presented  in  every  direc 
tion  to  the  enemy.  This  species  is  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  and  Asia.  Enci/c 

POR'eUPINE-FISH,  n.  A  fish  which' is 
covered  with  spines  or  prickles.  It  is  of 
the  diodon  kind,  and  about  fourteen  inches 
in  length.  Did.  jYal.  Hist 

PORE,  n.  [Ft.  pore;  Sp.  It.  poro ;  Gr 
rtopos,  from  the  root  of  rtopsuouot,  to  go,  to 
pass,  S-dX.faran,  Eug.  to  fare.  See  Fare. 
The  word  then  signifies  a  passage.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  minute  interstice  in  the  skin 
of  an  animal,  through  which  the  perspira- 
ble matter  passes  to  the  surface  or  is  ex- 
creted. 

2.  A  small  spiracle,  opening  or  passage  in 
other  substances  ;  as  the  pores  of  plants  or 
of  stones.  Quincy.     DryUen.' 

PORE,  V.  i.  [Q.U.  Gr.  f<j>opu,   ('j)opau,   to  in-j 
spect.     In  ii\>.  porrear  IS  to  dwell  long  on, 
to  i)ersist  importunately  ;  ;)orro,  du" 
para,  to  continue,  to  persevere.] 

To  look  with  steady  continued  attention  or 
application.  To  pore  on,  is  to  read  or  ex- 
amine with  steady  perseverance,  to  dwell 
on  ;  and  the  word  seems  to  be  limited  in 
its  application  to  the  slow  patient  reading 
or  examination  of  books,  or  something 
written  or  engraved. 

Painfully  to  pore  upon  a  book.  Shalt 

With  shaipened  sight  pale  antiquaries  ^ore. 

Pope 

PORE-BLIND,  I       [Qu.  Gr.  rtupoj.]  Near- 

PURBLIND,       I"-  sighted;  short-sighted. 

Bacon. 

PO'RER,  n.  One  who  pores  or  studies  dili- 
gently. Temple. 

POR'gV,  n.  A  fish  of  the  gilt-head  kind. 

PO'RINESS,  n.  [from /fori;.]  The  state  of 
being  pory  or  having  numerous  jwres. 

ff'iseman 

PO'RISM,  n.  [Gr.  nopiafios,  acquisition 
from  rtopii^u,  to  gain,  from  rtopoj,  a  passing ; 
rcofiivoiiai,  to  pass.] 

In  geometry,  a  name  given  by  ancient  ge 
ometers  to  two  classes  of  propositions. 
Euclid  gave  this  name  to  propositions  in- 
volved in  others  which  he  was  investiga- 
ting, and  obtained  without  a  direct  view 
to  tlieir  discovery.  These  he  called  ac- 
quisitions, but  such  pro|)ositions  are  now 
called  corollaries.  A  porism  is  dclined,  "a 
proposition  aftirtning  the  possibility  of 
finding  such  conditions  as  will  render  a 
certain  problem  indeternjinate  or  capable 
of  innumerable  solutions."  It  is  not  a 
theorem,  nor  a  problem,  or  rather  it  in- 
cludes both.  It  asserts  that  a  certain 
problem  may  become  indeterminate,  and 
so  far  it  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  theo- 
rem, and  in  .seeking  to  discover  the  con- 
ditions by  which  this  may  he  effected,  it 
partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  iiroblem. 

Encyc. 

POUIS'TIC,        ?       Pertaining    to    a    pn- 

POKIS'TICAL,  ^"-  rism;  seeking  to  de- 
termine by  what  means  and  in  how  many 
ways  a  problem  may  be  .solved. 


PO'RITE,  n.  plu.  porites.  A  petrified  mad- 
repore. Diet.  jVat.  Hist. 

PORK,  n.  [L.  porcus,  a  hog  or  pig;  Fr. 
pore ;  W.  por<^  ;  Ann.  porcq,  porchell.  Qu. 
from  the  sliape  of  iiis  back,  L.  porca,  a 
ridge ;  or  from  his  snout  and  rooting.  In 
Sax.  berga  is  a  barrow.] 

The  flesh  of  swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used  for 
fo.id. 

POKK-EATER,  n.  One  that  feeds  on 
swine's  flesh.  Shak. 

PORKER,  n.  A  hog;  a  pig.  [J^ot  used  in 
.America.]  Pope. 

PORKET,  n.  A  young  hog.  Drydcn. 

PORKLING,  ji.  A  pig.  Ttisser. 

POROS'ITY,  n.  [from  porous.]  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  having  pores  or  interstices. 

Bacon. 

PO'ROUS,  a.  [from  pore]  Having  inter- 
stices in  the  skin  or  substance  of  the  body  ; 
having  spiracles  or  ])assages  for  fluid 
as  a  porous  skin  ;  porous  wood ;  porous 
earth.  .Milton.     Chapman. 

PO'ROUSNESS,  Ji.  The  quality  of  having 
pores  ;  porosity  ;  as  the  porousness  of  the 
skin  of  an  ainmal,  or  of  wood,  or  of  lbs 
sils. 
\V.j|2.  The  porous  parts.     [JVol  authorized.] 

Digby. 

POR'PESS,  n.  [It.  porco,  a  hog,  and  pesce, 
fish  ;  hog-fish,  called  by  other  nations,  sea- 
hog,  G.  meerschwein,  Fr.  marsouin,  Dan. 
Sw.  Norwegian,  marsvin,  Sw.  hafssi:in. 
In  W.  morhwc,  sea-hog,  is  the  name  of  the 
dolphin  and  granqjus,  from  the  resem- 
blance of  these  animals  to  the  hog,  proba- 
bly friini  the  roundness  of  the  buck,  as 
they  appear  in  the  water.] 

In  zoology,  a  cetaceous  fish  of  the  genus 
Delphinns,  whose  back  is  usually  black- 
ish or  brown,  whence  it  is  called  in  Dutch, 
bruinviseh,  brown  fish  ;  the  body  is  thick 
towards  the  head,  but  more  slender  to- 
wards the  tail,  which  is  semi-lunar.  This 
fish  preys  on  other  fisli,  and  seeks  food 
not  only  by  swiunning,  but  by  rooting 
like  a  hog  in  the  sand  and  mud,  whence 
some  persons  suppose  the  name  has  been 
given  to  it. 

Of  cetaceous  fi«h,  we  met  with  porpesses,  or 
as  some  sailors  call  them,  sea-hogs. 

Kalm's  Travels. 

PORPHYRlT'Ie,  }       [fitic  Porphyry.] 

PORPHYRA'CEOUS,  (,  "'  Pertaining  to 
porphyry ;  resembling  porphyry. 

2.  Containing  or  composed  of  porphyry  ;  as 
porpht/niceous  mountains.  Kirwan. 

POR'PilYKIZE,  v.t.  To  cause  to  resem- 
ble pivrphyry  ;  to  make  s])otted  in  its  com- 
position. Cooper. 

PORPHYRY,  n.  [Gr.  rtop^v,,a,  purple;  L. 
porphyrilvs  ;  I'r.  porphyre  ;  It.  Sp.  porfido.] 

A  mineral  coiisisling  of  a  homogeneous 
ground  with  crystals  of  some  other  min- 
eral imbedded,  giving  to  the  mass  a 
speckled  conqilexion.  One  variety  of 
Egyptian  porphyry  has  a  purple  ground, 
whence  the  name  of  the  species;  but  the 
hoiriogeneous ground  with  inibedilod  crys- 
tals, being  all  that  is  essential  to  porphyry, 
its  composition  and  colors  are  consei|ucnt- 
ly  various.  //  Olmsted. 

Porphyry  is  very  hard,  and  su.sccptible 
of  a  fine  polish. 

Porphyry  is  composed  ofpaste  in  which 
are  disseminated  a  multitude  of  little  an- 


gular and  granuliform  parts,  of  a  color  dif- 
ferent from  the  ground.      Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

PORPHYRY-SHELL,  n.  An  animal  or 
shell  of  the  genus  Murex.  It  is  of  the  snail 
kind,  the  shell  consisting  of  one  spiral 
valve.  From  one  species  of  tliis  genus 
was  formerly  obtained  a  liquor  that  pro- 
duced the  Tyrian  purple. 

POR'PITE,    /  ,    The  hair-button-stone,  a 

POR'PITES,  ^  "•  small  species  of  fossil 
coral  of  a  roundish  figure,  flattened  and 
striated  from  the  center  to  the  circumfer- 
ence ;  found  immersed  in  stone.       Encyc. 

PORRA'CEOLS,  a.  [L.  porraeeua,  from 
porrum,  a  leek  or  onion.]  Greenish ;  re- 
.sembling  the  leek  in  color.  ff'iseman. 

PORREC'TION,  n.  [L.  porreclio,  porrigo ; 
per  or  por,  Eng.  for,  fore,  and  rego,  Kng. 
to  reach.]  The  act  of  stretching  forth 
[JVol  used.] 

POR'RET,  n.  [L.  porrum  ;  It.  porro,  porret- 
ta,  a  leek.]  A  scallion  ;  a  leek  or  small 
onion.  Broum. 

POR'RIDgE,  n.  [Qu.  pottage,  by  corrup- 
tion, or  L.  farrago,  or  I rom  porrum,  a  leek.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  naeat  in  wa- 
ter ;^  broth.  Johnson. 
This  mixture  is  usually  called  in  Ameri- 
ca, broth  or  soup,  but  not  porridge.  With 
us,  porridge  is  a  mixture  of  meal  or  flour, 
boiled  with  water.  Perhaps  this  distinc- 
tion is  not  always  observed. 

POR'RIDgE-POT,  n.  The  pot  in  which 
flesh,  or  flesh  and  vegetables  are  boiled  for 
food. 

POR  RINGER,  n.  [Qu.  porridge,  or  Fr. 
polager:  Coni.  podzher.] 

1.  A  small  metal  vessel  in  which  children 
eat  porridge  or  milk,  or  used  in  the  nurs- 
ery for  warming  liquors. 

2.  A  head-dress  in  the  shape  of  a  porringer ; 
in  contempt.  Shak. 

PORT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  partus  ;  Sp.  puerto ; 
It.  porta  ;  Arm.  poi-z  ;  W  porth  ;  from  L. 
porta,  to  carry,  Gr.  i^npfuj,  L.  fera,  Eng.  to 
bear.  The  Welsh  purlh  imites  the  signi- 
fications of  L.  porta  and  partus,  and  the 
Gr.  fopeu  and  ,-topfiouat  are  jjrobablv  of 
one  family.  The  primary  sense  of  L. 
partus,  Eng.  part,\s  probably  an  entrance, 
place  of  entrance  or  passage.] 

1.  A  harbor ;  a  haven  ;  any  bay,  cove,  inlet 
or  recess  of  the  sea  or  of  a  lake  or  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  which  ships  or  vessels 
can  enter,  and  where  they  can  lie  safe  from 
injury  by  storms.  Ports  may  be  natural 
or  artificial,  and  sometimes  works  of  art, 
as  piers  and  moles,  are  added  to  the  nat- 
ural shores  of  a  place  to  render  a  harbor 
more  safe.  The  word  port  is  generally 
applied  to  spacious  harbors  much  resorted 
to  by  ships,  as  the  part  of  London  or  of 
Boston,  and  not  to  small  bays  or  coves 
which  are  entered  occasionally,  or  in 
stress  of  weather  only.  Harbor  includes 
all  places  of  safety  for  shipping. 

2.  A  gate.  [L. porta.] 
From  their  ivory  pari  the  cherubim 

I  Forth  issued.  .^rdlon. 

[-3.  An  embrasure  or  opening  in  the  side  of  a 
ship  of  war,  through  which  cannon  are 
discharged  ;  a  port-hole.  Raleigh. 

4.  The  liil  which  shuts  a  port-hole. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Carriage  ;  air ;  mien  ;  manner  of  move- 
ment or  walk  ;  demeanor  ;    external  ap- 


P  O  R 


pearance  ;  as  a  proud  port ;  the  port  of  a 
gentleman. 

Their  port  waft  more  than  human.      Milton. 

With  more  terrific /)or< 
Thou  walkest.  ,-P""}'''- 

().  In  seamen's  language,  the  larboanl  or  lett 
side  of  a  ship;  as  in  the  phrase,  "the  ship 
heels  10 port."  "Port  the  helm,"  is  an  or- 
der to  put  the  heltn  to  the  larboard  side. 

7.  A  kind  of  wine  made  in  Portugal;  so 
called  from  Oporto.  Enci/c. 

Port  of  the  voice,  in  music,  the  faculty  or 
habit  of  making  the  shakes,  passages  and 
diminutions,  in  which  the  beauty  of  a  song 
consists.  Enci/c. 

PORT,  V.  t.  To  carry  in  form  ;  as  ported 
spears.  Milton. 

2.  To  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or  larboard  side 
of  a  ship.  See  the  noun,  No.  6.  It  is 
used  in  the  imperative. 

PORTABLE,  a.  [li.porlahile,  from  L.  porto, 
to  carry.] 

1.  That  may  be  carried  by  the  hand  or  about 
the  person,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  traveling 
vehicle;  not  bulky  or  heavy  ;  that  may  be 
easily  conveyed  from  place  to  place  with 
one's  traveling  baggage ;  as  a  portable 
bureau  or  secretary. 

2.  That  may  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  along  with  one. 

The  pleasure  of  the  religious  man  is  an  easy 
and  portable  pleasure.  South. 

4.  Sufterable  ;  supportable.     [Mit  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PORTABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing portable. 

PORTAGE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Port.]  The  act  of 
carrying. 

2.  The  price  of  carriage.  Fell. 

3.  A  port-hole.     [Unusual.]  Sliak. 

4.  A  carrying  place  over  land  between  nav- 
igable waters.  Jefferson.     Gallatin. 

PORTAL,  n.  [It.  portella  ;  Fr.  portail.]  In 
architecture,  a  little  gate,  where  there  are 
two  gates  of  different  dimensions.     Encyc. 

2.  A  little  square  corner  of  a  room,  separa 
ted  from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  form 
ing  a  short  passage  into  a  room.      Enci/c. 

3.  A  kind  of  arch  of  joiner's  work  before  a 
door.  Encyc. 

4.  A  gate  ;  an  opening  for  entrance  ;  as  the 
portals  of  heaven. 

PORTANCE,  n.  [from  Fr.  porter,  to  carry.]' 
Air  ;  mien  ;  carriage  ;  port ;  demeanor. 
[Ohs.]  Spenser.     Shak. 

PORTASS,  n.  A  breviary  ;  a  prayer  book. 
[portiiis,  porthose.]     [Not  used.] 

Spenser.     Camden.     Chaucer. 

PORTATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  portatif.]  Portable. 
[Not  used.]  Chaucer. 

PORT-BAR,  n.  A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of 
a  ship  in  a  gale  of  wind. 

Port-charges,  in  commerce,  charges  to  which 
a  ship  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a  har- 
bor, as  wharfage,  &c. 

PORT-€RA YON,  n.  A  pencil-case.    Encyc. 

PORTCUL'LIS,    n.  [coulisse,  in  French,  is 
from  collier,  to  flow  or  slip  down.     It  si 
nifies  a  groove  or  gutter.  I  think  it  cannot 
be  from  L.  clausus.] 

In  fortification,  an  assemblage  of  timbers 
joined  across  one  anotlier,  like  those  of  a! 
liarrow,  and  each  pointed  with  iron  ;  hung 
over  the  gat^'way  of  a  fortified  tinvn,  to 
be  lot  down  in  case  of  surprise,  to  prevent 
the  entrance  of  an  eueiny.  Encyc. 


P  O  R  P  O  R 

PORTCUL'LIS,  v.t.  To  shut;  to  bar;    tolPORTGRAVE, 

obstruct.  Shak.\  I'OKTGREVE 

PORTCLL'LISED,  a.  Having  a  portcullis.  PORTREEVE 


Shcnstone. 

PORTE,  n.  The  Ottoman  court,  so  called 

from  the  gate  of  the  Sultan's  palace  where 

justice   is   administered;    as  the  Sublime 

Porte. 

PORTED,  a.  Having  gates.     [Not  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  Borne  in  a  certain  or  regular  order.  Jones. 
PORTEND',  V.  f.  [L.  portendo ;   por,   Eng. 

fore,  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 
To  foreshow ;    to    foretoken ;     to    indicate 
something  future  by  previous  signs, 

A  moist  and  cool   summer  portends   a  hard 
winter.  Bacon. 

PORTF.ND'ED,  pp.  Foreshown ;  previous- 
ly indicated  by  signs. 
PORTEND'ING,  ppr.  Foreshowing. 
PORTEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  foreshow- 
ing.    [Not  in  use.]  Brown. 
PORTENT  ,  ?!.  [L.  portentum.]     An  omen 
of  ill;  any  previous  sign  or  prodigy  indi 
eating  the  ajiproach  of  evil  or  calamity. 
My  loss  by  iMreportents  die  god  lorelold. 

Dry  den. 
PORTENT'OUS,  a.  [L. portentosus.)  Omin 
ous  ;  tiireshowing  ill.     linorance  and  su- 
perstition hold  meteors  to  be  portentous 
■2.    Monstrous  ;    prodigious  ;   wonderful ;  tn 
an  ill  sense. 

No  beast  of  more  portentous  size, 
III  the  Herevnian  forest  lit-s.       Roscommon 
PORTER,  n.  [U.  portiere  ;   Fr.  portier ;  Sp. 
portero  ;  from  L.  porta,  a  gate.] 

1.  A  man  that  has  the  charge  of  a  door  or 
gate  ;  a  door-keeper.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  One  that  waits  at  the  door  to  receive  mes- 
sages. Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  porteur,  from  porter,  to  carry,  L.  por- 
ta.] A  carrier;  a  person  who  carries  or 
conveys  burdens  tor  hire.     Howell.   If'atts. 

4.  A  malt  li(iiior  which  differs  from  ale  and 
pale  beer,  in  being  made  with  high  dried 
malt. 

PORTERAtiE,  n.  Money  charged  or  paid 
for  the  carriage  of  burdens  by  a  porte 

Tooke. 

2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  door-keeper 

Churchill. 

PORTERLV,  a.  Coarse;  vulgar.  [Little 
used.]  Bray. 

PORTESSE.  [See  Portass.] 

PORT-FIRE,  n.  A  composition  for  setting 
lire  to  powder,  &c.  frequently  u.sed  in 
l)rcference  to  a  match.  It  is  wet  or  dry 
The  wet  is  composed  of  saltpeter,  four 
parts,  of  ■iulphurone,  and  of  mealed  pow 


\i,[  n. 


[L.  portus,  a  port,  and 
G.  graf,  D.graaf,  Sax. 
gercfa,    a     count,    an 


earl.] 

Formerly,  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or 
maritime  town.  This  otiicer  is  now  called 
mayor  or  bailif. 

PORT-HOLE,  n.  [port  &nA  hole.]  The  em- 
brasure of  a  ship  of  war.     [See  Port.] 

P0RTl€O,  n.  [It.  portico  ;  L. /JorticM,  irom 
porta  or  partus.] 

In   architecture,   a   kind   of  gallery    on   the 

^  ground,  or  a  piazza  encompassed  with 
arches  supported  by  columns :  a  covered 

i     walk.     The  rouf  is  sometimes  flat ;  soine- 

1     times  vaulted.  Encyc. 

PORTION,  Ji.  [L.  portio,  from  partio,  to  di- 
vide, from  par*,  part.  See  Part.] 

1.  In  general,  a  part  of  any  thing  separated 
from  it.     Hence, 

2.  A  part,  though  not  actually  divided,  but 
considered  by  itself 

These  arc  parts  of  his  ways,  but  how  little  j 
portion  is  heard  of  him.     Job  xxvi. 

3.  A  part  assigned ;  an  allotment ;  a  divi- 
dend. 

How  small 
Aportionio  your  share  would  fall.      Waller. 
The  priests  had  a  portion  assigned  them  of 
Pharaoh.     Gen.  xlvii. 

4.  The  part  of  an  estate  given  to  a  child  or 
heir,  or  descending  to  him  by  law,  and  dis- 
tributed to  him  in  the  settlement  of  the 
estate. 

ii.  A  wife's  fortune. 

PORTION,  I'.  /.  To  divide  ;  to  parcel ;  to 
allot  a  share  or  shares. 

And  portion  to  his  tribes  the  wide  domain. 

Pope. 

2.  To  endow. 

Him  portion'd  maids,   apprentic'd  orphans 
blest.  Pope. 

PORTIONED,  pp.  Divided  into  shares  or 

I     parts. 

2.  Endowed  ;  furnished  with  a  portion. 

PORTION  ER,  n.  One  who  divides  or  as- 
signs in  shares. 

PORTIONING,   ppr.    Dividing;  endowing. 

PORTIONIST,  n.  One  who  has  a  certain 
academical  allowance  or  portion. 

2.  The  incumbent  of  a  benefice  which  has 
more  rectors  or  vicars  than  one. 

I     .  Life  of  .1.  f food. 

PORTLAND-STONE,  n.  A  compact  sand- 

i     stone  from  the   isle  of  Portland  in  Eng- 

j     land,  which  forms  a  calcarious  cement. 

1  Nicholson. 

PORTonfE;  \  "■  '^^'^  gunwale  of  a  ship. 


a  little  lintsced  oil,  and  well  rubbed. 

is  composed   of  saltpeter,   four 

iliiir  one,  mealed  powder  two, 

autimmiy  one.  These  compositions  are 


der  four;    mi.\eil    and    sil\ed,    moistened!  To  lower  the  yards  a  portlast,   is   to    lower 

them  to  the  gunwale. 
To  ride  a  portoise,  is  to  have  the  lower  yards 
and  top-masts  struck   or   lowered  down, 
when  at  anchor  in  a  gale  of  wind. 

Mar.  Diet. 
PORTLID,  n.  The  lid  that  closes  a  port- 
hole. Mar.  Did. 
PORTLINESS,  n.  [from  portly.]  Dignity  of 
mien  or  of  personal  appearance,  consist- 
ing in  size  and  symmetry  of  body,  with 
dignified  manners  and  demeanor. 

Camden. 


with 

The  dry 

parts,  sill 

am 

driven  into  small  papers  for  use.      Encyc. 
P0RTF0I>IO,    «.  [Fr.  parte-feuille  :  porter, 

to  carry,  nndfeuille,  a  leaf,  I.,,  folium.] 
\  case  of  the  size  of  a  large  book,  to  keep 

loose  pajiors  in. 
To  have  or  hold  the  portfolio,  is   to  hold   the 

ofiice  of  ininisicr  of  foreign  affairs. 

E.  Everett. 


PORTGLAVE,  n.  [Fr.  porter,  to  carry,  and,  PORTLY,  a.  [from  port.]  Grand  or  dignifi- 
W.  gtaiv.  a  crooked  sword  ;  llaiv,  a  shave.  I     eil  in   mien  ;  of  a  noble  appearance  and 


Celtic]     A  sword-bearer. 


[A'ot  in  use.]   \ 
Ainsworth.. 


carnage. 
.  Bulky;  corpulent. 


Shak. 
Shak. 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


■i. 


PORT-MAN,  n.  [port  anil  man.]  An  inhab-l 
itaiit  or  burgess,  as  of  a  cinque  port.  I 

PORTMAN'TEAU,  ii.  [Fr.  porlc-nuintemi, 
from  porter,  to  carry,  ami  manteau,  a 
a  cioUe,  L.  mnntele.  It.  mantello.  It  is  ofteir 
pronounced  portmantU] 
A  bag  usually  made  ol'  lether,  for  carrying 
apparel  and  other  furniture  on  journeys, 
particularly  on  horseback. 
PORT-MOTE,  n.  [port  and  Sax.  mot,  a 
meeting.]  Anciently,  a  court  held  in  a 
port  town.  Blackstone. 

PORTOISE.     [See  PoHlasL] 
PORTRAIT,  71.  [Fr.  portrait,  from  portraire, 
to  draw,  Eng.  to  portray  ;  pour,  Eng.  for, 
fore,  and  traire,  L.  trahcre,  Eng.  to  draiv 
Arm.  pourtrezi.     The  Italian  is  ritratlo,  Sp. 
Port,  retrato,  from  L.  re  and  trado.] 
A  picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and 
especially  of  a  face,  drawn  from  the  life. 

In  portraits,  the  grace,  and  we  may  aiiil, 
the  likeness,  consist  more  in  the  general  aii 
than  in  the  exact  similitude  of  every  feature. 

Jieynulds. 
PORTRAIT,    J',  t.   To    portray;  to    draw. 
[JVot  used.]  Spenser 

PORTRAITURE,     n.     [Fr.]     A    portrait 

painted  resemblance.  Milton.     Pope. 

PORTRA'Y,  V.  t.  [Fr.  portraire.     See  Por- 
trait.] 
1.  To  paint  or  draw   the  likeness  of  any 
thing  in  colors;  as,  to  portray  a  king  on 
horseback ;  to    portray  a  city   or   teinjile 
with  a  pencil  or  with  chalk. 
%  To  describe  in   words.     It  belongs  to  the 
historian    to  portray  the  character  of  Al 
exander  of  Russia.     Homer  portrays  the 
character  and  achievments  of  his  heroes 
in  glowing  colors. 
3.  To  adorn  with  pictures;  as  shields  por- 
trayed. Milton. 
PORTRA'YED,  pp.   Painted  or  drawn  to 

the  life  ;  described. 
PORTRA'YER,  n.  One  who  paints,  draws 

to  the  life  or  describes. 
PORTRA'YING,  ppr.  Painting  or  drawing 

the  likeness  of;  describing. 
I'ORTRESS,      I        [from  porter.]  A  female 
PORTERESS,  I       guardian  of  a  gate. 

Milton 
PORTREVE,    n.    [The   modern  orthogra 

phy  ui'  porlgrevc,  which  see.] 
The  "chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime 

town. 
PORT-ROPE,    ?!.    A   rope   to   draw  up  a 
portlid.  Mar.  Diet. 

POR'WIGI.E,    n.      A   tadpole ;   a    youn 

frog.     [.Yot  u.sed.]  Brown. 

PORY,  u.  [from  pore.]  Full  of  pores  or 
small  interstices.  Dryden. 

POSE,  n.  s  as  z.  [See  the  Verb.]  In  herald- 
ry, a  lion,  horse  or  other  beast  standing 
still,  with  all  his  feet  on  the  ground. 

Encyc 
POSE,  n.  i  as  :.    [Sax.  gepose.]    A  stuffing 
of  the  head  ;  catarrh.     Obs.  Chancer. 

POSE,  v.t.  «  as  :.  [W.  posiaw,  to  pose,  to 
make  an  increment,  to  gather  knowledge, 
to  investigate,  to  interrogate  ;  pos,  a  heap, 
increment,  growth,  increase ;  posel,  cur- 
dled milk,  posset ;  Sax.  gepose,  heaviness 
stiilling  of  the  head.  The  ])rimary  sense 
is  to  set  or  lix,  from  thrusting  or  pressing, 
L.  positi.  Sp.  posnr,  Fr.  poser  ;  hence  the 
sense  of  collecting  into  a  lump  or  fixed 
mass,  Ch.  and  Syr.  yan  to  press,  compress, 


collect,  coagulate.  Class  Bs.  No.  24.  See 
also  Ar.  No.  21.  31.  and  No.  33.  33.  35.| 
and  others  in  that  class.] 
To  puzzle,  [a  word  of  the  same  origin  ;] 
to  set ;  to  put  to  a  stand  or  stop ;  to 
gravel. 
Learning  was  pos'd,  philosophy  was  set. 

Herbert . 
1  design  not  to  pose  them  with  those  common 
enigmas  of  magnetism.  OlaiivUle. 

To  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  by  asking 
difficult  questions;  to  set  by  questions; 
hence,  to  interrogate  closely,  or  with  a 
view  to  scrutiny.  Bacon.l 

PO'SED,  pp.    Puzzled;  put  to  a  stand;  in-I 

terrogated  closely. 
PO'SER,   n.    One   that  puzzles  by    asking 

diflicult  questions;  a  close  examiner. 
PO'SING,     ppr.     Puzzling ;    putting    to   a 

stanil  ;  questioning  closely. 
POS'ITEL),  a.    [L.  positus,   from  pono,   toj 
put ;  probably   however,  pono  is  a  differ- 
ent root,  and  positxis  from  the  root  oi pose.]\ 
Put ;  set ;  placed.  Hale. 

POSP'TION,  n.    [L.  posilio,  from  positus. 
See  Pose  ami  Posited.] 
State   of  being   placed;  situation;  often 
with  reference  to  other  objects,  or  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  same  object. 

We  have  different  prospects  of  the  same 
thing  according  to  our  liiffereul positions  to  it.  \ 

Locke. < 
Manner  of  standing  or  being  placed  ;  at- 
titude ;  as  an  inclining  position.  \ 
Principle  laid  down  ;  proposition  advanc- 
ed or  atlirmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  orstat-| 
ed  as  the  ground  of  reasoning,  or  to  be' 
proved. 

Let  not  the  proof  of  any  position  depend  on 
the  positions  that  follow,  but  always  on  those' 
which  precede.  M'atts. 

The  advancement  of  any  principle. 

Brown. 
State ;  condition. 

Great  Britain,  at  the  peace  of  1763,  stood  in' 
a  position  to  presciibe  her  own  tonns.  Jimes. 
In  g-camwar,  the  state  of  a  vowel  placed 


between  two  consonants,  as  m  pompous,' 

or  before  a  double  consonant,  as  in  arte. 

In  prosody,  vowels  are  said  to  be  long  orj 

short  by  position. 
POSP'TIONAL,     a.    Respecting   position.' 

[JVot  used.]  Brown. 

POS'ITIVE,    a.    [It.  positive;  Fr.  positif ; 

Low  L.  positivus.] 

1.  Properly,    set  ;   laid    down  ;    expressed  ; 
direct ;  explicit ;  opposed  to   implied  ;  as 
he  told  us  in  positive  words ;  we  have  his 
positive  declaration  to  the  fact ;  the  testi 
iiiony  is  positive. 

2.  Absolute  ;  express  ;  not  admitting  any 
condition  or  discretion.  The  coinmands 
of  the  admiral  are  posfitive. 

Absolute  ;  real ;  existing  in  fact  ;  opposed 
to  negative',  as  positive  good,  which  exists 
by  itself,  whereas  negative  good  is  merely 
the  absence  of  evil ;  or  opposed  to  i-clativc 
or  arbitrary,  as  beauty  is  not  n  positive 
thing,  but  depends  on  the  different  tastes 
of  people.  Locke.     Enrye. 

4.  Direct;  express;  opposed  to  circumstan- 
tial; as  positive  prtmi'.  Blackst()iie.\ 

Confident;  fiilly  assured;  applied  to  per-^ 
sons.  The  witness  is  vr.ry  positive  that  ho 
is  correct  in  liis  testimony.  ^ 

Dogmatic;  over-confidei»t  in  opinion  orj 
I     assertion. 


Some  positive  persisting  fops  we  know, 
That,  if  once  wrong,  will  needs  be  always  so. 

Pope 

7.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment;  oppos- 
ed to  natural  or  inbred. 

Inlaws,   that  which  is   natural,  bindeth  uni- 
versally; that  which  ispost(it;<r,  not  so. 

Hooker. 
Although  no  laws  but  positive   are  mutable, 
yet  all  are  not  mutable  which  are  positive. 

Hooker. 

8.  Having  power  to  act  directly;  as  a. posi- 
tive voice  in  legislation.  Swift. 

Positive  degree,  in  grammar,  is  the  state  of 
an  adjective  which  denotes  simple  or  ab- 
solute quality,  without  comparison  or  re- 
lation to  increase  or  diminution  ;  as  wise, 
noble. 

Positive  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, consists  in  a  superabundance  of  the 
fluid  in  a  substance.  Others  suppose  it  to 
consist  in  a  tendency  of  the  fluid  outwards. 
It  is  not  certain  in  what  consists  the  dif- 
ference between;josi(iKe  and  ncg-otive  elec- 
tricity. Positive  electricity  being  produc- 
ed by  rubbing  glass,  is  called  the  vitreous  ; 
negative  electricity,  produced  by  rubbing 
amber  or  resin,  is  called  the  resinoits. 

Encyc. 

POS'ITIVE,  n.  What  is  capable  of  being 
ffirmed  ;  reality.  South. 

2.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appoint- 
ment. Wdterland. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  affirms  or  as- 
serts existence.  Harris. 

POS'ITIVELY,  adv.  Absolutely;  by  itself, 
independent  of  any  thing  else ;  not  com- 
paratively. 

Good  and  evil  removed  may  be  esteemed 
good  or  evil  comparatively,  and  not  positively 
or  simply.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  negatively  ;  really  ;  in  its  own  na- 
ture ;  directly  ;  inherently.  A  thing  is 
positively  good,  when  it  produces  happi- 
ness by  its  own  (lualities  or  operation.  It 
is  negatively  good,  wlieii  it  |)revents  an 
evil,  or  does  not  produce  it. 


Certainly  ;  indubitably.    This  is  positivtly 
your  handwriting. 

4.  Directly  ;  explicitly  ;  expressly.  The  wit- 
ness testified  positively  to  the  fact. 

.5.  Peremptorily  ;  in  strong  terms. 

The  divine  law  positively  requires  humility 
and  meekness.  Sprat. 

6.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance.  I 
cannot  speak  positively  in  regard  to  the 
fact. 

Positively  electrified,  in  the  science  of  elec- 
tricity. A  body  is  said  to  be  positively 
electrified  or  charged  with  electric  matter, 
when  it  contains  a  superabundance  of  the 
fluid,  and  negatively  electrified  or  charged, 
when  some  part  of  the  fluid  which  it 
naturally  contains,  has  been  taken  from  it. 

Franklin. 
According  to  other  theorists,  when  the 
electric  fluid  is  directed  outwards  from  a 
body,  the  substance  is  electrified /)osi7ii'e/y  ; 
but  when  it  is  entering  or  has  a  tendency 
to  enter  another  substance,  the  body  is 
supposed  to  be  negatively  electrified.  The 
two  species  of  electricity  attract  each 
other,  and  each  re|>cls  its  own  kind. 
POSTTIVENESS,  n.  Aetualness;  reality 
of  existence;  not  mere  negation. 


P  o  s 


The  poaitiveness  of  sins  of  commission  lies 
bolli  in  llie  liabitude  of  the  will  and  in  tiie  exe- 
cuted act  too  ;  the  positiveness  of  sins  of  omis- 
sion is  in  the  habitude  of  the  will  only. 

JVorm. 

2.  Undoubting  assurance  ;  full  confidence  ; 
pcreinptoriness;  as,  the  man  related  the 
facta  with  poiitiveness-  In  matters  of 
opinion,  positiveness  is  not  an  indication  ot 
prudence. 
POSITIV'ITY,  n.  Peremptoriness.  [Jvot 
used.]  Watts. 

POSITURE,  for  ^os<u«,  is  not  in  use.  [See 

Posture.] 
POS'NET,  11.    [W.  posned,    from    posiaw. 

See  Pose.] 
A  little  basin ;  a  porringer,  skillet  or  sauce- 
nan.  Owen 
POSOLO(5'I€AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  posolo 

gy. 
POSOL'OgY,    71.    [Gr.   rtoTOs,   how   much, 

and  xoyoj,  discourse.] 
In  medicine,  ihe  science  or  doctrine  of  doses. 
Amer.  Dispensnton/. 
POS'POLITE,  n.  A  kind  of  mihtia   in  Po- 
land, consisting  of  the  gentry,  who  in  case 
of  invasion,  are   summoned  to  arms  for 
the  defense  of  the  country.  Coxe. 

Posse  comitatus,  in  law,  the  power  of  the 
country,  or  the  citizens,  who  are  sunnnon 
cd  to  assist  an  officer  in  suppressing  a; 
riot,  or  executing  any  legal  precept; 
wliich  is  forcibly  opposed.  The  word 
comitatus  is  oflen  omitted,  and  pos.'se  alone 
is  used  in  the  same  sense.  Blackstonc.l 

2.  In  tow  language,  a  number  or  crowd  of 

people  ;  a  rabble. 
POSSESS',  V.  t.  [L.  possessus,  possiJeo,  a 
compound  of  po,  a  Russian  preposition, 
perhaps  bi),  and  sedeo,  to  sit ;  to  sit  in  or  on.' 
We  have  this  word  from  llie  Latin,  but 
the  same  compomid  is  in  our  mother 
tongue.  Sax.  besittan,  to  possess ;  be,  by, 
ami  sittan,  to  sit;  gesiitan,  bcscttan,  geset- 
tan,  are  also  used  ;  D.  beiitten ;  G.  besilz- 
en;  Dan.  besidder ;  Sw.  besitta ;  b'l:  pos 
seder;  Arm.  poczedi ;  Sp.  poseer;  It.  pos- 
sedere.] 
1.  To  have  the  just  and  legal  title,  owner 
ship  or  property  of  a  thing;  to  own;  toj 
hohl  the  title  of,  as  the  rightful  |)roprietor, 
or  to  hidd  both  tlie  title  and  the  thing.  A 
man  may  possess  the  farm  which  he  culti- 
vates, or  he  may  possess  an  estate  in  ii 
foreign  country,  not  in  his  own  occupation. 
He  may  possess  many  farms  whirli  are 
occupied  liy  tenants.  In  this  as  in  other 
cases,  the  original  sense  of  the  word  is  en- 
larged, the  holding  or  tenure  being  appli- 
ed to  the  title  or  right,  as  well  as  to  the 
thing  itself 
'^.  To  hold;  to  occupy  without  title  or  own- 
ership. 

1    raise  up   the   Chaldeans,   to  possess   the 
dwelliiifij-places  that  are  not  theirs.     Hub.  i 

Neither  said   any  of  them  that  aught  of  the 
things  which  he  possessed  was  his  own.     Acts 
iv. 
;i.  To  have  ;  to  occiijiy.     The  love  of  the 
worlil  usually  possesses  the  heart. 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  gain  ;  to  obtain  the  occupa- 
tion of. 

The  Knglish  marched  towards  the  river  EskeJ 
intending  to  jmssess  a  hill  called  Under-Eske. 

Hat/ward. 

5.  To   have  power  over;    as   an   invisible 
agent  or  spirit.     Luke  viii. 


POS 

Beware  what  spirit  rages  in  your  breast ; 
For  ten  uispired,  ten  thousand  ate  pusaess'd. 
Roscommon. 
6.  To  affect  by  some  power. 

Let  not  your  ears  despise  my  tongue, 
Wliich  shall  possess  them  with   the  heaviest 

sound 
That  ever  yet  they  heard.  Swift. 

To  possess  of,  or  with,  more  properly  to  possess 
of,  is  to  give  possession,  command  or  oc- 
cupancy. 

Of  fortune's  favor  long  possessed.        Dryden, 
This  possesses  us  of  the  most  valuable  bless- 
i  ng  of  human  life,  friendship. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue 
To  possess  one^s  self  of,  to  take  or  gain   pos- 
session or  command  ;  to  make  one's  self 
master  of. 

We  possessed  ourselves  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, ^^ddison 
To  possess  loith,  to  furnish  or  fill  with  some- 
thing  permanent ;  or  to  be  retained. 

It  is  of  unspeakable  advantage  to  possess  our 
minds  loith  an  habitual  good  intention. 

Jlddison 
If  they  are  possessed  with  honest  minds. 

Jlddison 

POSSESS'ED,  pp.  Held  by  lawful  title; 
occupwed;  enjoyed;  affected  by  demons 
or  invisible  agents. 

POSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Having  or  holding  by 
absolute  right  or  title  ;  occupying  ;  enjoy 
ing. 

POSSES'SION,  ji.  The  having,  holding  or 
detention  of  [iroperty  in  one's  power  or 
command  ;  actual  seizin  or  occupancy, 
either  rightful  or  wrongful.  One  man 
may  have  the  possession  of  a  thing,  and 
another  may  have  the  right  of  possession 
or  property. 

If  the  possession  is  severed  from  the  property  ; 
if  A  has  the  right  of  property,  and  B  by  unlawful 
means  has  gained  possessio7i,  this  is  an  injury  to 
A.     This  is  a  bare  or  naked  possession. 

Blackstone 

In  iaiVmeri/,  the  bailee,  who  receives  goods 
to  convey,  or  to  keep  for  a  time,  has  the 
possession  of  the  goods,  and  a  temporary 
right  over  them,  but  not  the  property. 
Propertij  in  possession,  includes  both  the 
right  and  the  occupation.  Long  un( 
turbed  pos.irssion  is  presumptive  proof  of 
rijrlit  or  property  in  the  possessor. 

The    thing    possessed  ;    land,   estate    or 
goods  owneil ;  as  foreign  possessions. 
The  house  of  Jacob  shall    possess  their  pos 

sessions.     Obad.  17. 

When  the  youns  man   heard  that  saying,  he 

went  away  sorrowful,  for  he  had  great  possess 

ions.     Matt.  xix. 
3.  Any  thing  valuable  possessed  or  enjoyed. 


Christian   peace  of  mind  is  the  best  pos- 
session of  life- 

4.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power  of 
demons  or  invisible  beings  ;  madness  ;  lu 
nacy;  as  demoniacal  ;;ossesyion. 

ffnt  of  possession,  a  precept  directing  a 
sherif  to  put  a  |)erson  in  peaceable  pos- 
session of  property  recovered  in  eject- 
ment. Blackstone 

To  take  possession,  to  enter  on,  or  to  bring 
within  one's  power  or  occupancy 

To  give  possession,  to  put  in  another's  pow- 
er or  occupancy. 

POSSES  SION.  I'.  /.  To  invest  with  prop- 
erty.    [Xot  used.]  Carew 


POS 

POSSES'SIONER,  n.  One  that  has  pos- 
session of  a  thing,  or  power  over  it.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Sidney. 
POSSESS'IVE,  a.  [L.  possessims.]  Per- 
taining to  possession  ;  liaving  possession. 
Possessive  case,  in  English  grammar,  is  the 
genitive  case,  or  case  of  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns, which  expresses,  1st,  possession, 
ownership,  us  Johti's  book  ;  or  2dly,  some 
relation  of  one  thing  to  another,  as  Ho- 
mer's admirers. 
POSSESS'OR,  n.  An  occupant;  one  that 
has  posseshion  ;  a  person  who  holds  in  bis 
hands  or  powr^r  any  species  of  property, 
real  or  persoiud.  Tlie  owner  or  projirie- 
tor  of  projierty  is  the  permanent  possc««or 
by  legal  right;  the  lessee  of  land  and  tho 
bailee  of  goods  are  temporary  possessors 
by  right ;  the  disseizor  of  land  and  the 
thief  are  wrongful  possessors. 
One  that  has,  liolds  or  enjoys  any  good  or 
other  thitig. 

Think  of  the  happiness  of  the  prophets  and 
apostles,  sauits  and  martyrs,  7)osses»ors  of  eter- 
nal glory-  iMtr. 
POSSESS'ORY,  a.  Having  possession;  as 
a  possessory  lord.  Howell. 
Possessory  action,  in  law,  an  atrtion  or  suit 
in  which  the  right  of  possession  only,  ami 
not  that  of  property,  is  contested. 

Blackstone. 
POS'SET,  n.    fW.  posel,  from  the  root  of 
pose,  W.  posiaw,  to  gather.     The  h.  posca 
may  have  the  same  origin.] 
Milk  curdled  with  wine  or  other  liquor. 

Dryden.  Arbuthnot. 
POS'SET,  V.  t.  To  curdle  ;  to  turn.  Shak. 
POSSIBILITY,     n.     [from    possible;    Fr. 

possibilite.  ] 
The  power  of  being  or  existing  ;  the  power 
of  happening  ;  the  state  of  being  possible. 
It  oflen  implies  improbability  or  great  un- 
certainty. There  is  a  possibility  that  a 
new  star  may  ap|)car  this  night.  There  is 
a  possibility  of  a  hard  frost  in  July  in  our 
latilinle.  It  is  not  expedient  to  hazard 
much  on  the  bare  possibility  of  success. 
It  is  prudent  to  reduce  contracts  to  writ- 
ing, anil  to  render  them  so  explicit  as  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  mistake  or  con- 
troversy. 
POS'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  ;  It. possibile ;  Sp.pos- 
ible  ;  from  L.  possibilis,  from  posse.  See 
Power.] 
That  may  be  or  exist ;  that  may  be  now,  or 
may  happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  that  may 
be  done ;  not  contrary  to  the  nature  of 
things.  It  IS  pos.sible  that  the  Greeks  and 
Turks  m.\v  now  be  engaged  in  battle.  It 
is  possible  the  peace  of  Europe  may  con- 
tiiine  a  century-  It  is  not  physically /70jf- 
sible  that  a  stream  should  ,'iscend  a  moun- 
tain, but  it  \s possible  that  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing may  suspend  a  law  of  nature,  that  is, 
his  usual  coiuse  of  proceeding.  It  is  not 
possible  that  2  and  3  should  be  7,  or  that 
the  same  action  should  be  morally  right 
and  morally  wrong. 

This  wonl  when  pronounced  with  a 
certain  emi)hasis,  implies  improbability.  A 
thing  is  possible,  but  very  improbable. 
POS'SlBLY,  adv.  By  any  power,  moral  or 
physical,  really  existing.  Learn  all  that 
can  possibly  be  known. 

Can  we  possibly  his  love  desert  ?         Milton. 
2.  Perhaps ;  without  absurdity. 


P  o  s 


p  o  s 


P  o  s 


Arbitrary  power  tends  to  make  a  man  a  bad 
sovereigo,    who    might  possibly   have    been  - 


15.  In  book-keeping,  to   carry  accounts   from 
the  waste-book  or  journal  to  the  ledger. 


good  one,  had  he  been  invested  with  authority  i  yo /70S<  off,  to  put  off;  to  delay, 
circumscribed  by  laws.  Mdison.\\ 


[J^otused.] 
Shak. 


POST,   a.    [from   Fr.   aposter.]    Suhorned 
hired  to  do  what  is  wrong.      [M>t  in  use. 

Sandys. 

POST,  »i.  [W.  post ;  D.  Dan.  Sw.  post ;  G. 
pfoste,  posten,  and  post  ;  Fr.  paste  ;  Sp. 
poste,  posta ;  It.  posta,  posto ;  L.  poslis, 
from  positus,  the  given  participle  of  pono, 
to  place,  but  coinciding  with  Sp.  posar, 
It.  posare,  to  put  or  set.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright,  usually 
larger  than  a  stake,  and  intended  to  sup- 
port something  else;  as  the  posts  of  a 
house  ;  the  posts  of  a  door  ;  the  posts  of  a 
gate  ;  the  posts  of  a  fence. 

2.  A  military  station  ;  the  place  where  a  sin- 
gle soldier  or  a  body  of  troops  is  station- 
ed. The  sentinel  must  not  desert  his  post 
The  troops  are  ordered  to  defend  thepost. 
Hence, 

3.  The  troops  stationed  in  a  particular  place, 
or  the  ground  they  occupy. 

Marshall.     Encyc 

4.  A  public  office  or  employment,  that  is,  a 
fixed  place  or  station. 

When  vice  prevails   and   impious  men   bear 

sway. 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station. 

Mdison. 

5.  A  messenger  or  a  carrier  of  letters  and 
papers  ;  one  that  goes  at  stated  times  to 
convey  the  mail  or  dispatches.  This  sense 
also  denotes  fixedness,  either  from  the 
practice  of  using  relays  of  horses  stationed 
at  particular  |)laces,  or  of  stationing  niei 
for  carrying  dispatches,  or  from  the  fixed 
stages  where  they  were  to  be  supplied  with 
refreshment.  [See  Stage.]  Xenophon  in- 
forms us  that  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  es- 
tablished such  stations  or  houses. 

C.  A  seat  or  situation.  Burnet. 

7.  A  sort  of  writing  paper,  such  as  is  used 
for  letters  ;  letter  paper. 

8.  An  old  game  at  cards. 

To  ride  post,  to  be  employed  to  carry  dis- 
patches and  papers,  and  as  such  carriers 
rode  in  haste,  hence  the  phrase  signifies 
to  ride  in  haste,  to  pass  with  expedition 
Post  is  used  also  adverbially,  for  swiftly, 
expeditiously,  or  expressly. 

Sent  from  Media  post  to  Egypt.  Milton. 

Hence,  to  travel  post,  is  to  travel  expedi- 
tiously by  the  use  of  fresh  horses  taken  at 
certain  stations. 
Knight  of  the  post,  a  fellow  suborned  or  hired 

to  do  a  bad  action. 
POST,   V.  i.   [Fr.  poster ;  Sp.  postear.]     To 
travel  with  speed. 

And  po.it  o'er  land  and  ocean  without  rest. 

Milton. 
POST,  V.  t.  To  fix  to  a  post  ;  as,  to  post  a 

notification. 
9.  To  expose  to  public  reproach  by  fixing 
the  name  to  a  pest ;  to  expose  to  oppro- 
brium by  some  public  action ;  as,  to  post  a 
coward, 
n.  To  advertise  on  a  post  or  in  a  public 
place  ;  as,  to  post  a  stray  horse. 

Laws  of  JVew  England: 
4.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  station  ;  as,    to   po.it 
troops  on  a  lull,  or  in  front  or  on  the  Hank 
of  an  armv. 


POST,  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  n/7fr. 
It  is  used  in  this  sense  in   oomposition  in 
many  English  words. 
POSTABLE,  «.  That  may  be  carried.  [M'ot 
used.  1  Mountague. 

POSTAGE,    n.    The   price   established    by 
law  to  be  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  a  let 
ter  in  a  public  mail. 
2.  A  portage.     [JVot  used.]  Sniollet. 

POSTBOY,  n.  A  boy  that  rides  as  post  ;  a 
courier.  Taller. 

POST-CHAISE,  n.    [See  Chaise.]     A  car- 
riage with  four  wheels  for  the  conveyance 
of  travelers. 
POSTDA'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  post,  after,  and  date, 

L.  datum.] 
To  date  after  the  real  time  ;  as,  to  postdate  a 
contract,  that  is,  to  date  it  after  the  true 
time  of  making  the  contract. 
POSTDILUVIAL,  )      [L.  po.sl,  after,  and 
POSTDILU'VIAN,  J  "'  diluvium,   the    del- 
uge.] 
Being  or  happening  posterior  to  the  flood  in 
Noah's  days.  IVoodward.     Buckland. 

POSTDILU'VIAN,  Ji.  A  person  who  lived 
after  the  flood,  or  who  has  lived  since 
that  event.  Greiv. 

POST-DISSETZIN,  n.  A  subsequent  dis- 
seizin. A  writ  of  post-disseizin  is  intend- 
ed to  put  in  possession  a  person  who  has 
been  disseized  after  a  judgment  to  recov- 
er the  same  lands  of  the  same  person,  un- 
der the  statute  of  Merton.  Blackstone. 
POST-DISSE'IZOR,  n.  A  person  who  dis- 
seizes another  of  lands  which  he  had  be- 
fore recovered  of  the  same  person. 

Blackstone. 
POSTEA.  n.  [L.]    The   record   of  what  is 
done  in  a  cause  subsequent  to  the  joining 
of  issue  and  awarding  of  trial. 

Blacksto7ie 
POSTED,  pp.  Placed  ;  stationed. 

2.  Exposed  on  a  post  or  by  public  notice. 

3.  Carried  to  a  ledger,  as  accounts. 
POSTER,  n.  One  who  posts ;  also,  a  cour- 
ier; one  that  travels  expeditiously. 

POSTE'RIOR,  a.  [from  L.  posterns,  from 
post,  after  ;  Fr.  posterieur.] 

1.  Later  or  subsequent  in  time. 
Hesiod  was  posterior  to  Homer.        Broome 

2.  Later  in  the  order  of  proceeding  or  mov- 
ing ;  coming  after.     [Unfretjuent.] 

POSTERIORITY,    n.      [Fr.   posteriority 
The  state  of  being  later  or  subsequent ;  as 

posteriorili/  of  time  or  of  an  event;  o])|)os- 

ed  to  prioritt/.  Hale. 

POSTE'RIORS,  n.  plu.  The  hinder  parts 

of  an  animal  body.  Swift. 

POSTER'ITY,  n.  [Fr.poslerite  ;  L.  postcri- 

tas,  from  posterns,  from  post,  after.] 

1.  Descendants;  children,  children's  child- 
ren, &;c.  indefinitely  ;  the  race  that  pro- 
ceeds from  a  progenitor.  The  whole  hu- 
man race  arc  the  posterity  of  A<lam. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  succeeding  genera- 
tions; opposed  to  ancestors. 

To  the  unhappy  that  unjustly  bleed, 
Heav'n  gives  posterity  t'  avenge  the  deed. 

Pope 

POSTERN,  n.  [Fr.  puternc,  for  posterne, 
from  L.  post,  behind.] 


1.  Primarily,  a  back  door  or  gate  ;  a  private 
entrance  ;  hence,   any  small  door  or  gate. 

Dryden.     Locke. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  small  gate,  usually  in  the 
angle  of  the  flank  of  a  bastion,  or  in  that 
of  the  curtain  or  near  the  orillon,  descend- 
ing into  the  ditch.  Encyc. 

POSTERN,  a.  Back  ;  being  behind  ;  pri- 
vate. Dryden. 
POST-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Subsequent  or 
future  existence.  Addison. 
POST-FINE,  n.  In  English  law,  a  fine  due 
to  the  king  by  prerogative,  after  a  licentia 
concordandi  given  in  a  fine  of  lands  and 
tenements  ;  called  also  the  king's  silver. 

Btackstont. 
POSTFIX,  n.  [L.   post,  after,  and  fix.]     In 
grammar,  a  letter,  syllable  or  word  added 
to  the  end  of  another  word;   a  sufiix. 

Parkhurst- 

POSTFIX',  V.  t.  To  add  or  annex  a  letter, 

syllable  or  word,  to  the  end  of  another  or 

prinoipal  word.  Parkhurst. 

POrtTFIX'ED,  pp.  Added  to  the  end   of  a 

word. 
POSTFIX'ING,  ppr.  Adding  to  the  end  of 

a  word. 
POST-HACK'NEY,  n.  [post  and  hcickney.] 
A  hired  posthorse.  Jf'otton. 

POST-H.\STE,  n.  Haste  or  speed  in  travel- 
ing, like  that  of  a  post  or  courier.  Shak. 
POST-HASTE,  adv.  With  speed  or  expedi- 
tion. He  traveled  post-haste,  that  is,  by  an 
ellipsis,  with  post-haste. 
POST-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  stationed  for  the 
use  of  couriers.  Sidney. 

POST-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where   a  post- 
office  is   kept  for  receiving  and  dispatch- 
ing letters  by   public  mails  ;  a  post-office. 
[The  latter  word  is  now  in  general  use.] 
POST'HUME,  a.  Posthumous.   [J\"ot  used.] 

Watts. 

POSTHUMOUS,  a.  [L.  po«<,  after,  and /lu- 

mus,  earth  ;  humatus,  buried." 


1.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  ta- 
ken from  the  deail  body  of  the  mother; 
as  a  posthumous  son  or  daughter. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author  ; 
as  posthumous  works. 

3.  Being  after  one's  decease ;  as  aposthuinous 
character.  .Iddison. 

POSTHUMOUSLY",  adv.  After  one's  de- 
cease. 

POSTle,  a.  [L.  posticus.]  Backward.  [.Yot 
used.]  Brown. 

POS'TIL,  n.  [It.  postilla ;  Sp.  poslila ;  ftom 
L.  post.] 

A  marginal  note  ;  originally,  a  note  in  the 
margin  of  the  Bible,  so  called  because 
written  after  the  text.  Encyc. 

POS'TIL,  v.t.  [It.  postillare.]  To  write 
marginal  notes  ;  to  gloss ;  to  illustrate 
with  marginal  notes.  Bacon. 

POS'TILER,  n.  One  who  writes  margin- 
al notes  ;  one  who  illustrates  the  text  of  a 
book  by  notes  in  the  margin. 

POSTILI-ION,  n.  poslit'yon.  [F r. postilion,  & 
postboy,  from /)os/c.] 

One,  that  riiles  and  guides  the  first  pair  of 
horses  in  a  coach  or  other  carriage ;  also, 
one  that  rides  one  of  the  horses,  when  one 
pair  otdy  is  used,  cither  in  a  coach  or  post- 
chaise. 


P  o  s 


P  o  s 


P  O  T 


POSTING,  ppr.  Setting  up  on  a  post ;  ex- 
posing; the  name  or  cliuracter  to  reproach 
by  public  ailveitiseineut. 

2.  Placing  ;  stationing. 

3.  Transferring  accounts  to  a  ledger. 
POSTLIMIN'IAU,     (         [See    Posllimini- 
POSTLIMINIOUS,  \  "■    uin.]     (Contrived, 

done  or  existing  .subsequently  ;  as  a  posl- 
liminious  application. 
POriTLlJMIN'IljM,  (      [L.  post,  after,  and 
POSTLIMINY,       S      limen,  end,  limit.] 
Postliminiura,  among  the  Romans,  was   the 
return  of  a  person  to  his  own  country  who 
had  gone  to  sojourn  in  a  foreign  country 
or  had  been  banished  or  taken  by  an  ene- 
my. 

In  the  modern  law  of  nations,  the  right 
of  posllimin;!  is  that  by  virtue  of  wliici 
persons  and  things  taken  by  an  enemy  in 
war,  are  restored  to  their  former  state, 
when  coming  again  under  the  power  ot 
the  nation  to  which  tliey  belonged.  The 
sovereign  of  a  country  is  bound  to  protect 
the  jierson  and  the  property  of  his  sub 
jects  ;  and  a  sidiject  who  has  suH'ered  the 
loss  of  his  property  by  the  violence  of  war, 
on  being  ri^stored  to  his  country,  can 
claim  to  be  re-estahlislied  in  all  his  rights. 
and  to  recover  his  property,  lint  iliif 
right  does  not  extend,  in  all  cases,  to  per- 
sonal effects  or  movables,  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  of  ascertaining  their  identity. 
Vatttl.  Du  Ponceau. 
POSTMAN,  n.  A  post  or  courier;  a  letter- 
carrier.  Granger. 
POSTMARK,    n.  The  mark  or  stanip  of  a 

post-ofliceon  a  letter. 
POSTMASTER,    «.    The  officer  vvho  has 
the  superintendence   and  direction  of   a 
post-office. 
Postmasler-generaJ ,  is  the  chief  officer  of  the 
post-office   deparlnient,    whose   duty  is  to 
make  contracts  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
public  mails  and  see  that  they  are  execu- 
ted, and  who  receives  the  moneys  arising 
from  the  postage  of  letters,  pays  the  ex- 
jicnsrs,  keeps  the  accounts  of  the    office 
aiul  superintends  the    whole    department 
POSTMERIDIAN,  a.    [L.  postmeridunms.l 

See  Meridian.] 
Being   or   belonging   to   the   afternoon  ;  asj 
postmeridian  slee]).  Bacon. 

POSTNATE,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  natus, 
born.]     Subsequent.     [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
POST-NOTE,  n.    [post  and  note.]    In  com- 
merce, a  bank  note  intended    to  be  trans- 
nfitted  to   a  distant   place   l)y  the  puldic 
mail,  and  made  payalile  to  order.     In  this 
it  differs  from  a  common  hank  note,  w  hie 
is  pavable  to  the  bearer. 
POST-OFFICE,    n.    An  cffice    or    house 
where  letters  are  received  for  delivery  to 
the    persons  to  whom  they  are  addressed, 
or  to  be  transmitted  to  other  places  in  the 
l)ublic  mails  ;  a  post-house. 
POST-PAID,  a.  Having  the   postage  paid 

on  ;  as  a  letter. 
POSTPO'NE,  V.  t.    [L.  postpone ;  post,  af- 
ter, and  pono,  to  put.] 

1.  To  put  off;  to  defer  to  a  future  or  later 
time ;  to  delay ;  as,  to  postpone   the   eon 
sideration  of  a  bill  or  question  to  the  after- 
noon, or  to  the  following  day. 

2.  To  set  lielow  something  else  in  value  or 
importance. 


All  other  considerations  should  give  way  and 
be  postponed  to  this.  Locke.' 

POSTPONED,  pp.  Delayed;  deferred  to  a 
future  tune  ;  set  below  in  value. 

POSTPO'NEMEN'P,  n.  The  act  of  defer- 
ring to  a  future  time  ;  temporary  delay  of 
business.  T.  Pickering.     Kent. 

POSTPO'NENCE,  n.  Dislike.  [jVotinuse.] 

Johnson. 

POSTPO'NING,  ppr.  Deferring  to  a  future 
time. 

POSTPOSI'TION,  n.  [post  and  pofition.] 
The  state  of  being  put  back  or  out  of  the 
regular  place.  Mede. 

POSTREMO'TE,  a.  [post  and  re7no<e.] 
More  remote  in  subse({Uent  time  or  order. 

Uarmn. 

POSTSCRIPT,  n.  [L./ws?,  after,  and  scrtp- 
tum,  wri'ten.] 

A  paragraph  added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  con- 
cluded and  signed  by  tiie  writer ;  or  any! 
addition  made  to  a  book  or  composition 
at'ter  it  had  been  supposed  to  be  fmished, 
containing  something  ountted,  or  some- 
thing new  occurring  to  the  writer. 

Locke.     Addison. 

POST-TOWN,  n.  A  town  in  which  a  post- 
office  is  established  by  law. 
A  town  in  which  post-horses  are  kept. 

POSTULANT,  71.  [See  Postulate.]  One 
who  makes  demand. 

POSTLL.'VTE,  n.  [L. /Jos(uia(um,  from  pos- 
tulo,  to  demand,  I'rom  the  root  of  posco,  to 
ask  or  demand.     The  sense  is  to  urge  or 
push.] 
position  or  supposition   assumed  without 


such  as  are  aesumcd  or  learnt  for  particu- 
lar purposes,  or  in  particular  occupations, 
as  in  dancing,  li^ncing,  &c. 

Addison.     Encyc. 

2.  Situation  ;  condition  ;  particular  state 
with  regard  to  something  else  ;  as  the 
posture  of  public  affairs  befoi-e  or  after  a 
war. 

;}.  Situation  of  the  body  ;  as  an  abject  pos- 
ture. Milton. 

4.  State;  condition.  The  fort  is  in  a  po«/ure 
of  defense. 

5.  The  .situation  or  disposition  of  the  seve- 
ral parts  of  the  body  with  respect  to  each 
other,  or  with  respect  to  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

He  casts 
His  eyes  against  the  moon   in  most   strange 
postures.  Shak. 

The  posture  of  a  poetic  figure  is  the  descrip- 
tion oC  the  heroes  in  the  perlbimance  of  such 
or  sucii  an  action.  JJryden. 

'(J.  Disposition  ;  frame  ;  as  the  posture  of  the 
soul.  Bailey. 

POS'TLKE,  V.  t.  To  place  in  a  particular 
manner ;  to  dispose  the  parts  of  a  body 
for  a  (larticular  purpose. 

He  was  raw  witli  /)«s/«n'n^  himself  accord- 
ing to  tile  direction  of  the  chiruigeoas. 

Brook. 

POSTURE-MASTER,  n.  One  that  teaches 

or  practices  artificial  postures  of  the  body. 

Spectator. 
PO'SY,  n.  s  as  :.    [Qu.  poesy  ;  or  a  collec- 
tion, a  cluster,  from  the  \\.  posiaii;  to  col- 
lect.    See  Pose.] 
1.  A  motto  inscribed  on  a  ring,  &.C. 


proof,  or  one  which  is  considered  as  self-|  Addison. 

evident,  or  too  plain  to  require  illustration,  f-^-  A  hunch  of  flowers.  Spenser. 

Encyc.  ^P^T^t  "•  [Fr.pot;  Arm.  pod ;  Ir.pota;  Sw. 

'ing  to      potta  :  Dan.  potte  ;  W.  pot,   a  pot,  and  po- 

tel,  a  bottle  ;  potcii,  a  pudding,  the  paunch, 

someiliiiig  liiilging  ;  I).  ]Jot,  a  pot,  a  slake, 

a  hoard  ;  pollen,  to  hoard.] 

1.  A  vessel  more  deep  than  broad,  made  of 
eartli,  or  iron  or  other  metal,  used  for  sev- 
eral domestic  purposes  ;  as  an  iron  pot, 
for  boiling  meat  or  vegetables  ;  a  pot  for 
holding  liipiors  ;  a  cup,  as  a  pot  of  ale  ;  an 
earthern  pot  for  |)lants,  called  a  Jlower  pot, 
&c. 

2.  A  sort  of  paper  of  small  sized  sheets. 
To  go  to  pot,  to  be  destrnyed,  ruined,  wasted 

or  cxpencled.     [Alow phrase.] 
PCT,  r.  t.  To  preserve  seasoned   in  pots ; 
as  jivtied  fowl  and  fish.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  in  pots  of  earth. 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  put  in  casks  for  draining  ;  as,  to  pot 
sugar,  by  taking  it  from  the  cooler  and  pla- 
cing it  in  hogsheads  with  peHbrated 
heads,  from  which  the  mclasses  perco- 
lates through  the  spungy  stalk  of  a  plan- 
tain leaf.  Edwards,  Jf.  Indies. 

PO'TABLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  Low  L.  potabilis  ;  It. 
polo,  to  drink  :  polus, 
from  rtnu,  rtioftoi,  to 


A  self-evident  problem,  answerir 
axiom,  which  is  a  self-evident  theorem 

D.  Olmsted) 

POS'TULATE,   v.t.    [supra.]    To   beg  or, 

assume  without  prool'.     [Little  used.]  | 

Brown.\ 

2.  To  invite ;  to  solicit ;  to  require  by  en-' 
treaty.  Burnet.] 

3.  To  assume;  to  take  without  positive] 
consent.  I 

The  Byzantine  emperors  appear  to  have  ex-! 
cicised,  or  at  least  to  liave  postulated  a  sort  of 
paramount  supremacy  over  tiiis  nation. 

Tooke.\ 

POSTULA'TION,  n.  [L.  postulatio.]  The 
act  of  supposing  without  proof;  gratui-, 
tons  assumption.  Hale.\ 

2.  Sujiplication  ;  intercession  ;  also,  suit  ;i 
cause.  Pearson.     Burnet. 

PUS  TULATORY,  a.  Assuming  withoutl 
proof. 

2.   Assumed  without  proof.  Brown. 

POSTULA  TUM,  n.  [I..]  A  postulate,  which 
sec".  Addison.^ 

POS'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  posit ura ;  po-\ 
no,  posilus.]  j 

1.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  attitude  ;  the 
situation  oV  a  figure  with  regard  to  the, 
eye,  and  of  the  several  principal  members 
Willi  regard  to  each  other,  by  which  ac- 
tion is  expressed.  Postures  should  be  ac- 
commodated to  the  character  of  the  fig- 
ure, and  the  posture  of  each  member  to 
its  office.  Postures  are  natural  or  artifi- 
cial. JVatural  postures  are  such  as  our 
ordinary  ai  lions  and  the  occasions  of  life 
lead  us  to  exhibit  ;  artificial  postures  areli 


polabilt ;    from    L. 

drink,    Gr.    «oto{, 

drink.] 
Drinkable  ;  that  may  be  drank;    as  water 

fresh  and  potable.  Bacon. 

Kivcrs  nm  potable  gold.  Jifdton. 

PO'TABLE,    n.    Something  that   may   be 

drank.  Philips. 

PO  TABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

drinkable. 
POT.XGE,  n.  [from  pot;  Fr.   id.;    It.  po- 

taggio ;  Port,  potagem  ;   W.  poles  ;  Arm. 


POT 


POT 


P  O  U 


podaich .    Tli  is  is  a  more  correct  orthogra- 
phy than  pottage.] 

A  species  of  food  made  of  meat  boiled  to 
softness  in  water,  usually  with  some  veg- 
etables or  sweet  herbs. 

POT'AGER,  71.  [frompoteg-c]  A  porringer. 

Grtw. 

POTAG'RO,  \      A  kind  of  pickle  imported 

POTAR'GO,  \  "■  from  the  West  Indies. 

King. 

PO'TANCE,  n.  With  i«a<c*maJers,  the  stud 
in  which  the  lower  pivot  of  the  verge  is 
placed.  -fl^h.     Scott. 

POT' ASH, n.  [po<  and  ashes;  D.  potasch; 
G.pottasche;  Dan.  votaske;  Fr.  potasse.] 

The  popular  name  ot  vegetable  fixed  alkali 
in  an  impure  state,  procured  from  the  ash- 
es of  plants  by  lixiviation  and  evaporation. 
The  matter  remaining  after  evaporation  is 
refined  in  a  crucible  or  furnace,  and  the 
extractive  substance  burnt  off  or  dissipa- 
ted. Refined  potash  is  called  pearlash. 
The  plants  which  yield  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  potash  are  wormwood  and  fumito- 
ry. Kirican.  JVkholson.  Encyc. 
By  recent  discoveries  of  Sir  H.  Davy,  it 
appears  that  potash  is  a  metallic  oxyd ; 
the  metal  is  called  potassium,  and  the  al- 
kali, in  books  of  science,  is  called  potassa. 

POTAS'SA,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  veg- 
etable alkali  or  potash. 

POTAS'SIUM,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  me- 
tallic basis  of  vegetable  alkali.  According 
to  Dr.  Davy,  100  parts  of  potash  consist 
of  Sti.l  parts  of  the  basis,  and  13.9  of  ox- 
ygen. Med.  Repos. 

Potassium  has  the  most  powerful  affinity 
for  oxygen  of  all  substances  known  ;  it 
takes  it  from  every  other  compound,  and 
hence  is  a  most  important  agent  in  chim- 
ical  analysis. 

POTA'TION,  n.  [L.  potatio.     See  Potable.] 

1.  A  drinking  or  drinking  bout. 

2.  A  draught.  Shak. 

3.  A  species  of  drink.  ^  Shak. 

POTA'TO,  71.  [Ind.  batatas.]  'A  plant  and  es- 
culent root  of  the  genus  Solanum,  a  na 
tive  of  America.  The  root  of  this  plant, 
which  is  usually  called  potatoe,  constitutes 
one  of  the  cheapest  and  most  nourishing 
species  of  vegetable  food ;  it  is  the  priiici- 
pal  food  of  the  poor  in  some  countries, 
and  has  often  contributed  to  prevent  fam- 
ine. It  was  introduced  into  the  British 
dominions  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  or  other 
adventurers  "in  the   IGth  century;  but 


at  this  day  is 
used  in  some 


came  slowly  into  use,  and 
not   much   cultivated  and 
countries  of  Europe,     in  the  British  do- 
minions and   in  the  United  States,  it  has 
proved  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  be- 
stowed on  man  by  the  Creator. 
POT-BELLIED,   a.  Having  a   prominent 

bellv- 
POT-BELLY,  77.  A  protuberant  belly. 
POTCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pocher,  Eng.  to  poke.]  To 

thrust ;  lo  push.     [.Yot  used.]  Shak 

2.  To  poach  ;  to  boil  slightly.     [JVot  used.] 

IViseman. 
POT-COMPAN'ION,    71.    An   associate  or 

companion  in   drinking;  applied  generally 

lo  habitual  hard  drinkers. 
POTELOT,  »i.   lQ,u.  a.  potUolh,  a.  potlood 

black  lead.] 
The  sulphuret  of  molybdcn.  Fourcroy. 


PO'TENCE,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  cross  whose 
ends  resemble  the  head  of  a  crutch. 

Encyc. 

PO'TENCV,  71.  [L.  potentia,  from  polens  ; 
possuTn,  posse.     See  Power.] 

1.  Power;  physical  power,  energy  or  effi- 
cacy ;  strength.  Shak. 

'2.  Moral  power  ;  influence  ;  authority. 
Now  arriving 
At  place  of  potency  and  sway  o'  th'  state. 

Shak. 
PO'TENT,  a.  [L.  potens.]  Pow  erful ;  phys- 
ically strong  ;  forcible  ;  efficacious ;  as  a 
potent  medicine. 

Moses  once  more  Ytis  potent  rod  extends. 

Milton 

2.  Powerful,  in  a  moral  sense;  having  great 
influence;  as  potent  iuteicsl ;  a  potent  ar- 
gument. Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Having  great  authority,  control  or  domin- 
ion ;  as  a  potent  prince.  Shak. 

PO'TENT,  71.  A  prince ;  a  potentate.  [ATot 
in  use.]  Shak 

2.  A  walking  staffer  crutch.     [M)t  used.] 

Chaucer. 
PO'TENTACY,  n.  Sovereignty.  [JVot  used.] 

Barrow. 
PO'TENTATE,  ?i.   [Fr.  potentat;    It.  po- 

tentato.] 
A  j)erson    who    possesses   great  power  or 
sway ;  a  prince  ;  a  sovereign ;  an  empe- 
ror, king  or  monarch. 

Exalting  him  not  only  above  earthly  princes 
and  potentates,  but  above  Ihe  highest  of  the  ce- 
lestial hierarchy.  Boyle. 
POTEN'TIAL,  a.  [L.  potentialis.]  Having 
power  to  impress  on  us  the  ideas  /f  cer- 
tain qualities,  though  the  qualities  are  not 
inherent  in  the  thing;  as  potential  heat  or 
cold.  Encyc. 
•2.  Existing  in  possibility,  not  in  act. 

This  potential  and  imaginary  materia  prima, 
cannot  exist  without  form.  Raleigh. 

3.  Efficacious;  powerful.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

Potential  cautery,  in  medicine,  is  the  consum- 
ing or  reducing  to  an  eschar,  any  part  of 
the  body  by  a  caustic  alkaline  or  metallic 
salt,  &c.  instead  of  a  red  hot  iron,  the  use 
of  which  is  called  actual  cautery.       Encyc. 

Potential  mode,  in  grammar,  is  that  form  of 
the  verb  which  is  used  to  express  the  pow- 
er, possiliility,  liberty  or  necessity  of  an 
action  or  of  being  ;  as,  1  may  go  ;  he  can 
write.  This,  in  English,  is  not  strictly  i 
distinct  mode, but  the  indicative  or  deckir-I 
ative  mode,  affirming  the  power  to  act,  in- 
stead of  the  act  itself  I  may  go  or  can  go, 
are  equivalent  to,  I  have  power  to  go. 

POTEN'TIAL,  71.  Any  thing  that  may  be 
possible.  Bacon. 

POTENTIAL'ITY,  7!.  Possibility;  not  act- 
uality. Taylor.     Bentley. 

POTEN'TIALLY,  adv.  In  possibility  ;  not 
in  act ;  not  positively. 

This  duration  of  human  souls  is  on\y  poten- 
tially infinite.  Bentlei/. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality  ;  as  potentially 

cold.  lioi/le 

PO'TENTLY,  adv.  Powerfully  ;  with  great 
force  or  energy. 

You  are  potently  opposed.  .Slink. 

PO'TENTN  ESS,  n.  Po werfulness ;  strength : 

micht.     {Little  u.ied.] 
PO'TESTATIVE,«.  [from  L.;>o(es(ns.]  .Au- 
thoritative.    [Mttused.]  Pearson 


POTGUN,  for J70;)g-U7i.    [M>t  used.]      SwiJU. 

POT'-H ANGER,  n.  [pot  and  hanger.]  A 
pot-hook. 

POTH'ECARY,  contracted  from  npotheca- 
r^,  and  very  vulgar.     [Sec  the  latter.] 

POTH'ER,  n.  [This  word  is  vulgarly  pro- 
nounced bother.  Its  origin  and  affinities 
are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  Bustle  ;  confusion  ;  tumult; flutter.  [£ow.] 

Shak.     Stoiji. 

2.  A  suffocating  cloud.  Drayton. 
POTH'ER,  V.  i.    To  make  a  blustering  in- 
effectual effort ;  to  make  a  stir. 

POTH'ER,  V.  t.  To  harass  and  perplex  ;  to 
puzzle.  Locke. 

POTHERB,  77.  An  herb  for  the  pot  or  for 
cookery  ;  a  culinary  plant.  Arhuthnot. 

POT'-II0(,)K,  71.  A  hook  on  which  pots  and 
kettles  are  hung  over  the  fire. 

2.  A  letter  or  character  like  a  pot-hook  ;  a 
scrawled  letter.  Dryden. 

PO'TION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  polio ;  poto,  to 
drink.] 

A  draught ;  usually,  a  liquid  medicine  ;  a 
dose.  Bacon.    Milton. 

POT'LID,  71.  The  lid  or  cover  of  a  pot. 

Derham. 

POT'-MAN,  71.  A  pot  companion. 

POT'SHERD,  71.  [pot  and  Sax.  sceard, 
a  fragment,  from  scearan,  to  shear;  D. 
poischerf;  G.  scherbe.] 

A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  broken  pot.   Job  ii. 

POT'STONE.  71.  Potstone  appears  to  be  in- 
durated black  taick,  passing  into  serpen- 
tine. It  has  a  curved  and  undulatingly 
lamellarstructure,  passing  into  slaty.    Cyc. 

Potstone  is  of  a  greenish  gray  color.  It  oc- 
curs massive,  or  in  granular  concretions. 

Ure. 

Potstone  is  a  variety  of  steatite. 

Cleaveland. 

POT'TAGE,  71.  Broth;  soup.  [See  Potage, 
the  more  correct  orthography.] 

POT'TED,  pp.  Preserved  or  inclosed  in  a 
pot  ;  tirained  in  a  cask.  Edivards. 

POT'TER,  n.  [from  pot.]  One  whose  occu- 
])ation  is  to  make  earthern  vessels. 

Dryden.     Mortimer. 

POT'TERN-ORE,  ti.  A  species  of  ore, 
which,  from  its  aptness  to  vitrify  like  the 
glazing  of  potter's  ware,  the  miners  call 
by  this  name.  Boyle. 

POTTERY,  7).  [Fr.  ;7o/P7i'f  ;froni;)o«.]  The 
vessels  or  ware  n)ade  by  potters  ;  earthern 
ware,  glazed  and  baked. 

2.  The  place  where  earthern  vessels  are 
manufactured. 

POT'TING,  71.  [from  pot.]  Drinking ;  tip- 
pling. Shak. 

2.  In  the  W.  Indies,  the  jirocess  of  putting 
sugar  in  casks  for  draining.  Edwards. 

POT'TIN(},  ppr.  Preserving  in  a  pot ;  drain- 
ing, as  above ;  drinking. 

POT'TLE,  n.  [W.potel,  a  bottle  ;  from;w«.] 

1.  A  liquid  measure  of  four  pints. 

;2.  A  vessel ;  a  pot  or  tardiard. 

POT-VAL'IANT,  a.  [/lot  and  vatiatit.]  Cour- 
ageous over  the  cup;  heated  to  valor  by 
strong  drink.  Addison. 

POrCIl,  71.  [Fr.  poche,  a  pocket  or  bag,  a 
purse-net,  the  paunch  ;  Ir.  pucan  ;  G. 
bauch,  I),  httik,  Sw.  buk,  Dan.  hug,  the  bel- 
ly, from  bulging  and  extending.] 

1.  A  small  bag:  usually,  a  lethern  bag  to  be 
carried  in  the  pocket.  Swiff. 

2.  A  protuberant  belly. 


P  o  u 


P  o  u 


P  o  w 


y.  The  bag  or  sack  of  a  fowl,  as  that  of  the 

pelican. 
POUCH,   V.  t.   To  pocket ;  to  save. 

Thtsser. 

2.  To  swallow ;  used  of  fowls,  who.se  crop 
is  called  in  Frenclj,  poche.  Derhnm. 

3.  To  pout.     [JVot  vsed.]  AinswoHh. 
POUCH'-MOUTIIED,    a.    Blubber-lipped. 

[Not  XLStd.]  Ainswnrlh. 

POUL'-DAVIS,  n.  A  sort  of  sail  cloth.  [Xot 

used.]  Ainsworth. 

POULK.     [See  PooL] 
POL-LT,  n.  [Fr.  poukt.     See   Poultry.]     A 

youiij;  chicken.     [LiUlc  ustd.]  King. 

POULTKRER,    n.    [Norm.    poUaire.    i*ee 

Poultry.) 

1.  One  who  makes  it  his  business  to  sell 
fowls  for  the  table. 

2.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  of  the 
king's  household,  who  had  the  charge  of 
the  |)oultry. 

POULTICE,  Ji.  [li.polta,  pap,  L.  puls,pullis, 
Gr.  rtowo}.] 

A  cataplasm ;  a  soft  composition  of  meal, 
bran,  or  the  like  substance,  to  be  applied 
to  sores,  inflamed  parts  of  the  body,  &n:. 

Bacon. 

POULTICE,  V.  i.  To  apply  a  cataplasm  to. 

POULTiVE,  for  poultice,  is  not  used. 

Temple. 

POULTRY,  »i.  [from  Fr.  poule,  a  hen,  dim. 
poukt;  It.  ^oMo,  a  chicken  ;  pollnme,  poul- 
try ;  Sp.  polla  :  L.  puUus,  a  chick(!ii,  or 
other  young  animal  ;  allied  to  Eng.  fnal ; 
W.  ehawl,  eboles,  a  filly  or  colt ;  It.  pollarc, 
to  sprout,  L.  pullulo.] 

Domestic  fowls  which  are  propagated  and 
fed  for  the  table,  such  as  cocks  and  hens, 
capons,  turkies,  ducks  and  geese. 

POULTRY-YARD,  n.  A  yard  or  place 
where  tbwls  are  kept  for  the  use  of  tlio 
table. 

POUNCE,  n.  poxms.  [Fr.  pierre-ponce,  pum- 
ice-stone ;  poncer,  to  rub  with  pumice- 
stone;  Arm.  maen-'puncx,  jnunice-stone.] 

1.  Gurn-saiidarach  pulverized,  a  fine  pow- 
der used  to  prevent  ink  from  spreading  on 
jiaper. 

2.  Charcoal  dust  iuclo.scd  in  some  open  stufl', 
as  muslin,  &c.  to  be  passed  over  holes 
j)ricked  in  the  work,  to  mark  the  lines  or 
designs  on  a  paper  underneath.  This 
kind  of  pounce  is  used  by  embroiderers  to 
transfer  their  patterns  upon  their  stutis: 
also  by  lace-makers,  and  sometimes  by 
engravers.     It  is  also  used  in  varnishing. 

Cijc. 

;!.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes.  Todd. 

POUNCE,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  or  rub  with 
pounce. 

POUNCE,  n.  [This  word  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  It.  punzone,  a  bodkin,  a 
punch,  a  push,  which  is  from  the  L.  pun 
go,  whence  Sp.  punzar.] 

The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

POUNCE,  V.  i.  To  fall  on  suddenly  ;  to  fall 
on  and  seize  with  the  claw.s ;  as,  a  rapa 
cious  fowl  pounces  on  a  chicken. 

POUNCE-BOX,       {       A  small  box  with  a 

POUN'CET-BOX,  S  "•  perforated  lid.  used 
for  sprinkling  pounce  on  paper.  Shak. 

POUN'CED,  pp.  Furnished  with  claws  or 
talons.  Tliovison 

POUND,  n.  [Sax.  Goth.  Sw.  Dan.  pund ;  D. 
pond ;  G.  pfund ;  L.  pondo,  pondus,  weight, 
a  pound  ;  pendo,  to  weigh,  to  bend.] 

Vol.  II. 


1.  A  standard  weight  consisting  of  twelve 
ounces  troy  or  sixteen  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. 

2.  A  money  of  account  consisting  of  twenty 
shillings,  the  value  of  which  is  difli'rent  in 
difti^rent  countries.  'I'he  pound  sterling 
is  equivalent  to  84  44.  44  cts.  money  of  the 
United  States.  In  New  England  and  Vir- 
ginia, the  pound  is  equal  to  .*34  ;  in  New 
York  to  .«!24. 

POUND,  n.  [Sax.  pijndan,  pindan,  to  con- 
fine.] 

An  inclosurc  erected  by  authority,  in  which 
cattle  or  other  beasts  are  confined  when 
taken  in  trespassing,  or  going  at  large  in 
violation  of  law  ;  a  pin-fold. 

POUND,  V.  I.  To  confine  in  a  public  pound. 

POUND,  I'.  /.  [Sax.  ;?!'/!iV(?i ;  W .  pu'niaiv,  to 
beat  and  to  load.] 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  with  some  heavy  in 
strumcnt,  and  with  rej)eated  blows,  so  as 
to  make  an  impression. 

With  cruel  blows  she  pounds  her  blubber'd 
cheeks.  Dryden. 

2.  To  comminute  and  pulverize  by  beating; 
to  bruise  or  break  into  fine  parts  by  a 
heavy  instrument ;  as,  to  pound  spice  or 
salt. 

l.ouJ  slroktv;  with  pounding  spice  the  fabric 
rend.  Garth. 

POl'ND'AtiE,  n.  [from  pound.]  A  sum  de 
ducted  from  u  poimd,  or  a  certain  sum 
paid  for  each  pound.  Swift. 

2.  In  England,  a  sub.^idy  of  12d.  in  the 
j>ound,  granted  to  the  crown  on  all  goods 
exported  or  imported,  and  if  by  aliens, 
mor<?.  Blackstone. 

POUND  BREACH,  n.  The  breaking  of  a 
public  pound  for  releasing  beasts  confined 
in  it.  Blackstone. 

PffUND  ED,  pp.  Beaten  or  bruised  with  a 
heavy  instrument ;  pulverized  or  broken 
by  [(oimding. 

2.  Confined  in  a  pound  ;  impounded. 

POUND' ER,  n.  A  pestle;  the  instrument 
of  pounding. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  denominated  from  a 
certiiin  number  of  pounds ;  as  a  cannon  is 
called  a  iweUe- pounder  ;  a  person  of  ten 
pounds  annual  income  is  called  a  ten- 
pounder;  a  note  or  bill  is  called  a  ten- 
pounder.  Johnson 

'i.  A  large  pear.  Dryden. 

Pound  fimlir.h.  The  phrase,  penny  wise  and 
pound fuolish,  signifies  negligent  in  the  care 
of  large  sums,  but  careful  to  save  small 
sums. 

POUND'ING,  ppr.  Beating;  bruising;  pul 
verizing ;  impounding. 

P6UPETON,  n.  [Fr.  poupee.]  A  puppet  or 
little  baby. 

PoUPIES,  n.  In  cooicr^,  a  mess  of  victuals 
made  of  veal  steaks  and  shces  of  bacon. 

Baiky. 

POUR,  ]'.  t.  [\V.  biarw,  to  cast,  send,  throw, 
thrust.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a  fluid  in  a  stream,  either 
out  of  a  vessel  or  into  it ;  as,  to  pour  wa 
ter  from  a  ])ail,  or  out  of  a  pail :  to  pour 
wine  into  a  decanter.  Pour  is  appropri- 
ately but  not  exclusively  applied  lo  fluids, 
and  signifies  merely  to  cast  or  throw,  and 
this  sense  is  modified  by  out, from,  in,into, 
against,  on,  upon,  under,  &c.  It  is  applied 
not  only  to  liquors,  but  to  other  fluicb,  and 

40 


to  substances  consisting  of  fine  particles  ; 
as,  to  pour  a  stream  of  gas  or  air  upon  a 
fire  ;  to  pour  out  sand.  It  expresses  jiar- 
ticidarly  the  hestowing  or  sending  forth  in 
copious  abundance. 

1  will  jiour  out  my  Spirit  upon  all  flesh.  Joct 
ii. 

To  povr  out  dusL     Lev.  xiv. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or 
continued  succes.sion. 

Luiidoii  doth  pour  out  her  citizens.       Shak. 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  as,  to  pour  out  words, 
prayers  or  sighs;  to  pour  on/ the  heart  or 
sotd.     Ps.  Ixii.  xlii. 

4.  To  throw  in  ])rofusion  or  with  ovci- 
whelmiiig  force. 

I  will  shortly  jtour  nut  iny  fury  on  tliee.  Ezck. 
vii. 
POUR,  V.  i.  To  flow ;  to  issue  forth  in  a 
stream,  or  continued  succession  of  parts  ; 
to  move  or  rush,  as  a  current.  The  tor- 
rent pours  down  from  the  mountain,  or 
along  the  steep  descent. 
2.  To  rush  in  a  crowd  or  continued  pro- 
cession. 

A  ghastly  band  of  giants. 
All  pouring  down  tlie  mountain,  crowd  the 
shore.  Pope. 

jPOURED,  pp.    Sent   forth;   thrown;   as  a 
I     fluid. 

;POURER,  n.  One  that  pours. 
IPOURING,  ppr.  Sending,  as  a  fluid;  driv- 
I     ing  in  a  current  or  continued  stream. 
Pf)URLIEU.     [See  Purlieu.] 
POURPRES'TURE,  n.   [Fr.  pour,  for,  and 

pris,  taken.] 
In  /ait',  a  wrongful  inclosure  or  encroach- 
ment on  another's  property. 

Enci/c.     Cowtl. 
POURSUIVANT.     [See  Pursuivant.] 
POURVEYANCE.     [See  Purveyance.] 
POUSSE,  corrupted  from  pulse,  peas. 

Spenser. 
POUT,  n.  A  fi.«h  of  the  genus  Gadus,  about 
an  inch  in  length  ;  the  whiting  pout. 

Diet.  jVat.  Hisl. 

2.  A  bird.  Carcic. 

3.  .\  fit  of  sullemiess.     [Colloquial.] 
POUT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bonder;  allied  probably  to 

bud,  pudding,  Gr.  lioravr^,  W.  potcn  ;  from 
the  sense  of  bulging  or  pushing  out.] 

1.  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullenness, 
contempt  or  displeasure ;  hence,  to  look 
sullen.  Shak. 

2.  To  shoot  out ;  to  be  prominent ;  as  pout- 
ing lips.  Dryden. 

POifT'ING,  ppr.  Shooting  out,  as  the  lips. 

2.  Looking  sullen. 

POVERTY,  li.  [Norm.poueri!,- Fr. /jauiTC- 

ti  ;  It.  poverth  ;  Sp.  Port,  pohreza  ;  L.  pau- 

pertas.     See  Poor.] 

1.  Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence ;  want 
of  convenient  means  of  subsistence.  The 
consequence  of  poverty  is  dependence. 

The  di-unkard  aud  the  glutton  shall  come  to 
poverty.  Pro  v.  xxiii. 

2.  Barrenness  of  sentiment  or  ornament  ; 
defect;  as  the  poverty  of  a  composition. 

3.  Want;  defect  of  words;  as  the  porcr/^  of 
language. 

POWDER,  n.  [Vr.poudre,  contracted  from 
pouldre  ;  Arm.  poullra  ;  It.  polvere  ;  Sp. 
polvo ;  L.  pulris.  The  G.  has  puder,  and 
the  D.  poeder,  hut  whether  from  the  same 
source  I  know  not.  Pulvis  is  probably 
from  pulso,  pulto,  to  beat.] 

I.  Any  dry  substauce  composed  of  minute 


p  o  w 


P  o  w 


P  o  w 


particles,  whether  natural  or  artificial  ; 
more  generally,  a  substance  coniiuinuteil 
or  triturated  to  fine  particles.  Thus  dust 
is  the  powder  of  eartli ;  flour  is  tlje  powder 
of  grain.  But  the  word  is  particularly  aj)- 
plied  to  substances  reduced  to  fine  parti- 
cles for  medicinal  purposes. 

2.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sulphur  and 
charcoal,  mixed  and  granulated ;  gun- 
powder. 

3.  Hair  powder  ;  pulverized  starch. 

POWDER,  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  fine  parti- 
cles; to  comminvitc;  to  pulverize  ;  to  tri- 
turate ;  to  pound,  grind  or  rub  into  fine 
particles. 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  powder ;  as,  to  powder 
the  hair. 

a  To  sprinkle  with  salt ;  to  corn ;  as  meat. 

Bacon. 

POWDER,  V.  i.  To  come  violently.  [JSTot 
in  use.]  VEslrange. 

POWDER-BOX,  n.  A  box  in  which  hair- 
powder  is  kept.  f'f'y- 

POWDER-€ART,  n.  A  cart  that  carries 
powder  and  shot  for  artillery. 

l^OWDER-CHEST,  n.  A  small  box  or  case 
charged  with  ])Owder,  old  nails,  &.'c.  fast- 
ened to  the  side  of  a  ship,  to  be  discharged 
at  an  enemy  attempting  to  board. 

Mar.  Diet 

POW'DERED,  pp.  Reduced  to  powder 
sprinkled  with  powder  ;  corned  ;  salted. 

POWDER-FLASK,  n.  A  flask  in  which 
gunpowder  is  carried. 

POWDER-HORN,  n.  A  horn  in  which  gun- 
])owder  is  carried  by  sportsmen.        Siinft. 

POWDERING,  ppr.  Pulverizing  ;  sprink- 
ling with  powder  ;  corning  ;  salting. 

POWDERING-TUB,  n.  A  tub  or  vessel 
in  which  meat  is  corned  or  salted. 

2.  The  place  where  an  infected  lecher  is 
cured.  Skak. 

POWDER-MILL,  n.  A  mill  in  wliich  gim- 
powder  is  made.  Arbulhnot. 

POWDER-ROOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  a 
ship  where  gunpowder  is  kept.         fiddlier. 

POWDERY,  a.  Friable;  easily  crumbling 
to  pieces. 

2.  Dusty ;  sprinkled  with  powder. 

3.  Resembling  powder. 
POWDIKE,  71.  A  marsh  or  fen  dike.    [Lo 

fa/.] 
POVV'ER,   n.  [Fr.  pouvoir;  Norm,  povare 
from  the  root  of  Sp.  Port,  poder,  It.  podere  ; 
or  rather  the  same  word  varied  in  orthog- 
raphy.    The  Latin  has  posse,  possum,  pot- 
ts, potentia.      Tlie   primary  sense  of  the 
verb  is  to  strain,  to  exert  force.] 
1.  In  a  philosophical  sense,  the  faculty  of  do- 
ing or  performing  any  thing  ;  tlie  faculty 
of  moving  or  of  producing  a  change  in 
something  ;  ability   or   strength.     A  man 
raises  his  hand  by  his  own  power,  or  by 
power  moves  another  body.     The  exertion 
of  power  proceeds  from  the   will,  and  in 
strictness,  no  being  destitute  of  will  orin- 
teUigence,  can  exert  power.    Power  in  man 
is   active  or  specidative.      Active   power  is 
that   which  moves   the  body  ;  specidative 
power  is  that  V)y  which  we  see,  judge,  re 
metiiber,   or   in     general,    by   which   we 
Ihiiil;. 

Power  may  exist  without  exertion.  We 
have  poiver  to  speak  when  we  arc  silent. 
liockt.     Reid. 


Power  has  been  distinguished  also  into 
active  and  passive,  the  power  of  doing  or 
moving,  and  tlie  power  of  receiving  im- 
pressions or  of  suffering.  In  strictness, 
passive  power  is  an  absurdity  in  terms. 
To  say  that  gold  has  a  power  to  be  melted, 
is  iniproi)er  language,  yet  for  want  of  a 
more  appropriate  word,  power  is  often 
used  in  a  passive  sense,  and  is  considered 
as  two-fold  ;  viz.  as  able  to  make  or  able 
torceewieany  change.  Cyc. 

2.  Force  ;  animal  strength  ;  as  the  power  of 
the  arm,  exerted  in  lifting,  throwing  or 
holding. 

3.  Force ;  strength  ;  energy  ;  as  the  power 
of  the  mind,  of  the  imagination,  of  the 
fancy.  He  has  not  potoers  of  genius  ade- 
quate to  the  work. 

4.  Faculty  of  the  mind,  as  manifested  by  a 
particular  mode  of  operation  ;  as  ihe  pow- 
er of  thinking,   comparing   and  judging 
the  reasoning  powers. 

.').  Ability,  natural  or  moral.  We  say,  a  man 
has  the  power  of  doing  good  ;  his  property 
gives  him  the  power  of  relieving  the  dis- 
tressed ;  or  he  has  the  potcer  to  persuade 
others  to  do  good  ;  or  it  is  not  in  his  poiver 
to  pay  his  debts.  The  moral  poiver  of  man 
is  also  his  poiver  of  judging  or  discern- 
ing in  moral  subjects. 

6.  In  mechanics,  that  which  produces  motion 
or  force,  or  whicli  may  be  applied  to  pro- 
duce it.  Thus  the  inclined  plane  is  called 
a  mechanical  power,  as  it  produces  motion, 
although  this  in  reality  depends  on  gravi 
ty.  The  wheel  and  axle,  and  the  lever, 
are  mechanical  powers,  as  they  may  be 
applied  to  produce  force.  These  poivers 
are  also  called /orcfs,  and  they  are  of  two 
kinds,  moving  power,  and  sustaining  pow- 
er. 

7.  Force.  The  great  power  of  the  screw  is 
of  extensive  use  in  compression.  The 
power  of  steam  is  immense. 

8.  That  quality  in  any   natural  body  which 
produces  a  change   or   makes  an  impres 
sion  on  another  body;  asthe^ouierof  med 
icine  ;    the  poiver  of  heat ;    the  power  of 
sound. 

9.  Force ;  strength ;  momentum ;  as  the 
power  of  the  wind,  which  propels  a  ship  or 
overturns  a  building. 

10.  Influence ;  that  which  may  move  thej 
mind  ;  as  the  power  of  arguments  or  of] 
persuasion.  | 

n.  Command;  the  right  of  governing,  orj 
actual  government;  dominion;  rule;' 
sway;  authority.  A  large  portion  of  Asia 
is  under  the  power  of  the  Russian  empe-| 
ror.  The  power  of  the  British  monarch  is 
limited  by  law.  The  powers  of  govern- 
ment are  legislative,  executive,  judicial,! 
and  ministerial. 

Power  is  no  blessing  in  itself,  but  when  it  isj 

employed  to  protect  the  innocent.  Sivift.] 

Under  this  sense  may  be  comprehendedj 

civil,  political,  ecclesiastical,  and  military 

poiver. 

12.  A  sovereign,  whetlicr  emperor,  king  or 
governing  prince  or  the  legislature  of  a 
state  ;  as  the  powers  of  Europe  ;  the  great 
powers  ;  the  smaller  powers.  In  lliis  sense, 
the  state  or  nation  governed  .^ectiis  to  be 
included  in  I  lie  word  power.  Great  Brit- 
ain is  a  great  naval  jJOicer. 


13.  One  invested  with  authority ;  a  ruler  ;  a 
cImI  magistrate.     Rom.  xiii. 

14.  Divinity  ;  a  celestial  or  invisible  being 
or  agent  supposed  to  have  dominion  over 
some  part  of  creation  ;  as  celestial /lou'er* : 
the  powers  of  darkness. 

15.  That  which  has  physical  power;  an  ar- 
ray ;  a  navy  ;  a  host ;  a  military  force. 

Never  such  a  power — 
Was  levied  in  the  body  of  a  land.  Shak. 

16.  Legal  authority  ;  warrant;  as  a  power  ot 
attorney  ;  an  agent  invested  with  ample 
power.  The  envoy  has  full  poivers  to  ne- 
gotiate a  treaty. 

17.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  product 
arising;  from  the  multiplication  of  a  num- 
ber or  quantity  into  itself;  as,  a  cube  is  the 
third /iower;  the  biquadrate  is  the  fourth 
power. 

18.  In  Scripture,  right;  privilege.  John  i- 
1  Cor.  ix. 

ll*.  Angels,  good  or  bad.     Col.  i.     Eph.  vi. 
,20.  Violence;  force  ;  compulsion.     Ezek.  iv. 

21.  Christ  is  called  the  power  of  God,  as 
through  him  and  his  gospel,  God  displays 
his  power  and  authority  in  ransoming  and 
saving  sinners.     1  Cor.  i. 

22.  The  powers  of  heaven  may  denote  the 
celestial  luminaries.     Matt.  xxiv. 

23.  Satan  is  said  to  have  tlie  power  of  death, 
as  he  introduced  sin,  the  cause  of  death, 
temporal  and  eternal,  and  torments  meu 
with  the  fear  of  death  and  future  misery. 

24.  In  vulgar  language,  a  large  quantity;  a 
great  number;  as  a  pojoer  of  good  things. 
[This  is,  I  believe,  obsolete,  even  among 
our  common  people.] 

Power  of  attorney,  authority  given  to  a  per- 
son to  act  for  another. 

POWERFUL,  a.  Having  great  physical  or 
mechanical  power:  strong;  forcible; 
mighty ;  as  a  powerful  army  or  navy ;  a 
powerful  engine. 

Having  great  moral  power;  forcible  to 
persuade  or  convince  the  mind  ;  as  a  pow- 
erful reason  or  argument. 

3.    Possessing   great  political   and  military 


power;  strong  in  extent  of  dominion  or 
national  resources  ;  jiotent ;  as  a  powerful 
monarch  or  prince  ;  a  powerful  nation. 

4.  Erticacious  ;  possessing  or  exerting  great 
force  or  producing  great  effects  ;  as  apotc- 
erful  medicine. 

In  general,  able  to  produce  great  effects  ; 
exerting  great  force  or  energy  ;  as  power- 
fid  eloquence. 

The  woi  J  of  God    is   quick    and  powerful. 
Heb.  iv. 

0.  Strong ;  intense  ;  as  a  powerful  heat  or 
light. 

POWERFULLY,  adv.  With  great  force  or 
energy  ;  potently  ;  mightily  ;  with  great 
effect;  forcilily ;  either  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense.  Certain  medicines  ojieratc 
powerfully  on  the  stomach  ;  the  practice  of 
virtue  is  powerfully  recommended  by  its 
ulilltv- 

POWERFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  hav- 
ing or  exerting  great  power  ;  force  ;  pow- 
er ;  might.  Hakewill. 

POW'ERLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  power, 
force  or  energy;  weak;  impotent;  not 
able  to  ]>ro(hi(e  any  effect.  Shak. 

POVVL'DUON,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  cpaule,  the 
shoulder.] 


P  R  A 


P  R  A 


P  R  iE 


In  heraldry,  that  part  of  armor  which  covers 
the  slioiilders.  Sandys. 

POW'TER,  )       A  variety  of  the  common 

POU'TER,  <i  domestic  pigeon,  with  an 
inflated  breast.  Ed.  Encyc. 

POX,  n.  [ii  corruption  of  pocks,  Sax.  poc  or 
pocc,  D.  pok,  that  is,  a  piish,  eruption  or 
pustule.  It  is  properly  a  plural  word,  but 
by  usage  is  singular.] 

Strictly,  pustules  or  eruptions  of  any  kind, 
but  chiefly  or  wholly  restricted  to  three  or 
four  diseases,  the  small  pox,  chicken  pox, 
the  vaccine  and  the  venereal  diseases 
Pox,  wh«n  used  without  an  epithet,  signi- 
fies the  latter,  lues  venerea. 

POV,  n.  [Sp.  apoyo,  a  prop  or  stay,  Fr.  ap- 
put.  The  verb  signifies  to  bear  or  lean 
upon,  from  the  root  of  poize.]  A  rope 
dancer's  pole. 

POZE,  for  pose,  to  puzzle.  [See  Pose.] 

PRAC'TIC,  ibv  practical,  is  not  in  use.     It 
was  formerly  used  for  practical,  and  Spen 
ser  uses  it  in  the  sense  of  artful. 

PRACTICABILITY,      )        [from    prac- 

PRAC'TICABLENESS,  {  "'    licable.]  The 
quality   or    state    of   being    practicable 
feasibility. 

PRACTICABLE,  a.  [Fr.  praticnUe;  It. 
praticabile ;  Sy.  practicable.    iieL- Practice.' 

\.  That  may  be  done,  effected  or  performed 
by  human  means,  or  by  powers  that  can 
be  applied.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous 
with  possible,  but  the  words  differ  in  this: 
possible  is  applied  to  that  which  might  be 
performed,  if  the  necessary  powers  or 
means  could  be  obtained ;  practicable  is 
limited  in  its  application  to  things  which 
are  to  be  performed  by  the  mean.s  given, 
or  which  may  be  applied.  It  was  possi- 
ble for  Archimedes  to  lift  the  world,  but  it 
was  not  practicable. 

'J.  That  may  be  practiced ;  as  a  practicable 
virtue.  Dryden. 

3.  That  admits  of  use,  or  that  may  be  pass- 
ed or  traveled ;  as  a  practicalde  road 
In  military  affairs,  a  practicable  breach  is 
one  that  can  be  entered  by  troops. 

Mitford. 

PRACTICABLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  may  be  performed.  "A  rule  practicably 
applied  before  his  eyes,"  is  not  correct 
language.  It  is  probably  a  mistake  for 
practically.  Rogers. 

PRACTICAL,  a.  [L.  practicus ;  It.  pra- 
tico ;  Fr.  pratique ;  Sp.  practico.  See 
Practice.]  Pertaining  to  practice  or  ac- 
tion. 

2.  Capable  of  practice  or  active  use  ;  oppo- 
sed to  speculative;  as  a  practical  under- 
standing. South. 

3.  That  may  be  used  in  practice  ;  that  may 
be  applied  to  use  ;  as  pradicai  knowledge. 

THllotson. 

■1.  That  reduces  his  knowledge  or  theories 
to  actual  use  ;  as  a  practical  man. 

5.  Derived  from  practice  or  experience  ;  as 
practical  skill  or  knowledge. 

PRACTICALLY,  adv.  In  relation  to  prac- 
tice. 

2.  By  means  of  practice  or  use  ;  by  experi- 
ment ;  as  practically  wise  or  skillful. 

3.  In  practice  or  use ;  as  a  medicine  pracif- 
cally  safe  ;  theoretically  wrong,  but  prac- 
lically  right. 


PRACTICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be 
ing  practical. 

PRACTICE,  n.  [Sp.  praclica ;  It.  pratica; 
Fr.  pratique  ;  Gr.  rffiaxtixr;,  fioni  the  root 
of  rtpaiau,  rtfiatTu,  to  act,  to  do,  to  make. 
The  root  of  this  verb  is  rtpay  or  rtpox,  as 
appears  by  the  derivatives  rtya^fia,  «pax- 
fixij,  and  from  the  same  root,  in  other  lan- 
guages, are  formed  G.  brauchen,  to  use  ; 
branch,  use,  practice ;  D.  gebruiken,  to  use, 
employ,  enjoy  ;  bruiker,  a  tenant,  one  that 
occupies  a  farm  ;  Sax.  brucan,  to  use,  to 
enjoy,  to  eat,  whence  Eng.  to  brook,  and 
broker ;  Uan.  bruger,  to  use  or  employ ; 
brug,  use,  practice  ;  Sw.  bruka  ;  L.  jfruor, 
forfrugor  or  J'rucor,  whence  fructus,  con- 
tracted into  /mil  ;  Ir.  freacair,  use,  prac- 
tice,  frequency,  X.-frequens.  Tbn  W .  praith, 
practice,  preithiaw,  to  practice,  may  be  the 
same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the  palatal 
letter  c  or  g.] 

1.  Fre(|uent  or  customary  actions  ;  a  suc- 
cession of  acts  of  a  siuiilar  kind  or  in  a  like 
employment ;  as  the  practice  of  rising  ear- 
ly or  of  dining  lute  ;  the  practice  of  read- 
ing a  portion  of  Scripture  morning  and 
evening  ;  the  practice  of  making  regular 
entries  of  accounts  ;  the  practice  of  virtue 
or  vice.     Habit  is  the  effect  of  practice. 

2.  Use  ;  customary  use. 

Obsolete  words  may  be  revived  when  tliey 
are  more  sounding  or  siguiticant  than  those  in 
practice.  Dryden 

3.  Dexterity  acquired  by  use.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

4.  Actual  performance  ;  distinguished  from 
theory. 

There  are  two  functions  of  the  soul,  contem 
plation   and  practice,  according  to  the  general 
division  ot    objects,  some  of  wtiii-h  only  enter- 
tain our  speculations,  others  employ  our  actions 

South 

Application  of  remedies  ;  medical  treat- 
ment of  diseases.  Two  physicians  may 
diflier  widely  in  their  practice. 

6.  Exercise  of  any  profession  ;  as  the  prac 
tice  of  law  or  of  medicine;  the  practice  of] 
arms. 

7.  Frequent  use ;  e.xercise  for  instruction  or 
j  discipline.  The  troops  are  daily  called 
I     out  for  practice. 

8.  Skillful  or  artful  management;  dexterity 
in  contrivance  or  the  use  of  means ;  art  ;| 
stratagem ;  artifice ;  usually  in  a  bad 
sense. 

He  sought  to  have  that  by  practice  which  he 
could  not  by  prayer.  Sidney. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  genuine  ;  Sp. 
practico,  skillful.  It.  pratico ;  like  expert, 
from  L.  experior.  It  is  not  a  mistake  as 
Johnson  supposes.     See  the  Verb.] 

9.  A  rule  in  arithmetic,  by  which  the  ope- 
rations of  the  general  rules  are  abridged 
in  use. 

PRACTICE,  V.  t.  [From  the  noun.  The 
orthography  of  the  verb  ought  to  be  the 
same  as  of  the  noun  ;  as  in  notice  and  to 
notice.] 

1.  To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily 
or  habitually;  to  perform  by  a  succession 
of  acts;  as,  to  pradice  gaming  ;  to  practice 
fraud  or  deception  ;  to  practice  the  virtues 
of  charity  and  beneficence  ;  to  practice  hy- 
pocrisy.    Is.  xxxii. 

Many  praise  virtue  who  do  not  2'ractice  it. 

Anon.: 


i2.  To  use  or  exercise  any  profession  or  art ; 
as,  to  practice  law  or  medicine ;  to  practice 
gunnery  or  surveying. 

3.  To  use  or  exercise  fiir  instruction,  disci- 
pline or  dexterity.  [Iti  this  sense,  the  verb 
is  usually  intransitive.] 

4.  To  commit;  to  perpetrate  ;  ;is  the  horrors 
practiced  at  Wyoming.  Marshcdl. 

5.  To  use;  as  a  practiced  road.     [Unusual.] 

Mitford. 
PRACTICE,  V.  i.  To  perform  certain  acts 
frequently  or  customarily,  either  for  in- 
struction, prolit  or  amusement ;  as,  to 
practice  with  the  broad  sword  ;  to  practice 
with  the  rifle. 

2.  To  form  a  habit  of  acting  in  any  manner. 

Tiny  shall  practice  how  to  live  secure. 

Milton. 

3.  To  transact  or  negotiate  secretly. 
i  have  practical  with  him, 

And  found  means  to  let  the  victor  know 
That  Syphax  and  Sempronius  are  his  friends. 

.iddiaOH . 
To  try  artifices. 
Others,  by  guilty  artitice  and  arts 
Of  promis'd  kindness,  practic'd  on  our  hcart«. 

Granville. 
To  use  evil  arts  or  stratagems. 
If  you  there 
Did  practice  on  my  state —  Shak. 

6.  To  use  medical  methods  or  experiments. 
I  am  littli!  im-lined  to  practice  on  others,  and 

as  little  lliat  others  shouM  practice  on  me. 

Temple. 

7.  To  exercise  any  etnployment  or  profes- 
sion. A  physician  has  practiced  many 
years  with  success. 

PRACTICED,  pp.  Done  by  a  repetition 
of  acts;  customarily  performed  or  used. 

PRAC'TICER,  n.  One  that  practices  ;  one 
that  customarily  jierforms  certain  acts. 

2.  One  who  exercises  a  profession.  In  this 
sense,  practitioner  is  generally  used. 

PRACTICING,  ppj-.  Performing  or  using 
customarily ;  exercising,  as  an  art  or 
profession. 

PRACTISANT,  n.  An  agent.     [M)t  used.} 

Shak. 

PRACTl'TIONER,  n.  One  who  is  engag- 
ed in  the  actual  use  or  exercise  of  any 
art  or  profession,  particularly  in  law  or 
medicine. 

One  who  docs  any  thing  customarily  or 
habitually.  H'hitgifle. 

.3.  One  that  practices  sly  or  dangerous  arts. 

South . 

PR^COG'NITA,n.p/K.  [L.  before  known.] 
Things  previously  known  in  order  to  un- 
derstand something  el.se.  Thus  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  structure  of  the  hinnan  body 
is  one  of  the  pracognita  of  medical  sci- 
ence and  skill. 

PR^MUNI'RE,  n.  [a  corruption  of  the  L. 
prcemoncre,  to  pre-ailmonisli.] 

1.  A  writ,  or  the  offense  for  which  it  is 
granted.  The  offense  consists  in  intro- 
ducing a  foreign  authority  or  power  into 
England,  that  is,  introducing  and  main- 
taining tlie  papal  power,  creating  imperi- 
um  in  imperio,  and  yielding  that  obedi- 
ence to  the  mandates  of  the  pope,  whicli 
constitutionally  belongs  to  the  king.  Botli 
the  offense  and  the  writ  are  so  denomina- 
ted from  the  words  used  in  the  writ,  prir- 
munine  facias,  cause  .\  B  to  be  forewarn 


P  R  A 

e(i  to  appear  before  us  to  answer  tlie  con- 
tempt wherewith  he  stands  charged. 

Blackstone.     Encyc. 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  infringing  a 
statute.  South 

PRAGMAT'le,        >         [L.     prairmahcus ; 

PRAGMATICAL,  S  Gr.  rtpoy^anxos 
from  rtjiayna,  business  ;  rtpaauu,  to  do.  See 
Practice.] 

Forward  to  interme<ldle;  mcddUng  ;  imper- 
tinently busy  or  officious  in  the  concerns 
of  others,  witliout  leave  or  invitation. 

The  fellow  grew  so  pragmatical,  that  he  took 
upon  him  the  government  of  my  whole  family 

Jlrbuthnot 

Pragmatic  sanction,  in  the  German  empire 
the  settlement  made  by  Charles  VI.  the 
emperor,  who  in  1732,  having  no  sons, 
settled  his  hereditary  dominions  on  his 
eldest  daughter,  the  archducliess  Maria 
Theresa,  which  settlement  was  confirmed 
by  most  of  the  powers  of  Europe, 
(n  the  civil  law,  pragmatic  sanction  may  be 
defined,  a  rescript  or  answer  of  the  sove- 
reign, delivered  by  advice  of  his  council 
,  to  some  college,  order,  or  body  of  people, 
who  consult  him  in  relation  to  tlie  affairs 
of  their  community.  The  like  answer 
given  to  a  particular  person,  is  called  sim 
ply  a  rescript.  Hottoman.     Encyc. 

PRAGMAT'leALLY,  adv.  In  a  meddling 

manner;  impertinently. 
PRAGMAT'ICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
intermeddling  without  right  or  invitation 
PRAG'MATIST,  n.    One   who  is  imperii 
nentlv  busy  or  meddling.  Reijnolds. 

PR  A' IS  ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  praised. 
[jVot  used.]  fVickliffe. 

PRAISE,  n.  s  as ;.  [D.  prys,  praise  and 
price  ;  G.  preis,  praise,  price,  prize,  value  ; 
Dan.priis.  Sw.  pris,  id.;  W.  pris,  price, 
value  ;  Fr.  prix  ;  It.  prezzo  :  Sp.  precio 
price,  value;  presa,  a  prize ;  W.prid;  L 
pretium  :  Sp.  prez,  glory,  praise ;  Scot 
prys,  praise  and  prize.  See  tlie  Verb.] 
J.  Commendation  bestowed  on  a  person  for 
his  personal  virtues  or  worthy  actions,  on 
meritorious  actions  themselves,  or  on  any 
thing  valuable  :  approbation  expressed  in 
words  or  song.  Praise  may  be  expressed  by 
an  individual,  and  in  this  circumstance  dif 
fersfroin/ame,  renojon,  and  ce/e6n<i/,  which 
are  the  expression  of  the  approbation  of 
numbers,  or  public  commendation.  When 
praise  is  applied  to  the  expres.sion  of  pub- 
lic approbation,  it  may  be  synonymous 
with  renown,  or  nearly  so.  A  man  may 
deserve  the  praise  of  an  individual,  or  of  a 
nation. 

There  are    men   who  always    confoiuul  the 
praise  of  goodness  with  the  practice. 

namhler 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  i)ers<jnal 

favors  conferred ;  a  glorifying  or  extoll- 


P  R  A 

prezarse,  to  boast  or  glory.  It  appears] 
that  praise,  price,  prize,  are  all  from  one' 
root,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  lifl,| 
to  raise,  or  rather  to  strain.  So  from  L.' 
lotto,  extollo,  we  have  extol.  Now  in  Dan. 
roser,  Sw.  rosa,  signifies  to  praise,  and  it 
may  be  questioned  whether  this  is  praise 
without  a  prefix.  The  Latin  pretium,  W. 
prid,  is  probably  from  the  same  root,  de- 
noting that  which  is  taken  for  a  thing  sold, 
or  the  rising  or  amount,  as  we  use  high  ; 
a  high  value  or  price  ;  corn  is  high.     In 


Pers. 


J'^- 


;  1     afaraz,    is     liigb,    lofty 


u'^^-j'J^ 


^  u  ^ 


afrazidan,   to  extol.      Qu. 


mg. 


month; 


He   hath   put  a  new   song  into  my 
evcu praise  to  our  God.     Ps.  xl. 

:).  The  object,  ground  or  reason  of  praise. 
He  is  thy  praise,  and  he  is  thy  (iod.    Ueut.  x 

PRAISE,  v.t.    (D.  pryzen,   to    praise  ;  pry 
zeeren,  to  estimate  or  value  ;  G.  preisen,  to 
praise  ;  Dan.  priser,  to  praise,  extol  or  lift 
lip  ;  Sw.  prisa  ;   VV.  prisiaw  ;  Arm.  presa 
Fr.  priser,  to  prize,  to  value ;  It.  prezznrc  ; 
Sp.    preciar ;   Port,    prezar,  to  estimate 


Fr.  pn'iner,  for  prosner.] 
1.  To   commend  ;    to  applaud  ;   to  express 
approbation  of  personal  worth  or  actions. 
W'c  praise  not   Hector,  though   his  name   we 

know 
Is  great  m  arms  ;  'tis  hard  to  praise  a  foe. 

IhyJen. 
3.  To  extol  in  words  or  song;  to  magnify  ; 
to  glorify  on  account  of  perfections  or  ex 
cellent  works. 

Praise  him,  all  his  angels,  praise  ye  him,  all 
his  liosts.     Ps.  cxlviii. 

3.  To  express  gratitude  for  personal  favors. 
Ps.  cxxxviii. 

4.  To  do  honor  to;  to  display  the  excellence 
of 

All  thy  works  shall  praise  thee,  0  Lord.     Ps. 
cxlv. 

PRA'ISED,  pp.  Connnended;  extolled. 

PRA'ISEFUL,  a.  Laudable  ;  conunenda- 
hle.     [J\I'oi  used.]  Sidney. 

PRA'ISER,  n.  One  who  praises,  commends 
or  extols;  an  apjilauder;  a  commender. 
Sidney.     Donne. 

PRA'ISELESS,  a.  Without  praise  or  com- 
iniMidation.  Sidney. 

PRAISEWORTIIILY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
<lescrving  of  commeudution.  Spenser. 

PRAISEWORTHINESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
deserving  commendation.  Smith. 

PRAISEWORTHY,  a.  Deserving  of  praise 
or  a|)plause  ;  commendable  ;  as  a  praise- 
U'orthy  action.  Arbuthnot. 

PRA'ISING,  ppr.  Commending;  extolling 
in  words  or  song. 

PRAM,      \       [D.  praam.]  A  flat-bottomcil 

PRAME,  \  "■  boat  or  lighter  ;  used  in  Hoi 
land  for  conveying  goods  to  or   from   a 
ship  in  loading  or  unloading.  Encyc. 

3.  In  inililary  affairs,  a  kind  of  floating  bat- 
tery or  tlat-bottomed  vessel,  mounting 
several  cannon  ;  used  in  covering  the  dis- 
embarkation of  troops.  Encyc.' 

PR^ANCE,  V.  i.  prans.  [W.  pranciaw,  to 
frolick,  to  play  a  prank,  from  rhanc,  a 
reaching  or  craving,  the  same  as  rank ; 
Ir.  rincim,  to  dance  ;  Port,  brincar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  biincar,  to  leap.  It  is  allied  to 
prank,  which  see.] 
To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in   high 


P  R  A 

PR'ANCING,  ppr.  Springing;  bounding: 
riding  with  gallant  show. 

PR'ANCING,  n.  A  springing  or  bounding. 
as  of  a  high  spirited  horse.     Judg.  v. 

PR.ANK,  V.  t.  [If  Jt  is  not  radical,  this  word 
coincides  with  G.  pracht,  D.  Dan.  pragt, 
Sw.  prackt,  pomp,  magnificence  ;  also 
with  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to  make  a 
show ;  D.  pronken ,  to  shine  or  make  a 
show,  to  be  adorned,  to  strut  ;  Dan.  prang- 
er,  to  prance,  to  make  a  show,  to  sell  by 
retail;  the  latter  sense  perhaps  from  break- 
ing ;  Sw.  prunka.  So  in  Port,  brincar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  id.  to  leap.  These  are  evident- 
ly the   Ar.    ^3    j    to   adorn,  to   lighten. 

Prink  is  probably  from  the  same  root.] 
To  adorn  in  a  showy  manner;  to  dress  or 
adjust  to  ostentation. 

In  sumptuous  tire  she  joyed  herself  to  pra/i/r 

Milton 
It  is  often  followed  by  up. 

— And  me,  poor  lowly  maid. 
Most  goddess-like  pranA'i  up.  Shak. 

PRANK,  )i.  [VV.pranc]  Properly,  a  sudden 
start  or  sally.  [See  Praiice.]  Hence,  a 
wild  flight ;  a  capering;  a  gambol. 
3.  A  capricious  action  ;  a  ludicrous  or  merry 
trick,  or  a  mischievous  act,  rather  for  sport 
than  injury.  Children  often  play  their 
pranks  on  each  other. 

— In  came  the  harpies  and  played  their  ac- 
customed pranks.  Raleigh. 

PRANK,  a.   Frolicksome  ;  full  of  gambols 


pp. 


Adorned  in 


Brewer. 
a    showy 


manner. 
One  that  dresses  ostenta- 


L 

mettle. 

Now  rule  thy  prancing  steed.  ^'".V- 

3.  To   ride  with   hounding  movements;  to 
ride  ostentatiously. 
Th'  insulting  tyrant  jirancmg  o'er  the  field. 

Jlddisoti. 

;).  To  walk  or  strut  about  in  a  showy  manner 
I    or  with  warlike  parade.  SwiJX.\ 


or  tricks. 
PRANK  ED. 
PRANKT, 
PR  ANKER, 

tiously. 
PRANK'ING,  ppr.  Setting  off  or  adorning 

for  display. 

PRANK'ING,    71.    Ostentatious  display   of 

dress.  More. 

PRASE,   n.  s  as  :.   A  silicious  mineral ;  a 

subspecies  of  quartz  of  a  leek  green  color. 

Cleaveland. 
PRASON,  n.  pra'sn.  [Gr.  Xfiasov.]  A  leek  ; 
also,  a  sea  weed  green  as  a  leek. 

Bailey. 
PR.\TE,    V.  i.    [D.   praaten,  to  prate;  Sw. 
prata,    to    tattle;   Gr.  fpaSouo.    Qu.  allied 
perhaps  to  Sax.  raid,  speech.] 
To  talk  much  and  without  weight,  or  to  lit- 
tle   purpose  ;   to   be   loquacious  ;    as   the 
vulgar  express  if,  to  run  on. 
To  prate  and  talk  fur  life  and  honor.       Shak. 
And  made  a  fool  presume  to  prate  of  love. 

Vryden. 
PRATE,  V.  t.  To  utter  foolishly. 

What  nonsense  would   the   fool,  thy  master, 

prntf, 
When  Ihou,  his  knave,  canst  (alk   at  such  a 
rate  ?  Dry  den. 

PR.ATR,   n.    Continued  talk  to   little   pur- 
pose; trilling  talk  ;  unmeaning  loquacity. 
Shak.     Denham. 

PRA'TER,  1!.  One  that  talks  nuich  to  little 
purpose,  or  on  trifling  subjects. 

Southern. 

PRATIC, 

PRATiClUE, 
lice.] 

In  commerce,  primarily,  converse  ;  inter- 
course ;  the  coiMtnunication  between  a 
ship  and  the  port  in  which  she  anivcs. 


}       [It.  proftca;  Sp.practica; 
I  "■  Fr.  pratique.    See  Prac- 


P  R  A 

Jlcnce,  a  license  or  permission  to  hold  in-| 
torcoiirse  ami  trade  with  the  inhabitants] 
ofu|(laco,  after  having  pertorniud  quar- 
antine, or  upon  a  certificule  tliat  the  ship 
did  not  come  from  an  infet-ted  place  ;  a 
term  used  particularly  in  the  smith  of  hu- 
rope,  where  vessels  coming  from  coun- 
tries inlijcted  with  contagions  diseases, 
are  subjected  to  quarantine. 

PRA'TING,  ppr.  Talking  much  on  a  tri- 
fling subject ;  talking  idly. 

I'RA'  riN(jl-Y,  adv.  With  much  idle  talk 
witii  loquacity. 

PRAT'TLE,  V.  i.   Idim.  of  prate.]     To  talk 
much  and  idly;  to  he  loquacious  on  tri- 
fling subjects.  Locke.     Addison 
This  word  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
talk  of  chililren. 

PRAT'TLE,  n.  Trifling  talk;  loquacity  on 
trivial  subjects. 

Merc  prattle  without  practice. 
Is  all  his  soldiership.  Shak 

PRATTLEMENT,  n.  Prattle.  Hayky. 

PK.\T'TLER,  »i.  An  idle  talker.       Ihrbcrt. 

PRAT'TLING,  ppr.  Talking  much  on  triv- 
ial affairs. 

PRAV'ITY,  n.  [L.  pravilas,  from  pravus. 
crooked,  evil.] 

Deviation  from  right  ;  moral  perversion  : 
want  of  rectitude ;  corrupt  state  ;  as  the 
pravity  of  liumuii  nature  ;  the  pravily  of 
the  will.  Millun.     South. 

PR,\WN,  n.  A  small  crustaceoiis  fish  of 
the  genus  (Saucer,  vvitli  a  serrated  snout 
bending  upwards.  Eiicyc. 

PRAX'IS,  n.  [L.  lioin  the  Gr.  See  Prac- 
tice]    U.sc;  practice.  Coventry. 

2.  An  exami)le  or  form  to  teach  practice. 

Lowlh. 

PRAY,  ti.  I.  [Fr.  prier;  \i.  prepare;  L.  prt- 
cor  ;  Ross.  ^rocAu  ;  allied  perhaps  to  the 
Sii\.fnegiiaii,  (i.  fragea,  I>.  vraagen,  Sw. 
fr&ga,  to  ask,  K.  proco.  This  word  be- 
longs to  the  same  family  af,  preach  and  re- 
proach, Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Elli.  Ar.  pj  to 
bless,  to  reproach  ;  rendered  in  Job  ii.  'J,, 
to  curse;  properly,  to  reproach,  to  rail  at 
or  upbraid,  W.  rhegu.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  throw,  to  pour  fortli  sounds  or 
words;    for    the   same    word    in    Arabic, 


^ 


baraka,  signifies  to  pour  out  water, 


as  in  violent  rain,  Gr.  lipfX'^.  See  Rain. 
As  the  oriental  word  signifies  to  bless, 
and  to  reproach  or  curse,  so  in  Latin  the 
same  word  precor  signifies  to  supplicate 
good  or  evil,  and  precis  signifies  a  prayer 
and  a  curse.  See  Imprecate.  Class  Brg. 
No.  3.  and  see  No.  4.  (j.  7.  8.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a 
favor,  or  for  something  desirable ;  to  en- 
treat ;  to  supplicate. 

Pray  for  Ilium  who  despitefuUy  use  you  and 
persecute  you.     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  petition ;  to  ask.  as  for  a  favor ;  as  in 
application  to  a  legislative  body. 

3.  In  u'orship,  to  address  the  Supreme  Being 
with  solemnity  and  reverence,  with  ado- 
ration, confession  of  sins,  supplication  for 
mercy,  and  thanksgiving  for  blessings  re- 
ceived. 

When  thou  prauest,  enter  into  tliy  closet,  and 
when  thou  hast  stiut  thy  door,  pray  to  thy  Fa- 
ther who  is  ill  secret,  and  thy  Father  who 
seeth  in  secret,  shall  reward  thee  openly.  Matt. 
vi. 


PRE 

4.  I  pray,t\mt  is,  I  pray  you  tell  me,  or  let  me  [PREACH 
know,  is  a  common  mode  of  introducing  a 
question. 

PRAY,  V.  t.  To  supplicate;  to  entreat;  to 
urge.  j 

We  pray  you  in  Christ's  stead,  be  ye  reconcil- 
ed to  Uod.     2  Cor.  v. 

2.  Li  ivorship,  to  supplicate;  to  implore;  to 
ask  with  reverence  and  humility. 

Repent  therefore  of  lliis  thy  w  ickedncss,  and 
pray  God,  if  perhaps  tlie  thoiighl  of  thy  heart 
may  be  forgiven  thii'.     Aits  viii. 

3.  To  petition.  The  [ilaintif  prays  judg 
nient  of  the  court. 

He  that  will  have  the  benefit  of  this  act, 
must  pray  a  prohibition  before  a  sentence'  in  the 
ecclesiastical  court.  Jlyliffe. 

4.  To  ask  or  iutrcat  in  ceremony  or  form. 

Pray  my  colleague  .\utonius  I  may  speak 
with  him.  li.  Junstin. 

[In  most  instances,  this  verb  is  transitive 
only  by  ellipsis.  To  pray  Cod,  is  used  for 
to  pray  to  God  ;  to  pray  a  prohibition,  is  to 
pray  for  a  prohibition,  &c.] 

To  pray  in  aid,  in  law,  is  to  call  in  for  help 
one  who  has  interest  in  the  cause. 

iPRA'YER,  n.  In  a  general  serise,  the  act  of 

I     asking  for  a  favor,  and   particularly  with 

I     earnestness. 

3.  In  worship,  a  solemn  address  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  cmisisting  of  adoration,  or 
an  e.vpression  of  our  sense  of  God's  glori- 

1  ous  perfections,  confession  of  our  sins, 
supplication  for  mercy  and  forgiveness, 
intercession  for  blessings  on  others,  and 
thanksgiving,  or  an  expression  of  gratitude 
to  God  for  his  mercies  and  benefits.  A 
prayer  however  may  consist  of  a  single 
petition,  and  it  may  be  extemporaneous, 
written  or  printed. 

|3.  A  formula  of  church  service,  or  of  wor- 
ship, public  or  private. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication. 

As  he  is  famed  for  mildness,  peace  and  prayer. 

Shak 

5.  That  part  of  a  iiiomcuial  or  petition  to  a 
public  boily,  which  specifies  the  request 
or  thing  desired  to  be  done  or  granted,  as 
distinct  from  the  recital  of  facts  or  reas 
ons  for  the  grant.  We  say,  the  prayer  of 
the  petition  is  that  the  petitioner  may 
be  discharged  from  arrest. 

PRA'YER-BQQK,  n.  A  book  containing 
prayers  or  the  forms  of  devotion,  public  or 
private.  Swift. 

PRA'YERFUL,  a.  Devotional;  stven  to 
prayer  ;  as  a  prayerful  frame  of  mind. 

'i.   Using  much  j)rayer. 

PRA'YERFULLY",  arff.  With  much  prayer. 

PRA'YERLESS,  a.  Not  using  prayer  ;  ha 
bitually  neglecting  the  duty  of  jirayer  to 
God  ;  as  a  prayerless  family. 

PRA'YERLESSNESS,  n.  Total  or  habit- 
ual net'lcct  of  praver.  T.  H.  Skinnrr. 

PR.-V'YING,  ppr.    AsUinc  ;  supplicating. 

PRA'YINGLY,  adv.  With  .^supplication  to 
God. 

PRE,  an  English  prefix,  is  the  L.  prw,  be- 

I  fore,  probably  a  contracted  word ;  Russ. 
pred.      It    expresses   iiriority   of  time   or 

I  rank.  It  may  be  radically  the  same  as  the 
Italian  proda,  the  prow  of  a  ship ;  prode, 
profit,  also  valiant,  whence  prowess,  from 
some  root  signifying  to  advance.  It  some- 
times signifies  beyond,  and  may  be  render- 
ed very,  as  in  prepotent. 


P  R  E 

,  1.  [D.  prf.cken  ;  Fr.  pricker, 
(or  preschcr ;  Arm.  prcgnein  or  prezecq  ; 
W.  prcg,  a  greeting ;  pregcth,  a  sermon ; 
prcgethu,  to  iireach,  derived  from  the 
noun,  ami  the  noun  from  r/ifg',  a  sending 
out,  utterance,  a  gift,  a  curse,  imprecation  ; 
rhcgu,  to  send  out,  to  give  or  consign,  to 
curse ;  Heb.  (Jli.  Ar.  "pi  ;  L.  proeco,  a 
crier.  Sax.  fricca  or  fryccca,  a  crier.  This 
is  from  the  same  root  as  Jtray,  L.  precor, 
and  with  s  prefixed,  gives  the  G.  sprechen, 
D.  spreekcn,  Sw.  sprlika,  to  speak  ;  Dan. 
sprog,  speech.     Class  Brg.  \o.  2.  3.  4.  5.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  public  discourse  on  a  re- 
ligious subject,  or  from  a  tc^xt  of  Scripture. 
Tlic  word  is  usually  applied  to  such  dis- 
courses as  are  formed  from  a  text  of 
Scriptmo.  This  is  the  modern  sense  of 
preach. 

ri.  To  discourse  on  the  gospel  way  of  salva- 
tion and  exhort  to  repentance ;  to  dis- 
course on  evangelical  truths  and  exhort  to 
a  belief  of  them  and  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  salvation.  This  was  the  extem- 
poraneous manner  of  preaching  pursued 
by  Christ  and  his  apostles.  Matt.  iv.  x. 
A(?ts  X.  xiv. 
PREACH,  I',  t.  To  proclaim  ;  to  publish  in 
religious  discourses. 

AVhat  ye  hear  in  thi^  car,  that  preach  ye  on 
the  liouso-tops.     M.ill.  X. 

The  I.or.l   hath  anointed   me  to  preach  good 
tidiiiijs  to  the  meek.     Is.  Ixi. 
•i.  To  inculcate  in  public  discourses. 

I  have  preached  righteousness  iu  the  great 
congregation.      Ps.  xl. 

He  oft  to  ihempreach'd 
Conversion  and  repentance.  .^fdton. 

To  preach   Christ  or  Christ  crucified,  to  an- 
nounce   Christ  as   the  only  Savior,  ami 
his  atonement  as  the  only  ground  of  ac- 
ceptance with  God.     1  Cor.  i. 
To  preach  up,  to  discour.se  in  favor  of. 
Can  they  preach  up  ecpiality  of  birth  .' 

Dry  den. 

PREACH,  n.  A  religious  discourse.  [AV 
used.]  Hooker. 

PRE'.\("HF.D, /)/).  Proclaimed;  announced 
in  public  discourse  ;  inculcated. 

PRE'ACHER,  n.  One  who  discourses  pub- 
licly on  religious  subjects.  Bacon. 

2.  One  that  inculcates  any  thing  with  earn- 
estness. 

tio  preacher  \i  listened  to  but  time.       Swift. 

PRE'ACIIEKSHIP,  n.  The  oflice  of  a 
preacher.     [.Vo/  used.]  Hall. 

PRE'ACHING,  f/jr.  Proclaiming;  publish- 
ing in  discourse:  inculcating. 

PREACHING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  preaching; 
a  public  religious  discourse.  Milner. 

PRE'.VCHM.VX,  n.  A  [neachcr;  in  con- 
tempt. Howell. 

PRE'ACH.AIENT,  ji.  .A.  discourse  or  ser- 
mon; in  contempt;  a  discourse  afiectedly 
solemn.  Shak. 

PREACQIJA'INTANCE,  »i.  Previous  ac- 
quaintance or  knowledge.  Harris. 

PREACtiUA  INTED,  «.  Previously  ac- 
quainted. Sheridan. 

PREAD'AMITE,»i.  [pre, before,  anil.ldam.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  earth  that  lived  before 
Adam.  Pereyra. 

PREADAAUTTC,  a.  Designating  what 
existed  before  Adam ;  as  fictitious  pread- 
amitic  period.s.  Kirwan. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREADMINISTRA'TION,  n.  Previous 
a<lii)inistration.  Pearson. 

PKEADMON'ISH,  v.  t.  To  admonish  pre- 
viously. 

PREADMONI'TION,  n.  Previous  warn- 
ing or  admonition. 

PREAMBLE,  ji.  [It.  preambolo ;  Sp.  pre- 
ambuto  ;  Fr.  preambule  ;  L.  prw,  before, 
and  amhuto,  to  go.] 

1.  Something  previous ;  introduction  to  a 
discourse  or  writing. 

2.  The  introductory  part  of  a  statute,  which 
states  the  reasons  and  intent  of  the  law. 

Encyc.    Dryden 

PRE'AMBLE,  v.  t.  To  jireface  ;  to  intro 
duce  with  previous  remarks.  Feltkam. 

PREAM'BULARY,  >        Previous  ;     intro 

PREAM'BIJLOUS,  S  "'  ductory.  [Mt  us- 
ed.] Brown. 

PREAM'BULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  pro:,  before, 
and  ambulo,  to  walli.]  To  walk  or  go  he- 
fore.  Jordan. 

PREAMBULA'TION,  71.  A  preamble.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Chancer. 

2.  A  walking  or  going  before. 

PREAM'BULATORY,  a.  Going  before  ; 
preceding.  Taylor. 

PREAPPREHEIN'SION,  n.  [See  Appre- 
hend.] An  opinion  formed  before  exam- 
ination. Brown. 

PREASE,  ?!.  Press  ;  crowd.  [JVot  used. 
See  Press.]  Chapman 

PRE'ASING,  ppr.  or  a.  Crowding.  [jYol. 
used.]  Spenser. 

PREAU'DIENCE,  n.  [See  Audience.]  Pre 
cedence  or  rank  at  the  bar  among  law- 
yers; riglit  of  previous  audience. 

Blackslone. 

PREB'END,  n.  [It.  prebenda,  prebend,  pro- 
vision ;  Sp.  prebenda ;  Fr.  prebende,  from 
L.  prccbeo,  to  afford,  to  allow.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  out 
of  the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church.  Prebends  are  simple  or  dignita- 
ry ;  simple,  when  they  are  restricted  to  the 
revenue  only,  and  dignitary,  when  they 
have  jurisdiction  annexed  to  them. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  prebendary.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PREBEND' AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  prebend. 

Chesterfield. 

PREB'ENDARY,  n.  [Fr.  prebendier.]  An 
ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend  ;  the 
stipendiary  of  a  cathedral  church. 

Surijl. 
A  prebendary  differs  from  a  canon  in 
this;  the  prebendary  receives  his  prebend 
in  consideration  of  his  officiating  in  the 
church  ;  the  canon  merely  in  consequence 
of  his  being  received  into  the  cathedral  or 
college.  Encyc. 

PREB'ENDARYSHIP,  »i.  The  office  of  ji 
prebendary  ;  a  canonry.  ll'otton 

PREeA'RIOL'S,  a.  [L.  precaiius,  from  pre- 
cor,  to  pray  or  entreat ;  primarily,  depend- 
ing on  request,  or  on  the  will  of  another.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  an- 
other ;  held  by  courtesy ;  liable  to  be 
changed  or  lost  at  the  pleasure  of  anoih 
or.  A  privilege  depending  on  another's 
\v\\\  is  precaiious,  or  held  by  a  precarious 
tenure.  Addison. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  held   l)y   a   doubtful    tenure 
depending    on    unknown    or   unforeseen 
I'auses  or  events.    Temporal  prosperity 


precarious  ;  personal  advantages,  health, 
strength  and  beauty  are  all  precarious,  de-l 
pending  on  a  thousand  accidents. 

Rogers.] 
We  say  also,  the  weather  is  precarious  ;| 
a  [jhrase  in  whicli  we  depart  not  inore| 
from  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  than! 
we  do  in  a  large  part  of  all  the  \\ords  in 
the  language. 

PRECA'RIOUSLY,  adv.  At  the  will  or! 
pleasure  of  others;  dependently  ;  by  an 
uncertain  tenure  ;  as,  he  subsists  precari-\ 
ously.  Lesley.     Pope.] 

PRECA'RIOUSNESS,  ji.  Uncertainty  ;  de- 
pendence on  the  will  or  jtleasure  of  oth- 
ers, or  on  unknown  events ;  as  the  preca- 
riousness  of  life  or  health. 

PRE'€ATIVE,    I       [L.  prccor,    to    pray.] 

PRE'CATORY,  ^  Suppliant  ;  beseech- 
in".  Harris.     Hopkins. 

PREeAU'TlON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  precaulus, 
prcecaveo ;  prw,  before,  and  caveo,  to  take 
care.] 

Previous  caution  or  care ;  caution  previous- 
ly employed  to  prevent  mischief  or  secure 
good  in  possession.  Addison. 

PRECAUTION,  V.  I.  To  warn  or  advise 
beforehand  for  preventing  mischief  or  se- 
curing good.  Locke. 

PRECAU'TIONAL,  a.  Preventive  of  mis- 
chief Atonlague. 

PRECAU'TIONARY,  a.  Containing  pre- 
vious caution  ;  as  precautionary  advice  or 
admonition. 

2.  Proceeding  from  previous  caution  ;  adapt 
ed  to  prevent  nfischief  or  secure  good  ;  as 
prccai(h'o?iaru  measures. 

PRECEDA'NEOUS,  a.  [from  precede,  L. 
prcecedo.] 

Preceding ;  antecedent ;  anterior.  [jVot  u.ied.] 

Hale. 

PRECE'DE,  V.  I.  [L.  prwcedo  ;  pra;  before, 
and  cedo,  to  move.] 

1.  To  go  before  in  the  order  of  time.     Th 
corruption  of  morals  precedes   the  ruin  of 
a  state. 

2.  To  go  before  in  rank  or  importance. 

3.  To  cause  something  to  go  before ;  to 
make  to  take  place  in  prior  time. 

It   is  usual  to  precede  hostililies  by  a  public 
declaration.    [Unusual.]  Jtent. 

PRECEDED,  pp.  Being  gone  before. 
PRECE'DENCE,  )       The  act   or  state  of 
PRECE'DENCY,  (,  "'  going  before  ;  prior- 
ity in  lime  ;  as  the  precedence  of  one  event 
to  another. 

The  state  of  going  or  being  before  in  rank 
or  dignity  or  the  place  of  honor;  the  riglu 
to  a  tnore  honorable  place  in  public  pro- 
cessions, in  seats  or  in  the  civilities  of  life. 
Precedence  depends  on  the  order  of  nature 
or  rank  established  by  God  himself,  as  that 
due  to  age  ;  or  on  courtesy,  custom  or  po 
litical  distinction,  as  that  due  to  a  govern- 
or or  senator,  who,  though  younger  in 
years,  takes  rank  of  a  subordinate  officer, 
though  older;  or  it  is  settled  by  authori- 
ty, as  in  Great  Britain.  In  tlie  latter  case, 
a  violation  of  the  right  of  precedence  is  ac- 
tionable. 

Precedence  went  in  truck, 
And  lie  was  competent  whose  purse  was  so. 

Cnii'jjcr. 

3.  The  foremost  in  ceremony.  .Milton. 

4.  Superiority;  superior  importance  or  in 
flucncc. 


Wliich  of  the  different  desires  has  precedency 
in  determining  the  will  to  the  next  action. 

Locke. 
PRECEDENT,  a.  Going  tefore   in   time  : 
anterior ;  antecedent ;  as  precedent  servi- 
ces; a  precedent  fault  of  the  will. 

The   world,  or  any  pai  t  thereof,  could  not  be 
precedent  to  the  creation  of  man.  Hale. 

A  precedent  condition,  in  law,  is  a  condition 
whicli  must  happen  or  be  performed  be- 
fore an  estate  or  some  right  can  vest,  and 
on  failure  of  which  the  estate  or  right  is 
defeated.  Blackstone. 

PREC  EDENT,  n.  Something  done  or  said, 
that  may  serve  or  be  adduced  as  an  ex- 
ample to  authorize  a  subsequent  act  of  the 
like  kind. 

Examples  for  cases  can  but  direct  as  prece- 
dents only.  Hooker. 
2.  In  law,   a  judicial  decision,  interlocutory 
or  final,  which  serves  as  a  rule  for  future 
determinations  in  similar  or  analogous  ca- 
ses ;  or  any  proceeding  or  course  of  pro- 
ceedings which   may  serve  for  a  rule  in 
subsequent  cases  of  a  like  nature. 
PREC'EDENTED,    a.    Having    a    prece- 
dent ;  authorized  by  an  example  of  a  like 
kind. 
PRECE'DENTLY,   adv.   Beforehand  ;  an- 
tecedently. 
PRECEL'LENCE,    n.    Excellence.     [JVot 
in  use.]                                               Sheldon. 
PRECEN'TOR,  n.  [Low  h.  pra;centor ;  Fr. 
precenteur  ;  It.  precentore  ;  L.  prw,  before, 
and  canto,  to  sing.] 
The  leader  of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral ;  call- 
ed also  the  chanter  or  master  of  the  choir. 

Encyc. 
PRECEPT,  )i.  [Fr.  precepte ;  Sp.precepto; 
It.  precetto ;  L.  pra:replu,m,  front  prcecipio, 
to  command  ;  pro:,  before,  and  capio,  to 
take.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  commandment  or 
order  intended  as  an  aiulioritative  rule  of 
action;  but  applied  particularly  to  com- 
mands respecting  moral  conduct.  The 
ten  commandments  are  so  many  precepts 
for  the  regulation  of  our  moral  conduct. 

No  arts  arc  without  their  ^)ece7)/s.     Dryden. 
In  law,  a  command   or  mandate  in  wri- 


2. 

ting.  Encyc. 

PRECEP'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of  precepts. 
^Vot  in  u.'te.]  Shak. 

PRECEP'TION,  n.  A  precept.  [.\'ut  in. 
use.  I  Hall. 

PRECEP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  pro'ceplivus.]  Giv- 
ing precepts  or  commands  for  the  regula- 
tion of  moral  conduct ;  containing  pre- 
cepts ;  as  the  preceptive  parts  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

Directing  in  moral  conduct  ;  giving  rules 
or  directions ;  chdactic. 

Tile  lesson  given  us  here  is  preceptive  to  us. 
Z,'Eslrange. 
Preceptive  poetry.  Encyc. 

PRECEPTOR,  n.  [L.  praceptor.  See  Pre- 
cept.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  Wacher  ;  an  instructor. 

2.  In  a  restricted  sense,  tlie  teacher  of  a 
school  ;  sometimes,  the  principal  teacher 
of  an  academy  or  other  seminary. 

PRECEPTORIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pre- 
ceptor. Lit.  Magazine. 
PRECEP'TORY,  a.  Giving  precepts. 

Anderson. 

j'PRECEP'TORY,   n.     A   subordinate   reli- 

aious  Iiouse  where  instruction  was  given. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PRECES'SION,  n.  [Fr. precession ;  It. pre- 
cessione  ;  tioin  the  L.  processus,  prcecedo, 
to  go  before.] 

1.  Literally,  the  act  of  going  licfore,  but  in 
this  sense  rarely  or  never  used. 

2.  Ill  astronomy,  tlie  precession  of  the  equinox. 
is  an  aiuiual  motion  of  the  c(|uinox,  or 
point  when  the  ecliptic  intersects  th 
eqiiutor,  to  the  westward,  atnountiiig  to 
50i''.  This  [ireccssion  was  discovered  by 
Hi|i()anhus,  a  century  and  a  lialf  before 
the  christian  era,  though  it  is  allcdgei" 
that  the  astronomers  of  India  liad  discov- 
ered it  long  before.  At  that  time,  the 
point  of  the  autumnal  equinox  was  about 
six  degrees  to  the  eastward  of  the  star 
called  spica  virginis.  In  1750,  that  is, 
about  nineteen  hundred  years  after,  this 
point  was  observed  to  be  about  20°  21' 
westward  of  that  star.  Hence  it  appears 
that  the  equinoctial  points  will  make  an 
entire  revolution  in  about  25,745  years. 

Ena/c. 
PRE'CINCT,  n.    [L.  pra-cinclus,  pracingo 
to  encompass  ;  pnr  and  cingo,  to  surround 
or  gird.] 

1.  The  limit,  bound  or  exterior  line  encom- 
passing a  place  ;  us  the  precincts   of  light, 

Milto7i. 

2.  Bounds  of  jurisdiction,  or  tlie  whole  ter 
ritory  comprehended  within  the  limits  of 
authority. 

Take  the  body  of  A  B,  if  to  be  found  wKliin 
yom  jirecitiets.  Technical  Law 

3.  A  territorial  district  or  division. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  word  is  gen- 
erally used  in  the  plural,  e.xcept  in  the 
third  sense. 

Ill  case  of  non-acceptance  [of  the  collector] 
the  palish  or  precinct  shall  proceed  to  a  new 
choice.  Law  of  Massachusetts 

PRECIOSITY,  for  preciousness  or  value 
not  used.  Brown.     More. 

PRE"C10US,  a.  [Fr.  precieux  :  L.pretiosus, 
from  pretium,  price.     See  Praise.] 

1.  Of  great  price;  costly;  as  a  precious 
stone. 

2.  Of  great  value  or  worth ;  very  valuable 

She  is  more  preci(nt.s  tlian  rubies.     Prov.  iii 

3.  Highly  valued  ;  much  esteemed. 

The  word  of  the  J^ord  was  precious  in  those 
days  ;  there  was  no  open  vision.     1  Sam.  iii. 

4.  Worthless ;  in  irony  and  contempt. 

Locke. 

Precious  metals,  gold  and  silver,  so  called  on 
account  of  their  value. 

PRE"C10USLY,  adv.  Valuably  ;  to  a  great 
price. 

2.  Contemptibly  ;  in  irony. 

PRE"CIOUSNESS,  n.  Valuableness  ;  great 
value  ;  high  price.  tVilkins. 

PRECIPE,  II.  pres'ipy.  [L.  pracipio.  See 
Precept.'\ 

In  laiv,  a  writ  commanding  the  defend- 
ant to  do  a  certain  thing,  or  to  show  cause 
to  the  contrary  ;  giving  him  his  choice  to 
redress  the  injury  or  to  stand  the  suit. 

Blachslone. 

PRECIPICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prmcipitium, 
from  prcFceps,  headlong  ;  prw,  forward, 
and  ceps,  for  caput,  head.     See  Chief] 

1.  Strictly,  a  falling  headlong  ;  hence,  a 
steep  descent  of  land  ;  a  fall  or  descent  of 
land,  perpendicular  or  nearly  so. 

Where  wealth,  like  fruit,  on  precipices  grew 

Vryden.l 


2.  A  steep  descent,  in  general. 

ill  tlie  breaking  of  the  waves   there   is  ever 
a  precipice.  Bacon. 

Swift  down  the  precipice  of  time  it  goes. 

Vniden. 
PRECIP'IENT,    a.     [L.  prxcipicns.      See 

Precept.]     Commanding ;  directing. 
PRECIPITABIL'ITY,  n.    [from  precipita- 
ble.]     The  quality  or  state   of  being  pre- 
cipitable. 
PRECIP'ITABLE,  a.    [from   L.  prxcipilo, 

from  praceps,  headlong.] 
That  may  be  precipitated  or  cast  to  the  bot- 
tom, as  a  substance  in  solution. 
PRECIP'ITANCE,  )        [from   precipitant.] 
PRECIP'ITANCY,  \  "■  Headlong     hurry  ; 
rash  haste  ;  haste  in  resolving,  forming  an 
opinion  or  executing  a  purpose  without 
due  deliberation. 

Hurried  on  by  the  precipitance  of  youth. 

Swift. 
Rashness  and  precipitance  of  judgment. 

Watts. 
2.  Hurry  ;  great  liaste  in  going.  Milton. 

PRECIP'ITANT,  a.  [L.  pracipitans,  prce- 
cipito,  from p)«ce;)s,  headlong.] 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong  ;  rushing' 
down  with  velocity. 

They  leave  their  little  lives 
Above  the  clouds,  precipitant  to  earth. 

Philips. 

2.  Hasty  ;  urged  with  violent  haste. 
Should  he  return,   tliat  troop   so   blithe  and 

bold. 
Precipitant  in  fear,  would  wing  their  (light. 

Pope. 

3.  Rashly  hurried  or  hasty  ;  as  precipitant 
rebellion.  A'.  Charles. 

4.  Unexpectedly  brought  on  or  hastened. 

Taylor. 

PRECIP'ITANT,  n.  In  chimistry,  a  liipior, 
which  when  |)Oured  on  a  solution,  sepa- 
rates w  hat  is  dissolved  and  makes  it  pre- 
cipitate, or  fall  to  the  bottom  in  a  concretCi 
state.  Enciic. 

PRECIP'ITANTLY,  adv.  With  great 
haste  ;  with  rash  unadvised  haste  ;  with 
tumiiliiioiis  hurrv.  Milton.' 

iniEVW  ITA'lE,' V.  t.    [L.  priccipilo,  fromj 

]     praceps,  heaillong.     See  Precipice.] 

1.  To  throw  headlong;  as,  lie  precipitated 
himself  from  a  tock.  Milton.     IJn/dcn. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  precipitate  a  flight.      Drydcn.\ 

3.  To  hasten.  j 

Shorl  intermittent    and    swift  recurrent  pains 
do  precipitate  patients  into  consumptions. 

Harvey. 

4.  To  hurry  blindly  or  rashly. 
If  they  be  daring,  it  may  jtrecipitate  their  de- 
signs and  prove  dangerous.  Bacon. 

5.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel ;  as  a 
substance  in  solution.  i 

All   metals  may  be  precipitated  by  alkaline 
salts  Enctjc.' 

PRECIP'ITATE,  v.i.  To  fall  headlong. 

Shak. 

2.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  sed- 
iment, or  any  substance  in  solution. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  hasten  without  preparation.      Bacon. 
PRECIP'ITATE,    a.    Falling,   flowing   or 

rushing  w  ith  steep  descent. 

Precipitate  the  fuiious  torrent  flows.     Prior. 
2.  Headlong;  over  hasty  ;  rashly  hasty  ;  as, 
the  king  was  too  precipitate  in  declaring 
war. 


3.  Adopted  with  haste  or  without  due  de- 
liberation ;  hasty ;  as  a  precipitate  meas- 
ure. 

4.  Hasty ;  violent  ;  terminating  speedily  in 
death  ;  as  a  precipitate  case  of  disease. 

.Irbuthnof. 
PRECIP'ITATE,  n.  A  substance  which, 
having  been  dissolved,  is  again  separated 
from  its  solvent  and  thrown  to  the  bottom 
of  the  vessel  by  pouring  another  liquor 
upon  it. 


Precipitate  per  se,  }  the  red  oxyd  or_peroxyd 
Red  precijntate,     ^  of  i  "'" 

PRECIPITATED,  pp.  Hurried; 


mercury. 


Thomson. 
hastened 
rashly  ;  thrown  headlong. 

PRECIPITATELY,  adv.  Headlong;  with 
steep  descent. 

2.  Hastily ;  with  rash  haste  ;  without  due 
caution.  Neither  praise  nor  censure  prc- 
civitateli/. 

PRECH"'ITATING,  ppr.  Thowing  head- 
long; hurrying;  hastening  rashly. 

PRECIPITATION,    n.     [L.  pracipitatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  heaillong.  Shak. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing  or  rushing  down  with 
violence  and  rapidity. 

The  hurrj-,  precipitation  and  rapid  motion  of 
the  water.  Woodward. 

Great   hurry  ;    rash,  tumultuous  haste  ; 
rapid  movement. 

The  precipitation  of  inexperience   is   often 
restrained  by  shame.  Rambler. 

A.  The  act  or  operation  of  throwing  to  the 
bottom  of  a  vessel  any  substance  held  in 
solution  bj'  its  menstruum.  Precipitation 
is  often  effected  by  a  double  elective  at- 
traction. "  Enaic. 

PRECIPITATOR,  n.  One  that  urges  on 
with  vehemence  or  rashness.      Hammond. 

PRECIPITOUS,  a.  [L.  praceps.]  Very 
steep  ;  as  a  precipitous  clifi  or  luounlaiu. 

2.  Headlong;  directly  or  rapidly  descend- 
ing; as  a  precipitous  full.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Hasty  ;  rash  ;  heady. 

Advice  unsafe,  precipitous  and  bold. 

Dryden. 

PRECIPITOUSLY,  adv.  With  steep  de- 
scent ;  in  violent  haste. 

PRECIP'ITOUSNESS,  n.  Steepness  of 
descent. 

2.  Rash  haste.  Hammond. 

PRECI'SE,  a.  [L.  pracisus,  from  prcecido, 
to  cut  off;  pro-  and  cado  ;  literally,  cut  or 
pared  away,  that  is,  pared  to  smoothness 
or  exactness.] 

1.  Exact;  nice;  definite;  ha\  ing  determin- 
ate limitations  ;  not  loose,  vague,  uncor- 
tain  or  equivocal  ;  as  precise  rules  of  mo- 
rality ; /)reme  directions  tor  life  and  con- 
duct. 

The  law  in  this  point  is  precise.  Bacon. 

For  the  hour  p7-ecise 

Exacts  our  parting.  JHlton. 

Formal ;  superstitiously  exact  ;  exces- 
sively nice ;  punctilious  in  conduct  or  cer- 
emony. Addison. 
PRECISELY,  adv.  Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  ac- 
curately ;  in  exact  conformity  to  triith  or 
to  a  tnodel.  The  ideas  are  preciseli/  ex- 
pressed. The  time  of  an  eclipse  may  be 
precisely  determined  by  calculation. 

^Tien  more  of  these  orders  than  one  are  to 
be  set  in  several  stories,  (here  must  be  an  ex- 
quisite care  to  place  the  columns  preciseli/  one 
over  another.  Wotton. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


U.  With  excess  of  formality;  with  scrupu- 
lous exactness  or  punctiliousness  in  be- 
havior or  ceremony. 

PRECrSENESS,  n.  Exactness ;  rigid 
nicety  ;  as  the  preciseness  of  words  or  ex- 
pressions. 

I  will  distinguish  the  cases  ;  though  give  me 
leave,  in  handling  them,  not  to  sever  them  with 
too  much  preciseiiesa.  Bacon. 

2.  Excessive  regard  to  forms  or  rules  ;  rigid 
formality. 

PRECr'SIAN,  n.  s  as  z.  One  that  limits  or 
restrains.  Shak 

2.  One  who  is  rigidly  or  ceremoniously  ex- 
act in  the  observance  of  rules. 

Drayton.     Walls. 

PRECr'SIANISM,    n.     Excessive    exact- 
ness ;  superstitious  rigor.  Milton 
[These  two   words  are,  I  believe,  little 
used,  or  not  at  all.] 

PRECP'SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.from  L.prffici 
sio.\  E.xact  limitation  ;  exactness;  accina 
cy.  Precisiott  in  the  use  of  words  is  a  prime 
excellence  in  discourse  ;  it  is  indispensa 
ble  in  controversy,  in  legal  instruments 
and  in  mathematical  calculations.  Nei- 
ther perspicuity  nor  precision  should  be 
sacrificed  to  ornament. 

PRECI'SIVE,  a.  Exactly  limiting  by  sepa- 
rating what  is  not  relative  to  the  purpose; 
as  precisive  abstraction.  Walls. 

PRECLUDE,  v.t.  [L.  pra:cludo ;  pros,  be- 
fore, and  cludo,  claudo,  to  shut.] 

1.  To  prevent  from  entering  by  previously 
shutting  the  passage,  or  by  any  previous 
measures  ;  hence,  to  hinder  from  access, 
possession  or  enjoyment.  Sin,  by  its  very 
nature,  precludes  the  sinner  from  heaven  ; 
h  precludes  the  enjoyment  of  God's  favor  ; 
or  it  precludes  the  favor  of  God. 

The  valves  preclude  the  blood  liom  entering 
the  veins.  Danpin. 

2.  To  prevent  from  happening  or  taking 
place. 

PRECLU'DED,  pp.  Hindered  from  enter- 
ing or  enjoyment  ;  debarred  from  some- 
thing bv  previous  obstacles. 

PREeLU'DING,  ;)/)*•.  Shutting  out ;  pre- 
venting from  access  or  possession  or  from 
having  place. 

PRECLUSION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting out  or  preventing  from  accessor  pos- 
session ;  the  state  of  beitig  prevented  from 
entering,  possession  or  enjoyment. 

Ramhler. 

PRECLU'SIVE,  a.  Shutting  out,  or  tend- 
ing to  preclude  ;  hindering  by  previous 
obstacles.  Burke. 

PRECLU'SIVELY,  adv.  With  hinderance 
by  anticipation. 

PRECO'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  praxo.r ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  coquo,  to  cook  or  prepare.] 

J.  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natural  time; 
as  precocious  trees.  Brown. 

2.  Premature. 

PRECO'CIOUSNESS,  ?        Rapid   growth 

PRECOCITY,  ^"-   and      ripeness 

before  the  usual  time ;    prematureness. 

Hoivell. 
I  cannot  learn  that  he  gave,  in  liis  youth,  any 
evidence  of  that  ;)recofi7^  which  sometimes  dis- 
tinguishes uncommon  genius. 

WirVs  Life  of  P.  Henri/ 

PRECO(i'ITATE,  v.t.  (L.  pracogito ;  prcc\ 
and  cosiito.} 


To  consider  or  contrive  beforehand.  [Little 
used.^  Sherwood. 

PRECOgITA'TION,  71.  Previous  thought 
or  consideration.  Did 

PRECOGNITA.     [See  Pracognito.] 

PRECOGNP'TION,  n.  [L.  prm,  before,  and 
cognitio,  knowledge.] 

1.  Previous  knowledge;  antecedent  exam 
illation.  Fotherby. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  an  examination  of  witnesses 
to  a  criminal  act,  before  a  judge,  justice  of 
the  peace  or  sherif,  before  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  offender,  in  order  to  know 
whether  there  is  ground  of  trial,  and  to 
enable  the  prosecutor  to  set  forth  tlie  facts 
in  the  libel.  Ena/c. 

PRECOMPO'SE,  V.  t.  [See  Compose.]  to 
compose  beforehand.  Johnson 

PRECOMPO  SED,  pp.  Composed  before 
hand. 

PRECOMPO'SING,;);)r.  Composing  before- 
hand. 

PRECONCE'IT,  n.  [See  Pieconceive.]  An 
opinion  or  notion  previously  formed. 

Hooker. 

PRECONCEIVE,  V.  t.  [h.pra:,  before,  and 
concipio,  to  conceive.] 

To  form  a   conception   or  opinion    before- 
hand ;  to  form  a  previous  notion  or  idea. 
In  a  dead  plain,   the  way  seems  tin-   longer 
because  the  eye  has  jirecunceived  it  shorter  than 
the  truth.  Bacon. 

PRECONCE'IVED,  pp.  Conceived  before- 
hand ;  previously  formed  ;  as  preconceived 
opinions  ;  preconceived  ends  or  i)urposes 

Soidh. 

PRECONCE'IVING,  ppr.  Conceiving  or 
forming  beforehand. 

PRECONCEP'TION,  n.  Conception  or 
opinion  previously  formed.  Hakeioill. 

PRECONCERT',  v.  t.  [pre  and  concert.]  To 
concert  beforehand  ;  to  settle  by  juevious 
agreement. 

PRECONCERTED,  pp.  Previously  con 
ceried  or  settled.  Warton. 

PRECONCERT'ING,  ppr.  Contriving  and 
sett  line  beforehand. 

PRECONIZA'TION,  n.  [Upraconium,  from 
pra'co,  a  crier.] 

A  publishing  by  proclamation,  or  a  proe- 
amation.     [JVol  used.]  Hall. 

PRECONSIGN,  V.  t.  [pre  and  consign.]  To| 
consign  beforehand ;  to  make  a  previous 
consignment  of 

PRECON'STITUTE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  co7isti- 
tutc] 

To  constitute  or  establish  beforehand. 

PRECON'STITUTED,  pp.  Previously  es- 
tablished. Paley. 

PRECON'STITUTING,  ppr.  Constituting 
beforehand. 

PRECON'TRACT,  n.  [pre  and  conlrncl.] 
A  contract  previous  to  another.  Shak. 

PRECONTRACT',  v.  t.  To  contract  or  stij)- 
ulate  previously. 

PRECONTRACT',  v.  i.  To  make  a  lucvi- 
ous  contract  or  agreement. 

PRECONTRACT'ED,  pp.  Previously  con- 
tracted or  stipulated  ;  previously  engaged 
by  contract ;  as  a  woman  precontracted  to 
another  man.  .dyliffr. 

PRECONTRACT' ING,  ppr.  Stipulating  or 
covenanting  beforehand. 

PRECURSE,  n.  precurs'.  [L.  pr<ecursus, pro'- 
curro ;  prw  and  curro,  to  run.] 

A  forerunning.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 


PRECURS'OR,  n.  [L.  precursor,  supra.] 
A  forerunner;  a  harbinger;  he  or  that 
which  precedes  an  event  and  indicates  its 
approach  ;  as  Jove's  lightnings,  the  pre- 
cursors of  thunder.  Shak. 
A  cloud  ill  the  southwest,  in  winter  is 
often  the  precursor  of  a  snow  storm.  A 
hazy  atmosphere  in  the  west,  at  sunset,  is 
ot'ten  the  precursor  of  a  cloudy  or  of  a  rainy 
tlay  U.  States. 
Evil  thoughts  are  the  invisible,  airy  precurs- 
ors of  all  the  storms  and  tempests  of  the  soul. 

Buckminstej-. 

PRECURS'ORY,  a.  Preceding  as  the  har- 
binger ;  indicating  something  to  follow : 
aa  precursory  symptoms  of  a  fever. 

, Med.  Repos. 

PRECURS'ORY,  n.  An  introduction.  yVot 
lised.]  Hammond. 

PREDA'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  prcedaceus,  from 
prceda,  prey,  spoil.] 

Living  by  prey.  Derham. 

PRE'DAL,  o.  [L.  prcrfa,  prey.]  Pertaining 
to  prey. 

2.  Practicing  plunder.  Bovle 

PREDATORY,  a.  [L.  pradcUorius,  from 
prceda,  prey.] 

1.  Plundering;  pillaging;  characterized  by 
plundering;  practicing  rapine  ;  as  a  pred- 
atory war  ;  a  predatory  excursion  ;  a  pred- 
atory party. 

2.  Hungry;  ravenous;  as  predatory  spirits 
or  appetite.     [Hardly  allowable.]       Bacon 

PREDECEASE,  v.  i.  [pre  and  decease.] 
To  die  before.  Shak 

PR  EDECE'ASED,  a.  Dead  before.      Shak 

PREDECESSOR,  H.  [Fr.  pridicesseur ;  L. 
f)rce  and  decedo,  to  depart.] 

A  person  who  has  preceded  another  in  the 
same  office.  The  king,  the  president,  the 
judge,  or  the  magistrate,  follows  the  steps 
of  h'ln predecessor,  or  he  does  not  imitate  the 
example  of  his  predecessors.  It  is  distin- 
guished from  ancestor,  who  is  of  the  same 
blood ;  but  it  may  jierhaps  be  sometimes 
used  for  it.  Hooker.     Addison 

PREDESIGN,  V.  t.  To  design  or  purpose 
beforehand ;  to  jiredetermine. 

PREDESIGNED,  pp.  Purposed  or  deter- 
mined previouslv.  Mitford. 

PREDESIGNING,  ppr.  Designing 

PREDESTINA'RIAN,  n. 

ale.] 
One  that  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  predes- 
tination. Walton. 
PREDES'TINATE,  a.  Predestinated  ;  fore- 
ordained.                                             Bumel. 
PREDES'TINATE,  v.  t.  [It.  predestinare ; 

Fr.  predesliner  ;    L.  pradestino  ;  pra^  and 

destino,  to  appoint.] 
To  predetermine  or  foreordain  ;  to  appoint 

or  ordain  beforehand  by  an  unchangeable 

purpose. 

Whom  he  did  foreknow ,  he  also  did  predes- 

linate  to  be  coul'orined  to  the  image  of  his  Son. 

Rom.  \iii. 

Ha\m^  predestinated  us  unio  the  adoption 

of  children  by  Jesus  Christ  to  himself.  Eph  i 
PREDESTINATED,  pp.  Prcdetennined ; 

foreordained  ;  decreed. 
PREDESTINATING, p;)r.  Foreordaining; 

decreeing  ;  appointing  beforehand  by  an' 

unchangeable  purpose. 

Holding  predestination. 
.-Vnd  pricks  up  his  predestinating  ears. 

l^ryden. 


previ- 
[See  Predestin- 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREDESTINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
creeing or  foreordaining  events  ;  tlie  de- 
cree of  God  l.y  which  he  hath,  from 
eternity,  iineliangeably  apjminted  or  de- 
termined whatever  comes  to  pass.  It  is^ 
used  particularly  in  theology  to  denote  the 
preordination  of  men  to  everlasting  )iaj>- 
piliess  or  misery.  Encyc. 

Predestination  is  a  part  of  the  unchangeal)le 
plan  of  the  divine  government  ;  or  in  otli-; 
er  words,  the  unchangeable  purpose  of  an 
unchangeable  God. 

PREDES'TINATOR,  n.  Properly,  one  that 
foroordainji. 

9    One  that  holds  to  predestination.     Cowky. 

PKEDES'TINE,  v.  t.  To  decree  before- 
hand :  to  foreordain. 

And  bill  predestintd  empires  rise  and  fall. 

Prior. 

PKEDETERM'INATE,  a.  Determined  be- 
forehand ;  as  tlie  predete nninate  io\\\isc\  ol, 
God.  Parktnirst. 

PREDETERMINA'TION,  n.  [See  Prcdt- 
termine.] 

1.  Previous  determination;  purpose  formed 
beforehand  ;  as  the  predderminntion  of 
God's  will.  Hammond. 

2.  PriJinotion  ;  that  concurriuicc  of  God 
which  determines  men  in  their  actions. 

Encyc. 
PREDETERM'INE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  determ- 
ine.] 
1.  To  determine    beforehand  ;   to  settle  iji 
purpose  or  counsel. 

ll'(io<l  foresees  events,  he  must  have  ]iridt-\ 


We  say,  the  country  is  in  a  singular />r«- 

dicnmeiit. 
PKEDKA MENTAL,   a.   Pertaining  to  a 

predicament.  Hale. 

PRED'ICANT,  ji.    [L.  prmdicans,  pradico.] 

One  that  affirms  any  thing. 
I'ltJ'lD'lCATE,  V.  t.  [L.  pradico;  prte  and 

dico,  to  say.] 
To  affirm  one  thing  of  another  ;  as,  to  pred- 

icntr  whiteness   of  snow.      Reason   itiay 

be  predicated  of  man. 
PRED'RATE,  v.  i.  To  affirm  ;  to  comprise 

an  affirmation.  Halt. 

PRED'ICATP!,  n.  In  logic,  that  wliich,  in 


PREDOMINANCE,  ? 


Hall- 


pra-\ 


tennined  them 
2.  To  doom  by  previous  decree. 
PRE'DIAL,,  a.   [Sp.  predial,  from  L 

dium,  a  farm  or  estate.] 

1.  Consisting  of  land  or  farms;  real  estate. 

Ayliffe. 

2.  Attached    to   land  or   farms;    as  ?""erfiai|'„r)„r,,    _  ,.,, 
slaves.  Encyc.  ■^^^'^"^^^^^^ 

y.  Growing  or  issuing  from  land;  as  predial 

tithes. 
PREDICABIL'ITV,    n.    [from   predicable.] 

The  quality  of  being  predicable,  or  capa-' 

ble  of  being  affirmed  of  something,  or  at-i 

tributed  to  something.  Reid.i 

PRED'ICABLE,   a.    (L.  pj-wdicabilis,  from^ 

pradico,  to  affirm  ;  pne  aiid  dico,  to  say.] 
That  may  be  aflirnied  of  something  ;  that 


])roposition,  is  affirmed  or  denied  of  the 
subject.  In  these  i)roposilion8,  "  paper  is 
white,"  "  j»/i-  is  not  white,"  whiteness  is  the 
predicate  affirme<l  of  paper,  and  denied  of 
iidi.  1  Vails. 

PUKDICA'TION,  »>.  [L.  prcedicatio.]  Af- 
firmation of  something,  or  the  act  of  af- 
firming one  tiling  of  another.  Locke. 

PREO'ICATORY,  a.  Affirmative;  positive. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PREDICT',  V.  I.  [I:  prcedictus,  prwdico; 
pra;  before,  and  dico.  to  tell.] 

To  foretell ;  to   tell    beforehand   something 

I     that   is  to    happen.     Moses  predicted  the 

I     dispersion  of  tlie  Israelites.     Christ  ^rf- 

!     dieted  the  destruction  of  .Jerusalem. 

PI5I:DI€T'I':1),  pp.  Eoret.dd;  told  before 
the-  event. 

I'HEDICT'ING,  ppr.  Foretelling. 

FREPIC'TION,   71.   [L.  pro'dictio.]  A  fore- 

I     telling  ;  a  previous  declaration  of  a  futmc 

event  ;  prophecy.     The  fulfillment  of  the 

predictions  of  the  prophets  is  considered  to 

be  a  strong  argument  in  favor  of  the  di- 

I     vine  origin  (if  the  Scriptures. 

PREDlCT'IVE,  a.  Foretelling  ;  prophetic. 

More. 

n.  A    foreteller ;    one  who 

prophesies.  Sunft. 

PKEDIgES'TION,  )i.  [pre  and  digestion.] 
Too  lijisty  digestion. 

Prcdigrsliiin  tills  the  body  with  crudities. 

Bacon. 

PR  EDI  MICTION,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  predilezione  ; 
L.  prie,  before,  and  dilectus,  ditigo,  to  love.] 

\  previous  liking  ;  a  prepossession  of  mind 
in  favor  of  something.  IFarton. 


[See  Predomi- 
PREDOM'INANCY,  ^  "'  nant.] 
1.  Prevalence  over  others  ;  superiority  in 
strength,  power,  influence  or  authority  ; 
ascendancy  ;  as  the  predominance  of  a  red 
color  ill  a  body  of  various  colors  ;  thepr«- 
dominance  of  love  or  anger  among  the 
passions;  the  predominance  of  self-interest 
over  all  other  considerations:  theprfrfom- 
innnce  of  imperial  authority  in  the  confed- 
eracy. 

In  astrology,  the  superior  influence  of  a 
planet. 
li  PREDOMINANT,  a.  [Fr.  predominant ;  It. 


may  he  attributed  to.     Animal  is  ;/(prf(Va-  PREDISPO'NENT,  n.  That  which  predis- 
We  of  man.     Intelligence  is  not  predicable ,     poses. 

of  plants.     More  or  less  is  not  predicable'i^'liV.DlSl'O  SE,  v.t.  s  as  z.  [pre  auddispu.ie.] 
of  a  circle  or  of  a  s(|uare.     AVhiteness  is  I-  To  incline  beforehand;  to  give  a  pl■eviou^ 

disposition   to 


not  predicable  of  time. 

PRED  l€AnLE,  n.  One  of  the  five  thnigs 
which  can  be  affirmed  of  any  thing.  Ge- 
nus, species,  diffi'rence,  jiroperty,  and  ac- 
cident are  the  five  predicables.  Halts. 

PREDI€'AMENT,»,.  [Fr.  from  L.  pnrdica- 
mcnttim,  from  prwdico,  to  affirm.] 

i.  In  logic,  u  category  ;  a  series  or  order  of 
all  the  predicates  or  attributes  contained 
under  any  genus.  The  school  philoso- 
phers distribute  all  the  objects  of  our 
thoughts  and  ideas  into  genera  or  classes, 
which  the  Greeks  call  categories,  and  the 
Latins  predicaments.  Aristotle  made  ten 
categories,  viz.  substance,  quantity,  quali-| 
ty,  relation,  action,  passion,  time,  place, 
situation  and  habit.  Enct/c. 

9.  Class  or  kind  described  by  any  definite 
marks  ;  hence,  condition  ;  particular  situ-; 
ation  or  state.  Shak^ 

Vol.  II. 


as,  to  predispose  the  mind 
or  temper  to  friendship.  South. 

2.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously  ;  as,  debility 
predisposes  the  body  to  disease. 

PREDI^;PO'SED,  pp.  Previously  inclined 
or  ada|)teil. 

PREDIt^l'O'SING,  p/)r.  Inclining  or  adapt- 
ing beforehand. 

9.  a.  Tending  or  able  to  give  predisposition 
or  liableness ;  as  the  pedispusing  causes 
of  disease. 

PREDISPOSI  "TION,  n.  Previous  inclina- 
tion or  propensity  to  any  thing  ;  applied 
to  the  mind. 

2.  Pri'vious    fitness  or   adaptation    to    any 
change,  im|iressiou  or  |>urpose  ;  applied  to'^ 
matter:  as  the   predispositioii  of  the  bodyi 
to  disease  ;  the  predisposition  of  the  seas-jjPRE-EM'INENT,  a.  [Ft.;  pre anii eminent ; 
oils  to  generate  diseases.  L.  pra,  before,  and  cmincns,  etnineo.    See 

iristman.    Bacon.]]    Menace.] 

41 


predoniinanie  ;  L.  prce  and  dominans,  dom- 
inor,  to  rule.] 

Prevalent  over  others;  superior  in  strength, 
inllnenci!  or  authority  ;  ascendant ;  ruling  ; 
controlling;  as  a  predominant  color;  pre- 
dominant beauty  or  excellence  ;  a  predom- 
inant passion. 

Those    helps — were    predominant    in    the 

king's  niin<l.  Bacon. 

Foul  siihornation  is  predominnnt.  Shak. 

PREDOMINANTLY,  adv.  With  superior 

}     strength  or  influence.  Brown. 

IPREDOMINATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  prcdominer : 
S\i.  predominar ;  It.  prcdominare  ;  L.  pra, 
before,  and  dominor,  to  rule,  from  dominvs. 
lord.] 

To  prevail ;  to  surpass  in  strength,  influence 
or  authority:  to  be  superior;  to  have  con- 
trolling influence.  In  some  persons,  the 
love  of  money  predominates  over  all  other 
passions :  in  others,  ambition  or  the  love 
of  fame  predominates ;  in  most  men,  self- 
interest  predominates  over  patriotism  and 
philanthropy. 

So  much  did  love  t'  her  executed  lord 
Predominate  in  this  fair  lady's  heart. 

Daniel. 
The  rays  rellocted  least  obliquely  may  pre- 
dominate o\er  the  rest.  JVewton. 

PREDOMINATE,  v.  t.   To  rule  over. 

PREDOMINATING,  ppr.  Having  supe- 
rior strength  or  influence ;  ruling ;  con- 
trolling. 

PREDOMINATION,  n.  Superior  strength 
or  influence.  Browne. 

PRE-ELECT',  r.  I.  [pre  and  elect.]  To 
choose  or  elect  beforehand.  Diet. 

PRE-ELECTION,  n.  Choice  or  election  by 
previous  determination  of  the  will. 

Prideaur. 

PRE-EMINENCE,  JI.  [Fr.;It.  preeminenza; 
pre  and  eminence.] 

1.  Superiority  in  excellence;  distinction  in 
something  commendable  ;  as  pre-eminence 
in  honor  or  virtue  :  pre-eminence  in  elo- 
quence, in  legal  attainments  or  in  medical 
skill. 

The /)reejnmence  of  Christianity  to  any  other 
religious  scheme —  Jlddison. 

2.  Precedence;  priority  of  place;  superiori- 
ty in  rank  or  dignity. 

That  in  all  tilings  he  might  have  ihepreetn- 
inenee.  Col.i. 
Painful  preeminence .'  yourself  to  view 
Above  life's  weakness  and  its  comforts  too. 

Pope. 
|3.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence. 
I  Hooker. 

'4.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense ;  as  pre-eminence 
in  snilt  or  crime. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


1.  Superior  in  excellence;  distinguished  for 
something  cotnmendable  or  honorable. 

In  goodness  and  in  power  preeminent. 

Milton\ 

2.  Surpassing  others  in  evil  or  bad  rjuaU- 
ties  ;  as  pre-eminent  in  crime  or  guilt. 

PRE-EM'INENTLY,  adv.  In  a  preeminent 
degree  ;  with  superiority  or  distinction 
above  others ;  as  pre-eminently  wise  or 
good. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense;  as  pre-eminently  guilty. 
PRE-EMP'TION,   n.    [h.  pra,  before,  and 

emptio,  a  buying  ;  emo,  to  buy.]  The  act 
of  purchasing  before  others. 
■2.  The  right  of  purchasing  before  otlicrs. 
Prior  discovery  of  unoccupied  land  gives 
the  discoverer  the  prior  right  of  occu- 
pancy. Prior  discovery  of  land  inhabited 
by  savages  is  held  to  give  the  discoverer 
the  pre-emption,  or  right  of  purchase  before 
others. 

3.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  privilege  orj 
prerogative  enjoyed  by  the  king,  of  buying: 
provisions  for  his  household  in  preference 
to  others,  abolished  by  statute  19.  Charles 
II. 

PREEN,  n.  [Scot,  prein,  prin,  a  pen  ;  Dan. 
preen,  the  point  of  a  graving  tool,  a  bod- 
kin ;  D.  priem,  a  pin.  a  spike  ;  G.  pfrieme, 
a  punch.  Tliese  are  probably  the  same 
word,  a  little  varied.] 
A  forked  instrument  used   by  clothiers   in 

dressing  cloth. 
PREEN,  V.  t.  [Scot,  proyne,  prunyie  ;  Chau- 
cer, proine.  This  word  is  prcjbably  the 
same  as  the  foregoing,  denoting  the  use  of 
the  beak  in  cleaning  and  composing  the 
fethers.  So  pikith,  in  Chaucer,  is  from 
pike,  pick. 

Ho  kembith  him  ;  he  proinith  him  and 
pikith.  Cant.  Talcs,  9885. 

If  not,  the  word  may  be  contracted  from 
the  Fr.  provigner,  to  propagate  vines  by! 
laying  cuttings  in  the  ground.] 
To  clean,  compose  and  dress  the  fethers,  as' 
fowls,  to  enable  them  to  glide  more  easily 
through  the  air  or  water.  For  this  pur- 
pose they  are  furnished  with  two  glands 
on  their  rump,  which  secrete  an  oily  sub- 
stance into  a  bag,  from  which  they  draw 
it  with  the  bill  and  spread  it  over  their 
fethers.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

PRE-ENGA'GE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  engage.]  To 
engage  by  previous  contract. 

To  t  ipseus  by  his  friends  his  suit  he  mov'd. 
But  he  was  pre-engag'd  hy  former  ties. 

Dryden 
-J.  To  engage  or  attach  by  previous  influ- 
ence. 

The  world  has  the  unhappy  advantage  o{ pre- 
engaging  our  passions.  Rogers. 
3.  To  engage  beforehand. 
PKE-ENGA'(iED,  pp.  Previously  engaged 

by  contract  or  influence. 
PRE-ENGA'tiEMENT,  n.  Prior  engage- 
ment ;  as  hy  stipulation  or  promise.  A 
would  accept  my  invitation,  but  for  his 
prc-engagement  to  B. 
2.  Any  previous  attachment  binding  the  will 
or  affections. 

My  prc-engagenients  to  other  themes  were 
not  unknown  to  those  for  whom  1  was  to  write 

JSoyle. 

■pRE-ENGA'6ING,p;>r.  Previouslv  engag- 
ing. 


PREE'NING,  p;)r.  Cleaning  and  composing 
the  fethers,  as  fowls. 

PRE-ESTABLISH,  v.  t.  [pre  and  establish.] 
To  establish  or  settle  beforehand. 

Coventry. 

PRE-ESTABLISHED,  pp.  Previously  es- 
tablished. 

PRE-ESTABLISHING,  ppr.  Setthng  or 
ordaining  beforehand. 

PRE-ESTAB'LISHMENT,  »i.  Settlement 
bet'orehand. 

PRE-EXAMINA'TION,  n.  Previous  exam- 
ination. 

PRE-EXAM'INE,  v.  t.  To  examine  before 
hand. 

PRE-EXIST',  v.i.  [pre  and  exist.]  To  exist 
beforehand  or  before  sometliing  else.     It 
has  been  believed   by  many  piiilosophers 
that  the  souls  of  men  pre-exist,  that  is,  ex 
ist  hetbre  the  formation  of  the  body. 

PRE-EXIST'ENCE,  n.  Existence  previous 
to  sometliing  else. 

Wisdom    declares    her    antiquity    and   pre 
existence  to  all  the  works  of  tliis  earth. 

Burnet. 

'i.  Existence  of  the  soul  before  its  union  with 
the  body,  or  before  the  body  is  formed  ;  a 
tend  of  eastern  sages.  Addison. 

PRE-EXIST'ENT,  a.  Existing  beforehand 
preceding  in  existence. 

What  mortal  knows  his  pre-existent  state  .' 

Pope 

PRE-EXISTIMA'TION,  n.  Previous  es 
teem.     [.Vo(  in  use.]  Broivn. 

PRE-EXIST'ING,  ppr.  Previously  existing. 

PRE-EXPECTA'TION,  n.  Previous  ex- 
pectation.    [Qu.  is  not  this  tautology  ?] 

Gerard. 

PREF'ACE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pmfatio;  pro:, 
before,  and  for,fari,fatus,  to  speak.] 

Something  spoken  as  introductory  to  a  dis 
course,  or  written  as  inlroductory  to  al 
book  or  essay,  intended  to  inform  the 
hearer  or  reader  of  the  main  design,  or 
in  general,  of  whatever  is  necessary  to  the 
understanding  of  the  discourse,  book  or 
essay  ;  a  proem  ;  an  introduction  or  series 
of  preliminary  remarks.  Milton. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  t.  To   introduce  by  prelim- 
inary remarks  ;  as,  to  preface  a  book  or 
discourse.     Tlie  advocate  p-efaced  his  ar- 
gument with  a  history  of  the  case. 
To  face  ;  to  cover  ;  a  ludicrous  sense. 
Not  prefacing  old  rags  with  plush. 

Cleaveland. 

PREF'ACE,   V.  i.  To  say  something  intro- 
ductory. Spectator. 
PREF'ACED,  pp.  Introduced  with  prelim- 
inary observations. 

PREF'ACER.n.  The  writer  of  a  preface. 

Dryden. 

PREF'ACING,  ppr.  Introducing  with  pre- 
liminary remarks. 

PREF'ATORY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  preface  ; 
introductory  to  a  book,  essay  or  discourse. 

Dn/de7i 

PRE'FECT,  n.  [L.  prcefertus;  pra,  bi-thrc, 
ixikI  fartus.  made;  but  directly  from  prrrf- 
cior,  pnrfectiis.] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  chief  magistrate  who 
governed  a  city  or  ])rovince  in  the  ahscncc 
of  the  king,  consuls  or  enipcrnr.        Encyr.^ 

2.  A  governor,  coniniandrr,  chief  magi.'^tratej 
or  superintendent.      Hammond.    Addison.\ 


magistrate,       com- 


PREFECTURE,'  ^  "" 

niander  or  viceroy. 
2.  Jurisdiction  of  a  prefect. 
PREFER',  V.  I.  \\..  prafero ;  pra,  before,  and 
fero,  to  bear  or   carry ;    Fr.  preferer ;  It. 

preferire ;  Sp.  preferir.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bear  or  carry  in  advance,  in 
the  mind,  affections  or  choice ;  hence,  to 
regard  more  than  another;  to  honor  or 
esteem  above  another. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  above,  be- 
fore, or  to. 

If  1  prefer  not  Jerusalem  above  ray  chief  jo}'. 
Ps.  cxxxvii. 

He  that  cometh  after  me,  is  preferred  before 
me.  John  i. 

2.  To  advance,  as  to  an  office  or  dignity  ;  to 
raise  ;  to  exalt ;  as,  to  prefer  one  to  a  bish- 
opric ;  to  prefer  an  officer  to  the  rank  of 
general. 

To  offer ;  to  present ;  to  exhibit ;  usually 
with  solemnity,  or  to  a  public  body.  It  is 
our  privilege  to  enjoy  the  right  of  prefer- 
ring petitions  to  rulers  for  redress  of 
wrongs. 

My  vows  and  prayers  to  thee  preferred. 

Sandys. 

Prefer  a  bill  against  all  kings  and  parliaments 
since  the  conquest.  Collier. 

4.  To  offer  or  present  ceremoniously,  or  ia 
ordinary  familiar  language. 

He   spake,   and  to  her  hand  preferred   the 
bowl.  Pope. 

[This  is  allowable,  at  least  in  poetry, 
though  not  usual.] 

PREFERABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Worthy  to  be 
I)referred  or  chosen  before  something  else ; 
more  eligible  ;  more  desirable.  Virtue  is 
far  preferable  to  vice,  even  for  its  pleas- 
ures in  this  lite. 

More  excellent;  of  better  quality;  as, 
Madeira  wine  is  preferable  to  claret. 

PREF'ERABLENESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  preferable.  .'V/o«?iteg'i(e. 

PREF'ERABLY,  adv.  In  preference;  in 
such  a  inanner  as  to  prefer  one  thing  ta 
another. 

How  comes  he  to  choose  Plautus  ^re/«a6.'i/ 
to  Terence  .*  Detmis, 

PREF'ERENCE,  v.  The  act  of  preferring 
one  thing  before  anotlierj  estimation  of 
one  thing  above  another;  choice  of  one 
thing  rather  than  anotlier. 

Leave  the  critics  on  eilher  .«ide  to  contend 
about  the  preference  due  to  this  or  that  sort  of 
poclrj-.  Dryden. 

It  has  to,  above,  before,  or  over,  before  the 
thing  postponed.  All  men  give  the  pref- 
erence lo  Homeras  an  epic  poet.  The  hu- 
man body  has  tlie  preference  above  or  be- 
fore those  of  brutes. 

The  knowledge  of  things  alone  gives  a  value 
lo  our  reasonings,  and  preference  of  one  man's 
knowledge  over  another's  Locke. 

PREFER'MENT,  n.  [\i. prefenmento.]  Ad- 
vaiuement  to  a  higher  office,  dignity  or 
station.  Change  of  manners  and  cveji  of 
character  often  fidlows  preferment.  A 
profligate  life  should  be  considered  a  dis- 
(pialilication  for  preferment,  no  less  than 
want  of  ability. 


upirior  place  or  oftice.     .All  preferments 


12.  S 

i     should  be  given  to  competent  men. 

',3.  Preference.     f.Vb^  used.]  Broici'. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PREFERRED,  pp.   Regarded  above  oth 

ers  ;  elevated  in  station. 

PREFER'RER,  n.  One  who  prefere. 

PREFERRING,  ppr.  ReKarding  above 
others  ;  advancing  to  a  higher  station  ;  of- 
fering ;  presenting. 

PREFiaURATE,  v.  t.  [See  Prefigure.] 
To  show  by  antecedent  rei)rescntation. 
[Little  used.] 

PREFIGURA'TION,  n.  Antecedent  rep- 
resentation by  similitude. 

A  variety  of  prophecies  and  prefigurations 
had  their  punctual  accouiplishmeat  in  the  au- 
tlior  of  this  institution.  JVorris. 

PREFIG'URATIVE,  a.  Showing  by  pre 
vious  figures,  types  or  similitude.  The 
sacrifice  of  tlie  paschal  lamb  was  prefigu 
raliite  of  the  death  of  Christ. 

PREFIGURE,  V.  t.  [L.  prce,  before,  and 
fguro,  to  fashion.] 

To  exhibit  by  antecedent  representation,  or 
by  types  and  similitude. 

In  llie  Old  'I'e.stanient,  tilings  are  prefigured. 
which  are  perfonnid  in  the  New.  Hooker. 

PREFIGURED,  pp.  Exhibited  by  antece- 
dent signs,  types  or  similitude. 

PREFIG'URING,  ppr.  tjhowing  antece 
dently  by  similitude. 

PREFl'NE,  V.  t.  [\^.  prajinio  ;  prm,  before, 
and/nio,  to  limit ;  fnia,  limit.]  To  limit 
beforehand.     [Little  used.]  Knollcs. 

PREFINP'TION,  n.  Previous  limiialiou. 
[Little  used.]  Folherhij. 

PREFIX',  V.  t.  [L.  prccfigo ;  pnv,  before,  and 
figo,  to  fix.] 

1.  To  put  or  fix  before,  oral  the  beginning  of 
another  thing;  as,  lo  prefix  a  syllable  to  a 
word  ;  to  prefix  an  adverlisenicnt  to  a 
book. 

y.  To  set  or  appoint  beforehand  ;  as,  to  pre- 
fix the  liour  of  meeting. 

A  iime  prefix,  and  think  of  me  at  last. 

Sandys. 

3.  To  settle;  to  establish. 

I  would  prefix  some  certain  boundary  be- 
tween the  old  statutes  and  the  new.  Hale. 

PRE'FIX,  n.  A  letter,  syllable  or  word  put 
to  the  beginning  of  a  word,  usually  to  vary 
its  signification.  A  prefix  is  uniic^d  with 
the  word,  forming  a  ])art  of  it;  hcMice  it  is 
distinguished  from  a  preposition  ;  as  pre., 
in  prefix;  con,  in  conjure;  uith,  in  willi- 
stand.  Prefixes  are  sometimes  called  par- 
ticles, or  inseparable  prepositions. 

PREFIX'ED,  pp.  Set  before  ;  appointed  be 
forehand ;  settled. 

PREFIXING,  ppr.  Putting  before  ;  previ- 
ously appointing ;  establishing. 

PREFIX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  prefixing. 

PREFORM',  V.  t.  [jire  auii  form.]  To  form 
beforehand.  Shak. 

PREFORM' ATIVE,  n.  [L.pra,  before,  and 

formative.] 
A  formative   letter   at  the  beginning  of  a 

word.  jyj,  Stuart. 

PREFUL'tJENCY,  n.  [L.  pnvfulgens  ;  prcc, 
before,  aiidfutgeo,  to  shine.] 

Superior  brightness  or  eft'ulgeiicy.     Barrow. 

PREGNABLE,  a.  [Fr.  prcn'abk.]  That 
may  be  taken  or  won  by  force  ;  expuena- 
ble.     [Little  used.]  '  Colgrave. 

PREG'NANCY,  n.  [See  Pregnant.]  The 
state  of  a  female  who  has  conceived,  or 
i.s  with  cliild.  Jlay. 


2.  Fei'tJtity;  fruilfulncss;  inventive  power 
as  the  pregnancy  of  wit  or  invention.  | 

Prior. 

Pregnance,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used. 

PREG'NANT,  a.  [li.  prcegnans ;  supposed 
to'  be  compounded  cfprw.  before,  and ^eno, 
Gr.  yfi'TOu,  to  beget;  It.  pregnante;  Sj). 
preTuido.] 

1.  Being  with  young,  as  a  female;  breeding 
teeming. 

2.  Fruitful;  fertile;  impregnating;  as  preg- 
nant streams.  Dryden. 

Full  of  consequence  ;  as  a  pregnant  in- 
stance of  infatuation. 

An  egregious  and  pregnant  instance  how  far 


virtue  surpasses  ingenuity. 

Easy  to  admit  or  receive. 
I  am  pregnant  to  good  pity. 


fVoodward, 


5.  Free ;  kind 
proper.] 

6.  Plain;  clear;  evident 


ready  ;    witty  ;    apt. 


full. 


[A''ot  proper.] 

Shale 

[jYol 

Shak 

[JVot  in  use.' 

Shak. 

PREGNANTLY,  adv.  Fruitfully. 

2.  Fully ;  plainly ;  clearly.     [.\"ot  used.] 

Shak.     South 
PRE'GRAVATE,  v.  t.  [L.  pragravo.]     To 
bear  down  ;  to  depress.  [Not  in  use.] 

Hall. 
PREGRAV  ITATE,  v.  i.    To  descend  by 
gravity.  Boyle. 

PREGUSTA'TION,  n.  [L.  pro:  and  gusto, 
to  taste.]     The  act  of  tasting  before  an- 
other. IHct. 
PREHENSILE,  a.  [L.  prehendo,  to  take  or 

seize  ;  prckciisus.] 
Seizing;    grasping;     .tdapted    to   seize    or 
grasp.     The  tails  of  some   monkeys   are 
prehensile.  A*«(.  Hist.     Encyc. 

PREHEN'SIO.N,  J!.  A  taking  hold  ;  a  seiz 
ing ;  as  with  the  hand  or  other  limb. 

Lawrence. 
PREHN'ITE,  )i.  [from  Prehn,  the  name  of 
the  person  who  first  brought  this  stone 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.] 
A  mineral  of  tlie  silicioiis  kind,  of  an  apple 
green  or  greenish  gray  color.  It  has  been 
called  shorl,  emerald,  cbrysoprase,  fel-| 
spath,  chrysolite,  and  zeolite.  It  has  some! 
resemblance  to  zeolite,  but  differs  from  it! 
in  several  particulars,  and  is  therefore 
considered  to  be  a  particular  species. 

Kirwan. 
Prehnitc  is  near  to  stilbite,  and  is  class 
ed  by  the  French  with  the  family  of  zeo 
lites. 

It  is  massive  or  crystalizcd,  but  the 
form  of  its  crystals  cannot  be  determined 
in  consequence  of  their  aggregation. 

Cleaveland. 
PREINSTRUCT',  v.  t.   [pre  and   instruct.] 
To  instruct  previouslv.  More. 

PREINSTRU€T'ED,  'pp.    Previously    in- 
structed or  directed. 
PREINSTRUeT'ING,  ppr.  Previously  in 

.strui'ting. 
PREINTIMA'TION,  n.    [pre   and  intima 

Hon.] 
Previous  intimation  ;    a  suggestion   before- 
hand. "  T.  Scott. 
PREJUDGE,    V.   t.    prejudj'.  [Fr.  prejuger; 
L.  pro:  and  judico.  to  judge.]  I 
1.  To  judge  in  a  cause  before  it  !"  heard,  or' 
before  the  artnimcnts  and  facts  in  the  case' 
are  fully  known.                                             | 


The  committee  of  council  hath  prejudged 
the  whole  case,  by  calUng  tlie  united  !.eii.<c  of 
both  houses  of  parliament  an  universal  clamor. 

Swi/i. 

2.  To  judge  and  determine  before  the  cause 
is  heard  ;  hence  sometimes,  to  condemn 
beforehand  or  unheard.  Milton. 

PREJUDGED,  pp.  Judged  beforehaml ; 
determined  unheard. 

PREJUDG'INt;,  ppr.  Judging  or  deter- 
mining without  a  hearing  or  before  the 
case  is  fully  understood. 

PREJUDti'MENT,  n.  Judgment  in  a  case 
without  a  hearing  or  full  cxaniiiiation. 

Knox. 

PREJU'DICACY,  n.  Prejudice;  prepos- 
session.    [JVot  used.]  Blount 

PREJU'DICATE,  v.  I.  [L.  prm,  before,  and 
judico,  to  judge.] 

To  prejudge ;  to  determine  beforehand  to 
disadvantage. 

Our  dearest  friend 
Prejudicates  the  business.  Shak 

PREJU'^DICATE,  t'.  i.  To  form  a  judg- 
ment without  due  examination  of  the 
facts  and  arguments  in  the  case.      Sidney. 

PREJU'DICATE,  a.  Formed  before  due 
examination.  Walts. 

2.  Prejudiced;  biased  by  opinions  formed 
prematurely  ;  as  a  prejudicate  reatler. 
[Little  used.]  Broun. 

PREJU'DICATED.  pp.  Prejudged. 

PREJU'DI€ATIN(;,  ppr.  Prejudging. 

PREJUDICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  judging 
without  due  examination  effects  and  cvi''- 
dence.  Sherwood. 

2.  In  Roman  oratory,  prejudications  were  ot' 
three  kinds  ;  first,  precedents  or  adjudged 
ca,ses,  involving  the  same  points  of  law: 
second,  previous  decisions  on  the  same 
question  between  other  parties ;  third, 
decisions  of  the  same  cause  and  between 
the  same  parties,  before  tribunals  of  infe- 
rior jurisdiction.  Mams'  Led. 

PREJU'DICATIVE,  a.  Forming  an  opin- 
ion or  judgment  without  examination. 

More. 

PREJ  UDICE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  frejudicium. ; 
prie  and  jurfico.] 

I.  Prejudgment ;  an  opinion  or  decision  of 
mind,  formed  without  due  examination 
of  the  facts  or  arguments  which  are  ne- 
cessary to  a  just  and  impartial  determina- 
tion. It  is  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 
Innumerable  are  the  prejudices  of  educa- 
tion ;  we  are  accustomed  to  believe  what 
we  are  taught,  and  to  receive  opinions 
from  others  without  examining  the 
grounds  by  which  they  can  be  supported. 
A  man  has  strong  prejudices  in  favor  of 
his  country  or  his  party,  or  the  church  in 
which  he  lias  been  educated ;  and  often 
our  prejudices  are  unreasonable.  A  judge 
should  disabuse  himself  of  ^rc/urfice  in  fa- 
vor of  either  party  in  a  suit. 

My  comfort  is  that  tlieir  manifest  prejudice 
to  my  cause  will  render  their  judgment  of  less 
authority.  Dryden. 

I.  A  previous  bent  or  bias  of  mind  for  or 
against  any  jierson  or  thing  ;  preposses- 
sion. 

There  is  an  unaccountable  prejudice  to  pro- 
jectors of  all  kinds.  Jlddison. 
3.    Mischief;    hurt;  damage ;  injury.    -Vio- 
lent factions  are  a  prejudice  to  the'  author- 
ity of  tlie  sovereign. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


How  plain  this  abuse  is,  and  what  prejitdice\'VUE'L.\TVRE,  ) 

it   does  to    the    understanding    ol"    the    sacied  PRE'LATURESIIIP,  ^ 
Scriptures.  Locke.        --      ■         - 

[This  is  a  sense  of  the  tcord  too  wellestab- 
lished  to  be  condemned.] 

PREJ'UDICE,  V.  t.  To  prepossess  with  un- 
examined opinions,  or  opinions  formed 
without  due  knowledge  of  the  facts  and 
circumstances  attending  the  question ;  to 
bias  the  tnind  hy  hasty  and  incorrect  no 
tions,  and  give  it  an  unreasonable  bent  to 
one  side  or  other  of  a  cause. 

Suffer  not  any  beloved  study  to  prejudice 
your  mind  so  far  as  to  despise  all  other  learn- 
ing. Watts. 

%  To  obstruct  or  injure  by  prejudices,  or  an 
undue  previous  bias  of  the  mind;  or  to 
hurt;  to  damage;  to  diminish  ;  to  impair; 
in  a  very  general  sense.  The  advocate 
who  attempts  to  prove  too  much,  may  prej 
v.dice  his  cause. 

1  am  not  to  prejudice  the  cause  of  my  fellow 
poets,  though  I  abaudon  my  own  defense. 

Dryden. 

PREJ'UDICED,  pp.  or  a.  Prepossessed  by 
unexamined  opinions ;  biased. 

PREJUDI"CIAL,  a.  Biased  or  blinded  by 
prejudices;  a.s  a. prejudicial  eye.  [.Vo(  in 
use.]  Hooker. 

'.I.  Hurtful ;  mischievous  ;  injurious  ;  disad- 
vantageous; detrimental;  tending  to  ob- 
struct or  impair.  A  high  rate  of  interest 
is  prejudicial  to  trade  and  manufactures. 
Intemperance  is  prejudicial  to  health. 

His  going  away  the  nest  morning  with  all  his 
troops,  was  most  prejudicial  to  the  king's  af- 
fairs. Claretuion. 
One  of  the  young  ladies  reads  while  the  oth- 
ers are  at  work ;  so  that  the  learning  of  the 
family  is  not  at  all  prejiulicial  to  its  manufac- 
tures. Addison. 

PREJLfDI"CIALNESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  prejudicial ;  injuriousness. 

PRE'LACY,  n.  [from  prelate.]  The  office 
or  dignity  of  a  prelate. 

Prelacies  may  be  termed  the  greater  bene- 
fices, -lyliffe. 

1.  Episcopacy  ;  the  order  of  bishops. 

How  many  are  there  that  call  themselves 
protestants,  who  put  prelacy  and  popery  to- 
gether as  terms  convertible  .-'  Swift. 

3.  Bishops,  collectively. 

Diver?  of  the  reverend  prelaci/.  Hooker. 

PRE'L.^TE,  n.  [h'r. prdat;  It.prelaio;  from 
L.  proelalus,  preeftro.] 

.\n  ecclesiastic  of  the  higher  order,  as  an 
archbishoij,  bishop  or  patriarch  ;  a  digni- 
tary of  the  church.  Bacon. 

PRE'LATESHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  ]nx-- 
late.  Harmar. 

PREL.\T'I€,        I       Pertaining  to  prelates 


PRELAT'I€AL,  S  " 

cal  authority. 
PRELAT'ICALLY, 

to  prelates. 
PRELA'TION 


or  prelacy  ; 
adv.    Will] 


as  prelati 


eference 
Moiion. 
[L.  priBlalio,   privfero.] 
Preference  ;  the  setting  of  one  above  an- 
other.    [Little  used.]  Hale. 
PRE'LATISM,  n.  Prelacy;  episcopacy. 

Millon 
PRE'LATIST,  n.    [Crom  prelate.]     An  ad 
vocate  fur  prelacy  or  the  government  ol 


the    church   by  bishops ;    a    high 
man. 


church 


I  am  an  episcopalian, but  noid. prdntist. 

T.  Scott 


[Fr.    prelaiure.] 

The     state     or 

dignity  of  a  prelate.  Dirt: 

PRE'LATY,  71.  Episcopacy;  prelacy.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Mdton. 

PRELECT',  V.  t.  [L.  prtzlectus,  prcelcgo ; 
pro:,  before,  and  lego,  to  read.]  | 

To  read  a  lecture  or  public  discourse.  j 

Horsley.l 

PRELECTION,  jj.  [L.  pra:lectio.]  A  lee-' 
ture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to  a 
select  company.  Hale.' 

PRELECTOR,  n.  A  reader  of  discourses  ; 
a  lecturer.  Sheldon: 

PRELIBA'TIOiN,  ?i.  [from  L. /*r(/;/(7.o  ; /»■«■, 

before,  and  libo,  to  taste.] 
L  Foretaste  ;  a  tasting  beforehand  or  by  an-; 

I     ticipation. 

The  joy  that  proceeds  from  a  belief  of  pardon 

I     is  a  prelibntion  of  heavenly  bliss. 

|2.  An  effusion  previous  to  tasting.     Qu. 

j  John.ion. 

PRELIM'l.VARY,  a.  [Fr.  preliminairt ;  h. 
preliminare ;  Sp.  preliininar  ;    L.   pra;   be-: 

I     fore,  and  linien,  threshhold  or  limit.] 

Introductory  ;    previous  ;     proernial  ;    that 

j     precedes  the  main  discourse  or  business  ; 

I     as  preliminary  observations  to  a  discourse 

j  or  book  ;  preliminary  articles  to  a  treaty  ; 
preliminari)  measures. 

PRELIMINARY,  n.  That  which  precedes 
the  main  discourse,  work,  design  or  busi- 
ness;  something  previous  or  preparatory; 
as  the  preliminaries  to  a  negotiation  or 
treaty  ;  the  preliminaries  to  a  combat. 
The  parties  met  to  settle  the  prelimina- 
ries. 

PRELUDE,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  Sp.  preludio : 
Low  L.  pnrludium,  from  pneludo  ;  pra', 
before,  and  hido,  to  play.]  i 

'1.  A  short  lliglit  of  music,  or   irregular  air 

played  by  a  musician  before  he  begins  the 

piece  to  be  played,  or  before  a  full  concert. 

Encyr.     Young. 

2.  Something  introductory  or  that  shows 
what  is  to  tbilow;  something  preceding 
which  bears  some  relation  or  resemblance 
to  that  which  is  to  follow. 

The  last  Georgic  was  a  good  prelude  to  the! 
,^neis.  Jlddison.] 

3.  A  forerunner;  something  which  indicates, 
1     a  futiM'e  event.  [ 
iPRELU'DE,  V.  i.   To  introduce  with  a  pre- 
vious performance  ;  to  play  before  ;  as,  to! 
prelude  a  concert  with  a  lively  air. 

2.  To  precede,  as  an  introductory  piece;  as,! 

I     a  lively  a\r  preludes  the  concert.  | 

PRELIT'DB,  V.  i.  To  serve  as  an  introduc-j 

I     tion  to.  Drijden.i 

■PRELU'DEU,  pp.  Preceded   by   an   intro-! 

1     ductory  jinrformance ;    preceded.  [ 

PRE'LUDER,  n.  One  that  plays  a  prelude,' 

or  introduces  by  a  previous  irregular  piece: 

of  music.  I 

PRELU'DING,  ppr.   Playing  an   introduc-l 

tory  air  ;  preceding.  I 

PRELU'DIOUS,  «.  Previous;  introductory. 

Cleaveland. 
PRELU'DIUM,  n.  [Low  L.]     A  prelude. 

Dryden., 

PRELU'SIVE,  «.  Previous;    introductory; 

indicating  that  somelhing  of  a  like  kiml  isj 

to  follow  ;  as  ^/'dusi're  ilrops.        Thomson.' 

PRELU'SORY,  a.  Previous;  introductory:' 

prelusive.  Bacon.\ 


PREiVIATU'RE,  a.  [Fr.  primaluri,  from  L. 
pramaturus;  prie,  before,  and  maturus. 
ripe.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  natural  or  proper  time  : 
as  the  premature  fruits  of  a  hot  bed. 

Happening,  arriving,  performed  oradojn- 
ed  before  the  proper  time;  as  a  premature 
fall  of  snow  in  autumn  ;  a  premature  birth  ; 
a  premature  opinion ;  a  premature  meas- 
ure. 

3.  Arriving  or  received  without  due  authen- 
tication or  evidence  ;  as  premature  report, 
news  or  intelligence. 

PREMATU'RELY,  adv.  Too  soon;  too 
early  ;  before  the  proper  time  ;  as  fruits 
prematurely  ripened  ;  opinions  prematurely 
Ibi  Mied  ;   u\eainires  prematurely  taken. 

2.  Without  due  evidence  or  authentication  ; 


as  nitelligence  prematurely  received. 
PREMATU'RENESS,  )  ^^     Ripeness 


be- 
fore the  uatu- 


PREMATU'RITY, 

ral  or  proper  time. 

2.  Too  great  haste  ;  unseasonable  earliness. 

H''arton. 

PREMEDITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  premediler ; 
It.  premeditare ;  L.  prcemeditor ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  meditor,  to  meditate.] 

To  think  on  and  revolve  in  the  mind  before- 
hand ;  to  contrive  and  design  previously; 
as,  to  premeditate  theft  or  robbery. 
With  words  premeditated  thus  he  said. 

Dryden. 

PREMED'ITATE,  v.  i.  To  think,  consider 
or  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand;  to  de- 
liberate ;  to  have  formed  in  the  mind  hy 
previous  thought  or  meditation.      Hooker. 

PREJIED'ITATE,  a.  Contrived  by  previ- 
ous meditation.  Burnet. 

PREMEDITATED,  pp.  Previously  cou- 
sidered  or  meditated. 

2.  Previously  contrived,  designed  or  intend- 
ed;  deliberate;  willful;  as  premeditated 
murder. 

PUEiMED  ITATELY,  adv.  With  previous 
mcduation.  Feltham. 

PREMED'ITATING,;)/)r.  Previously  med- 
itating; contriving  or  intending  before- 
hand. 

PREMEDITA  TION,  n.  [L.  pra-meditatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  meditating  beforehand;  pre- 
vious deliberation. 

A  sudden  thought  may  be  higher  than  nature 
can  raise  without  jiremedilation.  Drydj;n. 

2.  Previous  contrivance  or  design  formed  ; 
as  the  premeditation  of  a  crime. 

PREMER'IT,  V.  t.  [pre  and  merit.]  To 
merit  or  deserve  beforehand.  [Little  used.} 

K.  Charles. 

PREM'ICES,  n.  [Vr.ftMnU  primilice.  pri- 
mus.]    First  iVuiis.     [.Vo(  used.]     Dn/den. 

PRE'MIER,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  primus,  iirst.] 

First ;  chief;  principal ;  as  the  premier 
place;  premier  minister. 

Camden.     Swift. 

PRE  MIER,  J!.  The  first  minister  of  state; 
the  prime  minister. 

1>RE'IM1ERSIIIP,  )i.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  the  first  minister  of  state. 

PREMI'SE,  V.  I.  sasz.  [Ij.  pritmisstis,  pra- 
mitlo,  to  send  before.] 

1.  To  speak  or  write  before,  or  as  introduc- 
tory to  the  main  subject ;  to  otfer  previ- 
ously, as  soiiiclhing  to  explain  or  aid  in 
understanding  what  follows. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


1  premise  these  particulars  that  t)ie  reader 
may  know  that  1  enter  upon  it  as  a  very  iiii- 
gnit.lVil  task.  Addinun. 

2.  To  send  before  the  time.     [M'ol  in  use.] 

Skak. 

3.  To  lay  down  premises  or  first  profiosi- 
tioiia,  on  which  rest  the  subsequent  rea- 
sonings. Burnet. 

4.  To  use  or  apply  previously. 

If  venesection  and  a  cathartic  be  premised. 

Danein. 
PREMISE,  V.  i.  To  state  antecedent  prop- 
ositions. Hwijl. 
PREM'lSiE,  n.  prem'is.    A  first  or  antece- 
dent proposition.     Hence, 
PREAl'lSKS,  n.  [i'r.  premisses ;  h.prcEmis- 
sa.] 

1.  In  loffic,  the  two  first  propositions  of  a 
syllogism,  from  which  the  inference  or! 
conclusion  is  drawn  ;  as, 

All  sinners  deserve  punishment ; 

A  B  IS  a  sinner. 

These  propositions,  which  arc  the  prem 
ises,  being  true  or  admitted,  the  cDnclu 
sion  follows,  that  A  B  deserves  punish 
meut. 

2.  Propositions  antecedently  supposed  or 
proved. 

While  the  premises  stand  firm,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  shake  the  conclusion.       Demi/  of  Piety. 

3.  In  law,  lunil  or  other  tilings  iiioiitioiied  in 
the  preceding  part  of  a  deed. 

PREMISS,  n.  Antecedent  proposition. 
[Riirclij  used.]  ft'alls.] 

PRE'Mlljitt,  n.  [L.]  Properly,  a  reward  or 
rccoinpense ;  a  prize  to  be  won  by  com- 
petition; the  reward  or  prize  to  be  ad-t 
judged  to  the  best  [lerlorinaiice  or  produc- 
tion. 

2.  The  recompense  or  prize  offered  for  a 
specific  discovery  or  for  success  in  an  en- 
terprise;  as  for  tiie  discovery  of  the  longi- 
tude, or  of  a  northwest  passage  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

3.  A  bounty  ;  something  offered  or  given  for 
the  loan  of  money,  usually  a  sum  beyond 
the  interest. 

4.  Tiie  recompense  to  underwriters  for  in- 
surance, or  for  uiulcrtuking  to  indeiiinil'y 
for  losses  of  any  kind. 

5.  It  IS  soinetiiiies  synonymous  with  inter- 
est, but  generally  in  obtaining  loans,  it  is  a 
sum  per  cent,  distinct  from  the  interest. 
The  bank  lends  money  to  govennnent  at 
a  premium  of '.i  per  cent. 

G.  A  bnniiiy. 

The  law  that  oblin;cs  parishes  to  support  the 
poor,  offers  a  inemium  lor  the  encouiageiiicnt| 
ot  idleness.  Franklin. 

PUEMON'ISH,  r.  (.  [h.  prcemoneo  ;  pra  and 
moiteo,  to  warn.]  To  forewarn ;  to  ad- 
monish beforehand. 

PREMON'ISIIEI),  pp.  Forewarned. 

PRI':M0N  ISIIING,  ppr.  Admonishing  be- 
forehand. 

PREJMON'ISHMENT,  n.  Previous  warn- 
ing or  adinointioii  ;  previous  information. 

PREMONI  riON,  Ji.  Previous  warning, 
notice  or  iniormalioii.  Christ  gave  to  his 
disciples  premomtions  of  their  sufferings. 

PREMONITORY,  a.  Giving  previous| 
warning  or  notice. 

PREMO>;'STRANTS,  n.  [L.  prcemon- 
struns.] 

A  religious  order  of  regular  canons  or 
monks  of  Premontre,  in  the  isle  of  France  : 


instituted  by  Norbert,  in  1 120.  They  are 
called  also  white  canons.  These  monks 
were  poor  at  first,  but  within  .'!0  years 
they  had  more  than  100  abbeys  in  France 
and  Germany,  and  in  time  they  were  es- 
Uiblished  in  all  parts  of  Christendom. 

Encyi 

PREMON'STRATE,  v.  t.  [\..  prccmonstro  ; 
pra,  before,  and  monstro,  to  show.]  To 
show  beforehand.     [Lillle  used.] 

Herbert. 

PREMONSTRA'TION,  n.  A  showing  be 
forHliaiid.      [Little  used.]  Shitford. 

PREiVlORSE,  a.  premors'.  [L.  prcemordeo, 
pra  morsus ;  pric  and  mordto,  to  gnaw.] 
Bitten  off. 

Premorse  roots,  in  botany,  are  such  as  are 
not  tapering,  but  blunt  at  the  end,  as  if 
bitten  off  short. 

Premorse  leaves,  are  such  as  end  very  olitusc- 
Iv  with  unequal  notches.  Marliju.' 

PREMO'TION,  n.  [pre  and  motion.]  Pre- 
vious motion  or  excitement  to  action. 

Encye. 

PREMUNl'RE,  n.  [See  Pramunire.  If 
really  anglicized,  premunire  is  the  regularj 
orthography.     But  this  is  not  yet  settled.] 

1.  Ill  lau;  the  offense  of  introducing  foreign 
authiirity  into  England,  and  the  writ^ 
which  is  grounded  on  the  offense. 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  the  offense 
above  described. 

Woolsey  incurred  a  premunire,  and  forfeited 

his  honor,  estate  and  life.  Soutlt. 

PREMU.Vr'TION,  n.   [L.  pra-munilio,  from 

prccmujiio.]    An  anticipation  of  objections. 

Diei: 
PRENO'MEX,  n.  [L.  prcmomen.]     Among| 

the  Roinans,  a  name  prefixed  to  the  fiiiiii- 

ly  name,  answering  to  our  christian  name  ; 

as  Cains,  Lucius,  Marcus,  &.c. 
PRENOM'INATE,  v.  t.  [L.  pro:  and  nomi- 

nn,  to  name.]     To  forename. 
PRK.XOM'IiN'ATE,  n.  Forenamed.      Slink. 
PRENOMIN A'TION,  n.  The  privilege  of 

being  naiiicit  first.  Brown.l 

PRENO'TION,  ;i.    [L.  pra:notio  ;  pro:    audi 

J10.9C0,  to  know.] 
A  notice  or  notion   which    precedes  some-l 

thing   else   in    time  ;   previous  notion   or 


PREOCeUPATE,  v.t.  [L.  prceoccupo ;  prie 
andoccupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  anticipate;  to  take  before.         Bacon. 

2.  To  prepossess ;  to  fill  with  prejudices. 

H'oflon. 

[Instead  of  this,  preoccupy  is  used.] 

PREOCCUPA'TION,  n.  A  taking  possess- 
ion before  another;  prior  occupation. 

2.  Anticipation. 

.3.  Prepossession.  Barrington. 

4.  Anticipation  of  objections.  South. 

PREOCCUPY,  V.  I.  [L.  prmoccupo;  pra, 
before,  and  occupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  take  possession  before  another;  Of, 
to  preoccupy  a  country  or  land  not  before 
occupied. 

2.  To  prepossess  ;  to  occupy  by  anticipation 
or  prejudices. 

I  think  it  more  respectful  to  the  reader  to 
leave  something  to  reflections,  than  to  preoccU' 
PI/  his  judgment.  Arbuthnot. 

PREOM'IN'ATE,  v.t.  [L.  pra  and  ominor, 
to  prognosticate.] 

To  prognosticate ;  to  gather  from  omens 
aiiv  future  event.  Brown. 

PREOPIN'ION,  JI.  [pre  ar)i\  opinion.]  Opin- 
ion previously  formed  ;  prepossession. 

Broii-n. 

PREOP'TION,  n.  [pre  and  option.]  The 
ri<.'ht  of  first  choice.  Stackhouse. 

PREOROA'IN,  v.t.  [pre  and  ordain.  To 
ordain  or  appoint  beforehand ;  to  prede- 
termine. All  things  are  supposed  to  be 
preordained  by  CJod. 

PREORDAINED,  pp.  Antecedently  or- 
dained or  determined. 

PREORDAINING,  ppr.  Ordaining  be- 
forehand. 

PKEOR'DINANCE,  n.  [pre  and  ordinance.] 
Antecedent  decree  or  determination. 

Shnk. 

PREOR'DINATE,  a.  Foreordained.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

PREORDINATION,  n.  The  act  of  fore- 
ordaining; previous  determination. 

Fotherby. 

I'REPA'RABLE,  a.  [See  Prepare.]  That 
may  be  prepared.  Boyle. 

PREi'AR.V'TION,  n.  [L.  prwparalio.  Sec 
Prepare.] 


thought ;  foreknowledge. 


Bacon.     Brown. 

PRENSA'TION,  n.  [L.  prensatio,  from 
prenso,  to  seize.]  I 

The  act  of  seizing  with  violence.  [Little' 
used.]  Barrow.^ 

PRENTICE,  a  colloquial  contraction  of 
apprentice,  which  see. 

PRENTICESIIIP,  a  contraction  of  appren- 
ticeship, which  see.  Pope.' 

PRENUNCIA'TION,     n.     [L.  pra:nuncio ; 
prcr  and  nuncio,  to  tell.]     The  act  of  te" 
ing  before.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

PREOBTA'IN,  v.t.  To  obtain  beforehand. 

PREOBTA  INED,  pp.  Previously  obtain- 
ed. 

PREOe'€UPANCY,   n.    [L.  prwoccupans.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession  before  an-' 
other.  The  property  of  unoccupied  land; 
is  vested  by  preoccupancy.  I 

2.  The  right  of  taking  possession  before  oth-i_ 
ers.     The  first  discoverer  of  unoccupiedi" 
land  has  the  preoccupancy  of  it,  by  the  law]! 
of  nature  and  nations. 


:1.  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing  or  fit- 
ting for  a  particular  purpose,  use,  service 
or  condition  ;  as  the  preparation  of  land 
for  a  crop  of  wheat ;  the  preparation  of 
troops  for  a  campaign  ;  \he  preparation  of 
a  nation  for  war  ;  the  preparation  of  men 
fiir  fiitmc  happiness.  Preparation  is  in- 
tended to  prevent  evil  or  secure  good. 

2.  Previous  inoasurcs  of  ada|)tation. 
I  will  show  what  preparations  there  were  in 

nature  for  this  dissolution.  Burnet. 

3.  Ceremonious  introduction.     [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

4.  That  which  is  prepared,  made  or  com- 
pounded for  a  particular  purpose. 

I  wish  the   cliiinists  had  been  more  sparing, 
who  magnify  thei.  preparations.  Broum. 

5.  The  state  of  being  prepared  or  in  readi- 
ness ;  as  a  nation  in  good  preparation  for 
attack  or  defense. 

(3.  AccompUshment  ;  qualification.  [.Vol  iii 
use.]  Shak. 

In  pharmacy,  any  medicinal  substance  fit- 
ted for  the  use  of  the  patient.  Encyc. 

8.  In  anatomy,  the  parts  of  animal  bodies 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


prepared   and    preserved  for  anatomical 
uses.  Encyc. 

Preparation  of  dissonances,  in  music,  is  tlieir 
disposition  in  liarniony  in  sucli  a  manner 
that  by  something  congenial  in  what  pre 
cedes,  they  may  be  rendered  less  harsh 
to  tlie  car  than  they  would  be  without 
such  preparation.  Encyc. 

Preparation  of  medicines,  the  process  of  fitting 
any  substance  for  use  in  tlie  art  of  heal- 
ing. 

PREPARATIVE,  a.  [It.  preparalivo ;  Fr. 
preparatif.'\ 

Tending  to  prepare  or  make  ready  ;  having 
the  power  of  preparing,  qualifying  or 
fitting  for  any  thing  ;  preparatory. 

He   spent  iiiucli  time  in  quest  of  linowiedge 
preparative  to  this  work.  South 

PREPAR'ATIVE,  n.  That  which  has  tlie 
power  of  preparing  or  previously  fitting 
for  a  purpose  ;  that  w  Inch  prepares. 

Resolvedness  in  siu  can  with  no  reason  be 
imagined  ^preparative  to  remission. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  prevent  an  evil  or 
secure  some  good. 

The  miseries  we  suffer  may  be  preparative  of 
future  blessings.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Preparation ;  as,  to  make  the  nece.s.sary 
preparatives  for  a  voyage.  Dryden. 

i>REPAR'ATIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of 
preparation.  Hale. 

PREPAR'ATORY,  a.  [It.  Sp.  preparatorio  ; 
Fr.  preparatoire.] 

1.  Previously  necessary  ;  useful  or  quali- 
fying;  prejiaring  the  way  for  any  tiling 
by  previous  measures  of  adaptation.  The 
practice  of  virtue  and  piety  is  preparatory 
to  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

2.  Introductory;  previous;  antecedent  and 
adapted  to  what  follows.  Hale. 

PREPA'RE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  preparer;  It.  prepar- 
are  ;  Sp.  Port. preparar  ;  from  L.  prwparo  ; 
pne  and  paro  ;  Russ.  vbirayu  ;  VV.  parodi. 
The  h.paro\s  probably  the  Shemitic  N^3, 

(j.j    to  create  or  bring  forth,  coinciding 

with  English  bear ;  and  from  the  L.  are 
derived  Fr.  ^firer,  Sp.  Port,  parar,  it.  pa- 
rare.  The  sense  of  prepare  is  derived 
iioui  many  kinds  of  actions.  See  N13  in 
the  introduction.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  fit,  adapt  or  qualify 
for  a  particular  purpose,  end,  use,  service 
or  state,  by  any  means  whatever.  We 
prepare  ground  for  seed  by  tillage ;  we 
prepare  cloth  for  use  by  dressing ;  we  pre- 
pare medicines  by  pulverization,  mixture, 
&c. ;  we  prepare  young  men  for  college 
by  jirevious  instruction  ;  men  are  prepared 
for  professions  by  suitable  study  ;  holiness 
of  heart  is  necessary  to  prepare  men  for 
the  enjoyment  of  happiness  with  holy 
beings. 

3.  To  make  ready ;  as,  to  prepare  the  table 
for  entertaining  company. 

;5.  To  provide;  to  procure  as  suitable  ;  as,  to 
prepare  arms,  ammunition  and  provisions 
for  troops  ;  to  prepare  ships  for  defense. 

AlHaloiii  prepared   him  cluiriots   .and  horses, 
and  fifty  men  to  lun  before  him.     2  Sam.  xv. 

4.  To  set  ;  to  establish. 

The  Lord  hath  prepared  his  throne   in   the 
lioavons.     l*s.  ciii. 

5.  To  appoint. 


It  shall  be  given  to  them  for  whom  it  is  pre- 
pared.    Matt.  XX. 

(J.  To  guide,  direct  or  establish.  1  Chron. 
xxix. 

PREPA'RE,  V.  i.  To  make  all  things  ready ; 
to  put  things  in  suitable  order;  as,prepare 
for  dinner.  Shak. 

9-  To  take  the  necessary  previous  measures. 
Dido  preparing  to  kill  herself.         Peacham 

3.  To  make  one's  self  ready. 

Prepare  to  meet  thy  God,  0  Israel.     .4mosiv. 

PREPA'RE,  71.  Preparation.     [M'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

PREPARED,  pp.  Fitted;  adapted;  made 
suitable  ;  made  ready  ;  provided. 

PREPAREDLY,  adv.  With  suitable   pre 
vious  measures.  Shak. 

PREPA  REDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  bein 
prepared  or  in  readiness.  South. 

PREPA'RER,  n.  One  that  prepares,  fits  or 
makes  ready. 

2.  One  that  provides. 

.3.  That  which  fits  or  makes  suitable;  as, 
certain  manures  are  preparers  of  land  for 
particular  crops.  Mortimer. 

PREPA'RING,  ppr.  Fitting  ;  adapting  ; 
making  ready  ;  providing. 

PREPENSE,  a.  prepens'.  [L.  prapensus 
prcependeo ;  proc  and  pendeo,  to  incline  or 
hang  down.]  Preconceived  ;  premedita- 
ted ;  aforethought. 

Malice  prejtense  is  necessary  to  constitute 
murder.  Blackstoiie 

PREPEiNSE,  V.  t.  prepens'.  [supra.]  To 
weigh  or  consider  beforehand.  [JVot  used. 

Elyot. 

PREPENSE,  V.  i.  prepens'.  To  deliberate 
beforehand.     [.Vo(  used.]  Spenser. 

PREPENS'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  con- 
ceived ;  premeditated.  [Little  used.]  [See 
Prepense.] 

PREPOL'LENCE,   )       [h.  prce pollens,  pne- 

PREPOL'LENCY,  \  "•  polleo  ;  pnc  and 
polleo.]  Prevalence  ;  superiority  of  power. 

Coventry 

PREPOL'LENT,  a.  Having  superior  grav 
ity  or  power  ;  prevailing  Boyle 

]PREPOND'ER,  V.  1.  [See  Preponderate.] 
To  outweigh.     [JVol  used.]  IVolton. 

PREPOND'ERANCE,  ^       [See    Prepond- 

PREPOND'ERANCY,  I  "•  eraie.] 

1.  An  outweighing;  superiority  of  weight. 
The  lean  preponderance  of  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  ship  or  boat  will  make  it  incline 
or  heel. 

2.  Superiority  of  power,  force  or  weight ; 
in  a  figurative  sense;  as  a  preponderance 
of  evidence.  hocke. 

PREPONDERANT,  a.  Outweighing. 

Rcid. 
PREPOND'ERATE,  v.  f.   [L.  pnrpondero  ; 
pra;  before,  and  pondero,  to  weigh.] 

1.  To  outweigh  ;  to  overpower  by  weight. 

An  inconsideiable  weight,  by  distance  from 
the  center  of  the  balance,  will  preponderate 
greater  magnitudes.  Glanville. 

2.  To  overpower  by  stronger  influence  or 
moral  power. 

PREPOND'ERATE,    v.  i.    To   exceed    in 

weight ;  hence,  to  incline  or  descend,  as 

the  scale  of  a  balance. 

That  is  no  just  balance  in  vvliicli  the  heaviest 

side  will  not  preponderate.  Jf'ilkins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power ;  hence, 

to  incline  to  one  side. 


By  puttnig  every  argument  on  one  side  and 
the  other,  into  the  balance,  we  must  form  a 
judgment  which  side  preponderates.        Watts. 

PREPOND'ERATING,  ppr.  Outweighing: 
inclining  to  one  side. 

PREPONDERA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  outweighing  any  thing,  or  of  inclining 
to  one  side.  Halts. 

PREPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  preposer ;  pre 
and  po.<!er,  to  put.]  To  put  before.  [JVbl 
much  used.]  Focaloir. 

PREPOSI  "TION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L. 
prapositio  ;  prapono,  propositus  ;  pro;  and 
pono,  to  put.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  usually  put  before  an- 
other to  express  some  relation  or  quality, 
action  or  motion  to  or  from  the  thing  spe- 
cified ;  as  medicines  salutary  to  health  ; 
music  agreeable  to  the  ear  ;  virtue  is  val- 
ued/or its  excellence  ;  a  man  is  riding  to 
Oxford  frotn,  London.  Prepositions  gov- 
ern cases  of  nouns,  and  in  English  are 
sometimes  placed  after  the  word  govern- 
ed ;  as,  tvhich  person  do  you  speak  to?  for, 
to  which  person  do  you  speak  ?  This  sep- 
aration of  the  preposition  from  the  gov- 
erned word  is  sometimes  allowable  in  col- 
loquial use,  but  is  generallv  inelegant. 

PREPOSI  "TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
preposition,  or  to  preceding  position. 

Encyc. 

PREPOS'ITIVE,  a.  Put  before ;  as  a  pre- 
positive particle.  Jones. 

PREPOS'ITIVE,  n.  [supra.]  A  word  or 
particle  put  before  another  word.      Jones. 

PREPOS'ITOR,  n.  [L.  pra^posilor.]  A 
scholar  appointed  by  the  instructor  to  in- 
spect other  scholars.  Todd. 

PREPOS'ITURE,  n.  The  oflice  or  place  of 
a  provost ;  a  provostship. 

PREPOSSESS',  v.t.  [pre  and  possess.]  To 
preoccupy,  as  ground  or  land  ;  to  take 
previous  possession  of  Dryden. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  so  "as  to 
preclude  other  things ;  hence,  to  bias  or 
prejudice.  A  mind  prepossessed  with  opin- 
ions favorable  to  a  person  or  cause,  will 
not  readily  admit  unfavorable  opiinons  to 
take  possession,  nor  yield  to  reasons  that 
disturb  the  possessors.  When  a  lady  has 
prepossessed  the  heart  or  utfections  of  a 
man,  he  does  not  readily  listen  to  sugges- 
tions that  tend  to  remove  the  preposses- 
sion. Preposst.'is  is  more  frequently  used 
in  a  good  sense  than  prejudice. 

PREPOSSESS' ED,  pp.  Preoccupied;  in- 
clined previouslv  to  favor  or  disfavor. 

PREPOSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Taking  previous 
|)ossession. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  invite  favor ;  having  pow- 
er to  secure  the  possession  of  favor,  es- 
teem or  love.  The  countenance,  address 
and  manners  of  a  person  are  sometimes 
/)rej)ossessin!r  on  a  first  acquaintatice. 

PREPOSSES'SION,  n.  Preoccupation  ; 
prior  iiossession.  Hammond. 

2.  Preconceived  opinion  ;  the  effect  of  pre- 
vious impressions  on  the  mind  or  heart, 
in  favor  or  against  any  person  or  thing. 
It  is  often  used  in  a  good  sense;  some- 
times it  is  equivalent  to  prejudice,  and  some- 
times a  softer  name  for  it.  In  general,  it 
conveys  an  idea  less  odious  than  prcjit- 
dice  ;  as  the  prepossessions  of  education. 

South. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PKEPOS'TEROUS,  a.  [L.  pritpoaterus ; 
prii:,  before,  unci  posterns,  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  having '''"t  first  which  ought  to 
be  last  ;  inverted  in  order. 

The  method  1  take  may  be  censured  an  pre- 
posleraus,  because  I  treat  last  of  the  antedilu- 
vian earth,  which  was  fiist  in  the  order  o(  na- 
ture. Woodward. 

2.  Perverted ;  wrong ;  absurd  ;  contrary  to 
nature  or  reason  ;  not  adapted  to  the  end; 
as,  a  republican  government  in  the  hands 
of  females,  is  preposterous.  To  draw  gen- 
eral conclusions  from  particular  facts,  is 
preposterous  reasoning. 

Bacon.     Woodward. 

3.  Foolish ;  absurd ;  applied  to  persons. 

Shak. 

PREPOS'TEROUSLV,  adv.  In  a  wrong 
or  inverted  order ;  absurdly;  foolishly. 

Shak.     Bentley. 

PREPOS'TEROUSNESS,  n.  Wrong  or- 
der or  method  ;  absurdity  ;  inconsistency 
with  nature  or  reason.  Ftttham. 

PREPO'TENCy,  n.  \lu.  prirpotentia  ;  pra- 
and  polenlia,  power.]  Superior  power ; 
predominance.     [Littte  used.]  Brown. 

PREPO'TENT,  a.  [L.  pnepofcns.]  Very 
powerfid.     [Little  used.]  Flaifere. 

PRE'PUCE,  n.    [Fr.    from   L.   pra-putium.] 

The  I'orosUm  ;  a  prolongation  of  the  cutis  oi' 
tlie  penis,  covering  tlie  glans.  Enci/c. 

PREREIVKJ'TE,  a.  [pre  and  remote.]  More 
remote  in  previous  time  or  prior  order. 

In  some  cases,  two  more  links  of  causation 
may  he  introduced  ;  one  of  tliem  may  be  termed 
the  preremotc  cause,  the  other  the  postrcmote 
eflect.  Darwin. 

PREREQUl'RE,  v.  t.  [pre  and  reiiiiire.] 
To  recpiire  previously.  Hammond. 

PREREQ'UIISITE,  a.  s  as:,  [pre  and  re- 
quisite.] 

Previously  required  or  necessary  to  some- 
thing subsequent ;  as,  ccniiin  attainments 
are  prerequisite  to  an   admission  to  orders. 

PREREU'DI^ITE,  n.  Something  that  is 
previously  recpiired  or  necessary  to  the  end 
proposed.  An  acquaintance  with  Latin 
and  Greek  is  a  prerequisite  to  the  admis- 
sion (pf  a  young  man  into  a  college. 

PRERESOLVE,  v.  t.  sasz.  [pre  and  re- 
soloe.]     To  resolve  previously.        Dering 

PRERESOLV'ED,  pp.  Resolved  before- 
hand  ;  previously  determined. 

PRERESOLV'ING,  ppr.  Resolving  before- 
hand. 

PREROG'ATIVE,  n.  [Fr.  irf.;  It.  prfrog-n- 
tivo  ;  Sp.  prerngativa  ;  L.  pra^rogaliva,  pre 
cedence  in  voting;  pra;  before,  and  rogo, 
to  ask  or  demantl.] 

An  exclusive  or  peculiar  privilege.     A  royal 
prerogative,  is  that  special  pre-eminence 
which  a  king   has  over  all  other  person- 
and  out  of  the  coiu'se  of  the  common  l,iw, 
in   right  of  his  regal  dignity.     It  consists 
in  llie  possession  of  certain  rights  which 
tlie  king  may  e.xercise  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  participation  of  his  subjects;  for  when 
a  right   or   privilege  is  held  in   common 
with  the  subject,  it  ceases  to  be  a  preroga 
live.     Thus  the  right  of  appointing  em 
bassadors,  and  of  making  peace  and  war, 
are,   in   Great   Britain,  royal  prerogatives. 
The  right  of  governing  created  beings  is 
the  prerogative  of  the  Creator. 

It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  house  of  peers 
in  Great  Britain  to  decide  legal  questions 


in  the  last  resort.  It  is  the  prerogative  of 
the  house  of  commons  to  determine  the 
validity  of  all  elections  of  their  own  mem- 
bers. It  is  the  prerogative  of  a  father  to 
govern  his  children.  It  is  the  prerogative 
of  the  understanding  to  judge  and  coin- 
l)are. 

In  the  United  States,  it  is  the  preroga- 
tive of  the  president,  with  the  advice  of 
the  senate,  to  ratify  treaties. 

PREROGATIVE-COURT,  n.  In  Grc«/ 
Britain,  a  court  for  the  trial  of  all  testa- 
mentary causes,  where  the  deceased  has 
left  bona  notabitia,  or  cffucts  of  the  value 
of  five  jjounds,  in  two  different  dioceses. 
In  this  case,  the  probatt;  of  the  will  belongs 
to  the  metropolitan  or  urchbisho))  of  the 
province,  and  the  court  where  such  will  is 
proved  is  called  the  jrrerogative-eourt,  as  it 
is  held  by  virtue  of  the  sjiecial  preroga 
five  of  the  metropolitan,  who  ajiiioints 
the  judge.  Blackstone 

PREROG'ATIVED,  a.  Having  preroga- 
tive.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PREROGATIVE-OFFICE,  n.  The  otiiee 
in  which  the  wills  proved  in  the  preroga 
tive  court,  are  registered.  Bluekstone 

PRE'SAGE,  ji.  [Fr. ;  Sp.  It.  presagio  : 
licjin  L.  prasagittm  ;  prie,  before,  and  sag- 
10,  to  perceive  or  foretell.] 

Something  which  foreshows  a  future  event  ; 
a   prognostic;  u   ])rescnt  fact    indicating 
sometliing  to  con;e. 
Joy  andslioul.yjrcsafi^e  of  victory.        Milton 

PRESA'GE,  u.  <  To  forebode;  to  foreshow; 
to  indicate  by  some  present  fact  what  is 
to  follow  or  come  to  pass.  A  fog  rising 
from  a  river  in  an  autumnal  morning 
presages  a  pleasant  day.  A  physical  phe- 
nomenon cannot  be  considered  us  presag- 
ing an  event,  unless  it  has  some  connec- 
tion with  it  in  cause.  Hence  the  error  of 
vulgar  superstition,  which  presages  good 
or  evil  from  facts  which  can  have  no  rela- 
tion to  the  future  event. 

2.  To  foretell  ;  to  predict ;  to  prophesy. 

Wish'd  freedom  I  presage  you  soon  will  find. 

liri/den. 

PRESA'tiE,  v.i.  To  form  or  utter  a  predic- 
tion ;  witii  of.  We  may  presage  of  heats 
and  rains.     [.Vo/  common  nor  elegant.] 

Dryden. 

PRI^SA'tiED,  pp.  Foreboded;  foreshown 
foretold. 

PRESA'GEFUL,  a.  Full  of  presages;  con- 
taining presages.  Thomson. 

PRESA'gEMENT,  ?i.  a  foreboding;  fore- 
token. M'otton. 

2.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction. 

PRESA'(iER,  n.  A  foreteller;  a  foresliow- 
er.  Shak. 

PRESA'OING,  ppr.  Foreshowing ;  fore- 
telling. 

PRES'BYTER,  ?i.  [Gr.  7tfi<!,3vtipo{,  from 
rt()fT)3vs,  old,  elder.] 

1.  In  ;/ii'  primitive  christian  church,  an  elder: 
a  person  somewhat  advanced  in  age,  who 
had  authority  in  the  church,  and  whose 
duty  was  to  feed  the  flock  over  which  the 
Holy  S|)irit  had  made  him  overseer. 

2.  A  priest ;  a  person  who  has  the  pastoral 
charge  of  a  particular  church  and  congre- 
gation ;  called  in  the  Saxon  laws,  mass- 
priest.  Hooker. 

3.  A  presbytcriai).  Butler. 


PRESBYTERIAN,  l"'  presbyter,  or  to 
ecclesiastical  government  by  presbyters. 

2.  Consisting  of  presbyters;  as  presbyterian 
government.  The  government  of  the 
church  of  Scotland  \a  presbyterian. 

PRESBYTE'RIAN,  n.  One  that  maintains 
the  validity  of  ordination  and  government 
by  presbyters. 

2.  One  that  belongs  to  a  church  governed 
by  presbyter?. 

PRESBYTE'RIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines, 

principles  and  discipline  or  government  of 

presbyter  ians.  .Iddisou. 

'RES'BYTERY,  n.  A  body  of  elders  in  the 

christian  church. 

Neglect  not  the  gift  that  is  in  thee,  which 
was  given  thee  liy  prophecy,  witli  the  laying  on 
of  the  hands  of  the  jtreshytery.     1  Tim.  iv. 

2.  In  ecclesiastical  government,  a  judicatory 
consisting  of  all  the  pastors  of  churches 
within  a  certain  district,  and  one  ruling 
elder,  a  layman,  from  each  parish,  com- 
missioned to  rejiresent  the  parish  in  con- 
junction with  the  minister.  This  body 
receives  appeals  from  the  kirk-session,  and 
appeals  from  the  presbytery  may  be  carri- 
ed to  the  provincial  synod. 

Encyc.     Scotland. 
The  presbytery  of  the  churches  in  the 
United  States  is  composed  in  a  manner 
nearly  similar. 

3.  The  presbyterian  religion.  Taller. 
PRESCIENCE,  n.   presi'ence  or  pre'shens. 

[Low  L.  prtescientia  ;  pra,  before,  and 
scicntia,  knowledge  ;  Fr.^ccscicncc  ;  It.pre- 
scienza.  The  common  pronunciation  of 
this  word,  pre'shens,  obscures  the  sense.] 

Foreknowledge  ;  knowledge  of  events  be- 
fore they  take  place.  Absolute  prescience 
belongs  to  God  on!}'. 

Of  IhinRs  of  the  most  accidental  and  muli»l)le 
nature,  God'f.  ]>rescie)ice  is  certain.  South. 

PRESCIENT,  a.  president  or  pre'shcni. 
Foreknowing  ;  liaving  knowledge  of 
events  before  they  take  place. 

Who  taught  the  nations  of  the  field  and  wood. 
Prescient,  tlie  tides  or  tempests  to  withstand  ? 

Pope. 

PRESCIND',  V.  t.  [L.  preescindo  ;  pra-  and 
scindo,  to  cut.] 

To  cut  otf;  to  abstract.     [Littleused.] 

.Yorris. 

PRESCIND'ENT,  a.  Cutting  oft";  abstract- 
ing. Cheyne. 

PRE'SCIOUS,  a.  [L.  preescius ;  pro:  and 
scio,  to  know.] 

Foreknowing;  having  foreknowledge;  as 
presfiOHS  of  ills.  Dryden. 

PRESeRI'BE,  V.  t.  [L.  prascribo,  to  write 
belbre.] 

1.  In  medit-ine,  to  direct,  as  a  remedy  to  be 
used  or  applied  to  a  diseased  patient.  Be 
not  offemleil  with  the  physician  who  pre- 
scribes harsh  remedies. 

2.  To  set  or  lay  down  authoritatively  for 
direction  ;  to  give  as  a  rule  of  conduct  ; 
as,  to  prescribe  laws  or  rules. 

There's  Joy,  when  to  wild  will  you  laws  pre- 
scribe. Dryden. 

3.  To  direct. 

Lot  streams  prescribe  their  fountains  where 
to  run.  Dryden. 

PRESCRIBE,  V.  i.  To  write  or  give  medi- 
cal directions  ;  to   direct  what  remedies 


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are  ta  be  used  ;  as,   to  prescribe  for  a  pa 
tieiit  ill  a  fever. 

2.  To  give  law ;  to  influence  arbitrarily. 

A  forwardness  to  prescribe  to  the  opinions  of 
others.  Locke. 

3.  In  laic,  to  claim  by  prescription  ;  to  claim 
a  title  to  a  thing  by  immemorial  use  and 
enjoyment ;  with  for.  A  man  may  be  al- 
lowed to  prescribe  for  a  right  of  way,  a 
conunon  or  the  like  ;  a  man  cannot  pre- 
scribe for  a  castle  ;  he  can  prescribe  only /or 
incorporeal  hereditaments.         Blacl;sto7ie. 

4.  To  influence  by  long  use.     [.Votin  use.] 

Brown. 

PRESCRI'BED,  pp.  Directed  ;  ordered. 

PRES€RI'BER,  n.  One  that  prescribes. 

PRESCRI'BING,  ppr.  Directing  ;  giving  as 
a  rule  of  conduct  or  treatment. 

PRESCRIPT,  a.  [L.prcescriptus.]  Directed; 
prescribed.  Hooker. 

PRE'S€RIPT,  ?!.  [L.  prcBScriplum.]  A  di- 
rection ;  a  medical  order  for  the  use  of 
medicines.  [But  prescnption  is  chiefly 
used.] 

2.  Direction  ;  precept  ;  model  prescribed. 

PRESeRIP'TIBLE,  u.  That  may  be  pre- 
scribed for. 

PR!CS€RIP'TION,  n.  [L.  prascriptio.  See 
prescribe.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  prescribing  or  directing  by 
rules;  or  that  which  is  prescrihed  ;  par- 
ticularly, a  medical  rlirection  of  remedies 
for  a  disease  and  tlie  manner  of  using 
them  ;  a  recipe. 

2.  In  law,  a  prescribing  for  title  ;  the  claim 
of  title  to  a  tiling  by  virtue  of  immemorial 
use  and  enjoyment  ;  or  the  right  to  a 
thing  derived  from  such  use.  Prescription 
differs  from  custom,  which  is  a  local  usage. 
Prescription  is  a  personal  usage,  usage  an- 
nexed to  the  person.  Nothing  but  incor- 
poreal hereditaments  can  be  claimed  by 
prescription.  Blackslone. 

The  use  and  enjoyment  of  navigation 
and  fishery  in  the  sea,  for  any  length  of 
time,  does  not  create  a  title  by  prescrip 
lion.  The  conunon  right  of  nations  to  the 
use  and  enjoyment  of  the  sea  is  impre- 
scriptible :  it  cannot  be  lost  by  a  particu- 
lar nation  for  want  of  use.  Vattel. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  title  to  lands  acquired 
by  uninterrupted  possession  for  the  time 
which  the  law  declares  to  lie  sufficient,  or 
40  years.  This  is  positive  prescription. 
JVeiralive  proscription  is  the  loss  or  omis- 
sion of  a  right  by  neglecting  to  use  it  du- 
ring the  time  hniited  by  law.  This  term 
is  also  used  for  limitation,  in  the  recovery 
of  money  due  by  bond,  &c.  Obligations 
are  lost  by  prescription,  or  neglect  of  pros 
ccution  for  the  time  designated  by  law. 

Encyc. 

PRESeRIP'TIVE,  a.  Consisting  in  or  ac- 
quired by  immemorial  use  and  enjoy- 
ment ;  as  a  prescriptive  right  or  title. 

The  right  to   be   drowsy    in   protracted  toil 
lias  become  prescriptive.  J.  JU.  Mason. 

■2.  Pleading  the  continuance  and  authority 
of  custom.  Hurd. 

PRES'EANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Priority  of  place 
in  sitting.     [.Vo<  in  use.]  Careiv. 

PRES'ENCE,  u.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from  L.  pra 
sentia ;  pra;  before,  and  esse,  to  be.] 

J.  The  existence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a 
certain  place  ;  opposed    to   absence.     Th 
event  hap|(encd  during  the  king's  ;/r(se(!Ce 


at  the  theater.  In  examining  the  patient, 
the  presence  of  tever  was  not  observed. 
The  presence  of  God  is  not  hmited  to  any 
place. 

2.  A  being  in  company  near  or  before  the 
face  of  another.  We  were  gratified  with 
the  presence  of  a  person  so  much  respect- 
ed. 

3.  Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  of  a 
great  personage. 

Men  that  very  presence  fear, 
Which  once  they  knew  authority  did  hear. 

Daniel. 

4.  State  of  being  in  view  ;  sight.  An  acci- 
dent happened  in  the  ;;rfSf  nee  of  the  court. 

5.  By  way  of  distinction,  state  of  being  in 
view  of  a  superior. 

I  know  not  by  what  pow'r  I  am  made  bold. 
In  such  ^presence  here  to  plead  my  thoughts. 

Shak. 

6.  A  number  assembled  before  a  great  per- 
son. 

Odmar,  of  all  this  presence  does  contain, 
Ciive  her  your  wreath  whom  you  esteem  most 
fair.  Dry  den. 

7.  Port ;  mien  ;  air  ;  personal  appearance  ; 
demeanor. 

Virtue  is  best  in  a  body  that  is  comely,  and 
that  has  rather  dignity  of  presence,  than  beauty 
of  aspect.  Bacmi. 

A  graceful  presence  bespeaks  acceptance. 

Collier. 

8.  The  apartment  in  which  a  jirince  shows 
himself  to  his  court. 

An't  please  your  grace,  the   two   great  cardi 

nals 
Wait  in  the  presence.  Shak. 

9.  The  person  of  a  superior.  Milton. 
Presence  of  mind,   a  calm,  collected   state  of 

the  Uiind  with  its  faculties  at  command  ; 
undisturbed  state  of  the  thoughts,  which 
enables  a  person  to  speak  or  act  vvilliout 
disorder  or  embarrassment  in  unexpected 
difhculties. 

Eriors,  not  to  be  recalled,  do  (ind 
Their  best  redress  from  pi-esence  of  the  mind. 

Waller 
PRESENCE-CHAMBER,  }  The  room 
PRESENCE-ROOM,  ^  "'  '»  which  a 

great  personage  receives  company. 

Addison. 

PRESENSA'TION,  n.    [pre  &ni\  sensation.] 

Previous  notion  or  idea.  .l/cc. 

PRESEN'SION,  n.  [L.  prwsensio,  prasen- 

tio  ;  pra'  and  sentio,  to  |ierceive.] 
Previous   perception.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
PRES'ENT,  a.  sasz.  [Fr. present ;  L.prw- 
sens  ;  prce  and  sum,  esse,  to  be.] 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place ;  opposed  to  ab- 
sent. 

2.  Being  before  the  face  or  near;  being  in 
company.  Inquire  of  .some  of  the  gentle- 
men present. 

These  things  have  I  spoken  unto  you,  being 
yet  present  with  you.     John  \iv. 

3.  Being  now  in   view  or   under  consider;] 
tion.     In  the  present  instance,   facts  wi 
not  warrant  the  conclusion.     The  present 
question   must   be     decided   on   different 
jirinciiiles. 

4.  Now  existing,  or  being  at  this  time  ;  nol 
pastor  future;  as  the  present  session  ofj 
congress.  The  court  is  in  session  at  the 
present  time.  We  say,  a  present  good,  the 
present  year  or  age. 

5.  Ready  "at  hand  ;  quick  in  emergency  ;  as 
present  wit. 


'Tis  a  high  point  of  philosophy  and  virtue 
for  a  man  to  be  present  to  himself. 

L'Bstrange. 

I).  Favorably  attentive;  not  heedless;  pro- 
pitious. 

Nor  could  I  hope  in  any  place  but  there 
To  6ntl  a  god  so  present  to  my  prayer. 

D)-yden. 

7.  Not  absent  of  mind  ;  not  abstracted ;  at- 
tentive. 

The  present,  an  elliptical  expression  for  the 
present  time.  Milton. 

M  present,  elliptically  for,  at  the  present  time. 

Present  tense,  in  grammar,  the  tense  or  form 
of  a  verb  which  expresses  action  or  being 
in  the  present  time,  as  I  am  writing ;  or 
something  that  exists  at  all  times,  as  vir- 
tue is  always  to  be  preferred  to  vice;  or 
it  expresses  habits  or  general  truths,  as 
plants  spring  from  the  earth  ;  fishes  sirim  ; 
reptiles  creep ;  birds  fly  ;  some  animals 
subsist  on  herbage,  others  are  carnivorous. 

PRES'ENT,  n.  [Fr.  id.  See  the  Verb.] 
That  which  is  presented  or  given  ;  a  gift : 
a  donative  ;  something  gi\en  orofTcred  to 
another  gratuitously  ;  a  word  of  general 
application.     Gen.  xxxii. 

Presents,  in  the  plural,  is  used  in  law  for  a 
deed  of  conveyance,  a  lea.se,  letter  of  at- 
torney or  other  writing  ;  as  in  the  phiase, 
"  Know  all  men  by  these  presents,"  that 
is,  by  the  writing  itself,  per  presentes.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singu- 
lar. 

PRESENT',  v.t.  [Low  L.  prccsento  ;  Fr. 
presenter ;  It.  prtsentare  ;  Sp.  presentar ; 
L.  prasens ;  pnr,  before,  and  sum,  esse,  to 
he] 

1.  To  set,  place  or  introduce  into  the  pres- 
ence or  before  the  face  of  a  superior,  as  to 
present  an  envoy  to  the  king ;  and  with  the 
reciprocal  pronoun,  to  come  into  the  pres- 
ence of  a  superior. 

Now  there  was  a  day  when  the  sons  of  God 
came  to  present  themselces  before  the  Lord. 
Job  i. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice.  The  top  of 
Wi^unt  Holyi  ke,  in  Hampshire  county,  in 
Massachusetts,  presents  one  of  the  finest 
pios]iects  in  America. 

3.  To  oft'er;  to  exhibit. 
O  hear   what  to  my  mind   first  thoughts pre- 

sent.  Milton . 

He  is  ever  ready  to  present  to  us  the  thoughts 
or  observations  of  others.  Watts. 

To  give  :  to  offer  gratuitously  for  recep- 
tion. The  first  President  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society,  pre.wnted  to  that  insti- 
tution ten  thousand  dollars. 
To  put  into  the  hands  of  another  in  cere- 
mony. 

So  ladies  in  romance  assist  their  knight, 
Present  the  spear,  and  arm  him  for  the  fight. 

Pope. 

6.  To  favor  with  a  gift ;  as,  we  present  a  man 
trith  a  suit  of  clothes.  Formerly  tlie 
phrase  was,  to  present  a  person. 

Oct3\a  presented  the  poet,  for  his  admirable 
elca:y  on  her  son  Marcellus.  Dryden. 

[i'his  use  is  obsolete.] 

7.  To  nominate  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  ; 
to  offer  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  as  a  can- 
didiiti^  for  institution. 

'i'he  patron  of  a  church  miiy  present  his  clerk 
to  a  parsonaj;e  or  vicarage  :  that  is,  may  offer 
him  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  to  be  institu- 
ted. Blackstme. 

8.  To  oflcr. 


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He— presented  battle  to  Die  Frencli  navy 
which  was  refused.  ilayward 

9.  To  lay  before  a  public  body  for  consider- 
ation, a«  Iiefore  a  legislature,  a  court  of 
judicutnro,  a  cor])orati<iii,  &c.  ;  as,  to  pre- 
sent a  nioniorial,  petition,  remonstrauce  or 
indictniont. 

10.  To  lay  before  a  court  of  judicature  as 
an  object  of  inquiry  ;  to  give  notice  olTi- 
cially  of  a  crime  or  offense.  It  is  tbe  duty 
of  grand  juries  to  present  all  breacbos  of 
law  within  their  knowledge.  In  Ameri- 
ca, grand  juries  present  whatever  they 
think  to  he  jiublic  injuries,  hy  notifying 
them  to  the  public  with  their  censure. 

11.  To  point  a  weapon,  particularly  some 
species  of  fnc-arrns  ;  as,  to  present  a  mus- 
ket to  the  breast  of  another  ;  in  tuanujil 
exercise,  to  present  arni.s. 

12.  To  inilict :  a  customary  use  of  the  word  in 
the  United  tilales. 

PRESENTABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pre- 
sented ;  that  may  be  exhibited  or  repre- 
sented. Burl.c. 

2.  That  may  be  offered  to  a  church  living; 
as  a  presentable  clerk. 

3.  That  admits  of  the  presentation  of  a 
clerk  ;  as  a  church  presentable.  [Unusual.] 

Auliffe. 

PRESENTA'NEOUS,  a.  [L. prirsentanms.] 

Ready  ;  quick  ;    immediate  ;  as  presenla 

neous  poison.  Harvey. 

PRESENTATION,    ji.    [Fr.]    The  act  of 

presenting. 

Prayers  are  sometimes  a  presentation  of  mere 
desires.  Hooker. 

2.  Exhibition  ;  representation  ;  display  ;  as 
the  presentation  of  fighting  on  the  stage. 

Dry  den. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  law,  the  act  of  offering  a 
clerk  to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  for  institu- 
tion in  a  benefice.  An  advowson  is  the 
right  oC presentation. 

If  the  bishop  admits  the  patron's  presenta- 
tion, llie  clerk  so  admilted  is  next  to  be  instilii- 
ted  by  liini.  Bluckstone 

1.  The  right  of  presenting  a  clerU.  The 
l)ntron  has  the  presentation  of  the  bene- 
fice. 

PRESENT'ATIVE,  a.  In  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs, that  has  the  right  of  jiresentation,  or 
ofiering  a  clerk  to  the  bishop  for  institu- 
tion. Advowsons  arc  presentative,  colla- 
tive  or  donative. 

An  advowson  presentative  is  where  the  pat- 
ron hath  a  right  of  presentation  to  the  bishop  or 
ordinary.  Blacksfonc. 

2.  That  admits  the  presentation  of  a  clerk  ; 
as  a  presentative  parsonage.  Spcbnan. 

PRESENT'ED,  pp.  Offered  ;  given  ;  ex- 
hibited to  view  ;  accused. 

PRESENTEE,  n.  One  presented  to  a  ben- 
efice. Aiiliffe. 

PRESENTER,  n.  One  that  presents. 

PRESEN'TIAL,  a.  Supposing  actual  pres- 
ence.    [Little  used.]  JVorris. 

PRESENTIAL'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
present.     [Little  used.]  South. 

PRESEN'TIATE,  i^.  t.  To  make  present. 
[Little  used.]  Greic 

PRESKNTIF'I€,        )       Making    present. 

I'RESENTIF'ICAL,  ^"^   IjVot  in  use] 

PRESENTIF'I€LV,  adv.  In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  present.     [jVo/  in  use.] 


Vol.  II. 


More. 


PRESENT'IMENT,  n.  [pre  and  sentiment,] 

or  Fr.  presseiitiment.] 
Previous  conception,  sentiment  or  opinion  ; 

previous  aj)prehension   of  something  fu 

ture.  liutler. 

PRES'ENTLY,  adv.  s  as  r.  At  present;  at 

this  tinie. 

Tlic   towns   and  forts   you  presently  have. 

01)s.  Sidney 

In  a  short  time  after ;  soon  after. 
Ilim  therel'ore  I    hope   to  send  jtresently,  so 

soon  as  1    sliall  sec  how  it  will  go  with   ine 

Phil.  ii. 

3.  Imnjediately. 
And  presently  the   fig-tree    witlier<'d  away 

Matf.  xxi. 

PRESENTMENT,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of 
presenting.  ,Shak 

9.  Ajjpearance  to  the  view  ;  representation. 

Milton. 

•3.  In  law,  a  presentment,  properly  speaking, 
is  the  notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  of 
any  offense  from  their  own  knowledge  or 
observation,  without  any  hill  of  indict- 
ment liiid  before  them  at  the  suit  of  the 
king  ;  as  the  presentment  of  a  nuisance,  u 
libel  or  the  like,  on  which  the  oflicer  of 
the  court  must  afterwards  frame  an  in 
dictnient,  before  the  Jiarty  presented  cai 
he  put  to  answer  it.  Blackslone. 

4.  In  a  more  general  sense,  presentment  com 
prehends  incjuisitions  of  office  and  indict 
ments.  lilarkstone 

In  the  United  States,  a  presentment  is  ai 
official  accusation  presented  to  a  tribunal 
by  the  grand  jury  in  an  indictment ;  or  it 
is  the  act  of  offering  an  indictment.  If  is 
also  used  for  the  indictment  itself.  The 
grand  jiuy  are  chargeil  to  inquire  and  due 
presentment  make  of  all  crimes,  &:c.  The 
use  of  the  word  is  limited  to  accusations 
by  granil  jurors. 

5.  The  nflicial  notice  in  court  which  the  jii- 
ry  or  homage  gives  of  the  surrender  of  a 
copvhold  estate.  Blackstone. 

PRES'ENTNESS,  n.  s  as:.  Presence;  .-is 
presentness  of  mind,     [^ot  used.] 

Clarendon. 

PRESERV'ABLE,  a.  [See  Preserve.]  That 
mav  be  preserved. 

PRESERVATION,  n.  [from  preserve  ;  It. 
pi-eservnzione  ;  Sp.  preservacion.] 

The  act  of  preserving  or  keeping  safe ;  the 
act  of  keeping  from  injury,  destruction  or 
decay  ;  a.s  the  presenalion  of  life  or 
health  ;  the  preservation  of  buildings  from 
fire  or  decay;  the  preservation  of  grain 
from  insects  ;  the  ^jcseri'aiion  of  fruit  or 
plants.  When  a  thing  is  kept  entirely 
from  decay,  or  nearly  in  its  <iriginal  state, 
we  sav  it  is  in  a  high  state  oi' preservation. 

PRESERVATIVE,  a.  [It.  preservativo  ; 
Fr.  prcservalif] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  keeping  safe 
from  injury,  destruction  or  decay  ;  tending 
to  preserve. 

PRESERVATIVE,  n.  That  which  pre- 
serves or  has  the  power  of  preserving  : 
something  that  trials  to  secinc  a  pi'rson  or 
thing  in  a  sound  state,  or  prevent  it  from 
injury,  ilcstructinn,  ilccay  or  corruption  ; 
a  preventive  of  injury  or  decay.  Persons 
formerly  wore  tablets  of  arsenic,  as  p 
soTo/ms  against  the  plague,  (."lolhingis 
a  preservative  against  odd.  Teinperance 
and  exercise  are  the  hesl  preservatives  of 

12 


health.  Habitual  reverence  of  the  Su- 
preme Being  is  an  excellent  preservative 
against  sin  and  the  niiluence  of  evil  exam- 
ples. 

PRESERV'ATORY,  a.  That  tends  to  pre- 
serve. Hall. 

PRESERV'ATORY,  ii.  That  which  has 
the  power  of  preserving;  a  preservative. 

HTtitlock. 

PRESERVE,  V.  t.  prezerv'.  [Fr.  preserver; 
It.  preservare  ;  Sp.  preservar  ;  Low  L.  pra:- 
servo ;  prce  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  kee|)  or  save  from  injury  or  destruc- 
tion ;  to  defend  from  evil. 

God  did  send  me  before  you  to/>rf«frre  life. 
Gen.  xlv. 

O  Lord,  preserve  me  from  tlie  violent  man. 
Ps.  cxl. 

2.  To  uphold  ;  to  sustain. 
O  Lord,  thou  j^^'caervest  man  and  beast.     Ps. 

xxxvi. 

3.  To  save  from  decay ;  to  keep  in  a  sound 
state  ;  a.s,  to  preserve  fruit  in  winter.  Sail 
is  used  to  preserve  meat. 

4.  To  season  with  sugar  or  other  substan- 
ces for  preservation  ;  as,  to  preserve  plums, 
quinc(^s  or  other  fruit. 

I.").  To  keep  or  defend  from  corruption  ;  as, 
tfi  preserve  youth  from  vice. 

PRESERVE,  n.  prezerv'.  Fruit  or  a  vege- 
table seasoned  and  kejit  in  sugar  or  sirup. 

Mortimer. 

PRESERVED,  pp.  Saved  from  injury,  de- 
struction or  decay;  kept  or  defended  from 
evil ;  seasoned  with  sugar  for  preserva- 
tion. 

PRESERVER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
preserves  ;  one  that  saves  or  defends  from 
destruction  or  evil. 

What  shall  I  do  to  thee,  O  thou  preserver  of 
men?    Job  vii. 

2.  One  that  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 

PRESERVING,  ppr.  Keeping  safe  from 
injtiry,  destruction  or  decay ;  defending 
from  evil. 

PRESl'DE,  I',  i.  s  as  r.  [L.  prasideo;  prw, 
before,  and  sedeo,  to  sit ;  It.  presidere  ;  Fr. 
presider ;  S\t.  presidir.] 

1.  To  beset  over  for  the  exercise  of  authori- 
ty ;  to  direct,  control  and  govern,  as  the 
chief  officer.  A  man  may  preside  over  a 
nation  or  province  :  or  he  may  preside 
over  a  senate,  or  a  meeting  of  citizens. 
The  word  is  used  chiefly  in  the  latter 
sense.  We  say,  a  man  presides  over  the 
senate  with  dignity.  Hence  it  usuallv  de- 
notes temporary  superintendence  and  gov- 
ernment. 

2.  To  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch 
over  as  inspector. 

Some  o'er  the  public  magazines /)rejirfe. 

Dryden. 
PRES'IDENCY,  n.   Superintendence ;   in- 
spection and  care.  Ray. 

2.  The  office  of  president.  Washington  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  tlie  United 
States  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  elec- 
tors. 

3.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds 
his  office.  President  J.  Adams  died  during 
{Up  presidency  of  his  son. 

4.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  president :  as  in  the 
British  dominions  in  the  East  Indies. 

.^.  The  family  or  suit  of  a  president. 

A  w  01  thy  clergyman  belonging  to  tbe  presi- 
dency of  Fort  St.  George.     Qu. 

Buchanan.  251 


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PRES'IDENT,  n.   [Fr.  from  L.  pmsidens.] 

1.  All  officer  elected  or  appoiiiteil  to  pre- 
side over  a  corporation,  coinpaiiy  or  as- 
sembly of  men,  to  keep  order,  manage 
their  concerns  or  {jovern  their  proceed- 
ings; as  the  ;)resx(/e)i<  of  a  banking  com- 
pany ;  the  president  of  a  senate,  &c. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  or  elected  to  govern 
a  province  or  territory,  or  to  administer 
the  government  of  a  nation.  The  presi- 
dent of  tlie  United  States  is  the  chief  ex- 


ecutive magistrate. 
The  chief  officer  of  a  colleg 


je  or  universi- 
ty. U.  States. 

4.  A  tutelar  power. 

Just  Apollo, /)resi(if;if  of  verse.  Waller 

Vice-president,  one  who  is  second  in  au- 
thority to  the  president.  The  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  is  president  of 
the  senate  ex  offirio,  and  performs  the  du- 
ties of  president  when  the  latter  is  re 
moved  or  disabled. 

PRKSIDEN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pros 
ident ;  as  the  presidential  chair.         finish. 

2.   Presiding  over.  Glartville 

PRESIDENTSHIP,  n.  The  office  and 
place  of  president.  Hooker. 

2.  The  term  for  which  a  president  holds  his 
office. 

PRF.SID'IAL,       }        [L.  pra:sidiu7n,  a  gar- 

PRESID'IARY,  ^  "■  rison  ;  pra  and  sedeo.] 
Pertaining  to  a  garrison ;  having  a  garri- 
son. Hoivell. 

PRESIGNIFICA'TION,    n.    [from  presig- 

Tlie  act  of  signifying  or  showing  before- 
hand. Barrow 

PRESIG'NIFV,  V.  t.  [pre  and  signify.]  To 
intimate  or  signify  beforehand  ;  to  showj 
previou.sly.  Pearson 

PRESS,  V.  t.  [Fr.  presser ;  It.  pressare,  to 
press,  crowd,  urge,  hurry;  D.  G.  presseji 
Svi.prassa;  Dan.  presser ;  W.  bri/siaiv,  to 
liurry,  formed  from  rhys,  extreme  ardency 
a  rushing.  Here  we  have  proof  that  jDcess 
is  formed  from  the  root  of  rush,  with  a 
prefix.  The  Spanish  has  apretar,  prensar 
and  aprensar.  The  L.  pressus  is  from  the 
same  root.] 

1.  To  urge  with  force  or  weight ;  a  word  of 
extensive  use,  denoting  the  application  of 
any  power,  physical  or  moral,  to  some 
thing  that  is  to  be  moved  or  aflected.  We 
press  the  ground  with  the  feet  when  we 
walk  ;  we  press  the  couch  on  which  we 
repose  ;  we  press  substances  with  the 
liands,  fingers  or  arms  ;  the  smith  pirsses 
iron  with  his  vise  ;  we  arc  pressed  with 
the  weight  of  arguments  or  of  care 
troubles  and  business. 

•J.  To  squeeze  ;  to  crush  ;  as,  to  press  grapes. 
Gen.  xl. 

^.  To  drive  with  violence  ;  to  hurry  ;  as,  to 
press  a  horse  in  motion,  or  in  a  race. 

4.  To  urge;  to  enforce;  to  inculcate  witli 
earnestness;  as,  to  ^^ress  divine  truth  on 
an  audience. 

5.  To  embrace  closely  ;  to  hug. 

Leucotlioc  shook 
Anil  press'il  P.iU-inou  closer  in  her  aims. 

Pope 
G.  To  force  intoservice,  particularly  into  na- 
val service ;  to  impress. 

Clarendon.     Drydcn 

7.  To  straiten  ;  to  distress ;  as,  to  be  pressed 

with  want  or  with  difficulties. 


8.  To  constrain  ;  to  compel ;  to  urge  by  au- 
thority or  necessity. 

The  posts  that  rode  on  mules  and  camels 
went  out,  being  hastened  and  pressed  on  by  the 
king's  commandment.     Esth.  viii. 

9.  To  urge ;  to  impose  by  importunity. 

He  jtressed  a  letter  upon  me,  within  this 
hour,  lo  deliver  to  you.  Dryden. 

10.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  earnestness  or 
importunity.  He  pressed  me  to  accept  of 
his  ofl"er. 

11.  To  urge  ;  to  constrain. 

Paul  was  pressed  in  spirit,  and  testified  to 
the  Jews  thai  Jesus  was  Christ.     Acts  xviii. 

Wickedness  pressed  with  conscience,  fore- 
castetli  grievous  things.  Wisdom. 

12.  To  squeeze  for  making  smooth  ;  as  cloth 
or  paper. 

Press  diflcrs  from  dnve  and  strike,  in  usually 
denoting  a  slow  or  continued  application! 
of  force;  whereas  drive  and  strike  denote 
a  sudden  impulse  of  force. 
PRESS,  ji.  i.  To  urge  or  strain  in  motion ; 
to  urge  forward  with  fVirce. 

I  press  towards  tlie  mark  lor  the  prize  of  the 
high  calling  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus.     Phil.  iii. 
Th'  insulting  victor  yiresses  on  the  more. 

Hi'yden. 
3.  To  bear  on  witli  force  ;  to  encroach. 
On  superior  powers 
Were  we  to  press,  interior  might  on  ours. 

Pope. 

3.  To  bear  on  with  force ;  lo  crowd ;  to 
throng. 

Thronging  crowds  press  on  you  as  you  pass. 

D/yden. 

4.  To  approach  unseasonably  or  iniportu-{ 
iiately. 

^or  press  too  near  the  throne.  Dryden. 

5.  To  urge  with  vehemence  and  importu- 
nity. 

He  pressedupon  them  greatly,  and  they  turn- 
ed in  to  hini.     Gen.  xix. 
G.  To  urge  by  influence  or  moral  force. 

When  arguments  press  equally  in  matters 
indifl'erent,  tlic  safest  method  is  to  give  up  our- 
selves to  neitlier.  ,'Iddison 

7.  To  push  with   force;  as,  to  prcM  against 

the  door. 
PRESS,    n.    [It.    prcssa,    ha.ste,    hurry,    a 

crowd;  Sp.  prensa ;    Fr.  pre.ise,  prtssoir; 

Sw.  priiss  ;  Han.  G.  presse.] 

1.  All  instrument  or  machine  by  which  any 
body  is  squeezed,  crushed  or  forced  into 
a  more  compact  form  ;  as  a  wine-press, 
cider-press  or  cheese-press. 

2.  A  niiichine  for  priming;  a  printing-press. 
Great  iniprovcnients  have  been  lately 
made  in  the  coiistructinu  of  presses. 

3.  The  art  or  business  of  printing  and  pub- 
lishing. A  free  press  is  a  great  blessing  to 
a  free  people  ;  a  liccniioiis  press  is  a  curse 
to  society. 

4.  A  crowd ;  a  throng;  a  multitude  of  in- 
dividuals crowded  together. 

And  when  they  could  nut  come  nigh  to  him 
for  the  press —     Mark  ii. 

5.  The  act  of  urging  or  pushing  forward. 

Which  in  their  llirong  and  press  to   the  last 

hold, 
Confound  themselves.  Uliak. 

0.  A  wine-vat  or  cistern.     Hag.  ii. 

7.  A  case  or  closet  for  the  safe  keeping  of 
garments.  Shak 

8.  Urgency;  urgent  demands  of  alfairs;  as 
a  press  of  business. 

9.  A  commission  to  force   men   into  jniblic 


service,   particularly   into  the  navy ;   for 
impress.  Raleigh. 

Press  of  sail,  in  navigation,  is  as  much  sail 
as  the  state  of  the  wind  will  permit. 

Mar.  Did. 

Liberty  of  the  press,  in  civil  policy,  is  the  free 
right  of  publishing  books,  pamphlets  or 
papers  without  previous  restraint;  or  the 
unrestrained  right  w  liich  evei-y  citizen  en- 
joys of  publishing  his  thoughts  and  opin- 
ions, subject  only  to  punishment  for  pub- 
lishing what  is  pernicious  to  morals  or  to 
the  peace  of  the  state. 

PRESS -BED,  71.  A  bed  that  may  be  raised 
and  inclosed  in  a  case. 

PRESS'ED,  pp.  Urged  by  force  or  weight; 
constrained  ;  distressed ;  crowded ;  em- 
brace<l ;  made  smooth  and  glossy  by  press- 
ure, as  cloth. 

PRESSER,  n.  One  that  presses. 

PRESS'-GANG,  n.  [press  and  gang.']  A 
detachment  of  seamen  under  the  com- 
mand of  an  officer,  empowered  to  impress 
men  into  the  naval  service. 

PRE;SS'ING,  ppr.  Urging  with  force  or 
weight ;  squeezing  ;  constraining  ;  crowd- 
ing ;  embracing  ;  distressing  ;  forcing  in- 
to service;  rolling  in  a  press. 

2.  a.  Urgent ;  distressing. 

PRESS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
applying  force  to  bodies.  The  pressing  o{ 
cloth  is  performed  by  means  of  the  screw, 
or  by  a  calendar. 

PRESS'INGLY,  adv.  With  force  or  urgen- 
cy ;  closely.  Howell. 

PRES'SION,  n.  [It.  pressione.]  The  act  of 
pressing.  But  pressure  is  more  generally 
userl.  JVewlon. 

2.  Ill  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  an  endeavor 
to  move. 

PRESS'ITANT,  a.  Gravitating;  heavy. 
[J^tot  in  use.]  More. 

PRESSMAN,  n.  In  printing,  the  man  who 
manages  the  press  and  impresses  the 
sheets. 

2.  One  of  a  press-gang,  who  aids  in  forcing 
men  into  the  naval  service.  Chapman. 

PRESS'-MONEY,  n.  Money  paid  to  a  man 
inqiressed  into  public  service.  [See  Prest- 
monty.]  Gay. 

PRESS^TRE,  n.  [It.  L.  prcssura.]  The  act 
of  ])ressing  or  urging  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  or  crushing.  Wine 
is  obtained  by  the  pressure  of  grapes. 

3.  The  state  of  being  squeezed  or  crushed. 

4.  The  fiuce  of  one  body  acting  on  another 
by  weight  or  the  continued  application  of 
power.  Pressure  is  occasioned  by  weight 
or  gravity,  by  the  motion  of  bodies,  by  the 
expansion  of  fluids,  by  elasticity,  &c. 
Mutual  pressure  may  be  caused  by  the 
meeting  of  moving  bodies,  or  by  the  mo- 
tion of  one  body  against  another  at  rest, 
and  the  resistance  or  elastic  force  of  llie 
latter.  The  degree  of  pressure  is  in  pro- 
portion to  the  v\'eight  of  the  pressing  body, 
or  to  the  power  applied,  or  to  the  elastic 
force  of  resisting  bodies.  The  screw  is  a 
most  powerful  instrument  of  ^resiKrc.  The 
pressure  of  wind  on  the  sails  of  a  ship  is 
ill  proportion  to  its  velocity. 

).  A  constraining  force  or  impulse ;  that 
whiidi  urges  or  compels  the  intellectual  or 
moral  t'aciiltics;  aA  the  pressure  of  iDot'wva 
on  the  mind,  or  of  fear  on  the  conscience. 


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6.  That  which  afflicts  the  body  or  depresses 
the  spirits  ;  any  severe  affliction,  distress, 
culauiity  or  grievance ;  straits,  diliicul- 
ties,  embarrassments,  or  the  distress  thev 
occasion.  We  sjiuak  of  the  pressure  of 
poverty  or  want,  the  pressure  of  debts, 
tlie  pressure  of  taxes,  the  pressure  of  afflic- 
tions or  sorrow. 

My  own  and  my  people's  pressures  are  giiev- 
oug_  A'.  CItarles. 

To  this  consideration  he  retreats  with  com- 
fort in  all  his piessures.  Attnbwy. 

We  observe  that  pressure  is  used  botli 
for  trouble  or  calamity,  and  for  the  dis- 
tress it  produces. 

7.  Urgency  ;  as  the  pressure  of  business. 

8.  Impression;  stamp;  character  impress- 
ed. 

All  laws  of  books,  all   forms,  all  pressures 

past.  Sliak. 

PREST,  sometimes  used  for  pressed.     [See 

Press.] 

PREST,  a.  [Old   Fr.  prest   or  preste,   now 
prit,  prel  or  preste ;  Sp.  It.  presto,  from  I 
prctsto,   to  stand  before  or  forward  ;  prce 
and  sto.] 

1.  Rc-idy  ;  prompt.   Obs.  Fairfax. 

2.  Neat ;  tight.     Obs.  Tusscr. 
PREST,  n.  [Fr.  prU,  supra.]  A  loan.     Obs. 

Bacon 

2.  Formerly,  a  duty  in  money,  to  be  paid 
by  the  sherif  on  his  account  in  the  e.\- 
cheijuer,  or  for  money  left  or  remaining  in 
liis  liands.  2  and  ;J  Edw.  li. 

PREST'-MONEY,  71.  Money  paid  to  men 
impressed  into  the  service.  Encyc 

PRESTA'TION,  n.  [L.  prcostatio.]  For- 
merly, a  payment  of  money  ;  sometimes 
used  for  purveyance.  Encyc 

PRESTA'TION'-MONEY,    n.   A    sum    of 
money   paid   yearly   by  archdeacons  and 
other  dignitaries  to  their  bishop,  pro  exte 
riore  jurisdictione.  Eiici/c. 

PRES'TER,  n.  [Gr.  Ttpjjfijp,  from  rtp>j9u, 'to 
kindle  or  inflame.] 

1.  A  meteor  thrown  from  the  clouds  with 
such  violence,  that  by  collision  it  is  sot  on 
fire.  Encyc. 

2.  The  external  part  of  the  neck,  which 
swells  when  a  person  is  angry.  Encyc. 

PRES'TIgES,  )i.  [L.  pr(estigi(E.]  Jugglitig 
tricks ;  impostures.  Did 

PRESTIGIA  TIOX,  n.  [L.  prcesligiw 
tricks.] 

The  playing  of  legerdemain  tricks;  ajug- 
ghng.  IMct. 

PRESTIiilA'TOR,  n.  A  juggler;  a  cheat. 

More. 

PRESTIG'IATORY,  o.  Juggling;  consist- 
ing of  impostures. 

PRESTIG'IOUS,  a.  Practicing  tricks;  .jug 
gling.  Bale. 

PRES'TIMONY,  n.  [Port.  Si),  prestimonio ; 
L.  prasto,  to  supply  ;  pra  and  sto.]  In 
canon  law,  a  fund  for  the  support  of  a 
priest,  appropriated  by  the  founder,  but 
not  erected  into  any  title  of  benefice,  and 
not  sub|ect  to  the  pope  or  the  ordinary, 
but  of  which  the  patron  is  the  collator. 

Port.  Diet.     Encyc 
But  in   a  Spanish  Dictionary  thus  de- 
fined, "a  prebend  for  the  raaintenaiu^e  of 
poor  clergymen,  on  condition  of  their  say 
ing  pravers  at  certain  stated  times." 

PRES'TO,  adv.  [Sp.  It.  presto,  quick  or 
fjuickly;  h.  prasto.] 


1.  In  music,  a  direction  for  a  quick  lively 
movement  or  performance. 

2.  Uuickly;  immediately;  in  haste.      Swift. 
PKESTRle  T10.\,  n.    [L.  prwstHngo,  pro:- 

strictus.]     Dimness.  Milton. 

PRESU'M.AULE,  a.  s&sz.  [from presume.] 
That  may  be  presumed;  that  may  be  sup- 
posed to  be  true  or  entitled  to  belief,  with- 
out examination  or  direct  evidence,  or  on 
[irobable  evidence. 

PRESUMABLY,  adv.  By  presuming  or 
supposing  something  to  be  true,  without 
direct  proof.  Brown. 

PRESU'ME,  v.t.  sa.sz.    [Pr.  presumer ;  It. 
presumcre ;  Sp.presumir;  from   L.  pra;s 
mo  ;  prie,  beibre,  and  sumo,  to  take.] 

To  take  or  suppose  to  be  true  or  entitled  to 
belief,  without  examination  or  positive 
proof,  or  on  the  strength  of  probability. 
We  presume  that  a  man  is  honest,  wlio  has 
not  been  known  to  cheat  or  deceive  ;  but 
in  this  we  are  sometimes  mistaken.  Ii 
many  cases,  the  law  presumes  full  pay 
ment  where  positive  evidence  of  it  cannot 
be  produced. 

We  not  only  presiinie  it  may  be  so,  but  we 
actually  (inil  it  so.  Gov.  of  the  Tont;ue. 

In  cases  ot  implied  contracts,  the  law  pre- 
sumes that  a  man  has  covenanted  or  contracted 
to  do  what  reason  and  justice  dictate. 

Slackstone. 

PRESU'ME,  V.  i.  To  venture  without  posi- 
tive permission  ;  as,  we  may  presume  too 
far.  Bacon 

2.  To  form  confident  or  arrogant  opinions  ; 
with  on  or  upon,  before  the  cause  of  con- 
fidence. 

This  man  presumes  upon  his  parts.      Locke. 
I  will  not  presume  so  far  upon  myself. 

Drydni 

3.  To  make  confident  or  arrogant  attempts 
In  that  we  presume  to  see  what  is  meet  ami 

convenient,  better  than  God  himself.     Hooker 

4.  It  has  on  or  ^^pon  sometimes  before  the 
thing  supposed. 

V,u\\\eT  presumes  upon  the  gift  of  continency. 

Atterliury 
It  is  sometimes  followed   by  of,  but  im- 
properly. 

PRESU'MED,  ;)/).  Suppo.sed  or  taken  to 
be  true,  or  entitled  to  belief,  without  posi- 
tive proof 

PRESU'MER,  n.  One  that  presumes ;  also, 
an  arrogant  person.  Wotton. 

PRESUMING,  ppr.  Taking  as  true,  or  sup- 
posing to  be  entitled  to  belief,  on  probable 
evidence. 
2.  a.  Venturing  without  positive  permis- 
sion ;  too  confident ;  arrogant ;  unreason- 
ably bold. 
PRESUMP'TION,  ?!.    [Fr. />re«om;)(ton  ,•  L. 

prctsumptio.] 
1.  Supposition  of  the  truth  or  real  existence 
of  something  without  direct  or  positive 
proof  of  the  fart,  but  grounded  on  circum- 
stantial or  probable  evidence  which  en- 
titles it  to  belief.  Presumption  in  law  is 
of  three  sorts,  violent  or  strong,  probable, 
and  light. 

Next  to  positive  proof,  circuTiistantial  evi- 
dence or  tlie  doctrine  of  presumptions  must 
take  place ;  for  when  tlie  fact  cannot  be  de- 
monstratively evinced,  that  which  comes  near- 
est to  the  proof  of  the  fact  is  the  proof  of  such 
circumstances  as  either  neccssaiily  01  iKually 
attend  such  facts.     These  are  called  presump- 


tions.     Violent   presumption  is  many  hmes 
equal  to  full  proof.  Btackstone. 

Strong  probability  ;  as  in  the  common 
|)hrase,  the  presumption  is  that  an  event 
has  taken  place,  or  will  take  place. 
Blind  or  iieadstrong  confidence  ;  unrea- 
sonable adventurousness  ;  a  venturing  to 
undertake  something  without  reascniable 
prospect  of  success,  or  against  the  usual 
probabilities  of  satety  ;  presumptuous- 
ness. 

Let  my  presumption  not  provoke  thy  wrath. 

Shak. 
I  had  tlie  presumption  to  dedicate  to  you  a 
very  unhnished  piece.  Dryden. 

4.  Arrogance.     lie  had  the  presumption  to 

attemj)!  to  dictate  to  the  council. 
').  Unreasonable  confidence  in  divine  favor. 
The  awe  of  his  majesty  will  keep  us  [rom  pre- 
sumption. Rogers. 
PRESUMPTIVE,    a.    Taken  by  previous 
supposition  ;  grounded   on   probable  evi- 
dence. 

Unreasonably  confident;  adventuring 
without  reasonable  grnund  to  expect  suc- 
cess; presmnptuous ;  arrogant.  Brown. 
Presumptive  evidtnce,  in  taw,  is  that  which  is 
derived  from  circumstances  wiiich  neces- 
sarily or  usu.-illy  attend  a  fact,  as  distinct 
from  direct  evidence  or  positive  proof. 

Presumptive  evidence  of  felony  should  be 
cautiou-ly  admitted.  Slackstone. 

Presumptive  lieir,  one  who  would  inherit  an 
estate  if  the  ancestor  should  die  with 
things  in  their  present  state,  but  whose 
right  of  inheritaiice  may  be  defeated  by 
the  biitli  of  a  nearer  heir  before  the  death 
of  the  ancestor.  Thus  the  presumptive  suc- 
cession of  a  brother  or  nephew  may  be 
destroyed  by  the  birth  of  a  child.  Pre- 
sumptive heir  is  distinguished  from  heir 
apparent,  whose  right  of  inheritance  is  in- 
del'easible,  provided  he  outlives  the  an- 
cestor. Blarkstone. 

PRESUMP^TIVELY,  adv.  By  presumption, 
or  supposition  grounded  on  probability. 

Burke. 

PRESUMPTUOUS,  a.  [Fr.  prcsomptueux ; 
It.  Sp.  presuntuoso.] 

1.  Bold  and  confident  to  e.xcess :  adventur- 
ing without  reasonable  ground  of  success  ; 
ha/arding  safety-  on  too  slight  grounds ; 
rash;  applied  lo  persons;  as  a.  presumptu- 
ous commander. 

There  is  a  class  o{ presumptuous  men  whom 
age  has  not  made  cautious,  nor  adversity  wise. 

Buckminster. 

2.  Founded  on  presumption  ;  proceeding 
from  e.xcess  of  confidence  ;  applied  to 
things;  as  presumptuous  hope.         Milton. 

3.  Arrogant;  insolent;  as  a  presumptuous 
priest.  Shak. 

Presumptuous  pride.  Dryden. 

4.  Unduly  confident ;  irreverent  with  re- 
spect to-sacred  things. 

.5.  Willful ;  done  with  bold  design,  rash  con- 
fidence or  in  violation  of  known  duty;  as 
a  presumptuous  sin. 

iPRESUMl'  TUOUSLY,orfu.  With  rash  con- 
fidence. 

2.  .\rrogantly;  insolently. 

3.  Willfully  ;  in  bold  defiance  of  conscience 
or  violation  of  known  duty  ;  as,  to  s\n  pre- 
sumptuously.    Num.  XV. 

4.  With  grotmdless  and  vain  confidence  in 
the  divine  favor.  Hammond, 


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PRESUMP'TUOUSNESS,  n.  Tlie  quality 
of  heing  presiiiiiiituniis  or  rashly  confi- 
dent; groundless  confidence;  arrogance; 
irreverent  boldness  or  Ibrwardness. 

PRESUPPOSAL,  n.  presuppo'zal.  {pre  and 
suppos(tl.\ 

Supposal  previously  formed ;  presupposition. 

Hooker. 

PRESUPPO'SE,  v.t.  presuppo'ze.  [Vr.  prc- 
supposer  ;  It.  presupporre  ;  Eng.  pre  and 
suppose.] 

To  suppose  as  previous;  to  imply  as  ante- 
cedent. The  existence  of  created  things 
presupposes  the  existence  of  a  Creator. 

Each  kind  of  knowledge  presupposes  many 
necessary  things  learned  in  other  sciences  and 
known  beforehand.  Hooker 

PRESUPPO'SED,  pp.  Supposed  to  be  an 
tecedent. 

PRESUPPOSING,  ppr.  Supposing  to  be 
previous. 

PRESUPPOSP'TION,  »i.  Supposition  jire 
viously  formed. 

2.  Supposition  of  something  antecedent. 
PRESURMISE,  n.presurmi'ze.  [pre  and  sur 

mise.] 

A  surmise  previously  forined.  Sliak. 

PRETEND',  v.t.  [L.  prcelendo ;  pro:,  be- 
fore, and  tendo,  to  tend,  to  reach  or 
stretch;  Ft.  pretendre  :  It.  pretendere  ;  Sp 
pretender.] 

1.  Literally,  to  reach   or  stretch    forward 
used  by  Dryden,  but  this  use  is  not  well 
authorized. 

9.  To  hold  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ;  to 
offer  something  feigned  instead  of  that 
which  is  real ;  to  simulate,  in  words  or 
actions. 

This  let  him  know, 
Lest  willfully  transgressing,  he  pretend 
Surprisal.  Milton 

3.  To  show  hypocritically ;  as,  to  pretend 
great  zeal  vvhei;  the  heart  is  net  engaged ; 
to  pretend  patriotism  fir  the  sake  of  gain- 
ing popular  applause  or  obtaining  an  of- 
fice. 

4.  To  exhibit  as  a  cover  for  something  hid- 
den. 

Lest  that  too  heavenly  form,  pretended 
To  hellish  falsehood,  snare  them.        Milton. 
[.\o(  inuse.] 
.5.  To  claim. 

Chiefs  shall   be  grudg'd  the  part  which  they 
pretend.  Dryden. 

In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  pretend  to. 
6.  To  intend  ;  to  design.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Spenser 
PRETEND',  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  claim,  truly 
or  falsely  ;  to  hold  out  the  appearance  of 
being,  possessing  or  performing.  A  man 
niav  pretend  to  be  a  physician,  and  pretendi 
to  iicrforii)  great  cures.  Bad  men  often 
pretend  to  he  patriots. 
PRETEND'ED,  pp.  Held  out,   as  a   false 

appearance;  feigned;  simulated. 
2.  a-  Ostensible  ;  hypocritical ;  as  a  pretend- 
ed reason  or  motive  ;  pretended  zeal. 
PRETEND'EDLY,   adv.  By  false   appear- 
ance or  representation.  Hammond. 
PRETEND'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  show 
of  something    not   real ;    one    who    lays 
claim  to  any  thing. 
2.  In  Bnglisli  hislory,  the  heir  of  the  royal 
family  of  Stuari,  who  lays  claim   to  the 
crown  of  Great  Britain,   but   is  excluded 
by  law.  Burnet. 


PRETEND'ERSHIP,  n.  The  right  or  claim 
of  tlie  Pretender.  Swift. 

PRETEND'INCppr.  Holding  out  a  false 
appearance  ;  laying  claim  to,  or  attempt- 
ing to  make  others  believe  one  is  what  in 
truth  he  is  not,  or  that  he  has  or  does 
something  which  he  has  or  does  not: 
making  hypocritical  professions. 

PRETENDINGLY,  arfy.  Arrogantly;  pre- 
sumptuously. 

PRETENSE,  n.  pre<en«'.  [L.  pr(Etensus,prm- 
tendo.] 

1.  A  holding  out  or  offering  to  others  some- 
tliing  false  or  feigned  ;  a  presenting  to 
others,  either  in  words  or  actions,  a  false 
or  hypocritical  appearance,  usually  with  a 
view  to  conceal  wliat  is  real,  and  thus  to 
deceive.  Under  pretense  of  giving  liberty 
to  nations,  the  prince  conquered  and  en 
slaved  them.  Under  pretense  of  patriot- 
ism, ambitious  men  serve  their  own  selfish 
purposes. 

Let  not  Trojans,  with  a  feigned  pretense 
Of  prcffer'd  peace,  delude  the  Latian  prince 

Dryden 
It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on ;  as  on 
pretense  of  revenging  Cesar's  death. 

Middleton 

2.  Assumption  ;  claim  to  notice. 
Never  was  any  thing  of  this  pretence  more 

ingeniously  imparted.  Evelyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 
Primogeniture  cannot  have  any  pretense  to  a 

light  of  solely  inheriting  property  or  power. 

Locke 

4.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other 
purpose;  as  a  pretense  of  danger.       Shuk. 

PRETENS'ED,  n.  Pretended;  ti-igncd  ;  asl 
a  ;)rffenserf  right  to  land.     [Little  used.]      j 

Enei/c 

PRETEN'SION,  n.  [It.  pretensione  ;  l-'r. 
pretention.]  j 

1.  Claim,  true  or  false;  a  holding  out  the 
appearance  of  right  or  possession  of  a; 
thing,  with  a  vi^w  to  make  otiiers  believe 
what  is  not  real,  or  what,  if  true,  is  not 
yet  known  or  admitted.  A  man  may 
make  pretensions  to  riglils  wliich  he  can- 
not maintain  ;  he  may  make  pretensions  to 
skill  wliich  lie  does  not  possess;  and  he 
may  make  pretensions  to  skill  or  acquire- 
ments   which     he    really    possesses,   but 


which  lie  is  not  known  to  possess.    Hence,-,    „  m,iii>  « i 

we  speak  of  ill  founded  pretensions,  a„d: '^'^'^.^ '^l*,'^-^  ^  UKAL,  a. 
well  founded  pretensions. 
Claim  to  something  to  be  obtained,  or  a' 
desire  to  obtain  something,  manifested  by 
words  or  actions.  Any  citizen  may  have 
pretensions  to  the  honor  of  representing 
the  state  in  the  senate  or  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. 

The  commons  demand  that  the  consulship 
should  lie  in  common  to  the  pretensions  of  any 
Roman.  Swift. 

Men  indulge  those  opinions  and  practices 
that  (nvoTlheir  pretensions.  L'  E^trunge 

3.  Fictitious  appearance;  a  Latin  phrase,  not 
now  used. 

This  was  hut  an  invention  and  pretension 
given  out  by  the  Spaniards.  Baeon. 

PRETENT'ATIVE,  a.  [L.  prw  and  tento, 

to  try.] 
That  may  be  previously  tried  or  attempted. 

[Little  used.]  U'otton. 

PRETER,  a  Latin  preposition,  [praier.  |  isj 

used  in  some  English  words  as  a  prefix. 


Its  proper  signification  is  beyond,  hence 
beside,  more. 

PRETERIiMPER'FE€T,  a.  [beyond  or  be- 
side unfinished.] 

In  grammar,  designating  the  tense  which  ex- 
presses action  or  being  not  perfectly  past; 
an  awkward  epithet,  very  ill  applied. 

PRETERIT,  a.  [L.  preeteritus,  proUereo ; 
prater,  beyond,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Past;  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar  which 
expresses  an  action  or  being  perfectly  past 
or  finished,  often  that  which  is  just  past 
or  completed,  but  without  a  specification 
of  time.  It  is  caliiMl  also  the  pcr/ec<  tense  ; 
as,  scripsi,  I  have  written.  VVe  say,  "I 
have  written  a  letter  to  my  correspondent ;'' 
in  which  sentence,  the  time  is  supposed  to 
be  not  distant  and  not  specified.  But 
when  the  time  is  mentioned,  we  use  the 
imperfect  tense  so  called  ;  as,  "  I  wrote  to 
my  correspondent  yesterday."  In  this  usft 
of  tliepre(en7  or  perfect  tense,  the  English 
differs  from  the  French,  in  which /ai  ecrit 
hier,  is  correct ;  but  I  have  written  yester- 
day, would  be  very  bad  English. 

PRETERI 'TION,  n.  [Ft.  from  h.  pratereo, 
to  pass  by.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  past  ;  the  state  of  beins 
past.  Hall. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which,  in  pretend- 
ing to  pass  over  any  thing,  we  make  a 
summary  mention  of  it ;  as,  "I  will  not 
say,  he  is  valiant,  he  is  learned,  he  is  just," 
&.C.  The  most  artful  praises  are  those 
bestowed  bv  wav  of  ;);-e(en<J07i.  Encyc. 

PRE'TEKITiNESS,  n.  [hotn  pretenl.]  The 
state  of  being  past.     [Little  used.] 

Bentley. 

PRETERLAP.S'ED,  a.  [L.  pnrterlapsus, 
pralerlabur ;  prieter  and  tabo>;  to  glide.] 

Past ;  gone  by  ;  as  preterlapsed  ages. 

Walker. 

PRETERLE'GAL,  a.  [h.  pra:ter  and  legal.] 
Exceeding  the  limits  of  law ;  not  legal. 
[Little  used.]  K.  Charles. 

PRETERMISSION,  n.  [L.  pnetermissio, 
from  prieterm'dto.]  A  passing  by  ;  omis- 
sion. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  same  as preterition. 

PRETERMIT',  v.  i.  [L.  pnelermilto  ;  pra- 
ter, beyond,  and  niilto,  to  send] 

To  pass  by  :  to  omit.  Bacon. 

[L.  prceter  and 
natural.] 

Beyond  what  is  natural,  or  dillerent  from 
what  is  natural;  irregular.  We  call  iliose 
events  in  the  physical  world  preternatural, 
which  are  extraordinary,  which  are  tleem- 
ed  to  l)c  beyond  or  without  the  ordinary 
course  of  things,  and  yet  are  not  deemed 
miraculous;  in  distinction  from  events 
which  are  supernatural,  which  cannot  be 
produced  by  physical  laws  or  powers,  and 
must  therefore  be  produced  by  a  direct 
exertion  of  omnipotence.  We  aL'^o  apply 
the  epithet  to  things  uncommon  or  irreg- 
ular ;  as  a  preternatural  swelling;  a  pre- 
ternatural pulse  ;  a  preternatural  excite- 
ment or  temper. 

PRETERNATURAL'ITY,  n.  Prcternatn- 
ralness.     [Little  used.]  Smith. 

PRETERNAT'IJRALLY,  adv.  In  a  man- 
\wx  beyond  or  aside  from  the  coniinon  or- 
d("r  of  nature  ;  as  vessels  of  tbe  body  pn- 
ternaturally  distended. 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


PRETERNAT'URALNESS,  n.  A  state  or 
muiiiier  different  iVoiti  the  eoiiinioii  order 
of  Mature. 

PRETEKI'ER'FECT,  a.  [L.  prwter  and 
jierj'ectus.  J 

Uaerntiw,  more  than  complete  or  finished  ;  an 
epithet  e(|iiivuleiit  to  ;)re/en7,  applied  ti>  tlie 
tense  of  verha  wtiich  expresses  action  or 
being  absolutely  past.     [Grammar.] 

Spectator. 

PRETERI'LUPER'FECT,  a.  [L.  pntttr, 
hi'.ynmi,  ulus,  iiv<re,  ami  perfedus,  perlectJ 

Ijterully,  beyond  more  than  perfect ;  an  epi- 
thet designating  the  tense  of  verbs  whii-li 
expresses  notion  or  being  past  prior  to  an- 
other past  event  or  tin)e  ;  bettiT  denomi- 
nated the  prior  past  tense,  that  is,  past 
prior  to  another  event. 

PRETEX',  I',  t.  [L.  prceteio  ;  prce  and  texo, 
or  tego,  tend.] 

To  cloak  i  to  Bonccal.     [.Vol  used.] 

Edivards. 

PRETEXT',  »i.  [L.  pra:teitu.i ;  Fr.  prelcrte  ; 
It.  prelesto  ;  Sp.  prelexto.] 

Pretense  ;  false  appearance  ;  ostensible  rea- 
son or  motive  assigned  or  assumed  as  a 
color  or  cover  tor  the  real  reason  or  mo- 
tive, lie  gave  plausible  reasons  for  his 
conduct,  but  these  were  only  a  pretext  to 
conceal  his  real  motives. 

He  iiiailc/)r<'(cx*  that  I  should  only  go 
And    hell)  convey  his  freight ;   hut  thought 
not  so.  Chapman. 

They  suck  the  blood  of  those  they  depend  ou, 
under  a  pretext  of  service  and  kindness. 

L' Estrange. 

PRE'TOR,  n.  [L.  pra:tor,  from  the  root  of 
pra,  before.] 

Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  judge  ;  an  offi- 
cer answering  to  the  modern  chief  justice 
or  chancellor,  or  to  both.  In  later  times, 
subordinate  judges  appointed  to  distribute 
justice  in  the  provinces,  were  created  and 
called  pretors  or  provincial  prelors.  These 
assisted  the  consuls  in  the  government  of 
the  provinces.  Encyc. 

In  modem  times,  the  word  is  sometimes 
used  for  a  mayor  or  magistrate. 

Dri/den.     Spectator. 

PRETO'RIAL,  a.  Pertainiiig  to  a  pretor  or 
judge  :  judicial.  Burke. 

PRETO'RIAN,  a.  Belonging  to  a  pretor  or 
judge;  judicial  ;  exercised  by  the  pretor; 
as  pretorian  power  nr  authority.       Bacon. 

Pretoririn  bands  or  guards,  in  Roman  histo 
ry,   were    the   emperor's    guards.     Their 
number  was  ultimately  increased   to  ten 
thousand  men.  Encyc. 

PRE'TORSIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  pretor. 

/r«r^o  II. 

PRETTILY,  adi:  prii'tily.  [from  pretty.]  In 
a  pretty  manner  ;  with  neatness  and  taste  : 
pleasingly  ;  without  magnificence  or  splen- 
dor ;  as  a  woiuaii  prettily  dressed  ;  a  par- 
terre prettily  ornamented  vvilli  flowers. 

9.  With  decency,  good  manners  and  deco- 
rum without  dignity. 

Children  kojit  out  of  ill  coiiipanj',  lake  a  pride 
to  heliavf  themselves ;»f((i7i/.  Loclie. 

PRETTINESS,  n.  prit'tiness.  [from  pretty.] 
1.  Diminutive  beauty  ;  a  pleasing  form  with- 
out statelincss  or  dignity  ;  as  the  prettiness 
of  the  face  ;  the  prettiness  of  a  bird  or  oth- 
er small  animal  ;  the  prettiness  of  dress. 

More 


|2.  Neatness  and   taste  displayed  ou   small 

;     objects;  as  the /iref/iness  of  a  fluwer  bed 

'3.  Decency  of  manners ;  pleasing  propriety 

I  without  <lignity  or  elevation  ;  as  the  pret- 
tiness of  a.  chilli's  beliavior. 

PRETTY,  a.  prit'ty.  [Sax.  prate,  adorned: 
pr:ntig,  sly,  crafty  ;  Dan.  pnjilet,  adorned 

.     Sw.  prydd.  id. ;  \V.  pryd,  comilineSH,  beau 

I     ty,  also  that  is  firesent,  stated  tiine,  hour 

I     or  season,  visage,  aspect;  prydain,  exhib- 

J  iting  presence  or  an  open  countenance 
beautiful  ;  pryditiw,  to  represent  an  object, 

I     to  record   an  event,   to  render  seasonable, 

]  to  set  apart  a  time,  to  become  seasona- 
ble. This  word  seems  to  be  connected 
with  priaicd,  appropriate,  proper,  fitting, 
whence  priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to 
espouse  or  marry,  and  priodverc,  a  bride. 
Hence  it  is  evident,  the  radical  sense  is 
set,  or  as  we  say,  set  off,  implying  enlarge- 
ment.] 

I.  Having  diminutive  beauty  ;  of  a  pleasing 
form  without  the  strong  lines  of  beauty,  or 
without  gracefulness  and  dignity  ;  as  a 
pretty  face  ;  a  pretty  person  ;  a  pretty  flow- 
er. 

The  pretty  gentleman  is  the  most  coinplai- 
sani  creature  in  the  world.  Spectator. 

That  which  is  little  can  be  but  pretti/,  and  by 
claiming  dignity  becomes  ridiculous. 

.fohnsoji. 

i.  Neat  and  appropriate  without  niagnifi- 
ceuce  or  splendor  ;  as  a  pretty  dress. 

3.  Handsome  ;    neatly     arranged    or    orna- 
mented ;  as  a  pretty  flower  bed. 
Neat;  elegant  witiiout  elevation  or  grand- 
cur  ;  as   a  pretty  tale   or  story ;    a  pretty 
song  or  comjiosition. 

5.  Sly ;  crafty  ;  as,  he  has  played  his  friend 
n  pretty  trick.  This  seems  to  be  the  sense 
of  the  word  in  this  phrase,  according  with 
the  Saxon  prnlifr.  And  hence  perhaps  the 
phrase,  a  pretty  /ellow. 
Small;  diminutive  ;  in  contempt.  He  will 
make  a  pretty  ligiire  in  a  triumph. 

7.  Not  very  small ;  moderately  large  ;  as  a 
pretty  way  off. 

Cutoff  the  .stalks  of  cucumbers  immediately 
after  tlieir  beating,  close  by  the  earth,  and  tlicnj 
c.Tst  a  pretty  quantity  of  earth  upou  the  plant, 
and  they  will  bear  next  year  before  the  ordina- 
ly  time.     [A'ot  in  ii.<f.]  Barj>n.' 

PRh'.TTY.  adv.  prit'ty.  In  some  degree ;! 
tolerably  ;  moderately ;  as  a  farm  prcttyl 
well  stocked  :  the  colors  became  pretty 
vivid  ;  I  am  pretty  sure  of  the  fact  ;  the 
wind  is />;e(/i/ fair.  The  English  farthing 
is /ictWi/ near  the  value  of  the  .\mericau 
cent.  In  these  and  similar  phrases,  ^leHy 
expresses  less  than  very. 

■|1ie  wiiter  pretty  iil.iinly  profos,5es  himself  a 
sincere  christian.  Atlcrbury. 

PUKTYP  IFIED,;};;.  [frnm  pretypify.]  Ante- 
ccdentlv  represented  bv  tvpe  ;  prefigured. 

PRETYi""ir\"',  V.  t.  [pre  and  typify.]  To 
prefigure;  to  exhibit  previously  in  a  tyjie. 

Pearson. 

PRETYP'IFYlNG,  ppr.  Prefiguring. 

iPREVA'IL,  v.i.  [Fr.  prevaloir :  It.  preva- 
lere  ;  Sp.  prevalccer  ;  L.  pravaieo  ;  prw,  be- 
fore, and  valeo,  to  be  strong  or  well.  Fateo 
.seems  to  be  from  the  same  root  as  the 
Eng.  well.  The  primary  sense  is  to  stretch 
or  strain  forward,  to  advance.] 

1.  To  overcome;  to  gain  the  victory  or  su- 
periority ;  to  gain  the  advantage. 

\MieD  Moses  held  up  liis  hand,  Israel  ^re- 


vailed ;  when  he  let  down  his  hand,  Amalek 
prevailed.   Ex.  xvii. 
With  oi'er  or  against. 
David  prevailed  over  the  Philistine  with  a 
sling  and  with  a  stone.     1  Sam.  xvil. 

This  kingdom  could  never  prevail  a/^ainat 
the  united  power  of  England.  Swifi. 

'I'o  be   in  force  ;  to  have  efTect,  power  or 
influence. 

This  custom  makes  the  short-sighted  bigots 
and  the  warier  sceptics,  as  fai  as  \i  prevails. 

Ijoekc. 
To  be  prednininant ;  to  extend  over  with 
force  or  eftect.  The  fever //reuaifcrf  Sua 
a  great  part  of  the  city. 
To  gain  or  have  predominant  influence; 
to  operate  with  effect.  Tliese  reasons, 
arguments  or  motives  ought  to  prevail 
with  all  candid  men.  In  this  sense,  it  is 
tbilowed  by  if((/i. 

5.  To  persuade  or  iiiduie  ;  with  on  or  upo)i. 
They  prevailed  on  the  presiilent  to  ratify 
the  treaty.  It  is  also  followed  by  iei(/i. 
They  could  not  prevail  trilh  the  king  to 
pardon  the  oflender.  But  on  is  more  com- 
mon in  modern  practice. 

6.  To  succeed.  The  general  attempted  to 
take  till"  fort  by  a.ssaiilt,  hut  did  not  pre- 
vail. The  most  powerful  arguments  were 
employed,  hut  they  did  not  prevail. 

PREV'.A'ILl.Nfi,  ppr.  Gaining  advantage, 
superiority  or  victory ;  having  effect ;  per- 
suading: succi'eding. 

2.  a.  Predominant;  having  more  influence; 
prevalent;  superior  in  power.  The  love 
of  money  and  the  love  of  power  are  the 
prevailing  passions  of  men. 

3.  Efficacious. 

Saints    shall    assist    thee    with   prerniting 
prayers.  Howe. 

4.  Predominant;  most  general;  as  the  pre- 
vailing disease  of  a  climate  ;  a  prevailing 
opinion.  Iiiteiiiperance  is  the  prevailing 
vice  of  many  countries. 

PREVA'ILMENT,  n.  Prevalence.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

PREVALENCE,  ^  Superior  strength,  in- 
PREV'ALENCY,  i;  "flnence  or  efiicacy  ; 
i  most  efficacious  fiirce  in  producing  an  ef- 
fect. 

The  duke   better  knew   what  kind   of  argu- 
ments were  of  prevalence  with  him. 

Clarvntton. 
Predominance;  most  general  reception 
or  practice;  as  \.\\e  prevalence  ofvice,  orof 
corrupt  maxims;  the />rei;aience  of  opinion 
or  fashion. 

3.  Most  general  existence  or  extension;  as 
the  prevalence  of  a  disease. 

4.  Success;  as  the  ;)r<!vi/c)icf  of  prayer. 
PREVALENT,   a.    Gaining  advantage  or 

superiority  ;  victorious- 

Ihennus'  told  the  Roman  embassadors,  that 
prevalent  arms  were  as  good  as  any  title. 

Raleigh. 

2.  Powerful  ;  efficacious  ;  successful  ;  as 
prevalent  supplications. 

3.  Predominant ;  most  generally  received  or 
current ;  as  a  prevalent  opinion. 

fFoodtcard. 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  extensively 
existing  ;  as  a  prevalent  disease. 

PREY  ALENTLY,    adv.    With  predomin- 
ance or  superiority  ;  powcrfullj'. 
The  evening  star  so  falls  into  the  in.aiii 
To  rise  at  mora  more  prevalently  bright. 

Prior. 


P  li  E 


PRE 


P  R  I 


I'RKVAR  ICATE,  v.  i.  [It. prevaricare  ;  Sp. 
prevaricar ;  Fr.  prevanquer ;  L.  prwvari- 
cor ;  pr<£  and  varico,  varicor,  to  straddle.] 

1.  To  shuffle ;  to  quibble  ;  to  shift  or  turn 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  from  the  di- 
rect ourse  or  from  truth  ;  to  play  foul 
plav 

f  would  think  better  of  himself,  than  that  he 
would  wilfully  prevaricate.  Stillingfleet. 

2.  In  the  civil  Imv,  to  collude  ;  as  where  an 
informer  colludes  with  the  defendant,  and 
makes  a  sham  prosecution.  Encyc. 

-"1.  In  English  lato,  to  undertake  a  thing 
falsely  and  deceitfully,  with  the  purpose 
of  defeating  or  destroying  it.  Cowel. 

PREVARICATE,  v.  t.  To  pervert;  to  cor- 
rupt;  to  evade  by  a  quibble.  [But  in  a 
transitive  sense,  this  ivord  is  seldom  or  never 
used.i 

PREVARICA'TION,  n.  A  shuffling  or 
quibbling  to  evade  the  truth  or  the  dis- 
closure of  truth ;  the  practice  of  some 
trick  for  evading  what  is  just  or  honora- 
ble;  a  deviation  from  the  plain  path  of 
truth  and  fair  dealing.  Addison. 

2.  In  the  civil  law,  the  collusion  of  an  ni- 
former  with  the  defendant,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  a  sham  prosecution. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  common  lazv,  a  seeming  to  undertake  a 
thing  faUely  or  deceitfully,  for  the   pu 
pose  of  defeating  ordestroying  it.     Cowel. 

4.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  exercise  of  a  public 
office  or  commission.  Encyc 

PREVARICATOR,  n.  One  that  prevari- 
cates; a  shuffler;  a  quibbler. 

3.  A  sham  dealer;  one  who  colludes  with  a 
defendant  in  a  sham  prosecution. 

Civil  Latv. 

3.  One  who  abuses  his  trust. 

PREVE'NE,  V.  t.  [L.  prcevenio  ;  prce,  before, 
and  venio,  to  cojne.] 

Literally,  to  come  before  ;  hence,  to  hinder. 
[M'ot  \ised.]  Philips. 

PREVE'NIENT,  a.  [L.  pra:veniens.]  Go- 
ing before  ;  preceding  ;  hence,  preventive  ; 
as  prevenient  grace.  Milton. 

PREVENT',  V.  t.  [It.  prevenire;  Sp.  Fr 
prevenir  :  L.  pravenio,  supra.] 

1.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede. 

I  prevented  the  dawning  of  the  morning,  and 
cried.     Ps.  cxix. 

2.  To  precede,  as  something  unexpected  or 
unsought. 

The  days  of  my  affliction  jwecenfed  me.    Job 
XXX.     2  Sam.  xxii 

3.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede ;  to  favor  by 
anticipation  or  by  hindering  distress  or 
evil. 

The  God  of  my  mercy  shatt prevent  me.    Ps 
lix. 

Prevent  us,  O   Lord,  in  all  our  doings,  will 
thy  most  gracious  favor.  Common  Prayer. 

4.  To  anticipate. 

Their  ready  guilt  preventing  thy  commands 

Pa/ie 
."j.  To  preoccupy ;  to  pre-engage  ;  to  attempt 
first. 

Thou   hast  prevented   us    with    overtures  of 
love.  K.  Charle 

{In  all  the  preceding  senses,  the  ivord  is 
ohsolHc.] 
6.  To  hinder  ;  to  obstruct ;  to  intercept  the 
approach  or  acc,es.s  of.  TTits  is  now  the 
only  sense.  No  foresight  or  care  will  pre- 
vent every  mi.sforlunc.  Religion  sui)plies 
consolation  uiulor  aflliclions  whieli  cannot 


be  prevented.     It  is  easier  to  prevent  an 
evil  than  to  remedy  it. 

Too  great  confidence  in  success,  is  the  likeli- 
est to  prevent  it.  Atterbury. 
PREVENT',  i>.  i.  To  come  before  the  usu- 
al time.     [JsTot  in  use.']  Bacon. 
PREVENTABLE,  a.  That  may  be   pre- 
vented or  hindered.                        Reynolds. 
PREVENT'ED,  pp.   Hindered  from   hap- 
pening or  taking  effect. 
PREVENT' ER,  n.  One   that  goes  before. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
2.  One  that  hinders  ;  a  hinderer;  that  which 
hinders  ;  as  a  preventer  of  evils  or  of  (lis 
ease. 
PREVENT'ING,  ppr.  Going  before.     Obs. 
2.  Hindering  ;  obviating. 
PREVENT'ING LY,  adv.  In  such  a  man 
ncr  or  way  as  to  hinder.            Dr.  Jfalker. 
PREVENTION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  actof  goin;; 
before.     Obs.  Bacon. 
2.  Preoccupation  ;  anticipation.      [Little  us- 
ft/1                                                      Hammond, 
'■i.  Tlie   act  of  hindering;   liinilerance  ;  ob- 
struction of  .-iccess  or  approach. 

Prevention,  of  sin  is  one  of  the  greatest  mer- 
cies God  can  vouchsafe.  South 
4.  Prejudice;  prepossession;  a  French  sense, 
but  not  in  use  in  English.                 Dryden 
PREVEN'TIONAL,    a.  Tending   to    pre 
vent.  Diet. 
PREVENTIVE,    a.     Tending  to   hinder; 
hindering   the  access   of;  as  a   medicine 
preventive  of  disease.                           Brown 
PREVENTIVE,  n.  That  which  prevents; 
that   which   intercepts  the   access  or  ap 
proach  of     Temperance  and  exercise  arc 
excellent  preventives  of  debility  and  lan- 
guor. 

An  anti<lote  previously  taken.      A  medi- 
cine may  be  taken  as  a  preventive  of  dis- 
ease. 
PREVENTIVELY,  adv.    r>y  way  of  pre- 
vention ;  in  a  manner  that  tends  to  hin- 
der. 
PRE'VIOUS,  a.    [L.  prcevius;  prcr,  before, 
and  via,  way,  that  is,  a  going.  Sax.  jcag-.j 
Going  before  in  time  ;  being  or   happening 
before  something  else  ;  antecedent ;  prior  ; 
as  a  prexnous  intimation   of  a   design  ;  a 
previous  notion  ;  a.  previous  event. 

Sound    from    the   mountain,  jii'evious  to    the 

storm. 
Rolls  o'er  the  mutterinz earth.  Thomson. 

PRE'VIOUSLY,  adv.    In  time   preceding; 
bi'forehand  ;  antecedently  ;  as  a  plan  pre- 
viously formed. 
PREVJOJJSNESS,    n.    Antecedence  ;  pri- 
ority in  time. 
PREVl"SION,  n.  s  as  :.  [\,.  pnivisus.  pro;- 

video  ;  pra,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 
Foresight ;  foreknowledge  ;  prescience. 

Encyc. 
PREWARN',  v.t.    [See   Warn.]    To  warn 
beforehand  ;  to  give  previous  notice  of 

Bcaum. 
PREY,  n.  {\..pra:da;  h.  preda;  Fr.  proie  ; 
Ann.preyz  or  priih  ;  U.  prooi.  In  Welsh,! 
praiz,  Ir.  prrit,  signifies  booty  or  spoil  of 
cattle  taken  in  war,  als(j  a  fiock  or  herd  ; 
preiziaw,  to  herd,  to  collect  a  herd,  to 
drive  oiVor  make  booty  of  cattle.] 
I.  Spoil;  booty;  plunder;  goods  taken  by 
force  from  an  enemy  in  war. 

And  llicy  brought  the  captives  and  the  /»ri/ 
and  the  spoil  to  Moses  and  Elea/.ar  the  priest. 
Num.  x\xi. 


Ih  this  passage,  the  captives  are  distin  - 
guished  from  prey.  But  sometimes  per- 
sons are  included. 

They  [Judah]  shall  become  a  prey  and  a 
spoil  to  all  their  enemies.     2  Kings  xxi. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  or  may  be  seized  by 
violence  to  be  devoured ;  ravine.  The 
eagle  and  the  hawk  dart  upon  their  prey. 

She  sees  herself  the  monster's  prey.    Dryden. 
The  old  lion  perisheth  for  lack  of  prey.    Job 
iv. 

3.  Ravage  ;  depredation. 
Hog  in  sloth,  fox  in  stealth,  lion  in  prey. 

^  Shak. 

Animal  or  beast  of  prey,  is  a  carnivorous  ani- 
mal ;  one  that  feeds  on  the  flesh  of  other 
anitnals.  The  word  is  applied  to  the  lar- 
ger animals,  as  lions,  tigers,  hawk.s,  vul- 
tures, &c.  rather  than  to  insects ;  yet  an 
insect  feediog  on  other  insects  may  be 
called  an  animal  of  prey. 

PRKY,  v.i.  To  prey  on  or  upon, '\s  to  rob; 
to  plunder;  to  pillage. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence,  or  to  seize  and  de- 
vour. The  wolf  prf)/so»i sheep;  the  hawk 
preys  on  chickens. 

3.  To  corrode  ;  to  waste  gradually  ;  to 
cause  to  pine  away.  Grief  preys  on  the 
body  and  spirits  ;  envy  and  jealousy  prei/ 
on  the  health. 

Language  is  too  faint  to  show 

His  rage  of  love  ;  it  preys  upon  his  life ; 

He  pines,  he  sickens,  he  despairs,  he  dies. 

Addison. 
PREYER,  n.    He  or  that  which  preys ;  a 

plunderer;  a  waster;  a  devourer. 
PREYING,    ppr.     Plundering  ;  corroding  ; 

wasting  gradually. 
PRICE,  n.  [Fr.  prix ;  It.  prezzo  ;  Sp.  pre- 
do;  Arm.  pris  ;  D.  prys ;  G.  preis ;  Dan. 
priis ;  W.  pris  or  prid ;  prisiatv,  to  value, 
to  apprize ;  pridiaw,  to  give  a  price,  value 
or  equivalent,  to  pawn,  to  ransom;  L. 
pretium.     See  Praise.] 

1.  The  sum  or  amount  of  money  at  which 
a  thing  is  valued,  or  the  value  which  a 
seller  sets  on  his  goods  in  market.  A  man 
often  sets  a  pi-ice  on  goods  which  he  can- 
not obtain,  and  often  takes  less  than  the 
price  set. 

2.  The  sum  or  equivalent  given  for  an  arti- 
cle sold ;  as  the  price  paid  for  a  house,  an 
ox  or  a  watch. 

3.  The  current  value  or  rate  paid  for  any 
species  of  goods ;  as  the  market  price  of 
wheat. 

4.  Value  ;  estimation  ;  excellence  ;  worth. 
Who    can   find   a   virtuous  woman  ?  for   her 

price  is  far  above  rubies.     Prov.  xxsi. 
,').  Reward  ;  recompense. 

That  vice  may  merit ;  'tis  the  price  of  toil ; 
The  knave  deserves  it  when  he  tills  the  soil. 

Pope. 
The  price  of  redemption,    is  the  atonement 

of  Jesus  Christ.     1  Cor.  vi. 
A  price  in  the  hands  of  a  fool,  the  valuable 
oft'ers  of  salvation,   which    he    neglects. 
Prov.  xvii. 
PRICE,  V.  t.  To  pay  for.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

2.  To  set  a  price  on.     [See  Prize.] 

PRICELESS,  a.  Invaluable  ;  too  valuable 

to  admit  of  a  price.  Shak. 

2.  Without  value  ;  worthless  or  unsalable. 

J.  Barlow. 
PRICK,  v. I.  [Sax.priccian ;  D.prikken  ;  Dan. 
jrrikker ;  Sw.  pncka ;  Ir.  priocam.] 


P  R  1 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp  pointoil  iiistru- 
iiiCDt  or  substance  ;  as,  to  yrkk  one  with 
a  pin,  a  nei'dlc,  a  thorn  or  the  Uke. 

%  To  erect  a  pointed  thing,  or  with  an  acu- 
minated point;  applied  chiefly  to  the 
ears,  and  primarily  to  the  jiointed  cars  of 
an  animal.  The  horse //m/c*  hia  ears,  or 
pricks  up  his  ears. 

3.  To  fix  by  the  point;  as,  to  prick  a  Undo 
into  a  hoard.  .Vei((u?i. 

4.  To  hang  on  a  point. 

The  cooks  prick  a  slice  on  a  prong  ol  iron. 

Saiulys. 

5.  To  designote  by  a  puncture  or  mark. 

Some  who  are  pricked  for  sherifs,  and  arc  fit, 
set  out  of  the  bill.  Hacon. 

6.  To  spur ;  lo  goad ;  to  incite  ;  sometimes 
with  on  or  off. 

My  duty  pricks  me  on  to  utter  that 
Which  no  worldly  good  should  draw  from  me. 

Shak. 
But  how  if  honor  prick  me  off.  Shak. 

7.  To  affect  with  sharp  jiain  ;  to  sting  with 
remorse. 

When  they  heard  Uiis,  Uiey  were  pricked  in 
theii  hearts.     Acts  ii.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

8.  To  make  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste ; 
as,  wine  is  pricked.  Hudibras. 

9.  To  write  a  musical  cotni)ositioii  vvitli  the 
proper  notes  on  a  scale. 

10.  In  seamen's  language,  to  run  a  middle 
seam  through  the  cloth  of  a  sail. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  prick  a  chart,  is  to  trace  a  ship's  coinse 

on  a  chart.  Mur.  Diet. 

PRK'K,   V.  i.    To   become   acid;  as,   cider 

pricks  in  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

2.  To  dress  one's  self  for  show. 

3.  To  come  upon  the  spur;  to  shoot  along. 

Before  each  van 
Prick  forth  the  airy  knights.  Milton 

4.  To  aim  at  a  point,  mark  or  place. 

Hawkins. 
PRICK,     n.     [Sax.   pricca ;  Sw.   prick  or 

preka  ;  tand-preka,  a  tooth  pick  ;  Ir.  priuea 
J.  A   slender  pointed   instrument    or    sub- 
stance, which  is  hard    enough   to  pierce 
the  skin  ;  a  goad  ;  a  spur. 

It  19  hard  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  pricks 
Acts  ix. 

2.  Sharp  stinging  pain  ;  remorse.  Shak. 

3.  -'V  spot  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Ciirctv. 

4.  A  point ;  a  fixed  place.  Spenser. 
.5.  A  puncture  or  place  entered  by  a  point. 

Brown. 

6.  The  print  of  a  hare  on  the  ground. 

7.  In  scamen^s  language,  a  small  roll ;  as 
prick  of  spun  yarn  ;  a  prick  of  tobacco. 

PRICK'ED,  pp.  Pierced  with  a  sharp 
point ;  spurred  ;  goaded  ;  stung  with  pain  ; 
rendered  acid  or  pungent ;  marked ;  de- 
signated. 

PRICK'ER,  71.  A  sharp  pointed  instrimient. 

Moxon. 

1.  In  colloquial  use,  a  jirickle. 

J.   .\  light  horseman.     [JVot  inuse.] 

Hayward. 

PRICK'ET,  ji.  A  buck  in  his  second  year. 

.Manwood. 

PRICK'ING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  sharp 
point ;  goading ;  affecting  with  j)uiigent 
pain  ;  making  or  becoming  acid. 

PRICK  ING,  n.  A  sensation  of  sharp  pain, 
or  of  being  pricked. 

PRICKLE,  n.  In  botany,  a  small  pointed 
slioot  or  sharp  j)rocess,  growing  from  the 


bark  only,  and  thus  distinguished  from  thel] 
thorn,  whicli  grows  from  the  wood  of  a! 
plant.  Thus  the  rose,  the  bramble,  llie  I 
gooseberry  and  the  barberry  are  armed! 
with^rtcA7cj.  Marlyn.'\ 

2.  A  sharp  pointed  process  of  an  animal.       j 

PKICKLE-BACK,  n.  A  small  fi.-,h,  soji 
named  from  the  prickles  on  its  back  ;  tliei 
stickle-back.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

PRICK'LINESS,  n.  [from  prickly.]  The 
state  of  having  many  prickles. 

PRICK'LOUSE,  n  A  low  word  in  con- 
tempt for  a  taylor.  L'Kslranj^e. 

PRICK  LY,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or  prick- 
les ;  armed  with  prickles ;  as  a  prickly 
shrub.  Martyn.     Swijl. 

PRICK'MADAM,  n.  A  species  of  honse- 
leek.  Johnson. 

PRICK'PIINCH,  n.  A  piece  of  tempered 
steel  with  a  round  point,  to  prick  a  round 
mark  on  eold  iron.  Moxon. 

PRICK'SONG,  n.  A  song  sot  to  music,  or 
a  variegated  song ;  in  distinction  Irom  a 
plain  song.  Shak.     Bale. 

PRICK'WtX'D,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus 
Euonyinus.  Fain,  of  Plants. 

PRIDE,  n.  [Sax.  pryt,  pryde ;  D.  prat, 
proud.] 

1.  Inordinate  self-esteem;  an  unreasonable 
conceit  of  one's  own  superiority  in  talents, 
beauty,  wealth,  aocoinphshments,  rank  or 
elevation  in  office,  which  manitests  itself 
in  lol'ty  airs,  distance,  reserve,  and  often  in 
contempt  of  others. 

Martial /jride  looks  down  on  industrj'. 

T.  Dawes. 
Pride  goeth  before  destruction.     Piov.  xvi. 
Pride  that  dines  on  vainly,  sups  on  contempt 

Franklin 
All  pride  is  abject  and  mean.  Johnson. 

Those  tliat  walk  in  jiride  he  is  able  to  abase 
Dan.  iv. 

2.  Insolence;  rude  treatment  of  others;  in- 
solent exultation. 

'J'bat  hardly  we  escap'd  tlie  pride  of  France. 

Shak. 

3.  Generous  elation  of  heart ;  a  noble  self- 
[     esteem  springing  from  a  consciousness  of 

worth. 

The  honest  7»-i</e  of  conscious  virtue.  Smith 
Elevation  ;  loftiness. 
A  lalcon  low'iinj  in  her /iriJc  of  place. 

Shak. 

Decoration  ;  ornament ;  beauty  displayed. 

Whose   lofty     trees,    yclad    with     .-'umuier's 

pride.  Spenser. 

lie  his  this  swoid 

Whose  ivorj'  sheath,  inwrought  with  curious 

pride. 
Adds  graceful  terror  to  tlie  wearer's  side. 

Pope. 

6.  Splendid  show  ;  ostentation. 
In  this  array,  the  war  of  either  side 
Tliroui;h  Athens  pass'd  w  itii  military  pride. 

Drijden . 

7.  That  of  which  men  are  proud  ;  that 
which  excites  boasting. 

I  will  cut  ort'  Ibc  pride  of  the  Philistines. 
Zech.  ix.     Zeph.  iii. 

6.  Excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a 
female  beast.  Shak- 

9.  Proud  persons.     Ps.  xxxvi. 

PRIDE,  It.  (.  With  the  reciprocal  ))ionoun, 
to  pride  one's  self,  to  indulge  priile  ;  to 
take  pride  ;  to  value  one's  self;  to  gratify 
self-esteem.  They  pride  themselves  in  their 
wealth,  dress  or  erpiipage.  He  prides 
himself  in  his  achievmcnts. 


PRI'DP:FUL,  a.  Full  of  pride  ;  insolent  ; 
scornful.  Ricliardson. 

PRI  DELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  pride  ;  with- 
out pride.  Chaucer. 

PRIDING,  ppr.  Indulging  pride  or  self- 
esteem;  taking  pride;  valuing  one's  self. 

PRI'DINGLV,  adv.  With  pride  ;  in  jiride  of 
heart.  Barrow. 

PRIE,  supposed  to  be  so  written  fvrpricet. 

Tuaser. 

PRIE,  for /m/.  Chaucer. 

PRIEF,  for /)roq/;  obsolete.  Chaucer. 

I'Rl'ER,  71.  [Irom  ]n-y.]  One  who  inquires 
narrowly  ;  one  who  searches  and  scruti- 
nizes. 

PRIEST,  71.  [Sax.  preost ;  D.  G.  priester ; 
\)aii.  prwst ;  Fr.  prttre;  h.  prete  :  from  L. 
prcestes,  a  chief,  one  that  |ircsides;  pric,  be- 
fore, and  sto,  to  stand,  or  sisto,  or  Gr. 
ifw-  This  is  probably  the  origin  of  the 
c  -  o  — 

parastash 


word.      In   Persic, 
is   worship  ; 


l***.J.AM  yJ 


Sf.*.^ 


•Jt- 


parastidan,  to 


worship,  to  adore.] 

1.  A  man  who  officiates  in  sacred  offices. 
Among  pagans,  priests  were  persons 
whose  appropriate  business  was  to  offer 
sacrifices  and  ])erl'orin  other  sacred  rites 
of  religion.  In  ])rimitive  ages,  the  fathers 
of  families,  princes  and  kings  were  priests. 
Thus  Cain  and  Abel,  Noah,  Abraham, 
Melchizedeck,  Job,  Isaac  and  Jacob  offer- 
ed their  own  sacrifices.  In  the  days  of 
Moses,  the  office  of  priest  was  restricted 
to  the  tribe  of  Levi,  and  the  priesthood 
consisted  of  three  orders,  the  high  priest, 
the  priests,  and  the  Levites,  and  the  office 
was  made  hereditary  in  the  family  of  Aa- 
ron. 

Every  priest  taken  from  among  men  is  or- 
dained for  men  in  thin=;s  pertaining  to  God,  that 
he  may  ort'ei  botli  gilts  and  sacriiiccs  for  sins. 
Hcb.   v. 

2.  In  the  modern  church,  a  person  who  is  set 
apart  or  consecrated  to  the  mini.stry  of 
the  gospel  ;  a  man  in  orders  or  licensed 
to  preach  the  gospel ;  a  presbyter.  In  its 
most  grmeral  sense,  the  word  includes 
archbishops,  bishops,  patriarchs,  and  all 
subordinate  orders  of  the  clergy,  duly  ap- 
provcil  and  licensed  according  to  the 
forms  and  rules  of  each  respective  denom- 
ination of  christians;  as  all  these  orders 
"are  ordained  for  men  in  things  pertain- 
ing to  God."  Rut  in  (Jreat  Britain,  the 
word  is  understood  to  denote  the  subor- 
dinate orders  of  the  clergy,  above  a  dea- 
con and  below  a  bishop.  In  the  United 
Slates,  the  word  denotes  any  licensed 
minister  of  the  cospel. 

PRIESTCRAFT,  n.  [priest  ■,uu\  crafl.]  Tiie 
stratagems  and  tVauds  of  jiriests ;  fraud  or 
imposition  in  religious  concerns  ;  manage- 
ment of  selfish  and  ambitious  iniests  to 
gain  wealth  and  jKiwer,  or  to  impose  on 
the  credulity  of  others.     Pope.     Spectator. 

PRIE'STESS,  71.  A  female  among  pagans, 
who  officiated  in  sacred  things. 

Mdison.     Swift. 

PRIE  STHOOD,  n.  The  office  or  charac- 
ter of  a  priest.  TFhilgiflc. 

2.  The  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  of- 
fices ;  the  order  composed  of  priests. 

Dry  den. 


P  R  1 

PRIE'STLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  priest,  or 
tliiit  wliicli  belongs  to  priests.  Shak. 

PRIE'STLINESS,  n.  The  appearance  and 
manner  of  a  priest. 

PRIE'STLY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  priest  or  to 
priests  ;  sacerdotal ;  as  the  priestly  office. 

2.  Becoming  a  priest;  as  pnestty  sobriety 
and  purity  oflife. 

PRIE'STRIDDEN,  a.  [priest  and  ridden. 
See  Kide.]  Managed  or  governed  by 
priests.  Sivijl. 

PRIEVE,  for  prove.  Spenser. 

PRIG,  n.  [G.  frech,  bold,  saucy,  impudent.] 

1.  A  pert,  conceited,  saucy,  praginatit-al  fel- 
low. Addison.     Swift. 

2.  A  thief. 

PRIG,  V.  i.  To  haggle  about  the  price  of  a 

commodity.     06s"  Ramsay's  Poems. 

PRIG,  i:  t.  "To  tilch  or  steal. 
PRILL,  n.  A  birt  or  turbot.  Ainmorth. 

PRIM,  n.  [Russ.  ;>Hmo  or  ;«w(mo,  in  a  right 

line,    directly  ;   priamti,    straight,   direct, 

tnie,  just.     See  Prime.] 
Properly,   straight  ;  erect  ;    hence,   formal 

precise  ;  aftectedly  nice.  Swift. 

PRIM,  V.  t.    To  deck  with   great  nicety  ;  to 

form  with  affected  preciseness. 
PRIMACY,  n.  [h.  primazia  ;  Fr.  primaiie; 

Sp.  primacia  ;  from  L.  primatus,  from  pri- 

mns,  first.     See  Prime.] 

1.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or  dignity 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

Clarendon 

2.  Excellency  ;  supremacy.  Barrow. 
PRI'MAOE,  n.  In  commerce,    a  small  duty 

payable  to  the  master  and  niariner.s  of  a 
ship.  Encyc. 

PRl'MAL,  a.  [See  Prime.]  First.  [JVotin 
use.]  Shak 

PRIMARILY,  adv.  [from  primary.]  In 
the  first  j)lace  ;  originally ;  in  the  first  in- 
tention. The  word  em|)eror  primarily 
signifies  a  general  or  military  commander 
in  chief  In  diseases,  the  pliysician  is  to 
attend  to  the  part  primarily  affected. 

PRI'MARINESS,  ji.  The  state  of  beiiig 
first  in  time,  in  act  or  intention.       J^Tonis. 

PRI'MARY,  a.  [L.primarius.     See  Prime.] 


P  R  1 

PRIME,  a.  [L.  primus ;  Sax.  Goth,  frum, 
beginning,  origin  ;  Goth,  frumist,  fir^t  ; 
Dan.frem,  forward,  straight  on;  fremmer, 
to  forward  or  promote  ;  Hw.fram,frhmjn  : 
W.  priv,  first ;  priviaw,  to  ^row  up,  to  in-| 
crease,  to  i)rosper ;  Ir.  priomh,  first,  aiid 
reamain,  beginning.  See  Class  Rm.  No. 
3.  7.  9.] 

1.  First  in  order  of  time;  original;  as  prime 
fathers ;  prime  creation.  Shiik. 

In  this  sense,  the  use  of  the  word  i.- 
nearly  superseded  by  primitive,  except  m 
the  phrase,  prime  cost. 

2.  First  in  rank,  degree  or  dignity  ;  as  prime 
minister. 

3.  First  in  excellence ;  as  prime  wheat ;  clotl 
of  a  prime  quality.     Humility  and  resigna-j 
tion  are  prime  virtues.  Dryden. 

4.  Early  ;  blooming. 
His  starry  liclni  unbuckl'd,  showed  him  jirimf 
Iniiiaiihouil,  where  youth  ended.         jUilton 

5.  First  in  value  or  importance. 
Prime    number,    in    arithmetic,    a    number 

wliich  is  divisible  only  by   unity,  as  .5.  7. 
11.  Encyc. 

Prime  figure,  in  geometry,  a  figure  whicli 
cannot  be  divifled  into  any  other  figure 
more  sim])le  than  itself,  as  a  triangle,  a 
pyramid,  &c. 
PRIME,  n.  The  first  opening  of  day;  the 
dawn  ;  the  morning. 

Early   and   late   it   ruiiR,  at  evening  and  at 
prime.  Spenser 

The  sweet  hour  of  prime. 
The  l)eginning;  the  early  days. 
In  the  very  prime  of  the  world. 
3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  waits  upon  the  flowery  prime 


PRI 


4. 


1.  First  in  order  of  time  ;  original ;  as  the 
church  of  Christ  in  its  primary  institution 

Pearson 
These  I  call  original  or  primary  qualities   of, 
body.  Locke. 

2.  First  in  dignity  or  imjiortancc ;  chief; 
principal.  Our  ancestors  considered  the 
education  of  youth  of  primary  importance. 

3.  Elemental  ;  intended  to  teach  youth  the 
fust  rudiments;  att  primary  schools. 

4.  Raclical ;  original ;  as  the  primary  sense 
of  a  word. 

Primary  planets,  arc  tho.se  whicli  revolve 
about  the  siui,  in  ilistinction  from  the  sec- 
ondary planets,  which  revolve  about  the 
primary. 

Primary  (lualities  of  bodies,  are  such  as  are 
origiiial  and  inseparahli!  from  them. 

PKl'MATE,  n.  [It.  primato ;  Fr.  primal; 
Low  1^.  primus.     See  Prime.] 

The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  tlie  church ;  an 
anhbishop.  Enci/c.     Swift 

PRl'MA'I'KSHIl',  n.  The  office  'or  dignity 
of  :in  urchhishoi). 

PRIMA'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  primate 
lyAnvillc,   Trans. 

PR1IMAT'1C.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  primntt^ 

Barrow 


Milton 


Hooker 


Waller. 
hence,   full 


or 


this  sweet 

Shak 

J}ryden 

Swift 


i.  To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a 
Beaum. 


7. 


The   spring  of  life  ;  youth 
health,  strength  or  beauty. 

That  crop  the  golden  primf 
prince. 

The  prime  ol  youth. 
The  best  part. 

Give  him  always  of  the  prime 
The  utmost  perfection. 

The  plants — would  have  been  all  in  prime. 

IVoodicard. 

In  the  Romish   church,  the  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  lauds.  Encyc. 

8.  Iti  fencing,  the  first  of  the  chief  guards. 

Ejicyc. 
In  chimistry,  primes  are  numbers  employ- 
ed, in  conformity  with  the  doctrine  of 
definite  proportions,  to  express  the  ratios 
in  which  bodies  enter  into  combination. 
Primes  duly  arranged  in  a  table,  consti- 
tute a  scale'of  chimicaleipiivalents.  They 
also  express  the  ratios  of  the  weights  of 
atoms,  according  to  the  atomic  theory 

Prime  of  the  moon,  the  new  moon,  when  it 
first  appears  after  the  change.  Encyc. 

Prime  vertical,  the  vertical  circle  which  pass- 
es through  the  poles  of  the  meridian,  or 
the  east  and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 
Dials  projected  on  the  plane  of  this  circle, 
are  called  prime  vertical  or  north  and 
south  dials.  Encyc 

PRIME,  )'. /.  To  i)Ut  powder  in  the  pan  of 
a  musket  or  other  fire-arm  ;  or  to  hiy  :i 
train  of  powder  for  communicating  fire  tn 
a  cliarge.  Encyc 

•i.  To  lay  on  the  first  color  in  painting. 

Encyc 


PRIME, 

gun. 

PRI'MED,  pp.  Having  powder  in  the  pan; 
laving  the  first  color  in  painting. 

PRI'MELY,  adv.  At  first;  originally;  pri- 
marily. South. 

'2.  Most  excellently. 

PRl'MENF.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  first. 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  [Eittle  used  in  ei- 
ther sense.] 

i'Rl'MER,  a.  First;  original.     [Nbtinuse.] 

Drayton. 

PRIM'ER,  n.  A  small  prayer  book  for 
church  service,  or  an  office  of  the  virgin 
Mary. 

2.  A  small  elementary  book  for  teaching 
chililren  to  read. 

PRiMER-FI'NE,  7i.  In  England,  a  fine 
due  to  the  king  on  the  writ  or  commence- 
ment <if  a  suit  by  fine.  Blackstonc. 

PRIMi:'RO,  n.  A  game  at  cards.     [Sp.] 

PRIMER-SE'IZIN,  n.  [prime  and  seizin.] 
\n  feudal  law,  the  right  of  the  king,  when 
a  tenant  in  cupite  died  seized  of  a  knight's 
fee,  to  receive  of  the  heir,  if  of  firll  age, 
one  year's  profits  of  the  land  if  in  pos.ses- 
sion,  and  half  a  year's  profits  if  the  land 
was  in  reversion  exi)ectant  on  an  estate 
for  life  ;  abolished  by  12  Car.  2.        Encyc. 

PRIME'VAL,  0.  I L. /iriHius,  first,  audiEiium. 
age  ;  primaviis.] 

Original;  primitive;  as  the  primeval  inno- 
cence of  man  ;  primeval  day.      Blackmore. 

PKIME'VOLS,  a.  Primeval. 

PRIMIgE'NIAL,  a.  [L.  primigenius;  pri- 
mus, first,  and  genus,  kind,  or  gignor,  to 
beget.]     First  born  ;  original ;  primary. 

Bp.  Hall. 

PRIMIG'ENOUS,  a.  [supra.]  First  formed 
or  generated  ;  original  ;  as  semi-^n»nig-cn- 
ous  strata.  Kirwan. 

PRIMING,  ppr.  Putting  powder  in  the  pan 
of  a  fire  arm. 

2.  Laying  on  the  first  color. 

PRI'jSlING,  ji.  The  powder  in  the  pan  of  a 
gun,  or  laid  along  the  channel  of  a  can- 
non for  conveying  fire  to  the  charge. 
Among  painters,  the   first  color  laid  on 


canvas  or  on  a  building,  &c. 

PRIMING-WIRE,  n.  A  pointed  wire,  used 
to  penetrate  the  vent  of  a  piece,  for  ex- 
amining the  powder  of  the  charge  or  for 
piercing  the  cartridge.  Encyc. 

PR!MH"IL.\R,  a.  [L.  primipilus,  the  cen- 
turion of  the  first  cohort  of  a  RoiTian  le- 
gion.] 

Pertaining  to  the  captain  of  the  vanguard. 

Barrotr. 

PRiMI'TIAL,  a.  Being  of  the  first  pro- 
duction. Ainsworth . 

PRIM  ITI VE,  a.  [It.  primitiro  ;  Fr.  primi- 
iif;   \ .. primitivus  ;  from  primus,  first.] 

1.  ^'crtaiiiing  to  the  beginning  or  origin; 
original;  first;  as  the  primitive  state  of 
Adam  ;  primitive  innocence  ;  primitive 
ages;  the /in'miVifc  chinch  ;  the  primitive 
chrisli.-m  church  or  institutions  ;  the  nrm- 
ilirc  fathers.  ff'hite.     Tdhilson. 

2.  I'ormal  :  aflijctedly  solemn  ;  imitating  the 
siiiiposcd  gravity  of  old  times.       Johnson. 

3.  Original;  primary;  rachcal  ;  not  derived  ; 
as  a  primitive  verb  in  grammar. 

Primitive  rocks,  in  geology,  rocks  suppo.sed 
to  be  first  formed,  being  irregularly  crys- 
talizeil,  and  aggregated  without  a  cement. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


primus,   first. 

first  father  or 

Gayton 

primus,  first, 

tlie  same 


and  containing   no  organic  remains;  as 

griuiitc,  gneiss,  &c 
PRIMITIVE,  n.  An  original  word  ;  a  word 

udt  derived  from  another. 
VRIM'ITIVELY,  orfv.  Originally;  at  first. 

Brown. 

2.  Primarily  ;  not  derivatively. 

a  According  to  the  original  rule  or  ancient 
practice.  South. 

PRIM'ITIVENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
original  ;  antiquity  ;  contbrmity  to  an 
tiquity.  Johnson 

PRIM'ITY,  n.  The  state  of  being  original 
[jVot  used.]  Pearson. 

PRIM'NESS,  n.  [from  prim.]  Aflected 
formality  or  iiiceness  ;  stiffness ;  precise 
ness. 

PRIlV10(iE'NIAL,  a.  [h. primigenius.  See 
Primigenial.] 

First  born,  made  or  generated  ;  original ; 
jtrimary  ;  constituent;  elemental  ;  ixs pri- 
mogeniul  light ;  primogenial  bodies. 

Boyle, 

PRIMOClKN  ITOR,  n.  [L. 
and  genitur,  father.]  The 
forefather. 

PRIMOGENITURE,  n.  [L 
and  genitus,  begotten.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  born  first  o 
parents  ;  seniority  by   birth  among  child- 
ren. 

y.  In  law,  the  right  which  belongs  to  the 
eldest  son  or  daughter.  Thus  in  Great 
Britain,  tlie  right  (if  inheriting  the  estate 
of  the  father  belongs  to  the  eldest  son,  and 
in  the  royal  family,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  entitled  to  the  throne  by  primogen- 
iture. Among  the  females,  the  crown  de- 
scends by  right  of  primogeniture  to  the 
,  eldest  daughter  only  and  her  issue. 

Blackstone. 
Before  the  revolution,  primogeniture,  in 
some  of  the  American  colonics,  entitled 
the  eldest  son  to  a  double  portion  of  his 
father's  estate,  but  this  right  has  been 
abolished. 

PRIMOuEN'ITURESHIP,  n.  The  right  of 
eldership. 

PRIMOR'DIAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  primordi- 
alis,  primordium  ;  primus,  first,  and  ordo 
order.] 

First  in  order;  original  ;  existing   from   the 


hrenin.  King,   an   exalted  one,    and  ceps. 
Hence  lirennus,  the  name  of  a  celebrated 


Gaulish    commander.      In    Pers. 


^■^^■i 


beginning.  Boyle. 

PRIMOR'DIAL,  Ji.  Origin  ;  first  princi- 
ple (ir  element.  More. 

PRIMOR'DIAN,  n.  A  kind  of  plum. 

PRIMOR'DIATE,  a.  [i^ee  Primordinl. 
Original ;  existing  from  the  first.       Boyle. 

PRIMP,  V.  i.  To  be  formal  or  aflTected 
[JVot  English,  or  local.] 

PRIM' ROSE,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  primula  veris  ; 
primus,  first,  and  rose  ;  literally,  the  first  or 
an  early  rose  in  spring.] 

\  plain  of  the  genus  Primula,  of  several  va- 
rieties, lis  the  white,  the  red,  the  yellow 
flowered,  the  cowslip,  &c.  Shakspeare 
uses  the  word  for  gay  or  flowery  ;  as  the 
primrose  way. 

PRI'MY,  a.  Blooming.     [A^ofuscd.]     Shak. 

PRINCE,  n.  pnns.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  Sp.  prin- 
cipe  ;  L.  princeps  ;  D.  prins  ;  G.  prinz  ; 
Arm.  princ.  This  word  is  probably  com- 
pounded of  primus,  corrupted,  as  the  Gr. 
rt|)ii,  and  ceps,  head,  Fr.  chef;  or  perlia))g 
of  the  Celtic  breen,  summit,  whence  VV. 

Vol.  II. 


barin   signifies   lofty,  or  one  elevated   in 
place  or  oflice.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  sovereign  ;  the  chief 
and  independent  rnler  of  a  nation  orstate 
Thus  when  wespeak  of  llje  ;;riHCfS  of  En- 
rope,  we  include  emperors  and  kings. 
Hence,  a  cliief  in  general  ;  as  a  prince  of 
the  celestial  host.  Milton. 

2.  A  sovereign  in  a  certain  territory  ;  one 
who  has  the  government  of  a  particular 
state  or  territory,  but  holds  of  a  sujjerior 
to  whom  he  owes  certain  services  ;  as  the 
princes  of  the  German  states. 

3.  The  son  of  a  king  or  emperor,  or  the  is- 
sue of  a  royal  faitiily  ;  as  princes  of  the 
blood.  In  England,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  created  prince  of  Wales.        Encyc. 

4.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men. 

Peacham 

5.  A  chief  or  ruler  of  either  sex.  Queei 
Elizabeth  is  called  by  Camden  prince,  but 
this  application  is  uimsual  and  harsh. 

Prince  of  the  senate,  in  ancient  Rome,  was 
the  person  first  called  in  the  roll  of  sena- 
tors. He  was  always  of  consular  and 
censorian  dignity.  Encyc 

In  Scripture,  this  name  prince  is  given  to 
God,  Dan.  viii  :  to  Christ,  who  is  called 
the  prince  of  peace.  Is.  ix.  aiul  the  prince 
of  life,  Actsiii.;  to  the  cliief  of  the  priests, 
the  prince  of  the  sanctuary.  Is.  xliii.;  to 
the  Roman  emperor,  Dan.  ix. ;  to  men  of 
superior  worth  and  excellence,  Eccles.  x. 
to  nobles,  counselors  and  officers  of  i 
kingdom.  Is.  x. ;  to  the  chief  men  of  fami- 
lies or  tribes,  Num.  xvii. ;  to  Satan,  who 
is  called  the  pri7ice  of  this  world,  John  xii 
and  prince  of  the  power  of  the  air,  Eph.  ii 

PRINCE,  I',  i.  To  play  the  prince  ;  to  take 
state.  Shak. 

PRINCEDOM,  n.  prins'dom.  The  juris 
diction,  sovereignty,  rank  or  estate  of  a 
prince. 

Under  Ihcc,  as  Iiead  supreme, 
Thrones,  jyrincedoms,  powers,  dominions,  I 
reduce.  Milton 

PRINCELIKE,  a.  prins'like.  Becoming  s 
prince.  Shak 

PRINCELINESS,  «.  prins'llness.  [from 
princely.] 

The  state,  manner  or  dignity  of  a  prince. 

Shericood. 

PRINCELY,  a.  pritis'ly.  Resembling  a 
|)riiice ;  having  the  appearance  of  one 
infill  born;  stately;  dignified;  asapriyice- 
ly  gentleman  ;  a  princely  youth.  Shak. 

Having  the  rank  of  princes  ;  as  a  man  of 
princely  birth  ;  a  princely  dame. 

Sidney.     Jf'aller. 
Beconiing  a   prince  ;  royal  ;    grand  ;  au- 
gust ;  as  a  princely  gift ;  princely  virtues. 
Shak.      ffallcr. 

4.  Very  large  ;  as  a  princely  forjune. 

,').  Magnificent  ;  rich  ;  as  a  princely  enter 
taimiienl. 

PRINCELY,  adv.  prins'ly.  In  a  princelike 
manner.  Johnson 

PRINCES'-FETHER,  71.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Auiaranthus.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Prince's  metal,  a  mixture  of  copper  and  zink, 
in  imitation  of  gold.  Encyc. 

43 


PRIN'CESS,  n.  A  female  sovereign,  as  aii 
empress  or  queen.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sovereign  lady  of  rank  next  to  that  of 
a  queen.  Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a  king.  Shak. 

4.  The  consort  of  a  prince ;  as  the  princess 
of  Wales. 

PRIN'CIPAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  principalis, 
from  princeps.] 

1.  Chief;  highest  in  rank,  character  or  re- 
spectability;  as  the  prinripal  officers  of  a 
govermncnt ;  the  principal  men  of  a  city, 
town  or  state.     Acts  xxv.     1  Chron.  xxiv. 

2.  Chief;  most  inijiortant  or  considerable  ; 
as  the  principal  topics  of  debate  ;  the  prin- 
cipal arguments  in  a  case ;  the  principal 
points  of  law  ;  the  principal  beams  of  a 
building  ;  the  principal  productions  of  a 
country. 

Wi-idom  is  the  principal  thing.     Prov.  iv. 

3.  In  laiv,  a  principal  challenge,  is  where  the 
cause  assigned  carries  with  it  prima  facie 
evidence  of  partiality,  favor  or  malice. 

Blackstone. 

4.  In  music,  fundamental. 
PRI.N'CIPAL,  »!.  A  chiofor  head  ;  one  who 

takes  the  lead  ;  as  the  principal  of  a  fac- 
tion, an  insurrection  or  mutiny. 

2.  The  president,  governor,  or  chief  in  au- 
thority. Wc  apply  the  word  to  the  chicl' 
instructor  of  an  academy  or  seminary  of 
learning. 

.3.  In  taw,  the  actor  or  absolute  perpetrator 
of  a  crime,  or  an  abettor.  A  principal  in 
the  first  degree,  is  the  absolute  perpetra- 
tor of  the  crime  ;  a  principal  in  the  second 
degree,  is  one  who  is  present,  aiding  antl 
abetting  the  fact  to  be  done  ;  distinguish- 
ed fiom  an  accessory.  In  treasoii,  all  per- 
sons concerned  are  principals. 

Blackstone. 

4.  In  cojnmcrce,  a   cajiital  sum  lent  on  inter- 
est, due  as   a   debt  or  used  as  a  fund  ;  so 
called  in  distinction  from  interest  or  p>(>fils. 
Taxes  must  be  continued,   because   we  fiavc 
no  other  means  for  paying  off  Uie  principal. 

Swift. 
One  primarily  engaged;  a  chief  party  ; 
in  distinction  from  an  auxiliary. 

AVe  were  not  principals,  but   auxiliaries  in 
the  war.  Swift. 

PRINCIPALITY,      n.    [Fr.   principalite.] 

1.  Sovereignty;  supreme  power. 
Sidney.     Spenser. 

2.  A  prince  ;  one  invested  with  sovereignty. 
I  Tit.  iii.  .Milton. 
,3.  The  territory  of  a  prince  ;  or  the  country 
j  which  gives  title  to  a  prince ;  as  the  prin- 
cipality of  Wales. 

4.  Superiority  ;  predominance.  [Little  used.] 
I  Taylor. 

5.  In  Scripture,  royal  state  or  attire.     Jer. 
I     xiii. 
PRINCIPALLY,  adv.    Chiefly;  above  all. 

'I'hey  mistake   the  nature    of  criticism,  who 
tliink  its  Inisincss  is  principally  to  find  fault. 

PRIN'CIPALNESS,  n.  The  stale  of  'ifeiug 

principal  or  chief. 
PRINCIPATE,   n.    Principahty  ;  supreme 

ride.  Barrow. 

PRINCIP'IA,  n.  p/u.  [L.  principium.]  First 

principles.  .^7,. 

PRINCIPIA'TTON,  n.  [from  L. prinripium.] 
I  Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental 
'    parts.     [J\'ot  used.]  Bacon. 


P  R  I 

PRIN'CIPLE,  n.  [It.  prtncipio ;  Fr.  prin- 
cipe  ;  L.  principiuvi,  beginning.] 

1  In  a  general  sense,  the  cause,  source  or 
origin  of  any  thing;  that  irom  which  a 
thing  proceeds ;  as  the  principle  of  mo- 
tion ;  the  principles  of  action.  Dryden. 

2.  Element;  constituent  part;  primordial 
substance. 

Modem  philosophers  suppose  matter  to  be 
one  simple  pnnci;)(e,  or  solid  extension  div^ersi- 
fied  by  its  various  shapes.  H'atts. 

.^.  Being  that  produces  any  thing;  operative 
cause. 

The  soul  of  man  is  an  active  principle. 

Tillotson. 

4.  In  science,  a  truth  admitted  either  with- 
out proof,  or  considered  as  having  been 
before  proved.  In  the  former  sense,  it  is 
synonymous  with  axiom;  in  the  latter, 
with  the  phrase,  established  principle. 
.5.  Ground  ;  foundation  ;  that  which  sup- 
ports an  assertion,  an  action,  or  a  scries 
of  actions  or  of  reasoning.  On  what  prin- 
ciple can  this  be  affirmed  or  denied  .;-  Me 
justifies  his  proceedings  on  the  principle 
of  expedience  or  necessity.  He  reasons 
on  sound  principles. 
0  A  general  truth  ;  a  law  comprehending 
many  subordinate  truths;  as  the  principles 
of  morality,  of  law,  of  government,  &r. 
7.  Tenet ;  that  which  is  believed,  whether 
truth  or  not,  but  which  serves  as  a  rule  ot 
action  or  the  basis  of  a  system ;  as  the 
principles  of  the  Stoics,  or  of  the  Epicu 
reans.  .  „ 

8  A  principle  of  human  nature,  is  a  law  ot 
'  action  in  human  beings  ;  a  constitutional 
propensity  common  to  the  human  species. 
Thus  it  is  a  principle  of  human  naturelo 
resent  injuries  and  repel  insults. 
PRIN'CIPLE,  V.  t.  To  establish  or  hx  in 
tenets ;  to  impress  with  any  tenet,  good 
or  ill  ;  chief  y  used  in  the  participle. 

Men  have  been  principled  with  an  opinion, 

that  they  must  not  consult  reason  in  things  oi 

religion.  ,  .     ,  ^'"'l'- 

2   To  establish  firmly  in  the  mind.       Locke. 

PRIN'CIPLED,    pp'.    Established  in  ojiin- 

ion  or  in  tenets ;  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind. 

PRJN'eOCK,  )  „  [Qu.  prink   or  prim  and 

PRIN'COX,     (,       cock.]      A    coxcomb;    a 

conceited  person  ;  a  pert  young  rogue  ;  a 

ludicrous  word.     [Little  vscd.]  Shak. 

PRINK,  v.i.  [D.  proiiif)!,  to  shine,  to  malie 

a  show,  to  strut ;  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to 

make  a  show  ;  prunken,  id. ;  Dan.pruK/ffc, 

to  make   a  show,   to   strut ;  Sw.  prunkn, 

to  make  a  figure.     If  n   is  casual,   these 

words   are     radically   the   same   as    Sw. 

prackt,  Dan.    D.  pragt,  G.  pracht,   ponip, 

show,  and  all  coinciding  in  origin  with  Ar. 

J     J    baraka,  to   shine,   to  adorn.     See 

Prance  and  Prank.] 

1.  Til  prank  ;  to  dress  for  show. 

'i.  Til  strut ;  to  put  on  stately  airs. 

PRINT,  v.  (.  [\V.  printiaw,  to  iirint ;  Fr. 
imfirimer,  empreinle  ;  Sp.  imprimir  ;  It.im- 
primere  ;  from  L.  imprimo  ;  in  ati(\  ]n-emo, 
to  press  ;  It.  im/jronture,  to  print,  to  im- 
portune, and  this  from  prontnre.  to  impor- 
tune, 1  that  is,  to  press,]  from  /iro/ifo,  ready, 
bnid,  li.  promplus,  tliat  is,  pressed  or  press- 


P  R  I 


ifi.i.i. ...  I'.  — [ — , ......  ..^, ,.-  —  --     , 

ing  forward.     In  W.  print  is  said  by  Ow 
en  to  be  from   rhint,   a   groove  or   notch, 


and  if  this  is  the  original  word,  print  rnnst| 
be  a  different  word  from  the  Fr.  impriiiier.\ 
The  Italian  unites  the  L.  premu  and  promo.] 

1.  In  general,  to  take  or  form  letters,  char-l 
actors  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth  or  other 
material  by  impression.  Thus  letters  are! 
taken  on  paper  by  impressing  it  on  tyjies 
blackened  with  ink.  Figures  are  printed 
on  cloth  by  means  of  blocks  or  a  cylinder. 
The  rolling  press  is  employed  to  take 
prints  on  impressions  from  copper-plates. 
Thus  we  say,  to  print  books,  to  print  cali- 
co, to  print  tunes,  music,  likenesses,  &c. 

To  mark  by  pressing  one  thing  on  anoth- 
er. 

On  his  fiery  steed  betimes  he  rode, 
That  scarcely  prints  the  turf  on  which  he 
trod.  Dryden. 

3.  To  impress  any  thing  so  as  to   leave   its 

form.  ...      , 

Perhaps  some  footsteps  printed  m  the  clay— 
Roscommon 

4.  To  form  by  impression. 
Ye  shall  not  make  any  cuttings  in  yovir  flesh, 

nor  irrint  any  marks  upon  you.     Lev.  xix. 
PRINT,   V.  i.  To  use  or   practice  the  art  of 
typography,  or   of  taking  impressions  of 
letters,  figures  and  the  like. 

2.  To  publish  a  book.     [Elliptical] 
From  the  moment  he  2>rinls,  he  must  expect 

to  hear  no  more  of  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  n.  A  mark  made  by  impression  ; 
any  line,  character,  figure  or  indentation 
of  any  form,  made  by  the  pressure  of  one 
body  or  thing  on  another  ;  as  the  print  of 
the  tooth  or  of  the  nails  in  flesh  ;  the  jirint 
of  the  foot  in  sand  or  snow  ;  the  print  of 
a  wheel  ;    the  print  of  types   on    i>aper. 

2.  The  impressions  of  types  in  general,  as 
to  form,  size,  &c.  ;  as  a  smaW  print ;  a 
large  print ;  a  fair  print. 

3.  That  which  impresses  its  form  on  any 
thing  ;  as  a  butter  pn'n( ;  a  wooden  print. 

4.  The  representation  or  figure  of  any  thing 
made  by  impression;  as  the  ;in'/if  of  the 
face  ;  the  print  of  a  temple  ;  prints  of  an- 
tiquities. Dryden. 

5.  The  state  of  being  (irinted  and  published. 
Diffidence  sometimes  prevents  a  man  from 
suffering  his  works  to  appear  in  print. 

I  love  a  ballad  in  print.  Shak 

:5.  A  single  sheet  printed  for  sale;  a  news- 
paper. 

'I  he  prints,  about  three  days  after,  were  liU-i 

ed  wilh  tlie  same  terms.  .iddtson. 

7.  Formal  method.     [M'ot  in  use.]         Locke. 

Out  of  print,  a  phrase  which   signifies  that, 

of  a  printed  and  iiublished  work,  there  are 

no  copies  for  sale,  or  none  for  sale  by  the 

publisher. 

PRINTED,;*/'.  Impressed;  indented. 

PRINT'ER,    n.     One    that    prints    books, 

liamphlets  or  paiiers. 
3.  One  that  stains  or  prints  cloth    Willi  fig- 
ures, as  calico.  . 
3.  One  that  impresses  letters  or  figures  with 

copper-plates. 
PRINTTNG,  ppr.  Impressing  letters,  char-| 
acters  or  figures  on  any  thing;  making 
marks  or  indentations. 
PRINT'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  im- 
pressing letters,  characters  or  figures  on 
paper,  cloth  or  other  material ;  the  busi- 
ness of  a  printer;  typography. 


P  R  I 

PRINT'ING-INK,  n.  Ink  used  by  printers 
of  books. 

PRINTING-PAPER,  n.  Paper  to  be  used 
in  the  printing  of  books,  pamphlets,  &c. : 
as  distinguished  from  writing-paper,  press- 
paper,  wrapping^-paper,  &c. 

PRINTTNG-PRES.S,  n.  A  press  for  the 
printing  of  books,  &c. 

PRINT'LESS,  a.  That  leaves  no  print  or 
impression  ;  as  printless  feet.  Milton. 

PRIOR,  a.  [L.  conip.  Probably  the  first  syl- 
lable is  contracted  from  pris,prid,rir  some 
other  word,  for  the  Latin  has  prisce,  pris- 
tinus.] 

Preceding  in  the  order  of  time  ;  former;  an- 
tecedent; anterior;  as  a  prior  discovery; 
prior  obligation.  The  discovery  of  the 
continent  of  America  by  Cabot  was  six  or 
seven  weeks  pnor  to  the  discovery  of  it  by 
Columbus.  The  discovery  of  the  Labra- 
dor coast  by  Cabot  was  on  the  11th  of 
June,  149t>;  that  of  the  continent  by  Co- 
lumbus, was  on  the  first  of  August  of  the 
.same  year. 

PRI'OR",  n.  [Fr.  prieur ;  It.  priore ;  L. 
prior.] 

1.  The  superior  of  a  convent  of  monks,  or 
one  next  in  dignity  to  an  abbot.  Priors 
are  claustral  or  convenlical.  The  convent- 
ical  are  the  same  as  abbots.  A  claustral 
prior  is  one  that  governs  the  religious  of 
an  abbey  or  priory  in  commendam,  having 
his  jurisdiction  wholly  from  the  abbot. 

En  eye. 

2.  In  some  churches,  one  who  presides  oyer 
others  in  the  same  churches.  •Hyliffe. 

PRI'ORATE,  n.  Government  by  a  prior. 

Warton. 

PRl'ORESS,  n.  A  female  superior  of  a  con- 
vent of  nuns.  Dryden. 

PRIOR'ITY,  71.  The  state  of  being  antece- 
dent in  time,  or  of  preceding  something 
else  ;  as  priority  of  birth.  The  priority  of 
Homer  or  Hesiod  has  been  a  subject  of 
dispute. 

,.   Precedence  in  place  or  rank.  Shak. 

Priority  of  debts,  is  a  superior  claim  to  pay- 
ment, or  to  p.iyment  before  others. 

PRI'ORLY,  adv.  .Antecedently.  [.4  bad 
word  and  not  used.]  Geddcs. 

PRI'ORSIIIP,    n.    The  state   or   office  of 


prior 
PRIORY, 


^^, ...  A  convent  of  which  a  prior 

is  the  superior;  in  dignity  below  an  abbey. 

Shak. 

■>  Priories  arc  the  cliiirches  given  to  priors 
in  titulum,  M- h\  way  of  title.  -ifUffe. 

PRl'SAtiE,  H.  [Fr.  prise,  from  priser,  to 
prize  or  value.] 

A  right  belonging  to  the  crown  of  England, 
of  taking  two  tons  of  wine  from  every 
ship  importing  twenty  tons  or  more  ;  one 
before  ami  oiie  behind  the  mast.  This 
by  charter  of  Edward  1.  was  exchanged 
into  a  duty  of  two  shillings  for  every  tun 
imported  by  merchant  strangers,  and  call- 
ed butlerage,  because  paid  to  the  king's 
l„i,|,,|..  Btarkslune. 

PRISt  ILLIANIST,  n.  In  church  history, 
one  of  a  sect  so  denominated  I'roiii  Priscill- 
ian,  a  Spaniard,  bishop  of  Avila.  who 
jiracticed  magic,  maintained  the  errors  of 
the  Manichees,  ami  held  it  to  be  lawful 
to  make  false  oaths  in  the  support  of  one's 
cause  and  interest.  Lncyc. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


PRISM,  n.  [Fr.  prisme ;  Low  L.  Sp.  It. 
prisma;  Or.  rtfiii/M,  from  «p«j,  to  cut  with 
a  saw,  to  press  or  strain,  Russ.  pru.] 

A  solid  whose  bases  or  ends  are  any  similar, 
equal  and  parallel  plane  tigures,  and 
whose  sides  are  parallelograms. 

D.  Olmsted. 
A  prism  of  jf lass  is  one  boun<led  by  two 
equal  anil  parallel  triangular  ends  and 
three  plain  and  well  polished  sides  which 
meet  in  three  parallel  line.-i,  running  from 
the  three  angles  of  one  end  to  the  three 
anjiles  of  the  other  end.  M:wlon. 

PRISMATIC,        /       Resembling  a  prism; 

PKlrtMAT'ICAL,  ^       as  a  prismatic  form. 

2.  Separated  or  distributi^d  by  a  prism ; 
formed  by  a  prism  ;  as  prismatic  colors. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prism. 
PRISMAT'leALKY,  adv.   In  the  form  or 

manner  of  a  prism.  Boyle 

PRIrtMATOID'AL,  a.  [L.   prisma  and  iSr. 

£i6o{.]     Having  a  prismatic  form.         Ure. 
PRIS'MOID,  71.  [L.  prisma   and   Gr.  E1605, 

form.] 
A  body  that  approaches   to  the  form   of  a 

prism.  Johnson. 

PIIIS'MY,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  prism. 

Jim.  Review. 
PRISON,  n.  priz'n.  [Fr.  from  pris,  taken, 

from   prendre,   to   take,    L.   prendo ;    Sp. 

prision  ;  Arm.  prisoun.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  place  of  confine- 
ment or  involuntary  restraint  ;  but  ap- 
propriately, a  public  building  for  the  con- 
finement or  safe  custody  of  debtors  and 
criminals  committed  by  process  of  law  ;  a 
jail.  Originally,  a  prison,  as  Lord  Coke 
observes,  was  oidy  a  place  of  safe  custo 
dy  ;  but  it  is  now  employed  as  a  place  of 
punishment.  We  have  state-prisons,  for 
the  confinement  of  criminals  by  way  of 
))unishment. 

2.  Anyplace  of  confinement  or  restraint. 

The  tyrant  .Eolus, 
With    power   imperial   curbs   the    struggling 

winds. 
And  soumling  tempests  in  dark  prisons  binds. 

Vryden 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  low,  obscure,  afflicted  con- 
dition.    Eccles.  iv. 

4.  The  cave  where  Davi<l  was  confined 
Ps.  cxlii. 

5.  A  state  of  spiritual  bondage.     Is.  xlii. 
PRIS'ON,  V.  t.  To  shut  up  in  a  prison  ;  to 

confine  ;  to  restrain  from  liberty. 

2.  To  confine  in  any  manner.  Shak. 

3.  To  captivate  ;  to  enchain.  Milton. 

[This  word  is  proper,  but  imprison  is 

more  commonly  used.] 
PRIS'ON-BASE,  n.  A  kind  of  rural  sports 

commonly  called  prison-bars.  Sandys. 

PRIS'ONED,    pp.   Imprisoned;    confined: 

restrained. 
PRIS'ONER,  n.  One  who  is  confined  in  a 

prison  by  legal  arrest  or  warrant. 

2.  A  person  under  arrest  or  in  custody  of 
the  sherif,  whether  in  prison  or  not ;  as 
a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of  a  court. 

3.  A  captive ;  one  taken  by  an  enemy  in 
war. 

4.  One  whose  liberty  is  restrained,  as  a  bird 
in  a  cage. 

PRIS'ON-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which 
prisoners  are  confined ;  a  jail.  Judges 
xvi.  Shak. 


PRIS'ONING,  ppr.  Confining;  imprison- 
ing. 

PRIS'ONMENT,  n.  Confinement  in  a  pris- 
on;  imprisonment. 

[The  latter  is  commonly  used.] 

Shak. 

PRIS'TINE,  a.  [L.  pristinus.  See  Prior 
and  Prie.] 

First ;  original ;  ])rimitive  ;  as  the  pristine 
state  of  innocence;  the  pristine  manners 
of  a  people  ;  the  pristine  constitution  of 
things.  JVewton. 

PRITH'EE,  a  corruption  of  pray  thee,  as  I 
prithee  ;  but  it  is  generally  used  without  the 
pronoun,  prithee. 

PRi'VACV,  71.  [from  private.]  A  state  of 
being  in  retirement  Irom  the  company  or 
observation  of  others;  secrecy. 

2.  A  place  of  seclusion  from  company  or  ob- 
servation ;  retreat ;  solitude  ;  retirement. 

Her  sacred  privacies  all  open  lie.  Hinre 

3.  Privity.     [JVot  used.]     [See  Privity.] 

Arbulhnot. 

\.  Taciturnity.     [.Vo<  used.]  Ainsworth. 

.5.  Secrecy  ;  concealment  of  what  is  said  or 
done. 

PRIVA'DO,  71.  [Sp.]  A  secret  friend.  [.Vo< 
used.]  Bacon. 

PRI'VATE,  a.  [L.  privalas,  from  privo,  to 
bereave,  properly  to  strip  or  se|)arate ; 
prints,  singular,  several,  peculiar  to  one's 
self,  that  is,  separate ;  It.  privare,  Sp.  pri- 
var,  Fr.  priver,  to  deprive.  Privo  is  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  bereave.  Sax.  bereaf- 
ian  or  ^ereufian,  from  renfian,  to  strip,  to 
spoil,  L.  rapio,  diripio,  erlpio ;  privo  for 
periro  or  berivo  ;  \V  .  rhaib,  a  snatching  ; 
rheibiaw,  to  snatch.  See  Rip,  Reap  and 
Strip.] 

1.  Properly,  separate ;  unconnected  with 
others  ;  hence,  peculiar  to  one's  self;  be 
longing  to  or  concerning  an  individual 
only  ;  as  a  man's  private  opinion,  business 
or  concerns  ;  private  property  ;  the  king's 
private  purse;  a  man's  private  expenses. 
Charge  the  money  to  my  private  account 
in  the  company's  books. 

2.  Peculiar  to  a  number  in  a  joint  concern, 
to  a  company  or  body  politic ;  as  the  pri- 
vate interest  of  a  family,  of  a  company  or 
of  a  state ;  opposed  to  public,  or  to  the 
general  interest  of  nations. 

3.  Sequestered  from  company  or  observa 
tion ;  secret;  secluded;  as  a  private  cell ; 
a  private  room  or  apartment ;  private 
prayer. 

4.  Not  publicly  known  ;  not  open  ;  as  a  pri 
vote  negotiation. 

5.  Not  invested  with  public  oflice  or  employ 
ment ;  as  a  private  man  or  citizen  ;  private 
life.  Shak. 

A  private  person  may  arrest  afelou. 

Blackstone 

6.  Individmil:  personal  ;  in  contradistinction 
from  public  or  national ;  as  private  inter 
est. 

Private  tcay,  in  law,  is  a  way  or  passage  in 
which  a  man  has  an  interest  and  right, 
though  the  ground  may  belong  to  another 
person.  In  common  language,  a  private 
way  may  be  a  secret  way,  one  not  known 
or  public. 

A  private  act  or  statute,  is  one  which  ope- 
rates on  an  individual  or  company  only  ; 
opposed  to  li  grnrral  law,  which  operates 
on  the  whole  community. 


A  private  nusance  or  wrong,  is  one  which  af- 
fects an  individual.  Blackstone. 

In  private,  secretly  ;  not  openly  or  publicly. 

Scripture. 

PRI'V.\TE,  n.  A  secret  message  ;  particu- 
lar business.   [Unusual.]  Shak.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  common  soldier. 

PRIVATEER,  n.  [from  private.]  A  ship 
or  vessel  of  war  owned  and  equipped  by 
a  private  man  or  by  individuals,  at  their 
own  expense,  to  seize  or  plunder  the  ships 
of  an  enemy  in  war.  Such  a  ship  must 
be  licensed  or  commissioned  by  govern- 
ment, or  it  is  a  pirate. 

PRIVATEE'R,  i-.  i.  To  cruise  in  a  com- 
missioned private  ship  against  an  encmv, 
for  seizing  their  sliips  or  annoying  their 
commerce. 

PRI' VAT  ELY,  adv.  In  a  secret  manner; 
not  openly  or  publicly. 

2.  In  a  manner  affecting  an  individual  or 
company.     He  is  nol  privatehj  benefited. 

PRI'VATENESS,  n.  Secrecy";  privacy. 

Bacon. 

2.  Retirement ;  seclusion  from  company  or 
society.  H'otton. 

3.  The  state  of  an  individual  in  the  ratik  of 
common  citizens,  or  not  invested  with  of- 
fice. 

PRIVA  TION.  n.  [Fr.from  L.privatio,  from 
privo.     See  Private.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  deprived;  particular- 
ly, deprivation  or  absence  of  what  is  ne- 
cessary for  comfort.  He  endures  his  pri- 
vations with  wonderful  tbrtitude. 

2.  The  act  of  removing  something  possess- 
ed ;  the  removal  or  destruction  of  any 
thing  or  quality.  The  garrison  was  com- 
pelled by  privation  to  surrender. 

For  what  is  this  contagious  sin  of  kind 
But  a  privation  of  that  grace  within  ? 

Davie.1. 

3.  Absence,  in  general.  Darkness  is  a /jn'i'a- 
<7on  of  light.  Encyc. 

4.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  separating  a  thing 
from  something  appendant.  Johnson. 

5.  The  act  of  degrading  from  ranker  office. 

Bacon. 
[But  in  this  sense,  deprivation  is  now 
used.     See  Deprivation.] 

PRIV'ATIVFj,  a.  Causing  privation. 

2.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something ; 
not  positive.  Privative  is  in  things,  what 
negative  is  in  propositions ;  as  privative 
blessings,  safeguard,  liberty  and  integrity. 

Taylor. 

PRIV'.\TIVE,  n.  That  of  which  the  es- 
sence is  the  absence  of  something.  Black- 
ness and  darkness  are  privatives.      Bacon. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  prefix  to  a  word  which 
changes  its  signification  and  gives  it  a 
contrary  sense,  as  a,  in  Greek;  oiixo;,  un- 
just; a  and  i<.xr,;  un  and  iti  in  English, 
as  unwise,  inhuman.  The  word  may  also 
be  applied  to  suffixes,  an  less,  in  harmte.is. 

PRIV'ATIVELY,  adv.  By  the  absence  of 
something. 

2.  Negatively. 

The  duty  of  the  new  covenant  is  set   down 
first  privatively.     [  Uiiusual.']  Hammond. 

PRIV'ATIVENESS.  ;i.  Notation  of  the  ab- 
sence of  something.     [Little  used.] 

PRIV'ET,  7!.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ligus- 
trum.  The  evergreen  privet  is  of  the  genus 
Khamnus.  Mock  privet  is  of  the  genus 
Phillyrea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


PRO 


PRIVILEGE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  privilegium ; 
privus,  separate,  private,  and  lex,  law  : 
originally  a  private  law,  some  public  act 
that  regarded  an  individual.] 

1.  A  particular  and  peculiar  benefit  or  ad- 
vantage enjoyed  by  a  person,  company  or 
society,  beyond  the  common  advantages 
of  other  citizens.  A  privilege  may  be  a 
particular  right  granted  by  law  or  held  by 
custom,  or  it  may  be  an  exemption  from 
some  burden  to  which  others  are  subject 
The  nobles  of  Great  Britain  have  the 
privilege  of  being  triable  by  their  peers 
only.  Members  of  parliament  and  of  our 
legislatures  have  the  privilege  of  e.xemp 
tion  from  arrests  in  certain  cases.  The 
powers  of  a  hanking  company  are  privi- 
leges granted  by  the  legislature. 

He  pleads  the  \ega\  privilege  of  a  Roman. 

KeUlewdl. 

The  privilege  of    birthright   was  a  douhle 

portion.  Locke. 

2.  Any  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage,  right  or 
immunity,  not  common  to  others  of  the 
human  race.  Thus  we  speak  of  national 
privileges,  and  civil  and  political  privileges, 
which  we  enjoy  above  other  nations.  We 
have  ecclesiastical  and  religious  privileges 
secured  to  us  by  our  constitutions  of  gov- 
ernment. Personal  privileges  are  attached 
to  the  person;  as  those  of  embassadors, 
peers,  members  of  legislatures,  &c.  Real 
privileges  are  attached  to  place  ;  as  the 
privileges  of  the  king's  ])alace  in  England. 

3.  Advantage;  favor;   benefit. 

A  nation  despicable   by  its  weakness,  forfeits 
even  the  privilege  of  being  neutral. 

Federalist,  Hamilton. 
Writ    of  privilege,  is    a  writ    to    ileliver    a 
])rivileged  person  from  custody  when  ar- 
rested in  a  civil  suit.  Btackstone. 
PRIV'ILEgE,  v.  t.  To  grant  some  particu- 
lar right  or  e.temption  to  ;  to  invest   with 
a  peculiar  riglit  or  immunity  ;  as,  \.oprivi-\ 
lege  representatives  from  arrest ;  to  privi- 
lege the  officers  and  students  of  a  college 
from  military  duty. 
2.  To  exempt  from  censure  or  danger. 

Tills  place  doth /» ii'i/e^e  me.  Daniel. 

PRIV'ILEgED,  pp.  Invested  with  a  privi- 
lege ;  enjoying  a  peculiar  right  or  immu- 
nity. The  clergy  in  Great  Britain  were 
formerly  a  privileged  body  of  men.  No 
person  is  privileged  from  arrest  for  indicta- 
ble crimes. 
PRIV'ILEgING,  ppr.  Investing  with  a  pe- 
culiar right  or  inmnmity. 
PRIVILY,  adv.  [from  privy.]  Privately  ; 
secretly. 

— False  teaclieis  among  you,  wlio  shaWprivily 
brini;  in  damnable  heresies.     2  Pet.  ii. 
PRIVITY,  n.    [Fr.  privauU.     See  Private 
and   Privy.]      Privacy;    secrecy;    confi- 
dence. 

1  will  to  you.  in  primly,  discover  the  drift  of 
my  purpose.     [Little  «.«•(/.]  Spenser. 

2.  Private  knowledge  ;  joint  knowledge  with 
another  of  a  private  concern,  which  is  of- 
ten supposed  to  imply  consent  or  concur- 
rence. 

All  tli(!  doors  were  laid  open  for  his  depart- 
ure, not  without  Ihe  privity  of  the  prince  of  Or- 
ange, .^wift. 
But  it  is  usual  to  say,  "a  thing  is  done 
with  his  pnmlij  an<l  consent ;"  in  which 
phraye,  privily  signifies  merely  private 
knowlcdirc. 


3.  Privities,  in  the  plural,  secret  parts ;  the 
parts  which  modesty  requires  to  he  con- 
cealed. 

PRIVY,  a.  [Fr.pm-^;  h.  jnivus.  See  Pri- 
vate.] 

^.  Private;  pertaining  to  .some  person  ex- 
clusively ;  assigned  to  private  uses;  not 
jmblic  ;  as  the  privy  purse  ;  the  privy  cof 
for  of  a  king.  Blaekstone. 

2.  Secret;  clandestine;  not  open  or  public 
as  a  privy  attempt  to  kill  one. 

3.  Private ;  appropriated  to  retiretneut ;  not 
shown ;  not  open  for  the  admission  of 
company  ;  as  a  privy  chamber.   Ezek.  xxi. 

4.  Privately  knowing;  admitted  to  the  par- 
ticipation of  knowledge  with  another  of  a 
secret  transaction. 

He  would  rather  lose  half  of  his  kingdom 
tlian  be  privy  to  such  a  secret.  .Swift. 

Myself  am  one  made  privy  to  the  plot. 

Sliak. 
His  wife  also  being  jn-ivy  to  it.     Acts  v. 

5.  Admitted  to  secrets  of  state.  The  privy 
council  of  a  king  consists  of  a  number  of 
distinguished  persons  selected  by  him  to 
advise  him  in  the  administration  of  the 
government.  Btackstone. 

A  privy  verdict,  is  one  given  to  the  judge  out 
of  court,  which  is  of  no  force  mdess  after- 
ward afiirmeil  by  a  |)ublic  verdict  in  comt. 

Btackstone. 

PRIVY,  n.  In  law,  a  partaker;  a  person 
having  an  interest  in  any  action  or  thing; 
as  a  privy  in  blooil.  Privies  are  of  four 
kinds;  privies  in  blood,  as  the  heir  to  his 
father;  privies  in  representation,  as  exe- 
cutors and  administrators  to  the  deceased  ; 
privies  in  estate,  as  he  in  reversion  and 
he  in  remainder ;  donor  and  donee  ;  lessor 
and  lessee  ;  privy  in  tenure,  as  the  lord  in 
escheat.  Eneyc. 

'i.  A  necessary  house. 

Privy  chamber,  in  Great  Britain,  the  private 
apartment  in  a  royal  residence  or  man- 
sion. Gentlemen  of  the  privy  chamber  are 
servants  of  the  king,  who  are  to  wait  and 
attend  on  him  and  the  queen  at  court,  in 
their  diversions,  &c.  They  are  forty 
eight  in  number,  under  the  lord  cham- 
berlain. Encyc. 

PRIVY-eOUN'SELOR,  n.  A  member  of 
the  privy  council. 

Privy-counselors  are  made  by  the  king's 
nominatiou  without  patent  or  grant. 

Blackstone. 

PRIVY-SEAL,        ^         In    England,    the 

PRIVY-SIG'NET,  I  "•  seal  which  the 
king  uses  previously  in  grants,  &c.  which 
are  to  pass  the  great  seal,  or  which  he 
uses  in  matters  of  subordinate  conse- 
quence, which  do  not  require  the  great 
seal. 

2.  Privy-seal,  is  used  elliptically  for  the  prin- 
cipal secretary  of  state,  or  person  entrust- 
ed with  the  privy-seal. 

The  king's  sign  manual  is  the  warrant  to  the 
privy-seal,  who  makes  out  a  writ  or  warrant 
thereon  to  the  chancery.  The  sign  manual  is 
the  warrant  to  the  privy-seal,  and  the  privy- 
seal  is  the  warrant  to  the  great  seal. 

Black.itime. 

PRIZE,  n.  [Fv.  prise,  from  pris.  taken  ;  Sp. 
Port,  presa  ;  G.  preis  ;  I),  prys ;  Dan. 
priis  ;  Sw.  pris.  See  Praise  and  Price.] 
Literally,  that  which  is  taken  ;  Innice, 

1.  That  wliicli  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in 


war ;  any  species  of  goods  or  property 
seized  by  force  as  spoil  or  plunder;  or 
that  which  is  taken  in  combat,  particularly 
a  ship.  A  privateer  takes  an  enemy's 
ship  as  a  prize.  They  make^nze  of  all 
the  property  of  the  enemy. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  another;  that 
which  is  deemed  a  valuable  acqui.sitiou. 

I'hen  prostrate  falls,   and  begs   with  ardent 

eyes, 
Soon  to  obtain  and  long  possess  the  prize. 

Pope. 

3.  That  which  is  obtained  or  offered  as  the 
reward  of  contest. 

— I  will  never  wrestle  (or  prize.  Shak. 

I   fought    and  conquer'd,   yet  have  lost  the 

prize.  Dry  den. 

4.  The  reward  gained  by  any  performance. 

Dryden. 

5.  In  colloquial  language,  any  valuable  thing 
gamed. 

6.  The  money  drawn  by  a  lottery  ticket  : 
opposed  to  blank. 

I'RIZE,  )>.  t.  [Fr.  priser,  from  orii,  price,  L. 
prelium  ;  It.  apprezzare  ;  Fr.  apprecier. 
English  analogy  requires  that  the  com- 
pound should  be  conformed  to  the  orthog- 
raphy of  this  word,  and  written  a;)pn':t.] 

1.  To  set  or  estimate  the  value  of;  to  rate  ; 
as,  to  prize  the  goods  specified  in  an  in- 
voice. 

Life  I  prize  not  a  straw.  Shak. 

2.  To  value  highly  ;  to  estimate  to  be  of 
great  worth  ;  to  esteem. 

I  prize  your  person,  but  your  crown  disdain. 

Dryden. 

PRI'ZED,  pp.  Rated;  valued;  esteemed. 

PRIZE  FIGHTER,  n.  One  that  fights  pub- 
licly for  a  reward.  '      Pope. 

PRI'ZER,  n.  One  that  estimates  or  sets  the 
value  of  a  thing.  Shak. 

PRI'ZING,  ppr.  Rating  ;  valuing  ;  esteem- 
ing. 

PRO,  a  Latin  and  Greek  preposition, signify- 
ing/or, before,  forth,  is  [irobably  contracted 
from  jirod,  coinciding  with  It.  proda,  a 
prow,  prode,  brave;  having  the  primary 
sense  of  moving  forward.  See  Prodigal. 
In  the  phrase,  pro  and  con,  that  \s,  pro  and 
conlra,  it  answx'rs  to  the  English/or  ; /or 
and  against.  Prior. 

In  composition,  pro  denotes  fore,  forth,  for- 
ivard. 

PRO'A,  n.  Flying  proa,  a  vessel  used  in  the 
south  seas,  with  the  head  and  stern  ex- 
actly alike,  but  with  the  sides  differently 
formed.  That  which  is  intended  for  the 
lee  side  is  flat,  the  other  rounding.  To 
prevent  oversetting,  the  vessel  is  furnished 
with  a  frame  extended  from  the  wind- 
ward siilc,  called  an  out  rigger.        Encyc. 

PROBABILITY,  n.  [Fr.  probability  ;  L. 
probahililas.     See  Probable.] 

1.  Likelihood  ;  appearance  of  truth  ;  that 
state  of  a  case  or  question  of  fact  which 
residls  from  superior  evidence  or  [rrepon- 
deratiou  of  argument  on  one  side,  inclin- 
ing the  mind  to  receive  it  as  the  truth,  hut 
leaving  some  room  for  doubt.  It  there- 
fore falls  short  of  moral  certainty,  but  pro- 
duces what  is  called  opinion. 

Probability  is  tiie  appearance  of  the  agree- 
ment or  disaiiiceiiu'iit  of  two  ideas,  by  the  in- 
tervi-ulion  of  proofs  whose  coiiuoction  is  not 
constant,  but  appears  for  the  most  part  to  be  so. 

Locke. 


PRO 


P  R  () 


PRO 


Demonstration  produces  science  or  certain 
knowledf^e  ;  proof  produces  belief,  and  proba 
bilitij  opinion.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  tliinfj  that  haR  the  appearance  of 
reality  or  triitli.  In  this  .sense,  tlie  word 
admits  of  the  phiral  nuinher 

Tlic  wliolc  lite  of  man  is  a  perpetual  compari- 
son of  evidence  and  balancing  o{ probabiMies. 

Buckminstn' 
PROB'ABLE,    a.    [Fr.  from  L.  yrnbabilis, 
from  probo.  to  prove,     ^eo  Prave. 

1.  Likely;  liaving  more  evidence  than  the 
contrary,  or  evidence  which  inclines  the 
mind  to  belief,  but  leaves  some  room  for 

doubt. 

That  is  accounted /»o6a6/c,  which  has  liette 
arguments  producible  for  it  thau  can  be  broui;ht 
against  it.  South. 

I  do  not  say  that  the  principles  of  religion 
are  merely  ]irobitblc ;  I  have  before  asserted 
them  to  be  morally  certain.  Tf^ilkins, 

2.  That  renders  something  probable  ;  as 
probable  evidence,  ov probable  presumption. 

BlackMone. 

3.  That  may  be  proved.     [Kot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

PROIVABLY,  adv.    Likely  ;  in    likeli.iood  ; 

with   tlie  appearance  of  truth  or  reality  ; 

as,  the  story  is  probably  true  ;  the  account 

is  probabtji  correct. 

Disuni;ni<b  between  what  may  possibly,  and 

wbal  will  jnvbuhli/  be  done.  V Estrange. 

PRO'BA.N'G,    n.    [.See  Probe.]     In  surgery, 

un   iiislruirjent  of  whalebone  and  spuiige, 

lor  removing  obstructions  in  the  throat  or 

esophagus.  Coxe. 

A    tle.\ible   piece  of  whalebone,   with 

spunye  fi.\ed  to  the  end.  Pnrr. 

PRO'  B.ATE,  n.  [L.  prob.itus,  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Tlic  probate  of  a  will  or  testament  is  the 
proving  of  its  genuineness  and  validity,  or 
tlie  exhibition  of  the  will  to  the  proper 
officer,  with  the  witnesses  if  necessary 
and  the  process  of  determining  its  validity, 
and  the  registry  of  it,  and  such  otiicrpro 
ccedings  as  the  laws  prescribe,  as  prelim 
iriary  to  the  execution  of  it  by  the  execu 
tor. 

2.  The  right  or  jurisdiction  of  proving  wills 
In  lOnglund,  the  spiritual  court  has  the 
probate  of  wills  In  the  United  States, 
the  probate  of  wills  belongs  to  a  court  of 
civil  jurisiliction  established  by  law,  usu 
ally  to  a  single  judge,  culled  a  judge  of 
jjrohale,  or  a  surrogate. 

:5.  Proof.     [.Vot  used.]  Skclton. 

PROBA'TION,  n.  [L.  probalio.]  The  act 
of  proving;  |)roof.  li'ilkins.     Locke. 

2.  Trial;  examination;  any  pniceedinjr  de- 
signed to  ascertain  truth;  in 


\6.  In  general,  trial  for  i)roof,  or  satisfactory 

evidence,  or  the  time  of  trial. 
PROBA'TIONAL,  a.  Serving  lor  trial. 

Bp.  Richardson 
PROBA'TIONARY,  a.  Serving  lor  trial. 
All  tlie  probationary  work  of  man  is  ended 
when  death  arrives.  Dwight 

PROBA'TION  ER,  n.  One  who  is  on  trial, 
or  in  a  state  to  give  proof  of  certain  quali- 
fications for  a  place  or  state. 
While  yet  a  young  probationer. 
And  candidate  for  heaven.  Dryden 

2.  A  novice.  Decay  of  Piety. 


3.  In  Scotland,  a  student  in  divinity,  who, 
producing  a  certificate  of  a  professor  in 
an  university  of  his  good  morals  and  qual- 
ifications, is  admitted  to  several  trials,  and 
on  acquitting  himself  well,  is  licensed  to 
preach.  Encyc. 

PROBA'TIONERSHIP,  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  probationer  ;  novitiate.  [Little 
used?]  Locke. 

PROBA'TIONSHIP,  n.  A  state  of  proba- 


1.  Ill  logic,  a  proposition  that  appears  nei- 
ther absolutely  true  nor  false,  and  cunse- 
uuently  may  be  asserted  either  in  the  af- 
firmative or  negative. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  proposition  in  which  some 
operation  or  construction  is  required,  as 
to  divide  a  line  or  an  angle,  to  let  fall  a 

i     perpendicular,  &c.  Encyc. 

3.  In  general,  any  question  involving  doubt 
or  uncertainty,  and  reiiuiring  some  opera- 
tion, experiment  or  further  evidence  for 
its  solution. 

The  problem  is,  whether  a  strong  and  con- 
slant  belief  Uiat  a  thing  will  be,  helps  any  thing 
to  the  eflecting  of  the  thing.  Bacon. 

PROBLEMAT'IeAL,  a.  Questionable  ; 
uncertain  ;  unsettled  ;  disputable ;  doubt- 
ful. 

Diligent  inquiries  into  problematical/  guilt, 
leave  a  gate  wide  open  to  informers.         Sivi/l. 

PROBLEiMAT'ICALLY,  adv.  Doubtfully  : 
dubiously  ;  uncertainly. 

PROB'LEMATIZE,  v.  t.  To  propose  prob- 
lems.    [Ill  formed  and  not  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 

PROBOS'CIS,  n.  [L.  from  the  Gr.  npoSos- 
j!i5  ;  «po,  before,  and  yJoaxu,  to  feed  or 
graze.] 

The  snout  or  trunk  of  an  elephant  and  of 
other  animals,  particularly  of  insects. 
The  proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  flexible 
muscular  pipe  or  canal  of  about  8  feet  in 
length,  and  is  properly  the  extension  of 
the  nose.  This  is  the  instrument  with 
which  he  takes  food  and  carries  it  to  his 
mouth.  The  proboscis  of  insects  is  used 
to  suck  blood  from  animals,  or  juice  from 
plants. 

PROeA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  procaj:  :  pro,  for- 
ward, and  perhaps  the  root  of  It.  cacciare, 
Sp.  cazar,  to  chase,  that  is,  to  [)ush  for- 
ward.] Pert  ;  petulant  ;  suiicy.  [Little 
used.]  Barrow. 

Inipu- 


tioii  ;  novitiate  ;    probation.     [Little  used 
and  unnecessary. 
PRO'B.'VTIVE,  a.  Serving  for  trial  or  proof 

South. 

PROBA'TOR,  11.    [L,]    An   examiner  ;   an 

ajiprover.  Maydman. 

2.  In  law,  an  accuser.  Cowel. 

PRO'B.VrORY,  a.  Serving  for  trial. 

Bramhall. 

2.  Serving  for  proof  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Relating  to  [iroof  ({uintitian.  Trans. 

Probatum  est,  [L.  it  is  proved.]  an  expres- 
sion subjoined  to  a  receipt  for  the  cure  ofj 
a  disease,  denoting  that  it  has  been  tried 
or  proved. 

PROBE,  n.  [from  L.  probo  ;  Fr.  eprouvctte, 

a  probe  ;  G.  probe,  proof;  Kuss.  probivayu, 

to  pierce.    The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust, 

to  drive,  from  straining,  exertion  of  force.] 
.\  surgeon's    instrument   for  examining  the 

depth  or  other  circumstances  of  a  wound,!  PROCACTTY,  n.    [L.  procacifas.] 

ulcer  or  cavity,  or  the  direction  of  a  sinus,jl     dence  ;  petulance.     [LittU  used.] 

or  for  searchmg  for  stones  in  the  bladder 

aiul  the  like.  Encyc.     Pom]  PROC.ATARC  TIC 

PROBE,  V.  t.  To   examine  a   wound,  ulcer,      «|5o,  xora  and  a|);^ij,  to  begin. J 

or  some  cavity  of  the  body,  by  the  use  of]  In    niedicine,   pre-existing  or   predisposing  ; 


Burton, 
a.  [Gr.  !(poxarapxrtxo; ; 


an  instrument  thrust  into  the  part. 

South. 

2.  To  search  to  the  bottom  ;  to  scrutinize  ; 
to  examine  thoroughly  into  causes  and 
circuiiisiances. 

PROBE-SCISSORS,  n.  Scissors  used  to 
open  wounds,  the  blade  of  which,  to  be 
thrust  into  the  orifice,  has  a  Imttnii  at  the 
end.  If'iseman. 


the  examination  of  a   student,  as  to  his'PROB'ITY,  n.  [Ij.  probitas,  fi-i>n\ 
qualifications  for  a  degree.  jl     prche  ;  h.  probitii ;  Vr.  probiti.] 

3.  In  a  monastic  sciisc,  trial  or  the  year   oflPriniarily,   tried  virtue  or  integrity,  or 
novitiate,  which  a  person  must  pass  in  ai 
convent,  to  prove  his  virtue  and   his  abili- 
ty to  bear  the  severities  of  the  rule. 

Encyc. 

4.  Moral  trial;  the  state  of  man  in  the  pres- 
ent life,  in  which  he  has  the  opportunity 
of  proving  his  character  and  being  quali- 
fied for  a  happier  state. 

Probation  will  cud  with  the  present  life. 

JVelson. 

5.  In  America,   the  trial   of  a   clergyman's  |PROB'LE.M,  n.    [Fr.   p. 
qualifications  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel, |l     problema  ;  Gi:  rtpoSXrjua, 


preparatory  to  his  settlement.     We  say,  all 
man  is  preaching  on  probation. 


probo,   to 

proved  actions;  but  in  general,  strict  hoii-| 
esty  ;   sincerity  ;   veracity  ;   integrity    inj; 
principle,  or  strict  conformity  of  actionsj 
to  the  laws  of  justice.     Probity  of  mind  orij 
(iriiiciple   is   best   evinced   by 
coiuhict  in  social  dealings,  particularly  in 
adhering  to  strict  integrity  in  the  observ- 
ance  and   performance   of  rights   called 
imperfect,  which   public  laws  do  not  reach 
and  cannot  enforce. 

obleme  ;  L.  It.    Sp. 
from  rt)>otSa?.>,u,  to 


1  remote ;  as  procatarctic  causes  of  a  dis- 
ease, in  distinction  from  immediate  or  ex- 
citing causes.  Tims  heat  may  be  the 
procatarctic,  and  extreme  fatigue  the  im- 

'■     mediate  or  exciting  cause  of  a  fever. 

JPROCATARX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  supra.]  The 
predisposing  caii.se  of  a  disease.      Quiacy. 

PROCEDURE,  71.  [Fr.  Sec  Proceed.]  The 
act  of  proceeding  or  moving  forward ; 
progress  ;  process  ;  operation  ;  series   of 

I  actions ;  as  the  procedure  of  the  soul  in 
certain  actions.  But  it  is  more  generally 
applied  to  persons;  as,  this  is  a  strange 
procedure  in  a  public  body.  The  motions 
of  pliysical  causes  arc  more  generally  de- 
nomin.ited  operations, 
probity  of^  2.  .Alanner  of  proceeding  ;  management  ; 
conduct.  South. 

.3.  That  which  proceeds  from  something  ; 
producje._  [.Ydt  in  use.]  Bacon. 


throw  forward  ;  rtpo  and  t3tt?.Xu,  to  throw, 
L.  pello.]     A  question  proposed 


PROCEE'D,  ^,.   .    [Fr.Sp.  Port,  proccrffr: 
PROCE'DE,  i  '•  '■   It.  procedtre  ;    from   L. 

procedo  :  pro,  forward,  and  cedo,  to  move. 

The  more  correct   orthography  is  procede, 

ill  an.-ilogy   with  precede,  concede,   recede, 

procedure.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


1.  To  move,  pass  or  go  forward  from  one 
place  to  another  ;  applied  to  persons  or 
things.  A  man  proceeds  on  his  journey ; 
a  slop  proceeds  ot)  her  voyage. 

This  word  thus  used  implies  that  the 
motion,  journey  or  voyage  had  heen  pre- 
viously commenced,  and  to  proceed  is  then 
to  renew  or  continue  the  motion  or  i>ro- 
gress. 


To  pass  from  one  point,  stage  or  topic  to 
another.  The  preacher  proceeds  from  one 
division  of  his  suhject,  and  the  advocate 
from  one  argument,  to  another. 

3.  To  issue  or  come  as  from  a  source  or 
fountain.  Light  proceeds  from  the  sun  ; 
vice  proceeds  from  a  depraved  heart ;  vir- 
tuous affections  proceed  from  God. 

4.  To  come  from  a  person  or  place.  Christ 
says,  "  I  proceeded  forth  and  came  from 
God."     John  viii. 

5.  To  prosecute  any  design. 

He  that  proceeds  on  other  principles  in  his 
inquiry  into  any  sciences,  posts  himself  in  a 
parly.  Locke. 

6.  To  be  transacted  or  carried  on. 

He  will,  after  his  sour  fashion,  teU  you, 
What   hath  proceeded     worthy  note    to-day 
[jVot  now  in  use.]  Sliak. 

7.  To  make  progress ;  to  advance. 

Milton. 

8.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  series  of  actions 
or  measures.  The  attorney  was  at  a  loss 
in  what  manner  to  proceed  against  the  of- 
fender. In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often 
followed  by  agaitist. 

9.  To  transact ;  to  act ;  to  carry  on  method- 
ically. 

From  them  I  will  not  hide 
My  judgments,  how  with  mankind  I  proceed. 

Milton. 

10.  To  have  a  course. 
This  ride  only  proceeds  and  takes  place,  when 

a  person  cannot  of  common  law  condemn  an- 
other by  liis  sentence.  -^yliffe 

11.  To  issue  ;  to  he  produced  or  propagated 
From  my  loins  thou  shalt  proceed.        Milton 

12.  To  be  produced  by  an  effectual  cause 
All  created  things  proceed  from  God. 

Milton. 
I'ROCEE'DER,  n.  One  wlio  goes  forward, 
or  vvlio  makes  a  progress.  Bacon 

TROCEE'DING,   j'f-     Moving  forward  ; 
passing  on ;  issuing  ;  transacting  ;  carry 
ing  on. 
I'ROCEE'DING,  n.   Process  or  movement 
from  one  thing  to  another;  a  measure  or 
step    taken  in   business  ;  transaction  ;  in 
the  plural,  a  course  of  measures  or  con- 
iluct ;  course  of  dealing  with  others.     We 
s|icak  of  a  legal  or  an  illegal  proceeding,  a 
cautious  proceeding,  a  violent  proceeding. 
in  the  plural,  lUe  proceedings  of  the  legisla- 
ture have  been   wise  and   salutary.     It  is 
our  duty  to   acquiesce   cheerfully    in   a 
dt>iVs  proceedings  towards  us.  | 

'J.  In  law,  the  course  of  steps  or  measures  in 
the  prosecution  of  an  action  is  denomina- 
ted proceedings.     [See  Process.] 
i'ROCEE'DS,    n.    plu.    Issue  ;  rent;    pro- 
duce; as  the  proceeds  of  an  estate. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  sum,  amount  or  value  of 
goods  sold  or  converted  into  money.    Tin. 
consignee  v/as  directed   to  sell  the  cargt 
and  vest  the  proceeds  in  coffee.     The  pro 
reeds  of  the  goods  sold  amounted  to   little 
•  iiorc  than  the  prime  cost  and  charges. 


PROCELEUSMAT'le,  a.  [Gr.  Ttf^oxtXivs- 
^aTixos  ;  Ttfio  and  xe^ivafia,  mandate,  in- 
citement.] 

Inciting  ;  animating  ;  encouraging.  This 
epithet  is  given  to  a  metrical  foot  in  poetry 
consisting  of  four  short  syllables. 

Johnson. 

PROCEP'TION,  n.  Preoccupation.  [Ill 
formed  and  not  in  use.]  K.  Charles. 

PROCER'ITY,  n.  [L.  proceritas,  from  pro- 
cerus, tall.]  Tallness;  highth  of  stature. 
[Little  used.]  Mdison. 

PROCESS,    n.    [Fr.  procis ;  L.  processus, 
from  procedo.     See  Proceed.] 
A  proceeding  or  moving  forward  ;  pro- 
gressive cour.se  ;  tendency  ;  as  the  process 
of  man's  desire.  Hooker 

2.  Proceedings;  gradual  progress;  course 
as  the  process  of  a  war.  Dnjden 

3.  Operations  ;  experiment  ;  series  of  ac- 
tions or  experiments;  as  a  chimical  pro- 
cess. 

4.  Series  of  motions  or  changes  in  growth, 
decay,   &c.   in    physical    bodies  ;  as   the 
process  of  vegetation  or  of  mineralization 
the  process  of  decomposition. 

5.  Course  ;  continual  flux  or  passage  ;  a 
the  profcss  of  time.  Milton.     Boyle. 

0.  Methodical  management;  series  of  meas 
ures  or  proceedings. 

The  process  of  the  great  day — is  described  Iiy 
our  Savior.  A'elsun. 

7.  In  law,  the  whole  course  of  proceedings,  in 
a  cause,  real  or  piisonal,  civil  or  crimi- 
nal, from  the  original  writ  to  the  end  of 
the  suit.  Original  process  is  the  means 
taken  to  compel  the  defendant  to  appear 
in  court.  Mesne  process  is  that  which  is- 
sues, pending  the  suit,  upon  some  collate- 
ral or  interlocutory  matter.  Final  process 
is  the  process  of  execution.        Blackston 

8.  In  anatom;/,  any  protuberance,  eminence 
or  projecting  part  of  a  bone. 

Encyc.     Core. 
PROCESSION,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  processio. 
See  Proceed.] 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  issuing. 

Pearson 

2.  A  train  of  persons  walking,  or  riding  oi: 
hor.'ieback  or  in  vehicles,  in  a  fmnial 
march,  or  moving  with  ceiemoninus  so- 
lemnity ;  as  a  processjou  of  clergy  and  peo- 
])le  in  "the  Romish  church  ;  a  triumphal 
procession;  a  funeral  procession. 

Him  all  his  train 
Follow'd  in  bright  profession.  Milton 

PROCES'SIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro 
cession  ;  consisting  in  a  procession. 

Saurin,  Trans. 
PROCES'SIONAL,  n.   A   bonk  relating  to 
processions  of  the  Romish  church. 

Greg'or^. 

PROCES'SIONARY,  a.  Consisting  in  pro- 
cession ;  as  processionary  service. 

Hooker. 

PROCHEIN,  a.  proshcn.  [Fr.  prochain;  L 
proximus.] 

Next ;  nearest ;  used  in  the  law  phrase,  }iro- 
chein  amy,  the  next  friend,  any  person  who 
undertakes  to  assist  an  infant  or  minor  in 
prosecuting  his  rights.  Blarkstonc. 

PRO'CIIRONISM,  n.  [(Jr.  rtfoxi>«vi^,  to 
precede  in  time ;  rtpo,  before,  and  Xf"'"i^ 
time.] 


An  antedating  ;  the  dating  of  an  event  before 

the  time  it  happened ;  hence,  an  error  in 

chronology.  Gregory. 

PRO'CTDENCE,  n.  [L.  procidentia;  procido. 

to  fall  down.] 
A  falling  down ;  a  prolapsus ;  as  of  the  in- 
testinum  rectum.  Coie.     Parr. 

PROCID'  LOUS,  o.  That  falls  from  its  place. 

Jones. 
PROCIN€T',  n.  [L.  procinctus ;  procingo,to 

prepare,  that  is,  to  gird.] 
Complete    preparation    for   action.     [Liltk 
used.]  Milton. 

PROeLATM,  V.  t.   [L.  proclamo;    pro  and 
clamo,  to  cry  out.     See  Claim.] 
To  promulgate  ;  to  announce  ;  to  publish  ; 
as,  to  proclaim  a  fast ;  to  proclaim  a  feast. 
Lev.  xxiii.    1  Kings  xxi. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  proclaim  liberty  to  the 
captives.    Is.  Ixi. 

To  denounce;  to  give  official  notice  of. 
Heralds  xvere  formerly  employed  to  pro- 
claim war. 

To  declare  with  honor;  as,  to  proclaim 
the  name  of  the  Lord,  that  is,  to  declare 
his  perfections.  E.x.  xxxiii. 
4.  To  utter  openly ;  to  make  public.  Some 
profligate  wretches  openly  proclaim  their 
atheism. 

Most  men  will  proclaim  every  one  his  own 
goodness.    Prov.  xx. 
o.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation. 

I  heard  myself  proclaimed.  Shak. 

PRO€LA'IMED,    pp.    Published  officially ; 

promulgated;  made  publicly  known. 
PROCLA'IMER,  n.  One  who  publishes  by 
authority ;  one  that  announces  or  makes 
publiciv  known.  Milton. 

PROCLA'IMING,   ppr.  Publishing  official- 
ly ;  denouncing  ;    promulgating  ;   making 
publicly  known. 
PROCLAMATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.procla- 
matio,  from  proclamo.] 

1.  Publication   by   authority  ;  official  notice 
given  to  the  public. 

King  Asa  made  a  proclamation  throughout 
all  Judah.   1  Kings  xv. 

2.  In  England,  a  declaration  of  the  king's 
will,  openly  published. 

Proclamations  are  a  branch  of  the   king's 
prerogative,  and  are  binding  on  the  subject. 

Eneyc. 
The  declaration  of  any  supreme  magis- 
trate pnlilicly  made  known  ;  as  the  procla- 
mation of  the  governor  appointing  a  day 
of  thanksgiving. 
4.  The  paper  containing  an  official  notice  to 
a  people.  The  slierif  receives  and  dis- 
tributes the  governor's  proclamations. 

J\rew  England. 
PROCLI'VE,  «.  Proclivous.     [JVot  used.] 
PROtLIV' ITY,  n.  [\^. proclivitas,  proclivis ; 
pro  anil  clivus,  a  cliff'.] 

1.  Inclination;  propensity;  proneness;  ten- 
dency. 

'file  sensitive  appetite  may  engender  a  pro- 
clivity to  steal,  but  not  a  necessity  to  steal. 

Bp.  Halt. 

2.  Readiness;  facility  of  learning. 
He  hail  such  a  dextrous  proclivity,  that  his 

teachers  were  fain  to  restrain  liis  forwardness. 

Wotlon. 
PROCLI'VOUS,  a.   [L.  proclivus,  proclivts, 

supra.] 
liii  lined  ;  tending  by  nature.  Diet. 

iPROCON'SUL,  »i.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  co/isni.] 
I     A   Roman    maiistrato  sent   to   govern  a 


3. 


P  11  o 


PRO 


PRO 


province  with  consular  autliority.  The 
proconsuls  were  appointed  from  the  body 
of  the  senate,  atid  tlieir  autliority  ux|)ired 
at  the  end  of  a  year  from  their  appoint- 
„„,„t.  Encyc. 

I'KOCON'SULAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
consul ;  as  jirocotisular  powers. 

2.  Un<ler  the  government  of  a  proconsul;  as 
a  proconsular  province. 

PROcON'SULSllIl',"..The  office  of  a  pro 
consul,  or  the  term  of  his  oflicc. 

PROeKAS'TIN  ATE,  v.  I.  [L.  jirocrastinor 
pro  and  crastiiius  ;  eras,  to-morrow.] 

To  put  ofl'  from  day  to  day  ;  to  delay  ;  to  de- 
fer to  a  future  time ;  as,  to  prucraslinaU 
repentance. 

PRO€RAS'TINATE,  v.  i.  To  delay ;  to  be 
dilatory. 

1  procrastinate  more  than  I  did  twenty  yeais 
ago.  Su-'ifl 

PROeRAS'TINATED,  pp.  Delayed ;  de- 
ferred. 

PROCRASTINATING,  ppr.  Delaying  ; 
putting  <ifl'to  a  future  time. 

PROCRASTINATION,  n.  [L. procraslina 
tio.] 

A  putting  oft"  to  a  future  time  ;  delay  ;  dila 
toriricss. 

PROCRAS'TINATOR,  li.  One  that  defers 
the  performance  of  any  thing  to  a  future 
time. 

PRO'eREANT,  a.  [\..  procreans.  See  Pro- 
cnale.] 

Generating  ;  producing  ;  productive  ;  fruit 
ful.  Shak. 

PRO'CREATE,  v.  I.  [L.  procreo;  pro  and 
creo,  to  create  ] 

1.  To  beget;  to  generate  and  produce;  to 
engender  ;  used  properlij  of  uniinals. 

Btntley 

2.  To  produce  ;  used  of  plants,  but  hardly  al- 
lowable. Blarhmore. 

PRO'CKEATED,;;;).  Begotten  ;  generated. 
PRO'CREATING,  ppr.    Begetting;    gene 

rating  ;  as  vonng. 
PROeREA'iTON,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  procrea 

tio.] 
Tlie  act  of  begetting ;  generation  and  pro- 
duction of  yomig.  South. 
PRO'CREATIVE,  a.   Generative;    having 

the  power  to  beget.  Hale 

PRO  CREATIVENESS,   n.   The  power  of 

generating.  Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO'CREATOR,   n.    One   ihiit  begets ;  a 

generator  ;  a  father  or  sire. 
PROCTOR,  n.    [contracted   from    L.  pro 

curator,  from  procure;  pro  and  euro.] 

1.  In  a  f^eneral  sense,  one  who  is  employed 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  another. 

Hooker. 

2.  Appropriately,  a  person  employed  to  man 
age  another's  cause  in  a  court  of  civil  o 
ecclesiastical  law,  as  in  the  court  of  admi 
ralty,  or  in  a  spiritual  court.  Sioijl. 

3.  The  magistrate  of  a  university. 

Halter. 
PROC'TOR,  I',  i.  To  inanage  ;  a  cant  icord. 

Shak. 
PROC'TORAgE,  Ji.  Management;  in  con- 
tempt. Milton. 
PROCTOR'ICAL,   a.  Belonging  to  the  ac- 
ailemical   proctor  ;   magisterial. 

Prideattx. 

PROCTORSHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 

of  the  proctor  of  a  university. 

Clarendoni 


PROCUM'BENT,  a.  [L.  procumbens,  pro 
cumbo  ;  pro  and  cuho,  to  lie  down.]  Lyin- 
down  or  on  the  face  ;  prone. 

2.  In  botany,  trailing  ;  prostrate ;  unable  to 
support   itself,   and   therefore  lying  on  the 
ground,  but   without  [)Utting  forth  roots 
as  a  procumbent  stem.  Martyn. 

PROCURABLE,  a.  [from  procure.]  That 
may  be  procured  ;  obtainable.  lioyle. 

PRO'CURACY,  )i.  [from  h.  procuro.]  The 
management  of  any  thing.     [j\"oi  used.] 

PROCURATION,  n.  [L.  procuratio.  Sec 
Procure.] 

1.  The  act  of  prociu'ing.  [Procurement  is 
generally  u.sed.] 

2.  The  management  of  another's  affairs. 

3.  The  instrtmient  by  which  a  person  is  cm 
powered  to  transact  the  affairs  of  another. 

Encyc 

4.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  bishop  or 
archdeacon  by  incumbents,  on  account  of 
visitations  ;  called  also  proxy.  Todd.l 

PROCURATOR,  n.  The  njanager  of  an- 
other's affairs.     [See  Proctor.] 

Shak.     Taylor.] 

PROCURATO'RIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a] 
procurator  or  proctor;  made  by  a  proctor. 

Jlyllffe. 

PROCURA'TORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
procurator.  Pearson. 

PROCU'RATORY,  a.  Tending  to  procura- 
tion. 

PROCU'RE,  V.  t.  [Er.  procurer;  It.  procu- 
rarc  ;  Sp.  procurar ;  L.  procuro ;  pro  and 
euro,  to  take  care.  But  the  French  only 
has  the  sense  of  the  English  word.  In 
the  sense  of  manage,  it  is  never  used.] 

1.  To  get ;  to  gaiti  ;  to  obtain ;  as  by  re- 
quest, loan,  effort,  labor  or  purchase.  We 
procure  favors  by  request ;  we  procure 
money  by  borrowing  ;  we  procure  food  by 
cultivating  the  earth  ;  offices  are  procured 
by  solicitation  or  favor;  we  procure  titles 
to  estate  by  purchase.    It  is  used  of  things' 

I  of  temporary  possession  more  generally 
than  acquire.  We  do  not  say,  we  acquirtdt 
favor,  we  acquired  money  by  borrowing, 
but  we  procured. 

2.  To  persuade  ;  to  prevail  on.  | 

\\'hat  unaccustoiu'd  cause  procures  her  hith- 
er.'     [Unusual]  Shak.' 
.3.  To  cause;  to  bring  about;  to  effect;  to 
contrive  and  effect. 

Proceed,  Salinas,  to  procure  my  full. 

Shak. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  on ;  to  bring  on. 

We  no  other  pains  endure 
Than  those  that  wc  ourselves ^nocu»'e. 

Dryden . 

5.  To  draw  to;  to  attract;  to  gain.  Mod- 
estv  procures  love  and  respect. 

PROCURE,  v.i.  To  pimp.  Dryden. 

PROCU'RED,  pp.  Obtained  ;  caused  to  be 

done  ;  effected  :  brouffht  on. 
PROCUREMENT,  n.  the  act  of  procuring 

or  obtaining;  obtainment. 
2.  A  causing  to  be  effected. 
They  tliiiik  it  done 
By  hex  procurement.  Drydeti. 

PROCU'RER.  n.  One  that  procures  or  ob- 
tains ;  that  which  brings  on  or  causes  to 
be  done.  Walton. 

2.  A  pimp  ;  a  pander.  South. 

iPROCU'RESS,  71.  .\  bawd.  Spectaior. 

!pROCU'RING,  7J;)r.  Getting;  gaining;  ob- 

I     taining. 


2.  Causing  to  conic  or  to  be  done. 

.3.  a.  That  causes  to  cmne ;  bringing  on. 
Sin  is  the  procuring  cause  of  all  our  woes. 

PROD  IGAL,  a.  [Fr.  prodigue  ;  Sp.  It. 
prodigo ;  from  L.  prodigus,  trom  prodigo, 
to  drive  forth,  to  lavish.  The  last  com- 
ponent part  of  the  word  is  ago,  to  drive; 
the  first  I  suppose  to  be  prod,  the  original 
word,  afterwanl  contracted  to  pro.  See 
Pro.  The  Welsh  bradyn,  a  prodigal,  if 
from  the  Latin,  is  doubtless  of  the  same 
origin  ;  but  Owen  deduces  this  from  brad, 
a  breaking,  treachery,  treason,  and  this 
coincides  with  Dan.  hryder,  to  break.  See 
Brittle.] 

1.  Given  to  extravagant  expenditures;  ex- 
pending money  or  other  things  without 
necessity  ;  profuse  ;  lavish  ;  wasteful ;  not 
frugal  or  economical ;  as  a  prodigal  man  ;  ' 
the  prodigal  son.  A  man  may  be  prodigal 
of  Ills  strength,  of  his  health,  of  his  life 
or  blood,  as  well  as  of  his  money. 

2.  Profuse ;  lavish ;  expended  to  excess  or 
without  necessity;  as  prodigal  expenses. 

.3.  V'cry  liberal;  profuse.  Nature  is  prodi- 
gal of  her  bounties. 

PRODIGAL,  Ji.  One  that  expends  money 
extravagantly  or  without  necessity  ;  one 
that  is  ijrotlise  or  lavish ;  a  waster ;  a 
spendthrift.  Dryden. 

PRODIGALITY,  n.  [Fr.  prodigalite ;  It. 
prodigalitti ;  Sp.  prodigalidad.] 

1.  Extravagance  in  the  expenditure  of  what 
one  possesses,  particularly  of  money ;  pro- 
fusion ;  waste  ;  excessive  liberality.  It  is 
opposed  to  frugality,  economy,  and  parsi- 
mony. 

By  the  Houian  law  a  man  of  nolorious prodi- 
gality was  treated  as  iioii  compos.  Encyc. 

The  most  severe  censor  cannot  but  be  pleas- 
ed vfitfi  the  prodigality  of  his  wit.         Dryden. 

2.  Profuse  liberality. 
PROD'IGALIZE,  t-.i.  To  be   extravagant 

in  expenditures.     [.\o(  used.]       Sherwood. 
PRODIGALLY,   adv.    With    profusion  of 
expenses  ;  extravagantly  ;  lavishly  ;  waste- 
fully  ;  as  an  estate  prodigally  dissipated. 
2.  W'ith  liberal  abiiiHlance  ;  profusely. 

Nature  not  liountcous  now,  tiut  lavish  grows. 
Our  paths  with  flow'rs  she  prodigally  Mrows. 

Dryden. 

PRODItiTOUS,  a.    [Sp.  It.  prodigioso ;  Fr. 

prodigieux  ;  L.  prodigiosus.   See  Prodigy.] 

1.  Very  great;  huge;  enormous  in  size, 
quantity,  extent,  <Scc. ;  as  a  mountain  of 
prodigious  size  or  altitude  ;  a  prodigious 
mass  or  quantity  of  water;  an  ocean  or 
plain  of  prodigious  extent.     Hence, 

2.  Wonderful ;  astonishing  ;  such  as  may 
seem  a  prodigy  ;  monstrous  ;  [lortentous. 

It  is  prodigious  to  have  thunder  in  a  clear 

sky.  Jirown. 

Prodigious  to  relate.  Dryden. 

PRODIt'i'IOUSLY,  adv.  Enormously; 
wonderfully  ;  astonishingly  ;  as  a  numt)er 
prodigiously  great.  Ray. 

2.  Very  much  ;  extremely  ;  in  familiar  lan- 
guage.    He  was  prodigiously  pleased. 

PRODIG'IOI  SNESS,  n.  Enormousness  of 
size  ;  the  state  of  having  qualities  that  e.v- 
cite  wonder  or  astonishment.  Hall. 

PROD'lLiY,  »i.  [L.  prodigium,  from  prodigo, 
to  shoot  out,  drive  out,  pn^perly  to  spread 
to  a  great  extent.] 

I.  Any  thing  out  of  the  ordinary  process  of 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


nature,  and  so  extraordinary  as  to  excite 
wimder  or  astonishment ;  as  a  prodigy  of 
leiiriiiiig.  Spectator. 

2.  Soinelliing  extraordinary  from  whicli 
omens  are  drawn  ;  portent.  Tlius  eclips- 
es and  meteors  were  anciently  deemed 
prodigies. 

3.  A  monster  ;  an  animal  or  other  produc- 
tion out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature. 

B.  Junson. 

PR0DI"T10N,  n.  [h.  proditio,  from  prodo, 
to  betray  ;  supposed  to  be  compounded  of 
pro  and  do,  to  give.  But  in  W.  bradu  is  to 
betrav.] 

Treachery  ;  treason.  AinswoHh. 

PKOD'ITOR,  n.  [L.]  A  traitor.  [jVotiri 
^tse.^  Shak. 

PROblTO'RIOUS,  a.  Treacherous;  per- 
fidious;  traitorous.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Daniel. 

2.  Apt  to  make  discoveries  or  disclo.sures. 
[JVot  in  use.]  ll'otton. 

PROD'ITORY, a.  Treacherous;  perfidious. 

Milton. 

PRO'DROME,  n.  [Gr.  nfoSpofio; ;  rtpo  and 
■rpfj'",  to  run.] 

A  forerunner.     [JS/otin  use.]  Coles. 

PRODU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  produco;  pro  and 
diico,  to  lead  or  draw  ;  S;ix.  teognn,  teon, 
to  tug ;  It.  producere,  produrre  ;  Sp.  produ- 
cir  :  Kr.  produire.] 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  or  offer  to 
view  or  notice  ;  as,  lo produce  a  witness  or 
evidence  in  court. 

jPro(/wce  your  cause.  Is.  xli. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  the  public. 

Your  parents  did  not  produce  you  much  into 
the  world.  Su-ift. 

3.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  bear;  as  plants  or  the 
soil.  Trees  produce  fruit ;  the  earth  pro 
duces  trees  and  grass  ;  wheat  produces  an 
abundance  of  food. 

4.  To  bear ;  to  generate  and  bring  forth ;  as 
young.  The  seas  produce  fish  in  abun- 
dance. 

They— 
Produce  prodigious  births  of  body  or  mind. 

Milton 

5.  To  cause;  to  effect;  to  bring  into  exist- 
ence. Small  causes  sometimes  produce 
"reat  effects.  The  clouds  produce  rain. 
The  painter  produces  a  picture  or  a  land- 
scape. The  sculptor  produces  a  statue. 
Vice  produces  misery. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  bring  into  being.  The  farmer 
produces  grain  enough  for  his  family. 

7.  To  make  ;  to  bring  into  being  or  form. 
The  manufacturer  produces  excellent 
wares. 

8.  To  yield  or  furnish.  Money  produces 
interest  ;  capital  produces  profit.  The 
commerce  of  the  country  produces  a  reve- 
nue to  government. 

9.  In  general,  to  bring  into  existence  or  into 
view. 

10.  To  draw  out  in  length  ;  to  extend  ;  as  a 
line  produced  from  A  to  B.  Geometri). 

PRODUCE,  n.  That  which  is  produced 
brought  forth  or  yielded  ;  product ;  as  the 
produce  of  a  farm  ;  the  produce  of  trees  ; 
the  produce  of  a  country  ;  the  produce  of  a 
manufacture  ;  the  produce  of  the  sea  ;  the 
produce  of  a  tax  ;  the  produce  of  a  mine, 
liut  when  we  si)eak  of  something  formed 
by  an  individual  artisan  t)r  genius,  we  call 
it  a  production. 


PRODU'CED,  pp.  Brought  into  life,  being 
or  view  ;  yielded. 

PRODU'CEMENT,  n.  Production.  [Mt 
used.]  Milton. 

PRODU'CENT,  n.  One  that  exhibits  or  of- 
fers to  view  or  notice.     [Ao(  much  used.] 

Aijliffe. 

PRODU'CER,  71.  One  that  generates  ;  one 
that  produces.  Locke.     Suckling. 

PRODUCIBIL'ITY,  n.  The  power  of  pro- 
ducing.    [Abt  used.]  Barrow. 

PRODU'CIBLE,  a.  [It.  producibile,  produt- 
tibile.] 

1.  That  may  be  brought  into  being;  that 
may  be  generated  or  made ;  as  producible 
salts.  Boyle. 

2.  That  may  be  brought  into  view  or  notice 
that  may  be  exhibited.  Hammond 

PRODU'CTBLENESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  producible;  as  the  producible- 
ness  of  salts.  Boyle. 

PRODUCING,  ppr.  Generating  ;  bringing 

into  existence  or  notice. 
PR<iD'U€T,  n.  [L.  productus,  from  produco ; 

Fr.  produit.] 
1.  That  which  is  produced  by  nature,  as 
fruits,  grain,  metals ;  as  the  product  of 
land;  l\te'  products  of  l\ie  season. 
That  which  is  formed  or  produced  by  la- 
bor or  by  mental  application  ;  as  the 
products  of  manulaciurcs,  of  commerce  or 
of  art ;  the  products  of  great  and  wise 
men.  In  the  latter  sense,  production  is 
now  generally  used. 

In  general,  products  comprehends  what- 
ever is  produced  or  made  ;  as  when  we 
sjieak  of  the  products  of  a  country  ex- 
ported. 

The  product  of  the  impost  and  excise. 

Belknap.  A'.  Hanip. 
Effect ;  result ;  something  consequential. 
These  are  the  product 
Of  those  ill  mated  marriages.  Afdton. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  amount  of  two  or  more 
numbers  multiplied.  Thus  5X7^35,  the 
])roduct.  Product  results  from  multiplica 
lion,  as  sum  does  from  addition. 
In  geometry,  the  factum  of  two  or  more 
lines. 

PRODU€'TILE,  a.  That  may  be  extended 
in  length. 

PRODU€'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  productio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  producing,  bringing 
forth  or  exhibiting  to  view. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  or  made  :  as  the 
productions  of  the  earth,  comprehending 
all  vegetables  and  fruits ;  the  productions 
of  art,  as  manufactures  of  every  kind, 
paintings,  sculpture,  &c. ;  the  productions 
of  intellect  or  genius,  as  poems  and  prose 
compositions. 

PRODU€'TIVE,  a.  [It.  produllivo ;  Sp.  pro- 
duclivo.] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  producing  ;  as,  pro- 
ductive labor  is  that  which  increases  the 
number  or  amount  of  |)roriucts;  opposed 
to  unproductive  labor.  The  labor  of  thi 
farmer  and  mechanic  is  productive  ;  the 
labor  of  officers  and  luofessional  men  is 
unproductive  to  the  state.  A  tree  which 
bears  fruit,  and  the  land  which  bears 
grass  or  grain,  is  productive. 
Kertilc ;  producing  good  crops.  We  of- 
ten denote  by  this  word  that  land  or  plants 
yield  large  products. 


to  exist;  efficient;  as  an  age  productive  of 
great  men ;  a  spirit  productive  of  heroic 
achievments. 

1  his  is  turning  Dobility  into  a  principle  of  vir- 
tue, and  making  it  productive  of  merit. 

Spectator. 
And  kindle  with  thy  own  productive  fire. 

Drudeji. 
PRODUCTIVENESS,    n.    The  quality  of 
being  productive  ;  as  the  productiveness  of 
land  or  labor. 
PRt>  EM,   )!.  [Fr.proeme;  il.  Sp.  proemio  ; 
L.   pra-mium:    Gr.   jtpooi|Uio^ ;  rtpo,   betijre, 
and  Mpr^,  oifioi,  way.] 
Preface  ;  introduction  ;  preliminary  observa- 
tions to  a  book  or  writing. 

StoiJI.     Milton. 
PROEM,  V.  t.  To  preface.     [JVot  used.] 

South. 

jPROE  MIAL,  a.  Introductory;  prefatory; 

preliminary.  Hammond.     Johnson. 

PROEMP'TOSIS,  n.  [Gr.  from  Xfotpmnta, 

to  fall  bel'ore.] 
In  chronology,  the  lunar  equation  or  addition 
of  a  day,  necessary  to  prevent  the  new 
moon  from  hajipening  a  day  too  soon. 

Cyc. 
PROFANA'TION,   n.    [Fr. ;   It.  profanazi- 
one ;   Sp.  projanacion ;    from    L.  projano. 
See  Profane.] 

1.  The  act  of  violating  sacred  things,  or  of 
treating  them  with  contempt  or  irrever- 
ence ;  as  the  profanation  of  the  sabbath 
by  sports,  amusements  or  uimecessary  la- 
bor ;  the  profanation  of  a  sanctuaiy  ;  the 
profanation  of  the  name  of  God  by  swear- 
ing, jesting,  &c. 

2.  The  act  of  treating  with  abuse  or  disre- 
spect. 

'Twerc  profanation  of  our  joys 
To  tell  the  laily  our  love.  Donne, 

PROFA'NE,  a.  [h.  profanus  ;  pro  and  fa- 
num,  a  temple  ;  It.  Sp.  profano ;  Fr.  pro- 
fane.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  any  thine  sacred;  applied  to 
persons.  A  man  i.s  profane  when  he  takes 
the  name  of  God  in  vain,  or  treats  sacred 
things  with  abuse  and  irreverence. 

2.  Irreverent;  proceeding  from  a  contempt 
of  sacred  things,  or  implying  it;  as  pro- 
fane words  or  language  ;  profane  swear- 
ing. 

3.  Not  sacred ;  secular ;  relating  to  secular 
things  ;  as  profane  histoi-y. 

4.  Polhited  ;  not  pure. 
Nothing   is  prifine   that   serveth    to    holy 

things.  Raleigh. 

.5.  Not  purified  or  holy ;  allowed  for  com- 
mon use ;  as  a  profane  place.  Ezek.  xhi. 
and  xlviii. 

(i.  Obscene;  heathenish;  tending  to  bring 
reproach  on  religion ;  as  profane  fables. 
1  Tim.  iv. 

Profane  is  used  chiefiy  in  Scripture  in  oppo- 
sition to  holy,  or  (pialified  ceremonially  for 
sacred  services. 

PROFA'NE,  V.  t.  To  violate  any  thing  sa- 
cred, or  treat  it  with  abuse,  irreverence, 
obloquy  or  contemjit ;  as,  to  profane  the 
name  of  God  ;  to  profane  the  sabbath  ;  to 
profane  the  Scriptures  or  the  ordinances 
ofliod.  Dwight. 

To  jwlhite  ;  to  defile  ;  to  apply  to  tempo- 
ral uses;  to  use  asbaseor  connnon.  Ezck. 


13.  Producing ;  bringing 


XXIV. 
.  To  violate. 


Mai.  ii. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


4.  To  pollute  ;  to  debase.    Lev.  xx'i. 

.5.  To  put  to  a  wrong  use.  Shah. 

rUOFA'NKU,   pp.    Violated  ;  treated  with 

irreverence  or  abuse  ;  ajiplied  to  common 

uses ;  polluted. 

PROFA'NRLY,  adv.   With  irreverence  to 

saorod  tliin^^M  or  names. 

Ihc  cliiiraclcr  of  God  profanely  impeached. 

Du'ighf 

2.    With  abuse  or  contempt  for  any  thing 

venerable. 

Thai  proud  scholar — speaks   of  Homer  too 
profanely.  Broome. 

I'ROI''A'NENESS,   n.    Irreverence   of  sa- 
cred thinjfs  ;  particularly,  tht"  use  of  Ian- 
guajje  wliicli  ini|ilie8  irreverence  towards 
God  ;  the  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain. 
Dryden.     jlllerhury.     Dwifrht 
Profaneness  in  men  is  vulnaiand  odious;  ii: 
females,  is  sljocliiiig  and  detestable. 
PROFA'NER,  n.   One    who   by    words  or 
actions,  treats  sacred  thiti!;.s  with  irrever- 
ence ;  one  who  uses  profane  language. 
2.  A  polluter;  adefdcr;  as  a  ;>j-o/aJitr  of  the 
temple.  Hooker. 

PROFA'NING,    ppr.    Violating;     treating 

with  irreverence;   polluting. 
PROFAN'ITY,  n.  Profaneness,  which  see. 
In  a  revel  of  debauchery,  aiiud  tlie  brisk  iii- 
terchanp;e  o( profanity  and  folly,  rclig;ion  inis;lit 
appear  a  duinh,  unsocial  intru<Ier.   BuckmiuMfr. 
PROFEC'TION,  n.  [\..  profidio.]  Agoing 
forward;  advance;  progression.     [J^ulin 
use.]  Brown. 

PRO'FERT,  n.  [L.  .3d.  person  of  profero.] 
In  latv,  the  exhibition  of  a  record  or  paper 
in  open  court. 
PROFESS',  !). /.  [It.  professare ;  Sp.  profe- 
sar ;  Fr.  profesner ;  L.  professus,  projiteor ; 
pro  i\i\i[fal(or.'\ 

1.  To  make  open  declaration  of;  to  avow  or 
acknowledge. 

Let  no  man  who  professes  himself  a  chiistian, 
keep  so  heathenish  a  family  as  not  to  see  God 
be  daily  worshipped  in  it.  Decay  oj  Piety. 

They  jrrofess  that  they  know  God,  but  in 
works  they  deny  him.     Tit.  i. 

2.  To  declare  in  strong  terms. 

Then  will  1  profess  to  them,  I  never  knew 
you.     Matt.  vii. 

3.  To  make  a  show  of  any  sentiments  by 
loud  declaration. 

To  your  professing  bosoms  I  commit  him. 

Shak. 

4.  To  declare  publicly  one's  skill  in  any  art 
or  science,  for  inviting  employment ;  as, 
to  profess  one's  self  a  physician  ;  he  pro- 
_/e,?sc4  surgery. 

PROFESS',  i;.  i.  To  declare  friendship. 
\M>t  in  nse.]  Shak. 

PROFESS'ED,?     „     Opeidy       declared, 

PROFEST',  ^PP-  avowed  or  acknowl- 
edged ;  as  a  professed  foe ;  a  professed 
tyrant ;  a  professed  christian  ;  a  professed 
atheist. 

PROFESS'EDLY,  adi:  By  profession ;  by 
o|)en  declaration  or  avowal. 

t  could  not  grant  too  much  to  men — profess- 
edly my  stdijects.  /T.  Charles. 
England  I  traveled  over,  professedly  search- 
ing all  places  as  I  passed  along.        Woodward. 

PROFESS'ING,  ppr.  Openly  declaring; 
avowing  ;  acknowledging. 

PROFES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  profssio.] 

1.  Open  declaration;  public  avowal  or  ac- 
knowledgment of  one's  sentiments  or  be- 
lief; &»  professions  of  trierulship  or  sincer- 
ity ;  a.  profession  of  faith  or  religion. 

Vol.  II. 


The  profeseritms  of  princes,  when  a  crown  is] 
tlie  bail,  are  a  slender  security.  Lesley. 

The  Indians  quickly  perceive  the  coinci- 
dence or  the  contradiction  heXween  professions 
and  conduct,  and  their  confidence  or  distrust! 
follows  of  course.  J.  Morse\ 

2.  The  business  which  one  professes  to  un 
deistund  and  to  follow  for  subsistence 
calling;  vocation;  employment;  as  the 
learned  professions.     We  speak  of  thepro- 


ence  or  knowledge.;  improvement ;  pro- 
gression in  knowledge.  Students  are  ex- 
amined that  they  may  njanifest  their  pro- 
firimci/  in  their  studies  or  in  knowledge. 
PROFl'ClENT,  n.  One  who  has  made 
consiilerahle  advances  in  any  business, 
art,  science  or  branch  of  Icarnitig;  as  a 
projicient  in  a  trade  or  occupation  ;  a  pro- 
ficient in  mathematics,  in  anatomv,  ' 


-  . '  '"  '""" 

/essioji  of  a  clei-gyiiian,  of  a'lawyer.atid  ot^  p^'^Y,,' ?:•,„,„ 
a  physician  or  .-urgeoii  ;  the  profession  of/  '^  -"^.  V  ^^^°>  "•    [I-  proficuus,  proficui, 
lecturer  on  chimistrv  or  mineralogv.    Rut',,  **'!•'"  ?V  i 

the   word  is  not  applied  loan  occr.pation!:'''"'^';'!,'''' 5    advantageous;   usefuh 


Hit  .¥^l\l     1^       IIVJI     «l|rjllll.(l       lU     till     m,!.   II|741LIU1I|!  FT  w  . 

merely  mechanical.  ;i>wf^i.-.ii  n  ,/.,    rr. 

3.  The  collective  body  of  persons  engaged!'  '  .p^^LE,  «•  profil.  [Yr.  profd; 
in  a  .alluig.  We  speak  of  practices  hon-  >  '  /'•  I'^'f''"  '  ,^1^-  i<''\P"f'l  i 
orable  or  disgraceful  to  a  pro/ession.  ,  •/'''  .'"  -^^  "'"'  "  ""•?''  °''  '""=■] 


1  prof, 
4.  Among  the  Romanists,  the  entering  into  a 
religious  order,  by  which  a  person  oflors 
himself  to  God  by  a  vow  of  inviolable  obe- 
dience, chastity  and  poverty.  Encijc. 
PROFES'SIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
fession or    lo    a   calling ;    as  professionall'n 
studies,    pursuits,    duties,    engagements;; 
ro/e.'isionat  character  or  skill 


[Lillle 
Harvey, 
pro  and 
per   and 


'i. 


PROFESSIONALLY,  adv.  By  profes.sion 
or  declaration.  He  is/vro/essionaW^afriend 
to  religion. 

2.  By  calling;  as  one  employed  profession- 
all}/. 

PROiFESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes  open 


1       1         .-  J.  t  ■  .  ■    •  ivf  VII  ci^v  III  III  unit:  ; 

declaration  ol  bis  sentiments  or  opinions;'  i)i,r\it?it  i-n  i\ 

.■     I     ,  ,  ,  '        ,  ..  I  1  Kt)'r  ILED,  pp.  J)r 

particularly,    one    who    makes    a    public       side  vew 
avowal  of  his  belief  in  the  Scriptures  and  l„„,,,„,.'    "  „ 


1.  Primarily,  an  (uilliiie  or  contour;  hence, 
in  sculpture  and  painting,  a  head  or  por- 
trait represented  sidewise  or  in  a  side 
view  ;  the  side  face  or  half  face  ;  as,  to 
draw  or  apjiear  in  profile;  the  profile  of 
Pojie  or  Addison. 

In  architecture,  the  contour  or  outline  of  a 
figure,  building  or  member ;  also,  the 
draught  of  a  building,  representing  it  as 
if  cut  down  perpendicularly  from  the 
roof  to  the  foundation.  Encyc. 

PRO'FILE,  v.t.  [Fr.  profiler  ;  It.  profilare  ; 
Sp.  perfilar.] 

To  draw  the  outline  of  a  head  sidewise ; 
t(i^d£a\v  in  piotile  ;  as  a  building. 

awn  so  as  to  present  a 


iptu 
his  faith  in  Christ,  and  thus  unites  himself 
to  the  visible  church.  Bacon.  Hammond. 
One  that  publicly  teaches  any  science  or 
branch  of  learning;  particularly,  an  ofli- 
cer  in  a  university,  college  or  other  semi- 
nary, whose  bu.sincss  is  to  read  lectures 
or  instruct  students  in  a  particular  branch 
of  learning;  as  a  ^ro/essoc  of  theology  or 
mathematics. 

PROFESSO'RIAL,  a.  [L.  professorius.] 
Pertaining  to  a  professor;  as  the  professo- 
rial chair.  Enfield. 

PROFESSORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
professor  or  public  teacher  of  the  sciences. 

Ifatlon 

PROFESS  ORY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
fessor. 

PROF'FER,  V.  t.  [L.  profero  ;  pro  and  fero, 
to  bear  ;  It.  profferere,  profferire  ;  Sp.  pro 
ferir  ;  Fr.  proferer.] 
To  offer  for  acceptance  ;  as,  to  proffer  a 
gift ;  to  proffer  services  ;  to  proffer  friend 
ship. 

2.  To  essay  or  attempt  of  one's  own  accord. 
None 
So  hardy  as  to  proffer  or  accept 
AUine  the  dreadful  \'oyagc.  Jlfdton 

PROF'FER,  )(.  An  offer  made ;  something 
proposed  for  acceptance  by  another ;  as 
proffers  of  peace  or  friendship. 

He  made  a  proffer  to  lay  down  his  commis- 
sion of  command  in  the  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  Essay  ;  attemjit.  Bacon. 

PROF'FER  ED,  pp.  Offered  for  acceptance. 

PROF'FER  ER,  »i.  One  who  offers  any 
thing  for  acceptance. 

PROFFERING,  ppr.  Offering  for  accept- 
ance. 

PROFI'TIENCE,  )        [from  L.  profciens. 

PROFI"CIENCV,  \  "•  from  proficio,  to  ad- 
vance forward  :  proam\facio,  to  make.] 

Advance  in  the  acquisition  of  any  art,  sci- 

44 


PRO'FILING,  ppr.  Drawing  a  portrait  so 
as  to  represent  a  side  view  ;  drawing  an 
outline.  Encyc. 

PROFIT,  n.  [Fr.  profit;  It.  profitto;  from 
L.  prof'ectus,  proficio,  to  profit,  literally  to 
proceed  forward,  to  advance  ;  pro  andyji- 
cio.  The  primary  sense  offacio  is  to  urge 
or  drive.] 

1.  In  commerce,  the  advance  in  the  price  of 
goods  sold  beyond  the  cost  of  purchase. 
JVet  profit  is  the  gain  made  by  selling 
goods  at  an  advanced  price,  or  a  price  be- 
yond what  they  had  cost  tlie  seller,  and 
beyond  all  costs  and  charges.  The  profit 
of  the  farmer  and  the  manufacturer  is  the 
gain  made  by  the  sale  of  produce  or  man- 
ufactures, after  deducting  the  value  of  the 
labor,  materials,  rents  and  all  expenses, 
together  with  the  interest  of  the  capital 
employed,  whether  land,  machinery, 
buildings,  instruments  or  money. 

Let  no  man  anticipate  imceitain  profits. 

liandiler. 

2.  Any  gain  or  pecuniary  advantage ;  as  an 
office  of  profit  or  honor. 

3.  Any  advantage ;  any  accession  of  good 
from  labor  or  exertion  ;  an  extensive  sig- 
nification, comprehending  the  acquisition 
of  any  thing  valuable,  corporeal  or  intel- 
lectual, temporal  or  spiritual.  A  person 
may  derive  profit  from  exercise,  amuse- 
ments, reading,  stuily,  meditation,  social 
intercourse,  religious  instruction,  &c. 
Every  improvement  or  advance  in  knowl- 
edge is  profit  to  a  wise  man. 

PROF'IT,  i".  /.  [It.  profittare  ;  Fr.  profiler.] 
I.  To  benefit  ;  to  advantage  ;  applied  to  onc^s 
self,  to  derive  some  pecuniary  interest  or 
some  accession  of  good  from  any  thing  ; 
as,  to  profit  one's  self  by  a  commercial  un- 
dertaking, or  by  rending  or  iusfruction. 
In  this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  used 


PRO 


Intransitively.     AppHtil  lo  others,  to  com-! 
niiinicate  good  to  ;  to  advance  the  interest 

of. 

Brethren,  if  I  come  to  you  speaking  witli 
tongues,  wiiat  shall  1  profit  you  ?     1  <-or.   xiv. 

Whereto  might  the  strength  of  their  hands 
profit  me  ?     Job  xxx. 

2.  To  improve  ;  to  advance. 

It  is  a  great  means  of  profiting  yourself,  to 
copy  diligently  excellent  pieces  and  beaulifnl 
designs.  Dryden 

PROF'IT,  V.  i.  To  gain  advantage  in  pe- 
cuniary interest;  as,  to  profit  by  trade  or 
manufactures. 

1.  To  make  improvement ;  to  improve  ;  to 
grow  wiser  or  better;  to  advance  in  any 
thing  useful ;  as,  to  profit  by  reading  or  by 
ex|)erience. 

She  has  profited  by  your  counsel.      Dryden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  bring  good 
to. 

Riches  profit  not  in  the  day  of  wrath.  Prov. 
xi. 
PROFITABLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Yielding  or  bring- 
ing profit  or  gain  ;  gaiidul  ;  lucrative  ;  as 
a  prof  table  trade;  profitable  business;  ;i 
profitable  study  or  profession. 

2.  Useful ;  advantageous. 

What  was  so  profitable  to  the  empire,  he- 
came  fatal  to  the  emperor.  Arbuthnot 
PROF'ITABLENESS,     n.      Gainfidness; 

as  the  profitableness  of  trade. 
2.  Usefulness ;  advantageousness. 

More.     Calumy. 
PROF'ITABLY,  adv.  With  gain  ;  gainful- 
ly.    Our  ships  are  profitably  employed. 
2.  Usefully  ;  advantageously  ;  with  improve- 
ment. Our  time  may  be /jro^fuW^  occupied 
in  reading. 
PROFITED,  pp.  Benefited  ;   advanced  in 
interest  or  happiness  ;  improved. 

What  is  a  man  profiled,  if  he  shall  gain  the 
whole  world   and  lose  his  own  soul .'     Mali, 
xvi. 
PROF'ITING,  ppr.  Gaining  interest  or  ad. 

vantage ;  improving. 
PROF'ITING,    n.    Gain;    advantage;    im 
provenient. 

That  ihy  profiting  may  appear  to  all.     1  Tim 
iv. 
PROFITLESS,  a.  Void  of  profit,  gain  or 
advantage.  Shak. 

PROF'LIGACY,  n.  [See  Profligate.]  A 
profligate  or  very  vicious  course  of  life  ; 
a  state  of  being  abandoned  in  moral  prin- 
ciple and  in  vice.  Barrinftton. 
PROF'LIGATE,  a.  [L.profi.i»:atus,prnfiigo, 
to  rout,  to  ruin  ;  pro  and  fiigo,lo  drive  or 
dash.  The  word  then  signifies  dashed, 
broken  or  ruined  in  morals.  See  Flog  and 
./Ifflict.] 
Abandoned  to  vice;  lost  to  principle,  virtue 
or  decency  ;  extremely  vicious  ;  shame 
less  in  wickedness  ;  as  a  profligate  man  or 
wretch. 

Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  profligate  than  we. 

Roscommon 
Made  prostitute  and  profligate  the  muse, 
Debas'd  to  each  obscene  ami  impious  use. 

Dryden 

PROF'LIGATE,    n.  An  abaniloned   num 
a   wrelcli  who   has  Inst  all  regard  to  good 
priruiples,  virtue  m  decency. 

How  couM  such  \i  profligate  as  Antony,  or  a 
l)oy  of  cigbtL'cn  like  Octvivius,  ever  dare  to 
dream  of  giving  law  to  such  an  empire  ? 

Swft. 


PRO 

PROFLIGATE,  v.  t.  To   drive   away;    a 

Latin  signification.     [jVot  used.] 
2.  To  overcome.     [JVot  used.]  Harvey. 

PROFLIGATELY,    adv.    Without  princi- 
ple nr  shame.  Swift. 
2.  In  a  course  of  extreme  viciousiiess  ;  as,  lo 

spend  life  profligately. 
PROF'LIGATENESS,  n.  The   quality    or 

state  of  being  lost  to  virtue  and  decency. 

I, utter 
9.    An  abandoned   course  of  life  ;  extreme 

viciousness  ;  profligacy. 
PROFLIGA'TION,  n.  Defeat;  rout.    [Xot 

used.]  Bacon. 

PROF'LUENCE,  n.  [L.  profiuens,  profiuo ; 

pro  am\fiuo,  to  flow.] 
A  progress  or  course.     [Mit  used.]     K'oUon. 
PROF'LUENT,  a.  Flowing  forward  ;  as  a 

profiuent  stream.  MMon. 

PROFOUND',  a.  [Fr.  profond ;  It.  profon- 

do  ;  '^\>.  prof  undo  ;   h.  profundus ;  pro  aui\ 

fundus,  button].     See  Found.] 
1."  Deep;  descending  or  being  fur  below  the 

surface,  or  far  below  the  adjacent  places; 

as  a  gulf;)?-o/oi(nrf.  Milton. 

2.  Intellectually    deep ;    that    enters  deeply 
into  subjects;  not   superficial  or  obvicuij 
to  the  mind  ;  as  a  profound  investigation 
profound  reasoning  ;  a  profound  treatise. 

3.  Iluudde  ;  very  lowly  ;  .submissive  ;  as  e 
profound  reverence  for  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing. Duppa 

Penetrating  deeply  into   science  or  any 
bi-anch  of  learning  ;  as  a  profound  si-hol- 
or  ;  a prq/oMn;/ mathematician  ;  aprofound 
historian. 
Deep  in  skill  or  contrivance. 

The  revolters  are  profound  to  make  slaugh- 
ter.    Hos-  V. 
C.  Having  hidden  qualities. 

Upon  the  corner  of  the  moon 

There  hangs  a  vap'rous  drop  profound. 

Shah: 

PROFOUND',  n.  The  deep;  the  sea;  the 
ocean;  as  the  vast ^ro/ounrf.  Dryden. 

2.  The  abyss. 

1  travel  this  ;.»-o/ow«(i.  Milton 

PROFOUND',  I',  i.  To  dive  ;  to  penetrate 
[JVot  in  use.]  Glanville. 

PROFOUNDLY,  adv.  Deeply;  with  dee| 
concern. 

Why  sigh  you  so  profoundly?  Sbak 

2.  With  deep  penetration  into  science  or 
learning;  with  deep  knowledge  or  in- 
sight ;  as  profoundly  wise ;  profoundly 
skilled  in  nuisic  or  painting.  Dryden. 

PROFOUNDNESS,  n.  Depth  of  place. 

2.  Depth  of  knowledge  or  of  scien<e. 

Hooker. 

PROFUND'ITY,  n.  [It.  profondilh;  Sji. 
profundidad  ;  from  L.  profundus.] 

Depth  of  place,  of  knowledge  or  of  science. 

Milton 

PROFU'SE,  a.  [L.  profusus,  profundo,  U 
pour  out ;  pro  i\in]  j'undo.] 

1.  Lavish;  liberal  to  excess;  prodigal;  as; 
profuse  government  ;  a  profuse  aduiinis 
tration.  Ilcnry  the  eighth,  a  profuse  king, 
dissipateil  the  treasures  which  the  parsi- 
muny  (dhis  father  had  amassed.  A  inanV 
friends  are  gennally  too  profuse  of  praise, 
and  his  eiiemiestoo  s])aring. 

2.  Extravagant;  lavish;  as  ;;ro/use  expendi- 
tures. 


3.  Overabounding :  exuberant. 


PRO 

On  a  green  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers — • 

Milton. 

O  liberty !  thou  goddess  heavenly  bright. 

Profuse  of  bliss —  Addison. 

Profuse  ornament  in  painting,  architecture  or 
gaideiiing,  as  well  as  in  dress  or  in  language, 
show^  a  mean  or  corrupted  taste.  Karnes. 

PBOFU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  To  pour  out. 
I  Little  a.^ed.]  Armstrong. 

2.  Til  .squander.     [Little  used.]  Steele. 

PROFU'SELY.  adr.  Lavishly  ;  prodigally  : 
as  an  mcoiiw  profusely  expended. 

2-  With  exuberance  ;  with  rich  abundance. 
The  earth  is  profusely  adorned  with  flow- 
ers; ortuiments  may  be  lou  profusely  scat- 
tered  over  a  hiiildijig. 

PROFU'SENESS,  71.  Lavishness;  prodi 
gality  ;  extravagant  expenditures. 

Hospitality  sometimes  degenerates  into  pro- 
fuseness.  Attertmry. 

Great  abundance  ;  profusion;  as profuse- 
ness  iif  ornaments. 
PROFUSION,  n.  s  as  z.  [L.  profusioJ] 
1.  Lavishness;  prodigality  ;  extravagance  of 
expenditures;  as,  to  waste  an  estate  by 
profusion. 

What  meant  thy  pompous  progress  through 

the  empire. 
Thy  vast  profusion  to  the  factious  nobles  ? 

Rowe. 
Lavish  effu.sion. 

He  was  desirous  to  avoid  not  only  jsro/usioH, 
but  the  least  effusion  of  christian  blood. 

Hayumrd. 

3.  Rich  abundance  ;  exuberant  plenty.  The 
table  contained  a  profusion  of  dainties. 
Our  country  has  a  profusion  of  food  for 
man  and  beast. 

The  raptur'd  eye 
The  {ixu  profusion,  yellow  autumn,  spies. 

Thomson 

PROG,  v.  i.  [D.  prachgen,  to  beg;  Dan. 
prakker,  id.  ;  Sw.  pracka,  to  n:ake  use 
of  shifts;  h.  proco,procor.] 

1.  To  shilt  meanly  for  provisions;  to  wan- 
der about  and  seek  provisions  where  they 
are  to  be  fiuiiul;  to  live  by  beggarly 
tricks.     [A  low  u'ord.] 

You  are  the  lion  ;  I  have    been  endeavoring 
to  prog  for  you-  Burke. 

PROG,  Ji.  Victuals  or  provisions  sought  by 
begging  or  found  by  wandering  about. 

2.  Victuals  of  anv  kind.     [A  low  word.] 

Swifl. 

PROG,  )i.  One  that  seeks  his  victual.s  by 
wandering  and  begging. 

PROiiEN'ERATE,  f.  i.  [L. prog-enero.]  To 
liegel.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

PROgENERA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  be- 
getting: priipagation.     [JVot  used.] 

PROGEN'ITt)R!;  n.  [L.  from  progigno ; 
pro  and  gigno,  to  beget,  Gr.  yrvxaw.] 

An  ancestor  in  the  direct  line;  a  forefather. 
Adam  was  the  progenitor  of  the  hnmau 
race. 

I'KOtiEN  ITURE,  n.  A  begetting  or  birth. 
[Little  u.'sed.] 

PROti'E.XY,  n.  [h.  progcnie  ;  h.  progtnies, 
(i-i'tu  progignor.] 

Otlspring  :  race  ;  children  ;  descendants  of 
the  iniinan  kind,  or  offspring  of  other  ani- 
mals; as  thv progeny  Ki'i!  king;  \\ii'  proge- 
ny of  Ailam  ;  the  progeny  of  beasts  or 
liiwls  :  a  word  of  general  application. 

PROGNO'SI."^,  n.  [(Jr.  npoyvi^nLs.  from  nfio- 
yii'uaxu,  to  know  before  ;  .tpo  and  ■)  iruaxw.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


III  medicine,  the  art  of  foretelling  the  event  of] 
a  (hsease  ;  tlie  jmlifinerit  oC  the  event  of 
a  disease  by  particular  symptoms. 

Coxe.     Hooper. 

PROGNOS'Tle,  a.  Foreshowing  ;  in.liiia- 
tiiig  something  future  hy  signs  or  symp- 
toms; as  tlic  pioi^nostic  symptoms  of  a 
disease  ;  jmif^nostic  signs. 

PKOGNOt5'TI€,  n.  In  medicine,  the  judg- 
ment formed  concerning  the  event  ot  a 
disease  by  means  of  the  symptoms. 

Encyc. 

3.  Something  which  foreshows;  a  sign  by 
which  a  future  event  may  be  known  or 
foretold. 

In  medicine,  a  sign  or  symptom   indica 
ting  tlie  event  of  a  disease.     The  appear- 
ance of  tlie  tongue — is  of  considerable  im- 
portance as  a  prognostic.  Parr. 

.3.  A  foretelling  ;  iirediction.  Swift, 

PROGNOS'TlCABLE,  a.  That  may  be 
foreknown  or  foretold.  lirown. 

PROGNOS'TleATE,  v.  t.  [from  prognos- 
tic ;  It.  prognosticare.] 

1.  To  foreshow ;  to  indicate  a  future  event 
by  present  sign.s.  A  clear  sky  at  sunset 
prognosticates  a  fair  da}'. 

a.  To  foretell  by  means  of  present  signs  ;  to 
predict. 
I  neither  will  nor  can  prognosticate 
To  tlie  young  gaping  heir  his  father's  fate. 

Dry  den 
PROGNOS'TIeATED,    pp.     Foreshown  ; 

foretold. 
PROGNOSTICATING,   ppr.     Foreshow 

ing ;  foretelling. 
PROGNOSTICATION,    n.     The   act    of 
foreshowing  a    future    event   by    present 
signs. 

2.  The  act  of  foretelling  an  event  by  present 
signs.  Burnet. 

3.  A  foretoken  ;  previous  sign.  Shak- 
PROGNOS'TICATOR,    n.    A   foreknowcr 

or  foreteller  of  a  future  event  by  present 
signs. 

PROGRAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  from  rt|Wypa^u,  to 
write  previously  ;  rtpo  an<l  yH"t">  to  write 

1.  Anciently,  a  letter  sealed  with  the  king's 
seal.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  university,  a  billet  or  advertisement 
to  invite  persons  to  an  oration.         Encyr 

3.  A  proclamation  or  edict  posted  in  a  pub- 
lic place.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

1.  That  which  is  written  before  something 
else ;  a  preface.  fVarton. 

PROG'RESS,  n.  [Fr.  progres ;  Sp.  pro- 
greso  ;  L.  progresstts,  progredior  ;  pro  and 
gradior,  to  step  or  go.  See  Grade  and 
Degree.] 

1.  .\  moving  or  going  forward  ;  a  proceed- 
ing onward.  A  man  makes  a  slow  pro- 
gress or  a  rapid  progress  on  a  journey 
ship  makes  slow  progress  against  the  tiile. 
He  watched  the  progress  of  the  army  oi 
its  march,  or  the  progress  of  a  star  or  com 
et. 

2.  Amoving  forward  in  growth;  increase; 
as  the  progress  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

•3.  Advance  in  busmess  of  any  kind  ;  as  the 
progress  of  a  negotiation  ;  the  progress  of 
arts. 

4.  Advance  in  knowledge  ;  intellectual  or 
moral  improvemeiu  ;  proficiency.  The 
student  is  commended  for  his  /irogrcss  in 
learning;  tlie  christian  for  his  progress  iit 
virtue  and  piety. 


5.  Removal ;  passage  from  place  to  |>lace.     | 
From    Egypt    arts   their   progress    made    to, 
Greece.  Denham. 

G.  A  journey  of  state;  a  circuit. 

Btackstone.     .Addison. 
PROGRESS',    V.  i.    To    move   forward   in 
space  ;  to  pass  ;  to  proceed. 

Let  nic  wipe  off  this  honorable  dew 

That  silverly  dolli  progress  on  thy  cheeks. 

Shak. 
— Altlioii>;h  the  popular  blast 
Hath  rear'd  tby  name  up  to  bestride  a  cloud, 
Oi- progress  in  the  (diariot  oi'tho  sun. 

Broken  Heart,  by  Ford,  vol.  1.  p.  .303, 
Oiffm-dS  Ed.  Land.  1827 

[These  authors  accent  the  first  syllable, 
but  the  accent  is  now  on  the  second.] 

2.  To  proceed  ;  to  continue  onward  in 
course. 

After  the  war  had  progressed  for  some  time. 

jMarshall. 

3.  To  advance ;  to  make  improvement. 

Dii  Ponceau.     Bayard. 
PROGRES'SION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  progres-\ 
sio,  progredior.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  forward ;  a  proceed- 
ing in  a  course  ;  motion  onwards. 

Locke. 

2.  Intellectual  advance  ;  as  tlio  progression 
of  thought.  Locke: 

3.  Course  ;  passage.  Shak. 

4.  In  mathematics,  regular  or  proportional^ 
advance  in  increase  or  decrease"  of  num-, 
bers  ;  continued  proportion,  arithmetical 
or  geometrical.  Continued  arithmetical 
proportion,  is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  differences.     Thus, 

in     s'    r     4      q' \\)y  x\>e  iWi^erence 'i.  \ 

Geometrical  proportion  or  progression,' 
is  when  the  terms  increase  or  decrease: 
by  equal  ratios.  Thus, 
2.  4.  8.  IG.  32.  64.  )  by  a  con-} 
C4.  .32.  16.  8.  4.  2.  \  tinual  mul- 
tiplication or  division  by  2.  Encyc. 

PROGRES'SIONAL,  a.  That  advances; 
that  is  in  a  state  of  advance.  Brown. 

PROGRESS'IVE,     a.     Moving    forwari 
proceeding   onward;  advancing;  as  pro-, 
grcsslve  motion  or  course ;  opposed  to  ret- 
rograite.  Ilacon.     Ray. 

I.  Improving.  The  arts  are  in  a  progressive 
state. 

I'ROfJRESS'IVELY,  adv.  By  motion  on- 
ward ;  bv  regular  advances.  Hooker. 

PROGRESS'IVENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
moving  forward ;  an  advancing;  state  of 
improvement  ;  as  the  progressiveness  of 
science,  arts  or  taste. 

PROHIBIT,  v.t.  [L.  prohibeo  ;  pro  n\u\  ha- 
bco,   to    hold  ;  Fr.  prohiber ;  It.  proibire 
Sp.  prohibir.]  | 

1.  To  tbrbid  ;  to  interdict  by  authority;  ap- 
plicable to  persons  or  things,  but  imjilying 
authority  or  right.  God  prohibited  Adam 
to  eat  of  the  linit  of  a  certain  tree.  The 
moral  law  prohibits  what  is  wrong  and 
cominands  what  is  right.  We  prohibit  a 
person  to  do  a  thing,  and  we  prohibit  the 
thing  to  be  done. 

2.  To  hinder;  to  debar;  to  prevent ;  to  pre- 
clude. I 


Gates  of  burning  adamant,  | 

Ban'd  over  us,  ;>n)/n'6i<  all  egress.       .Wlton. 

PROHIBITED,   pp.    Forbid ;  interdicted  ;1 

hindered.  I 


PROIIIB'ITER,  71.  One  who  prohibits  or 
forbids ;  a  forbidder  ;  an  inlerilieter. 

PROHIBITING,  ppr.  Forbidding  ;  inter- 
diiting  ;  debarring. 

PROIIIBI  "TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prohibi- 
lio.] 

1.  The  act  of  forbidding  or  interdicting  ;  a 
declaration  to  hinder  some  action  ;  inter- 
dict. 

The  law  of  God  in  the  ten  commandmenLe 
consists  mostly  of  prohibitiorts  ;  "  thou  shall 
not  do  such  a  thing."  7'illolsun. 

2.  In  law,  a  writ  of  prohibition,  is  a  writ  issu- 
ing from  a  superior  tribunal,  directed  to 
the  judges  of  an  inferior  court,  command- 
ing them  to  cease  from  the  (iroseeution  of 
a  suit.  By  ellipsis,  prohibition  is  used  for 
the  writ  itscdf.  Bluckslonc. 

PROHIIMTIVE,    I       Forbidding  ;  imply- 
PROllIB'ITORV,  I  "•  ing  prohibiiion. 

Barrow.     Ayliffe. 
PROIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  provigner ;  pro  and  vigne, 

vine.]     To  lop  ;  to  trim  ;  to  prune.     Obs. 

[See  Prune.]  B.  Jonson. 

PROIN,  j;.  i.  To  be  employed  in   pruning. 

Obs.  Bacon. 

PRO.IKCT',  v.t.  [h.  projicio  ;  pro,  forward, 

and  Jacio,  to   throw;    It.  progettare ;    Fr. 

projcter  ;  Sp.  proycetar.] 

1.  To  throw  out ;  to  cast  or  shoot  forward. 

Th"  ascending  villas 
Project  long  shadows  o'er  ttie  crystal  tide. 

Pope. 

2.  To  cast  forward  in  the  mind  ;  to  scheme  ; 
to  contrive ;  to  devise  something  to  be 
done ;  as,  to  project  a  jihui  for  paying  ofl' 
the  national  debt ;  to  project  an  expedition 
to  South  America  ;  to  project  peace  or 
war.  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of  any 
thing  ;   to  delineate. 

PROJECT',  II.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to  ex- 
tend beyond  something  else  ;  to  jut;  to  be 
prominent;  as,  the  cornice  y)rojcds. 

PROJ'ECT,  n.  [Fr.  projet.]  A  sclieme ;  a 
design  ;  something  intended  or  devised  ; 
contrivance  ;  as  the  project  of  a  canal  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  lakes;  all  our  projects 
of  happiness  arc  liable  to  be  frustrated. 

2.  An  idle  scheme  ;  a  design  not  practica- 
ble :  as  a  man  given  to  projects. 

PROJECTED,  pp.  Cast  out  or  forward; 
schemed;  devised;  delineated. 

PROJECTILE,  a.  Impelling  forward;  as 
a  projectile  force. 

2. •Given  by  impulse;  impelled  forward;  as 
projectile  motion.  .Irbuthnol. 

PROJECTILE,  n.  A  body  projected,  or 
impelled  forward  by  force,  particularly 
tlirrjugli  the  air. 

2.  Projectiles,  in  mechanical  philosophy,  is 
that  part  which  treats  of  the  motion  of 
biidii's  thrown  or  driven  by  an  imjielling 
loii'o  from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and 
atlected  by  gravity  and  the  resistance  of 
the  air. 

PROJECTING,  ppr.  Throwing  out  or 
forward  ;  shooting  out  ;  jutting  ;  schem- 
ing :  contriving. 

PROJECTION,  71.  [L.;)ro/fc/io.]  The  act 
of  throwing  or  shooting  forward. 

Brown. 

2.  .\.  jutting  out;  extension  beyond  some- 
thing else. 

3.  The  act  of  scheming;  plan;  scheme;  dc' 
sign  of  something  to  be  executed. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


4.  Plan  ;  delineation  ;  the  representation  of 
something  ;  as  ihe  prelection  of  the  sphere, 
is  a  representation  of  the  circles  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere.  There  are  three 
principal  points  of  projection  ;  tlie  stereo- 
graphic,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to 
be  placed  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere  ; 
the  orthographic,  in  which  the  eye  is  suj)- 
posed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance ;  and 
the  gnomonic,  in  which  the  eye  is  placed 
in  the  center  of  the  sphere. 

Encyc. 

In   perspective,  projection   denotes   the 

appearance  or  representation  of  an  object 

on  the  pers])ective  plane.  Encyc. 

.').  In  alchimy,  the  casting  of  a  certain  pow- 
der, called  poioder  of  projection,  into  a  crn- 
cible  or  other  vessel  full  of  some  prepared 
metal  or  other  matter,  which  is  to  be 
thereby  transmuted  into  gold.  Encyc. 

PROJECT'MENT,  n.  Design  ;  contrivance. 
[LAttle  used.]  Clarendon. 

PROJECTOR,  71.  One  who  forms  a 
scheme  or  design.  Addison. 

."J.  One  who  forms  wild  or  impracticable 
schemes.  Pope. 

PROJECT'URE,  n.  A  jutting  or  standing 
out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of  some- 
thing else.  Encyc. 

PROLAPSE,  n.  prolaps'.  [L.  prolapsus, 
protabor.] 

A  fulling  down  or  falling  out  of  some  part 
of  the  body,  as  of  the  uterus  or  intestines. 

Encyc. 

PROLAPSE,  v.i.  prolaps'.  To  fiill  down  or 
out  ;  to  project  too  much. 

PROLAP'SION,  ^  ra       D    ;         i 

PROLAP'SUS.     \  t^*''^  Prolapse.] 

PROLA'TE,  v.t.  [L.  prolatiim,  profero.]  To 
utter  ;  to  pronounce.     [JVot  used.] 

Howell. 

PRO' LATE,  a.  [supra.]  Extended  beyond 
the  line  of  an  e.xact  sphere.  A  prolate 
spheriod  is  produced  by  the  revolution  of 
a  semi-ellipsis  about  its  larger  diameter. 

Encyc 

PROLA'TION,  n.  [L.  prolatio,  from  profe- 
TO.]  Utterance  ;  pronunciation.  [Little 
zised.]  Ray. 

•J.  Delay;  act  of  deferring.     [JVot  used.] 

.linsworth 

3.  A  method  in  music  of  determining  the 
power  of  semibreves  and  minims. 

Busby 

PROLEGOM'ENA,  n.  plu.  [Or.  rtpoXfyo^- 
ira  ;  rtpo  and  ^tyu,  to  speak.] 

Preliminary  observations;  introductory  re- 
marks or  discourses  prefixed  to  a  book' 
or  treatise.  Widton. 

PROLEP'SIS,  ?        [Gr.  rtvo7.r,^i.i,  from  /tpo- 
I'ROLEP'SY,  ^  "■  /lauflafu;  rtpo  and  Xa/i(Sa- 
nj,  to  take.] 

1.  Anticipation  ;  a  figure  in  rhetoric  by 
which  objections  are  anticipated  or  pre- 
vented. Bramhidl. 

'i.  An  error  in  chronology,  when  an  event 
is  dated  before  the  actual  time  ;  an  anach- 
I'onistn.  Theobald. 

PROLEP'TIe,        >       Pertaining    to    pro- 
PROLEP'TICAL,  \  "■  lepsis     or   anticipa- 
tion. 

2.  Previous;  antocedrnt.  Glanvilk. 

3.  In  medicine,  anticipating  the  usual  time  ; 
nj)plied   to   a  periodical   disease,    whose 


paroxysm   returns   at  an  earlier  hour  ati 
every  repetition.  Encyc\ 

PR0L"EP'TI€ALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  anti- 
cipation. 

PROLETA'RIAN,  a.  [U  proletarius,  itom\ 
proles,  offspring.]  Mean  ;  vile  ;  vidgar.' 
[.'Vb<  used.]  Hudibras. 

PRO'LETARY,  n.  A  common  person. 
[j\'ol  used.]  Burton. 

PROLIF'EROUS,  a.  [infra.]  In  botany, 
prolific  ;  as  a  proliferous  tlower. 

Lee.     Marty  n. 

A  proliferous  stem  is  one  which  puts  forth 
branches  only  from  the  center  of  the  top, 
or  which  shoots  out  new  branches  from 
the  summits  of  the  former  ones,  as  the 
pine  and  fir.  Martyn.     Smith. 

A  proliferous  umbel  is  a  compound  umbel 
which  has  the  umbellicle  subdivided. 

Martyn. 

PROLIF'Ie,        \       [It.   Sp.  prolifieo;   Fr. 

PROLIF'leAL,  S  prolifique  ;  L.  proles, 
offspring,  amifacio,  to  make.] 

1.  Producing  young  or  fruit;  fruitful;  gen 
eiative  ;  productive  ;    applied  to   animals 
and  plants  ;  as  a  prolific  female  ;  a  prolific 
tree. 

2.  Productive;  having  the  quality  of  gene- 
rating; as  a  controversy  prolific  of  evi 
consequences  ;  a  prolific  brain. 

3.  Aprotific  flower,  [prolifir,]  in  botany,  is  one 
which  produces  a  second  flower  from  its 
own  substance,  or  which  has  smaller 
flowers  growing  out  of  the  principal  one. 
But  proliferous  is  commonly  used. 

Encyc.     Martyn. 
PROLIFICACY,     n.     Fruitfulness  ;  great 

productiveness.  Encyc 

PROLIF'ICALLY,    adv.    Fruitfully  ;  witli 

great  increase. 
PROLIFICA'TION,  n.  [See  Prolific]  The 

generation  of  young  or  of  plants. 
2.  In  botany,   the   production  of  a    second 

flower  from    the  substance  of  the    first. 

This  is  either  from  the  center  of  a  simple 

flower,  or  from  the  side  uf  an   aggregate 

flower.  Lee. 

PROLIF'ICNESS,  n.  The   state   of  being 

prolific.  Scott. 

PRO'LIX,  a.  [L.  proliius ;  pro   and  laxus, 

literally  drawn  out.] 

1.  Long ;  e.xteiiilcd  to  a  great  length ;  mi- 
nute in  narration  or  argument ;  applied^ 
only  to  discourses,  speeches  and  uritings  ; 
as  a  prolix  oration  ;  a  prolix  |)oera  ;  a  pro- 
lix sermon. 

2.  Of  long  duration.     [JVot  in  use.] 
PROLIX'ITY,      I       Great  length;  minute' 
PROLIX'NESS,  ^  "•  detail ;  applied  only  to> 

discourses  and  loritings.      Prolixity  is  not 
always  tedious. 

PROLIX'LY,  adv.  At  great  length. 

Dryden. 

PROLOCUTOR,  n.  [L.  proloquor ;  pro  im,\ 
loquor,  to  speak.]  The  speaker  or  chair- 
man ofa  convocation.  Swift. 

PROLOC'UTORSIIIP,  n.  The  office  or 
station  ofa  prolocutor. 

PRO'LOuIZE,  v.i.  To  deliver  a  prologue. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

PROLOGUE,  n.  pro'log.  [Fr.  from  L.  pro- 
logus ;  Gr.  jipo^oyoj;  jtpo  and  f-oyoi,  dis 
course.] 

The  preface  or  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or^perforniancc,  chiefly  the  discourse  or 


poem  spoken  before  a  dramatic  perform- 
ance or  plav  begins.  Encyc. 

PROLOGUE'  v.t.  pro'log.  [ll.  prologare.] 
To  introduce  with  a  formal  preface. 

Shak. 

PROLONG',  v.i.  [Fr. prolonger ;  It.  prolun- 
gare  ;  Sp.  prolongar;  h.  pro  &nd  longus. 
See  Long.] 

1.  To  lengthen  in  time ;  to  extend  the  du- 
ration of.  Temperate  habits  tend  to  pro- 
long life. 

2.  To  lengthen  ;  to  draw  out  in  time  by  de- 
lay ;  to  continue. 

Th'   unhappy  queen  with  talk  prolong'd  the 
night.  Dryden 

3.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time. 
For  I  myself  am  not  so  well  provided 
As  else  1  would  be,  were  the  day  prolong'd. 

Shak. 

4.  To  extend  in  space  or  length. 
PROLONGATE,  v.  t.  To  extend  or  length 

en  in  space ;  as,  to  prolongate  a  line. 

2.  To  extend  in  time.     [Little  used.] 

PROLO.N  GATED,  pp.  Extendeil  in  space  : 
continued  in  length. 

PROLONGATING,  ppr.  Lengthening  in 
space. 

PRO  LONG  A'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
Ifngthciiing  in  time  or  space  ;  as  the  pro- 
longation  of  life.  Bacon. 

The  prolongation  ofa  line. 

Lavoisier,  Trans. 

2.  Extension  of  time  by  delay  or  postpone- 
ment ;  as  the  prolongation  of  days  for  pay- 
ment. Bacon. 

PROLONG'ED,  pp.  Lengthened  in  dura- 
tion or  space. 

PROLONGER,  ».  He  or  that  which 
lengthens  m  time  or  space. 

PROLONGING,  ppr.  Extending  in  time; 
coniiniiing  in  length. 

PROLUSION,  n.  »  as  z.  [L.  prolusio,  pro- 
ludo  ;  pro  and  ludo,  to  play.] 

A  prelude  ;  entertainment  ;  diverting  per- 
formance.    [Little  used.]  Hakewill. 

PROMENA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  from  promener; 
pro  and  mener,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise. 

2.  A  place  for  walking. 
PROMER'IT,    1!  t.    [L.  ^romecfo,  promeri- 

tum ;  pro  and  mereo,  to  merit.] 

L  To  oblige;  to  confer  a  fiivor  on.         Hall. 

2.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit.  Pearson. 
[This  word  is  little  usedor  not  at  all.] 

PROMETHE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prome- 
tliiiis,  who  stole  lire  from  heaven. 

PROMINENCE,   /  [L.     prominentia. 

PKOM'INENCY,  ^  "•  from  promineo  ; 
pro  and  minor,  to  menace,  that  is,  to  shoot 
fiirward.] 

A  standing  out  from  the  surface  of  some- 
thing, or  that  which  juts  out ;  protuber- 
ance ;  as  the  prominence  of  a  joint ;  the 
prominence  of  a  rock  or  clifT;  the  promi- 
nence ni' the  nose.  Small  hills  and  knolls 
are  prominences  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

PROM'INENT,  a.  [L.  prominens.]  Stand- 
ing out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of 
something;  jutting;  protuberant;  in  high 
relief;  as  a  prominent  figure  on  a  vase. 

2.  Full;  large;  as  a /^comnieH/ eye. 

3.  Eminent  ;  distinguished  above  others  : 
as  a  promlncnl  character. 

4.  Principal ;  most  visible  or  striking  to  the 
eye  ;  conspicuous.    The  figure  of  a  man 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


or  of  n  building  holds  a  prominent  place  in 

a  pirtme. 
PROMINENTLY,    adv.    In   a   piomitierit 

inuiiiier;  so  as  to  stand  out  lioyoml   the 

other  |)urts;  eiiiitieiitly  ;  in  a  strikiiigiaaii- 

ner;  coiispicuouBly. 
PROMISCUOUS,    a.    [L.  promiscuus ;  pro 

and  misceo,  to  mix.] 

1.  Min!,'led;  oonsistin- of  individuals  unitt-d 
in  a  hoily  or  niaes  without  order ;  confus- 
ed ;  undistinguished  ;  as  a  promiscuous 
crowd  or  mass. 

A  wild  where  weeds  and  flow'rs  promiscumis 
shoot.  J'"J"- 

2.  Coininon  ;  indiscriminate ;  not  restricted 
to  an  individual ;  as  promiscuous  love  or 
intercourse. 

PROMISCUOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  crowd  or 
mass  without  order  ;  with   confused  mix- 
ture ;  indiscriminately  ;  as  men  of  all  class 
es  promiscuously  assembled  ;  particles  of 
ditferenl  earths  promiscuouslij  united. 

2.  Without  distinction  of  kinds. 

Like   beasts   and   birds    promiacwmsly  tliey 
join.  Pope 

PROMlS'eUOUSNESS,  n.  A  state  of  be- 
inir  ini.ved  without  order  or  distinction. 

Ash. 

PROM'ISE,  n.  [h  promissum,  from  promit- 
to,  to  send  before  or  liirward  ;  pro  and  mil- 
to,  to  send  ;  Fr.  promdlre, promis,  promessc  ; 
It.  promettere,  promessn  ;  Sp.  promtter,  pro 
mcsaS\ 

1.  In  n  general  sense,  a  declaration,   written 
or  verbal,  made  by  one  person  to  another, 
which    binds    the   person    wlio    inak(;s   it, 
either  in   honor,  conscience  or  law,  to  ch 
or  forbear  a  certain  act  spciihed  ;  a  dec- 
laration   which   gives   to   the    person   to 
whom   it  is  made,  a  right  to  e.xjiect  or  to 
claim  the  perforinunce  or  forbearance  of 
the   act.     The    promise  of  a   visit   to  my 
neijflibor,   gives   him  a  right  to  expect  it, 
011(1  1   am  iiound    in  honor  anil   civility  I 
perform  the  promise.     Of  such   a  promise 
hniiiiiii  laws  have  no  cognizance  ;  but  lb 
fulHllment  of  it  is  one  of  the  minor  moral 
itics,   which   civility,  kindness  and  strict 
inicgriiy  require  to  be  ob.scrved. 

2.  In  iitw,  a  declaration,  verbal  or  written, 
made  by  one  person  to  another  for  a  good 
or  valuable  ciuisiileratioii,  in  the  nature  o 
a  covenant,  by  which  the  promiser  bind 
himself,  and  as  the  case  may  be,  his  legal 
representatives,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act  ; 
and  gives  to  the  i)romisee  a  legal  right  to 
demand  and  enforce  a  fulfillment. 

3.  A  binding  declaration  of  something  to 
be  done  or  given  for  another's  benefit;  as 
the  promwe  of  a  grant  of  land.  A  promise 
may  be  absolute  or  conditional ;  lawful  or 
unlanfut ;  express  or  implied.  An  absolute 
promise  must  be  fulfilled  at  all  events. 
Tlie  obligation  to  fulfill  a  conditional  prom 
ise  depends  on  the  performance  of  the  con- 
dition. An  untauful  promise  is  not  bind- 
ing, because  it  is  void  ;  for  it  is  incom[iat 
jble  with  a  prior  paramount  obligation  of 
obedience  to  the  laws.  An  express  promise, 
is  one  expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An 
implied  promise,  is  one  which  reason  and 
justice  dictate.  If  I  hire  a  man  to  perform 
a  day's  labor,  without  any  declaration  that 
I  will  pay  him,  the  lasv  presumes  a  promise 
on  my  part  that  1  will  give  him  a  reasona 


ble  reward,  and  will  enforce  such  implied 
promise. 

Hopes;  expectation,  or  that  which  af- 
fords expectation  of  future  ilistinctioii  ; 
as  a  youth  of  great  promise. 

My    native   country     was    full   of    yoiilliful  | 
promise.  Irving. 

That  which  is  promised  ;  fulfillment  or 
grant  of  what  is  promised 

He  coniiitanded  them  tiiat  they  should  not 
ilcpart  from  Jerusalem,  but  wait  for  the  promiie 
of  the  Father.  Acts  i. 
6.  Ill  Scripture,  the  promise  of  God  is  the 
declaration  or  assurance  which  God  has 
given  in  his  word  of  bestowing  blessings 
on  his  people.  Such  assurance  resting 
on  the  perfect  justice,  power,  benevolence 
and  immutable  veracity  of  God,  cannot 
fail  of  perl'ormance. 

The  Lord  is  not  slack  concerning  his  proml 
ses.  2  Pet.  iii. 
PROM'ISE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  declaration  to 
another,  which  binds  the  promiser  in 
honor,  conscience  or  law,  to  do  or  forbear 
some  act ;  as,  to  promise  a  visit  to  a  friem 
to  promise  a  cessation  of  hostilities  ;  to 
promise  the  payment  of  money. 

2.  To  alTord  reason  to  expect ;  as,  the  year 
promises  a  good  harvest. 

:5.  To  make  declaration  or  give  assurance  of 
some  benefit  to  be  conferred  ;  to  pledge  or 
engage  to  bestow. 

'I'he  pmpnelorfi  promised  large  tracts  of  land 
Charter  of  Dartmouth  College 
PROM'ISE,  V.  i.  To  assure  one  by  a  prom 
ise   or    binding    declaration.      The    man 
promises  fair;  let  us  forgive  him. 
•i.  To  afibrd  hopes  or  expectations ;  to  givej 
ground  to  expect  good.     The  youth  prom-\ 
ises  to   be  an   eminent   man :  the  wheat] 
promises  to   be  a  good  crop;  the  weather 
promises  to  be  ])leasant. 
■i.  In    popular    use,   this     verb    sometimes 
tbrealens  or  assures  of  evil.     The  rogue 
shall  be  punished,  I  promise  you. 

Will  not  the  ladies  l>e  afraid  of  the  lion  ? 
—  1  fear  it,  \  jiromi.se  you.  Shak 

In  the  latter  example,  promise  is  equiva- 
lent to  declare  ;  "  1  declare  to  you." 
I.  To  jiromise  one''s  self,   to  be  assured  or  t 
have  strong  conlideiice. 

I  dare  promise   inyself  you  will   attest    the 

truth  of  all  1  have  advanced.  Rambler. 

PROM'ISE-HRE.\CH,      n.      Violation    of 

Shak. 

n.    A    violator  of 

promises.  Shak. 

PROM'ISED,    pp.    Engaged    by    word   or 

writing ;  stipulated. 
PROMISEE',  ?!.   The  person   to  whom  a 
promise  is  made.  Encyc. 

PROM'ISF^R,  11.  One  who  promises;  one 
who  engages,  assures,  stipulates  or  cov- 
enants. "  Fear,  says  Dryden,  is  a  great 
promiser.  VVe  may  say  that  hope  is  a  very 
liberal  promiser. 

The  import  of  a  promise,  when  disputed,  i- 

not  to  be  determined  by  the  sense  of  the  prmn- 

iser,  nor  by  the  expectations  of  the  ptomisee. 

Paley.     Encyc 

[JVote.     In  law  language,  promisor  is  used,  but 

without  neeesaitv  or  advantage.] 
PROM'ISLXG,  ppr.  Engaging  by  words  or 
writing  ;  stipulating  ;  assuring. 

3.  Attbrding  just  expectations   of  good   o 


promise. 
PR'JM'ISE-BREAKER, 


seme,  the  word  may  be  a  participle   or  an, 
adjective.] 

PROM  ISSORILY,  adv.  By  way  of  prom- 
ise. 

PROM  ISSORY,  a.  Containing  a  promise 
or  binding  declaration  of  something  to  be 
done  or  forborne.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  In  law,  a  promissory  note  is  a  writing 
which  contains  a  promise  of  the  payment 
of  money  or  the  delivery  of  property  to 
another,  at  or  belbre  a  time  specified,  in 
consideration  of  value  received  by  the 
promiser.  In  England,  promissory  notes 
and  bills  of  exchange,  being  negotiable 
for  the  payment  of  a  less  sum  than  twen- 
ty shillings,  are  declared  to  be  void  by 
Stat    15.  Geo.  HI.  lilackstone. 

PROM'ONTORY,  n.  [L.  promontorium  ; 
pro,  forward,  and  mons,  a  mountain  ;  Fr. 
promontoire  ;  It.  S[).  promonturio.] 

In  geography,  a  high  point  of  land  or  rock, 
jirojecting  into  the  sea  beyond  the  liiie  of 
the  coast  ;  a  head  land.  It  differs  from  a 
cape  in  denoting  high  land  ;  a  cape  may 
be  a  similar  projection  of  land  high  or 
low. 

Like  one  that  stands  upon  a  promontory. 

Shak: 
If  you  drink  tea  on  a  promontory  that  over- 
hangs the  sea,  it  is  preferable  to  an  assembly. 

Pope, 

PROMO'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  promotus,  promoveo, 
to  move  forward  ;  pro  and  moi'fo,  to  move  ; 
It.  ;;romorerc  ,-  Sp. /jroniot'er  ;  Fr.  promon- 
roir.  ] 

1.  To  (inward;  to  advance  ;  to  conlribule 
to  the  growth,  enlargement  or  excellence 
of  any  thing  valuable,  or  to  the  increase 
of  any  thing  evil ;  as,  to  promote  learning, 
knowledge,  virtue  or  religion;  to  promote 
the  interests  of  commerce  or  agriculture  ; 
lo  promote  the  arts;  to  promote  civilization 
or  refinement ;  to  promote  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  gos|)el ;  to  promote  vice  ami 
disorder. 

2.  To  excite;  as,  to  promote  mutiny. 

.3.  To  exalt ;  to  eh.'vate  ;  to  raise  ;  to  prefi'r 
in  rank  or  honor. 

I    will  promote   (bcc   to   very  great  honors. 
Num.  xxii. 

Exalt  her,  and  she  shall  promote  thee.    Piov. 
iv. 

PROMO  TF.I),  pp.  Advanced  ;  exalted. 

PROMOTER,  n.  He  or  that  which  for- 
wards, advances  or  promotes;  an  encotir- 
nger  ;  as  a/)roHio(tr  of  charity.  Atterbury. 
One  that  excites ;  as  a  promoter  of  sedi- 
tion. 

■i.  AninP)rmer;  a  make-bate.     Ohs. 

PRO.MO'TINC;.  ppr.  Forwarding;  advanc- 
ing; excitiiii.',  exaltiiiiT. 

PROMOTION,     »i.    [I'r.  ;    from   /)romo<e.] 

1.  The  act  of  promuliiig  :  advanceuieiit ; 
encouragement ;  as  tbe/»o»io/io7!  of  virtue 
or  morals;  the  promotion  of  |)cuce  or  of 
discord. 

2.  Exaltation  in  rank  or  honor ;  prefer- 
ment. 

My  promotion  will  be  thy  destruction. 

.^fitfon. 

Promotion  comcth  neither  from  the  east  nor 

from  die  west,  nor  from  the  south.     Ps.  Ixxv. 

PRO.M<J'TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  advance  or 

pri'iiiote;  tending  to  encourage.        Hume. 


reasonable  ground  of  hope  ;  as   a  /*romi.?-  jPROMoVE,  r.  (.  To  advance.     [.Vol  used.] 
ing  youth :  a  promising  prospect.     [In  iliis\\  Fell.    Suckiittg. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PROMPT,  a.  [Fr.  prompt;  It.  Sp.  pronto; 
L.  priiiupias,  Iroin  prnmo.^ 

1.  Reiuly  ami  quirk  to  act  as  occasion  de- 
iiiaijfls. 

Very  discerning  and /«o»y)(  in  giving  orders. 
Clarendon . 

2.  Of  a  ready  disposition  ;  actin;^  witli  cheei- 
ful  alaniry  ;  as  prompt  in  obediencu  or 
comiiliaiife. 

Tell  him 
I'm  prompt  to  lay  my  crown  al"s  feet. 

Shale. 

3.  Quick  ;    ready  ;    not  dilatory  ;  applhd  to 
things;  a^,  lie  manifested  a  prompt  obedi 
ence  ;  he  yielded  prompt  assistance. 

When    Washington    heard    the    voice  of  his 
country  in  distress,  his  obedience  was  prompt 

Ames. 

4.  Quick ;  hasty ;  indicating  boldness  or 
forwardness. 

And  you  perhaps  too  prompt  in  your  replies 

Drydtn 

5.  Ready  ;  present ;  told  c'.own  ;  as  prompt 
payment. 

tj.  Easy  ;  unobstructed.  Wotton. 

PROMPT,  v.t.  To  incite;  to  move  or  ex- 
cite to  action  or  exertion;  to  instigate. 
Insults  prompt  anger  or  revenge  ;  love 
prompts  desire  ;  beupvolence  prompts  men 
to  devote  tlieirtitue  and  services  to  spread 
the  gospel.  Ambition  prompted  Alexan- 
der to  wish  for  more  worlds  to  conquer. 

2.  To  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by| 
pronouncing  the  vi'ords  forgotten  or  nextj 
in  order,  as  to  prompt  an  actor  ;  or  to  as- 
sist a  learner,  by  suggesting  something 
forgotten  or  not  understood. 

Ascham.     Shah.     Bacon. 

3.  To  dictate  ;  to  suggest  to  the  nnnd. 

And   whisp'ring  angels  prompt   her   golden 
dreams.  Pope. 

4.  To  remind.     [J^ot  used.']  Brown. 

PROMPT'ED,  pp.  Incited  ;  inoved  to  ac- 
tion ;  instigated ;  assisted  in  speaking  or 
learning. 

PROMPT'ER,  n.  One  that  prompts;  one 
that  admonishes  or  incites  to  action. 

2.  One  that  is  placed  behind  the  scenes  in  a 
play  house,  whose  business  is  to  assist  the 
speakers  wlien  at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the 
first  words  of  a  sentence  or  words  for- 
gotten ;  or  any  person  who  aids  a  public 
speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  suggesting  the 
next  words  of  his  piece.  Pope. 

PROMPT'ING,  ppr.  Inciting;  moving  to 
action;  aiding  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss 
for  the  words  of  his  piece. 

PROMPT'lTUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prompt- 
us ;  ll.  prontiludine  ;  Sp.  pruntitiid.] 

1.  Readiness;  quickness  of  decision  and  ac- 
tion when  occasion  demands.  In  the  sud- 
den vicissitudes  of  a  battle,  promptitude  in 
a  commander  is  one  of  the  most  essential 
(]uahfications. 

2.  Readiness  of  will  ;  cbeerfid  alacrity  ;  as 
promptitude  in  obe<lience  or  compliance. 

PROMPT'LV,  adv.  Readily;  quickly;  ex- 
pedilifpusly  ;  cheerfully.  Tiii/lor. 

PROMPTNESS,  n.  Readiness;  quickness 
of  decision  or  action.  The  young  man 
answered  questions  with  great  prompt- 
ness. 

2.  Cheerful  willingness  ;  alacrity. 

3.  .Vctivity ;  biiskness;  as  the  proinptness 
of  animal  actions.  ..trhnlhnot. 

PROMI'T'IJARY,  n.  [i;-.  prompt uaire ;  L. 
promptuarium.] 


That  from  which  supplies  are  drawn  ;  a 
storehouse  ;  a  magazine  ;  a  repository. 

ff'oodward. 

PROMPT'URE,  n.  Suggestion  ;  incite- 
ment.    [.Votused.]  Slial:. 

PROiMULGATE,  v.  t.  [L.  promulgo.]  To 
publish  ;  to  make  known  by  open  declara- 
tion ;  as,  to  promulgate  the  secrets  of  a 
council.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
publication  of  laws  anil  the  gospel.  The 
moral  law  was  promulgated  at  mount 
Sinai.  The  apostles  promulgated  the  gos- 
pel. Edicts,  laws  and  orders  are  promul- 
gated by  circular  letters,  or  through  the 
medium  <if  the  public  prints. 

PROMLL'GATED,  pp.  Published  ;  made 
publicly  known. 

PROMULGATING,  ppr.  Publishing. 

PROMULGATION,  n.  The  act  of  promul- 
gating ;  publication  ;  open  declaration  ; 
as  the  promulgation  of  the  law  or  of  the 
gospel. 

PROMULGATOR,  n.  A  publisher  ;  one 
who  makes  known  or  teaches  publicly 
what  was  before  unknown. 

PROMULGE,  i'.  t.  promulj'.  To  promul- 
gate ;  to  publish  or  teach.  [Less  used 
than  promulgate.] 

PROMULti'ED,  pp.  Published. 

PRO.MULG'ER,  n.  One  who  publishes  or 
teaches  what  was  before  unknown. 

Atttrhurij. 

PROMULG'ING,  ppr.  Publishing. 

PRONATION,  »i.  [from  L.  pronus,  having 
the  face  downwards.] 

1.  Among  anatomists,  \\\<xi  motion  of  the  radi- 
us whereby  the  palm  of  the  baud  is  turned 
downwards ;  the  act  of  turning  the  palm 
downwards  ;   opposed  to  supination. 

Encijc.     Core. 

2.  That  position  of  the  hand,  when  the 
thumb  is  turned  towards  the  body,  and 
the  palm  downwards.  Parr. 

PRONA'TOR,  ?i.  A  muscle  of  the  fore 
arm  which  serves  to  turn  the  palm  of  the 
hand  downward ;  opposed  to  supinator. 

Encyc. 

PRONE,  a.  [L.  pronus.]  Bending  forward  ; 
inclined  ;  not  erect.  Milton. 

2.  Lying  with  the  face  downw  ard  ;  contrary 
Va  supine.  Brown. 

.3.  Headlong  ;  precipitous  ;  inclining  in  des- 
cent. 

Oown  thither  ;)ro«e  in  flight.  Milton. 

4.  Sloping;  declivous;  inclined. 
Since  the  floods  demand 
For  their  descent,  a  prone  and  sinking  land. 

Blnekmore. 

.5.  Inclined;  prepense;  disposed;  applied  to 
the  mind  or  affections,  usualli/  in  an  ill 
sense  ;  as  men  prone  to  evil,  prone  to  strife, 
protie  to  intemperance,  prone  to  deny  the 
truth,  prone  to  change. 

PRO'NENESS,  n.  The  state  of  bending 
downward  :  as  the  proneness  of  beasts  that 
look  downwards  ;  opposed  to  the  erectness 
of  man.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  down- 
wards; contrary  to  sujnnencss. 

;?.  Descent ;  declivity ;  as  the  proneness  of  a 
hill. 

4.  Inclination  of  mind,  heart  or  temper  ; 
propension  ;  dis|)osition  ;  as  the  pninrues.i'^ 
of  the  Israelites  to  idolatry  ;  pronenc'is  to; 
self-gratilication  or  to  .self-jiistilication  ;| 
proneness    to    comply  with    temptation  ;[ 


sometimes  in  a  good  sense  ;  as  the  prone- 
ness of  good  men  to  commiserate  want. 

Merbury. 
PRONG,  n.  [Possibly  it  is  formed   with  n 
casual,  from  the   W.  prociaw,  to  stab,  or 
Scot.  /)ro^,  brog,  a  sliarp  point.] 

1.  A  sharp  pointed  instrument. 

Prick  it  on  a  prong  of  iron.  Sandys. 

2.  The  tine  of  a  iVirk  or  of  a  similar  instru- 
ment ;  as  a  fork  of  two  or  three  prongs. 
[This  is  the  sense  in  ivhich  it  is  used  in 
America.] 

PRONG'llOE,  ji.  A  hoe  with  prongs  to 
break  the  earth.  Encyc. 

PRONITy,  for  pro7ieness,  is  not  used. 

More. 

PRONOMINAL,  «.  [L.  pronomen.  See 
Pronoun.] 

Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun - 

Lowth . 

PRO'NOUN,  n.  [Fr.  pronom  ;  It.  pronome  ; 
Sp.  pronomhrc  ;  L.  pronomen ;  pro,  for,  and 
nomen,  name.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun 
or  name,  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  it. 
The  personal  pronouns  in  English,  are  /, 
thou  or  you,  he,  she,  we,  ye  and  they.  The 
last  is  used  tor  the  name  of  things,  as  well 
as  for  that  of  persons.  Other  words  are 
used  for  the  names  of  persons,  things, 
sentences,  phrases  and  for  adjectives ; 
and  when  they  stand  for  sentences,  phra- 
ses and  adjectives,  they  are  not  strictly 
pronouns,  but  relatives,  substitutes  or  re- 
presentatives of  such  sentences.  Thus  we 
say,  "  the  jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty, 
and  the  court  pronounced  sentence  on 
him.  This  or  that  gave  great  joy  to  the 
spectators."  In  these  sentences,  this  or 
that  represents  the  whole  preceding  sen- 
tence, which  is  the  proper  antecedent. 
We  also  say,  "  the  jury  pronounced  the 
man  guilty,  this  or  that  or  which  he  could 
not  be,  for  he  proved  an  alibi."  In  which 
sentence,  this  or  that  or  which  refers  im- 
mediately to  guilty,  as  its  antecedent. 

PRONOUNCE,  V.  t.  pronouns'.  [Fr.  pro- 
noncer  ;  It.  pronunziarc  ;  S\^.  pronunciar ; 
L.  pronuncio  ;  pro  and  nuncio.] 

1.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  articulately.  The 
child  is  not  able  to  pronounce  words  com- 
posed of  ditlicult  combinations  of  letters. 
Adults  rarely  learn  to  pronounce  correctly 
a  foreign  language. 

2.  To  utter  formally,  oflicially  or  solemnly. 
The  court  pronounced  sentence  of  death 
on  the  crimiinil. 

Then  Barudi  answered  Ihein,  he  pronounced 
all  these  words  to  me  with  his  mouth.  Jer. 
xwvi. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 

The  rigid  interdiction.  .Wilton. 

3.  To  speak  or  utter  rhetorically  ;  to  deliver; 
as,  to  pronounce  an  oratnin. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  utter,  in  almost  any  man- 
ner. 

5.  To  di'clare  or  affirm,  lie  pronounced  the 
book  to  he  a  libel  ;  he  pronounced  the  act 
to  be  a  I'raiid. 

PRO.\()UNCE,  i».  t.  pronouns'.    To  speak  ; 

to  make  declaration  ;  to  utter  an  opinion. 

How  confidently    soever    men  pronounce  of 

themselves —  Decay  of  Piety. 

PRONOUNCI',.\I{LE,  a.  pronoun.i'abie. 
Thai  may  be  pronounced  or  uttered. 

Pinkerton. 


PRO 


P  11  O 


PRO 


PRONOUN'CED,   pp.    Spoken  ;    uttered  ; 

flei  liiK  rl  sdleiiiiilv. 

PRONOUN'CEK,n.  One  who  utters  or 
fleclares. 

PRONOUN'CING,  ppr.  Speaking;  utter 
iiip  ;  tiecl.iritig. 

2.  n.  Ti'^cliiiifj  pronunciation. 

PRONUNtiA'TlON,  n.  [Vr.  pronondation, 
from  \a.  pronuncintio.] 

1.  Tlie  art  of  uttering  with  articulation  ;  ut 
terance  ;  as  tlie  prouuncinliim  of  syllaliles 
or  words;  distinct  or  indistinct  pronuncia- 
tion. 

S.  The  mode  of  uttering  words  or  senten- 
ces; particuhirly,  the  art  or  manner  of  ut- 
tering a  discouri^e  pubhcly  with  propriety 
and  gracefulness  ;  now  called  ilitivenp 

J.  Q.  Mams. 

PRONUN'CIATIVE,  a.  Uttering  conti- 
deiitly  ;  dogmatical.  Bacon. 

PROOF,  n.    [Sax.   profian,   to   prove ;  Sw. 
prof,   proof;    Dan.   prove ;    D.  proif;    G 
prohe ;  W.  /(r«i(' ;    Fr.  preuve ;  It.  prova 
Sp.  prueba  ,•  Russ.  proba.     See  Prove.] 

1.  Trial ;  essay  ;  experiment  ;  any  effort, 
process  or  operation  tliat  ascertains  triitl 
or  fact.  Thus  the  quality  of  spirit  is  as- 
certained hy  proof:  the  titrciigili  of  gun- 
powder, of  tin?  artns  and  of  cannon  is  de- 
termined hy  proof ;  the  correctness  of  op- 
erations in  arithmetic  is  ascertained  by 
proof. 

2.  Ill  law  and  logic,  that  degree  of  evidence 
which  couviiices  the  mind  of  the  certainty 
of  truth  or  fact,  and  produces  belief 
Proof '\s  derived  from  persoii.il  knowledge, 
or  liom  the  testimony  of  others,  or  from 
conclusive  reasoning.  Proof  differs  from 
demonstration,  which  is  applicable  only  to 
those  truths  of  w  hich  the  contrary  is  in 
conceivable. 

This  has  neitlior  evidence  of  truth,  nor  proof 
sufficient  to  give  it  warrant.  Hooker. 

3.  Firinne.ss  or  hardness  that  resi.sts  impres 
sion,  or  yields  iu)t  to  force  ;  impeiietrabil 
ity  of  physical  bodies;  as  a  wall  that  is  of 
p/oq/" against  shot. 

See  arms  o( proof.  Dryden 

4.  Firmness   of  mind ;    stability   not   to   !» 
shaken;  as  a  mind  or  virtue  that  is  proof 
against  the  arts  of  seduction  and  the  as 
saults  of  temptaticui. 

5.  The  proof  of  spirits  consists  in  little  liul)- 
bles  whicli  appear  (.n  the  top  of  the  liquor 
after  agitation,  called  the  6ta(/,  and  by  the 
French,  rhapelet.     Hence, 

G.  The  degree  of  strength  in  spirit;  as  high 
proof;  Grsl  proof;  second,  third  or  fourth 
proof. 

7.  In  printing  and   engraving,  a   rough   im 
pression  of  a  sheet,  taken  lijr  correction  : 
plu.  proofs,  not  proves. 

8.  Armor  soflicienilv  firm  to  resist  impres- 
sion.    [.Vol  used.]  Sha/c. 

Proof  ia  used  elliptically  for  of  proof. 
1  liuve  fouiiil  llice 
Proo/ against  all  temptation.  Milton. 

It  is  sometimes  followed   by  to,    more 
generally  by  nguinst. 

PROOFLESS,  n.  Wanting  sufficient  evi 
dence  to  induce  belief;  not  proved. 

Boijle. 

PROP,  I'.  /.  fD.  Dan.  prop,  a  stopple,  Sw 
propp  ;  G.  pfropf,  id.  :  D.  proppen  ;  G 
Pfiopfen,   to  stuff  or  thrust  ;    Dan.  prop 


per.    Tliese  are  probably  the  same  word 
differently  applied.] 
!.  To   support  or  prevent  from  falling   by 
placing  something   under   or  against;  as, 
lo  prop  a  fence  or  an  old  building. 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  or  against. 

'lill  the  bright  mountains  prop  th'  incumbent 
sky.  Pope. 

3.  To  support;  to  sustain;  in  a  general 
sense  ;  as,  to  prop  ii  declining  state. 

I  prop  niyscll  npiin  ibo  f<,w  supports  that  are 
lil'i  me.  Pope. 

PROP,  n.  That  wliich  sustains  an  incum- 
bent weight;  that  on  which  any  thing 
rests  fin- support;  a  support ;  a  stay  ;  as  a 
prop  for  vines  ;  a  prop  for  an  (dd  building. 
An  affectionate  child  is  the /)ro/)  of  declin- 
ing age. 

PROP  AG  ABLE,  a.  [See  Propagate]  That 
may  be  contiiuied  or  miiltifilicd  by  natu- 
ral generation  or  production  ;  applied  to 
ayiimnls  and  vegetables. 

2.  That  may  be  spread  or  extended  by  any 
means,  as  tenets,  doctrines  or  principles. 

PROP'AGANDISM.  v.  [See  Propagate.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  propagating  tenets 
or  principles.  Dwight. 

PHOl'AGAND'IST,  n.  A  person  who  de- 
votes himself  to  the  spread  of  any  system 
of  principles. 

Bonaparte   selected   a  body  to   compose  his 
Sanhedrim  of  yio\\\.\ci\  propagandists.      Walsh. 

PROP'AGATE,  v.t.  [h.  propago  ;  h.  prop- 
aggine ;  G.  pfropf,  a  stopple  ;  pfropfen,  to 
thrust,  also  to  graft.  See  Prop.  'I'he 
Latin  noun  propago,  is  the  English  prop, 
and  the  termination  ago,  as  in  cartdago, 
&c.  The  sense  of  the  noun  is  that  wliicli 
is  set  or  thrust  in. J 

L  To  continue  or  multiply  the  kind  by  gen- 
eration or  successive  production;  applied 
to  animals  and  plants  ;  as,  to  propagate  a 
breed  of  horses  or  sheep  ;  to  propagate  any 
species  of  fruit  tree. 

2.  To  spread  ;  to   extend  ;  to 
tinue  forward  in 
sound  or  light. 

3.  To  spread  Irom  person  to  person;  to  ex- 
tend ;  to  give  biilh  to,  or  originate  and 
spread  ;  as,  to  propagate  a  story  or  report. 

To  carry  from  place  to  place;  to  extend 
by  iiliuiting  and  establishing  in  places  be- 
fore destitute  ;  as,  to  propagate  the  chris- 
liiin  religion. 

a.  To  extend  ;  to  increase. 

(Iricfs  of  my  own  lie  heavy  in  my  l>renst, 
M  bicii  Ibou  wilt  propagate.  fShak 

6.  To  generate  ;  to  )iroduce. 

Superstitious  notions,  propagated  in   fancy, 
are   hardly  ever  totally  eradicated. 

Richanl.'io7i 

PROPAGATE,  V.  i.  To  have  young  or  is- 
sue ;  to  be  produced  or  multiplied  by  een- 
eration.  or  liy  now  shoots  or  (plants.  Wild 
horses  propagate  in  the  forests  of  S.  .\mer- 
ica. 

PROPAGATED,  pp.  Continued  or  inuhi- 
plied  liy  generation  or  production  of  the 
same  kind  ;  spread  ;  extended. 

PROP'.\GATI\(j,  ppr.  t'ontinuing  or  mul- 
tiplying the  kiinl  hy  g<'neration  or  produc- 
tion ;  spreading  and  establishing. 

PROPAGATION,  «.  [Fr.  from  L. propaga- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  propagating  ;  the  continuance 
or  multiplication  of  the  kind  by  genera- 


space 


impel  or  con- 
as,  to  propagate 


tioii  or succes.sive  production;  a8tbe/>ro;>- 

agation  of  animals  or  plants. 

'I'here  is  not  in  nature  any  spontaneous  gen- 
eration, but  all  conic  by  j.ritpagatiim.         Ray. 
2.  The  spreading  or  extension  of  any  thing; 

as  ihe  propagation  ui'  sound  or  of  repcjrts. 
■i.  The   spreading    of  any  tiling  by  planting 

and  establishing  in  places  heloredeslitute  ; 

as  tlie  propagation  of  the  gospel  among 

pagans. 
4.  A  forwarding  or  promotion. 
PROP'AG.ATOR,  n.  One  that  continues  or 

multiplies  his  own   species  by  geueriition. 

2.  One  that  continues  or  multiplies  anv  spe- 
cies of  animals  or  plants. 

3.  One  that  spreads  or  causes  to  circulate, 
as  a  report. 

4.  One  that  plants  and  establishes  in  a 
country  destitute;  as  a  propagator  of  the 
gospel. 

5.  One  that  plants,  originates  or  extends ; 
one  that  promotes. 

PROPEL',  V.  t.  [L.  propello ;  //ro,  forward, 
and  pillo,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge  or  press  onward 
by  force.  The  w  ind  or  steam  propels  ships ; 
balls  are  propelled  by  the  force  ot  gun- 
powder ;  mill  wheels  are  propelled  hy 
water  or  steam ;  the  blood  is  propelled 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  by  the  ac- 
tion olthe  heart.  [This  word  is  commonly 
applied  to  material  bodies.] 

PROPEL  LED,  pp.  Driven  f(uward. 

PRt)PEL'LI\G,  ;;/))■.   Driving  ti.rward. 

i'KOPEND',  r.  i.  [L.  propendeo ;  pro.  Cor- 
ward,  and  ;;ei!rfco,  to  bang.] 

To  lean  towards  ;  to  incline  ;  to  be  disposed 
in  favor  of  any  thing.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

PROPEND'ENCY,  n.   [L.  propendens.]    A 
leaning  towards  ;    inclination  ;    tendency 
of  desire  to  any  thing. 
Preconsideration  ;  attentive  deliberation. 
[Little  used.]  Hale. 

PROPEND'ING, ;)/))■.  Inclining  towards. 

PROPENSE,  a.  propens'.  [L.  propensus.] 
Leaning  towards,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  in- 
clined :  ilispf>sed,  either  to  good  or  evil ; 
as  women  propense  to  Indiness.        Hooker. 

PROPEN'SION,  )         [Fr.  propension  ;  L. 

PKOPEXS  ITY,  ^   "•  propen.<iio.] 

1.  Rent  of  mind,  natural  or  aiipiired  :  iiicli- 
luition  ;  in  a  moral  sense  :  ilispo.-ition  to 
any  thing  good  or  evil,  particularly  to 
evil ;  as  a  propensity  to  sin  ;  the  corrupt 
propensity  of  l\ie  will.  Rogers. 

It  requires  critical  nicety  to  tind  out  the  gen- 
ius or /»<Yicnsiun.s  Ota  cliild.  L' Estrange, 

2.  Natural  tendency  :  as  the  propension  of 
boilies  to  a  particular  place.  Ihghi/, 

[In  a  moral  sense,  propensity  is  now  cliiefiy 
used.) 

PROP  ER,  a.  [Fr.  propre  :  It.  propria cir  pro- 
pio  ;  Up.  propio  ;  L.  proprins,  -.iipposed  to 
be  allied  to  prope,  near  ;  \V.  priuwd,  prop- 
er, appropriate.] 

L  Pecnli.ir;  naturally  or  essentially  belong- 
ing to  a  person  or  thing;  not  common. 
That  is  not  proper,  w  hich  is  common  to 
many.  Every  animal  has  bis  proper  in- 
stincts and  inclinations,  appetitcr  and  hab- 
its. Every  mns<le  i.inl  V(rs^cl  ol'iiie  body 
has  its  proper  office.  Every  i.rt  lia>  its 
proper  rules.  Creation  is  the  proper  work 
of  an  Almighty  Being. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


2.  Particularly  suited  to.  Every  auiinal, 
lives  in  his  proper  element. 

3.  One's  own.  It  may  be  joined  with  any 
possessive  pronoun  ;  as  our  proper  son. 

Shak.i 
Otir  proper  conceptions.  Glanville. 

Now  learn  the  difl'erence  at  your  proper  cost. 

Dryden. 
[Note.     Oum  is  often  used  in  such  phc'ases ; 
"  at  your  own  proper  cost."    This  is  really  tau- 
tological, but  sanctioned  by  usage,  and  expres- 
sive of  emphasis.] 

4.  Noting  an  individual ;  pertaining  to  one 
of  a  species,  hut  not  common  to  the 
whole  ;  as  a  proper  name.  Dublin  is  the 
proper  name  of  a  city. 

5.  Fit ;  suitable  ;  adapted  ;  accommodated. 
A  thin  dress  is  not  [jroper  for  clothing  in  a 
cold  climate.  Stimulants  are  proper  rem- 
edies for  debility.  Gravity  of  manners  is 
very  proper  for  persons  of  advanced  age. 

In  Athens,  all  was  pleasure,  luirth  and  play, 
All  proper  to  the  spring  and  spiightly  May. 

JJryden. 

6.  Correct;  just;  as  a  p)o;)er  word ;  a  proper 
expression. 

7.  Not  figurative.  Burnet. 

8.  Well  formed ;  handsome. 

Moses  was  a yJ/o/Jfc  child.     Heb.  xi. 

9.  Tall;  lusty;  handsome  with  bulk.  [Low 
and  not  used.]  Shak. 

10.  In  vulgar  language,  very ;  as  proper  good  ; 
proper  sweet.  "[This  is  very  improper,  as 
well  as  vulgar.] 

Proper  receptacle,  in  botany,  that  which  sup- 
ports only  a  single  flower  or  fructification  ;■ 
proper  perianth  or  involucre,  that  which  in- 
closes only  a  single  flower;  proper  flower 
or  corol,  one  of  the  single  florets  or  corol 
lets  in  an  aggregate  or  compound  flower  ; 
proper  nectary,  separate  from  the  petals 
and  other  parts  of  the  flower.         Martyn. 

PROP'ERLY,  adv.  Fitly ;  suitably ;  in  a 
proper  manner;  as  a  word  properly  a\)- 
plied  ;  a  dress  properly  adjusted. 

2.  In  a  strict  sen.se. 

The  miseries  of  life  are  not  properly  owing 
to  the  unequal  distiibution  of  things.         Swift 

PROP'ERNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
proper.     [Little  used.] 

2.  Tallness.     [JVot  in  use.] 

3.  Perfect  form  ;  handsomeness. 
PROP'ERTY,  n.  [This  seems  to  be  formed 

directly  from  proper  ;  if  not,  it  is  contract- 
ed. The  Latin  is  frroprietas,  Fr.  propriety, 
from  which  we  have  propriety.] 

1.  A  peculiar  quality  of  any  thing;  that 
which  is  inherent  in  a  subject,  or  natural- 
ly essential  to  it ;  called  by  logicians  an 
es.sential  mode.  Thus  color  is  a  pioperty 
of  light ;  extension  and  figure  are  proper- 
ties of  bodies. 

2.  An  acquired  or  artificial  quality ;  that 
which  is  given  by  art  or  bestowed  by  man. 
The  poem  has  the  properties  which  con- 
stitute excellence. 

3.  Quality  ;  disposition. 

It  is  the  property  of  an  old  sinner  to  find  de- 
light in  reviewing  his  own  villainies  in  others. 

Soulfi 
I.  The  exclusive  right  of  ))0ssessing,  enjoy- 
ing and  disposing  of  a  thing  ;  ownership 
In  the  beginning  of  the  world,  the  Creator 
gave  to  man  dominiiui  over  the  earth 
over  th(!  fish  of  the  sea  and  the  fowls  of] 
the  air,  and  over  every  living  thing.    This 


is  the  foundation  of  man's  property  in  the 
earth  and  in  all  its  productions.  Prior 
occupancy  of  land  and  of  wild  animals 
gives  to  the  possessor  the  property  of  them. 
The  labor  of  inventing,  making  or  produ- 
cing any  thing  constitutes  one  of  the  high- 
est and  most  indefeasible  titles  to  property. 
Property  is  also  acquired  by  inheritance, 
by  gift  or  by  purchase.  Properly  is  some- 
times held  in  common,  yet  each  man's 
right  to  his  share  in  common  land  or 
stock  is  exclusively  his  own.  One  man 
may  have  the  properly  of  the  soil,  and  an- 
other the  right  of  use,  by  prescription  or 
by  purchase. 

5.  Possession  held  in  one's  own  right. 

Dryden 

G.  The  thing  owned  ;  that  to  which   a  per 
son  has  the  legal  title,  whether  in  his  [los 
session  or  not.     It  is  one  of  the  greatest 
blessings  of  civil  society  that  the  property 
of  citixens  is  well  secured. 

7.  An  estate,  whether  in  lands,  goods  or 
money  ;  as  a  man  of  large  property  or  small 
property. 

An  estate  ;  a  farm  ;  a  plantation.  In  thi; 
sense,  which  is  common  in  the  United 
States  and  in  the  West  Indies,  the  word 
has  a  plmal. 

The  slill-houses  on  the  sugar  plantations,  vary 
in  size,  according  to  the  fancy  of  the  proprietor 
or  the  magnitude  of  the  property. 

Edwards,  W.  Indies 

I  sh;dl  confine  myself  to  such  properties  a' 

fall  H  ilhin  die  reach  of  daily  observation.       ib. 

9.  Nearness  or  right. 
Here  I  disclaim  all  my  paternal  care. 
Propinquity  and  property  of  bloofl.  Shali. 

10.  Something  useful ;  an  ap|>eudage  ;  a  the- 
atrical term. 

I  will  draw  a  bill  of  properties.  Shak. 

High  pomp  and  state  are  useful  properties. 

Jhyden 

11.  Propriety.     [J^ol  in  use.]  Camden. 
Lileran/    property,    the    exclusive    right    of 

printing,  publishing  and  making  profit  by 
one's  own  writings.  No  right  or  title  to 
a  thing  can  be  so  perfect  as  that  which  is 
created  by  a  man's  own  labor  and  inven- 
tion. The  exclusive  right  of  a  man  to  his 
literary  productions,  and  to  the  use  of 
them  for  his  own  profit,  is  entire  and  per-! 
feet,  as  the  faculties  employed  and  labor 
bestowed  are  entirely  and  perfectly  hisj 
own.  On  what  principle  then  can  a  legis-l 
lature  or  a  court  determine  that  an  author 
can  enjoy  only  a  temporary  properly  in  his 
own  productions?  If  a  man's  right  to  his 
own  productions  in  wriling  is  as  (leifect  as 
to  the  productions  of  his  farm  or  his  shop, 
how  can  the  former  be  abridged  or  limit- 
ed, while  the  latter  is  held  without  limita- 
tion ?  Why  do  the  productions  of  ntanttal 
labor  rank  higher  in  the  scale  of  rights  or! 
property,  than  the  productions  of  the  intel-< 
led'}  1 

PROP'ERTY,  v.t.  To  invest  with  (pialities,! 
or  to  take  as  one's  own ;  to  a|ipi'o|iriaie. 
[An  awkward  loord  and  not  used.  |        Shak. 

PROPIIANE.     [See  Profane.] 

PUO'PIl ASIS,  n.  [Gr.  rfpo^asi;,  from  rtpo- 
fjjfii,  to  foretell.] 

In  viedicine,  prognohis ;  foreknowledge  of  a 
disease. 


PROPH'ECY,  n.  [Gr.  rtpo^^f«a,  from  Xpo- 
^r;ni,  to  foretell;  «po,  before,  and  fr^/u,  to 
tell.     This  ought  to  be  written  prophesy.] 

1.  A  foretelling;  prediction;  a  declaration 
of  something  to  come.  As  God  only  knows 
future  events  with  certainty,  no  being  but 
God  or  some  person  informed  by  him,  can 
utter  a  real  prophecy.  The  prophecies  re- 
corded in  .Scripture,  when  fulfilled,  afford 
most  convincing  evidence  of  the  divine 
original  of  the  Scriptures,  as  those  who 
uttered  the  prophecies  could  not  have  fore- 
known the  events  predicted  without  su- 
pernatural instruction.    2  Pet.  i. 

2.  In  .Scripture,  a  book  of  prophecies  ;  a  his- 
tory :  as  the  prophecy  of  Ahijah.  2  Chron. 
i.v. 

3.  Preaching;  public  interpretation  of  Scrip- 
ture ;  exhortation  or  instruction.  Prov. 
xxxi. 

PROPHESIED,  pp.  Foretold:  predicted. 
PROPHESIEK,     n.     One    who    predicts 

6V6lltS 

PROPH'ESY,  v.  t.  To  foretell  future  events ; 
to  predict. 

I  hate  him,  for  he  doth  not  prophesy  good 
concerning  me,  but  evil.  I  Kings  xxii. 

2.  To  foreshow.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PROPH'ESY,  V.  i.  To  utter  predictions  ;  to 
make  declaration  of  events  to  come.  Jer. 
xi. 

In  Scripture,  to  preach  ;  to  instruct  in  re- 
ligious doctrines  ;  to  interpret  or  explain 
Scripture  or  religious  subjects  ;  to  exhort. 
1  Cor.  xiii.   Ezek.  xxxvii. 

PROPHESYING,   ppr.  Foretelling  events. 

PROPHESYING,  n.  The  act  of  foretelling 
or  of  preaching. 

PROPHET,  n.  '^[Gr.  !tfio^r,fr,s ;  L.  propheta; 
Fr.  prophete.] 

1.  One  that  foretells  future  events ;  a  pre- 
dicter ;  a  foreteller. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  illuminated,  inspir- 
ed or  instructed  by  God  to  announce  fu- 
ture events ;  as  Moses,  Elijah,  David, 
Isaiah,  &c. 

3.  An  interpreter ;  one  that  e.xplains  or  com- 
municates sentiments.     Ex.  vii. 

4  One  who  pretends  to  foretell ;  an  impos- 
ter  ;  as  a  false  prophet.  Acts  xiii. 

School  of  the  prophets,  among  the  Israelites, 
a  school  or  college  in  which  young  men 
were  educated  and  qualified  for  public 
teachers.  These  students  were  called  mjis 
of  the  prophets. 

PROPHETESS,  )!.  A  female  prophet;  a 
woman  who  foretells  future  events,  as 
Miriam,  Iluldah,  Anna,  &c.  Ex.  xv. 
Jufle.  iv.  Luke  ii. 

PROPHET'K',       I       Containing  prophe- 

PROPHET'l€AL,  (,"■  cy  ;  foretelling  fu- 
ture events  ;  as  prophetic  writings. 

2.  Unlblding  future  events  ;  as  prophetic 
dreams. 

It  has  o/" before  the  thing  foretold. 
And  fears  are  oi't  jirophctic  fif  XW  event. 

Vri/den. 

PROPHETICALLY,  ar/i'.  Byway  of  pre- 
diction ;  in  the  manner  of  jirophecy. 

bi-yden. 

PROPH'ETIZE,  V.  i.  To  give  prediction. 
[.^fot  used.] 

PKOPHYLAC'TIC,         )        [Gr.  npo^xax- 

PROPHYLAt'TK'AL,  <,"■  t.«j,  from  rtpo- 
^DXaosu),  to  prevent,  to  guard  against ;  rtpo 
and  4>v>.a(jou,  to  jireserve.] 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


III  medicine,  preventive  ;  defending  from  dis- 
ease. Coxe 

PROPHYLA€'Tl€,  n.  A  medicine  wl.icli 
preseiTcs  or  defends  against  diseafe  ;  a 
preventive.  Coxe. 

PROriNATION,  n.  [L.  projrivatio,  pro- 
pino  ;  Gr.  ftfio  and  tttvu,  to  drink.] 

Tlie  act  of  pledging,  or  drinking  first  and 
llien  offering  the  cup  to  another.      Potler. 

PROPI'NE,  V.  I.  [L.  propivo,  supra.]  To 
pledge ;  to  drinii  first  and  then  offer  the 
cup  to  another.     [JVoi  used.] 

2.  To  expose.     [JVot  used.] 

PROPIN'QUITY,  n.  [L.  propinquitas,  from 
propinquvs,  near.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place ;  neighborhood.     Roy. 

2.  Nearness  in  time.  Broun. 

3.  Nearness  of  blood  ;  kindred.  Sliak. 
PROPI"TIABLE,  a.  [See  Propitiate.]  That 

may  be  induced  to  favor,  or  that  may  be 
made  propitious. 

PROPP'TIATE,  V.  t.  [L.propilio.  Qu.  pro, 
and  the  root  of  L.  pio,  Eng.  fnl;/.] 

To  conciliate ;  to  ajjpease  one  offended  and 
render  liiai  favorable  ;  to  make  proiatious. 
Let  fierce  Achilles,  dreadful  in  his  ra^e. 
The  god  propitiate  and  the  jjest  assuage. 

Pope. 

PROPP'TIATED,  pp.  Appeased  and  ren- 
dered favorable ;  conciliated. 

PKOI'l  TIATING,  ppr.  Conciliating;  ap- 
peasing the  wrath  of  and  rendering  favor- 
able. 

PROPITIATION,  n.    propisia'shon.    [Fr. 
from  propitiate.] 

1.  The  art  of  appeasing  wrath  and  concilia 
ting  the  favor  of  an  offended  person  ;  the 
act  of  making  pro])itious. 

2.  In  theology,  the  atonement  or  atoning 
sacrifice  offered  to  God  to  assuage  his 
wrath  and  render  him  propitious  to  sin- 
ners. Christ  is  the  propitiation  for  the 
sins  of  men.     Rom.  iii.     1  John  ii. 

PROPITIA'TOR,  n.  One  who  propitiates 

Sherwood. 

PROPP'TIATORV,  a.  Having  the  power 
to  make  propitious;  as  a propitintori/  sac- 
rifice. Stittins:/Iect 

PROPP'TIATORY,  n.  Among  the  .r.;ws 
the  mercy-seat  ;  tlie  lid  or  cover  of  the 
ark  of  the  covenant,  lined  within  and  with- 
out with  plates  of  gold.  This  was  a  type 
of  Christ.  En'aic. 

PROPP'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  propitius.]  Favora- 
ble ;  kind  ;  applied  to  men. 

2.  Disposed  to  I)e  gracious  or  merciful ; 
ready  to  forgive  sins  and  bestow  bless- 
ings ;  applied  to  God. 

3.  Favorable;  an  a  propilious  season. 
PROPI'TIOUSLY,  adv.  Favorably;  kind- 

'.V.  Rosrommon. 

PROPP'TIOTJSNESS,  n.  Kindness  ;  dis- 
position to  treat  another  kindly;  disposi- 
tion to  forgive. 

2.  Favorablencss ;  as  the  propitiousness  of 
the  season  or  climate.  Temple. 

PRO'PLASM,  71.  [Gr.  rtpo  and  n/\fl«f.o.  a  de- 
vice.]     A  iii(dd  ;  a  matrix.  HooUward. 

PROPLAS'TICE,  n.  [supra.]  The  art  ofl 
making  molds  for  castings. 

PRO' PO  I.  IS,  n.  [Gr.  before  the  city,  or  the 
front  of  the  city.] 

A  thick  odorous  substance  having  some  re- 
setnblanre  to  wax  and  smelling  like  sto- 
rax  ;  used  by  bees  to  stop  the  holes  and 

Vol.  II. 


crevices  in  their  hives  to  prevent  the  en- 
trance of  cold  air,  &c.  Pliny  represents 
it  a.s  the  third  coat ;  tlie  first  he  calls  com 
mosis;  the  secon<l  jiissoceros ;  the  third, 
more  solid  than  the  others,  he  calls /jrouo- 
lis-  ^  Plin.  .Yat.  Hist. 

This  account  of  the  propolis  may  not 
be  i)erfectly  correct,  as  authors  do  not 
agree  in  their  descriptions  of  it. 

PROPONENT,  ji.  [L.  proponens ;  pro  and 
pono,  to  place.] 

One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or  lays  down  a 
proposition.  Dryden. 

PROPORTION,  n.  [L.  proportio  ;  mo  and 
poHio,  part  or  share.  See  Portion.] 

1.  The  comparative  relation  of  any  one  thing 
to  another.  Let  a  man's  exertions  be  in 
proportion  to  his  strength. 

2.  The  identity  or  similitude  of  two  ratios. 
Proportion  diflers  from  ratio.  Ratioh  the 
relation  which  determines  the  quantity  of 
one  thing  from  the  quantity  of  another 
without  the  intervention  of  a  third.  Thus 
the  ratio  of  5  and  10  is  2;  the  ratio  of  8 
and  IG  is  2.  Proportion  is  the  sameness  or 
likeness  of  two  such  relations.  Thus  5  is 
to  10,  as  8  to  16,  or  A  is  to  B,  as  C  is  to  D  ; 
that  is,  5  bears  the  same  relation  to  10,  as 
8  does  to  10.  Hence  we  say,  such  num- 
bers arc  in  proportion.  Encyc. 

Proportion,  in  mathematics,  an  equality 
of  ratios.  Day. 

The  term  proportion  is  sometimes  im- 
properly used  for  ratio.  The  ratio  be- 
tween two  quantities,  is  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  one  divided  by  the  other :  thus, 
the  ratio  of  10  to  5  is  2,  and  the  ratio  of 
IC  to  8  is  2.  These  two  equal  ratios  con- 
stitute a  proportion,  which  is  expressed  by 
saying,  10  is  to  5  as  16  is  to  8;  or  more 
concisely,  10  :  5  :  :  16  :  8.     [See  Ratio.] 

D.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  by  which,  when  three 
numbers  are  given,  a  fourth  number  is 
found,  which  bears  the  same  relation  to 
the  third  as  the  second  does  to  the  first 
or  a  fourth  munber  is  found,  bearing  the 
same  relation  to  the  second  as  the  first 
does  to  the  third.  The  former  is  called 
direct,  and  the  latter,  inverse  proportion. 

4.  Symmetry ;  suitable  adaptation  of  rine 
part  or  thing  to  another ;  as  the  proportion 
of  one  limb  to  another  in  the  human  body; 
the  jrroportioH  of  the  length  and  breadtl 
of  a  room  to  its  highth. 

Harmony,  with  every  grace, 
Playi?  in  the  (air  proportioyis  of  her  face. 

Mrs.  Carter 

j.  Equal  or  just  share  ;  as,  to  ascertain  the 

proportion  of  profit  to  whicli  each  partner 

in  a  company  is  entitled. 

6.  Fortn  ;  size.     [Little  used.]  Dairies. 

7.  The  relation  between  unequal  things  of 
the  same  kind,  by  which  their  -several  parts 
correspond  to  each  other  with  an  equal 
augmentation  and  diminution,  as  in  re- 
ducing and  enlarging  figures.  Encyc. 

[This  more  properly  belongs  to  ratio.] 
Harmonical  or  musical  proportion,  is  when, 
of  three  numbers,  the  first  is  to  the  third 
as  the  difference  of  the  first  and  second  to 
the  difference  of  the  second  and  third. 
Thus  2.  3.  6.  are  in  harmonical  propor 
ti(ui :  for  2  is  to  (i  as  1  to  3.  So  also  four 
numbers  are  harmonical,  when  the  first  is 
to  the  fourth,  as  tlie  difference  of  the  first 

45 


and  second  is  to  the  difference  of  the  third 
and  fourth.  Thus,  24.  16.  12.  9.  are  har- 
monical, for  24  :  9  :  :  8  :  3.  Encyc. 

Arithmtticed  and  geometrical  proportion.  [See 
Progression,  No.  4.] 

Reciprocal  proportion,  an  equality  between  a 
direct  and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  Thus,  4  : 
2  :  :  i  :  ,' .  [See  Reciprocals,  and  Recip- 
rocal ratio.] 

PROPORTION,  V.  I.  To  adjust  the  com- 
parative relation  of  one  tbinj:  or  one  part 
to  another;  as,  to  proportion  the  size  of  a 
building  to  its  highth,  or  the  thic-kness  of 
a  thing  to  its  length  ;  to  propoHion  our  ex- 
penditures to  our  income. 

In  the  loss  of  an  object,  we  do  not  propor- 
tion our  grief  to  its  real  value,  but  to  the  value 
our  fancies  set  upon  it.  .^ildison. 

2.  To  form  with  symmetry  or  suitableness, 
as  the  parts  of  tlie  body. 

PROPORTIONABLE,  a.  That  may  be  pro- 
portioned or  made  proiiortional. "  This  is 
the  true  sense  of  the  word  ;  but  it  is  erro- 
neously used  in  the  sense  of  proportional, 
being  in  proportion  ;  having  a  due  com- 
parative relation  ;  as  infantry  with  a  pro- 
portionable number  of  horse. 

PROPORTION  ABLY,  adv.  According  to 
proportion  or  comparative  relation  ;  as  a 
large  body,  with  limbs  proportionably  large. 

PROPORTIONAL,  a.  [It.  proporiion^e ; 
Fr.  proportionncl.] 

Haviii}.'  a  due  comparative  relation  ;  being 
in  suitable  proportion  or  degree;  as,  the 
parts  of  an  edifice  are  proportional.  In 
pharmacy,  medicines  are  compounded  of 
certain  proportional  quantities  of  ingredi- 
ents. Tlie  velocity  of  a  moving  body  is 
proportional  to  the  impelling  force,  when 
the  quantity  of  matter  is  given  ;  its  mo- 
mentum is  proportional  to  the  quantity  of 
matter  it  contains,  when  its  velocity  is 
given. 

Proportional,  in  chimistry,  a  term  employ- 
ed in  the  theory  of  definite  proportions,  to 
denote  the  same  as  the  weight  of  an  atom 
or  a  prime.     [See  Prime] 

Proportionals,  in  geometi-y,  are  quantities, 
either  linear  or  numeral,  which  bear  the 
same  ratio  or  relation  to  each  other. 

Encye. 

PROPORTIONALITY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  in  proportion.  Grew. 

PROPORTIONALLY,  adv.  In  proportion; 
in  due  degree  :  with  suitable  comi)arative 
relation  ;  as  all  parts  of  a  building  being 
proportiunalbj  large. 

PROPORTIONATE,  a.  Adjusted  to  some- 
thing else  according  to  a  certain  rate  or 
comparative  relation  ;  proportional. 

The  connection  between  the  end  and  means 

\s  pritporlinnate.  Grew. 

Piinishnicnt  should  be  proportionate  to  the 

Iransffressinn.  Locke. 

PROPORTIONATE,  v.  t.  To  projiortinn  ; 
to  make  propoitional  ;  to  adjust  acroidin"' 
to  a  settled  rate  or  to  due  comparative  re- 
lation ;  as,  to  proportionate  punisliments 
to  crimes.  [This  verb  is  less  used  than 
proportion.] 

PROPORTIONATELY,  adv.  With  due 
proportion  ;  according  to  a  settled  or  suit- 
able rate  or  degree.  Pearson. 

PIJOPORTION.VTENESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  adjusted  by  due  or  settled  pro- 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


portion   or  comparative   relation ;    suita- 
bleness of  proportions.  Hale. 

PROPORTIOiNED,  pp.  Made  or  adjusted 
with  due  proportion  or  with  syiumetry  of 
parts. 

rRt)P0RTIONING,  ppr.  Making  proper 
lioiial. 

PR(JP0RTIO\LESS,  a.  Without  propor- 
tion ;  without  syninietry  of  parts. 

PROPOSAL,    n.    s   as   :.    [from  propose 

1.  That  which  is  offisred  or  propounded  for 
consideration  or  acceptance  ;  a  scheme  or 
desijrn,  terms  or  conditions  proposed ;  a.s, 
to  make  proposals  for  a  treaty  of  peace ; 
to  oft'er  ^co/^oso/s  for  erecting  a  buii(hng; 
to  make  proposals  of  marriage  ;  proposals 
for  subscription  to  a  h)an  or  to  a  hterary 
work. 

9.  Offer  to  the  mind ;  as  the  proposal  of  an 
agreeable  object.  South. 

PROPO'i«E,  v.t.  sas  z.  [Fr.  proposer;  J.. 
propono,  propositi;  W.  posiuw,  to  pose, 
that  is,  to  seti  literally  to  put  or  throw 
forward.] 

1.  To  offer  for  consideration,  discussion,  ac- 
ceptance or  adoption  ;  as,  to  propose  a  bill 
or  resolve  to  a  legislative  body  ;  to  propose 
terms  of  peace  ;  to  propose  a.  question  or 
subject  for  discussion  ;  to  propose  an  alli- 
ance by  treaty  or  marriage  ;  to  propose  al- 
terations or  amendments  in  a  law. 

2.  To  ofler  or  present  for  consideration. 

In  learning  any  thing,  as  little  as  possible 
shouUl  be  proposed  to  the  mind  at  first.    IVatls. 

To  propose  to  one's  self,  to  intend ;  to  de- 
sign ;  to  form  a  design  in  the  mind. 

PROPO'SE,  v.  I.  To  lay  schemes.  [.Vo(  ih 
use.]  Slink. 

[Propose  is  often  used  for  purpose  ;  as,  li 
propose  to  ride  to  New  York  to-morrow. 
Purpose  and  propose  are  different  forms  of 
the  same  word.] 

PROPO'SED,  pp.  Offered  or  presented  for 
consideration,  discussion,  acceptance  or 
adoption. 

PROPO'SER,  n.  One  that  offers  any  thing 
for  consiilcration  or  ailoption.  Loche. 

PROPO'SING,  ppr.  Offering  for  consider- 
ation, acceptance  or  adoption. 

PROPOi^I'TlON,  11.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L. 
propositio,  from  propositus,  propono.] 

1.  That  wliich  is  pro[)osed ;  that  which  is 
offered  for  consideration,  accei)tuncc  or 
adoption;  a  projiosal;  offer  of  terms. 
The  enemy  made  propositions  of  peace  ; 
the  propositions  were  not  accepted. 

2.  In  logic,  one  of  the  tliree  parts  of  a  regu- 
lar argument ;  the  part  of  an  argument  in 
which  sonje  quality,  negative  or  positive, 
is  allributed  to  a  subject;  as,  "snow  is 
white  ;"  "  water  is  fluid  ;"  "  vice  is  not 
commendable." 

3.  In  mnttiemntics,  a  statement  in  Irrins  of; 
either  a  truth  to  he  (leioiinstrati'd,  or  aijl 
operation  to  be  perOirmed.  It  is  called  a 
theorem,  when  it  is  somelhing  to  be  prov- 
ed ;  and  a  problem,  when  it  is  something 
to  be  <lone.  D.  Olmsted. 

4.  In  oralonj,  that  which  is  oflTered  or  affirm- 
ed as  the  suhjeit  of  the  discourse  ;  any 
thing  stat'^d  or  atlirmed  for  discussion  or 
illilsl  ration. 

5.  \u  portrif.  the  first  part  of  apoen:,  in  which 
the  author  states  the  subject  or  matter  of 
it.  Ilorari-  reiummeMiis  modesty  and 
simplicity  in  the  proposition  of  a  poem. 


PROPOSI'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
proposition  ;  considered  as  a  proposition  ; 
as  a  propositional  sense.  tfatts. 

PROPOUND',  V.  I.  [L.  propono;  pro  and 
pono,  to  set,  put  or  place.] 

1.  To  propose  ;  to  offer  for  consideration ; 
as,  to  propound  a  rule  of  action.       JVolton. 

The  existence  of  the  church  hath  been  j^ru- 
pounded  as  an  object  of  faith.  Pearson. 

2.  To  offer  ;  to  exliibit ;  to  propose  ;  as,  to 
propound  a  question.  Shak. 

S.  In  congregational  churches,  to  pro|)Ose  or 
name  as  a  candidate  for  admission  to  com 
niunion  with  a  church.  Persons  intend- 
ing to  make  |)ublic  profession  of  their 
faith,  and  thus  unite  with  the  church,  are 
propounded  before  the  church  and  congre- 
gation ;  that  is,  their  intention  is  notified 
some  days  previous,  for  the  pmpose  of 
giving  oii[)ortunity  to  members  of  the 
church  to  object  to  their  admission  to 
such  connnunion,  if  ihev  see  cause. 

PROPOUND'ED,  pp.  Proposed;  offered 
tor  consideration. 

PROPOUND'ER,  7!.  One  that  proposes  or 
offers  for  consideration. 

PROPOUNDING,  ;*;)r.  Proposing;  offi-r- 
ing  for  consideration. 

PR01"PF,D,  7?;;.  [from  prop.]  Supported; 
sustained  by  something  placed  under. 

PROPPING,  ppr.  Sujjporting  by  some- 
thing beneath. 

PROPRE'FE€T,  n.  .Vmong  the  Romans,  a 
prefect's  lieutenant  commissioned  to  do  a 
part  of  the  dutv  of  the  prefect.         Encyc. 

PROPRETOR.n.  [h.  propnrtor.]  Anjonj 
the  Romans,  a  magistrate  who,  having  dis 
charged  the  office  of  pretor  at  home,  was 
sent  irito  a  province  to  conunand  there 
with  bis  former  pretorial  authority  ;  also, 
an  officer  sent  extraortlinarily  into  the 
provinces  to  adnjinister  justice  with  the 
ainhorily  of  pretor.  £ 

PROPRI'ETARY,  n.  [Fr.;)ropn"e<aire,froni 
p7'opriet^:] 

1.  A  proprietor  or  owner;  one  who  has  the 
exclusive  title  ;o  a  thing;  one  wdio  pos- 
sesses or  holds  the  title  to  a  thing  in  his 
own  right.  The  grantees  of  Pemis^lva- 
nia  and  Maryland  and  their  heirs  were 
called  t\\o  proprietaries  of  those  provinces. 

2.  In  mona.fliries,  such  monks  were  called 
proprielurits,  as  had  re.^ervc(l  goods  and 
efl^ects  to  themselves,  notwithstanding 
their  renunciation  of  all  at  the  time  of 
their  prolession.  Eneyc. 

PKOPRl'ETARV,  a.  Relonging  to  a  pro- 
prietor or  own<'r,  or  to  a  proprietary.  The 
governments  of  Pemisylvania  uiiil  Mary- 
land were  formerly  proprietary. 

PROPRIETOR,  n.  [from  L.  praprietas, 
proprius.] 

An  owner  ;  the  person  who  has  the  legal 
riplit  or  exclusive  title  to  any  thing 
whether  in  jiossessioii  or  not ;  as  the //ro- 
prietor  of  a  farm  or  of  a  mill.  I$y  the  gift 
of  God,  man  is  constituted  the  pre>prielor  of 
the  earth. 

PROPRI'ETRESS,  n.  A  female  who  has 
the  exclusive  legal  right  to  a  lliimr. 

V  Estrange. 

PROPRl'IOTY,  n.  [Fr. propriete  ;  L.proprie- 
iiis,  from  propnus.]     ,. 

1.  Property  ;  |)eciihar  or  exclusive  right  of 
possession;  ownership.  |Tliis  priioar\ 
sense  of  the  word,  as  used  by  Locke,  41ii- 


ton,  Dryden,  &c.  seems  now  to  he  nearly 
or  wholly  obsolete.     See  Property.] 

2.  Fitness;  suitableness;  appropriateness; 
consonance  with  established  principles, 
rules  or  customs  ;  justness ;  accuracy. 
Propriety  of  conduct,  in  a  moral  sense, 
consists  in  its  conformity  to  the  moral 
law  ;  propriety  of  behavior,  consists  in  con- 
formity to  the  established  rules  of  deco- 
rum ;  propriety  in  language,  is  correctness 
in  the  use  of  words  and  phrases,  accord- 
ing to  established  usage,  which  constitutes 
the  rule  of  speaking  and  writing. 

."?.  Proper  .state.  Shak. 

PROPT.  [See  Propped.] 

PROPUCiN,  V.  t.  propu'ne.  [L.  propugno; 
pro  and  pugno,  to  tight.] 

To  contend  for ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate. 
[Little  used.]  Hammond. 

PROPUG'NA€LE,  n.  [L.  propvgnaculum.] 
A  fortress.     [.\b(  used.]  Howell. 

PROPUGNA'TIO.N,  n.  [L.  propugnulio.] 
Defense.     [.IVot  used.]  Shak. 

PROPUGNER,  n.  propu'ner.  A  defender; 
a  vindii'ator. 

PROPULSA'TION,  n.  [L.  propulsatio,  pro- 
pulso.     See  Propel.] 

The  act  of  driving  away  or  repelling;  the 
keepini:  at  a  distance.  HaU. 

PROPULSE,  I'.  /.  propuls'.  [L.  prop  also : 
pro  and  pulso,  to  siiikc.     See  Propel.] 

To  repel ;  to  drive  off'     [Little  used.] 

Colgrave. 

PROPUL'SION,  n.  [L.  propulsus,  proptlto. 
See  Propel.]     The  act  of  driving  forward. 

iJ«ccm. 

Pro  rata,  [L.]  ill  pro])ortion. 

PRORE,  n.  [L.  prora.]  The  prow  or  fore 
part  of  a  slii|i.  [JVot  in  use,  except  in  poe- 
try.] Pope. 

Pro  re  nata,  [L.]  according  to  exigences  or 
circumstances. 

PROROGATION,  n.  [L.  prorogaiio.  See 
Prorogue.] 

1.  Continuance  in  time  or  duration;  a 
lengthening  or  |>rolongatioi]  of  time;  as 
ihe  prorogation  of  something  alreaiiy  pos- 
sessefl.     [This  use  is  uncommon.]      South. 

2.  In  England,  the  continuance  of  parlia- 
ment from  one  session  to  another,  as  an 
adjiurnment  is  a  continuance  of  the  ses- 
sion from  day  to  day.  This  is  the  estab- 
lished language  with  respect  to  the  par- 
liament ot  Great  Britain.  In  the  I'nited 
States,  the  word  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or 
never  used  ;  adjournment  being  used  not 
only  ill  its  etymological  sense,  but  for ^ro- 
rogalioi!  also. 

PROROGUE,  V.  t.  prorog.  [Fr.  proroger ; 
h.  prorogo ;  pro  i\\ii\  rogu.  The  latter  w(ud 
signifies  to  ask,  or  to  propose  ;  hut  the 
primarv  sense  is  to  reach,  to  stretch  for- 
ward ;  and  this  is  its  import  in  the  deriva- 
tive prorogo.] 

1.  To  pn. tract  ;  to  prolong. 

Mc  proritgutd  lM^  !;oveniinent.  Dryden. 

2.  To  defer  ;  to  delay  ;  as,  to  prorogue  (Uuith. 

Shak. 
[In  the  foregoing  senses,  the  tcord  is  now 
rarely  used  ] 

3.  To  continue  the  parliament  fioin  one 
session  to  another.  Parliament  is  pi-o- 
rogued  by  the  king's  authority,  either  by 
the  lord  chanicllor  in  his  nmjesly's  pres- 
ence, or  by  commission,  or  hy  prochuna- 
tiou.  Blackslone. 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


PPtORUP'TION,  n.  (L.  proruplus,  pronm- 
(10 ;  jtru  aiiil  rumpo,  to  burst.] 

Till;  act  of  bursting  forth  ;  u  bursting  out. 

Brown. 

PROSA'l€,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  prosmcus,  from 
pro.id,  prose  ;  Fr.  prosaique.] 

Pertainiiife'  to  prose;  resembling  prose;  not 
rcstrictcil  by  numbers  ;  applied  to  wnimgs 
ns  a  prosaic  coenposition. 

PRO'SAL,  a.  Prosaic.     [JVot  used.] 

Hrown. 

PROS€RI'BE,  V.  t.  [L.  proscriho  ;  pro  ami 
scriho,  to  write.  Tlie  senst;  of  this  word 
originated  in  the  Ruiuui  pra('tice  of  wri- 
ting tlio  names  of  persons  doomed  to 
death,  and  posting  the  list  in  public.] 

1.  To  doom  to  ilestruction  ;  to  put  one  out 
of  the  protection  of  law,  and  prmnisca  re 
ward  for  his  head.  Sylla  and  Marius  pro- 
scribtd  ea(di  other's  adherenls. 

2.  To  put  out  of  the  prolection  of  the  law. 

Robert  Veie,  ead  of  Oxford,  was  barii-*hcii 
the  lealiii  auJ  proscribed.  SpcnsCr. 

3.  To  denounce  and  condemn  as  dangerous 
and  not  worthy  of  reception  ;  to  reject  ut- 
terly. 

In  the  year  325,  tlie  Aiian  doctrines  were 
proscribed  and  anathcinaiizcd  by  the  council  ul 
Nice.  IVatcrland. 

4.  To  censure  and  condemn  as  utterly  un- 
worthy of  reception.  South. 

5.  To  interdict ;  as,  to  proscribe  the  use  of 
ardent  spirits. 

PROHCRI'UI'U),  pp.  Doomed  to  destruc- 
tion; denounced  as  dangerous,  or  as  ini- 
wortliy  of  reception  ;  condemned ;  ban- 
ished. 

PROSCRI'BER,  n.  One  that  dooms  to  de- 
struction ;  one  that  denounces  as  danger 
ous,  or  as  utterly  unworthy  of  reception. 

PROSeRl'BING,    ppr.    Dcioming     to    do 
strnction ;    denouncing    as   unworthy   of 
protection    or     reception ;    condemning 
banishing. 

PROSeRIP'TION,  n.  [L. proscriptio.]  The 
act  of  proscribing  or  dooming    to   death 
among  Me  Romans,lhii  public  otVer  of  a  re 
ward  for  the  bead  of  a  political  enemy 
Such  were  the  proscriptions  of  Sylla  and 
Marius.     Under  the  triiunvirate,  many  of 
the  best  Roman  citizens  fell  by  proscrip- 
tion. 

2.  A  putting  out  of  the  protection  of  law ; 
condemning  to  exile. 

3.  Censure  and  condemnation  ;  utter  rejec- 
tion. 

PROSCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
sisting in  proscription  ;  proscribing. 

Burke. 

PROSE,  n.  s  as  ;.  [L.  It.  Sp.  prosa  ;  Fr. 
prose.  Qu.  orient.  D">3,  ]n3  or  tsnS-] 

1.  The  natural  language  of  man  ;  language 
loose  and  imconfined  to  poetical  measure, 
as  opposed  to  verse  or  metrical  composition. 

Things  unattempted  yet  in  prone  or  rhyme. 

Milton 

2.  A  prayer  used  in  the  Romish  church  on 
parlicidardays.  Harmar. 

PR<JSE,  V.  t.  To  write  in  prose.         .Milton 
2    To  make  a  t("dious  relation.  Mason 

PROS'ECUTE,  V.  t.  [L.  prosecutus,  prose 

quor ;  pro  mid  seq nor,  10    follow,    Eug.    to 

seek.     See  Essay.] 
1.  To  jolliiw  or  pursue  with  a  view  to  reach, 

execute  or  accoun>lish ;   to   continue  en 


deavors  to  obtain  or  complete  ;  to  contin- 
ue efforts  already  begun  ;  a.s,  to  prosecute 
a  scheme ;  to  prosecute  an  undertaking. 
The  great  canal  in  tlie  state  of  New  York 
has  been  prosecaied  with  succe8.s. 

That  whiib  is  morally  good  is  to  be  desired 
an<l  prosecuted.  fVilkins. 

Tins  word  .signifies  either  to  be^n  and 
carry  on,  or  simply  to  continue  what  has 
been  begun.  \Vli(>n  I  say,  "  I  havedevis 
ed  a  plan  wliich  I  have  not  the  courage  or 
means  to  prosecute,  "  the  word  signilies  to 
be^n  to  execute.  When  we  say,  "  the 
nation  began  a  war  which  it  had  not 
means  to  prosecute,"  it  signifies  to  continue 
to  carry  on.  The  latter  is  the  gcnuiue 
sen.se  of  the  word,  but  both  are  well  .-ui- 
thorized.  We  prosecute  any  work  of  the 
hands  or  of  the  b'^ad.  VVe  prosecute  a 
purpose,  an  enterprise,  a  work,  studies,  in- 
(piiries,  &c. 

2.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process;  as, to 
prosecute  a  right  in  a  court  of  law. 

■i.  To  accuse  of  some  crime  or  breach  of] 
law,  or  to  pursue  for  redress  or  punish- 
ment, before  a  legal  tribunal  ;  as,  to  prose- 
cute a  man  for  trespass  or  for  a  riot.  It  is 
applied  to  civil  suits  for  damages,  as  well 
as  to  criminal  suit.s,  but  not  to  suits  for 
debt.  VVe  never  say,  a  man /(rosecute  an- 
other on  a  bond  or  note,  or  in  assumpsit; 
but  he  prosecutes  his  right  or  claim  in  anl 
action  of  debt,  detinue,  trover  or  assump-l 
sit.  So  we  say,  a  man  pro.iecides  another 
for  assault  and  battery,  for  a  libel  or  for 
slander,  or  for  breaking  his  close.  In 
these  cases,  prosecute  .signifies  to  bet^in  and 
to  continue  a  suit.  The  attorney  general 
prosecutes  offenders  in  the  name  of  the 
king  or  of  the  state,  by  inforniation  or  in- 
dictment. ^ 

Prosecute  differs  from  persecute,  as  in  law  it 
is  applied  to  legal  proceedings  only, 
whereas /)ei-«cctt<e  implies  cruelty,  injustice 
or  oppression. 

PROS'ECUTED,  pp.  Pursued,  or  begun 
and  carried  on  for  execution  or  accom- 
plishment, as  a  scheme  ;  pursued  for  re- 
dress or  punishment  in  a  court  of  law,  as  a 
|)erson ;  demanded  in  law,  as  a  right  or 
claim. 

PROS'ECUTING,  ppr.  Pursuing,  or  begin- 
ning and  carrying  on  for  accomplishment ; 
pursuing  for  redress  or  punishment;  suing 
for,  as  a  right  or  claim. 

PROSECU'tlON,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
endeavoring  to  gain  or  accomplish  some 
thing  ;  pursuit  by  efforts  of  body  or  mind 
as   the  prosecution  of  a  scheme,  plan,  de 
sign    or   undertaking;    the  /)ro.SfCii(io;i  of 
war  or  of  commerce  ;  the  prosecution  of  a 
work,  study,  argument  or  inquiry. 

2.  The  institution  and  carrying  on  of  a  suit 
in  a  court  of  law  or  ecpiity,  to  obtain  some 
right,  or  to  redress  and  [uinisli  some 
wrong.  The  prosecution  of  a  claim  in 
chancery  is  very  expensive.  Malicious 
prosecutions  subject  the  offender  to  punish 
meiit. 

3.  The  institution  or  commencement  and 
continuance  of  a  criminal  suit  ;  the  pro 
cess  of  exhibiting  formal  charges  against 
an  offender  before  a  legal  tribunal,  and 
pursuing  tlieiii  to  final  judgment  ;  as  pros- 
ecutions  of  the  crown  or  of  the  state  by 
the  attornev  or  solicitor  general.     Prose- 


cutions may  be  by  presentment,  informa-' 
ti'in  or  indictment.  lilackstone. 

PROS' ECL'TOR,  n.  One  who  pursnes  or 
carries  on  any  purpose,  plan  or  business. 

2.  Tlie  person  who  institutes  and  carries  on 
a  criminal  suit  ill  a  legal  tribunal,  or  one 
who  exhibits  criminal  charges  against  an 
offender.  The  attorney  general  is  the 
prosecutor  for  the  king  or  slate. 

Blackstone. 

PROSELYTE,  n.  [Fr.  proselyte  ;  ll.  proso- 
lita  ;  (jJr.  ifpoor^y.vTOi ;  npoj  and  f p;to/»ai,  to 
come  ;  t;>.v6ov,  rj'KOof.] 

A  new  convitrt  to  some  religion  or  religious 
sect,  or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system 
or  party.  Thus  a  Gentile  converted  to.Iu- 
daism  is  a  proselyte  ;  a  pagan  converted  to 
Christianity  is  a  proselyte ;  and  we  speak 
familiarly  of  proselytes  to  the  theories  of 
Brcjwn,  of  I5lack,  or  of  Lavoisier.  The 
word  primarily  refers  to  converts  to  sonic 
religious  creed. 

PROSELYTE,  V.  t.  To  make  a  convert  to 
some  religion,  or  to  some  opinion  or  sys- 
tem. Macknight. 

PROS'ELYTISM,  n.  The  making  of  con- 
verts to  a  religion  or  religious  sect,  or  to 
any  opinion,  .system  or  party. 

They  \vert;   possessed  with  a  spirit  of  prosC' 
lytisni  ill  the  most  fanatical  degree.         Burke. 

2.  Conversion  to  a  system  or  creed. 

PROS' ELYTiZE,  to  make  converts,  or  to 
convert,  is  not  well  authorized,  or  not  in 
coimrion  use,  and  is  wholly  unnecessary. 

PROSEMINA'TION,  n.  \\.. proseminatus ; 
pro  and  semino,  to  sow.] 

Propagation  by  seed.     [JVot  used.]  Hale. 

PROSENNEAllE'DRAL.a.  [Gr.  !(fio;,(vvfa 
and  fSpa.] 

In  crystalography,  having  nine  faces  on  two 
adjacent  parts  of  the  crj'stal.- 

PRO  SER,  n.  s  as  :.  [from  prose.]  A  writer 
of  prose.  Drayton. 

2.  In  cant  language,  one  who  makes  a  te- 
dious narration  of  uninteresting  matters. 

PROSO  DIAL,     )       [from  prosody.]    Pcr- 

PROSODT€AL,  ^"^  taining  to  prosody  or 
the  quantity  and  accents  of  syllables;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  prosody. 

Jiarton.     Ed.  Dispens. 

PROSO'DIAN,  J!,  [from  prosody.]  One 
skilled  in  prosody  or  in  the  rules  of  pro- 
nunciation and  metrical  composition. 

PROS ODIST,  n.  [{'mm  prosody.]  One  who 
undersl.inds  prosody.  ftalker. 

PROSODY,  n.  [Vr.  prosodie  ;  h.  prosodia  ; 
Gr.  7t|jo5wSta;  rtpoj  and  w5»;,  an  ode.] 

That  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the 
quantity  of  syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the 
laws  of  versification.  It  incluiles  also  the 
art  of  adjusting  the  accent  and  metrical 
arrangement  of  syllables  in  compositions 
for  the  lyre. 

PROSOPOLEP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  rtpojurtox^+io.] 
Respect  of  persons ;  more  particularly,  a 
premature  opinion  or  prejudice  against  a 
|)erson,  formed  by  a  view  of  his  external 
appearance.  Moore.    Mdison. 

PROSOPOPE  lA,   \         [Gr.  «posu«o,toua  ; 

PROS'OPOPY,  \  "•  ,-tpo7w«o^,  person, 
and  rtoitu,  to  make.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric  by  which  things  are  rep- 
resented as  persons,  or  by  which  things  in- 
animate are  spoken  of  as  animated  beings, 
or  by  which  an  absent  person  is  introdu- 
ced as  speaking,  or  a  deceased  person  is 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


vepresented  ais  alive  and  present.     It  iii-||2.  To  grow  or  increase  ;  to  thrive  ;  to  make 


cliides  personification,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive ill  its  signification.  Encyc. 

PROS'PEeT.  n.  [L.  prospecitis,  prospicio,  to 
look  forward ;  pro  and  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  View  of  things  within  the  reach  of  the 
eye. 

Eden  and  all  the  coast  in  prospect  lay. 

MUton. 

3.  View  of  things  to  come  ;  intellectual 
sight;  expectation.  The  good  man  en- 
joys the  prospect  of  future  felicity. 

3.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  eye  ;  the 
place  and  the  objects  seen.  There  is  a 
noble  prospect  from  the  dome  of  the  state 
house  in  Boston,  a  prospect  diversified  with 
land  and  water,  and  every  thing  that  can 
please  the  eye. 

4.  Object  of  view. 

Man  to  himself 
Is  a  large  prospect.  Denham. 

5.  View  delineated  or  painted  ;  picturesque 
representation  of  a  landscape 

Reynolds. 

6.  Place  which  affords  an  extended  view. 

Milton. 

7.  Position  of  the  front  of  a  building  ;  as  a 
prospect  towards  the  south  or  north.  Ezek. 
x). 

8.  Expectation,  or  ground  of  expectation. 
There  is  a  prospect  of  a  good  harvest.  A 
man  has  a  prospect  of  preferment ;  or  he 
has  little  prospect  of  success. 

fVashington. 

9.  A  looking  forward  ;  a  regard  to  some- 
thing future. 

Is  he  a  prudent  man  as  to  his  temporal  estate, 
who  lays  designs  only  for  a  day,  without  any 
prospect  to  or  provision  for  the  remaining  part 
of  life?     [Little  useil]  Tillotson. 

PROSPEC'TK)N,  n.  The  act  of  looking 
forward,  or  of  providing  for  future  wants. 

Paley 

PROSPEeT'IVE,   a.   Looking   forward  in 

time;  regarding   the   future;   opposed  to 

retrospective. 

The  supporting  of  Bible  societies  is  one  of  the 
points  on  which  the  promises,  at  the  time  of  or- 
dination, had  no  prospective  bearing. 

W.  Jay 

2.  Acting  with  foresight. 

The  French  king  and  king  of  Sweden,  are 
circumspect,  industrious  and  prospective  in  this 
affair.  Child. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prospect;  viewing  at  a 
distance.  Milton. 

4.  Furnishing  an  extensive  prospect. 

Dioight. 
PROSPE€T'IVELY,   adv.  With  reference 

to  the  future. 
PROSPE€T'US,  n.  [L.]  The  plan  of  a  lite- 
rary work,  containing  the  general  subject 
or  design,  with  the  manner  and  terms  of 
publication,  and  sometimes  a  specimen 
of  it. 

PROS'PER,  v.t.  [L.  prospero,  from  pro.ipe- 
rus,  from  the  Gr.  rfpoo^fpu,  to  carry  to  or 
toward  ;  jtpoj  and  iftpu,  to  bear.] 
To  favor  ;  to  render  successful. 

All  things  concur  to  prosper  our  design. 

IJryden 
PROS'PER,  V.  i.  To  be  successful ;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

The  Lord  made  all  that  he  did  to  prosper  in 
his  hand.    Gen.  xx.xix. 

He  that  covereth  his  sins,  ahdll  not  prosper. 
Prov.  xxviii. 


gam;  as,  to  yicospcc  in  business.  Our  agri 
culture,  connnerce  and  manufactures  now 
prosper. 

PROS' PERED,/)p.  Having  success ;  favor- 
ed. 

PROS'PERING,  ppr.  Rendering  success- 
ful ;  advancing  in  growth,  wealth  or  any 
good 

PROSPER'ITY,   n.     [L.  prosperitas.]    Ad- 
vance or  gain  in  any  thing  good  or  desira 
ble ;  successful  progress  in    any  business 
or  enterprise  ;  success  ;  attainment  of  th 
object  desired  ;  as   the  prosperity  of  arts  ; 
agricultural  or  coinuiercial  prosperity  ;  na 
tional  prosperity.    Our  disposition  to  abuse 
the  blessings  of  providence  renders  pros- 
perity dangerous. 

The  prosperity  of  fools  shall  destroy  them. 
Prov.  i. 

PROS'PEROUS,  a.  [L.  prospenis.]  Ad- 
vancing in  the  pursuit  of  any  thuig  desir- 
able;  making  gain  or  increase;  thriving; 
successful ;  as  a  prosperous  trade  ;  a  pros- 
perous voyage;  a  prosperous  expedition  or 
undertaking;  a  prosperous  man,  family  or 
nation  ;  a  prosperous  war. 

The  seed  shall  be  prosperous ;  the  vine  shall 
give  her  fruit.  Zech.  viii. 
Favorable ;  favoring  success ;  as   a  pros 


perous  wind.  Denham. 

PROSPEROUSLY,   adv.  With  gain  or  in 
crease ;  successfully.  Bacon. 

PROS'PEROUSNESS,  n.   The  state  of  be 
ing  successful;  prosperity. 

PROSPP'CIENCE,  n.  [I.,  prospiciens.]  The 
act  of  looking  forward.  Did. 

PROS'TATE,  a.  [from  Gr.  ttfoi^rnu,,  to  set 
before.] 

In  anatomy,  the  prostate  gland  is  a  gland  sit- 
uated just  before  the  neck  of  tlie  bladder 
in  males,  and  surrounding  the  beginning  of 
the  urethra.  It  is  situated  on  the  under 
and  posterior  part  of  the  neck  of  the  blad- 
der, so  as  to  surround  the  lower  side  of 
the  urethra.  Encyc.     If'istar. 

PROSTERNA'TION,  ji.  [L.  prostemo,  to 
prostrate  ;  pro  and  sterno.] 

A  state  of  being  cast  down :  dejection  ;  de- 
pression.    [Little  %ised.]  K'iseman 

PROS'THESIS,  I       [Gr.]  In   surgery,  the 

PROTH'ESIS,     \       additi(ui  of  an   artifi- 
cial part  to  supply  a   defect  of  the  body 
as  a  wooden  leg,  &c.  Quincy.     Coxe. 

PROSTHETIC,  a.  [Gr.  j<poa8fT05.]  Prefix- 
ed, as  a  letter  to  a  word. 

PROS'TITUTE,  I'.  (.  [L.  prostituo ;  pro  and 
statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  To  offer  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indis- 
criminate lewdness. 

Do  not  prostitute  thy  daughter.  Lev.  xix. 
To  give  up  to  any  vile  or  infamous  pur 
pose  ;  to  devote  to  any  thing  base  ;  to  sel 
to  wickedness ;  as,  to  proslitutc  talents  to 
the  propagation  of  infidel  principles ;  to 
prostitute  tlie  press  to  the  publication  of 
bhispheuiy. 

•3.  To  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms  or  to 
unworthy  persons.  Tillotson 

PROS'TITUTE,     a.     Openly    devoteil    to 
lewdness ;  sold  to  wickedness  or  to  inft 
mous  purposes. 

Made  bold  by  want  and  prostitute  lor  brcail. 


PROS'TITUTE,  n.  A  female  given  to  in- 
discriminate lewdness;  a  strum|>et. 

Dry  den. 
2.  A  base  hireling ;  a  mercenary  ;  one  who 
offers  himself  to  infamous   employments 
for  hire. 

No  hireUng  she,  no  prostitute  to  praise. 

Pope. 
PROSTITUTED,  pp.  Offered  to  common 

lewdness  ;  devoted  to  base  purpose.s. 
PROS'TITUTLN'G,  ppr.  Offering  to  indis- 
criminate lewdness;  devoting  to  infamous 

PROSTITUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  pros- 
lituo.^^ 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  offering  the  body 
to  an  indiscriminate  intercourse  with  men  ; 
common  lewdness  of  a  female. 

Spectator. 

2.  The  act  of  setting  one's  self  to  sale,  or  of- 
fering one's  self  to  infamous  employments; 
as  the  prostitution  of  talents  or  abilities. 

PROS'TITUTOR,  n.  One  who  prostitutes; 
one  who  submits  himself  or  offers  anoth- 
er to  vile  purposes. 

PROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  prostratus,  from 
prostemo,  to  lay  flat ;  pro  and  sterno.] 

1.  Lying  at  length,  or  with  the  body  extend- 
ed on  the  ground  or  other  surface. 

Groveling  and  prostrate  on  yon  lake  of  fire. 

Milton. 

2.  Lying  at  mercy,  as  a  supplicant. 
Shak.    Chapman. 

3.  Lying  in  the  posture  of  humility  or  ado- 
ration. Milton.     Pope. 

PROS'TRATE,  v.  t.  To  lay  flat ;  to  throw 
down  ;  as,  to  prostrate  the  body  ;  to  pros- 
trate trees  or  plants. 

2.  To  throw  down ;  to  overthrow ;  to  de- 
molish ;  to  ruin  ;  as,  to  prostrate  a  village  ; 
to  prostrate  a  government ;  to  prostrate  law 
or  justice;  to  prostrate  the  honor  of  a  na- 
tion. 

3.  To  prostrate  one's  self,  to  throw  one's  self 
down  or  to  fall  in  humility  or  adoration. 

Duppa. 

4.  To  bow  in  humble  reverence. 
.5.  To  sink   totally ;  to  reduce ;  as,  to  pros- 
trate strength. 

PROSTRATED,  pp.  Laid  at  length ;  laid 
flat;  thrown  down;  destroyed. 

PROSTRATING,  ppr.  Laying  flat ;  throw- 
ing down  :  destroying. 

PROSTRATION,  n.  The  act  of  throwing 
down  or  laying  flat;  ns  xhe  prostration  oC 
the  body,  of  trees  or  of  corn. 

2.  The  act  of  falling  down,  or  the  act  of 
bowing  in  humility  or  adoraiion  ;  prima- 
rily, the  act  of  falling  on  the  face,  but  it  is 
now  u.sed  for  kneeling  or  bowing  in  rev- 
erence and  worship. 

3.  Great  depression ;  dejection  ;  as  a  pros- 
triition  of  spirits. 

4.  Great  loss  of  natural  strength  and  vigor; 
that  state  of  the  body  in  disease  in  which 
the  .system  is  passive  ami  requires  power- 
ful stimulants  to  excite  it  into  action. 

Coxe. 
PROSTYLE,  n.    [Gr.  itpoyv^o; ;  rtpo  and  ;v- 

'Koi,  a  cohnun.] 

In   architecture,    a  range  of  columns  in  the 

front  of  a  temple.  Encyc. 

PROSYL'LOGISM,  n.  [pro  and  syllogism.'] 

A  prosyllogism  is  w  hi'ii  twn  or  more  syl- 

I'rior.      logisins  are  so  connected  that  the  conclu- 


P  11  o 


P  11  o 


p  11  o 


sion  of  the  former  is  the  major  or  iniuor 
of  the  fi>lli)wiiig.  Watts. 

PRO'TASIri,  n.  [Gr.  rtporo^rij,  from  TtfioTtivu. 
to  [ireseiit.] 

1.  A  proposition ;  a  maxim.  Johnson. 

2.  Ill  the  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a 
comic  or  tragic  piece,  in  which  tiie  seve- 
ral persons  are  shown,  their  ciiaracters  in- 
timated, and  the  suhject  proposed  and  en- 
tered on.  Tiie  jirotasis  might  extend  to 
two  acts,  where  it  ended,  and  the  epitasis 
commenced.  Encyc. 

PUOTAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtporanxo;.]  Being 
placed  in  the  beginning  ;  previous. 

Dry  den 

PRO'TEAN, a.  Pertaining  to  Proteus;  read- 
ily assuming  ditfereut  shapes.     [See  Pro 
tens.] 

PRO  rE€T',  V.  I.  [L.  proteclus,  protcgo  ;  pro 
and  tego,  to  cover  ;  Gr.  ffyu,  with  a  pre 
fix  ;  Eng.  deck.     See  Deck.] 

To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injury  ;  to 
defend  ;  to  guard  ;  to  preserve  in  safety  ;  a 
word  of  general  import  both  in  a  literal  and 
Jiguralive  sense.  Walls  protect  a  city  or 
garrison;  clothing  is  designed  lo  protect 
the  body  from  lold  ;  arms  may  protect  one 
from  an  assault;  our  houses  protect  us 
from  the  inclemencies  of  the  we'utlier;  the 
law  protects  our  persons  and  property  ;  the 
{alht^r  protects  Ills  cliildren,  and  the  guard- 
ian his  ward  ;  a  shade  protects  us  from  ex- 
treme heat;  a  navy  protects  our  commerce 
and  our  shores  ;  embassadors  are /;ro(cc<erf 
from  arrest. 

PROTECT  ED,  pp.  Covered  or  defended 
from  injury  ;  preserved  in  safety. 

PROTECT'ING, /)/»•.  Shielding  from  inju 
ry  ;  defending  ;  preserving  in  safety. 

PROTECTION,  n.  The  act  of  protecting 
defense;  shelter  from  evil;  preservation 
from  loss,  injury  or  aiiiioyaiice.  We  find 
protection  under  good  laws  and  an  upright 
administration.  How  little  are  men  dis- 
posed to  acknowledge  divine  protection  ! 

2.  That  which  protects  or  preserves  from 
injury. 

Lei  them  rise  up  and  help  you,  and  be  you 
protection.    Deut.  xxxii. 

3.  A  writing  that  protects;  a  passport  or 
other  writing  wiiicli  secures  from  molesta- 
tion. 

4.  Exemption.  Embassadors  at  foreign 
courts  are  entitled  to  protection  from  ar 
rest.  Members  of  parliament,  represent- 
atives and  senators,  are  entitled  to  protec- 
tion from  arrest  during  their  attendance 
on  the  legislature,  as  are  suitors  and  wit- 
nesses attending  a  court. 

IVrit  of  protection,  a  writ  by  which  the  king 
of  Great  Britain  exempts  a  person  from 
arrest.  Blackstone. 

PROTECTIVE,  a.  Affording  protection  ; 
slieltering:  defensive.  Thomson. 

PROTECT'OR,n.  [Fr.  protecteur.]  One  that 
defends  or  shields  from  injury,  evil  or  op- 
pression;  a  defender;  a  guardian.  The 
king  or  sovereign  i.s,  or  ought  to  be,  the 
protector  of  the  nation  ;  the  husband  is  the 
protector  of  his  wife,  and  the  father  of  his 
children. 

3.  Ill  England,  one  who  formerly  had  the 
care  of  the  kingdom  during  the  king's  mi- 
nority; a  regent.  Cromwell  assumed  the 
title  of  lord  Protector. 


3.  In   catholic  countries,  every  nation  and 
every  religious   order  has  a  protector  re 
siding  at  Rome.     He  is  a   cardinal,  and 
called  cardinal  protector. 

PROTECTORATE,  n.  Government  by  a 
protector.  fVcdpole 

PROTECTORSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
protector  or  regent.  Burnet. 

PRO TECT'RESS,  n.  A  woman  or  female 
that  protects.  Bacon.     Addison 

PROTEND',  V.  t.  [L.  protendo ;  pro  and 
lendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  hold  out ;  to  stretch  forth. 

With  his  protended  lauce  he  makes  defense. 

J}ryden 

PROTEND'ED,  pp.  Reached  or  stretched 
forth.  Mitford. 

PROTEND'ING,  ;);?r.  Stretching  forth. 

PliOTENSE,  »i. /Jro/cKs'.  Extension.  [.Vot 
used.]  Spenser. 

PROTERV'ITY,  n.  [L.  protervitas,  Iron 
protervus  ;  pro  and  torvus,  crabbed.]  Peev- 
ishness; petulance.     [Little  used.] 

PROTEST',   V.   i.    [L.  protestor ;    pro   and 
tester,   to  alfirm  ;  It.  proleslare ;  Fr.  pro 
tester;  ii\t.  protestar.] 

1.  To  afiiriii  with  solemnity ;  to  make  a  sol- 
eiiiii  ileclaration  of  a  fact  or  opinion  ;  as, 
I  protest  to  you,  I  have  no  knowledge  of 
the  Iraiisuction. 

i.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive 
of  opposition  ;  with  against;  as,  he  pro- 
tests against  your  votes.  Uenham. 
The  conscience  has  power  to  protest  a^ninM 
the  exorhilaiioies  of  the  passions.  South 
3.  To  make  a  formal  declaration  in  writing 
against  a  public  law  or  measure.    It  is  tl 
privilege  of  any  lord  in  parliament  lu  pro- 
test against  a  law  or  resolution. 
PRO  TEST',  V.  t.    To  call  as  a  witness  in 
affirining  or  denying,  or  to  prove  an  af 
firmation. 

Fiercely  they  oppos'd 
My  journey  strange,  with  clamorous  uproar 
Protesting  fate  supreme.  Milton 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  show  ;  to  give  evidence  of. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak 

3.  In  commerce,  to  protest  a  bill  of  exchnw^e, 
is  for  a  notary  public,  at  the  request  of 
the  payee,  to  make  a  formal  dei-laration 
under  hand  and  seal,  against  the  drawer 
of  the  bill,  on  account  of  non-acceptance 
or  non-paynieiit,  for  exchange,  cost,  com 
mission.s,  damages  and  interest;  of  which 
act  the  iiidorser  must  be  notified  within 
such  time  as  the  law  or  custom  prescribes 
III  like  manner,  notes  of  hand  given  to  a 
banking  corporation  arc  protested  for  non- 
payment. 

PROTEST,  n.  A  solemn  declaration  of 
opinion,  commonly  against  some  act  ;  ap- 
propriately, a  formal  and  solemn  declara- 
tion in  writing  of  dissent  from  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  legislative  body  ;  as  the  pro- 
test of  lords  ill  parliament,  or  a  like  decla- 
ration of  dissent  of  any  minority  against 
the  proceedings  of  a  majority  of  a  body  of 
men. 

2.  In  commerce,  a  formal  declaration  made 
by  a  notary  public,  under  hand  and  seal, 
at  the  request  of  the  payee  or  holder  of  a 
bill  of  exchange,  for  non-acceptance  or 
non-payment  of  the  same,  prote.stiiig 
against  the  drawer  and  others  concerned, 
for  the  exchange,  charges,  damages  and 
interest.    This  protest  is  written  on  a  copy 


of  the  bill,  and  notice  given  to  the  indorser 
of  the  same,  by  which  he  becomes  liable 
to  pay  the  amount  of  the  bill,  with  char- 
ges, damages  and  interest ;  also,  a  like  dec- 
laration against  the  drawer  of  a  note  of 
hand  for  non-payment  to  a  banking  cor- 
lioratioii,  and  of  the  master  of  a  vessel 
against  seizure,  &.c.  A  protest  is  also  a 
writing  attested  by  a  justice  of  the  peace 
or  consul,  drawn  by  the  master  of  a  ves- 
sel, stating  the  severity  of  the  voyage  by 
which  the  ship  has  suH'ered,  and  showing 
that  the  damage  suffered  was  not  owing 
to  the  neglect  or  misconduct  of  the  mas- 
ter. 

PROTESTANT,  a.  Pertaining  to  those 
who,  at  the  reformation  of  religion,  pro- 
tested against  a  decree  of  Charles  V.  and 
the  diet  of  Spires  ;  pertaining  to  the  ad- 
herents of  Luther,  or  others  of  the  reform- 
ed churches;  as  l\\c  protestanl  religion. 

Addison.     Milncr. 

PROT'ESTANT,  n.  One  of  the  party  who 
adhered  to  Luther  at  the  reformation  in 
1523,  and  protested,  or  made  a  solemn  dec- 
laration of  dissent  from  a  decree  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  ,'SpJres, 
and  appealed  to  a  g(uieral  council.  This 
name  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Calvin,  and  Protestants  is  the 
denomination  now  given  to  all  who  be- 
long to  the  reformed  c-liurches.  The  king 
of  Prussia  has,  however,  interdicted  the 
use  of  this  name  in  his  dominions. 

PROTESTANTISM,  n.  The  protestant 
reli^'ioii.  South. 

PROT'ESTANTLY,  adv.  In  conformity  to 
the  protestants.  [A  very  had  word  and 
not  used.]  Milton. 

PROTESTA'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  protest.] 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  of  a  fact,  opinion  or 
resolution.  Hooker. 

2.  .\  solemn  declaration  of  dissent ;  a  pro- 
test ;  as  the  protestation  of  certain  noble- 
men against  an  order  of  council. 

Clarendon. 

3.  In  law,  a  declaration  in  pleading,  by  which 
the  party  interposes  an  oblique  allegation 
or  denial  of  siune  fact,  prolesling  that  it 
does  or  does  not  e.iist.  Tli<^  lor,i  may  al- 
ledge  the  villenage  of  the  plaintif  by  way 
ttf  protestation,  and  thus  deny  the  demand. 

Blackstone. 

PROTEST  ED,  pp.  Solemnly  declared  or 
alledged:  declared  against  for  non-ac- 
ceptance or  noii-pavmeiit. 

PROTESTER,  (I.  One  who  protests;  one 
who  utters  a  soleuiii  declaration. 

2.  One  who  protests  a  bill  of  exchange. 

PROTEST'ING,  ppr.  Solemnly  declaring 
or  aftirming;  declaring  against  for  non- 
acceptaijce  or  non-payment. 

PROTEUS,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  npwrtvs.]  In 
mythology,  a  marine  deity,  the  son  of 
Oceamis  and  Tethys,  whose  distinguish- 
ing characteristic  was  the  faculty  of  as- 
suming ililfeieiit  shapes.  Hence  we  de- 
nomiiiaie  one  who  easily  changes  bis  form 
or  principles,  a  Proteus. 

PROTHON  OTARISHIP,  .i.  The  office  of 
a  proihoiiotary.  [An  awkward,  harsh  word 
and  little  used.]  Carew. 

PROTHON  OTARY,  ii.  [Low  L.  protono- 
tarius;  Gr.  rtpuro;,  first,  and  L.  notarius.a 
scribe.] 


o 


PRO 


PRO 


1.  Originally,  the  chief  notary ;  and  ancient- 
ly, tlie  title  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the 
emperors  of  Constantinople.     Hence, 

2.  In  England,  an  officer  in  the  court  of 
king's  bench  and  common  pleas.  The 
prothonotary  of  the  king's  bench  recoi-ils 
all  civil  actions.  In  the  common  pleas, 
the  prothonotaries,  of  which  there  ar 
three,  enter  and  enroll  all  declarations, 
pleadings,  judgments,  &-C.,  make  out  judi- 
cial writs  and  exemplifications  of  records, 
enter  recognizances,  &c.  Encyc. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  register  or  clerk  of 
a  court.  The  word  however  is  not  ap 
plied  to  any  officer,  except  in  particular 
states. 

Apostolical  prothonotaries,  in  tlie  court  of 
Rome,  are  twelve  persons  constituting  a 
college,  who  receive  iho  last  wills  of  car- 
dinals, make  informations  and  proceed- 
ings necessary  for  the  canonization  of 
saints,  &c.  Encyc. 

PRO'TOCOL,  n.  [Low  L.  prolocollum  :  Gr. 
Ttfiutos,  first,  and  xur.\a,  glue  ;  so  called  per- 
haps from  the  gluing  together  of  pieces 
of  paper,  or  from  the  spreading  of  Jt  on 
tablets.  It  was  formerly  the  upper  part  of; 
a  leaf  of  a  book  on  which  the  title  or  name 
was  written.] 

1.  The  original  copy  of  any  writing.  [Ao( 
now  used.]  Ayliffe. 

2.  A  record  or  registry. 
PRO'TU€OLIST,  ji."ln  Russia,  a  register 

or  clerk.  Tooke. 

PRO'TOI\r  ARTYR,  n.  [Gr.  rt^uroj,  first, 
and  ^oprup,  martyr.] 

1.  The  first  marl>  r ;  a  term  applied  to  Ste- 
phen, Ihe first  christian  martyr. 

2.  The  first  who  sufiers  or  is  sacrificed  in 
anv  cause.  Dryden. 

PRO'TOPLAST,  n.  [Gr.  rtpuro;,  first,  and 

jt^ofo;,  formed.] 
The   original ;  the  thing  first  formed,  as  a 
copy  to  be  imitated.   Thus  Adam  has  been 
called  our  protoplast-         Bri/ant.     Harvey. 
PROTOPLAST]  e,  a.  First  formed. 

Howell. 
PRO'TOPOPE,  n.    [Gr.   jtpuro;,  first,  and 

pope.] 

Chief  pope  or  imperial  confessor,  an  officer 

of  the  holy  directing  synod,  the  supreme 

spiritual  court  of  the   Greek   church   in 

Russia.  Tooke,  Russ. 

PROTOSUL'PILVTE,  n.  In  chiinistry,  the 

combination  of  sulphuric  acid  with  a  prot- 

oxyd. 

PRO'TOTYPE,  ?i.  [Fr.  from  Gr.  rtpurorv- 

rto;;  rtpuTo;,  first,    and   furtoj,   type,   form, 

model.] 

An  original  or  model  after  which  any  thing 

is  formed ;  the  pattern  of  any  thing  to  be 

engraved,  cast,  &c. ;  exemplar;  archetype, 

Jf'otton.     Encyc. 

PROTOX'YD,    n.    [Gr.   rtpuroj,   first,   and 

o|v!,  acid.] 

A  substance   combined   with  oxygen  in  the 

first  degree,   or   an   oxyd   formed  by  the 

first  degree  of  oxydizcment.         Thomson 

PROTOX'YDIZE,  ti.  «.  To  oxydize  in  the 

first  degree. 
PROTRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  protractus,  from  pro 

traho ;  pro  and  trnho,  to  draw.] 
1 .  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  tirnc ;  to  con 
tinuc ;  to  prolong ;  as,  to  protract  an  ar 
gument ;  U>  protract  a  discussion;  to  pro 
tract  a  war  or  a  negotiation. 


2.  To  delay;  to  defer  ;  to  put  oflf  to  a  distant 
time ;  as,  to  protract  the  decision  of  a 
question  ;  to  protract  the  final  issue. 

PROTRACT',     n.     Tedious     continuance. 
jVot  used,]  Spenser. 

PROTRA€T'ED,  pp.  Drawn  out  in  time ; 
delayed. 

PROTRACT'ER,  n.  One  who  protracts  or 
lengthens  in  time. 

PROTRA€T'ING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  or 
continuing  in  time;  delaying. 

PR0TRAC'T10x\,  n.  The  act  of  drawing 
out  or  continuing  in  time;  the  act  of  ile- 
laying  the  termination  of  a  thing  ;  as  the 
protraction  of  a  debate. 

PROTRACTIVE,  a.  Drawing  out  or 
lengthening  in  time;  prolonging;  contin- 
uing; delaying. 

fiesurt'ercd  their /)rn(rac<iiie  arts.       Dryden. 

PROTRACTOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  lay- 
ing down  and  measuring  angles  on  paper 
with  accuracy  and  dispatch,  and  by  which 
the  use  of  the  lineof  chords  is  superseded. 
It  is  of  various  forms,  semicircular,  rec- 
tangular or  circular.  Encyc. 

PROTREP'TICAL,  a.  [Gr.  rtporpfrtnios, 
from  rtporpfrtw,  rtporpfrto/iat,  to  e.xhort;  ?tjjo 
and  rpfrtu,  to  turn.] 

Hortatory  ;  suasory  ;  intended  or  adapted  to 
ptM-suade.     [Lillle  used.]  Hard. 

PROTRU'DE,  i'.  t.  [h.  protrudo  ;  pro  and 
trudo,  to  thrust.     See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  fiirward  ;  to  drive  or  force 
along  ;  as  food  protruded  from  the  stom- 
ach into  the  intestine.  Locke. 

2.  To  thrust  out,  as  from  confinement.  The 
contents  of  the  abdomen  are  protruded  in 
hernia. 

PROTRU'DE,  r.  i.  To  shoot  forward  ;  to 
be  thrust  forward. 

The  pdiTls  protrude  beyon<l  tlie  skin. 

Bacon. 

PROTRU'DED,  pp.  Thrust  forward  or 
out. 

PROTRU'DING,  ppr.  Thrusting  forward 
or  out. 

PROTRU'.SION,  n.  s  as  :.  The  act  of 
thrusting  forward  or  beyond  the  usual 
limit ;  a  thrusting  or  driving  ;  a  jiush. 

Locke. 

PROTRU'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  or  impellitig 
forward  ;  as  protrusive  motion.       Darwin. 

PROTU'BERANCE,  n.  [L.  proluberans, 
protubero;  pro  and  tuber,  a  puff,  bunch  or 
knob.] 

A  swelling  or  tumor  on  the  body  ;  a  prom- 
inence ;  a  bunch  or  knob;  any  thing 
swelled  or  pushed  beyond  the  surround- 
ing or  adjacent  surface  ;  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  a  hill,  knoll  or  other  elevation. 
Hale.     More. 

Protuberance  differs  from  projection,    being 
applied  to  parts  that  rise  fiom  the  surface 
with   a   gradual    ascent  or  small    angle 
whereas  a  projection  may  be  at  a  right  an 
gle  with  the  surface. 

PROTUBERANT,    a.    Swelling;    promi 
iienl  beyond  the  surrounding  surface ;    as 
a  protuberant  joint ;  a  protuberant  eye. 

PROTU' BERATE,  v.  i.    [L.  protubero,  si 
pra.] 

To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond  the  adja- 
cent surface  ;  to  hiilgi^  out. 

ff  tlie    navel  prulubrratcs,   make    a    small 
inmcturc  with  a  laucet  through  the  skin. 

Shnrp. 


PROTUBERA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  swell- 
ing beyond  the  surrounding  surface. 

Cooke. 

PROTU'BEROUS,  a.   Protuberant. 

Smith. 

PROUD,  a.  [Sax.  pn(? ;  D.  preutsch,  proud, 
prudish,  also  prat,  proud,  ami  pratlen,  to 
fret.  We  find  in  the  Italian,  prode  is  val- 
hmt,  brave ;  proda,  the  prow  of  a  ship ; 
prodezza,  prowess;  probably  of  the  same 
family,  with  the  radical  sense  of  swelling, 
stretching  or  erecting.     See  Prude.] 

1.  Having  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  possess- 
ing a  high  or  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's 
own  excellence,  either  of  body  or  mind. 
A  man  may  hn  proud  of  his  person,  of  his 
talents,  of  his  accomplishments  or  of  his 
achievments.  He  may  be  proud  of  any 
thing  to  which  he  bears  some  relation. 
He  may  be  proud  o/"  his  country,  his  gov- 
ernment, his  equipage,  or  of  whatever 
may,  by  association,  gratify  his  esteem  of 
himself.  Ho  may  even  he  proud  q/"his  re- 
ligion or  q/'his  church.  He  conceives  that 
any  thing  excellent  or  valuable,  in  which 
he   has   a  share,   or   to  which  he  stands 

I  related,  contributes  to  his  own  impor- 
!  tance,  and  this  conception  exalts  hisopin- 
{  ion  of  himself.  Proud  is  followed  by  of, 
j     before  the  object,  supra. 

2.  Arrogant;  haughty;  supercilious. 
A  foe  so  proud  will  not  the  weaker  seek. 

JVRlton. 

3.  Daring;  presumptuous. 
By   liis    undersIandiDg   he    suiiteth  through 

the  proud.     Job  xxvi. 

4.  Lofty  of  mien ;  grand  of  person  ;  as  a 
proud  steed.  Milton. 

5.  Grand;  lofty;  splendid;  magnificent. 
Storms  of  stones    from    the  prnud  temple's 

height.  Dryden. 

■6.  Ostentatious ;  gratid  ;  as  proud  titles. 

Shak. 
Splendid  ;  exhibiting  grandeur  and  dis- 
tinction ;  exciting  pride ;  as  a  proud  day 
for  Rome. 

8.  Excited  by  the  animal  appetite;  applied 
particularly  to  the  female  of  the  canine  spe- 
cies. 

',).  Fungous;  as  prourf  flesh.  Sharp. 

PROUDLY,  adv.  With  an  inordinate  sel?- 
esteem ;  in  a  proud   manner;  haughtily; 
ostentatiously;  with  lofty  airs  or  mien. 
Proudly  he  marches  on  and  void  of  fear. 

Pope. 

PROVABLE,  a.  [See  Prove.]  That  may  be 

I     proved. 

PRoV.'VBLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  capable  of 
proof.  Huloet. 

PRO'VANI),  n.  Provender.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

PROVE,  V.  t.  priiv.  [Sax.  prqfian  ;  D.  proe- 
ven  ;  G.  probiren  ;  Dim.  prOver  ;  Sw.  prof - 
r«  ;  W.  provi :  Arm.  /troui,  prouein  ;  L. 
probo  ;  It.  provare  ;  Sp.  probnr,  to  try  ;  Fr. 
eprouver ;  llur^s.  probuyu,  to  \>ro\e;  probe- 
vayu,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  to  senil  by 
force.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to 
urge  by  force,  or  rather  to  thrust  or  drive. 
Thi!  word  brow  may  be  of  the  same  fami- 
ly, from  its  piojection.     See  Probe.] 

1.  To  try  ;  to  ascertain  some  unknown  qual- 
ity or  truth  by  an  experiment,  or  by  a  test 
or  standard.  Thus  we  prove  the  strength 
of  gunpowder  by  experiment  ;  we  prove 
the  strength  or  solidity  of  cannon  by  ex- 
jieriment.      Wo  prove  the   contents   of  a 


vessel 


PRO 

by  x-onipaiing   it  with  a   standard, 
nicHMire. 

2.  T<.  evince,  establish  or  ascertain  as  truth, 
reahty  or  tact,  by  testimony  or  other  evi-j 
deuce.  The  plaiiiiif  in  a  suit,  must  prove 
the  irutl)  of  his  declaration;  the  prosecu- 
tor must  jjrovt  his  charges  against  the  ac- 
cused. 

3.  To  evince  truth  by  argument,  induction 
or  reasoning;  to  deduce  certam  conclu- 
sions from  propositions  that  are  true  or 
adnutted.  1 1' it  is  admitted  that  every  im- 
moral act  is  dishonorable  to  a  rational  be- 
ing, and  that  dueling  is  an  iujinoral  act; 
tlicn  it  is  proved  by  necessary  inti'reuce 
that  dueling  is  dishonorable  to  a  ratioua 
being. 

4.  To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  validity 
of;  to  verify  ;  as,  to  prove  a  wi" 

5.  To  e.\|)erience  ;  to  try  by  suHering  or  en- 
countering; to  gain  certain  knowledge  by 
the  operation  oi  something  on  ourselves, 
or  by  some  act  of  our  own. 

Let  him  in  aims  the  power  of  Turniis  prove 

Drijtlen 

6.  In  nrilhinetic,  to  show,  evince  or  ascer- 
tain the  corr<:ctness  of  any  operation  or 
result.  Thus  in  subtraction,  if  the  differ- 
ence between  two  numbers,  added  to  the 
lesser  number,  niaUcs  a  sum  ciiiial  to  the 
greater,  the  corrcclness  ol'  llic  subtrac- 
tion is  proved.  In  other  words,  if  the  sum 
of  the  remainder  and  of  the  subtrahend, 
is  eipial  to  the  miiinend,  the  operation  of 
siibtraclioii  is  proved  to  be  correct. 

7.  To  try  ;  to  examine. 

Prove  your  own  selves.     2  Cor.  xiii. 

8.  Men  prove  God,  when  by  their  provoca- 
tions they  put  his  patience  to  trial,  Ps. 
xcv.;  or  when  by  obedience  they  make 
trial  how  much  he  will  countenance  such 
conduct,  Mai.  iii.  j 

PROVE,  V.  i.  To  make  trial ;  to  essay.  1 

The  sons  prepare —  I 

To^roueby  arms  whose  fate  it  was  to  icio;ii. 

Dryden} 

2.  To  be  found  or  to  have  its  qualities  as- 
certained by  <'\perience  or  trial  ;  as,  a 
plant  or  medicine  proves  salutary. 

3.  To  be  ascc-rtained  by  the  event  or  some- 
thing subscipient ;  as  the  report  proves  to 
be  true,  or  proves  to  be  false. 

When  the  intlaniinalion  ends  in  a  gangrene. 
the  case  proves  moi  tal.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  be  found  true  or  correct  by  the  re- 
sult. 

5.  To  make  certain;  to  show;  to  evince. 
This  argumeht  proves  how  erroneous  is 
the  common  opinion. 

6.  To  succeed. 

If  the  experiment  proved  not —  Bacon 

[A'ot  in  me.'\ 

PROVED,  pp.  Tried;  evinced;  experi- 
enced. 

from 
ovide 
See  Provide 

A  purveyor;  one  employed  to  procure  sup 
plies  tor  an  army. 

Proveditor,  in  Venice  and  other  parts  of  Ita- 
ly, is  an  officer  who  superintends  matters 
ofpolicv.  Eneye. 

PROVEN'CIAL,  a.  [Fr.  provengal]  Per- 
taining to  Provence,  in  France. 

PROVENDER,  n.  [Fr.  provemie,  proven- 
der ;  Norm,  provender,  a  prebendai'y ;  pro- 


PRO 

vendre,  a  prebend  ;  D.  prove,  a  prebend  ; 
[qu.  (i.  D.  Sw.  proviant,  provisions;]  It. 
provianda,  victuals;  Ir.  proanlitin,  proven- 
der. The  Italian  provianda  is  probably 
composed  of  pro  and  vivanda,  victuals, 
from  vivere,  L.  vivo,  to  live,  and  from  vi- 
vanda the  French  have  viande,  Eng.  fi- 
and.  Whether  the  French  provende  and 
Norm,  provender  arc  from  the  same  .source, 
may  be  doubted.  'I'he  (lermari  proviant 
may  be  formed  from  the  L.  provideo,  Sp. 
pi-oveer,  Port,  prover.  Qu.  L.  provenlus. 
It  is  said  that  provend,  provender,  original- 
ly signified  a  vessel  containing  a  measure 
of  corn  daily  given  to  a  horse  or  other  beast 


PRO 

Abraham  said,  God  will  provide  himsell  a 
Iamb  lor  a  bumt-ofTering.     Gen.  xxii. 

Provide  neither  gold  nor  silver  nor  brass  in 
your  purses.     Matt.  X. 

Provide  things  honest  in  the  sight  of  all  men. 
Rom.  xii. 
To  furnish  ;  to  supply  ;  followed  by  tvilh. 

Konjc,  hy   the   cure  of  the  magistrates,  wa.s 
well  provided  vith  corn.  .IrbiUhnot. 

Provided  of  la  now  obsolete. 

3.  To  stipulate  previously.     The  agreement 
provides  that  the  party  shall  incur  no  loss. 

4.  To  make  a  previous  conditional  stipula- 
tion.    [See  Provided.] 

a.  To  foresee  ;  a  Lalinism.     [JVo/  in  mjc] 

B.  Jonson. 


l?ut  qu.    JVmay  be  casual  in  provender,  asj  q_  Provide,  in  a  transitive  sense,  is  followed 
m  messenger,  and  the  word  may  be  froiii|      by   against   or  for.      We  provide    warm 

clothing  against  the  inclemencies  of  the 


PROVEDITOR,  I       [It.  proveditore, 
PROVEDO'UE,   S       provedere,  io  pic 


provideo. 

1.  Dry  food  for  beasts,  usually  meal,  or  a 
nii.\tiire  of  meal  and  cut  stiavv  or  hay.  In 
a  more  geniual  sense,  it  may  signify  dry 
food  of  any  kind.  Sudfl.     Mortimer. 

'2.  Provisions;  meat;  food.  Core. 

[JVbt  used  of  food  for  man  in  JVew  Eng- 
land.] 

PR6VEIJ,  n.  One  that  proves  or  tries  ;  that 
which  proves. 

PROV'EKB,  n.  [Fr.proverhe  ;  \t.  proverbio ; 
L.  proverbinin;  pro  and  verbum,  a  word.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  oflcii  n^pcati'il,  express- 
ing a  wt^ll  known  truth  or  common  fact, 
ascertained  bv  exiiericnce  or  observation  ;! 
a  maxim  <il  wisdom. 

The  proverb  is  true,  that  light  gains  make 
heavy  purses,  for  light  gains  come  often,  grcai 
gains  now  and  then.  Bacon. 

A  by-word;  a  name  often  lepcatcd ;  and 
hence  lieipiently,  a  reproach  or  object  of 
contempt.     Jer.  xxiv. 

3.  In  Seripture,  it  sometimes  signifies  a  mor- 
al sentenci^  or  iiia.xim  that  is  enigmatical; 
a  dark  saying  of  the  wise  that  requires 
interpretation.     Prov.  i. 

4.  Proverbs,  a  canonical  book  of  the  Old 
Testament,  containing  a  great  variety  of 
wise  maxims,  rich  in  practical  truths  and 
excellent  rules  for  the  conduct  of  all 
classes  of  men. 

PROVERB,  V.  t.  To  mention  in  a  proverb 
[JVut  in  use.]  .Milton 

2.  To  piovide  with  a  proverb.   [.\o(  in  vsc.] 

Sliak. 

PROVF.RB'I.AE,  a.  iMentioncd  in  a  prov 
erb  ;  as  a  proverbial  cure  or  remedy. 

In  case  of  excesses,  I  take  the  German 
proverbial  cure,  by  a  hair  of  the  same^beast,  lo 
be  the  worst  in  the  world.  Temple. 

2.  Comprised  in  a  proverb ;  use<l  or  current 
as  a  proverb  ;  as  a  proverbial  saying  or 
s|ieecli.  Pope. 

3.  Pertaining  to  proverbs  ;  resembling  a 
priiverb  ;  suitable  to  a  proverb;  as  a  pro- 
verbial nhscnrity.  Broivn. 

IPROVERB'IALIST,  n.  One  who  speaks 
proverbs.  Langhorne. 

PROVERB  lALIZE,  i>.  /.  To  make  a  prov- 
erb; to  turn  into  a  proverb,  or  to  use  pro- 
vei'biallv.     [Uinisual.]  Good. 

PROVERB!  ALLY,  adv.  In  a  proverb  ;  as, 
it  is  proverbially  said.  Broivn. 

PROVIDE,  v.  t.  [L.  provideo,  literally  to 
see  before ;  pro  and  t'lrfeo,  to  see ;  Fi-. 
povrvoir  ;  It.  provvedere ;  S[>. proveer ;  Port. 
prover.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand  ;  to  get,  collect 
or  make  ready  for  future  use ;  to  prepare. 


weather  ;  we  provide  necessaries  against 
a  time  of  iiceil  ;  or  we  provide  wai-ni 
clotliingybr  winter,  &c. 
PRO\  IDE,  J'.  J.  To  procure  supplies  or 
means  of  defense  ;  or  lo  take  measures  for 
counteracting  or  escaping  an  evil.  The 
sagacity  of  brutes  in  providing  against 
the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  is  won- 
derful. 

Government  is  a  contrivance  of  human  wis- 
dom to  provide  for  human  wants.  Burke. 

PROVIDED,  pp.  Procured  beforehand  ; 
made  ready  for  future  use  ;  supplied  ;  fur- 
nished ;  stipulated. 

2.  Sti|)nhite(l  as  a  condition,  which  condi- 
tion is  expressed  In  the  following  sentence 
or  words;  a>^,  " provided  that  nothing  in 
this  act  shall  pi-ejudice  the  rights  of  any 
person  whate\er."  This  sentence  is  in  the 
nature  of  the  case  absolute,  ilie  clause  or 
sentence  iiulependent;  "this  or  that  being 
provided,  which  f()llovvs ;"  ''this  condition 
being  provided."  The  word  being  is  un- 
derstood, and  the  participle  provided 
agrees  with  the  whole  senlence  absolute. 
"  1'his  eondition  being  previou.ih/  stijiuluted 
or  established."  This  ;ind  that  hire  refer  to 
the  wliiile  niiiiilii.r  cjf  the  senlence. 

PROVIDENCE,  »!.  [Fr.  from  \,.  providen- 
tia.] 

1.  The  act  of  pi'oviding  or  preparing  for  fu- 
ture use  or  application. 

Providenre  tor  war  is  the  best  prevention  of 
it.     [,A  *(>;/•  /////(■  used.']  Bacon. 

2.  Foresight;  limcly  care ;  particularly,  ac- 
tive foresight,  or  foresiglit  accompanied 
with  the  procurement  id'  w  hat  is  necessa- 
ry for  future  use,  or  with  suitable  prepa- 
ration. How  many  of  the  troubles  and 
perplexities  of  life  proceed  fioni  want  of 
providenre  ! 

i.  In  Ikcology,  the  cai-e  and  superintendence 
which  God  exercises  over  his  creatures.  Me 
that  aeknowledges  a  creation  and  denies 
a  providence,  involves  himself  in  a  palpa- 
ble contradiction  ;  for  the  same  power 
w  liicli  caused  a  thing  to  exist  is  necessary 
to  continue  its  existence.  Some  persons 
admit  a  general  providenre,  but  deny  a 
pnrlieulnr  providence,  not  considering  that 
a  general  providence  consists  of  particulars. 
A  belief  in  divine  /(roiiirff  iice,  is  a  source  of 
gieat  consolation  to  good  men.  By  divine 
providence  is  often  understood  God  him- 
self 

4.  Pnidcuce  in  the  management  of  one's 
concerus  or  in  private  economy. 


PRO 


PRO 


PROVIDENT,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  and 
making  provision  to  supply  them  ;  fore- 
casliiig;  cautious:  prudent  in  preparing 
for  future  exigences ;  as  a  provident  man  ; 
a.  provident  animal. 
The  parsinionious  emmet,  provident 
Of  future.  Milton. 

Orange  is  what  Augustus  was. 
Brave    wary,  provident  and  bold.  n  aller. 

PROVIDENTIAL,  a.  Effected  by  the 
providence  of  God;  referable  to  divine 
providence ;  proceeding  from  divine  di 
rection  or  superintendence  ;  as  the  provi 
rfe«(ta2  contrivance  of  things;  a  providen 
tixil  escape  from  danger.  How  much  are 
we  indebted  to  God's  unceasing  providen- 
tial care !  Woodward. 

PROVIDEN'TIALLY,  adv.  By  means  of| 
God's  providence. 

Every  animal  is  providentially  directed   to 
the  use  of  its  proper  weapons.  Say. 

PROVIDENTLY,  adv.  With  prudent  fore- 
sight ;  with  wise  precaution  in  preparing 
for  the  future. 

PROVl'DER,  n.  One  who  provides,  fur- 
nishes or  supplies;  one  that  procures 
what  is  wanted.  Sliak. 

PROVINCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  provmcin  ; 
usually  supposed  to  be  formed  from  pro 
and  iiMico,  to  conquer.  This  is  very 
doubtful,  as  provinco  was  not  used  by  the 
Romans.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  country  of  consid- 
erable extent,  which  being  reduced  under 
their  dominion,  was  new-modeled,  sub 
jeoted  to  the  command  of  an  annual  gov- 
ernor sent  from  Rome,  and  to  such  taxes 
and  contributions  as  the  Romans  saw  fit 
to  impose.  That  part  of  Fiance  next  to 
the  Alps,  was  a  Roman  province,  and  still 
bears  the  name  Provence.  Encyc 

2.  Among  the  moderns,  a  country  belonging 
to  a  kingdom  or  state,  either  by  conquest 
or  colonization,  usually  situated  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  kingdom  or  state,  but  more 
or  less  dependent  on  it  or  subject  to  it. 
Thus  formerly,  the  English  colonies  in 
North  America  were  provinces  of  Great 
Britain,  as  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada  still 
are.  The  provinces  of  the  Netherlands 
formerly  belonged  to  the  house  of  Austria 
and  to  Spain. 

A  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state,  of 
considerable  extent.  In  England,  a  divis- 
ion of  the  ecclesiastical  state  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop,  of  which 
there  are  two,  the  province  of  Canterbury 
and  that  of  York. 

A  region  of  country ;  in  a  general  sense;  a 
tract ;  a  large  extent. 

Over  many  a  tract 

Of  heaven  they  march'd,  and  many  a  province 

wide.  Milton. 

They  never  look  abroad  into  the  provi7ices  of 

the  intfllectual  world.  Watts. 

5.  The  proper  office  or  business  of  a  ])er.son. 

It  is  the  province  of  the  judge  to  decide 

causes  between  individuals. 

The  woman's  province  is  to  be  careful  in  her 
economy,  and  chaste  in  her  affection. 

Taller 
PRtJVlN'CIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to   a  prov- 
ince or  relating  to  it ;  as  a  provincial  gov 
eminent ;  a  provincial  dialect. 
y.  Appendant  to  the  principal  kingdoni  or 
state  ;  as  provincial  dominion  ;  provincial 
Territory.  Brown 


Howell, 
provigner;  pro  and 
a  vine.] 

a  stock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the 
Joh7ison. 
ascertaining 


3. 


4. 


Q.  Not  polished  ;  rude  ;  as  provincial  accent 
or  manners.  Dryden. 

4.  Pertaining  to  an  ecclesiastical  province, 
or  to  the  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  ; 
not  ecumenical ;  as  a  provincial  synod. 

Ayliffe. 

PROVIN'CIAL,  n.  A  spiritual  governor. 
In  catholic  countries,  one  who  has  the  di- 
rection of  the  several  convents  of  a  prov 
ince.  J^"cyc 

2.  A  person  belonging  to  a  province. 

Burke. 

PROVIN'CIALISM,   n.   A    peculiar   word 
or  manner  of  speaking  in  a  province  <)r 
district  of  country  remote  from  the  prin 
cipal  country  or  from  the  metropolis. 
^  ^  Marsh. 

PROVINCIAL'ITY,  n.  Peculiarity  of  lan- 
guage in  a  province.  ffarton. 

PROVIN'CIATE,  V.  t.  To  oonvert  into  a 
province.     [Unusual.] 

PROVl'NE,   v.i.    [Fr. 
vigne 

To   lay 

ground  for  propagation. 

PROVING,     ppr.     Trying 
evincing;  experiencing. 

PROVP'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  (romL.provi 
sio,  provideo.     See  Provide.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  making  previous 
preparation. 

2.  Things  |)rovided  ;  preparation  ;  measures 
taken  beforehand,  either  for  security,  de- 
fense or  attack,  or  for  the  supply  of  wants 
We  make  provision  to  defend  ourselves 
from  enemies ;  we  make  provision  for 
war ;  we  make  provision  for  a  voyage  or 
for  erecting  a  building  ;  we  make  provis- 
ion for  the  support  of  the  poor.  Govern- 
ment makes  provision  for  its  friends. 

.3.  Stores  provided ;  stock  ;  as  provision  of 
victuals  ;  provision  of  materials. 

KnoUes.  Soiith. 
4.  Victuals;  food;  provender;  all  manner 
of  eatables  for  man  and  beast;  as  provis- 
ions for  the  table  or  for  the  family ;  pro- 
visions for  an  army.  Milton.  Encyc. 
Previous  stipulation;  terms  or  agreement 
made,  or  measures  taken  for  a  future  exi- 
gency. 

In  the  law,  no  provision  was  made  to  abol- 
ish the  barbarous  customs  of  the  Irish. 

Davies. 
Papal  provision,  a  previous  nomination  by 
the  pope  to  a  benefice  before  it  became 
vacant,  by  which  practice  the  rightful  pat- 
ron was  deprived  of  his  presentation. 

Blackstone. 
PROVP'SION,  v.t.  To  supply  with  victuals 
or  food.     The  ship  was  provisioned  for  a 
voyage  of  six  months,     "rhe  garrison  was 
well  provisioned. 
PROVP'SIONAL,  a.  [Fr. prorisiotinel.]  Pro 
vided  for  present  need   or  for  the  occa- 
sion ;  temporarily  established  ;  temporary  ; 
as  a  provisional  government  or  regulation  ; 
a  provisional  treaty. 
PROVP'SIONALLY,  adv.  By  way  of  pro- 
vision ;  temporarily ;  for  the  present  exi- 
gency. Locke. 
PROVI'SIONARY,    a.     Provisional;  pro- 
vided for  the  occasion ;  not  ]iermaiKnt. 

liurke 
PROVrSO,  n.  s  as  2.  [L.  ;)rari'si(s,  ablalivc 

proviso,  it  being  provide<l.] 
An  article   or  clause  in   any  statute,  agree- 


PRO 

ment,  contract,  grant  or  other  writing,  by 
which  a  condition  is  introduced;  a  condi- 
tional stipulation  that  affects  an  agree- 
ment, contract,  law,  grant,  &c.  The 
charter  of  the  bank  contains  a  proviso  that 
the  legislature  may  repeal  it  at  their  pleas- 
ure. 
PROVI'SOR,  n.  [Fr.  proriseur.]  In  church 
affairs,  a  person  appointed  by  the  pope  to 
a  benefice  before  the  death  of  the  incum- 
bent, and  to  the  prejudice  of  the  righllul 
])atrou.  Formerly  the  pope  usiirpe<l  the 
right  of  presenting  to  church  livings, 
and  it  wa.«  his  practice  to  nominate  per- 
sons to  benefices  by  anticipation,  or  he-  ^ 
fore  they  became  vacant ;  the  person  thus 
nominated  was  called  a  provisor.  In  Eng- 
land, this  practice  was  restrained  by  stat- 
utes of  Richard  II.  and  Henry  IV. 

More  sharp  and  penal  laws  were  devised 
against  provisors ;  it  being  enacted  that  who- 
ever disturbs  any  patron  in  the  presentation  to  a 
living  by  virtue  of  any  papal  provision,  such 
provisor  shall  pay  fine  and  ransom  to  the  king 
at  his  will,  and  be  imprisoned  till  lie  renounces 
such  provision.  Blackstone. 

The  purveyor,  steward  or  treasurer  of  a 
religious  house.  Cowel. 

PROVI'SORY,  a.  Making  temporary  pro- 
vision ;  temporary.  State  Papers. 
2.  Containing  a  proviso  or  condition;  condi- 
tional. 
PROVOCA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  provoca- 
tio.     See  Provoke.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  excites  anger;  the  cause 
of  resentment.  1  Kings  xxi. 

Harden  not  your  hearts,  as  in  the  provoca- 
tion.   Ps.  xcv. 

2.  The  act  of  exciting  anger. 
■i.  An  appeal  to  a  court  or  judge.    [A  Latin- 
ism,  not  now  used.]  Ayliffe. 

4.  Incitement.     [JVol  used.]  Hooker. 

PROVOCATIVE,  a.  Exciting;  stimulat- 
ing ;  tending  to  awaken  or  incite  appetite 
or  passion. 
PROVOCATIVE,  n.  Any  thing  that 
tends  to  excite  appetite  or  jiassion  ;  a  stim- 
ulant ;  as  a  provocative  of  hunger  or  of 
lust.  Addison. 

PROVO'CATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  provocative  or  stimulating. 
PROVO'KE,  v.  t.  [L.  provoco,  to  call  forth  ; 
pro   and   I'oco,  to  call;  Fr.  provoquer ;  It. 
provocare  ;  Sp.  provocar.] 
I.  To  call  into  action  ;  to  arouse  :  to  excite; 
as,  to  jirovoke  anger  or  w  rath  by  offensive 
words  or  by  injury  ;  to  provoke  war. 
To  make  angry  ;  to  offend ;  to  incense ; 
to  enrage. 

Ye  fathers,  provoke  not    your   children  to 
wrath.  Eph.  vi. 

Often  provoked  by  the  insolence  of  some  of 
the  bishops —  Clareriilon. 

3.  To  excite;  to  cause;  as,  to  provoke  per- 
spiration; to //roro/re  a  smile.      Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  stimulate  ;  to  increase. 
The  taste  of  pleasure  prmokes  the  appetite, 

and  every  successive  indulgence  of  vice  which 
is  to  form  a  habit,  is  easier  than  the  last. 

Buckminster. 
To  challenge. 

He   now  provokes   the   sea-gods    from    the 
shore.  Dryden. 

To  move;  to  incite  ;  to  stir  up  ;  to  indiico 
by  motives.    Rom.  x.  Bacon. 

I.ct  us  consider  one  another  to  provoke  to 
love  and  to  good  works,    lleb.  x. 


PRO 


P  R  U 


P  R  U 


7.  To  incite  ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  provoke  one  to 
anftcr.     Deut.  xxxii. 

PKOVO'KE,  V.  i.  To  appeal.  [A  Latin 
is/ii.  not  used.]  Urijdcn. 

PKOVO'KKU,  jip.  Excited;  roused;  in 
Cited;  Miiiile  anfrry;  incensed. 

Pl{OVO'Ki;i<,  n.  One  that  excites  anger  or 
other  passion  ;  one  that  excites  war  or  se- 
dition. 

2.  That  which  excites,  causes  or  proniote.«, 

Shnk. 

PROVO'KING,  j>pr.  Exciting  into  action; 
inciting;  inducing  by  motives;  making 
angry. 

9.  o.  Having  the  power  or  quality  ofexcit 
ing  resentment  ;  tending  to  awaken  jias- 
eion  ;  as  provoking  words ;  provoking  treat- 
ment. 

PROVO'KINGLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner 
as  to  excite  anger. 

PRO'VOST,  n.'[iiax.  profost,  profast ;  Dan. 
provst ;  G.  probsl,  /iropst ;  Aim.  provost ; 
Ft.  previ'it ;  Port.  Pp.  prelwste  ;  It.  proposlo  : 
from  the  I.,  prrrjiositus,  placed  lietore 
from  pnrpono;  pra'  and  pono,  to  set  or 
place.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  is  appoint- 
ed to  superintend  or  preside  over  some- 
thing; the  chief  magistrate  of  a  city  or 
town ;  as  the  provost  of  Edinburgh  or  of 
Glasgow,  answering  to  the  mayor  of  oth 
er  cities  ;  the  provost  of  a  college,  answer- 
ing to  president.  In  France,  formerly,  a 
provost  was  an  inferior  judge  who  had 
cognizance  of  civil  causes. 

The  grand  provost  of  France,  or  of  the  house- 
hold, had  jinisdiction  in  the  king's  house 
and  over  its  oflicers. 

Thf  provo.H  marshal  of  an  army,  is  an  officer 
apjxiinted  to  arrest  and  secure  deserters 
an<l  other  criminals,  to  hinder  the  sol- 
diers from  pillaging,  to  indict  offenders 
and  see  sentence  passed  on  them  and  ex- 
ecuted. He  also  regulates  weights  and 
measures.  He  has  under  him  a  lieuten- 
ant and  a  clerk,  an  executioner,  &c. 

Eneyc. 

The  provost  marshal  in  the  navy,  has  charge' 
of  prisoners,  &c. 

The  provost  of  the  mint,  is  a  particular  judge 
api)ointed  to  apprehend  and  prosecute; 
false  I'oiners.  Encyc. 

Provost  of  the  king's  stables,  is  an  officer  who 
attends  at  court  and  holds  the  king's  stir 
rup  when  he  mounts  his  horse.         Encyc. 

PRO'VOSTSHIP,  )!.  The  office  of  a  pro- 
vost. Hakewill. 

PROW,  n.  [Fr.  ;iroi(p  ;  \t.  prua  and  proda; 
Sp.  proa.  These  may  be  frotn  the  L. 
prora  ;  hut  qii.  is  not  proda  the  original 
word,  and  prora  a  contraction  o{  proderai 
The  primary  sense  is  that  which  projects 
or  stretches  forward.] 

1.  The  forepart  of  a  .ship.  Dryden. 

2.  Ill  scamfn''s  language,  the  beak  or  pointed 
cutwater  of  a  xebec  or  galley.  The  up- 
per part  is  usually  furnished  with  a  grat- 
ing platform.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  name  of  a  partii'ular  kind  of  vessel 
u.sed  in  the  East  Indian  seas. 

PROW,  a.  Valiant.     [M'ot  in  tise.] 

Spenser. 

PROWESS,  n.  [Fr.  prouesse ;  It.  prodetza, 
from  prode,  brave,  and  as  a  noun,  profit, 
benefit ;  Sp.  proeza.     The  primary  sense 

Vol.  II. 


of  the  root  is  to  stretch,  shoot  or  advance 
forward,  and  hence  the  sense  ol  profit.] 
Bravery  ;  valor  ;  particularly,  military  brave- 
ry ;  gallantry:  intrepidity   in    war;    fear- 
lessness of  danger. 

Men  of  such  prnvyess  as  not  to  know  fear  in 
tliemsehes.  Sidney. 

PROW'EST,  a.  [superl.  of  prow.]  Bravest. 
[J^/ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

PROWL,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of 
this  word,  nor  from  what  source  it  is  de- 
rived. It  may  be  derived  from  the  root 
of  .'itroll,  troll,  with  a  different  prefix.]  To 
rove  over. 

He  prowls  each  place,  still   in  new  colors 
dcck'd.  Sidney 

PROWL,  V.  i.  To  rove  or  wander,  particu- 
larly for  prey,  as  a  wild  beast ;  as  a  prowl- 
ing wolf.  Milton. 

2.  To  rove  and  plunder;  to  prey;  to  plun- 
der. Tusser. 

PROWL,  n.  A  roving  for  ])rcy  ;  colloquial- 
ly, something  to  be  seized  and  devoured. 

I'ROWL'ER,  n.  One  that  roves  about  for 
prey.  Thomson. 

PIJOWL'ING,  ppr.  Wandering  about  in 
search  of  prey  or  pltimler. 

PROX'IMAL.     [See  Proximate.] 

I'ROX'IMATE,  0.  [L.  superl. ;)rorim!(s;  Fr. 
proche  ;  approcher,  to  apjnoach  ;  reprocher, 
to  reproach.  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  drive  or  press.     See  Class  Brg.] 

Nearest :  next.  A  proximale  cause  is  that 
which  immediately  precedes  and  produces 
the  effect,  as  distinguished  from  the  re- 
mole,  mediate  or  predisposing  cause. 

mills. 

PROXT]\L\TELY,  adv.  Immediately  ;  by 
immediate  relation  to  or  effect  on. 

Benlley 

PROX'IME,  a.  Next ;  immediately.  [Xot 
used.]  Jfatts. 

PROXIM'lTY,n.  [Fr.  proximite;  L.  prorim- 
Has.] 

The  state  of  being  next;  immediate  near- 
ness  either   in   place,    blood  or  alliance. 
The  succession  to  the  throne  and  to  es 
tales   is  usually  regulated  by  proximity  of 
blood.  Dryden.     Sunfl. 

PROX'Y,  Ji.  [contracted  from  procuracy,  or 
some  word  from  the  root  of  procure,  proc- 
tor.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a 
substitute  for  his  principal;  agency  of  a 
substitute  ;  apjiearance  of  a  representa- 
tive. None  can  be  familiar  by  proxy. 
None  can  be  virtuous  or  wise  by  proxy. 

2.  The  person  who  is  substituted  or  deputed 
to  act  for  another.  A  %vise  man  will  not 
commit  important  business  to  a  proxy., 
when  he  can  transact  it  in  person.  In 
Englanil,  any  peer  may  make  another 
lord  of  parliament  his  proxy  to  vote  for  him 
in  his  absence.  Blackslone. 

3.  In  popular  use,  an  election  or  day  of  vot 
ing  for  officers  of  government. 

PROX'YSHIP,  n.  The  ofiBce  or  agency  of  a 
proxy. 

PRl'CE,  n.  [from  Prussia.]  Prussian  lether. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

PRL'DE,  n.  [Fr.  prude,  wise,  discrete,  sober, 
formal,  precise  ;  D.  preutsch,  prudish,  and 
proud;  Ci.sjn-iide,  a  prude,  and  shy,  cold, 
reserved,  coy,  demure,  and  applied  to  met- 
als, brittle,  friable ;  Dan.  sprodig,  eager, 

46 


brittle,  harsh,  dry,  i-ugged ;  W.  prut, 
[prudh,]  prudent,  discrete,  serious,  sail,  sor- 
rowful ;  Golli.  frods,  prudent ;  Gr.  ^^lahr^, 
prudence  ;  Goth.  /j-aMi,  mind,  intellect; 
friithyan,  to  be  wise,  to  understand.  The 
G.ith.yVorf signifies  both  wise,  prudent,  and 
broken  ;  D.  vrocd,  prudent.  We  see  that 
prude,  prudent,  and  proud  are  from  the 
.same  root.  The  sense  of  brittle  would 
indicate  that  these  words  belong  to  the 
same  family  with  the  Dan.  bryder,  to 
break  ;  and  the  radical  elements  are  the 
same.  The  Welsh  pnn  is  from  tending 
out  or  reaching,  hence  pryder,  anxiety,  a 
stretching   of   the    mind.     TIk;    sense  of 

1  prude  is  probably  from  stretching,  strait- 
ness,  stiffiiess;  and  the  sense  of  i»iV  is  de- 

I     rivativc.     Prudence  is  from  the  same  root. 

]     implying  care,  a  tension  of  mind.] 

A  woman  of  great  reserve,  coyness,  affected 
stifl'ness  of  manners  and  scrupulous  nice- 
ty- 

Les3  modest  than  the  speech  of  prudes. 

Swifl. 

PRU'DENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  prudentia  ;  It. 
prudenza  ;  Sp.  pmdencia.     See  Prude.] 

Wisdom  applied  to  practice.  Johnson. 

Prudence  implies  caution  in  deliberating 
and  consulting  on  the  most  suitable  means 
to  accomplish  valuable  purposes,  and  tlie 
exercise  of  sagacity  in  discerning  and  se- 
lecting them.  Prudence  differs  from  wis- 
dom in  this,  that  prudence  implies  more 
caution  and  reserve  than  wisdom,  or  is 
exercised  more  in  foreseeing  and  avoiding 
evil,  than  in  devising  and  executing  that 
which  is  good.  It  is  sometimes  mere  cau- 
tion or  (circumspection. 

Prudence  is  principally  in  reference  to  ac- 
tions to  be  done,  and  due  means,  order,  season 
and  nietliod  of"  doing  or  not  doing.  Hale. 

PRU'DENT,  a.  Cautious  ;  circumspect  ; 
practically  wise;  careful  of  the  conse- 
quences of  enterprises,  measures  or  ac- 
tions ;  cautious  not  to  act  when  the  end  is 
of  doubtful  utility,  or  probably  impracti- 
cable. 

The  prudent  man  looketh  well  to  his  going. 
Prov.  xiv. 

A  prudent  man  foresccth  the  evil  and  hidelb 
liimsclf.    Prov.  xxii. 

2.  Dictated  or  directed  by  prudence ;  as 
prudent  behavior. 

3.  Foreseeing  by  instinct ;  as  the  prudent 
crane.  Milton. 

4.  Frugal ;  economical ;  as  a  prudent  wo- 
man ;  prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

.5.  Wise ;  intelligent. 

PRUDENTIAL,  a.  Proceeding  from  pru- 
dence ;  dictated  or  prescribed  by  |)ru- 
dence;  as  prudential  motives;  prudential 
rules. 

2.  Superintending  the  discretionary  con- 
cerns of  a  society  ;  as  a  prudential  com- 
mittee. jV.  England. 

PRl'DENTIAL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing prudential ;  eligibility  on  principles  of 
prudence.     [.Vo<  used.]  Broini. 

PRUDEN'TL\LLY,  adv.  In  conformity 
with  prudence  ;  prudently.  Soulh. 

PRUDEN'TIALS,  n.  ;>/u."  Maxims  of  pru- 
dence or  practical  wisdom. 

Many  stanzas  in  poetic  measures  contain 
niles  relating  to  common  prudentials,  as  well 
as  to  religion.  Watts. 

3.  The  subordinate  discretionary  coBcern? 


P  R  U 


PSA 


P  S  Y 


ami  economy  of  a  company,  society  or 
corporation.  The  board  of  trustees  ap- 
point annually  a  committee  to  manage  tlie 
prudentials  of  the  corporation. 

JV.  England. 

PRU'DENTLY,  adv.  With  prudence  ;  witli 
due  caution  or  circumspection  ;  discrete- 
ly ;  wisely  ;  as  domestic  affairs  prudenlly 
managed;  Xavis  prudently  {r&meA  or  exe 
cuted. 

2.  With  frugality  ;  economically;  as  income 
prudentli)  expended. 

PRU'DERY,    n.     [from    prude.]     Affected 
scrupulousness  ;  excessive  nicety  in  con 
duct ;  stiffness  ;  affected  reserve  or  grav- 
ity; coyness.  Tatler. 

PRij'DISH,    a.    [from    prude.]    Affectedly 
grave  ;  very  formal,  precise  or  reserved  ; 
as  a  prudish  woman  ;  prudish  manners. 
A  formal  lecture,  spoke  whU  prudish  face. 

Garj'ick. 

PRU'NE,  V.  t.  [perliaps  from  Fr.  provigner. 
to  lay  down  vine  stocks  for  propagation. 
If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  lop  or  cut  off  the  superfluous  branch- 
es of  trees,  to  make  them  bear  better  fruit 
or  grow  higher,  or  to  give  them  a  more 
handsome  and  regular  appearance. 

Encijc.    Milton. 

2.  To  clear  from  any  thing  superfluous  ;  to 
dress ;  to  trim. 

His  royal  bird 
Prunes   the    immortal  wing,   and  cloys  hi: 
beak.  Shak 

PRUNE,  V.  i.  To  dress ;  to  prink ;  a  ludi- 
crous word.  Dryden. 
PRUNE,  n.   [Fr.  prune  ;  It.  Sp.  prima  ;  L 
prunum;  T>.  pruim.     In  Latin,  prunus  is  a 
plum  tree,   Gr.    rtpovi)?,    aud  prunum,  tlie 
fruit.] 
A  plum,  or  a  dried  plum.  Bacon. 
PRU'NED,    pp.     Divested    of   superfluous 

branches;  trimmed. 
%  Cleared  of  what  is  unsuitable  or  super- 
fluous. 
PRU'NEL,  n.  A  plant.  Jlinsworth. 

PRUNEL'LO,  n.  A  kind  of  stuff  of  which 
clergymen's  gowns  are  made.  Pope. 

PRUNEL'LO,  n.  [Fr.  prunelle,  from  prune.] 
A  kinil  of  plum.  Jlinsworth. 

PRU'NER,  n.  One  that  prunes  trees  or  re- 
moves what  is  superfluous. 
PRUMF'EROUS,  a.   [L.  prunum,  a  plum, 

and /ero,  to  bear.]     Bearing  plums. 
PRU'NIXG,  ppr.  Lopping   off  superfluous 
branches;  trimming;  clearing  of  what  is 
superfluous. 
PRU'NING,  n.  In  gardening   and  agricul 
ture,    the    lopping     off    the    superfluous 
brandies  of  trees,  either  for  improving  the 
trees  or  their  fruit. 
PRU'NING-HOQK,     ?  An    instrument 

PRU'NING-KNIFE,  ^  '  used  in  pruning 
trees,     it  is  of  various  forms. 

Dn/den.     Philips. 
PRU'RIENCE,  ^        [h.  pruriens,  pnirio,  to 
PKII'RIENCV,  S"'  itch.] 
An   itching,  longing  desire   or  appetite  for 
atiy  thing.  Suijl. 

PRU'ltlENT,   a.  Itching;  uneasy  with  de- 
sire. JVurlon. 
PRURl(';'INOUS,  a.   [h.  pruriginosus,  (roxu 

prurigo,  an  itcliing,  from  prurio,  to  itch.] 
Tending  to  an  itch.  Oreenhill. 

PlirsSIAN,  a.  [from  Prussia.]  Pertaining 
to  Prussia. 


Prussian  blue,  a  coniliination  of  iron  with 
ferrocyanic  acid.  This  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment of  a  beautiful  blue  color. 

PRCSSIATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  un- 
ion of  the  prussic  acid,  or  coloring  matter 
of  Prussian  blue,  with  a  salifiable  base 
as  the  prussiate  of  aluniin. 

Lavoisier.     Fourcroy. 

PRCSSle,  a.  The  prussic  acid  is  a  com- 
pound of  kyanogen  or  cyanogen,  prussic 
gas  and  hydrogen,  and  hence  called  hy- 
drocyanic acid.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest 
poisons  known. 

PRY,  V.  i.  [a  contracted  word,  the  origin  of 

I     which  is  not  obvious.] 

To  peep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect  closely ;  tf 
attempt  to  discover  something  with  scru- 
tinizing curiosity,  whether  impertinently 
or  not  ;  as,  to  pry  into  the  mysteries  of  na- 
ture, or  into  the  secrets  of  state. 
Nor  need  we  with  a.  prying  eye  survey 
The  distant  skies  to  find  the  milky  way. 

Creech 

PR^,  n.  Narrow  inspection  ;  impertinent 
peeping.  Smart 

PRY,  V.  t.  To  raise  or  attempt  to  raise  vviti 
a  lever.  This  is  the  conmion  jiopular 
pronunciation  of  prize,  in  America.  The 
lever  used  is  also  called  a  pry. 

VPiY'lTSiG,  ppr.  Inspecting  closely  ;  looking 
into  with  curiosity. 

PRY'INGLY,  adv.  With  close  inspection  or 
impertinent  curiosity. 

PRY'TANE,    )      [Gr  npvfaris.]  In  ancient 

PRYT'ANIS,  S  "■  Greece,  a  president  of  the| 
senate  of  five  hundred. 

Encyc.     .ilnachnrsis. 

[It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  words  beginning 
with  Ps  and  Pt,  the  letter^  has  no  sound.] 

PS.i^LiNL  "•  s\tm.  [L.  pscdmus  ;  Gr.  ^ax^oj, 
from  4<i/.Xu,  to  toucli  or  beat,  to  sing;  Fr. 
psaumt  ;  It.  Sp.  salmo.] 

A  sacred  song  or  liyuin  ;  a  song  composed 
on  a  divine  subject  and  in  praise  of  God. 
The  most  remarkable  [isainis  are  tliose 
composed  by  David  and  other  Jewish 
saints,  a  collection  of  one  hundred  and  fif- 
ty of  which  constitutes  a  canonical  book 
of  the  Old  Testament,  called  Psalms,  or  the 
book  of  Psalms.  The  word  is  also  applied 
to  sacred  songs  composed  by  niodern  po- 
ets, being  versifications  of  the  scriptmal 
psalms,  or  of  these  with  other  parts  of 
Scripture,  composed  for  the  use  of 
churches;  as  the  Psalms  of  TatP.  aui\  Bra 
fly,  (f  Watts,  &c. 

PS'.\LMIST,  n.  A  writer  or  eoinposer  of 
sacred  songs  ;  a  title  particularly  applied 
to  David  and  the  other  authors  of  the 
scriptural  psalms. 

2.  In  the  church  of  Rome,  a  clerk,  precentor, 
singer  or  leader  of  music  in  the  church. 

PSAXMODY,  (1.  The  act,  practice  or  art  of 
singing  sacred   songs.     Psalmody  has  a' 
ways  been  considered  an  important  part 
of  public  worship. 

PSALMOG'KAPIIER,   ?       [See  Psalmog- 

PSALMOG'RAPUIST,  S       raphy.] 

A    writer  of  psalms   or   divine    songs  and 

hvmns. 
PSALMOG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  ■ia^f^oi,  psalm 
and  ypa^u,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  writing  psalms  or  sa- 
cred .songs  and  hymns. 
PSAL'TER,  n.  [L. psallerium  ;  Gr. +aX*jjpio>'; 
It.  Sp.  salterio ;  Fr.  psaulier.] 


1.  The  book  of  Psalms;  often  applied  to  a 
book  containing  the  Psalms  separately 
printed. 

2.  In  Romish  countries,  a  large  chaplet  or 
rosary,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and  fifty 
beads,  according  to  the  number  of  the 
psalms. 

PSaL'TERY,  n.  [Gr.  ^aWjjpioi-.]  An  instru- 
ment of  music  used  by  the  Hebrews,  the 
form  of  which  is  not  now  known.  That 
which  is  now  used  is  a  flat  instrument  in 
form  of  a  trapezium  or  triangle  truncated 
at  the  top,  strung  with  thirteen  chords  of 
wire,  mounted  fui  two  bridges  at  the  sides, 
and  struck  with  a  plectrum  or  crooked 
stick.  Encyc. 

Praise  the  Lord  with  harp  ;  sing  to  him  with 
the  psallery,  and  an  instrument  of  ten  strings. 
Ps.  .\.\xiii. 

PSAM'MITE,  n.  [Gr.  4aM,«o5,  sand.]  A  spe- 
cies of  micaceous  sandstone. 

Brongniarl. 

PSEUDO,  Gr.  ^.srSoj,  false,  a  prefix  signify- 
ing false,  counterfeit  or  spurious. 

PSEUDO-APOS'TLE,  n.  A  false  apostle  ; 
one  who  falsely  pretends  to  be  an  apostle. 

PSEUDO-CHI'NA,  n.  The  false  China  root, 
a  plant  of  the  genus  Smilax,  found  in 
America.  Encyc. 

PSEUDO-GALENA,  n.  False  galena  or 
black  jack. 

PSEU'DOGRAPH,     \        [Gr.  ■^tvho;,  false, 

PSEUDOG'RAPHY,  S"'  and  ypo^,  wri- 
ting.] 

False  writing.  Holder. 

PSEUDOL'OgY,  n.  [Gr.  4.fii5oXoyia  ;  ■\tvio;, 
false,  and  ?L»yo;,  discourse.] 

Falseliood  of  speech.  Arbuthnot. 

PSEUDO-METALLIC,  a.  Pseudo-metal- 
lic luster  is  that  which  is  perceinihie  only 
when  held  towards  the  light;  as  in  min- 
erals. Pliillips. 

PSEUDOMORPH'OUS,  a.  [pseudo  and 
Gr.  |Uop$>;,  form.] 

Not  having  the  true  form.  A  pseudomorph- 
ous  mineral  is  one  which  has  received 
its  form  from  some  extraneous  cause,  not 
from  natural  crvstalization. 

PSEUDO-TINEA,  n.  In  natural  history,  ihe 
name  of  a  remarkable  species  of  insect  or 
larva,  resend)ling  a  moth.  It  feeds  on 
wax,  and  is  a  terrible  enemy  to  bees,  as  it 
enters  the  hi\e  aiid  sometimes  compels 
the  bees  to  abandon  it,  being  covered 
with  a  coat  that  is  impervious  to  their 
siiniis.  Encyc. 

PSEUDO- VOLCANIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
produced  by  a  pseudo-volcano. 

Clenveland. 

PSEUDO-VOLCA'NO,  n.  A  volcano  that 
emits  smoke  and  sometimes  flame,  but  no 
lava ;  also,  a  burning  mine  of  coal. 

Kirwan. 

PSHAW,  crclam.  An  expression  of  con- 
tem]jt,  disdain  or  dislike. 

PSO'AS,  n.  [Gr.]  The  name  of  two  inside 
muscies  of  the  loins. 

PSO'RA,  n.  [Gr.]  The  itch. 

PSYCHOLOGIC,        )       Pertaining    to    a 

PSYCHOLOt'ICAL,  S  "■  treatise  on  the 
soul,  or  to  the  study  of  the  soul  of  man. 

Literary  .Mag. 
PSYCHOL'OgY,   71.    [Gr.  ^xv,  ^oii],  and 

t.oyoi,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  liumao  sou! ; 


PUB 


PUB 


P  U  C 


or  the  doctrine  of  the  nature  and  proper- 
tics  of  tlie  soul.  Campbell. 

I'TARMIGAN,  n.  Afowlof  the  genus  Te- 
trao,  the  lagopus  or  white  game.  Tiie 
color  of  tlie  plumage  is  a  pale  brown  or 
ash,  elegantly  crossed  or  mottled  with 
dusky  spots  and  minute  bars ;  the  belly 
and  wings  are  white.  This  fowl  is  seen 
on  the  summits  of  mountains  in  the  north 
of  J^ugland  and  of  Scotland.  £nn/c. 

PTISAN,  n.  liz'an.  [L.  plisana ;  Gr.  Jtri- 
ffCM/i;,  from  Jtriasw,  to  pound.] 

A  decoction   of  barley   with  otlier  ingrcdi 
eiits.  Encuc.     Jlrhutlinot. 

PTOLEMA'Ie,  a.  [from  Ptolemy,  the  geog 
rapher  and  astrologer.] 

Pertaining  to  Ptolemy.  The  Pio/cniatc  sys- 
tem, in  astronomy,  is  tliat  maintained  by 
Ptolemy,  who  supposed  the  earth  to  be 
fixed  in  the  center  of  tlie  iniiversc,  and 
that  the  sun  and  stars  revolve  around  it. 
This  theory  was  received  for  ages,  but  has 
been  rejected  for  the  Copernican  system. 

PTY'ALISM,  n.  [Gr.  rtnuJ-ta/nos,  a  spitting, 
from  nrvaKii^u,  to  spit  often.] 

In  medicine,  saUvation ;  an  unnatural  or  co- 
piovis  flow  of  saliva.  Coxc.     Encuc 

PTVS'MAGOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  KtvafM,  saliva, 
and  ayu,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  discharges  of  sal- 
iva. Diet. 

PU'BERTY,  n.  [L.  puherlas,  from  pubes., 
The  age  at  which  persons  are  capable  of' 
procreating  and  bciuring  children.  This 
age  is  diflerent  in  different  climates,  but 
is  with  us  considered  to  be  at  fourteen 
years  in  males,  and  twelve  in  females. 

PU'BES,  n.  [L.]  In  botany,  tlie  luiiriness  of 
plants ;  a  downy  or  villous  substance 
which  grows  ou  plants;  pubescence. 

Martyn. 

PUBES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  pubescens,  pubesco, 
to  shoot,  to  grow  mossy  or  hairy.] 

1.  The  state  of  a  youth  who  has  arrived  at 
puberty  ;  or  the  state  of  ])uberty.     Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  hairiness ;  shagginess ;  the 
hairy  or  downy  substance  on  plants. 

PUBESCENT,  a.  Arriving  at  puberty. 

Brown. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  pubescence,  such 
as  hair,  bristles,  beard,  dow)i,  &c. ;  as  the 
leaves  of  plants. 

PUBLIC,  a.  [L.  publicus,  from  the  root  of 
popuhis,  people  ;  thai  is.  people-like ;  Sp. 
publico;  It.  piibblico  ;  Fr.  publique ;  VV. 
pobyl,  people ;  pot,  pawb,  each,  every,  ev- 
ery body.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  nation,  state  or  comrauni 
ty  ;  extending  to  a  whole  people  ;  as  a 
public  law,  which  binds  the  people  of  a 
nation  or  state,  as  opposed  to  a  private 
statute  or  resolve,  which  respects  an  indi 
vidual  or  a  corporation  only.  Thus  we 
sav,  public  welfare,  public  good,  public 
calamity,  public  service,  public  property. 

2.  Common  to  many  ;  current  or  circulated 
among  people  of  all  classes  ;  general ;  as 
public  report ;  public  scandal. 

3.  Open  ;  notorious ;  exposed  to  all  persons 
without  restriction. 

Joseph  her  husband  being  a  just  man,  and 
not  willing  to  make  her  u  public  uxatnple,  was 
minded  to  put  her  away  privily.     Matt.  i. 

4.  Regarding  the  community ;  directed 
ft)  the  interest  of  a  nation,  state  or  com- 


munity ;  as  public  spirit ;  public  minded- 
iiess ;  opposed  to  private  or  selfish. 

South. 

5.  Open  for  general  entertainment;  as  a 
public  liou.se. 

G.  Open  to  common  use  ;  as  a  public  road. 

7.  In  general,  public  expresses  something 
conimon  to  mankind  at  large,  to  a  nation, 
state,  city  or  town,  and  is  opposed  to  pri- 
vate, wha^li  denotes  what  belongs  to  an 
individiuil,  to  a  family,  to  a  company  or 
corporation. 

Public  law,  is  often  synonymous  with  the 
law  of  nations. 

PUB'LIe,  n.  The  general  body  of  mankind 
or  of  a  nation,  state  or  community  ;  the 
people,  indefinitely. 

The  public  is  mure  disposed  to  censure  than 
to  praise.  Addison 

In  this  passage,  public  is  followed  by  a 
verb  in  the  singular  number;  but  being  a 
noun  of  multitude,  it  is  more  generally  (bl 
lowed  by  a  plural  verb ;  the  public  are. 

In  public,  in  open  view ;  before  the  people 
at  large  ;  not  in  private  or  secresy. 

Ill  private  grieve,  but  with  a  careless  scorn 
In  public  seem  to  triumph,  not  to  mourn. 

Ur(tnville. 

PUB'LI€AN,  7!.  [L.  publicanus,  from  publi 
cus.] 

1.  .\  collector  of  toll  or  tribute.     Among  tlie 
Romans,  a  publican   was  a  farmer  ot'  the 
taxes  and  public  revenues,  and  the  infe 
rior  officers  of  this  class  were  deemed  op 
pressive. 

As  Jesus  sat  at  meat  in  the  house,  behold, 
many  publicans  and  sinners  came  and  sat  down 
with  him  and  his  disciples.     Matt.  ix. 

2.  The  keeper  of  a  public  house ;  an  inti- 
keeper. 

PUBiJ€A;TION,  n.  [L.  publicatio,  from 
publico,  from  publiciis.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  offering  to  public 
notice  ;  notification  to  a  people  at  large,  ei- 
ther by  words,  writing  or  priming;  proc- 
lamation ;  divulgntion  ;  promulgation  ;  as 
t\i(i  publication  of  the  law  at  mount  Sinai; 
the  fm6/!Va(ion  of  the  gospel ;  the  publica- 
tion of  statutes  or  edicts. 

2.  The  act  of otTiring  a  book  or  writing  to 
the  public  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous  distri- 
bution. The  author  consented  to  the  pit6- 
licalion  of  his  manuscripts. 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published  ;  any 
pamphlet  or  book  oftiued  for  sale  or  to 
public  notice  ;  as  a  new  publication  ;  a 
nionthlv  publication. 

PUBLIC! I E'ARTED,  a.  Public-spirited. 
[JVot  used.]  Clarendon. 

PUB'LICIST,  )!.  A  writer  on  the  laws  of 
nature  and  nations  ;  one  who  treats  of  the 
rights  ol' nations.  Kent.     Du  Ponceau 

PUBLICITY,  n.  [Fr.  publicite.]  The  state 
of  being  |)ul)lic  or  open  to  the  knowledge 
of  a  community;  notoriety. 

PUB'LICLY,  adv.  Openly;  with  exposure 
to  popular  view  or  notice  ;  without  con- 
cealment;  as  property  pxi/ic/iy  offered  for 
sale;  an  opinion  publicly  uyowcil ;  a  dec-; 
laration  publicly  made. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  community.  A  re- 
ward is  publicly  offered  for  the  discovery  of 
the  longitude,  or  for  finding  a  northwest-! 
ern  passage  to  Asia. 

PUBLlC-ailNOED,  a.  Disposed  to  pro 
mote  the  public  interest.    [LitUe  vsed.] 


PUB'LIC-MINDEDNESS,  n.  A  disposi- 
tion to  promote  the  public  weal  or  ad- 
vantage.    [LitUe  used.]  South. 

PUB'LICNES.S,  »i.  The  state  of  being  pub- 
lic, or  open  to  the  view  or  notice  of  people 
at  large  :  as  the  publicness  of  a  sale. 

2.  State  of  belonging  to  the  community  ;  as 
the  publicness  of  jiropertv.  Boyle. 

PUBLIC-SPIRITED,  a.  Having  or  exer- 
cising a  disposition  to  advance  the  itiierest 
of  the  community  ;  disposed  to  make  pri- 
vate sacrifices  for  the  public  good  ;  as  pub- 
lic-spirited men.  Drydcn. 

2.  Dictated  by  a  regard  to  public  good  ;  as 
a  public-spirited  project  or  measure. 

Addison. 

PUBLIC-SPIR  ITEDNESS,  n.  A  disposi- 
tion to  advance  the  jiublic  good,  or  a  will- 
ingness to  make  sacrifices  of  private  in- 
terest to  promote  the  common  weal. 

IVhillock. 

PUB'LISH,  V.  I.  [Fr.  puhlier  ;  Sp.  publicar; 
It.  pubblicare  ;  L.  publico.     See  Public] 

1.  To  ili.scover  or  make  known  to  mankind 
or  to  people  in  general  what  before  was 
private  or  unknown  ;  to  divulge,  as  a  pri- 
vate transaction  ;  to  promulgate  or  pro- 
claim, as  a  law  or  edict.  We  publish  a 
secret,  by  telling  it  to  people  without  re- 
serve. Laws  are  published  by  printing  or 
by  proclamation.  Christ  and  bis  apostles 
published  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation. 

Tir  unwearied  sun,  from  day  to  day, 

Does  Ills  Creator's  power  display; 

And  publishes  to  every  land 

The  work  of  an  Almighty  hand.      Spectator. 

2.  To  send  a  book  into  the  world  ;  or  to  sell 
or  offer  for  sale  a  book,  map  or  print. 

3.  To  utter;  to  put  oft'  or  into  circulation; 
as,  to  publish  a  forged  or  counterfeit  pa- 
per. Laws  of  Mass.  and  Conn. 

4.  To  make  known  by  posting,  or  by  reading 
in  a  church  ;  as,  to  publish  banns  of  mat- 
rimony. We  say  also,  the  persons  intend- 
ing marriage  are  published  ;  that  is,  their 
intention  of  marriaje  is  published. 

PUBLISHED,  pp.  Made  known  to  the 
comiiiimity  ;  divulged  ;  [iromulgated  ;  pro- 
claimed. 

PUBLISHER,  n.  One  who  makes  known 
what  was  before  private  or  unknoivn  ; 
one  that  divulges,  promulgates  or  pro- 
claims. MIerbury. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  book  or  writing  into  the 
world  lor  common  use  ;  one  that  offers  a 
book,  pamphlet,  &c.,  for  sale. 

3.  Oil''  who  utters,  pa.^ses  or  puts  into  cir- 
culation a  counterfeit  paper. 

PUBLISHING,  ppr.  Making  known;  di- 
vulging ;  promulgating;  proclaiming;  sell- 
ing or  offering  publicly  for  sale  ;  utter- 
ing. 

PUBLISHMENT,  n.  In  popular  usage  in 
JVew  England,  a  notice  of  intended  mar- 
riage. 

PUCCOON',  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  San- 

I     giiinaria  ;  the  bluod-root. 

I  Fam.  of  Plants. 

jPUCE,  a.  Of  a  dark  brown  color.  Qu. 

PU'CEL.\tiE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  state  of  virginity. 
[Little  used.]  Robinso'n. 

PU'CERON,  71.  [Fr.  from  puce,  a  flea.]  The 
name  of  a  tribe  of  small  iusecis  which  are 
found  in  great  numbers  on  the  bark  and 


PUD 

leaves  of  plants,  and  live  by  sucking  tliej 
sap  ;  the  Apliis,  vine  tVetter,  or  plant  louse. 

Encyc.i 
PUCK,  n.  [Ice.  Sw.  puke,  a  demon  ;  Scot.] 

puck.] 
A  demon  ;  a  mischievous  spirit.  Shak. 

PUCK'-BALL,  /       [from  puck.]   A  kind  of 
PUCK' -FIST,   ("■  mushroom  full  of  dust. 

DM.\ 
PUCK'ER,  !•.  t.  [Sp.  buche,  a  purse,  rum-j 
pie  or  pucker  ;  bucte,  a  buckle ;  buchar,  toj 
hide.  Buche  signifies  also  a  crop  or  cravi-, 
and  the  breast;  hence  perhaps  L.  pectus ;\ 
Port,  bucho,  the  crop,  the  stumacli.  (iu.  Ir.| 
fighim,  to  weave  ;  G.  farh.  In  Gr.  .tvxa, 
signifies  closely,  densely  ;  rtvxafu,  to  cov- 
Br.  Class  Bg.  The  primary  sense  is  prob- 
ably to  draw,  to  wrinkle.] 
To  gather  into  small  folds  or-  wrinkles ;  to 
contract  into  ridges  and  furrows  ;  to  cor 
rugate. 

His  face   pale   and  withered,   and   his  skin 
puckered  in  wrinkles.  Spectator. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  up  ;  as,  to  puck- 
er up  cloth  ;  but  up  is  superfluous.     It  is  a 
popular  word,  but  not  elegant. 
PUCK'ER,  n.  A  fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  col- 
lection of  folds. 
PUCKERED,    pp.     Gathered     in    folds ; 

wrinkled. 
PUCK'ERING,  ppr.  Wrinkling. 
PUD'DER,  n.  [This  is  supposed  to  be  the 

same  as  pother.] 
A  tumult;  a  confused  noise  ;  a  bustle.  [Vtd- 
e;ar.]  Shak.     Locke 

POD'DER,  v.  i.  To  make  a  tumult  or  bus- 
tle. Lock 
PUD  DER,  V.  t.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass  ; 
to  confuse;  vulgarly  to  6o//ier.  Locke. 
PUDDING,  n.  [W.  paten,  what  bulges  out, 
a  paunch,  a  pudding  ;  F'r.  boudin,  a  pud- 
ding, from  Imuder,  to  poul;  Ir.  boideal;  G. 
Dan.  pudding  ;  Sw.  pudiiig.  Class  Bd.] 
1.  A  species  of  food  of  a  soft  or  moderately 
hard    consistence,   variously    made,    but 
usually  a  compound  of  flour,   or  meal   of 
maiz,  with  milk  and  eggs,  sometimes  en- 
riched with  raisins  and  called  plum-pud- 
ding. 
9.  An  intestine.  Shak. 
3.  An  intestine  stufted  with  meat, ;  &c.  now 

(■ailed  a  sausage. 
1.  Proverbially,  food  or  victuals. 

Eat   youi    jiuddinf^,  slave,   and   hold  youi- 
tongue.  Prior. 

PUD'DING,         }       lu  seamen's  language, 
PiJD'DENING,  I  "■  a  thick  wreath  or  cir 
cle  of  cordage,  tajjcriug  from   the  middle 
towards  the  ends,  and  fastened  about  the 
mast  below  the   trusses,  to   prevent    the 
yards  from  falling  dnwn   when  the  ropes 
sustaining  them  are  shot  away. 
PUD'DING-GRASH,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Mentha.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
PUD'DING-GROSS,  n.  A  plant.     Qu. 

John.^on. 

PyI)'DING-PIE,  n.  A  pudding  with  meat 

baked  in  it.  Hudibrcis. 

PUDDING  PIPE-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  tin 

genus  Cassia.  Fnm.  of  Plants 

PllD'DING-SLEEVE,  n.  A  sleeve  of  the 

full  dress  clerical  gown.  SwiJI. 

PyD'DlN(;-ST()M;,   ji.   Conglomerate  ;  a 

coarse    sandstone    ciiMipusoil    of  sili(■iou^ 

pebbles,  flint,  &c.  united  by  a  comeut. 

Cleuveland. 


P  U  F 


PUG 


PUD'DING-TIME,  n.  The  time  of  dinner,  i4.  Any  thing  light  and  porous,  or  something 
pudding  being  formerly  the   first  di?h  set  I     swelled  and  light  ;  as /«J^-paste.       Taiier. 


on  the  table,  or  rather  iirst  eaten  ;  a  prac-  .'J.  A 

tice  not  yet  ob.solete  among  the  common 

people  of  New  England. 
a.  The  uick  of  time  ;  critical  time. 

Hudihras. 
PUD'DLE,  n.  [Ir.  boidhtia;  O.  pfiitze.]     A 

small   stand   of  dirty     water ;    a   nuiddy 

plash.  Dri/den.     .'litilison.i 

PUD'DLE,  v.t.  To  made  foul  or  muddy  ;  to, 

pollute  with  dirt ;  to  mix  dirt  and  water.' 
Shak.     Dryden.\ 
3.  To  make  thick  or  close. 
PUD'DLED,  pp.  Made  muddy  or  foul. 
PUD'DLING,  ppr.  Making  nuiddy  or  dirty. 
PUD'DLY,  a.  Muddy;  foul;  dirty. 

Carew. 
PUD'DOCK,  ?  [for  paddock  or  parrock, 
PUR'ROCK,  \  "■  i>ark.J  A  small  enclosure. 

[Provincialin  England.] 
PU'DENCY,  n.  [L.  pudens,  pudeo,  to  blush 


or   be   ashamed  ;    Ar.    Jvxc      abada,   to 

worship,  to    prostrate   one's  self,  to  cast 
down,  to  subdue,  to   be  ashamed,  or  Ch 
nnj  to  blush.    Qu.  Heb.  tyi2   in    a  difier-' 
eut  dialect.     The  first  is  the  more  proba- 
ble uftinity.  Class  Bd.  No.  11.  30.] 

Modesty  ;  shamefacedness.  Shak. 

PUDEN'DA,  n.  plu.  [L.]  The  parts  of  gen- 
eration. 

PU'DI€,        ?        [L.  purficits,  modest.]    Per- 

PU'DIeAL,  \  "'  taining  to  the  parts  which 
nuxlesty  requires  to  be  concealed ;  as  the 
pmlic  arterv.  Quinoj. 

PUDIC'ITY,' n.  [¥r.  pudiciii;  L.pudici- 
tia.]     Modesty ;  chastity.  Hotvell. 

PUE-FELLOVV.  [See  Pew-fellow.] 

I'U'ERILE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  putrilis,  from 
puer,  a  boy.] 

Boyish ;  childish ;  trifling ;  as  a  puerile 
:miusement.  Pope. 

PUERIL'ITY,  n.  [Ft:  pueriliU ;  L.  puerili- 
tas,  from  puer,  a  boy.] 

1.  Childishness;  boyishness;  the  maimers 
or  actions  of  a  boy  ;  that  which  is  triflm 

Brown.     Drydcn. 

2.  In  discourse,  a  thought  or  expression 
which  is  flat,  insipid  or  childish.        Encycj 

PUER'PERAL,  a.  [L.  puerpera,  a  lying-in-] 
woman  ;  puer,  a  boy,  and  pario,  to  bear.] 

Pertaining  to  childhirth ;  as  a  puerperal  fe- 
ver. 

PUER'PEROUS,  a.  [L.  puerpcrus,  supra.] 
Bearing  children  ;  lying  in. 

PUET.  [See  Pcwel.] 

PUFF,  n.  [D.pof;  G.paff.a  inttV,  alhump; 
puffen,  to  cuff,  to  thump,  to  buffet  ;  Dan. 
puff,  a  puff,  blast,  bulfet:  puffir,  to  crack  ; 
\V. /«(/and /«/  Tliis  is  only  a  dialecti- 
cal variation  of  buff,  buffet ;  It.  buffo,  buffa. 
Itnffctto,  beffa,  whence  buffoon  ;  Sp.  hufar, 
to  puft'.  The  radical  sense  is  to  dri\e.  In 
thrust,  hence  to  swell.  See  Buffet  and 
Buffoon.     The  Dutch  orthography  is  prc- 


<ul)staiice    of  loose    texture,    nsfil    to 

sprinkle  powder  on  the  hair.      Mnsworlh. 

6.  A    tuuiid    or   exaggerated   statement  or 

coMunendation.  Vibber. 

PUF'F,  V.  i.    [(r.  puffen,  to  puff,  to  thump, 

to  butfc't ;  verpuffen,  to   detonize;  D.    pof- 

fen  ;   W.  pifiaw,  pufiaw,  to  pilfi';  Fr.  bouf- 

fir,  to  fiuti',  to  swell.     See  the  Noun.] 

To  drive  air  from  the  tnouth  in  a  single 

:md  qULck  blast.  Shak. 

3.  To  suell  the  cheeks  with  air. 
:i.  To  blow   as  an   expression   of  scorn  or 

contempt. 

It  is  really  to  rlefy  heaven,  to  puff  at  damna- 
tion. South. 

4.  To  breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  vio- 
lent exertion. 

I  he  ass  comes  hack  af;alu,  piiffing  and  blow- 
ing Iroin  the  chase.  ISKslrange. 

5.  To  do  or  move  with  hurry,  agitation  and 
a  tumid,  bustling  appearance. 

'Ihen  came  brave  glory  puffing  by. 

Herbert. 

6.  To  swell  with  air ;  to  dilate  or  inflate. 

Boyle. 

PUFF,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  a   blast   of  wind 

or  air  ;  as,  the  north  wind  puffs  awaj   the 

clouds.  Dryden. 

3.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  dilate  with  air  ; 
as  a  bladder  puffed  with  air. 

The  seji  jniffeil  n\>  with  winds.  Shak. 

'■i.  To  swell ;  ti)  inflate;  to  blow  up  ;  aspuff- 
ed  up  with  pride,  vanity  or  conceit;  to 
piff  up  with  jiraise  or  flattery. 

Denham.     Bacon. 

4.  To  drive  with  a  blast  in  scorn  or  con- 
tempt. 

I  ^«Jf  the  prostitute  away.  Dryden. 

5.  To  praise  with  e.\aggeration ;  as,  to  puff 
a  pamphlet. 

PUFF-BALL,  n.    A  fungus  or  mushroom 

full  of  dust,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon. 

Lee. 
PUFFED,  pp.  Driven  out  suddenly,  as  air 

or  breath;  blown  up;  swelled   with  air; 

inflated  with  vanity  or  pnde  ;  praised. 
PUFFER.    H.    One   lh.it   pufts;    one  that 

praises  with  noisy  commendation. 
PUFF'IN,  n.  A  water   fowl  of  the  genus 

AIca  or  auk. 
■i.  A  kind  of  fish. 

'X  A  kind  of  fiiiiirns  with  dust;  afuzzball. 
PUFFIN-APPLE,   n.    A  sort   of  wpple  so 

called.  ^iinsworth. 

PUFF'ING,    ppr.    Driving  out   the   breath 

with  a  single,  sudden   blast;  blowing  up; 

inflatiui!;    praising  pompously. 
PUFF'INGLY.  adc.  Tumidly;  with   swell. 
3.  With  vehement  brealiiing  or  shortness  of 

breath. 
PUFF'Y,  a.    Swelled   with  air  or  any  soft 

matter;  tumid  with    a  soft  substance;  as 

a  puffy  tumor.  Wisemm. 

3.  Tuunil  ;  turgid;    bombastic;    as  a   p:ffy 

style.  Dryaen. 

PUG,  (i.  [Sax.  Sw.  pig't.  .i  little  girl ;  Dan. 

pige  ;  W   bac,  bycan  ,  i^it.  puco  or  petjneno, 

littl(! ;    Ir.  iifrg,  from  the  root   of  /rig,  mat 

is,  a  shoot,  as  wo  use  imp.     See  Btaglt.] 

1 


ciscly  the  Pers.  ^J^j   put",  a  puff] 

A  suddiHi  an<l  single    emission   of  bre;itli 

from  the  mouth;    a   (piick  forcihh-   l,l:,st  ;jThe  name  given   to    a   liltle   animal   treale. 
.,  whilf  Philips.^     "'l''  familiarity,  as  a  monkey,  a  little  dog, 

'a  sudden  and  short  blast  of  wind.  I     &'<•■  "        Spectator. 

i?a/ci'g-/i.  iPUGGEIlED,  for  puckered,  is  not  in  iim  . 

A  fungous  ball  filled  with  dust.  '<  More. 


P  U  L 


P  U  L 


P  U  L 


PUGH,  exclam.  A  word  used  in  coiueini>t 

or  diiidaiii. 
PU'GlL,  n.  [ll.puffUlo,a  handful;  Fr.  }ni 

gik  ;  L.  jnn^iltum,  Iroui  tliu  root  of  pug 

nus,  tlie   list ;    proljahly   coiiiciiliiig  with 

th(!  Greek  nvxi/uu,  to  make   thick,  tliat  is, 

to  close  or  press.] 
As  much  as  is  taken  up  between  the  thumb 

and  two  lirst  fingers.  Bacon. 

PU'tilLlSM,  n.  [L.  Up.  pugil,^  a  champion 

or  prize-hgliler,  from   the   G\:  rtvxTtj;,  id. ; 

Ttvynri,   the  list ;  «v|,   with  the  list ;  nvxvo^. 

to  close  or  make  fast;  allied   probably  to 

pack,  L.  pango.     Class  Bg.J 
The  practice  of  boxmg  or  lighting  with   the 

fist. 
PU'tilMST,  n.   A  boxer;  one   who  figlits 

with  his  fi.sts. 
Pll(ilLlS'TlC,   a.    Pertaining  to  bo.Ying  or 

fightmg  witli  the  list. 
PUGNA'CIOLS,  a.  [L.  pugnax,  [vompug- 

na,  a  tight ;  troni  pugnus,  the  fist.     See 

Pugil.] 
Disposed    to    fight;   inclined    to    fighting; 

quarrelsome  ;  lighting.  .More 

PUGNACITY,     n.     Inclination    to    fight  ; 

qiiarrelsomeuess.     [Liltle  itstd.]       Bacon 
PUISNE,  a.pu'ny.    [Fr.  puis,  since,  after- 
wards, and  ni,  horn.] 

1.  In  laii>,  younger  or  iid'erior  in  rank;  as  a 
chief  justice  and  llucc  jmisnr  justices  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  ;  the  puisne 
barons  of  the  court  of  exchequer. 

Blacksto7ie. 

2.  Later  in  date.     [A'ot  used.]  Hale. 
PU'ISSANCE,  )!.  [Fr.   from  pouvoir,  to  he 

able  ;  L.  posse,  possutn,  potes,  potest ;  Sp. 
poder,  power,  ll. podere.\  I'ow  er  ;  strength 
might  ;  force.  Milton.     Shak. 

PU'ISSANT,  a.  Powerful;  strong;  niigli 
ty  ;  forcible  ;  as  a  puissiini  prince  or  em 
pire.  Milton.     Raleigh. 

PU'ISSANTLY,  adv.  Powerfully  ;  with 
great  strength. 

PUKE,  I',  i.  [Heb.  pa  to  evacuate,  to  empty 
L.  vacuo ;  or  m2  to  burst  forth  ;  Ch.  id. 
and  m3-  Ciu.  W.  cyvogi,  to  vomit ;  cy 
is  a  prefix.  Spew  is  probably  from  the 
same  source:  L.  spuo,  for  spuco,  witli  a 
prefix.  The  railical  sense  is  to  throw  o 
drive.]  To  vomit ;  to  eject  from  the 
stomach.  Sliak 

PUKE,  n.  .\  vomit;  a  medicine  which  ex 
cites  vomiting. 

PUKE,  a.  Of  a  color  between  black  and 
russet.  Sliak 

PU'KED,  pp.  Vomited. 

PUKER,  n.  A  medicine  causing  vomiting. 

PU'KING,  ppr.  Vomiting. 

PUL'CHRPrUDE,  n.  [L.  pukhritudo,  from 
pulchti;  beautiful.] 

1.  Beauty  ;  handsomeness  ;  grace  ;  comeli 
iiess ;  that  (iiiality  of  form  which  please: 
the  e)e.  Brown.    More. 

*2.  Moral  beauty;  those  qualities  of  the  mind 
which  good  men  love  and  approve. 

South. 

PULE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  piauler.  This  word  be 
lon;;s  probably  to  the  root  of  laid,  bellow, 
L.  pello.] 

i.  To  cry  like  a  chicken.  Bacon. 

2.  To  whine  ;  to  cry  as  a  complaining 
fhild :  to  whimper. 

To  s|icak  puling  like  a  beegar  at  haliinass. 

Shak 


iPU  Ll€,  n.  A  plant. 


Ainsworth.i 


PU'LICOSE,  ;        [L.  pulicosus,  from  pulei-;. 

PU'LleOUS,  $  "•  a  flea.]  Abounding  with 
fleas.     [JVot  used.]  Diet, 

PU'LING,  ppr.  Crying  like  a  chicken  ; 
whining. 

PU'LL\G,  n.  A  cry,  as  of  a  chicken  ;  a 
whining.  Bacon. 

PU'LLNGLY,  adv.  With  whining  or  com- 
plaint. 

PU  LIOL,  n.  \  i)lant.  .linsworlh. 

iPULK'llA,  11.  A  Lajdanders  traveling  sled 
or  sleigh. 

PULL,   V.  t.    [Sax.  pullian  ;  L.  vello.     Q,u. 

Eth.  O^rh  haleach.  Class  Bl.  No.  7.] 
1.  To  draw  ;  to  draw  towards  one  or  to  make 
I     an  effort  to  draw.  Pull  ditiers  from  draw  ; 

we   use  draw   when   motion    follows  the 

effort,  and  pull  is  used  in  the  same  sense ; 

but   we   may   also  pull   forever    without 
i     drawing  or  moving  the  thing.     This  dis- 
tinction  may    not   be  universal.     PuU  is 

opposed  to  push. 

Then  he  put  forth  his  hand  and  look  her  and 

pulled  her  in  lo  huii  into  the  ark.     {ien.  viii. 
■■i.  To  pluck;  to  gather  by  drawing  or  forc- 
1     iiig  off"  or  out;  as,  to  pull  truit ;  to  pull 
I     flax. 

j3.  To  tear ;  to  rend  ;  but  in  this  sense  fol- 
I  lowed  by  some  qualifying  wrud  or  phrase  ; 
i     as,  to  pull  in  pieces ;  to  pull   asunder   or 

apart.     To  pull  in  two,  is  to  separate  or 

tear  by  violence  into  two  parts. 
To  pulldown,  to  demolish  or  to  take  in  pieces 

by  separating  the  parts;  as,  lu  pull  down 

a  house. 
'i.  To  demolish  ;  to  subvert  ;  to  destroy. 

In  political  artairs,  as  well  as  mechanical,  it  is 

easier  lo  pull  dinvn  than  to  build  up.       Hmvell. 
■i.  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade ;  to  humble. 
To  raise   the  wretched   and  pull  down  tlie 
I  proud.  Moscoiiimnn. 

To  pull  off,  to  separate  by  pulling;  to  pluck; 
I     also,  to  take  off"  without  force  ;  as,  to  pull 
1     nffii  coat  or  hat. 
To  pull  out,  to  draw  out ;  to  extract. 
To  pull  up,  lo  pluck  lip;  to  tear  up  by  the 

roots  ;  hence,  to  extirpate  ;  to  eradicate  ; 

to  destroy. 
I'ljLl-,  n.    The  act  of  pulling  or  drawing 
I     with  force  ;  an  effort  to  move  by  drawing 
!     towards  one.  Swijl. 

\'i.  A  contest  ;  a  struggle.  Carew. 

'•').   Pluck;  violence  suffered.  Shak.l 

PlJLL'BACK,  n.  That  which  keeps  back,! 
I     or  restrains  from  proceeding.  j 

TVLL'ED,  pp.  Drawn  towards  one  ;  pluck-i 
i     ed.  j 

PULL'EN,  n.  [Fr.  ;(oi(/e,  a  hen,  L.  pullus.l 
I  See  Pi(We(  and  ioa/.]  Poultry.  [.Vol  us-' 
;     ed.]  Bdilei/. 

PULL'ER,  n.  One  that  pulls.  Shnk.\ 

PyLL'ET,  71.  [Fr.  poulet,  dim.  from  poule, 
I     a  hen ;  It.  polio  ;    L.   pullus  ;  Gr.  nuXo;  ; 
\     coinciding  with  Eng.ybn/.] 
,A   young  hen  or  female  of  the  gallinaceous 
'     kind  o("  fowls.  If'iseman. 

|PL'LL'EY,  n.  plu.  pulleys.  [Fr.  poulie  ;  Sp. 

polta;  Li.  polus ;  Gr.  noxo^,  trom  rtoxtu,  to 
I     turn.] 

lA  small  wheel  turning  on  a  pin  in  a  block, 
'     with  a  furrow  or  groove  in  which  runsi 

the  rope  that  turns  it. 

The   pulley  is  one  of  the   mechanical) 

powers.     The  word  is   used  also  in  the 


general  sense  of  tackle,  to  denote  all  parts 
of  the  machine  for  raising  weights,  of 
which  the  |)iilley  forms  a  part. 

PUL'Ll€AT,  Ji.  A  kind  of  silk  handker- 
chief. 

PULL'ING,  ppr.  Drawing;  making  an  ef- 
fort to  draw  ;  plucking. 

PULLULATE,  v.  i.  [L.  puUulo,  from  pul- 
lus, a  shoot.]     To  germinate  ;  to  bud. 

Granger. 

PULLULA'TION,  n.  A  germinating  or 
budding  ;  the  first  shooting  of  a  hud. 

More. 

PULMONARY,  a.  [L.  pulmonarius,  from 
puima,  the  lungs,  from  pelio,  pulsus,  pulso, 
to  drive  or  beat.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  lungs; 
as  a  pulmonary  di.sease  or  consumption  ; 
ll\c  pulmonarij  artery. 

PULMONARY,  n.  [L.  pulmonaria.]  A 
plain,  lungwort.  Ainsworth. 

PULMON'lC,  a.  [Fr.  pulmonique,  from  L. 
pulmo,  the  lungs.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs;  affecting  the  lungs; 
as  a  pulmonic  disease  ;  pulmonic  consump- 
tion. 

PULMON'lC,  n.  A  medicine  for  diseases 
of  the  lungs. 

2.  One  affected  by  a  disease  of  the  lungs. 

Arbulhnot. 

PULP,  n.  [Fr.  pulpe;  l^.  pulpn.  Tliis  i3 
probably  allied  to  L.  puis,  pulmentum,  Gr. 
no>.Toi,  from  softness.  Qu.  from  pulsus, 
beaten.] 

1.  .\  soft  mass  ;  in  general. 

i.  The  soft  substance  within  a  bone ;  mar- 
row. Bacon. 

3.  The  soft,  succulent  part  of  fruit ;  as  the 
pulp  of  an  orange. 

4.  The  aril  or  exterior  covering  of  a  cofTee- 
beriy.  Edwards,  If.  Ind. 

PULP,  V.  I.  To  <leprive  of  the  pulp  or  integ- 
uiiKMit,  as  the  cofftje-berry. 

The  other  mode  is  to  jntlp  the  colTuc  imme- 
diately as  it  couies  troiii  the  tree.  Hy  a  simple 
macbtne,  a  man  viiW  pulp  a  bushel  in  a  minute. 
Edward.-<,  ir.  Ind. 
PyL'PIT,  71.  [L. /)i(//Ji7i/m,  asiage,  scuff'okl, 
or  higher  part  of  a  stage  ;  It.  Sp.  pulpito  : 
Fr.  pupitre.] 

1.  .All  elevated  place  or  inclosed  stage  in  a 
church,  in  which  the  preacher  stands.  It 
is  r'alled  also  a  desk. 

2.  In  the  Roman  theater,  the  pnlpitnm  was 
the  place  where  the  players  pcTformed 
their  parts,  lower  than  the  sceiia  and 
higher  than  the  orchestra.  Encyc. 

■i.  .\  movable  desk,  from  which  disputants 
pronounced  their  dissertations,  and  au- 
thors recited  their  works.  Encur 

PULPIT-ELOQUENCE,  )  Eloquence 

PlJLPIT-OR  ATORY,  \  "•  or  oratory 
in  delivering  sermons. 

\Pulpiiicnlly,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  author- 
izeil  word. 

PULPIT-ORATOR,  n.  An  eloquent 
preacher. 

PULP'OUS,  n.  [from  pulp.]  Consisting  of 
pulp  or  resembling  it ;  soft  like  pap. 

Philips. 

PULP'OUSNESS,  )i.  Softness;  the  quality 
of  being  pulpous. 

PULP'V,  a.    Like  pulp;  soft;  fleshy;  .suc- 
culent; as  the  pulpy  covering  of  a  nut; 
l\ic  pulpy  substance  of  a  peach  or  chi-rry. 
Ray.    ,drbuthnot. 


P  U  L 


P  U  M 


PUN 


This  constitutes 


pulsation  as  well  as 
Blackstone 


PULS'ATE,  V.  i.  [L.  pulsatus,  jnUso,  to 
beat,  from  the  root  of  pello,  to  drive.]  To 
beat  or  throb. 

The  heart  of  a  viper  or  frog  will  continue  to 
pulsate  long  after  it  is  taken  from  the  body. 

Darwin. 

PULS'ATILE,  a.  [h.  pulsatilis,  from  pulso, 
to  beat.] 

Tliiit  is  or  may  be  struck  or  beaten  ;  played 
by  heating  ;  as  a  pulsatile  instrument  of 
music.  Mus.  Diet. 

PULSA'TION,  n.  [L.  pulsatio,  supra.]  Tlie 
beating  or  throbbing  of  tlie  heart  or  of 
an  artery,  in  the  process  of  carrying  on 
the  circulation  of  the  blood.  The  blood 
being  propelled  by  tlie  contraction  of  the 
heart,  causes  the  arteries  to  dilate,  so  as 
to  render  each  dilatation  perceptible  to  the 
touch  in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as  in 
the  radial  artery,  &c. 

■9.  In  law,  any  touching  of  another's  body 
willfully  or  in   anger.  ' 

iaUery. 

By  the  Cornelian   law, 
verberation   is  prohibited. 

PULS'ATIVE,  a.  Beating;  throbbing. 

Encyc. 

PULSA'TOR,  n.  A  beater  ;  a  striker. 

Did. 

PULS'ATORY,  o.  Beating;  throbbing;  as 
the  heart  and  arteries.  Hollon. 

PULSE,  n.  puis.  [L.  pulsus,  from  pdlo,  to 
drive  ;  Fr.  pouls.] 

1.  In  animals,  the  boating  or  throbbing  of 
the  heart  and  arteries;  more  particularly, 
the  sudden  dilatation  of  an  artery,  caused 
by  the  projectile  force  of  the  blood,  which 
is  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Hence  we 
say,  to  feel  the  pulse.  The  pulse  is  frequent 
or  rare,  quick  or  slow,  equal  or  unequal, 
regular  or  intermitting,  hard  or  soft,  strong 
or  weak,  &c.  The  pulses  of  an  adult  in 
health,  are  little  more  than  one  pulse  to  a 
second  ;  in  certain  fevers,  the  number  is 
increased  to  90,  100,  or  even  to  140  in  a 
minute. 
.2.  The  stroke  with  which  a  medium  is  af- 
fected by  the  motion  of  light,  sound,  &c. 
oscillation ;  vibration. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  demonstrates  that  the  velo 
cities  of  the  puhes  of   an  elastic  fluid  mediuiu 
are  in  a  ratio  compounded  of  half  the  ratio  of 
the  elastic   force  directly,  and  half  the  ratio  of 
the  density  inversely.  Encyc. 

To  feel  one's  pulse,  metaphorically,  to  sound 
one's  opinion  ;  to  try  or  to  know  one's 
mind. 

PULSE,  V.  i.  To  beat,  as  the  arteries.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Ray 

PULSE,  v.t.  [L.  pulso.]  To  drive,  as  the 
pulse.     [Little  used.] 

PULSE,  n.  [Q,u.  from  L.  pulsus,  beaten  out, 
as  seeds ;  or  Heb.  Ch.  '71a  a  bean,  from 
n'7i3  to  separate.] 

Leguminous  plants  or  their  seeds ;  the  plants 
whoso  pericarp  is  a  legume  or  pod,  as 
beans,  peas,  &c.  Milton.     Dn/den. 

PULSIF'IC,  n.  [pulse  and  h.facio,  to  make.^ 
Exciting  the  pulse  ;  causing  pulsation. 

Smith. 

PUL'SION,  n.  [from  L.  pulsus.]  The  act 
of  driving  forward  ;  in  oppojiition  to  suc- 
tion or  traction.     [Little  used.] 

More.     Bcnlley. 


PULTA'CEOUS,   a.   [from  Gr.  rtoWoj,   L. 

puis.    See  Pulp.]     Macerated ;  softened  ; 
nearly  fluid.  Beddoes. 

PUL'VERABLE,  a.  [from  L.  pulvis,  dust, 
])robably  from  pello,  pulso.  or  its  root,  that 
which  is  beaten  fine,  or  that  which  is 
driven.     See  Powder.] 

That  may  be  reduced  to  fine  powder ;  ca- 
pable of  being  pulverized.  Boyle. 

PUL'VERATE,  v.  t.  To  beat  or  reduce  to 
powder  or  dust. 

[But  pulverize  is  generally  used.] 

PUL'VERIN,     )       .  ,        ,.,     .„ 

PUL'VERI.NE,  \  "•  ^^^^^  "'  barilla. 

PULVERiZA'TION,  n.  [from  pulverize. 
The  act  of  reducing  to  dust  or  powder. 

PUL'VERIZE,  V.  t.  [It.  polverizzare  ;  Fr. 
pulveriser.] 

To  reduce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating, 
grinding,   &c.      Friable   substances   may 
be  pulverized  by  grinding  or  beating  ;  but 
to  pulverize  malleable  bodies,  other  ineth 
ods  must  he  pursued.  Encyc. 

PUL'VERIZED,  pp.  Reduced  to  fine  pow- 
der. 

PUL'VERIZING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  fine 
(lowder. 

PUL'VEROUS,  a.  Consisting  of  dust  or 
powder  ;  like  powder. 

PULVER'ULENCE,  n.  Dustiness;  abund- 
ance of  dust  or  powder. 

PULVER'ULENT,  a.  Dusty;  consisting  of 
fine  powder ;  powdeiy. 

2.  Addicted  to  lying  and  rolling  in  the  dust, 
as  fowls. 

PUL'VIL,  n.  A  sweet  scented  powder. 
[Little  used.]  Gay. 

PUL'VIL,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  with  a  perfuiii- 
ed  powder.     [JVot  used.]  Concrete. 

PU'M.-^,  n.  A  rapacious  quadruped  of 
America,  of  the  genus  Felis. 

PUM'ICE,  n.  [L.  pumex,  supposed  to  be 
from  the  root  of  spuma,  foam  ;  G.  bimslein  ; 
D.  ptnmsteen.] 

A  substance  frequently  ejected  from  volca- 
noes, of  various  colors,  gray,  white,  red- 
dish brown  or  black ;  hard,  rough  and 
porous ;  specifically  lighter  than  water, 
and  resembling  the  slag  produced  in  an 
iron  furnace.  It  consists  of  parallel  fibers, 
and  is  supposed  to  he  asbestos  decompos- 
ed by  the  action  of  fire. 

Encyc.     .Nicholson. 
Pumice  is  of  three  kinds,  glassy,  com- 
mon, and  porphyritic.  Ure. 

PUM'ICE-STONE,  n.  The  same  as  pum- 

ICC. 

PUMP'CEOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  pumice  ; 
consisting  of  pumice  or  resembling  it. 

PUMMEL.     [See  Pommel.] 

PUMP,  n.  [Fr.  pompe,  a  pump  and  pomp  ;  D. 
pomp  ;  T)an.  pompe  ;  Sp.  bomba,  a  pump  and 
a  bomb.  VVe  see  that  pump,  pomp,  and  bomb 
are  the  same  word,  differently  applied  byi 
different  nations.  The  L.  bombus  is  of  the 
same  family,  as  is  the  Eng.  bombast;  Ir. 
buimpis,  a  pump  ;  W.  pwmp,  a  round 
mass.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
seems  to  be  to  swell.] 

1.  A  hydraulic  engine  tor  raising  water,  by 
exhausting  the  incumbent  air  of  a  tube  or 
])ipe,  in  consequence  of  wliicli  the  water 
rises  in  the  tube  by  means  of  the  pressure 
of  the   air    on    the    surrounding    w.-iter. 


There  is  however  a  forcing  puinji  in  which;!     spirit. 


the  water  is  raised  in  the  tube  by  a  force 
applied  to  a  lateral  tube,  near  the  bottom 
of  the  pump. 

2.  A  shoe  with  a  thin  sole.  Sivijl. 

PUMP,  V.  i.  To  work  a  pump;  to  raise  .wa- 
ter with  a  puinp. 

PUMP,  V.  t.  To  raise  with  a  pump;  as,  to 
pump  water. 

2.  To  draw  out  by  artful  interrogatories;  ag, 
to  pump  out  secrets. 

3.  To  examine  by  artful  questions  for  the 
purpose  of  drawing  out  secrets. 

But  pump  not  me  for  politics.  Otway, 

Chain-pump,  is  a  chain  equipped  with  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  valves  at  proper  distan- 
ces, which  working  on  two  wheels,  jiass- 
es  down  through  one  tube  and  returns 
through  another.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'^BOLTS,  n.  Two  pieces  of  iron, 
one  used  to  fasten  the  pump-spear  to  the 
brake,  the  other  as  a  fulcrum  for  the 
brake  to  work  upon.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP  -BRAKE,  n.  The  arm  or  handle  of 
a  pump.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-DALE,  n.  A  long  wooden  tube, 
used  to  convey  the  water  from  a  chain- 
pump  across  the  ship  and  through  the 
side.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'ER,  n.  The  person  or  the  instru- 
ment that  pumps. 

PUMP'-GEAR,  n.  The  materials  for  fitting 
and  repairing  pumps.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-IIOQD,  n.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame 
of  wood,  covering  the  upper  wheel  of  s 
chain-pump. 

PUMP'ION,  n.  [D.  pompoen,  Sw.  pomp,  a 

i     gourd.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Cucurbi- 

;     ta. 

PUMP'KIN,  n.  A  porapion.  [This  is  the 
common  orthography  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States.] 

PUMP'-SPEAR,  n.  The  bar  to  which  the 
upper  box  of  a  pump  is  fastened,  and 
which  is  attached  to  the  brake  or  handle. 

Mar.  Did. 

PUN,  n.  [Qu.  W. /)im,  equal.]  An  expres- 
sion in  which  a  word  has  at  once  different 
meanings ;  an  expression  in  which  two 
different  applications  of  a  word  present  an 
odd  or  ludicrous  idea  ;  a  kind  of  quibble 
or  equivocation  ;  a  low  species  of  wit.  Thus 
a  man  who  had  a  tall  wife  named  Expe- 
rience, observed  tliat  he  had,  by  lottg  expe- 
rience, proved  the  blessings  of  a  married 
life. 

A  pun  can  be  no  more  engraven,  than  it  can 
be  translated .  Addison, 

PUN,  V.  i.  To  quilible  ;  to  use  the  same 
word  at  once  in  diflercnt  senses. 

Dryden. 

PUN,  V.t.  To  persuade  by  a  pun.     ^Iddison. 

PUNCH,  n.  [W.  pwnr,  a  point  ;  Arm.  poen- 
conn:  Fr.  poincon  ;  Sp.  ;«(?i:on;  h.  punc- 
tum,  jiungo.] 

.\n  iiistniinent  of  iron  or  steel,  used  in  seve- 
ral arts  for  perforating  holes  in  plates  of 
metal,  and  so  contrived  as  to  cut  out  a 
piece. 

PUXCir,  n.  [Sp.  ponche  ;  D.  pons:  G. 
punsrk  ;  Dan.  pons,  polish.] 

.\  drink  compo.scd  of  water  sweetened  with 
su;;ar,  willi  a  mixture  of  lemon  juice  and 


Encyc.    Swifl. 


PUN 

PUNCH,  Ji.  The  buffoon  or  harlequin  of  a 
puppet  show.  [See  Punchinello.] 

PUNCH,  n.  A  well  set   tiorse  with  a  short 
back,  thiti  shoulders,  broad  neck,  ami  we 
covered  witli  flesh.  Far.  Did. 

2.  A  sliort  fat  fellow. 

PUNCH,  v.t.  [Sp.  ^untar;  W .  pynciaiv ;  L. 
pungo.  In  this  word,  n  is  prohahly  casu- 
al, and  the  root  is  Pg,  of  the  saioe  funiily 
as  peg,  pack,  or  pike,  witli  the  primary 
sense  of  rlriving  or  thrusting,  a  point.  ] 

1.  To  perforate  with  an  iron  instrument, 
either  poinle<l  or  not ;  as,  to  punch  a  hole 
in  a  plate  of  metal.  H'iseman. 

2.  In  popular  usiige,  to  thrust  against  with 
something  obtuse  ;  as,  to  punch  one  with 
the  elbow. 

PUNCH' BOWL,  n.  A  howl  in  which  punch 
is  made,  or  from  whicli  it  is  drank. 

PUNCH'ED,  pp.  Perforated  witli  a  punch. 

PUNCH'EON,  n.  [Fr.  poincon,  a  bodkin,  a 
puncheon.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  steel,  on  the  end  of 
which  is  engraved  a  figure  or  letter,  in 
creu.«  or  relievo,  with  wliicli  impressions 
are  stamped  on  metal  or  other  substance  ; 
used  in  coinage,  in  forming  the  matrices  of 
types,  and  in  various  arts.  Encyc. 

2.  In  carpentry,  a  piece  of  timber  placed  up- 
right between  two  posts,  whose  bearing 
is  too  great  ;  also,  a  piece  of  timber 
set  upright  under  tlie  ridge  of  a  building, 
wherein  the  legs  of  a  couple,  &,c.  are 
jointed.  Encyc. 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  contain- 
ing usually  120  gallons.  Rum  or  spirits 
is  itnported  from  the  West  Indies  in 
puticheons,  but  these  are  often  called  also 
hogsheaJs. 

PUNCH'ER,  n.  One  that  punches. 

2.  A  punch  or  perforating  instrument. 

PUNCIIINEL'LO,  n.  A  punch;  a  buffoon. 

Taller. 

PUNCH'ING,  ppr.  Perforating  with  a 
punch  ;  driving  against. 

PUNCHY,  a    Short  and  thick,  or  fat. 

PUNCTATE,     )        [L.    punctus,    pungo.] 

PUN€'TATEl),  r-    Pointed.        '   ^     ^    ' 

2.  In  bolany,  perforated;  tiijl  of  small  holes; 
having  hollow  dots  scattered  over  the  sur- 

„  face-  Marlmi. 

PUNC'TIFORM,  a.  [L.  punctum,  poi'iit, 
and/orm.]     Having  the  form  of  a  point 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PUNCTIL'IO,  n.  [Sp.  puntilla  ;  It.  punlig 
Ho  ;  froin  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

A  nice  point  of  exactness  in  conduct,  cere- 
mony or  proceeding;  particularity  or  e.\- 
actness  in  forms  ;  as  the  punctilios  of  a 
public-  ceremony.  Mdison. 

PUNeTIL'IOUS,  a.  Very  nice  or  exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior,  ceretnony  or  mutu- 
al intercourse  ;  very  exact  in  the  observ- 
ance of  rules  prescribed  by  law  or  cus- 
tom ;   sometimes,  exact  to  excess. 

Rogers. 

PUNCTIL'IOUSLY,  adv.  With  exactness 
or  great  nicety. 

PUN€TIL'IOUSNESS,  n.  Exactnessin  the 
observance  of  forms  or  rules  ;  attentive  to 
nice  points  of  behavior  or  ceremony. 

PUN€'TO,  n.  [Sp.  It.  punto;  L.  punctum, 
irom  pungo,  to  prick.] 


PUN 

|1.  Nice  point  of  form  or  ceremony.     Bacon. 
2.  The  point  in  fencing.  Shak. 

PUNCTUAL,  a.    [Fr.  pondutl ;  It.  jmntu- 

alt ;    Sp.   puntual ;    from   L.   punctum,   a 

point.] 
,1.  Consisting  in  a  point  ;  as  this  punctual 

spot.     [Little  used.]  Milton. 

2.  Exact;  observant  of  nice  points;  punc- 
tilious, particularly  in  observing  tune,  ap- 
pointments or  promises.  It  is  honorable 
in  a  man  to  be  /mnrlual  to  appointments, 
or  to  appointed  hours;  it  is  just  to  be 
punctual  in  paying  debts. 

3.  Exact ;  as  a  punctual  correspondence  be- 
tween a  prediction  and  an  event. 

4.  Done  at  the  exact  time  ;  as  punctual  pay- 
ment. 

PUNe'TUALIST,  n.  One  that  is  very  ex- 
act in  observing  forms  and  ceremonies. 

Milton. 

PUN€TUAL'ITY,  n.  Nicety  ;  scnipulou; 
exactne.-*s.  He  served  his  prince  will 
punctuality.  Howell. 

2.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  in  regard   to  tim< 
He   pays  his  debts  with  punctuality.     H_ 
is  remarkable  for  the  punctuality  of  his  at- 
tendance. 

I'UNC'I  UALLY,  adv.  Nicely  ;  exactly 
with  scrupulous  regard  to  time,  appoint 
ments,  promises  or  rules  ;  as,  to  a  tend  a 
meeting  punctually  ;  to  pay  debts  or  rent 
punctually  ;  to  observe  punctually  one's  en- 
ga};eiiients. 

PUNCTUALNESS,  n.  Exactness ;  punc- 
tuality. Fclton. 

PUNCTUATE,  r.t.  [Fr.  ponctuer,  from  L. 
punctum,  a  point.] 

To  mark   with  points  ;  to  designate  senten 
ces,  clauses  or  other   divisions  of  a  wri- 
ting by    points,  which   mark   the  proper 
Pluses.  M.  Stuart 

IPUNCTUATED,  pp.  Pointed.  Fourcroy. 
|2.  Having  the  divisions  marked  with  points. 
IPUNCTUATING,/)/),-.  Marking  with  points 

PUNCTUA'TION,  n.  In  grammar,  the  act 
or  art  of  pointing  a  writing  or  discourse, 
or  the  act  or  art  of  marking  with  points 
the  divisions  of  a  discourse  into  senten- 
ces and  clauses  or  iiiembers  of  a  sentence. 
Punctuation  is  performed  by  four  points, 
the  period  (.);  the  colon  (:) ;  the  semico 
Ion  (;) ;  and  the  comma  (,).  The  ancients 
were  unacquainted  with  punctuation  ;  they 
wrote  without  any  distinction  of  members, 
periods  or  words. 

PUN€'TULATE,  r.  /.  [L.  punHnluw.]  To 
mark  with  small  spots.     [.Vol  used.] 

If  oodward. 
PUN€'TURE,  n.    [L.  pundura  ;  h.  puntu- 

ra.] 
The  act  of  perforating   with  a   pointed  in- 
strument :    or  a  small  hole  made  by  it ;  as 
the  puncture  of  a  n.nil,  needle  or  pin. 

A  lion  may  pcri.sh  by  the  puncture,  of  an  asp, 

Ramblei' 


pierce 
as,  to 


PUN€'TURE,   V.  t.    To   prick  ;    to 

with  a  small  pointed  instrument 

puncture  the  skin. 
PUNCTURED,  pp.  Pricked  ;  jiicrced  with 

a  sharp  point. 
PUN€'TURING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  sharp 

point. 


jPUN'DIT,  n.  [In  Persic,  jsi^  pand,  learn- 
ing.]   In  Hindoostan,  a  learned  Bramin  ; 


3. 


2. 


PUN 

one  versed  in  the  Sanscrit  language,  and 
in  the  science,  laws  and  religion  of  that 
country. 

PUN'DLE,  n.  A  short  and  fat  woman. 
[JVol  used.]  jlinsworth. 

PUN-G.-VR,  n.  A  fish.  Ainsworih. 

PIN  (iENCY,  n.  [L.  pungens,  pungo,  to 
prick.] 

1.  The  power  of  pricking  or  piercing;  as 
the  punginqj  of  a  substance.      .hbuthnot. 

i.  That  quality  of  a  substance  which  pro- 
duces the  sensation  of  pricking,  or  afli;ct- 
ing  the  taste  like  minute  sharp  points; 
'harpness;  acridness. 
Power  to  pierce  the  mind  or  excite  keen 
reflections  or  remorse  ;  as  the  pungency  of 
a  discourse. 

Acrimoniou.sness;  keenness;  as  the  pu7i- 
gency  of  wit  or  of  expressions. 

Stillingjled. 

PUN'(';ENT,  a.  [L. pungens, pungo.]  Prick- 
ing ;  stimulating  ;  as  pungent  snuff. 
The  pungent  grains  of  titillating  Just. 

Pope. 
Acrid  ;  affecting  the  tongue  like  small 
sharp  points  ;  as  the  sharp  and  pungent 
taste  of  acids.  Atirion. 

3.  Piercing;  sharp;  as /)ung-en/ pains  ;  pun- 
^fn'  Kfief.  SwiJ7. 

4.  Acrimonious  :  biting.  Fell. 

PU'MC,  a.  [L.  punicus,  pertaining  to  Car- 
thage or  its  inhabitants,  from  Pani,  the 
Carthuginians  ;  qii.  from  Phani,  as  Car- 
thage was  settled  by  Phenicians.] 

Pertaining  to  the   Carthaginians;  faithless; 

treacherous;  deceitful  ;"'as  ;>aii!'c  faith. 
PU'NIC,  n.  The   ancient  language   of  the 
Carthaginians,   of  which  Plautus  has  left 
a  specimen.  .isiat.  Res. 

PU'NICE,  n.  A  wall-louse  ;  a  bug.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Mnsworth. 

PUNI'CEOUS,  a.    [L.  puniceus.     See  Pu- 
nic]    Purple.  Did. 
PU'NINESS,  n.    [from  puny.]    Littleness; 

pettii^pss;  smallness  witli  ("eehleness. 
PUNISH,  v.t.  [.Ann.  punicza  :  Fr.  punir, 
punissant;  h.  punire ;  Sp.  punir;  from 
L.  punio,  li-om  the  root  of  pcena,  pain. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  press  or  strain.] 
To  pain  ;  to  afllict  vvith  jiain,  loss  or  ca- 
laniity  for  a  crime  or  (itult ;  primarilv,  to 
artlict  with  bodily  pain,  as  to  punish  a 
thief  with  pillory  or  stripes;  but  the  word 
is  applied  also  to  aflliction  by  loss  of  prop- 
erty, by  transportation,  banisliment,  seclu- 
sion from  society,  &c.  The  laws  require 
munlerers  to  be  punished  with  death. 
Other  oftV;nders  arc  to  be  punished  with 
fines,  imprisonnKMit,  hard  labor,  \-c.  God 
pitnishes  men  for  their  sins  with  calami- 
ties personal  and  national. 
To  chastise  ;  as,  a  (iitlier  punishes  his 
child  for  disobedience. 

3.  To  reward  with  pain  or  suffering  inflict- 
ed on  the  oflender  ;  applied  to  the  crime  ; 
as,  to  punish  murder  or  theft. 

PUNISHABLE,  a.  Worthy  of  punish- 
ment. 

2.  Liable  to  punishment  ;  capable  of  being 
punished  by  law  or  right  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons or  offenses  ;  as,  a  man  is  punishable  for 
robbery  or  for  trespass  ;  a  crime  ispunish- 
able  bv  law. 

PUN'ISHABLENESS,  ,..  The  quality  of 
deserving  or  being  liable   to  punishment. 


PUN 


PUR 


PUR 


PUNISHED,    pp.    Afflicted  with  pain  or 
evil  as  the  retrihution   of  a  critiie  or  of- 
fense ;  chastised. 
PUN'ISHER,  n.  One  that  inflicts  pain,  loss 
or  other  evil  for  a  crime  or  offense. 

Milton. 
PUN'ISniNG,  ppr.  Afflicting  with  pain, 
penalty  or  suffering  of  any  kind,  as  the 
retrihution  of  a  crime  or  offense. 
PUN'ISIIMENT,  11.  Any  pain  or  suffering 
inflicted  on  a  person  for  a  crime  or  of- 
fense, hy  the  authority  to  whicli  the  offend- 
er is  suhject,  either  l)y  the  constitution  of 
God  or  of  civil  .society.  The  punishment 
of  the  faults  and  oftenses  of  cliildren  by 
the  parent,  is  hy  virtue  of  the  right  of  gov- 
ernment witli  wliich  the  parent  is  invested 
by  God  himself  This  species  of  punish- 
ment is  chastisement  or  correction.  The 
punishment  of  crimes  against  the  laws  is 
inflicted  by  the  supreme  power  of  the 
state  in  virtue  of  the  right  of  government, 
vested  in  the  prince  or  legislature.  The 
right  of  punishment  l)elungs  only  to  per- 
sons clothed  with  authority.  Pain,  loss 
or  evil  willfully  inflicted  on  another  for  his 
crimes  or  offenses  by  a  private  unauthori 
zed  person,  is  revenge  rather  than  punish- 
ment. 

Some  punishments  consist  in  exile  or 
transportation,  otliers  in  loss  of  liberty  by 
imprisonment;  some  e.vtend  to  confisca- 
tion by  forfeiture  of  lands  ami  goods,  otli- 
ers induce  a  disability  of  holding  offices, 
of  being  heirs  and  the  like.  Blackstone. 

Divine  pttnishments   are   doubtless   de 
signed  to  secure  t>bedience  to  divine  laws, 
and  uphold  the  moral  order  of  created  in 
telligent  beings. 

The  rewards  and  jiunishments  of  another  life 
which  the  Almighty  has  established  as  the  en- 
forcements of  his  law,  are  of  weight  enough  to 
determine  the  choice  against  whatever  pleas- 
ure or  pain  this  life  can  show.  Locke. 
PUNP'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ;)iinjh"o,  from 

puni'o.]     Punishment.     [Little  used.] 

PU'NITIVE,  a.  [It.  punitivo.]  Awarding  or 

inflicting  punishment  ;  that  punishes ;  as 

punitive  law  or  ju.stice.  Hammond. 

PU'NITORY,    a.    Punishing  or  tending  to 

j)unishment. 
PUNK,   n.   A  prostitute  ;  a  strumpet. 

Shak. 
PUN'NER,  n.  A  punster,  which  see. 

Steele. 
PUN'NING,  ppr.  [from  pjm.]  Using  a  word 

at  once  in  different  senses. 
PUN'NING,  )i.  The  art  or  practice  of  using 
puns;  ai)laying  on  words.  Addison. 

PUN'STER,  n.  One  that  puns  or  is  skilled 
in  pmming  ;  a  quibbler  ;  a  low  wit. 

Arbuthnot 
PUNT,  V.  I.  To  play  at  basset  and  omber. 

Addison. 

PUNT,  n.    [Sax.  punt,  L.  pons,  a  bridge.] 

A  flat-bottomed  boat  used  in  calking  and 

repairing  ships.  Mar.  Diet 

PUNT  ER,    n.   One   that   plays    in   basset 

against  the  banker  or  dealer.  Encyc. 

PU'NY,    a.    [contracted    from    Fr.   puisne, 

which  see.] 
I.  Properly,  young  or  younger ;  hut  in  this' 
sense  not  used. 


feebleness;    as   a  puny  animal;   a  fimy 
subject ;  a  puny  power  ;  a  puny  mind. 

Milton.     South.     Dryden. 

PU'NY,  7!.  A  young  inexperienced  person ; 
a  novice.  South. 

PUP,  V.  i.  [This  word  appears  to  be  radical- 
ly the  same  as  the  L.  pupa,  Eng.  babe,  W. 
pob,  the  root  of  populus.] 

To  bring  forth  whelps  or  young,  as  the  fe- 
male of  the  canine  species. 

PUP,  n.  A  puppy. 

PUPA,  n.  [L.  supra.]  In  natural  history,  an 
insect  in  that  state  in  which  it  resembles 
an  infant  in  swaddling  clothes.  As  some 
insects  in  this  state  have  a  bright  exterior. 
as  if  gilded,  it  has  been  called  chrysalis  or 
aurelia,  from  the  Gr.  ^ptiaoj,  and  L.  aurum 
gold ;  but  as  this  gilded  ajipearance  he- 
longs  to  few  in.sects,  the  term  pupa  is  now 
more  generally  used. 

PUPIL,  n.  [L.'pupilla, dim.  or  pupa,pupus. 
See  Pup.] 

The  apjjle  of  the  eye;  a  little  aperture  in  the 
middle  of  the  iris  and  uvea  of  the  eye 
through  which  the  rays  of  light  pass  to 
the  crystaline  humor,  to  be  painted  on  the 
retina.  Encyc. 

PU'PIL,  n.    [Fr.  pupille ;  L.   pupilhis,  din 
of  pupa,  pupus.     See  Pup.] 

1.  A  youth  or  scholar  of  either  sex  imder 
the  care  of  an  instructor  or  tutor.      Loche. 

2.  A  ward  ;  a  youth  or  person  under  the 
care  of  a  guardian.  Drydc 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  a  boy  or  girl  under  the  age 
of  puberty,  that  is,  under  14  if  a  male, 
and  under  12  if  a  female.  Encyc. 

PU'PILAGE,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  schol- 
ar, or  under  the  care  of  an  instructor  for 
education  and  discipline.  Locke. 

2.  Wardship  ;  minority.  Spenser. 

In  this  latter  sense,  the  Scots  use  pujnt- 
arity.  Beatlie. 

PU'P'lLARY,  a.  \Fr.  pvpillaire;  L.  pupilla- 
ris.]     Pertaining  to  a  pupil  or  ward. 

Johnson. 

PUPIV'OROUS,  a.  [pupa  and  L.  i-oro.] 
Feeding  on  the  larvas  and  crysalids  of  in- 
sects. S.  L.  Mitchitl. 

PUP'PET,  n.  [Fr.  poupie  ;  L.  pupus.  See 
Pup.] 

1.  A  small  image  in  the  human  form,  moved 
by   a  wire  in  a   mock  drama  ;  a  wooden 


tragedian. 

2.  A  doll. 

3.  A  word  of  contempt. 
PUP'PETMAN.  I ,, 
PUP'PETMASTER,  \  "■ 


Pope. 

Shak. 
The  master  of  a 
puppet-show. 

Suifl. 
PUPPET-PLAYER,   n.    One   that  mana- 
ges the  motions  of  puppets.  Hales. 
PUP'PETRY,  ??.   Affectation.          Marston. 
PUP'PET-SIIOW,    n.    A  mock  drama  per- 
formed   by   wooden   images    moved    by 
wires.                                         Sn-i/l.     Pope. 
PUP'PY,    )i.     [See   Pup.]     A   whelp  ;    the 
young  progeny  of  a  bitch  or  female  of  the 
canine  species. 
2.  Applied  to  persons,  a  name  cxiiressing  ex- 
j     treme  contempt.                                Addison. 
PUP'PY,  v.t.  To  bring  forth  whelps. 
iPUP'PYISM,  n.  Extreme  meanness. 
2.   Extreme  atfectatiou.  Todd. 


2.  Inferior;  petty;  of  an  under  rate;  smalllPUR,  r.  i.  To  ultor  a  low  mui  mining  con- 
and  feeble.     This  word  genc^rally  includes  I     tinned  sound,  as  a  cat. 
the  signification  of  both    smallness  andliPUR,  v.t.  To  signify  by  purring.  Gray. 


PUR,  n.  The  low  murmuring  continneii 
sound  of  a  cat. 

PURANA,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  sa- 
cred poem  or  book.  Asiat.  Res. 

PURAN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sacred 
|)oems  of  the  Hindoos.  Asiat.  Res. 

PURBECK-STONE,  n.  A  hard  .sandstone, 
the  cement  of  which  iscalcarions. 

JVichotson . 

PUR'BLIND,  a.  [said  to  be  fiom  pore  and 
blind.] 

Near  sighted  or  dim  sighted  ;  seeing  ob- 
scurely ;  as  a  purblind  eye  ;  a  purblind 
mole.  Shak,     Drummond. 

PUR'BLINDNESS,  n.  Shortness  of  sight ; 
near  sightedness;  dimness  of  vision. 

PUR'CHASABLE,o.  [froxu purchase.]  That 
may  be  bought,  purchased  or  obtained  for 
a  consideration. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  t.  [Fr. pourcha^ser,  to  seek, 
to  pursue  ;  pour  and  chasser,  to  chase.  It. 
cacciare,  Sp.  cazar.  This  word  seems  to 
be  considered  by  Blackstone  as  formetl 
from  the  L.  perquisilio.  This  is  an  errir. 
The  word  is  from  the  roi't  of  chase;  poxir- 
chasser  is  to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object, 
and  hence  to  obtain.  In  law  Latin, /^ur- 
chase,  the  noun,  was  written  purchacium. 
The  legal  use  of  the  word  in  obtaining 
writs,  shows  best  its  true  origin  ;  to  pur- 
chase a  writ,  is  to  sue  out  a  writ,  that  is,  to 
seek  it  out ;  for  sue,  seek,  and  L.  seijuor,  are 
all  of  one  origin,  and  svnonvmous  with 
chase.  See  Blackstone,  B.' 3.  Ch.  18.  Spel- 
man  ad  voc] 

1.  In  its  primary  and  legal  sense,  to  gain, 
obtain  or  acquire  by  any  means,  except 
by  descent  or  hereditary  right. 

Blackstone. 

2.  In  common  usage,  to  buy  ;  to  obtain  prop- 
erty by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 
It  differs  from  barter  only  in  the  circum- 
stance, that  in  purchasing,  the  price  or 
equivalent  given  or  secured  is  money  ;  in 
bartering,  the  equivalent  is  given  in  goods. 
We  purchase  lands  or  goods  for  ready 
money  or  on  credit. 

3.  To  obtain  by  an  expense  of  labor,  danger 
or  other  sacrifice  ;  as,  to  purchase  favor 
with  flattery. 

A  world   who   would  not  purchase  with   a 
bruise  ?  .Mitton. 

4.  To  expiate  or  recompense  by  a  fine  or 
forfeit ;  as,  to  purchase  out  abuses  with 
tears  and  prayer.  Shak. 

5.  To  sue  out  or  ]iroruro,  as  a  writ. 
PUR'CHASE,  V.  i.  Ill  seaman's language,to 

draw  in  ;  as,  the  capstern  purchases  a\)iice, 
that  is,  it  draws  in  the  cable  apace,  it  gains 
it.  Encyc. 

PUR'CIL\SE,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pourchas  or 
purchas.] 

1.  In  laic,  the  act  of  obtaining  or  acquiring 
the  title  to  hin<lsand  tenements  hy  money, 
deed,  gift  or  any  means,  except  by  de- 
scent ;  the  acquisition  of  lauds  and  tene- 
ments hy  a  man's  own  act  or  agreenient. 
LAillcton.  Blackstone. 
In  lau;  the  suing  out  and  obtaining  a 
writ. 

'3.  In  common  usage,  the  acquisition  of  the 

I  title  or  jiroiiertv"  of  any  thingby  rendering 
an  e(|uivaleut  in  money. 

It  is  loolisli  to  lay  o'lt  money  in  the  purchase 

I      of  repi'iitancc,         "  Franklin 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


4.  That  which  is  purchased ;  any  thing  of 
which  tlie  property  is  obtained  by  giving 
an  equivalent  jirice  in  money. 

The  scrip  was  complete  evidence  odiisriglit 
in  Ihc purchase.  fVlieaton.\ 

5.  That  wliich  is  obtained  by  labor,  danger,' 
art,  &c. 

A  beauty  waning  and  distressed  widow 
Made  prize  and  purchase  of  his  wanton  eye — 

ahak. 

6.  Formerly,  robbery,  and  the  tiling  stolen 

Chaucer. 

7.  Any  mechanical  power  or  force  applied 
to  the  raising  or  removing  of  heavy  bod- 
ies. 

PUR'CHASED,  pp.  Obtained  or  acquired 
by  one's  own  act  or  agreement. 

2.  Obtained  by  paying  an  equivalent  m 
money. 

3.  Obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art,  &c. 
PUR'CHASE-MONEY,  n.  The  money  paid 

for  any  thing  bought.  Berkeley. 

PUR'CIIASER,  n.  lu  tatc,  one  who  ac- 
quires or  obtains  by  conquest  or  l)y  deed 
or  gift,  or  in  any  manner  other  than  by 
descent  or  inheritance.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  is  by  some  authors  written  purcha 
sor.  Blackstone. 

2.  One  who  obtains  or  acquires  the  proper 
ty  of  any  thing  by  paying  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

PUR'CHASING,  ppr.  Buying;  obtaining 
by  one's  own  act  or  for  ,i  price. 

PURE,  a.  [h.  punts  ;  It.  S]).  pjiro  ;  Ft: pu 
W.  pur;  Hax.  pur;  Heb.  13.  The  verb 
y^2  signifies  to  separate,  free,  clear  ;  a 
sense  taken  from  driving  oft'.  The  word 
varied  in  orthography,  occurs  in  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  See  N-i3  in  the  Introduction. 
Class  Br.  No.  7.  and  6.  8.  9.  10.] 

1.  Separate  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extra- 
neous matter ;  clear  ;  free  from  mixture  ; 
as  ptire  water  ;  pure  clay  ;  pure  sand  ;  pure 
air;  pure  silver  or  gold.  Pure  wine  is 
very  scarce. 

2.  Free   from   moral    defilement  ;    without 
spot;  not  sullied  or  tarnished  ;  incorrupt 
undebased  by  moral  turpitud^  ;  holy. 

Tliou  art  of  purer   eyes  llian  to  behold  evil 
Hab.  i.     Prov.  xx. 

3.  Genuine  ;  real ;  true  ;  incorrupt ;  unadul- 
terated ;  as  pure  religion.     James  i. 

4.  Unmixed  ;  separate  from  any  other  sub- 
ject or  from  every  thing  foreign  ;  as  pure 
mathematics. 

5.  Free  from  guilt ;  guiltless;  innocent. 

No  hand  of  strife   is  pure,   but   that  which 
wins.  Daniel. 

G.  Not  vitiated  with  improper  or  corrupt 
words  or  phrases;  as  a;7ure  style  of  dis- 
course or  composition. 

7.  Disinterested  ;  as  pure  benevolence. 

8.  Chaste  ;  as  a  pure  virgin. 
i).  Free  from  vice  or  moral  turpitude.  Tit.  i 

10.  Ceremonially  clean  ;  unpolluted.  Ezra 
vi. 

11.  Free  from  any  thing  improper;  as,  bis 
motives  are  pure. 

12.  Mere;  absolute;  that  and  that  only; 
unconnected  with  any  thing  else;  as  a 
;)ure  villain.  He  did  that  from  pure  com- 
passion, or  »jjjT  good  nature. 

PURE,  V.  t.  To  purify :  to  cleanse.  [A^ot  in 
«««•]  Chaucer. 

Vol.  II. 


PU'RELY,  adv.  In  a  pure  manner  ;  with 
an  entire  sejmraiion  of  heterogeneous  or 
foul  matter.     Is.  i. 

2.  Without  any  mixture  of  improper  or  vi 
ciou.s  words  or  phrases. 

3.  Innocently  ;  without  guilt. 

4.  Merely;  absolutely  ;  without  connection 
with  any  thing  else ;  ccjnq)letely  ;  totally. 
The  meeting  was  purely  accidental. 

PU'RENESS,    n.    Clearness  ;  an  unmixed 

state  ;  separation   or   freedom  from   any 

heterogeneous  or  foreign    matter  ;  as  the 

jmretiess   of  water   or  other   li(]Uor  ;  the 

pureness  of  a  metal ;  the  pxireness  of  marl 

or  clay  ;  the  pureness  of  air. 

2.  Freedom  from  moral  turpitude  or  guilt 

May  we  evermore  serve  thee  in  holiness  and 

pureness  of  livinjf.  Cimi.  Prayer 

J.  Sim|)licity  ;    freedom     from    mixture   or 

composition. 

An  essence  eternal  and  spiritual,  of  absolute 
pureness  and  simplicity.  Raleigh 

4.  Freedom  from  vicious  or.improper  words, 
phrases  or  modes  of  speech  ;  as  pure- 
ness oi' sly\e.  Ascham. 
Pure  villenage,  in  the  feudal  law,  is  a  tenure 
of  lands  by  uncertain  services  at  the  will 
of  the  lord  ;  opposed  to  privileged  villen- 
"ge.  Blackstone. 
PUR'FILE,    n.    [Fr.  pourfiUe ;   pour    and 

flic.] 

A  sort   of  ancient  trimming  for  women's 

gowns,  made  of  tinsel  and  thread,  called 

also  bobbin  work.  Bailey. 

[The  thing  and  the  name  are  ohsolete.' 

PUR'FLE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pourftler  ;  It.  profilare. 

See  Projile.] 
To  decorate  with  a  wrought  or  flowered  bor 
der;  to  embroider;  as,  to  purjle  with  blue 
and  white,  or  with  gold  and  pearl.     Obs 
Spenser.     Shak.     Milton. 
PUR'FLE,      I  ^   A  border  of  embroidered 
PUR'FLEW,  I  "•  work. 
2.  In  heraldry,  errnins,  peans  or  furs  which 
com[)ose  a  bordure.  Encyi 

PURG'AMENT,  n.  [L.  purgamcn.]      A  ca- 
thartic. Bacon. 
PURGATION,    7!.    [Fr.  from  L.  purgalio. 
See  Purge.] 

1.  Tlie  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  or  pu- 
rifying by  separating  and  carrying  off" im- 
jnuilies  or  w hatever  is  superfluous  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  body ;  as,  the  bowels  are  cleans- 
ed hy  purgation.  So  also  in;)/ia;7nac_y  and 
in  chimistry,  medicines,  metals  and  mine- 
rals are  purified  by  purgation.  Encyc. 

2.  In  taw,  the  act  of  cleansing  from  a  crime, 
accusation   or   suspicion   of  guilt.     This 
was  canonical  or  vidgar.     Canonical  pur- 
gation, prescribed  by  the  canon  law,  was 
performed  before  the  bishop  or  his  deputy, 
and  by  a  jury  of  twelve  clerks.     The  par- 
ty accused  first  made  oath  to  his  own  in- 
nocence, and  then   the  twelve   clerks  or|i 
compurgators  swore  that  they  believed  liei 
spoke  the  truth ;  after  which,   other  wit-|:2. 
nesses  were  examined  upon  oath,  on  be-i 
half  of  the  prisoner  only.     Vulgar  purga-i\ 
lion  was  performed  by  the  ordeal   of  fire 
or  water,  or  by  combat.     [See  Ordeal.] 

Blackstone. 

PURG'ATIVE,  a.  [It.  purgativo  ;  Fr.  purg- 
atif.] 

Having  the  power  of  clean.siug ;  usually, 
having  the  power  of  evacuating  the  bow- 
els ;  cathartic. 

47 


PURG'ATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacu- 
ates the  bowels;  a  cathartic. 

PIRGATO'RIAL,  )       Pertaining  to  purg- 

Pl'RGATO'RIAN,  \  "'  atory.  Mede. 

PURGATORY,  a.  [L.  purgaioriua,  from 
purgo,  to  purge.] 

Tending  to  cleanse;  cleansing;  expiatory. 

Burke. 

PURG 'ATORY,  n.  [Fr.purgatoire.]  Among 
catholics,  a  supposed  place  or  stale  after 
death,  in  which  the  souls  of  jiersons  are 
purified,  or  in  whicrh  they  expiate  such  of- 
fenses committed  in  this  lile,  as  do  not 
merit  eternal  damnation.  After  this  pur- 
gation from  the  impurities  of  sin,  the  souls 
are  supposed  to  be  received  into  heaven. 
Encyc.     Stiliingfcet. 

PURtiE,  V.  t.  purj.  [L.  purgo;  Fr.  purger ; 
Sp.  purgar ;  It.  purgare ;  [irobably  a  de- 
rivative from  the  root  of  pure.] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  separating  and  car- 
rying off"  whatever  is  impure,  heteroge- 
neous, foreign  or  superfluous  ;  as,  to  purge 
the  body  by  evacuation  ;  to  purge  the 
Augean  stable.  It  is  followed  by  airay,  of, 
or  off.  We  say,  to  purge  ateay  or  to  purge 
0^' filth,  and  to  purge  a  liquor  of  its  scum. 

2.  To  clear  from  guilt  or  moral  defilement; 
as,  to  purge  one  o/"guill  or  crime  ;  to  purge 
away  sin. 

Purge  away  our  sins,  for  thy  name's  sake. 
Ps.  Ixxix. 

Purge  me  with  hyssop  and  I  shall  be  clean. 
Ps.  li. 

3.  To  clear  from  accusation 
of  a  crime,  as  in  ordeal. 
To  remove  what  is   oflensive 

away  impurities.     Ezek.  xx. 
To  clarify  ;  to  defecate;  as  liquors. 

PUROE,  !'.  i.  To  become  pure  by  clarifica- 
tion. 

2.  To  have  frequent  or  preternatural  evacu- 
ations by  stool. 

PURGE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the 
body  hy  stool ;  a  cathartic.  Arbuthnot. 

PURti'ED,  pp.  Purified  ;  cleansed  ;  evacu- 
ated. 

PURti'ER,  71.  A  person  or  thing  that  purg- 
es or  cleanses. 

2.  A  cathartic. 

PURG'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing  ;  purifying  ; 
carrying  off  itnpurities  or  superfluous 
matter. 

PURG'ING,  n.  A  diarrhea  or  dysentery; 
preternatural  evacuation  by  stool  ;  loose- 
ness of  bowels. 

PURIFl€A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  fiom  L.  puTT/fca- 

tio.     See  Purify.] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying  ;  the  act  or  opera- 
tion of  separating  and  removing  from  any 
thing  that  which  is  heterogeneous  or  fo- 
reign to  it;  as  the  ;7u;T^ca(7'o7i  of  liquors 
or  of  tnctals.  Doyle. 

In  religion,  the  act  or  operation  of  cleans- 
ing ceremonially,  by  removing  any  pollu- 

1  tion  or  defilement.  Purification  by  wash- 
ing or  by  other  means,  was  common  to  the 
Hel;rews  and  to  pagans.     The  Moham- 

I     mednns  iLse  ;)ij7T^ca<jon  as   a  preparation 

I  for  devotion.  2  Chron.  xxx.  Esth.  ii. 
Luke  ii.  Encyc. 

j3.  A  cleatising  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  of 
sin  ;  the  extinction  of  sinful  desires,  appe- 
tites and  inclinations. 


or  the   charge 
to  sweep 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


PURTF'T€ATIVE,j^ 


Having    power  to 
purity  ;  tciuling  to 


I'LKIF'ICATORY 

PU'RIFIER,  n.  [from  purify.]  That  wliicli 
purifies  or  cleanses ;  a  cleanser ;  a  refi- 
ner. Fire  was  lield  by  the  ancients  to  be 
an  excellent  purifier. 

PU'RIFORM,  o.  [L.  p-us,  p-uris  and  form 
Like  pus  ;  in  the  form  of  pus. 

Mtd.  Repos. 

PU'RIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  purifier ;  L.  purifico  ; 
pvrus,  ])ure,  and /acjo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear ;  to  free  from  ex- 
traneous admixture;  as,  to  purify  Viquop^ 
or  metals ;  to  purify  the  blood  ;  to  purify' 
the  air. 

2.  To  free  from  pollution  ceremonially  ;  to 
remove  whatever  renders  unclean  and  un- 
fit for  sacred  services. 

Purify  yourselves  and  your  captives  on  the 
tliird  day,  and  on  the  seventh  day  purify  "" 
your  raiment.     Num.  xxxi. 

3.  To  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of 
sin  ;  as,  to  purify  the  heart. 

Who  gave  himself  for  us,  that  he  might  re- 
deem us  from  all  iniquity,  and  purify  to  him- 
self a  peculiar  people,  zealous  of  good  works 

Tit.  ii-  -     ■  .      1 

4.  To  clear  from  improprieties  or  barba- 
risms;  as,  to  purify  a  language.  Sprat 

PIJ'RIFY,  V.  i.  To  grow  or  become  pure  or 
clear.     Liquors  will  gradually  purffy. 

Burnet. 
PU'RIFYING,    ppr.    Removing  foreign  or 
heterogeneous  matter ;  cleansing  from  pol- 
lution ;  fining  :  making  clear. 
PURIFYING,  Ji.  The   act  or  operation  of| 
making  pure,  or  of  cleansing  from  extra 
iieous  matter  or  from  pollution. 
PU'RIM,  n.  Among   the   Jews,  the  feast  of 
lots,  instituted  to  commemorate  their  de 
liverance  from  the  machinations  of  Ha- 
inan.    Esth.  ix.  . 
PU'RIST,  n.  [Fr.  puriste.]  One  excessively 
nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

Chesterfield.  Johnson. 
PU'RITAN,  n.  [from  pure.]  A  dissenter 
from  the  church  of  England.  The  puri- 
tans were  so  called  in  derision,  on  account 
of  their  professing  to  follow  the  pure  word 
of  God,  in  ojiposition  to  all  traditions  and 
human  constitutions.  Encyc.\ 

Hume  gives  this  name  to  three  parties  ; 
the  political  puritans,  who  maintained  the 
highest  principles  of  civil  liberty;  the  pu-\ 
ritans  in  disripline,  who  were  averse  to 
the  ceremonies  and  government  of  thei 
episcopal  church  ;  and  the  doctrinal  puri-\ 
tans,  who  rigidly  defended  the  sjieculative, 
system  of  the  first  reformers.  | 

PU'RITAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the_  puritans,; 
or  dissenters  from  the  church  of  England.; 

Sanderson. 
PURITAN'le,        ?      Pertaining  to  the  pu-' 
PURPrANTCAL,  ^      ritans   or   then-    doc- 
trines and  practice;  exact;  rigid  :  as  ;;m- 
rilunical  notions  or  opinions;  puritanical 
manners.  | 

PU'RPrANlSM,  )!.  The  notions  or  practice 
of  puritans.  Mountaguc. 

PURPPANiZE,  V.  i.  To  deliver  the  notions 
of  puritans.  Mountaguc. 

PU'RPPY,  »i.  [Vr.puritc;  L.  purilas,   from 


e,  of  spirit;  the  pt»%  of  drugs  ;  thellPURLOIN'ING,  ".Theft;  plagiansm. 

of  metals.  |  PUR'PARTY,  ?!.  [Fr.  pour  and  jrartic,  part 


of  wine 
purity 

Cleanness  ;     freedom   from   foulness   or; 
dirt ;  as  the  purity  of  a  garment. 

The  purity  of  a  linen  vesture.  Holyday 


purus.] 
\.  Freedom  from  foreign    admixture  or  he 
terogeneous  mailer;  aslhe/iiinV^  of  water, 


Freedom  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  ofi 
sin  ;  innocence  ;  as  pxmty  of  heart  or 
life. 

Chastity  ;  freedom  from  contamination 
by  illicit  sexual  connection.  Shak. 

Freedom  from  any  sinister  or  improper 
views;  as  the  purity  of  motives  or  de- 
signs. 

Freedom  from  foreign  idioms,  from  bar 
barons  or  improper  words  or  phrases ;  as 
punVi/of  style  or  language. 
PURL,  n.  [supposed  to  be  contracted  from 

purfie.     Qu.] 
L  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

Johnson.     Bacon. 
2.  A  kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.      Bailey. 
PURL,  71.  A  species  of  malt   liquor;  ale  or 
beer  medicated  with   wormwood  or  aro- 
matic herbs.  Bailey.     Johnson. 
PURL,  n.  Two  rounds  in  knitting. 
PURL,  V.  i.  [Sw.  porla  ;  W.freulau;  to  purl, 
to  ripple ;  fraul,  a  rippling.     It  may  be  al- 
lied to  G.  briillcn,  D.   brtdlen,  Dan.  broler, 
to  roar,  and  to  Eng./n7/,  trill  and  roll.] 
To  murmur,  as  a   small  stream  flowing 
among  stones  or  other  obstructions,  which 
occasion   a  continued    series   of   broken 
sounds.      It    is    applied     only    to    small; 
streams.     Large  streams  running  in  like; 
manner,  are  said  to  roar.     In  descriiitionS| 
of  rural  scenery,  the  poets  seldom  omit  aj 
purling  brook  or  stream. 
My  flowery  theme, 
A  painted  mistress  or  a  purling  stream 

Pope. 

3.  To  flow  or  run  with  a  murmuring  sound. 
Around  th'  adjoining  brook  that  purls  along 
The  vocal  grove,  now  fretting  o'er  a  rock. 

Thomson 

PURL,  V.  i.  To  decorate  with  fringe  or  em- 
broidery. B.  Jonson 

PURL,  n.  A  gentle  continued  murmur  of  a 
small  stream  of  rippling  water. 

PURLIEU,  n.  pur'lu.  [Fr.  pur,  pure,  and 
lieu,  jilace.] 

A  border;  a  limit ;  a  certain  limited  extent 
or  district ;  originally,  the  ground  near  a 
royal  forest,  which  being  severed  from  it,| 
was  made  purlieu,  that  is,  pure  or  free 
from  the  lore.st  laws.  Encyc' 

PUR'LIN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber extending  from  end  to  end  of  a  build-; 
ing  or  roof,  across  and  under  the  rafters, 
to  support  them  in  the  middle.  EncTjc. 

PURL'ING,  ppr.  [Irom pwH.]  Murmuring  or 

gurgling,  as  a  brook. 
PURL'ING,  n.  The  continued  gentle  mur 

mur  of  a  small  stream.  , 
PURLOIN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  pour  and  loin,  far  ofl". 
See  Eloign.] 

1.  Literally,  to  take  or  carry  away  for  one's 
self;  hence,  to  steal  ;  to  take  by  thefl. 

Your  butler  purloins  your  liquor. 

.irbulhnol 

2.  To  take   by   plagiarism ;    to   steal   from 
hooks  or  manuscripts.  Drydcn. 

PURLOIN'ED,  pp.  Stolen ;  taken   by   pta- 

giari.sm. 
PURL0IN'J;R,  n.  A  thief;  a  plagiary. 
PURLOIN'ING.  ppr.  Steahng;  committii: 

literary  theft. 


Ill  law,  a  share,  part  or  portion  of  an  es- 
tate, which  is  allotted  to  a  co-parcener  by 
partition.  Cowel. 

PUR'PLE,  a.  [Fr.  pourpre;  L.  purpureas; 
S[>.  pu-rimreo  ;  h.porporino;  (Jr.  rtop<j>vp£o{, 
from  noffiya,  L.  purpura,  a  shell  from 
which  the  color  was  obtained.] 

1.  Designating  a  color  composed  of  red  and 
blue  blended,  much  admired,  and  former- 
ly the  Roman  emperors  wore  robes  of  this 
color. 

2.  In  poe<ri/,  red  or  livid  ;  dyed   with   blood - 
I  view  a  field  of  Idood, 

And  Tyber  rolling  with  a  purple  flood. 

Dry  den. 

PUR'PLE,  n.  A  purple  color  or  dress; 
hence,  imperial  government  in  the  Ro- 
man empire,  as  a  purple  robe  was  the  dis- 
tinguishing dress  of  the  emperors. 

Gihhon. 
2.  A  cardinalate.  .Addison.     Hume. 

PUR'PLE,  V.  t.  [h.purpuro.]  To  make  pur- 
ple, or   to  dye  of  a  red  color  ;  as  hands 
purpled  with  blood. 
Whtn  mom 
Purples  the  east.  Milton. 

Reclinuig  soft  in  blissful  bowers, 
Purpled  sweet  with  springing  flowers. 

Fmton. 

PUR'PLES,  n.  plu.  Spots  of  a  hvid  red  on 
the  body  ;  livid  eruiitions  which  appear  in 
certain   malignant  diseases  ;  a  purple  fe- 


ver. 
PUR'PLIt 


ill,  a.    Somewhat  purple. 

Boyle. 
[Fr.  pour,  for,  and  porter,  to 


PURPORT, 

bear.] 

1.  Design  or  tendency;  as  the  purport  of 
Plato's  dialogue.  jVbrm. 

2.  Meaning;  import;  as  the  purport  of  a 
word  or  phrase. 

PUR'PORT,  V.  t.  To  intend ;  to  intend  to 
show.  Bacon. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  signify. 

PURPORTED,  pp.  "Designed;  intended; 
meant. 

PURPORTING,  ppr.  Designing;  intend- 
ing ;  importing. 

PUR'POSE,  n.  [Fr.  propos  :  Sp.  It.  proposi- 
to  ;  L.  propositum,  propono ;  pro,  before, 
and  pono,  to  set  or  place.] 

1.  That  which  a  person  .sets  before  himself 
as  an  object  to  be  reached  or  accomplish- 
ed ;  the  end  or  aim  to  which  the  view  is 
directed  in  any  plan,  measure  or  exertion. 
We  believe  the  Supreme  Being  created 
intelligent  beings  for  some  benevolent  and 
glorious  purpose,  and  if  so,  how  glorious 
and  benevolent  must  be  his/)!<(yose  in  the 
plan  of  redemption!  The  ambition  of 
men  is  generally  directed  to  one  of  two 
purposes,  or  to  both  ;  the  acquisition  of 
wealth  or  of  iiower.  We  build  houses  for 
the  purpose  of  shelter ;  we  labor  for  the 
purpose  of  subsistence. 

2.  Intention  ;  design.  This  sense,  however, 
is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  the 
former  ;  as  purpose  always  includes  the 
end  in  view. 

Eveiy  purpose  is  established  by  counsel. 
Prov.  XX. 

Being  predestinated  according  to  the  purpose 
of  him  who  worketh  all  things  alter  the  coun- 
sel of  his  own  will.     Eph.  i. 


PUR 


PUR 


PUR 


I   will  also  do   it.     Is. 


3.  End  ;  effect ;  consequence,  good  or  bad. 
What  good  purpose  will  this  answer  ?i 
We  sometimes  labor  to  no  purposi..  Men 
often  employ  their  time,  talents  and  money 
for  very  evil  purposes. 

To  what  purpose  in  this  waste  ?    Matt.  xxvi. 

4.  Instance  ;  (;xam[)le.     [M'ol  in  use.] 
T).  Conversation.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
Of  purpose,   on  purpose,  with  previous  Uc- 

"'sign;  with  the  mind  directed  to  that  ob-' 
jcct.  On  purpose  is  more  generally  usod,| 
but  tlie  trae  phrase  is  of  purpose.  j 

PUR'i'OSE,  V.  t.  To  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to 
resolve ;  to  determine  on  some  end  or  ob 
ject  to  be  accomplished. 

1  have  purposed  it    ' 
xlvi.     Eph.  iii. 

Paul  purposed  in  the  spirit,   when  lie  had 
passed  thiough  Maccdoma   and  Achaia,  to  go 
to  Jerusalem.     Act*  xix. 
PUR'POSED,  pp.  Intended;  designed  ;  a/) 

plied  to  tilings. 
2.  Resolved  ;    having  formed    a  design   or 
resolution  ;  applied  to  persons. 

I  am  purposed  that  my  mouth  shall  not  trans 
gress.      l^s.  xvii. 
rURTOSRLESS,    a.    Having    no    effect. 
[LilUe  xised.]  Hall. 

T'UR'I'OSRLY,  adv.  By  design  ;  intcntion-l 
ally  ;  with  predetermination. 

In  composing  this  diseourse,  I  jrurposcly  de- 
clined all  offensive  and  displeasing  truths. 

Jltterbury. 

So  much  they  scorn  the  crowd,  that  if  the 

tlirong  [ 

By  chance  go  right,  tlieyjmr/iosriy  go  wrong.; 

Pope} 
PUR'PRESTURE,  n.  [from  Fr.  pour  and 

prendre,  pris,  to  take.] 
In  law,  a  nuisance,  consisting  in  an  inclo-i 
sure  of  or  encroachment  on  something' 
that  belongs  to  the  public  ;  as  a  house 
erected  or  iuclosure  made  on  the  king's 
demesnes,  or  of  a  highway,  iStc. 

Blackstone. 
PUR'PRISE,    n.    [Fr.  pourpris,  sujira.]     A 
close  or  iuclosure  ;  also,  the  whole  com-| 
pass  of  a  manor.  Bacon. 

PUR' PUR  ATE,  n.  A  comi>ound  of  purpu- 
ric acid  and  a  salifiable  base.  Vre. 
PUR'PURE,  n.  In  heraldry,  purple,  repre- 
sented in  engraving  by  diagonal  lines. 

Encyc. 

PUR'PURIC,  a.  Purpuric  aciil  is  produced 

by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  the  lithic 

or  uric  acid.  Dr.  ProutJ 

PURR,  V.  i.  To  murmur  as  a  cat.  [See  Pur.] 

PURR,  n.  A  sea  lark.  Ainsworth.^ 

PURRE,  ji.  Cyderkin  or  perkin  ;  the  liquor 

made   by  steeping    the    gross   matter  of, 

inessed  apples.  Encyc. 

PUR'RING,  ppr.  Murmuring  as  a  cat.  ■ 

PURSE,  n.  purs.  [Fr.  bourse;  It.  borsa;  Sp.' 

Port,  bolsa  ;  D.  beurs ;  tJ.  burse  ;  Dan.  burs  ; 

L.  byrsa,  an  ox  hide;  Gr.  jivpsa,  id.     Qu.] 

1.  A  small  bag  in  which  money  is  contained! 
or  carried  in  the  pocket.  It  was  formerly! 
made  of  lether,  and  is  still  made  of  this; 
material  by  common  people.  It  is  usually! 
of  silk  net- work. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  the  prize  of 
winning  in  a  horse  race. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  sum  of  money,  about  £50 
sterling,  or  .S222.  i 

4.  The  public  coffers ;  the  treasury ;  as,  to! 
exhaust  a  nation's  purse,  or  the  public 
purse.  I 


Long  purse,  or  heavy  purse,  wealth  ;  riches. 
Light  purse,  or  empty  purae,  poverty,  or  want 

of  resources. 
Sword  and  purse,  the  military  power  and 

wealth  of  a  nation. 
PURSE,  V.  I.  To  put  in  a  purse. 

Dryden.     Milton. 
2.  To  contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 
Thou  didst  contract  and  purse  thy  brow. 

Shak. 

PURS'ED,  pp.  Put  in  a  purse. 

2.  Contracted  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 

PURSENET,  II.  purs'net.  A  net,  the  mouth 

of  which  may  be  closed  or  drawn  together 

like  a  pur.se.  Mortimer.' 

PURSE-PRIDE,  n.  Pride  of  money ;  inso-| 

lenee  proceeding  from  the  possession  of 

wealth.  Hall. 

PURSE-PROUD,  a.  Proud  of  wealth  ;  puH- 

cd  lip  with   tlie  possession  of  money  or 

riches. 

PURS'ER,  71.    In   the  navy,  an  officer  who 

I     has  charge  of  the  provisions  of  a  ship  of 

war,  and  attends  to  their  preservation  and 

distribution  among  the  officers  and  crew. 

I  Mar.  Did. 

jPURSINESS,  a  mistake  for  pussiness.  [See 

Puss)].] 
PURS' LAIN,  n.    [It.  porcellana,  porcelain 
and    purslain ;     Sj).    verdolaga,    purslain, 
which   seems   to    bo    green   leek,   green 
plant.     The  Portuguese  write   very   cor 
ruptly  beldroega.     The  Latin  is  portulaca. 
See  Leek.] 
A   plant  of  the   genus  Portulaca.     The  sea 
purslain   is  of  the  genus   Atriplex.     The 
tree  sea  purslain  is  the  Atriplex  halimits. 
CSee   Purslain  tree.)     The  water  purslain 
is  of  the  genus  Peplis.  Lee. 

PURS'LAIN-TREE,   n.    [L.    halimus.]    A 

shrub  proper  for  hedges. 
PURSU'ABLE,  n.  [from  pursue.]  That  may 
be  pursued,  followed  or  prosecuted 

Shenvood. 
PURSU'ANCE,7U  [from  pursue.]  A  follow 
ing;    prosecution,    process   or   continued 
exertion   to    reach  or  accomplish    some- 
thing ;  as  in  pursuance  of  the  main  design. 
2.  Consequence;  as  in  puriuatice  of  an  or- 
der from  the  commander  in  chief. 
PURSU'.\NT,  a.    [from   pursue,  or  rather 

from  Fr.  poursuivant.] 
Done  in  consequence  or  prosecution  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  agreeable  ;  conformable. 
Pursuant  to  a  former  resolution,  the  house 
proceeded  to  appoint  the  standing  com- 
mittees. This  measure  was  adopted  pur- 
suant to  a  former  order. 
PURSUE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  poursuivre ;  pour  and 
siiivre,  to  follow,  L.  sequor ;  prosequor,  or 
persequor.     See  Seek.] 

1.  To  follow  ;  to  go  or  proceed  afler  or  in 
alike  direction.  The  captain  pursuerf the 
same  course  as  former  navigators  have  ta- 
ken. A  subsequent  legislature  pursued 
the  course  of  their  predecessors. 

2.  To  take  and  proceed  in,  without  following 
another.  Captain  Cook  pursued  a  now 
and  unexplored  course.  New  circumstan- 
ces often  compel  us  to  pursue  new  ex]>e- 
dients  and  untried  courses.  What  course 
shall  we  pursue  .' 


4.  To  seek;  to  use  measures  to  obtain;  as, 
to  pursue  a  remedy  at  law. 

5.  To  prosecute ;  to  continue.  A  stream 
proccieds  from  a  lake  and  pursues  a  south- 
erly course  to  the  ocean. 

He  that  pursueih  evil,  pursuelh  it  to  liis  own 
death.     Prov.  xi. 

6.  To  follow  as  an  example ;  to  imitate. 
The  fame  of  ancient  matrons  you  pursue. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  attain  to  ;  to  strive  to 
reach  or  gain. 

We  happiness  pursue ;  we  fly  from  pain. 

Prior. 

8.  To  follow  with  enmity  ;  to  persecute. 
This  verb  is  frequently  followed   by   ajler. 

Gen.  x.xxv. 
PURSCE,  V.  i.  To  go  on;  to  proceed;  to 
continue;  a  Gallicism. 

I  have,  pursues  (^arneadcs,  wondered  chiin- 
ists  stioutd  not  consider —  Boyle. 

PURSU'ED,  pp.  Followed  ;  chased  ;  pros- 
ecuted ;  continued. 

PURSU'ER,  »!.  One  that  follows;  one  that 
chases;  one  that  follows  in  haste  with  a 
view  to  overtake.  Shak.     Milton. 

PURSU'ING, ppr.  Following;  chasing;  has- 
tening after  to  overtake;  prosecuting; 
proceeding  in  ;  continuing. 

PURSCIT,  n.  [Fr.  poursuite.]  The  act  of 
following  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  a  fol- 
lowing with  haste,  pither  for  sport  or  in 
hostility  ;  as  tlie  pursuit  of  game  ;  the  pur- 
suit  of  an  enemy. 

2.  A  following  with  a  view  to  reach,  accom- 
plish or  obtain  ;  endeavor  to  attain  to  or 
gain  ;  'as  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  the 
pursuit  of  happiness  or  pleasure  ;  the  pur- 
suit of  power,  of  lionor,  of  distinction,  of 

I     a  phantom. 

13.  Proceeding ;  course  of  business  or  occu- 

I     pation ;    continued    employment    with   a 

i  view  to  some  end;  as  mercantile  pursuits ; 
literary  pursuits. 

4.  Prosecution  ;  continuance  of  endeavor. 

Clarendon. 

PUR'SUIVANT,  n.  [Fr.  poursuivant.]  A 
state  messenger  ;  an  attendant  on  the  her- 
alds. Spenser.     Camden. 

PURS'Y,  a  corrupt  orthography.  [Sec 
Pussy.] 

PUR  TENANCE,  n.  [from  the  L.  pertinens, 
perlineo.     See  Appurtenance.] 

Appurtenance ;  but  applied  to  the  pluck  of 
an  animal,    Ex.  xii. 

PU'RULENCE,  I         [L.  purulentus,  from 

PU'RULENCV,  i    "■   pus,  puris,  matter.] 

The  generation  of  pus  or  matter ;  pus. 

t  Arbuthnot. 

PU'RULENT,  a.  Consisting  of  pus  or  mat- 

I     ter  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  pus. 

I  Bacon. 

.PURVEY,  V.  t.  [Ft.pourvoir;  pour  and  voir, 

I     to  see ;    L.  provideo ;   It.  provedere ;    Sp. 

;     provecr.] 

1.  To  provide  ;  to  provide  with  convenien- 
ces. Dryden. 

2.  To  procure.  Thomson. 
PURVEY,  I',  i.  To  purchase  provisions ;  to 

|)rovi<le.  Milton. 

PURVEYANCE,  n.  Procurement  of  provis- 
ions or  victuals. 


2.  Provision  ;  victuals  provided.  Spenser. 
To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  tovS.  In  English  laws,  the  royal  prerogative  or 
follow  with  haste  ;  to  chase;  as,  to  pursuel  right  of  pre-emption,  by  which  the  king 
a  hare  ;  to  pursue  an  enemy.  |{    was  authorized  to  buy  provisions  and  ne- 


PUS 


P  u 


PUT 


cessaries  for  the  use  of  his  household  at 
an  apprized  value,  in  preference  to  all  his 
subjects,  and  even  without  the  consent  of 
the  owner;  also,  the  rijjhl  of  impressing 
horses  and  carriages,  &c. ;  a  right  abol- 
ished by  Stat.  12.  Charles  II.  34. 
PURVEYOR,  n.  One  who  provides  victuals, 
or  whose  business  is  to  make  provision 
for  the  table  ;  a  victualer.  Raleigh 

2.  An  officer  who  formerly  provided  or  ex- 
acted provision  for  tlie  king's  household. 

England. 

3.  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratify 
ing  lust ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd. 

Dryden.    Addison. 
PUR' VIEW,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pourveu,purvieu, 
purvey  ;  Fr.  pourvu,  provided,  from  pour- 
voir.     See  Purvey.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  conditioii  or  proviso ;  hut  in 
this  sense  not  used. 

2.  The  body  of  a  statute,  or  that  part  which 
begins  with  "  Be  it  enacted,"  as  distin- 
guislied  from  the  preamble. 

Cowel.     Encyc. 

S.  In  modern  usage,  the  limit  or  scope  of  a 

statute;  the  whole  extent  of  its  intention 

or  provisions.  Marshall. 

4.  Superintendence. 

The  federal  power — is  confined  to  objects  ol' 
a  general  nature,  more  within  the  purview  of 
the  United  States,  than  of  any  particular  one. 

[  Unv^uaJ.  ]  Ramsay 

.5.  Limit  or  sphere  intended  ;  scope  ;  extent. 
In  deteiinining  the  extent  of  information  re- 
quired in  the  exercise  of  a  particular  authority, 
recourse  must  be  had  to  the  objects  within  the 
purviem  of  that  authority. 

Federalist,  Madison. 

PUS,  n.  [L.]  The  white  or  yellowish  matter 
generated  in  ulcers  and  wounds  in  the 
process  of  healing.  Encyc. 

PUSH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pousser ;  D.  puis,  a  push  ; 
Svv.  posa,  to  swell  ;  W.  pas,  growth,  in- 
crease ;  posiaio,  to  increase,  or  pwysaw,  to 
press,  to  weigh.  The  sense  is  to  thrust, 
press  or  urge.     See  Class  Bz.] 

I.  To  press  against  with  force  ;  to  drive  or 
impel  by  pressure ;  or  to  endeavor  to  drive 
by  steady  pressure,  without  striking;  op- 
posed to  draw.  We  push  a  thing  forward 
by  force  applied  behind  it ;  we  draw  by 
applying  force  before  it.  We  may  push 
without  moving  the  object. 

■-'.  To  butt ;  to  strike  with  the  end  of  the 
horns;  to  thrust  the  points  of  horns 
against. 

If  the  ox  shall  push  a  man-servant  or  maid 
servant — he  shall  be  stoned.     Ex.  xxi. 

3.  To  press  or  urge  forward  ;  as,  to  push  an 
objection  too  far. 

He  forewarns  his  care 
W  itii  rules  to  push  his  fortune  or  to  bear 

Dryden 

4.  To  urge ;  to  drive. 

Ambition  pushes  the  soul  to  such  actions  as 
are  apt  to  procure  honor  lo  the  actor.   Spectator 

5.  To  enforce  ;  to  press  ;  to  drive  to  a  con- 
clusion. 

We  are  pushed  for  an  answer.  Sti'ifl 

6.  To  importune ;  to  press  with  solicitation  ; 
to  tease. 

To  push  down,  to  overthrow   by  pushing  or 

impulse. 
PySil,  V.  i.  To  make  a  thrust ;  as,  to  push' 

with  the  horns  or  with  a  sword. 

Dryden.    Addison. 


To  make  an  eflbrt. 
At  length 
Both  sides   rosolv'd    to  push,   we   tried   our 
strength.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  an  attack. 
The   king   of  the  south  shall  ^(its/i  at  him. 

Dan.  \i. 

4.  To  burst  out. 
To  push  on,  to  drive  or  urge   forward ;  to 

hasten.     Push  on,  brave  men. 
PUSH,  n.  A  thrust  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment, or  with  the  end  of  a  thing. 

Spenser. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impulse  or  force  ai)plied ; 
as,  to  give  the  ball  the  first  push. 

Addison. 

3.  An  assault  or  attack.  fValts. 

4.  A  forcible  onset ;  a  vigorous  effort. 

Addison. 

Exigence;  trial;  extremity. 

When  it  comes  to  the  push,  it  is  no  more 
than  talk.  VEstrange. 

6.  A  surlden  emergence.  Shak. 

A  little  swelling  or  pustule  ;  a  wheal  ;  a 
pimple  ;  an  eruption.  Bacon. 

PUSHED,  pp.  Pressed  ;  urged  ;  driven. 

PUSHER,  Ji.  One  that  drives  forward. 

PUSHING,  ppr.  Pressing;  driving;  urging 
forward. 

2.  o.  Pressing  forward  in  business ;  enter- 
prising ;  driving ;  vigorous. 

PUSHPIN,  n.  A  child's  play  in  which  pins 
are  pushed  alternately.  U Estrange. 

PUSILLANIM'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  pusillanimiU  ; 
L.  pusitlanimitas ;  pusillus,  small,  weak, 
and  animus,  courage] 

Want  of  that  firmness  and  strength  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage  or  fortitude  ; 
weakness  of  spirit ;  cowardliness  ;  that 
feebleness  of  mind  which  shrinks  from  tri- 
fling or  imaginary  dangers. 

It  is  obvious  to  distinguish  between  an  act 
q( pusillanimity  and  an  act  of  great  modesty  or 
huuiility.  South. 

PUSlLLAN'IMOUS,a.  [Fr.  pusiUanime ;  It. 
pusillanimo,  supra.] 

1.  Destitute  of  that  strength  and  firmness  of 
mind  which  constitutes  courage,  bravery 
and  fortitude ;  being  of  weak  courage  ; 
mean  spirited  ;  cowardly ;  applied  to  per- 
sons ;  as  a  pusillanimous  prince. 

2.  Proceeding  from  weakness  of  mind  or 
want  of  courage  ;  feeble;  as  pusillanimous 
counsels.  Bacon 

PUSILLAN'IMOUSLY,  ffrfit.  With  want  of 

courage. 
PUSILLAN'IMOUSNESS,  n.  Pusillanimi 

ty;  want  of  courage. 
Puss,  n.   [D.  poes,  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  and  a 

kiss  ;  Ir.  pus,  a  cat,  and  the  lip.] 

1.  The  fondling  name  of  a  cat.  Watts. 

2.  The  sportsman's  name  for   a  hare. 

Gay. 

PUS'SINESS,  n.  [from  pussy.]  A  state  of 
being  swelled  or  bloated  ;  inflation  ;  hence, 
shortness  of  breath. 

PUS'SY,  a.  [Fr.  poussif,  from  pousser,  to 
push  ;  Sw.  posa,  to  swell  or  inflate  ;  Ir. 
6aow,  lust,  vanity;  allied  to  boast.  This 
word  has  been  written  pursy,  evidently 
by  mistake.  We  have  the  word  probably 
from  the  French  poussif,  {vom  pousser,  to 
push.] 

Properly,  inflated,  swelled ;  hence,  fat,  short 
and  thick  ;  and  as  persons  of  this  make 
labor  in  respiration,  the  word  is  used  for 
short  breathetl, 


PUS'TULATE,  V.  t.  [L.  pusttdatus.  See 
Pustule.] 

To  form  into  pustules  or  blisters. 

Stackhouse, 

PUSTULE,  n.  pus'l  or  pus'tul  ;  the  former 
is  the  usual  pronunciation  in  America. 
[Fr.  pustule  ;  L.  pustula  ;  from  the  root  of 
push.] 

A  pimple  or  wheal ;  a  small  push  or  erup- 
tion on  the  skin.  Arbuthnot. 

PUS'TULOUS,  a.  [L.  pustulosus.]  Full  of 
pustules  or  pimples. 

PUT,  V.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  put.  [D.pooten,  to 
set  or  plant ;  jmot,  the  foot ;  Dan.  poder,  to 
graft ;  pode,  a  cion ;  Gr.  (Jmu,  contracted 
from  iJivSui  or  ^vtu,  whence  ^tov,  a  germ, 
shoot  or  twig.  VVe  find  the  same  word 
in  the  h.  puto,  to  prune,  that  is,  to  thrust 
oft',  also  to  think  or  consider,  that  is,  to 
set  in  the  mind,  as  we  use  suppose,  L.  sup- 
pono.  But  we  see  the  English  sense  more 
distinctly  in  the  compounds,  imputo,  to 
impute,  that  is,  to  put  to  or  on ;  computo,  to 
compute,  to  put  together.  The  Welsh 
pwtian,  to  poke,  to  thrust,  and  pwtiaw,  to 
butt,  are  doubtless  the  same  word.  The 
L.  posui,  from  pono,  is  probably  a  dialec- 
tical orthography  of  the  same  root.  See 
Class  Bd.  and  Bs.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  thrust,  throw,  drive  or  send.] 

1.  To  set,  lay  or  place;  in  a  general  sense. 
Thus  we  say,  to  put  the  hand  to  the  face; 
to  put  a  book  on  the  shelf;  to  put  a  horse 
in  the  stable  ;  to  put  fire  to  the  fuel ;  to  put 
clothes  on  the  body.  God  planted  a  gar- 
den and  there  he  put  Adam. 

2.  Put  is  applicable  to  state  or  condition,  as 
well  as  to  place.  Put  liim  in  a  condition 
to  help  himself  Put  the  fortress  in  a 
state  of  defense.  The  aj)OStles  were  put 
in  trust  with  the  gospel.  We  are  often 
put  in  jeopardy  by  our  own  ignorance  or 
rashness.  We  do  not  alw.iys  put  the  best 
men  in  office. 

3.  To  repose. 

How  wilt  thou— put  thy  trust  on  Egypt  for 
chariots  .'  2  Kings  xviii. 

4.  To  push  into  action. 

Thank  him  who  puts  me,   loth,  to  this  re- 
venge. Milton. 

5.  To  apply  ;  to  set  to  employment. 

No  man  having  pu(  his  hand  to  the  plow,  and 
looking  back,  is  tit  for  the  kingdom  of  God. 
Luke  ix. 

6.  To  tlirow  or  introduce  suddenly.  He  had 
no  time  to  put  in  a  word. 

7.  To  consign  to  letters. 

He  made  a  proclamation — and  put  it  also  in 
writing.    2  Chron.  xxxvi. 

8.  To  oblige  ;  to  require. 

We  are  put  to  prove  things  which  can  hardly 
be  made  plainer.  Tillotson. 

9.  To  incite  :  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  by  influ- 
ence. The  appearance  of  a  formidable 
enemy  put  the  king  on  making  vigorous 
preparations  for  defense. 

T)iis 2nit  me  upon  observing  the  thickness  of 
the  glass.  A~etcion. 

These  wretches  put  us  upon  all  mischief,  to 
feed  their  lusts  and  exlr.avagances.  Swift. 

10.  To  propose  ;  as,  to  put  a  ([uestion  to  the 
witness  ;  to  put  a  case  in  point. 

11.  To  reach  to  another.    Hab.  ii. 

12.  To  bring  iiuo  a  state  of  mind  or  temper. 

Solyman,  to  jiut  the  Khodians  out  of  all  sus- 
picion of  hivasion —  Knolle?. 


PUT 


PUT 


P  U  T 


13.  To  offer ;  to  advance. 

I  am  ashamed  to  pxit  a  loose  indigested  play 
upon  the  public—  Di-ydtn. 

14.  To  cause. 

The  natural  constitutions  of  men  put  a  wulc 

dilferencc  between  them,  Locke. 

To  put  about,  to  turn ;  to  change  the  course  ; 

to  gibe  .ship. 
To  put  by,  to  turn  away  ;  to  divert. 

The  design  of  the  evil  one  is  to  put  thee  by 
from  thy  spiritual  employment.  Taylor. 

A  frigiit  hath  ;m(  by  an  ague  fit.  Grew. 

2.  To  thrust  aside. 

Jonathan  had  died  for  being  so. 
Had  not  just  Goi  put  by  th'  unnatural  blow. 

Cowley. 
To  put  down,  to  baffle ;  to  repress  ;  to  crush  ; 
as,  to  put  doicn  a  party. 

2.  To  degrade  ;  to  deprive  of  authority,  po  w 
er  or  place. 

3.  To  bring  into  disuse. 

Sugar  hath  put  down  the  use  of  honey.  Obs. 

Bacon 

4.  To  confute ;  to  silence. 

Mark   now  how  a  plain  tale  shall  put  you 
doti'ti.  Shak 

To  put  forth,  to  propose  ;  to  offer  to  notice. 
Sampson  said,  I  will  now  put  fortli  a  riddle 
to  you.    Juilgcs  xiv. 

2.  To  e-ttend  ;  to  reach  ;  as,  to  pui  forth  the 
hand. 

3.  To  shoot  out ;  to  send  out,  as  a  sprout ;  as, 
to  put  forth  leaves. 

4.  To  exert;  to  bring  into  action  ;  as,  to;>!rf 
forth  strength. 

5.  To  publisli,  as  a  book. 

To  put  in,  to  introduce  among  others ;  as, 
to  put  in  a  word  while  others  are  discours- 
ing. 

2.  To  insert ;  as,  to  put  in  a  passage  or 
clause  ;  to  put  in  a  cion. 

3.  To  conduct  into  a  harbor. 

To  put  in  fear,  to  affright;  to  make  fearful. 

To  put  in  mind,  to  remind  ;  to  call  to  remem- 
brance. 

To  put  in  practice,  lo  use;  to  exercise;  as, 
to  put  in  practice  the  ma.xims  of  the  wise 
man. 

To  put  into  another's  hands,  to  trust ;  to  com- 
mit to  the  care  of. 

To  put  off,  to  divest ;  to  lay  aside ;  as,  to  put 
off  a  robe  ;  to  put  q/?' mortality  or  the  mor 
tal  body  ;  to  put  o_/f  iiaughty  airs. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  a  purpose  or  demand; 
to  defeat  or  delay  by  artifice. 

I  hoped  for  a  demonstration,  but  Themistices 
hopes  to  put  me  off  with  a  harangue.       Boyle. 

This  is  an  unreasonable  demand,  and  we 
might /)«(  him  q^with  this  answer.      Bentley. 

3.  To  delay  ;  to  defer ;  to  postpone.  How 
generally  do  men  put  off  the  care  of  their 
salvation  to  future  opportunities  ! 

4.  To  pass  fallaciously  ;  to  cause  to  be  cir 
culated  or  received  ;  as,  to  put  off  upon  the 
world  some  jilausible  reports  or  ingenious 
theory. 

5.  To  discard. 

The  clothier.s  all  put  off 
The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers — 

Shak. 

6.  To  recommend  ;  to  vend  ;  to  obtrude. 

Bacon. 

7.  To  vend  ;  to  sell. 

8.  To  pass  into  other  hands;  as,  to  put  off 
a  counterfeit  coin  or  note. 

9.  To  push  from  land ;  as,  to  put  off  the 
boat. 


To  put  on  or  upon,  to  imi)ute  ;  to  charge ; 
a.s,  to  put  one's  own  crime  or  blame  07i 
another. 

2.  To  invest  with,  as  clothes  or  covering  ;  as, 
to  put  on  a  cloke. 

3.  To  assume ;  as,  to  put  on  a  grave  counte- 
nance ;  to  put  on  a  counterfeit  appearance. 

Mercury — put  on  the  shape  of  a  man. 

V  Estrange. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  promote. 

This  came  handsomely  to  put  on  the  peace. 
Obs.  Bacon. 

5.  To  impose  ;  to  inflict. 

That  which  thoa  puttest  on  me,  I  will  bear. 
2  Kings  xviii. 
To  be  put  upon,  to  be  imposed  on  ;  to  be  de- 
ceived ;  used  chiefly  in  the  passive  form. 
To  put  over,  to  refer ;  to  send. 

For  the  certain  knowledge  of  that  truth, 
I  put  you  o'er  to  heaven  and  to  my  raotlier. 

Shak 
2.  To  defer ;  to  postpone.    The  court  put 

over  the  cause  to  the  next  term. 

To  put  out,  to  place  at  interest  ;  to  lend  at 

use.    Money  put  out  at  compound  interest, 

nearly  doubles  in  eleven  years. 

2.  To  extinguish ;  as,  to  put  out  a  candle, 
lamp  or  fire  ;  to  put  out  the  remains  of  af- 
fection. Addison. 

3.  To  send ;  to  emit ;  to  shoot;  as  a  bud  or 
sprout ;  as,  to  put  out  leaves. 

4.  To  extend  ;  to  reach  out ;  to  protrude ; 
as,  to  put  out  the  hand. 

5.  To  drive  out ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss. 
When    I    am  jiut  out   of    the    stewardship 

Luke  xvi. 

6.  To  publisli ;  to  make  public  ;  as,  to  put 
out  a  pamphlet.     [JVoiv  vulgar.] 

7.  To  confuse  ;  to  disconcert ;  to  interrupt ; 
as,  to  put  one  out  in  reading  or  speaking. 

To  put  out  the  eyes,  to  destroy  tlie  power  of 

siglit ;  to  render  blind. 
To  put  to,  to  add  ;  to  unite  ;  as,  to  put  one 

sum  to  another. 

2.  To  refer  to ;  to  expose ;  as,  to  put  the 
fate  of  the  army  or  nation  to  a  battle  ;  to 
p>U  the  safety  of  the  state  to  hazard. 

3.  To  piuiish  by ;  to  tlistress  by ;  as,  to  put 
a  man  to  the  rack  or  torture. 

To  put  to  it,  to  distress ;  to  press  hard  ;  to 
perplex;  to  give  difliculty  to. 

0  gentle  lady,  do  uot  put  me  to  7.  Shak. 
To  be  put  to  it,  in  the  passive  form,  to  have 

difficulty. 

1  shall  be  hard  put  to  it  to  bring  myself  off. 

..'tUdUon. 

To  put  the  hand  to,  to  apply  ;  to  take  bold  ; 

to  begin  ;  to  undertake  ;  as,  to  put  the  hand 

to  the  plow.     See  Deut.  xii.  7. 

2.  To  take  by  theft  or  wrong  ;  to  embezzle. 

Then  shall  an  oath  of  the  Lord  be  between 

them  both,  that  he  hath  not  ptit  his    tiand  to 

his  neighbor's  goods.     Ex.  xxii. 

To  put  to  the  sword,  to  kill ;  to  slay.      Bacon. 

To  put  to  death,  to  kill. 

2J)  put  to  a  stand,  to  stop ;  to  ari-est  by  ob- 
stacles or  difficulties. 

To  put  to  trial,  or  o;i  trial,  to  bring  before  a 
court  and  jury  for  examination  and  decis- 
ion. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  test ;  to  try. 

To  put  together,  to  unite  in  a  sum,  mass  or 
compound  ;  to  add  ;  as,  to  put  two  sums 
together;  put  together  the  ingredients. 

2.  To  unite;  to  comiect.  Pu<  the  two  chains 
together. 

3.  To  place  in  company  or  in  one  society. 


To  put  trust  in,  to  confide  in ;  to  repose  con- 
fidence in. 
To  put  up,  to  pass  imavcnged  ;  to  overlook  ; 
not  to  punish  or  resent;  as,  to  put  up  inju- 
ries; to /)u<  u/;  indignities. 

Such  national  injuries  arc  not  to  be  put  up, 
but  when  the  offender  is  below  resentment. 

Jlddison. 
[I  have  never  heard  this  phra.se  used  in 
America.     We  always  say,  to  put  up  with  ; 
we  cannot  put  up  with  such  injuries.] 

2.  To  send  fortli  or  shoot  up,  as  plants  ;  as, 
to  put  up  muslirooms.     Obs.  Bacon. 

3.  To  expose  ;  to  offer  publicly ;  as,  to  put 
up  goods  to  sale  or  auction. 

4.  To  start  from  a  cover.     Obs.      Spectator. 

5.  To  hoard. 

Himself  never /)u<  up  any  of  the  rent. 

Spelman. 

6.  To  reposit  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up 
apples  for  winter. 

7.  To  [)ack  ;  to  reposit  in  casks  with  salt 
for  preservation  ;  as,  to  put  up  pork,  beef 
or  fish. 

8.  To  liide  or  lay  aside.    Put  up  that  letter. 

Shak. 

9.  To  put  in  a  trunk  or  box ;  to  pack ;  as, 
to  put  up  clothing  for  a  journey. 

PUT,  V.  i.  To  go  or  move ;  as,  when  the 
air  first /)u(«  up.     Obs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  steer. 

His  fury  thus  appeas'd,  he  puis  to  land. 

Dry den. 

.3.  To  shoot;  to  germinate. 

The  sap  7)U(s  downward.  Bacon. 

To  put  forth,  10  shoot ;  to  bud;  to  germinate. 

Take  earth  from  under  walls  where   nettles 

putforth.  Bacon. 

2.  To  leave  a  port  or  haven.  Shak. 

To  put  in,  to  enter  a  harbor;  to  sail  info 
port. 

2.  To  offer  a  claim.  A  puts  in  for  a  share 
of  profits. 

To  put  in  for,  to  offer  one's  self;  to  stand  as 
a  candidate  for.  Locke. 

To  put  off,  to  leave  land. 

To  put  on,  to  urge  motion ;  to  drive  vehe- 
mently. 

To  put  over,  to  sail  over  or  across.         Abbot. 

To  put  to  sea,  to  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voy- 
age ;  to  advance  into  tlie  ocean.     Drydcn. 

To  put  up,  to  take  lodgings  ;  to  lodge.  We 
put  up  at  the  Golden  Ball. 

2.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

UEslrange. 

To  put  up  to,  to  advance  to.     [LitUe  used/] 

Swifl. 

To  put  tip  tvith,  to  overlook  or  suffer  without 
recompense,  pujiishmont  or  resentment ; 
as,  to  put  tip  with  an  injury  or  afiront. 

2.  To  take  without  o[)position  or  dissatisfac- 
tion ;  as,  to  put  up  with  bad  fare. 

This  verb,  in  all  its  uses,  retains  its  pri- 
mary sense,  to  set,  throw,  thrust,  send,  Sec. ; 
but  its  signification  is  modified  in  a  great 
variety  of  ways,  by  other  words  standing 
in  connection  with  it. 

Put,  n.  An  action  of  distress;  as  a  forced 
put.  L'Estrange. 

2.  A  game  at  cards. 

PUT,  n.  [Qu.  W.  pwf,  a  short  thick  person.] 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown. 

PUT,  n.  [Fr.pulain;  W.putan;  It.  putta, 
puttano ;  Sp.  puta.]  A  strumpet ;  a  pros- 
titute. 


PUT 


P  Y  G 


P  Y  R 


Put  case,  for  put  the  case,  suppose  the  case  to 
be  so  ;  a  vulgar  or  at  least  inelegant 
pliiase.  Burton. 

PU'TAGE,  n.  [See  Put,  a  prostitute.]  In 
Imv,  prostitution  or  fornication  on  the  part 
of  a  female.  Cowel. 

PU'TANISM,  n.  [Fr.  putanisme.]  Custom- 
ary lewdness  or  prostitution  of  a  female. 

PU'TATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  putatif;  It.  putativo ; 
from  L.  puto,  to  suppose.] 

Supposed;  reputed;  commonly  thought  or 
deemed;  as  the  putative  father  of  a  child. 

PU'TID,  «.  [L.  putidus,  from  puteo,  to  have 
an  ill  smell  ;  W.  pwd.]  Mean  ;  base  ; 
worthless.  U  Estrange.     Taylor. 

PU'TIDNESS,  n.  Meanness;  vileness. 

PUT' LOG,  n.  A  short  piece  of  timber  used 
in  scaffolds.  Moxon. 

PUT-OFF,  n.  An  excuse  ;  a  shift  for  eva- 
sion or  delay.  L'Estrartge. 

PUTRED'INOUS,  a.  [from  L.  putredo, 
from  putreo,  putris.] 

Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  partaking 
of  the  putrefactive  process;  having  an  of 
fensive  smell.  Floyer. 

PUTREFACTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L. /)it(re 
/actio;  pulris,  putrid,  aud facia,  to  niake.J 

A  natural  process  by  which  animal  and  ve- 
getable bodies  are  disorganized  and  dis- 
solved, or  reduced  to  their  original  se])a- 
rate  elements.  Putrefaction  is  greatly  ac- 
celerated by  heat  and  moisture. 

PUTREFACTIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  putre- 
faction ;  as  the  putrefactive  smell  or  pro- 
cess. 

2.  Tending  to  promote  putrefaction;  caus- 
ing putrefaction.  Brown. 

PU'TREFIED,  pp.  Dissolved;  rotten. 

PU'TREFY,  v.t.  [F.  putrefcr;  L.  pulrefa- 
cio  ;  pu/ris,  iiutrid,  andyiicio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  cause  to  dissolve  ;  to  disorganize  and 
reduce  to  the  simple  constituent  elements, 
as  animal  or  vegetable  bodies ;  to  cause  to 
rot.  Heat  and  moisture  soon  putrefy  dead 
flesh  or  vegetables. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  make  foul ;  as,  to  putrefy 
the  air.     [Little  used.]  Sliak 

3.  To  make  morbid,  carious  or  gangrenous  ; 
as,  io  putrefy  an  ulcer  or  wound. 

Wiseman.     Temple. 

PU'TREFY,    V.  i.  To  dissolve   and   return 
to  the  original  distinct  elements,  as   ani- 
mal and  vegetable  substances  deprived  of 
the  living  principle  ;  to  rot. 
PUTRES'CENCE,  n.  [from  L.  putrescens, 

putresco.] 
The  state    of  dissolving,  as    an  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  ;  a  putrid  state. 

Brown. 
PUTRES'CENT,  a.  Becoming  putrid  ;  pass- 
ing from  an  organized  state  into  the  con- 
stituent elements.  Brown. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  process  of  putrefaction  ; 

as  a  putrescent  smell. 
PUTRES'CIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  putrefi 
ed ;  liable  to   become  putrid ;  as  putresci 
Me  substances.  Ramsay,  Hist. 

PU'TRID,     a.     [Fr.   putride ;    L.   putridus, 

from  pulris,  putreo.] 
1.  In  a  state  of  dissolution  or  disorganiza- 
tion, as  animal  and  vegetable  bodies ;  cor- 
rupt ;  rotten  ;  as  putrid  flesh. 
Indicating  a  state  of  dissolution  ;  tending 
to  disorganize  the  substances  composing 
(he  body;  malignant;  as  a  ;)u/nd  fever. 


3.  Proceeding  from  putrefaction  or  pertain 

ing  to  it;  as  sl putrid  scent. 
PU'TRIDNESS,  I       The  state  of  being  pu 
PUTRIU'ITY,     (,  "•  trid  ;  corruption. 

Floyer. 
PU'TRY,  a.  Rotten.     [.Vo<  used.] 

Marslon 

PUT'TER,  n.  [from  put.]  One  who  puts  or 

places.  L'Estransre. 

PUT'TER-ON,  n.  An  inciter  or  instigator. 

Shak. 
PUT'TING,  ppr.  [from  put.]  Setting  ;  plac- 
ing; laying. 
PUT'TING-STONE,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  stone 
laid  at  the  gates  of  great  houses  for  trials 
of  .strength.  Johnson.     Pop' 

PUT'TOe,  n.  A  kite.  Spenser. 

Puttoc-shrouds,  probably  a  mistake  for  fut 

toc-shrouds. 
PUT'TY,  n.    [Sp.  Port,  potea.]     A  kind  of 
paste  or  cement  compounded  of  whiting 
and  lintseed  oil,  beaten  or  kneaded  to  the 
consistence  of  dough  ;   used   in  fastening 
gla.ss  in  sashes  and  in  stopping  crevices. 
A  powder  of  calcined  tin,  used  in  polish 
ing  glass  and  steel.  Encyc. 

PUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  [from  the  root  otpose,  which 

see.] 
1.  To  perplex  ;  to  embarrass;  to  ))ut  to   a 
stand ;  to  gravel. 

A  shrewd  disputant  in  those  points,  is  dexter- 
ous in  puzzling  others.  More 
He    is    perpetually  puzzled   and    perplexed 
amidst  his  own  blunders.                         Addison. 
"2.  To  make  intricate ;  to  entangle. 

The  ways  of  heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 
PuzzVd  in  mazes  and  perplex'd  witli  error. 

Addison 

PUZ'ZLE,  V.  i.    To  be  bewildered  ;  to    be 
awkward.  UEslrange 

PUZ'ZLE,  11.    Perplexity  ;  embarrassment 

Bacon. 

PUZ'ZLED,  pp.   Perplexed  ;  intricate  ;  put 
to  a  stand. 

PUZ'ZLE-HEADED,  a.  Having  the  head 
fidl  of  confused  notions.  Johnson. 

PUZ'ZLER,  n.  One  that  perplexes. 

embarrass 


PUZZLING,  ;;/»•.  Perple.ving  , 
ing ;  bewildering. 

PUZ'ZOLAN,      }       A  loose  porous  volcan- 

PUZZOLA'NA,  S  "'  'C  substance  or  stone 

PYC'NITE,  n.  [Qu.  Or.  .-tvx.o;,  compact.] 

A  mineral,  the  shorhte  of  Kirwan,  or  sljorl- 
ous   topaz    of  Jameson.     It   usually  ap- 
pears in  long  irregular  prisms  or  cylin 
ders,  longitudinally  striated,  and  united  in 
bundles.  Werner.     Clcaveland. 

PYC'NOST\^LE,  n.  [Gr.  nvxm,  thick,  and 
;vXos,  column.] 

In  ancient  architeclure,  a  building  where  the 
columns  stand  very  close  to  each  other 
only  one  diameter  and  a  half  of  the  col 
umn  being  allowed  to  each  intercohnnni 
ation.  Encyc. 

PYE,  n.  [probably  a  contracted  word,  and 
the  same  as  pie,  a  mass. 

A  confused  mass;  the  state  of  printing  types 
when  the  sorts  are  mixed. 

PYE,  H.  A  bird.     [SeePiV.] 

iPY'GARG,         (         [Gr.Ttryapyo;.]    A  fowl  of 
PYG'ARGUS,  ^  "•  the  genus  Faico,  the  fe- 
male of  the  hen  harrier.  Ed.  Encyc 
PYGMEAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pygmy  oi 
dwarf;  very  small ;  dwarfish.  Milton 


PYG'MY,    n.    [Fr.  pygmie  ;  It.  pigmeo ;  L, 
pjlgm(EUs;  Gr.  rtny/uuo;,   from  nvynr;,  the 
hst ;  as  big  as  the  fist.] 
A  dwarf;  a  person  not  exceeding  a  cubit  in 
highth.     This   appellation  was    given  by 
the  ancients  to  a  fabulous  race  of  beings 
inhabiting  Thrace,  who  waged  war  with 
tlie  cranes  and  were  destroyed.        Encyc. 
PYL'AGORE,  »j.    [Gr.   rtvJwyopaj.]     In  an- 
cient Greece,  a  delegate  or  representative 
of  a  city,  sent  to  the  Amphictyonic  coun- 
cil. Mitfurd. 
PY^LOR'IC,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  pylorus: 

as  the  pyloric  artery. 
PYLO'RUS,  11.  [Gr.  jtrAupos,  from  rtvxij,  a 

gate.] 

The  lower  and  right  orifice  of  the  stomach. 

Coxe. 
PYR'ACANTH,    n.     [Gr.  nvpaxmOa,  fiery 

thorn.] 
A  plant ;  a  kind  of  thorn  of  the  genus  Mes- 
piliis.  Mason.     Lee. 

PYRAL'LOLITE,  n.  [Gr.  rttip,  fire,  aiaoj 
and  XiSos ;  alluding  to  its  changes  of  color 
before  the  blowpipe.] 
A  new  mineral  found  in  Finland,  massive 
and  in  crystals,  friable  and  yielding  to  the 
knife.  Its  color  is  greenish.  Clcaveland. 
PYR'AMID,  n.  [Fr.pyramide  ;  It.  piramide  ; 
L.  pyramis  ;  Gr.  Ttvpafti;.  The  origin  and 
composition  of  this  word  are  not  ascer- 
tained. It  is  supposed  that  the  Gr.  Xvp, 
fire,  forms  one  of  its  component  parts ; 
but  W.  bera  is  a  pyramid,  and  a  stack  of 
corn.] 

A  solid  body  standing  on  a  triangular,  square 
or  polygonal  base,  and  terminating  in  a 
point  at  the  top ;  or  in  geometry,  a  solid 
figure  consisting  of  several  triangles, 
whose  bases  are  all  in  the  same  plane, 
and  which  have  one  common  vertex. 

Encyc. 
The  pyramids  of  Egypt  may  have  been 
erected  ti)  the  sun,  during  the  prevalence 
of  Sahianisni. 

A  pyramid  is  tbrined  by  the  meeting  of 
three  or  more  [ilanes  at  a  point  termed 
the  apex.  Phillips. 

PYRAMIDAL,  a.  [Fr.  pyramidale;  ll.pira- 

midiUe.]     Pyramidical. 
PYRAMID'ICAL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
pyramid. 

Tiie  particles  of  earth  being  cubical,  those 
of  liio,  ji/pimiiiHcal.  Enfield  on  Plato. 

A  pi/ramidical  lock.  Goldsmith. 

PYRAMID'ICALLY',  adv.  In  the  form  of 
a  pyramid.  Bacon. 

PYRAM'IDOID,  I        [pyramid     and     Gr. 
PYR'AMOID,       $  "■   »8o5,  form.] 
A  solid  figure,  formed  by  the  rotation  of  a 
semi-i)arabola  about  its  base  or  greatest 
onlinate. 
PYR'AMIS,  n.  [L.]  A  pyramid.        Bacon. 
PYRE,  n.  [L.  pyra.]  A  funeral  pile  ;  a  pile 
to  hn  burnt.  Pope. 

PYR'ENITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish 
black  color,  foiuul  in  the  Pyrenees,  and 
considered  as  a  variety  of  garnet.  It  oc- 
curs in  minute  rhombic  dodecahedrons. 

Cleavelatid. 
PYRETOL'06Y,    n.    [Gr.    rtvfifo;,   fever, 

from  rtvp,  fire,  and  Xoyo;,  discourse.] 
.\  discourse  or  treatise  on  fevers,  or  the  doc- 
iriiH'  of  fevers.  Hooper. 

PYR'GOM,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  fassa- 
ite. 


P  Y  R 


P  Y  R 


1'   Y  X 


PYR'IFORM,  a.  [L.  pyrum,  a  pear,  and 
form.]     Having  the  form  ofajjcar. 

Gregory. 
PYRITA'CEOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  pyrite. 

[See  Pipilic]  Lavoisier. 

PYR'lTli,  n.  lAu.  pyrites.  [Gr.  nvpiTtis,  from 

rtiip,  fire.]  j 

Fire-stone;  a  genus  of  inflnmniulile  substan-j 

ces  composeil  ol'siilpliur  and  iron  or  other 

metal;  a  bulpliuret  of  iron  or  other  metal. 

Hence  salile  coal  liis  massy  couch  extends, 

AjiU  stars  of  gold  the  .sparkling  ;/irr((e  blends. 

Vanrin. 

[I  have  anglicized  this  word,  according 
to  Unrwin  and  the  French  mineralogists ; 
making  pyrites  a  regular  phual.] 

PYRIT'IC,        i        Pertaining    to     pyrite  ; 

PYRIT'It'AL,  >  a.  consisting  of  or  re-sem- 

PYR'ITOIJS,   >        bling  pyrite. 

PYRITIF'KR(JUS,  a.  [pyrite  and  h.  fero, 
to  i)roduce.]  Containing  or  producing 
pyrite. 

PYR'ITIZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  i>yritc. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

PYRITOL'OgY,  n.  [pyrite  and  Gr.  Xoyoj, 
discourse.]  A  discourse  or  treatise  on  pyr- 
ites. Fourcroy. 

PYR'OGOM,  n.  A  variety  of  diopside. 

Ure. 

PYROL'ATRY,  n.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  J.a- 
*pfio,  worship.]     The  worship  of  fire. 

Young. 

PYROLIG'NEOUS,  )        [Gr.  «vp,  fire,  and' 

PYKOLUJ'NIC,         >  a.  L.    ligneus,    from 

PYKOLIG'NOU.S,     )        lignum,  wood.]      | 

Generated  or  i)rocured  by  tlie  distillation  of 
wood  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  acid  obtain- 
ed by  the  distillation  of  wood.     Chimistry. 

PYROLIG'NITE,  n.  [supra.]  A  salt  form- 
ed by  the  combination  of  pyrohguous 
acid  vvitli  anolher  substance. 

PYROLlTH'I€,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  uOof, 
stone.] 

The  pyrolithic  acid  is  an  acid  of  recent  dis- 
covery. It  is  obtained  fron)  the  silvery 
white  plates  which  sulilinic  from  uric  acid 
concretions,  when  distilled  in  a  retort. 

PYROL'OlilST,  ».  [See  Pyrology.]  A  be- 
hever  in  tlie  doctrine  of  latent  heat. 

Black. 

PYROL'OtiY,  n.  [Gr.  .-tip,  fire,  and  ^oyoj, 
discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  heat ;  or  the  natural  history 
of  heat,  latent  and  sensible.  Mitchill. 

PYROM'ALATE,  n.  [See  Pyromatic.]  A 
compound  of  malic  acid  and  a  salifiable 
base.  Ure. 

PtROMA'LIe,   rt.    [Gr.  «rp,  fire,   and   L 

malum,  an  apple.] 
The  ])yromalic  acid  is  a  substance  obtained 

by  distillation  from  the  malic  acid. 
PYR'OMANCY,  n.   [Gr.  rtip,   fire,  and  fiw- 

tna,  divination.]     Di\  ination  by  fire. 

Encyc. 


PYROMAN'TIC,    a.    Pertaining   to   i)yro-| 

mancy. 
PYROMAN'TIC,  n.  One  who  pretends  to 

divine  by  fire.  Herbert.. 

PYROM'ETER,  n.  [Gr.  rtup,  fire,  and /terpoi, 

measure.]  j 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  expan- 
sion of  bodies  by  heat.  ! 

2.  An  in.strunient  for  measuring  degrees  of 
heat  above  those  indicated  by  the  mercu- 
rial thermometer;  as  the  pyrometer  of 
Wedgewood. 

PYROMU'CITE,  n.  A  combination  of  py-j 
romucous  acid  with  another  substance. 

PYROMU'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  L. 
mucus.] 

The  pyromucous  acid  is  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  sugar  or  other  saccharine  sub- 
stance. 

I'YR'OPE,  n.  [Gr.  jtupujioj;  rtvp,  fire,  and 
w4,  face.] 

A  mineral  regarded  as  a  variety  of  garnet, 

occurring  in  small  masses  or  grains,  neveri 

in  crystals.     Its  color  is  a  poppy  or  bloodi 

red,  frequently  with  a  tinge  of  orange.       i 

Brochant.     Cleavcland.] 

PYR'OPHANE,  n.  [Gr.  rtip,  fire,  and  ^aroj, 
clear.] 

A  mineral  which  in  its  natural  state  is! 
opake,  but  rendered  transparent  by  heat. 

Kincan 

PVROPII'ANOUS,  a.  Rendered  transparent 

by  heat. 
P\  koPII'OROUS,   a.    Pertaining  to  or  re 

sembling  pyrophorus. 

PYROPH'ORL'S,  n.  [Gr.  rtip,  fire,  and 
ijiopoj,  bearing.] 

\  substance  which  takes  fire  on  e,\i)OSure  to 
air,  or  which  maintains  or  retains  light. 

Thomson. 

PYROPHYS'ALITE.  [See  Topaz  and 
Physalite.]  i 

PYROR'TI  tITE,  71.  A  mineral  little  known,' 
resembling  orthite,  but  very  ditterent  from 
it,  for  it  burns  in  the  flame  of  the  blow-' 
pipe  like  charcoal ;  whereas  orthite  melts. 
Pyrorthite  is  in  black  plates,  thin  and  al- 
most parallel.  Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

PYR'OSeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  rtrp,  fire,  and  5xoniu,| 
to  view.]  I 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  pulsatory 
motion  of  the  air,  or  the  intensity  of  heat 
radiating  from  a  fire.  heslie. 

PYROS'MALITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  liver 
brown  color,  or  pistachio  green,  occurring 
in  six  sided  prisms,  of  a  lamellar  struc- 
ture, found  in  Sweden.  Phillips. 

PYROTARTARIC,      /        [Gr.    rtvy.    fire, 

PYROTARTAROUS,  \  "■  and  tartar.] 

Denoting  an  acid  obtained  by  distilling  pure 
tartrite  of  ))otash. 

PYROT-ARTRITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  pyrotartarous  acid 
with  another  substance.  Hooper. 


)       [Gr.    nvp,    fire, 
^    ■   and   Tfxir,,  art.] 


PYROTECHNIC, 
PYROTECU'MCAL, 

Pertaining  to  fire  works  or  the  art  of  form- 
ing them. 

PYROTECHNICS,?  [supra.]  The  art 
PYR'OTECHNY,  ^  "•  of  making  fire 
works;  or  the  science  which  teaches  the 
management  and  application  of  fire  in  its 
various  operations,  in  gunnery,  rockets, 
&c. 

PYROTECHNIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  pyro- 
techny.  Stevens. 

PYROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rtvpou,  to  burn.]  Caus- 
tic.    [See  Caustic] 

PYROT'IC,  n.  A  caustic  medicine. 

PYR'OXENE,  n.  [Gr.  rtvp,  fire,  and  Inos,  a 
stranger;  a  guest  in  fire,  unaltered.] 

Augite.  ire. 

A  species  of  minerals  of  the  class  of  stones, 
which  has  been  natned  volcanic  shorl  ; 
but  it  is  a  family  which  comprehends  ma- 
ny substances  of  diflcrent  appearances. 
It  is  almost  always  crystalized,  but  in 
complicated  forms.  Did.  .\"at.  Hist. 

PYROXEN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  pyroxene, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities.         Humboldt. 

PYR'RHIC,  n.  [L.  pyrrhichius ;  Gr.  rtvp- 
P'Z'oj,  from  rtvpfuxV:  "  nindjle  dance.] 

1.  In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  short 
syllables. 

2.  An  ancient  military  dance. 

PYRRHON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pyrrhon- 
ism. 

PYR'RHONISM,    n.     [from    Pynho,    the 
founder  of  the  sceptics.]  Sccjiticism  ;  uni- 
.    versal  doubt. 

PYR'RHONIST,  n.    A  sceptic;    one   who 

doubts  of  every  thing. 
PYTHAGO'REAN,  n.    A  follower  of  Py- 
thagoras, the  founder  of  the  Italic  sect  of 
philosophers. 
PYTHAGO  REAN,  )       lielonging   to  the 
PYTHAGOR'IC,        }a.  philosophy  of  Py- 
PYTIIAGOR'ICAL, )       thagoras." 
PYTIIAG'ORISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Py- 
thagoras. More. 
PYTII'LVN,  a.  [from  Pythia,  the   i)riestess 
of  Apollo.] 

Pertaining  to  the  priestess  of  Apollo,  who 
delivered  oracles. 

PYTHONESS,  71.  [from  L.  Pytho,  Gr. 
nv9uv,  a  dragon  or  serpent.] 

A  sort  of  witch  ;  also,  the  female  or  priestess 
who  gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi,  in 
Greece.  Milfurd. 

PYTHON'IC,  a.  Pretending  to  foretell  fu- 
ture events. 

PYTH  ONIST,  ?!.  A  conjurer. 

PYX,  n.  [L.  pyxis  ;  Gr.  ni|i;.]  The  box  in 
which  the  catholics  keej)  the  host. 

Cranmer. 


a. 


a  u  A 


Q  is  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the  EngHsh 
Alphabet ;  an  articulation  borrowed  from 
the  oriental  koph  or  qoph,  Ch.  and  Heb.  p. 

Samaritan  y,   Syriac  oi  Arabic    j"   Kaf. 

It  is  supposed  to  be  an  articulation  more 
deeply  guttural  than  that  of  K ;  indeed  it 
might  have  been  pronounced  as  we  pro- 
nounce qu ;  for  we  observe  that  in  the 
Latin  language,  from  which  the  moderns 
have  borrowed  the  letter,  it  is  always  fol 
lowed  by  u,  as  it  is  in  English.  This  let 
ter  is  not  in  the  Greek  alphabet.  In  our 
mother  tongue,  the  Anglo  Saxon,  this  let- 
ter is  not  used  ;  but  in  the  place  of  qu,  cu, 
or  more  generally,  cw  is  used  ;  as  in  avic, 
quick  ;  cwen,  queen.  This  letter  is  super- 
fluous ;  for  ku  or  koo,  in  English,  have 
precisely  the  same  sounds  as  qu.  It  is  al- 
ledged  that  in  expressing  q,  the  cheeks  are 
contracted,  and  the  lips  put  into  a  canu- 
lar  form,  for  the  passage  of  the  breath ; 
circumstances  which  distinguish  it  from 
k.  This  appears  to  be  a  mistake.  This 
position  of  the  organs  is  entirely  owing  to 
the  following  letter  ii ;  and  kiiestion  &i\(i 
question  are  pronounced  precisely  alike, 
and  with  the  same  configuration  of  the 
organs.  For  qtt  in  English,  the  Dutch 
use  kio,  the  Germans  qu,  the  Swedes 
and  the  Danes  qv,  which  answer  to  our 
ktv.  The  Gothic  has  a  character  which 
answers  to  qu.  It  appears  then  that  q  is 
precisely  k,  with  this  difference  in  use 
that  q  is  always  followed  by  u  in  English, 
and  k  is  not.  Q,  never  ends  an  English 
word.  Its  name  crie,  is  said  to  be  from  the 
French  queue,  a  tail. 
As  a  numeral,  Q.  stands  for  500,  and  with  a 

dash,  Q,  for  500,000. 
Used  as  an  abbreviation,  Q.  stands  for  quan- 
lity,  or  quarduni ;  as  among  physicians,  q. 
pi.  quantum  placet,  as  much  as  you  please; 
q.  s.  quantum  siijficit,  as  much  as  is  requir 
ed,  or  as  is  suflicient. 
Among  mathematicians,  Q.  E.  D.  stands  for 
quod  erat  demonstrandum,  which  was  to  be 
demonstrated  ;  Q.  E.  F.  quod  eratfacien 
dum,  which  was  to  be  done. 
In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  Q.  stands   for 
Quintus,  or  Qiiinlius  ;   Quint,  for  Qu?n(t7 
ius  ;  aiui  Quffis.  for  quiestor. 
In  English,  Q,.  is  an  abbreviation   for   ques- 
tion. 
UUaB,    n.    [G.  quajipe ;    D.   kwab ;    Dan 

qvabbe.] 

A  fish  of  Russian  rivers,  which  delights  in 

clear  water.  Diet.  J\"at.  Hist. 

(iUACHlL'TO,  n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the 

moor-hen  kind,  of  a  fine  black  color  varie 

gated  with  white.     Its  voice  resembles  the 

crowing  of  acock.  Diet.  J^af.  Hist. 

QUACK,    1'.   i.    [D.   kwaaken,    G.    quaken, 

Dan.  qvnkker,  to  croak.] 
J .  To  cry  like  a  duck  or  goose.  Kin, 


a  u  A 

To  boast ;  to  bounce;  to  talk  noisily  and 
ostentatiously ;  as,  pretenders  to  medical 
skill  quack  of  their  cures.  Hudibras. 

QUACK,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  boaster: 
one  who  pretends  to  skUl  or  knowledge 
which  he  does  not  possess.  Felton. 

2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill 
which  he  does  not  possess ;  an  empiric ; 
an  ignorant  practitioner.  Addison. 

QUACK'ERY,  n.  The  boastful  pretensions 
or  mean  practice  of  an  ignoramus,  par- 
ticularly in  medicine ;  empiricism. 

QUACK'ISH,  a.  Like  a  quack  ;  boasting 
of  skill  not  possessed;  trickish.        Burke. 

QUACK'ISM,  n.  The  practice  of  quackery. 

Jlsh 

QUACK'LED,      /      Almost  choked  or  suf- 

QUACK'ENED,  S  "'  focated. 

QUACK'SALVER,  n.  [Sw.  qvacksalfvare ; 
quack  and  sah'e.] 

One  who  boasts  of  his  skill  in  medicines  and 
salves,  or  of  the  eflScacy  of  his  prescrip- 
tions ;  a  charlatan.  Broimi.     Burton. 

QUAD,  a.    [D.  kviaad.]    Evil;    bad.     [Xot 
sed.]  Cower. 

QUaD'RAGENE,  n.  [L.  quadrageni.]  A 
papal  indulgence  multiplying  remissions 
by  forties.  Taylor. 

QUaDRAGES'I3IA,  n.  [L.  qvadragesimus, 
fortieth,  from  quatuor,  four.] 

Lent ;  so  called  because  it  consists  of  forty 
days.  Encyc 

QUaDRAgESTMAL,  a.  [supra.]  Belong- 
ing to  Lent ;  used  in  Lent.  Sanderson. 

QUaDRAgES'IIMALS,    7!.    plu.     [supra. 
Offerings   formerly  made  to  the  mother 
church  on  mid-lent  Sunday. 

QUAD'RANGLE,  n.  [h.quadratus,  S(]uave, 
from  quatuor,  four,  and  angulus,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  quadrilateral  figure;  a  square; 
a  figure  consisting  of  four  sides  and  four 
angles.  Encyc. 

QUADRANGULAR,  a.  [sui)ra.]  Square 
having  four  sides  and  four  angles. 

If'oodward. 

2.  In  botany,  having  four  prominent  angles, 
as  a  stem  or  leaf  Martyn. 

QUAD'RANT,  n.  [L.  quudrans,  a  fourth.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  the  quarter.         Brown. 

2.  In  geomeli-y,  the  quarter  of  a  circle ;  the 
arc  of  a  circle  containing  ninety  degrees; 
also,  the  space  or  area  included  between 
this  arc  and  two  radii  drawn  from  the 
center  to  each  extremity.  Encyc. 

3.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  of 
the  sun  or  stars,  of  great  use  in  astronomy 
and  navigation.  Quadrants  are  variously 
made,  hut  they  all  consist  of  the  quarter 
of  a  circle  whose  limb  is  divided  into 
ninety  degrees  ;  or,  as  in  Iladley's  reflect 
ing  quadrant,  an  arc  of  forty  five  de- 
grees is  made  to  serve  the  same  purpose 
as  an  arc  of  ninety  degrees. 

qiuulnmt  of  altitude,  an  ai)pen(lnge  of  the 
artificial  globe,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass 
of  the  length  of  a  quadrant  of  one  of  tin 


a  u  A 

great  circles  of  the  globe,  and  graduated. 
It  is  filled  to  the  meridian  and  movable 
roHud  to  all  points  of  the  horizon.  It 
serves  as  a  scale  in  measuring  altitudes, 
azimuths,  &c.  Encyc. 

QUaDRANT'AL,  a.  [supra.]  Pertaining 
to  a  quadrant ;  also,  included  in  the  fourth 
part  of  a  circle  ;  as  quadrantal  space. 

Derham. 

QUADRANT'AL,  n.  [supra.]  A  vessel  used 
by  the  Romans  ;  originally  called  amphora. 
It  was  square  and  contained  80  pounds  of 
water.  Encyc. 

QUaD'RAT,    n.    [L.  quadratus,  squared.] 

L  In  printing,  a  piece  of  metal  used  to  fill 
the  void  spaces  between  words,  &c. 
Quadrats  are  of  different  sizes ;  as  m- 
quadrats,  &c. 

A  mathematical  instrument,  called  also 
a  geometrical  square,  and  line  of  shadows. 

Encyc. 

QUaD'RATE,  a.  Square;  having  four 
equal  and  parallel  sides. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts.       Broum. 

3.  Square  ;  equal ;  exact.  Howell. 

4.  Suited;  fitted;  applicable;  correspond- 
ent. Harvey. 

QUaD'RATE,  n.  A  square;  a  surface  with 
four  equal  and  parallel  sides. 

H'otton.     Milton. 

2.  In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  in  which  they  are  distant  from 
each  other  ninety  degrees,  or  the  quarter 
of  a  circle  ;  the  same  as  quartile.  Diet. 

QU.\D'RATE,  V.  i.  [L.  quadro ;  Fr.  quad- 
rer,  cadrer.] 

To  suit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  agree  with  ;  to 
be  accommodated  ;  followed  by  with. 

Aristotle's  rules  for  epic  poetry — cannot  be 
supposed  to  quadrate  exactly  unth  modern  he- 
roic poems.  Jlddison. 

QUADRAT'le,  a.  Square;  denoting  a 
square  or  pertaining  to  it. 

Quadratic  equation,  in  algebra,  an  equation 
in  which  the  unknown  quantity  is  of  two 
dimensions,  or  raised  to  the  second  power ; 
or  one  in  which  the  highest  power  of  the 
unknown  quantity  is  a  square. 

Encyc.     Bailey. 

QUaD'RATRIX,  n.  A  square  or  squared 
figure.  Bailey. 

2.  liigcometn/,  a  mechanical  line  by  meansof 
which  we  can  find  right  lines  equal  to  the 
circumference  of  circles  or  other  curves 
and  their  several  parts.  Encyc. 

QUaD'RATURE,  n.  [L.  (/Marfra(wra.]  The 
act  of  squaring  ;  the  reducing  of  a  figure 
to  a  square.  Thus  the  finding  of  a  square 
which  shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as 
a  circle  or  a  triangle,  is  the  quadrature  of 
that  circle  or  triangle.  Encyc. 

2.  A  quadrate  ;  a  sriuare.  Milton. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  aspect  of  the  moon  when 
distant  from  the  sun  !>0  degrees  or  a  quar- 
ter of  the  circle  ;  or  when  the  moon  is  at  an 
equal  distance  from  the  points  of  con- 
jurictioM  and  ojiposition. 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


f^uadralure  of  curves,  in  mathematics,  the 
finding  of  rectilineal  figiiren  containing 
the  same  areas  as  figures  hounded  by 
curved  lines.  D.  Olmsted. 

QUaD'REL,  )i.  [It.   (jmdrello.]      In   archi 
tectttre,  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  made   of 
chalky  eartli  and  dried  in  the  shade  for 
two  years  ;  so  called  from  being  square. 

Encyc. 

QUaDREN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  quadriennium ; 
quadra  or  quadrans,  from  qualuorr,  four, 
and  annus,  year.] 

1.  Comprising  four  years  ;  as  a  quadrennial 
period. 

2.  Occurring  once  in  four  years ;  as  quad- 
rennial games. 

QUaDREN'NIALLV,  adv.  Once  in  four 
years. 

QUAD'RIBLE,  a.  [L.  quadro,  to  stjuare.] 
That  may  he  squared.  Derham. 

QUADRle.'VP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
cajisuta.] 

In  holanij,  having  four  capsules  to  a  flower 
as  a  quadrirapstdar  pericarp.  J\Iartyn 

QUADRIDEC'IIMAL,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
decern.] 

In  crystalography,  designating  a  crystal 
whose  prism  or  the  middle  part  has  four 
faces  and  twosununits,  containing  togeth- 
er ten  faces. 

QUaDRIDEN  TATE,  a.  [L.  quadra  and 
dentntus,  toothed.] 

In  botany,  having  four  teeth  on  the  edge. 

Marti/n. 

QU.VD'RIFII),  a.  [L.  quadrifidus ;  quadra 
and/nrfo,  to  divide.] 

In  botany,  four-cleft,  as  a  quadrijid  perianth  : 
cut  into   four  segments,  with   linear  sin 
uses  and  straight  margins,  as  a  quadriftd 
leaf  Mnrlyn. 

QUaDRIJU'GOUS,  a.  [L.  quadra  and  'ju- 
gum,  yoke.] 

In  botany,  piimate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets ;  as  a  (/uadrijngous  leaf 

QUADRILATERAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  or 
quatuor,  four,  and  latus,  side.]  Having 
four  siiles  and  four  angles. 

QU.VDRILATERAL,  n.  A  figure  having 
four  sides  and  four  angles ;  a  quadrangu- 
lar fit'ure.  Encyc. 

QUaDRILAT'ERALNESS,  n.  The  prop- 
erty of  having  four  right  lined  sides,  form- 
ing as  nianv  right  angles.  Diet. 

QUADRILIT'ERAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  or  qua- 
tuor, foiw,  and  lilcra,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  four  letters. 

Parkhurst.     Asial.  Res. 

QUADRILLE,  n.    quadrW,  or  cadril'.  [Fr.] 

1.  A  game  played  by  fom-  persons  with  40 
cards,  being  the  remainder  of  the  pack  af- 
ter the  four  tens,  nines  and  eights  are  dis- 
carded. Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance. 

QUAD'RILOBATE,  ?      [L.  quadra,  orqun- 
QUAD'RILOBED,     l"'  tuor,     four,     and 

lobe,  Gr.  >.o(Jo5.] 

In  botany,  having  four  lobes ;  as  a  qnctdritobed 
leaf  Martyn. 

QUADRILOC'ULAR,  a.  [L.  qxtadra,  qua- 
tuor, and  locutus,  a  cell.] 

Having  four  cells;  four-celled;  as  a  quadri- 
locidar  pericarp.  Marlyn. 

QUaD'RIN,  n.  [L.  quadrinus.]  A  mite;  a 
small  piece  of  money,  in  value  about  a 
farihiuij.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Bailey.] 

voi:  II. 


QUADRINO'MIAL,  a.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor, 

and  nomen,  nam(^] 
Con.sisting  of  four  denominations  or  terms. 

Diet. 
QUADRIPARTITE,  a.  (L.  quadra,  qualu 

or,  and  parlitus,  divided.] 
Divided  into  four  parts,  or  consisting  of  four 

corr(!spoiidiiig  parts. 
QUaI)RI1"ARTI'I|;LY,  adv.    In  four  di- 

visifins;  in  a  c|u:iilri|iartite  distribution. 
QUaDR1I'AI!TI"T1<)N,  n.    A  division  by 

four  or  into  four  parts ;  or  the  taking  the 

fourth  part  of  any  quantity  or  number 

Diet. 
QU.\DRn>![  YLI.OUS,  a.  [L.quadra,  qua 

tuor,  t'liur,  and  Ur.  ifiXJ-or,  leaf]     Having 

fom-  leaves. 
QIJaD'RIREME,  n.  [L.  quadriremis ;  qua- 
tuor, four,  and  remus,  oar.] 
A  galley  with  four  benches  of  oars  or  row 

ers.  Milford. 

Qr.\DRISYL'LABLE,  n.  [L.  quadra,  qua 

tuur,  and  syllable.]     A   word  consisting  of 

four  s\llid)les. 
QUaD'RIVALVE.  I      In  tofany,  hav 

QUADRIVALV'ULAR,  (,  "'ing  IburValves 

four-valved  ;  as  a  quadrivalve  pericarp. 

Martyn. 
Qr.\D'RIVALVES,    n.    plu.    [L.    quadra, 

quatuor,  and  vulva,  valve.]     A   door  with 

four  folds  or  leaves. 
QUaDRIV'IAL,  a.    [L.   quadrivium ;    qua- 
tuor, fom ,  and  via,  way.]  IIa\  ing  four  ways 

meeting  in  a  point. 
QUADROON',  )i.  [L.  quadra,  quatuor.]    In 

Spanish  America,  the  oflspring  of  a  nui 

latto   woman  by  a  w  hite  man  ;  a  jierson 

|uarter-lilooded.  Clavigcro. 

QU.\D'RUMAN,  n.  [L.  quadra  and  manus, 

hand.] 
An  animal  having  four  hands  or  limbs  that 

correspond  to  the  hands  of  a  man,  as  a 

monkey.  Lawrence,  Leet. 

Ql'AD'RUMANOUS,  a.  Having  Com-  hands 

four-handed.  iMwrcnee,  Led. 

QU.\D'RUNE,  n.  A  gritstone  with  a  calcari- 

ous  cement. 
QU.\D'RUPED,  a.   [h.  quadrtipes ;  quadra, 

quatuor,  four,  and  pes,  foot.]     Having  four 

legs  and  feet. 
QUaD'RUPED,  n.  An  animal  having  four 

legs  and  feet,  as  a  horse,  an  o.\,  a   lion 

&:c. 
QUaD'RUPLE,  a.  [L.  quadruplus;  quadra. 

quatuor.  and  plico,  to  fold.] 
Fourfolil ;  iVinr  times  told  ;  as,  to  make  quad- 
ruple re.'^tilution  for  trespass  or  theft. 
QUADRUPLE,  n.  Four  times  the  sum  or 

mm. her  ;    as,  to     receive   quadruple    the 

auiomii  in  damaees  or  profits. 
QU.\DRU'PLICATE,    a.     Fourfold  ;    four 

times  repeated  ;  as  a   quadruplicate   ratio 

<ir  proportion. 
QUaDRU'PLICATE,  v.t.  [L.quadrupnco; 

quatuor  and  ptiro,  to  fold.]     To  make  four 

fold  :  to  double  uviie. 
QUaDRUPLICA'TION,  7!.  The  act  of  ma 

king  foiu'fold  and    taking  four   times  the 

simp!:'  sum  or  amount. 
QUaD'RUPLV,  adv.   To  a  fourfold  quanti- 
ty ;  as,  to  be  quadrupty  recompensed. 

Swift. 
QUiERE,    [L.]    inquire  ;     better    written 

qui.r'i.  which  see. 
QUAESTOR.     [See  questor.] 

48 


QU'AFF,  V.  t.  [Fr.  coiffer,  to  cap  or  hood  : 
se  coiffer,  to  fuddle,  or  be  fuddled,  from 
coijfe,  a.  Iiood.     But  qu.     In  the  Ethiopic, 

TlOd*.  (|uaf  or  kwof,  is  to  draw,  to  draw 

out.     Ludolf,  407.     In  Arabic,  ^15  is  to 

drink  largely,  or  to  devour,  as  food.]  To 
drink  ;  to  .swallow  in  large  draughts. 

He  quaffs  the  iimscadel.  Skak. 

They  in  couiumnion  sweet 
Quaff  iiitmoTlAny  iind  joy.  JU'dton. 

QU'AFF,  V.  i.  To  drink  largily  or  luxuri- 
ously, tioidh.     Dryden. 

QU'AFFED,  pp.  Drank  ;  Bwallowcd  in 
large  (Iraughts. 

QU^AFFER,  71.  One  that  quafl^s  or  drinks 
largely. 

QUV'VFFER,  V.  I.  To  feel  out.  [Xot  in  use.] 

Dtrham. 

QU'AFFING,  ppr.  Drinking;  swallowing 
draughts. 

QUAG'GY,  a.  [supposed  to  he  from  the 
root  of  quake.] 

Yielding  to  the  feet  or  trembling  under  the 
foot,  as  soft  wet  earth. 

QUAG'MIRf:,  7t.  [thatis,5«aA:e-wii>c.]  Soft 
wet  land,  w  Inch  has  a  surface  firm  enough 
to  bear  a  person,  but  which  shakes  or 
yields  under  the  feet. 

Tusser.     Sliak.     More. 

QUAH.VUG,  71.  quaw'hog.  In  New  Eng- 
land, the  popular  name  of  a  large  species 
of  clams  oi-  bivulvular  shells. 

[This  name  is  probably  derived  from  the 
natives.] 

QUAID,  a.  or  pp.  [for  quailed.]  Crushed, 
subdued,  or  depressed.     [JVot  iised.] 

Spenser. 

QUAIL,  I'.  {.  [Qi(at7,  in  English,  signifies 
to  sink  or  languish,  to  curdle,  and  to  crush 
or  quell.  The  Italian  has  quagliare,  to 
cunile,  and  the  Sax.  cwellan,  to  quell,  and 
the  D.  kwaed  is  disease.  If  these  are  of 
one  family,  the  primary  sense  is  to  shrink, 
to  withdraw,  and  transitively,  to  heat 
down.  In  W.  cui  signifies  a  flagging  or 
drooping  :  rui/a,  faint,  languid.] 

1.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  languish  ;  to 
fjiil  in  spirits.     [Liltle  used.] 

Shak.     KnoUes. 

2.  To  fade  ;  to  wither.     Obs.  Hakewill. 
QUAIL,  v.i.  {Vr.  cailltr;  Sp.  cuajar ;  Port. 

eoalhnr;  It.  quagliare,  to  curdle  ;  Vi .  caul, 
a  calf's  maw,  rennet,  chyle,  a  curd  ;  ceu- 
law,  to  curdle.  The  sense  is  to  contract.] 
To  curdle  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as  milk. 

Bailey. 

QUAIL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwellan.]  To  crush  ;  to 
depress  ;  to  sink  ;  to  subdue.  [This  or- 
thography is  obsolete.  The  word  is  now- 
written  quell.]  Spenser. 

QUAIL,  71.  [It.  quagtia  ;  Fr.  caille;  Arm. 
coaill.] 

A  bird  of  the  gemis  Tetrao  or  grous  kind, 

;  or  according  to  Latham's  arrangement,  of 
the  genus  Perdix,  in  which  he  compre- 
hends the  partridge  and  quail.  In  .Veto 
England,  the  name  is  applied  to  a  pccidiar 
species  of  the  perdix,  which  is  called  part- 
ridge in  the  middle  states,  but  it  is  neither 
the  partridge  nor  quail  of  Europe. 

QUA'ILING,  ppr.  Failing  ;  languishing. 
Obs. 

QUA'ILING,  71.  Tlie  act  of  failing  in  spirit 
or  resolution ;  decav.     Obs.        "      .Sliak. 


U  U  A 

QUA'IL-PIPE,  n.  A  [tipe  or  call  for  allur- 
ing qiiailfs  into  a  net  ;  a  kind  of  letliern 
purse  in  the  shape  of  a  pear,  partly  filled 
with  horse  hair,  with  u  whistle  at  the  end. 

Encyc. 

QUAINT,  a.  [Old  Fr.  mint,  Arm.  coenl, 
coant.  pretty.  In  Norman  French,  coin! 
is  familiar,  "affable,  and  accoinet,  is  very 
necessary  or  familiar.  The  latter  word 
wonld  lead  us  to  refer  quaint  to  the  Latin 
accindus,  ready,  hut  Skinner  thinks  it 
more  probably  iVoni  comptus,  neat,  well 
dressed.] 

I.  Nice;  scrni)ulonsly  and  superfluously  ex 
act ;  having  petty  elegance  ;    as   a  quainti 
phrase  ;    a  quaint  fashion.  I 

Sidney.     Shak.' 
To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  you  are 


a  u  A 

QUaL'IFIABLE,  a.  [from  qualify.]  Tliat^ 
may  be  qualified;  that  may  be  abated  orj 
modified.  Barrow. 

QUALIFl€A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  qualify.] 
1.  Any  natural  endowment  or  any  acquire- 
ment which  fits  a  person  for  a  place,  of 
fice  or  enq)loyment,  or  enables  him  to 
sustain  any  character  with  success.  In 
tegrity  and  talents  should  be  considers 
as  indispensable  qualif  cations  for  men  en 
trusted  with  public  alfairs  ;  but  private  in- 
terest and  party-spirit  will  often  dispense 
with  these  and  all  other  qualifiailions. 

There  is  no  qualification  for  government  but 
virtue  and  wisdom,  actual  or  presumptive. 

Burhe. 

as  the  qualif.- 


Shak. 
Chaucer. 


a.  Subtil;  artful.     Obs. 

rt.  Fine-spun  ;  artfully  framed. 

Shak.     Milton. 

4.  Affected  ;  as  quaint  fiipperics.  Suifl. 

5.  In  common  use,  odd  ;  fanciful;  singular; 
and  so  used  by  Chaucer. 

ClUA'INTLY,  adv.  Nicely ;  exactly  ;  with 
petty  neatness  or  .spruceness  ;  as  hair  more 
quaintly  curled.  B.  Jonson.\ 

2.  Artfully.  ; 

Breallie  his  faults  so  quaintly.  Shak. 

3.  Ingeniously  ;  with  dexterity. 

I  quaintly  stole  a  kiss.  Gay. 

QUATNTNESS,  n.  Niceness  ;  petty  neat- 
ness or  elegance. 

There  is  a  majesty  in  simplicity,  which  is  far 
above  the  quaintness  of  wit.  Po^jf . 

2.  Oddness  ;  pecidiarity. 
QUAKE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  cwacian ;  G.  quackeln  ;! 

Eth.  IKD'Tl  liwyk,  to  shake,  to  agitate. ]i 

1.  To  shake;  to  tremble;  to  be  agitated 
with  quick  but  short  motions  continually 
repeated  ;  to  shudder.  Thus  we  say,  a 
person  quakes  with  fear  or  terror,  or  with| 
cold.     Heh.  xii.  I 

2.  To  shake  with  violent  convulsions,  as  well 
as  with  trembling  ;  as,  the  earth  quakes; 
the  mountains  quake.     Neb.  i. 

3.  To  shake,  tremble  or  move,  as  the  earth 
\mder  the  feet  ;  as  the  quaking  mud. 

Pope. 

UUAKE,  V.  I.  To  frigliten  ;  to  throw  into 
agitation.     [M>t  used.]  Shak 

ilUAKE,  n.  A  shake  ;  a  trembling;  a sbud 
der;  a  tremulous  agitation.  Suckling. 

QUA'KER,  n.  One  that  quakes;  but  usual- 
ly, one  of  the  religious  sect  cMi-ilfricnds. 
This  name,  quakers,  is  said  to  have  been 
given  to  the  sect  in  reproach,  on  accomil 
of  some  agitations  which  distinguished 
ihem  ;  but  it  is  no  longer  ap[)ropriated  to 
them  l)y  way  of  reproach. 

QUAKERISM,  n.  The  peculiar  maimers, 
tenets  or  worship  of  the  <|uakers. 

Milner.     Boswell. 

QUA'KERLY,  a.  Resembling  <piakers. 

Goodman 

QUA'KERY,  n.  Quakerism. 
QUA'KlNr;,  ppr.  Shaking  ;  trembling. 
CiUA'KIN(J,  n.  A  shaking;  tremulous  agi 

tatioM  ;  tri'|ii(liition.     Dan.  x. 
QUA'K1NU-(;RASS,  n.  An  herb. 

Ainsworih. 


2.  Legal  power  or  requisite 
cations  of  electors. 

3.  Abatement ;  diminution.  Raleigh 

4.  Modification  ;  restriction  ;  limitation 
Words  or  expressions  may  be  used  in  a 
general  sense,  without  any  qualif  cation. 

QUaLTFIED,  pp.  Fitted  by  accomplish- 
ments or  endowments  ;  modified. 

Qualif  ed  fee,  in  taw,  a  base  fee,  or  an  estate 
which  has  a  qualification  annexed  to  it 
and  which  ceases  with  the  qualification 
as  a  grant  to  A  and  his  heirs,  (cnan<«  of  the 
manor  of  Dale. 

Qualif  ed  negative,  in  legislation,  the  power 
of  negativing  bills  which  have  passed  the 
two  houses  of  the  legislature ;  a  power 
vested  in  the  president,  governor  or  oth- 
er officer,  but  subject  to  be  overruled  and 
defeated  by  a  subsequent  vote  of  the  two 
houses,  passed  in  conformity  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  constitution. 

U.  States.     II'.  Smith. 

Qualif  ed property,  is  that  which  depends  on 
temporary  possession,  as  that  in  wild  ani- 
mals reclaimed. 

QUaL'IFIEDNESS,  »i.  The  state  of  beinf 
qualified  or  fitted. 

QUaLTFIER,  n.  He  or  that    which  qnali 
fies  ;  that  which  modifies,   reduces,   tem- 
])ers  or  restrains.  Junius. 

QUAL'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  qualif  ir;  It.  qualif - 
care ;  Sp.  calif  car  ;  L.  qualis,  such,  and 
facio,  to  make] 

L  To  fit  for  any  place,  office,  occupation  or 
character;  to  furnish  with  the  knowledge, 
skill  or  other  accomiilishnieiit  necessary 
for  a  |iurpose;  as,  to  qualify  a  man  for  a 
judge,  fur  a  minister  of  state  or  of  the 
gospel,  for  a  general  or  admiral,  llrdi- 
ness  alone  can  qucUify  men  for  the  society 
of  holy  beings. 

To  make  capable  of  any  enq)loyment  or 
l)rivilege  ;  to  furnish    with  legal  power  or 
capacity  ;  as,  in  England,  to  qualify  a  mai 
to  kill  game. 
To  abate  ;  to   soften  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to 


a  u  A 

furnishing  with  legal  power  ;  abating  ; 
tempering  ;  modifying  ;  restraining. 

QUaL'ITY,  n.  [L.  quaiitas,  from  qualis, 
such  ;  Fr.  quuliti  ;  Sp.  calidad ;  It.  quali- 
tii ;  Ir.  cail.] 

\.  Property  ;  that  which  belongs  to  a  body 
or  substance,  or  can  be  predicated  of  it. 
Qualities  are  natural  or  accidental.  Thus 
whiteness  is  a  natural  quality  of  snow  ; 
softness  is  a  natural  quality  of  wool  and 
fur;  hardness  is  a  nafura/ 7i<uZi(_'/ of  metals 

1     andwooil;  figure  and  dimension    are   the 

i  »ia(ur((/ f/Hu/idVs  of  solids;  but  a  particular 
figure,  as  a  cube,  a  square  or  a  sphere,  is 
an  accidental  or  adventitious  quality.  The 
fluidity  of  metals  is  an  accidental  quality. 
EsseiHial  qualities  are  such  as  are  neces- 
sary to  constitute  a  thing  what  it  is.  Sen- 
sible ([Ualities  are  such  as  are  perceptible 
to  the  senses,  as  the  light  of  the  sun,  the 
color  of  cloth,  the  taste  of  salt  or  sugar, 
&c. 

2.  Nature,  relatively  considered  ;  as  the 
qu(dity  of  an  action,  in  regard  to  right  and 
wrong. 

Other  creatures  have  not  judgaient  to  exam- 
ine the  quality  of  tliat  which  is  done  by   them. 

Hooker. 

3.  Virtue  or  particular  power  of  producing 
certain  effects  ;  as  the  qualities  of  plants 
or  medicines. 


3. 

qualify  the  rigor  of  a  statute 

1  do  not  seek  to  quench  your  love's  hot  fire. 
But  qualify  the  fire's  extreme  rage.       Shak 

1.  To  ease  ;  to  assuage.  Spenser. 

5.  To  modify;  to  restrain;  to  limit  by  ex- 
ceptions; as,  to  qualify  words  or  (expres- 
sions, or  to  qualify  the  sense  of  words  or 
phrases. 

(i.  To  modify;  to  regulate;  to  vary;  as,  to 
qualify  sounds. 

QUAL'iFYlNCi,  ppr.  Furni.-hing  with  the 
necessary  tiualitics,  projicrties  or  accom- 
plishments for  a  place,  station  or  business; 


4    Disposition  ;  tenq)er. 

To-night  we'll   wander  through  the  streets, 

and  note 

The  qtialities  of  people.  .SftaA\ 

Virtue  or  vice;  as  good  qualities,  or  bad 

qualities.  Dryden. 

G.  Ac(|nirenient  ;  accomplishment  ;    as   the 

qualities   of  horsemanship,   dancing    and 

fencing.  Clarendon. 

7.  Character. 

The  attorney  partakes  of  botii  qualities,  that 

of  a  jud^e  of  the  court,  and  that   of  attorney 

general.  Bacon. 

S.  Comparative  rank  ;  condition  in  relation 

to  others;  as  people  of  every  quality. 

We  obtained  acquaintance  with  many  citi- 
zens, not  of  the  meanest  quality.  Bacon. 

9.  Superior  rank  ;  superiority  of  birth  or 
station  ;  as  persons  of  quality  :  ladies  of 
quality. 

10.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively. 

1  f-liali  appear  at  the  masquerade  dressed  up  in 
njy  fethers,  that  the  quality  may  see  how  pret- 
ty they  will  look  in  tlicir  traveling  habits. 

Jlddison . 

QU'ALM,  n.  quam.  [D.  kwaal,  disease  ; 
kumalyk,  sick  ;  G.  qualtn,  to  pain  or  vex. 
In  G.  (jualm  is  steam,  vapor,  cxhalatimi ; 
D.  kwalm,  id.  The  Danish  qvalm  signifies 
vapor,  steam,  fiune,  exhalation;  qvulmer, 
to  ramble  ;  </tf  girer  qvatme,  it  rises  in  the 
stomach.    The  latter  is  the  English  word.] 

1.  A  rising  in  the  stomach,  as  it  is  common- 
ly called;  a  fit  of  nausea,  or  a  disposition 
or  effort  of  the  .stomach  to  eject  its  con- 
tents. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the 
stomach  ;  a  sensation  of  nausea  ;  as  qualms 
of  heart-sickagcmy.  Milton. 

Tor  who,  without  a  qualm,  hath  ever  look'd 

Ou  holy  garbage,  though  l>y  Homer  cook'd  .' 

lioscommon. 

S.  A  scruple  of  conscience,  or  uneasiuess  of 
conscience. 


a  u  A 


QUA 


a  u  A 


QU'ALMISH,  a.  iiviimish.  [supra.]  Si<-k  at 
the  Ktoinach  ;  iiuliiieil  to  vomit  ;  udV-ctcd 
witli  naiisnii  or  sickly  lauguor.        Dryden. 

QU  AI.MISIINKSS,  n.  Nausea. 

QUAM'OCLIT,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus 
Ipoinoca.  yam.  of  Plants. 

QUAN'DARY.  n.  Doubt  ;  iiucertainty  ;  a 
state  of  (lifliculty  or  perplexity. 

QUaN'DARY,  v.  t.  To  bring  into  a  state  of 
uncertainty  or  difficulty.     [JVoi  used.] 

Otway. 

QUaN'TITATIVE,  a.  [See  quanlitij.]  Es- 
timable according  to  (juantity.         Tai/lor. 

QUaN'TITIVE,  a.  [See  quantihj.]  Esti- 
mable according  to  quantity.  Dtfibi/. 

QUaN'TITY,  >i.  [Fr.  quantiU  :  It.  quaiititit  ; 
S|).  canlitad  ;  from  L.  quantilns,  from  iiuan- 
lus,    how    miicli,   or   as   irmch   as  ;  I'ers. 


J\A=.  cliand,  how  much;  t?  Jvi:?.  ehaiidi- 

quantity.] 

1.  That  property  of  any  thing   which   may 
be  increased  or  dimiuishcd. 

Cheyne.  Johnson 
This  definition  is  defective,  and  as  uj)- 
plicable  to  many  other  properties  as  to 
quantity.  A  definition  strictly  philosoph 
ical  cannot  be  given.  In  comnjon  usage 
quantity  is  a  mass  or  collection  of  matter 
of  indeterminate  dimensions,  but  consist- 
ing of  particles  which  cannot  be  distin- 
guislied,  or  which  are  not  customarily  dis- 
tinguished, or  which  are  considered  in  the 
aggregate.  Thus  we  say,  a  quantity  of 
earth,  a  quantity  of  water,  a  quantity  of 
air,  of  light,  of  heat,  of  iron,  of  wood,  of 
timber,  of  corn,  of  paper.  But  we  do  not 
say,  a  quantity  of  men,  or  of  horses,  or  of 
houses ;  for  as  these  are  considered  as 
separate  individuals  or  beings,  we  call  an 
assemblage  of  them,  a  number  or  multi- 
tude. 

2.  An  indefinite  extent  of  space. 

3.  A  portion  or  part. 

If  1  were  sawed  into  quantities.  [JVot  inuse.'] 

Shak. 

4.  A  large  portion  ;  as  a  medicine  taken  in 
quantities,  that  is,  in  large  quantities. 

Arbuthnot. 

5.  In  mathematics,  any   thing  which  can  be 
multiplied,  divided  or  measured.  Day. 

Tims  mathematics  is  called  the  science 
of  quantity.  In  algebra,  quantities  are 
known  anil  unknown.  Knoicn  quantities 
qre  usually  represented  by  the  first  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  as  a,  b,  c,  and  unknown 
quantities  are  expressed  by  the  last  letters, 
X,  y,  z,  &c.  Letters  thus  used  to  repre 
sent  quantities  are  themselves  called  quair 
tities.  A  simple  quantity  is  expressed  by 
one  term,  as  -j-a,  or  —  abc  ;  a  conipount' 
is  expressed  by  more  terms  than  one,  con- 
nected by  the  signs, -|- plus,  or — minus, 
as  (1+6,  or  a—b-{-c.  Quantities  which 
have  the  sign  +  prefixed,  are  called  posi- 
tive or  affirmative ;  those  which  have  the 
sign  —  prefixed  are  called  nes;ntivc. 

Day^s  .'Vgehra. 

G.  In  grammar,  the  measure   of  a  syllable 
that  which  determines  the  time  in  which 
it  is  pronounced.  Holder.     Eneyc. 

7.  In  logic,  a  category,  universal,  or  predica- 
ment ;  a  general  conception. 

Bailey.     Enryc. 


8.  In  music,  the  relative  duration  of  a  note] 
or  syllable.  Busby] 

Quantity  (if  matter,  in  a  body,  is  the  measure 
arising  from  the  joint  consideration  of  its 
magnitude  and  density.  Bailey. 

Quantity  of  motion,  in  a  body,  is  the  meas- 
ine  arising  from  the  joint  consideration  of 
its  quantity  of  matter  and  its  velocity. 

Bailey. 

UU.\N'TUM,  n.  [L.]  The  quantity;  the 
amount. 

Quantum  meruit,  in  law,  an  action  grounded 
on  a  promise  that  the  defendant  would 
]iay  to  the  ['laintif  for  his  service  as  much 
as  he  shniiirt  deserve. 

Quantum  valebat,  an  action  to  recover  of  the 
defendant  for  goods  sold,  as  much  as  they 
were  worth.  Blackstonc. 

QIJ.4lR'ANTINE,  n.  [It.  quarantina,  forty  ; 
Sp.  quarentena ;  Fr.  quarantaine  ;  from 
the  root  of  L. ';uor<«5,  fourth,  Fr.  carreau. 
a  square,  career,  to  square.  Arm.  carrea, 
to  s(|uar(!,  \V.  cwiir,  square,  Eng.  quart. 
See  Quart  and  Square.] 

1.  Propiriy.  the  space  of  forty  days  ;  appro- 
priately, the  term  of  forty  days  durini; 
which  a  ship  arriving  in  port  and  suspect- 
ed of  bcnig  infected  with  a  malignant 
contagious  disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  all 
intercourse  with  the  city  or  place,    llenci 

2.  Restraint  of  intercourse  to  which  a  ship 
is  subjected  on  the  presumption  that  she 
may  be  infected,  either  fir  forty  days  or 
for  any  other  limited  term.  It  is  custom- 
ary for  the  proper  oflicers  to  determine 
the  period  of  restraint  at  their  discretion, 
according  to  circmnstances.  Hence  we 
hear  of  a  quarantine  of  live  days,  of  ten, 
of  thirty,  &c.  as  well  as  of  forty.  \Ve  say,  a 
ship  performs  quarantine,  or  rides  at  ;uar- 
antine.  We  also  apply  the  word  to  per- 
sons. The  passengers  and  crew  perfortn 
quarantine. 

3.  In  law,  the  period  of  forty  days,  during 
which  the  widow  of  a  man  dying  seized 
of  land,  has  the  privilege  of  remaining  in 
the  mansion  house. 

CiUARANTlNE,  v.  t.  To  prohibit  from  in 
tercourse  with  a  city  or  its  inhabitants  ;  to 
compel  to  remain  at  adistance  from  shore 
for  forty  days,  or  for  other  limited  period, 
on  account  of  real  or  supposed  intection  ; 
applied  to  ships,  or  to  persons  and  goods. 

aiJ.VKANTiNED,  pp.  Restrained  from 
communication  with  the  shore  for  a  limit- 
ed |)eriod  ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  pas 
sengers. 

UlJARANTlNING,  ppr.  Prohibiting  from 
intercourse  with  the  port;  as  a  ship  or  its 
crew  and  passengers. 

QUARRFj,  for  quarry,  not  inuse. 

QUaR'UEL,  n.  [VV.  cweryl;  Fr.  querelle  ; 
L.  It.  querela  ;  S\y  querelta  or  queja  ;  An 
qarell ;  L.  queror,  to  complain,  that  is,  to 
cry  out  with  a  loud  voic-e.  Hence  we  sec 
the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  brawl.' 
The  L.  queror  coincides  in  elements  with' 
the  Ir.  gairim,  to  call,  to  bawl,  to  shout,, 
and  gcaran,  a  complaint ;  Sax.  ctorian,  to 
conq)lain  or  murmur;  G.  girrcn  and  kir- 
ren;  D.  kirnn  and  korren  ;  Dan.  kirrer. 
The  latter  signifies  to  complain,  to  expos- 
tulate, and  kerrer  sig  eJ7er,  to  care,  or  take 
heed  of,  a  sense  which  would  unite  the 
word  with  the  I-.  euro,  cura ;  and  in  Sax-, 


on,  ecarig- signifies  complaining,  and  care- 
ful, solicitous  ;  Heb.  C'h.  Syr.  Ar.  tCO- 
Class  Gr.  No.  49.  and  see  No.  1.  2.  14.  15. 
1!».  23.] 

1.  A  brawl;  a  petty  fight  or  scuffle;  from 
its  noise  and  uproar.  Shak. 

2.  A  dispute  ;  a  contest. 
On  open  seas  their  quarrels  they  debate. 

Dryden. 

3.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord  ;  open 
variatice  between  parties.  Hammond. 

4.  Cause  of  dispute. 
The  king's  quarrel  is  honomlile.  Sliak. 

5.  Something  that  gives  a  right  to  mischief, 
reprisal  or  action. 

He  tliouglit  he  had  a  good  quarrel  to  attack 
hini.     [J\'ut  i/.sk/.]  Holingshed. 

(j.  Objection;  ill  will,  or  reason  to  complain; 
ground  of  objection  or  dispute. 

Herodlas  had  a  quarrel  agaiust  him.     Mark 
vi. 
7.  Something  peevish,  malicious,  or  dispo.s- 
ed  to  make  trouble.      [.Vo(  used.]        Shak. 


lin,  a  kernel ;  cwarelu,  to  dart,  to  kern,  to 
curdle;  from  ^■war,  a  quick  rise,  a  pufl"; 
Fr.  carreau,  a  bolt.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  shoot,  throw  or  drive.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head.  [Aofu-sct/ 
unless  in  poitry.]  Camden. 

2.  A  pane  of  glass;  a  square.  [See  Quarry 
and  Square.] 

QUaR'REL,  v.  i.  [Fr.  quereller.  See  the 
Noun.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently  or  with  loud  and  an- 
gry words;  to  wrangle;  to  scold.  How 
odious  to  see  husban<l  and  wife  quarrel ! 

2.  To  fight ;  to  scuftle ;  to  contend  ;  to 
squabble  ;  used  of  two  persons  or  of  a 
small  niiMiber.  It  is  never  used  of  armies 
and  navies  in  cotrdjat.  Children  and  ser- 
vants often  quarrel  about  trifles.  Tavcrn- 
haimters  sometimes  quarrel  over  their 
cups. 

3.  To  fall  into  variance. 
Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience.      Shak. 

4.  To  find  fault;  to  cavil. 
I  will  not  quarrel  with  a  slight  mistake. 

Hoscommon. 

Men  at  enmity  with   tlicir    God.  quarreling 

with  his   attributes — quarreling  with  the  being 

that  made   Ihcm,  and  who   is  constantly  doing 

them  good.  Eliph.  Steele. 

5.  To  disagree ;  to  be  at  variance  ;  not  to 
be  in  accordance  in  form  or  essence. 

Some  things  arise  of  strange  and  quarreling 

kind, 
The  forepart  lion,  and  a  snake  behind. 

Cowley. 
QUAR'REL,  r.  t  To  quarrel  with. 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  To  compel  by  a  quarrel ;  as,  to  quarrel  a 

man  out  of  his  estate  or  rights. 
QUARRELER,    n.     One    who     quarrels, 

wrangles  or  fights. 
QUARRELING,  ppr.   Disputing  with    ve- 
hemence or  loud   angry  words;  scolding; 
wrangling  ;  fighting  ;  finding  fault ;  disa- 
greeing. 
QUARRELING,  n.    [supra.]    Contention; 
dispute  in   angry  words ;  breach  of  con- 
cord ;  a  caviling   or   finding  fault ;    disa- 
greement. ^- 
QUaR'RELOUS,    a.    Apt   or    disposed    to 
I     quarrel ;  petulant ;  easily  provoked  to  en- 
1     niity  or  contention.     [Little  used.]     Shak. 


U  U  A 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


UUAR'RKLSOME,  a.  Apt  to  quarrel ;  giv- 
en i(>  brawls  and  contiiiition  ;  inclined  to 
petty  tigliting ;  easily  irritated  or  provok- 
ed to  contest;  irascible;  choleric;  petu- 
lant. Bacon. 

aUAll'RELSOMELY,  adv.  In  a  quarrel- 
some manner  ;  with  a  quarrelsome  tem- 
per;  petulanllv-  Hall. 

QUaR  RELSOMENESS,  n.  Disposition  to 
engage  in  contention  and  brawls ;  petu- 
lance. 

QUaR'RIED,  pp.  Dug  from  a  pit  or  cav- 
ern. 

QUaR'RY,  n.  [Fr.  cairi,  for  quarri ;  Arm. 
id.  See  (Quarantine.] 

1.  A  square  ;  as  a  quarry  of  glass.  [JVot  in 
vse.]  Mortimer. 

2.  Anarrow  with  a  square  head.  [See  Q«ar- 
rel.]     [M)t  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

3.  In  falconry,  the  game  which  a  hawk  is 
pursuing  or  has  killed.  [Perhaps  from  L. 
qucero,  Fr.  querir,  to  seek.]  [ 

4.  Among  hunters,  a  part  of  the  entrails  of 
the  beast  taken,  given  to  tlie  hounds. 

Encyc. 
QUaR'RY,  n.  [Fr.  carriere,  formerly  Norm. 
quarrier.  I  know  not  whether  the  origin- 
al sense  of  this  word  was  a  pit  or  mine, 
from  digging,  or  wljether  the  sense  was  a 
place  for  squaring  stone.  The  Fr.  cai-- 
riere  signities  not  only  a  quarry,  but  a  ca- 
rter, course,  race,  from  the  L.  curro,  which 
cannot  be  from  squaring.  If  the  sense 
was  a  pit,  it  may  he  referred  to  the  Heb. 


Ch.  Etli.  mj,  to  dig ;  Ar.    \  j,S 


to  dig. to 


run  violently,  to  leap.  If  the  sense  is  from 
squaring,  see  Square.  See  Class  Gr.  No.' 
35.  36.  53.  57.  63.]  j 

1.  A  place,  cavern  or  pit  where  stones  arel 
dug  from  the  earth,  or  separated  from  a 
large  mass  of  rocks.  We  generally  ap]>ly: 
the  word  mine  to  the  pit  from  which  are 
taken  metals  and  coal;  from  quarries  are 
taken  stones  for  building,  as  marble,  free- 
stone, slate,  &c. 

2.  In  Paris,  the  quarries  are  a  vast  cavern 
under  the  city,  several  miles  in  extent. 

QUAR'RY,  r.  i.  To  prey  upon,  as  a  vultm-e' 
or  harjiy.    [A  low  word  and  not  much  u.sed.] 

U  Estrange. 

QUAR'RY,  v.t.  To  dig  or  take  from  a  quar- 
ry ;  as,  to  quarry  marble. 

(iUAR'RYING,  ppr.  Digging  stones  from 
a  quarry. 

UUaR'RYM.\N,  n.  A  man  who  is  occupied 
i]i  quarrying  stones. 

QUART,  n.  quoii.  [It.  quarta ;  Fr.  quarte,  from 
quart,  a  fourth,  L.  quart u.s ;  D.  kwart ;  G. 
quart ;  from  W.  cwar,  the  root  of  square,  or 
from  the  root  of  G.  apu,  to  fit  or  suit,  to 
square.  We  see  in  the  Amharic,  the  an- 
cient dialect  of  the  Ethiopic,  art  is  four, 
and  arlcn  is  fourtli,  L.  quartus.  Ludolf, 
Atnh.  57.  This  with  the  Celtic  pronun- 
ciation, as  guerre  for  war,  becomes  quart.]' 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  a  quarter.  [JVot  in  use.]' 

Sjienser.i 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pints. 

3.  A  vessel  containing  the  fourth  of  a  gal- 
lon. 

4.  A  sequence  of  four  cards  in  the  game  of 
)(icket. 

QUAKT.\N,  a.  quorl'an.  [L.  quartamis,  the 
fourth.] 


Designating  the  fourth ;  occurring  every 
fourth  day;  as  a  quartan  ague  or  fever. 

QUART'AN,  n.  An  intermitting  ague  that 
occurs  every  fourth  day,  or  with  intermis- 
sions of  seventy  two  hom-s. 

i.  A  measure  containing  the  fourth  part  of 
some  other  measure. 

UUARTA'TION,  n.  In  chimistry  and  met- 
allurgy, the  operation  by  whirh  the  quan- 
tity of  one  thing  is  made  equal  to  the 
fourth  [lart  of  another  thing.  Encyc. 

QU.\RTKK,  n.  quort'er.  [Fr.  quart,  qwtr- 
tier  ;  It.  quarlicre  ;  Sp.  quartet ;  D.  kwar- 
tier ;  Q.  quarlitr  ;  Sw.qvart,qvartal ;  Dan. 
qvarl,  qvartal,  qvartecr  ;  L.  quartus,  the 
fourth  part;  from  W.  cwar,  a  square.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  as  the  quarter  of  an 
hour  or  of  a  mile  ;  one  quarter  of  the  ex- 
pense. Living  is  a  quarter  dearer  in  the 
city  than  in  the  country. 

2.  In  weight,  the  foin-th  part  of  a  hundred 
pounds  avoirdupois,  or  of  ll"2lb.,  that  is, 

I     2Slb. ;  as  a  f/imWfTof  sugar. 

•3.  li]  dry  measure,  the  fourth  of  a   tun  in 

weight,  or  eight  bushels;  as  a  quarter  of 

wheat. 

4.  In  aslro7iomy, the  fourth  part  of  the  moon's 
period  or  monthly  revolution;  as  the  first 
quarter  after  the  change  or  full. 

5.  A  region  in  the  hemisphere  or  great  cir- 
cle ;  primarily,  one  of  the  four  cardinal 
points;  as  the  fiiur  quarters  of  the  globe  : 
but  used  indifterenlly  for  any  region  or 
point  of  compass.  F'rom  what  quarter 
does  the  wind  blow  ?     Hence, 

6.  A    particiMar  regio?i  of  a  town,  city  or 
country  ;  as  all  quarters  of  the  city  :  in  ev- 
ery quarter  of  the  coimtry  or  of  the  con 
tinent.     Hence, 
Usually  in  the  plural,  quarters,   the  place 

of  lodging  or  temporary  residence;  ap 
propriately,  the  place  where  oflirers  and 
soldiers  lodge,  but  applied  to  the  loilgiii^js 
of  any  temporary  resident.  He  called  on 
the  general  at  his  quarters  ;  the  place  fur 
nishedgood  winter  quarters  for  the  troops. 
I  saw  the  stranger  at  his  quarters. 

8.  Proper  station. 

Swift  to  their  several  quarters  hasten  then — 

.Wilton. 
Bacon   uses  the  word   in   the   singular. 
"  Make  love  keep  quarter.^' 

9.  On  board  of  ships,  quarters  signifies  the 
stations  or  places  where  the  ofiicers  and 
men  are  posted  in  action.  Pipe  all  hands 
to  quarters. 

10.  In  military  affairs,  the  remission  or  spar- 
ing of  the  life  of  a  ca))tive  or  an  enemy 
when  in  one's  power;  mercy  granted  by  a 
conqueror  to  his  enemy,  when  no  longer 
able  to  defend  himself.  In  desperate  en- 
counters, men  will  sometimes  neither  ask 
nor  give  quarter.  The  barbarous  practice 
of  giving  no  quarter  to  soldiers  in  a  fort- 
ress taken  by  assault,  is  nearly  obsolete. 

He  magnified  his  own  clemency,  now  they 
were  at  his  mercy,  to  oflfer  tliem  quarter  for 
their  lives,  if  they  would  give  up  the  caslle. 

Clarendon. 

Lambs  at  the  mercy  of  wolves  m^ist  expect 
no  quarter.  L'Eslranf^c. 

11.  Treatment  shown  to  an  enemy  ;  indul- 
gence. 

To  the  young,  if  you  give  tolerable  quarter, 
yon  inilulge  tlicm  in  idlencs<;  and  ruin  them. 
lliarely  tised.'\  Collier. 


12.  Friendship  ;  amity ;  concord.  [JVot  in 
««e.]  S)iak. 

13.  In  the  slaughter  house,  one  limb  of  a 
quadruped  with  the  adjoining  parts;  or 
one  fourth  part  of  the  carcase  of  a  quad- 
ruped, including  a  limb  ;  as  a  fore  quarter, 
or  liind  quarter. 

14.  In  the  menage,  the  quarters  of  a  horse's 
foot  are  the  sides  of  the  cotfin,  between 
the  toe  and  the  heel.  False  quarters  are  a 
<5left  in  the  horn  of  the  hoof,  extending 
from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  top 
to  bottom.  When  for  any  disorder,  one  of 
the  quarters  is  cut,  the  horse  is  said  to  be 
quarter-cast.  Encyc. 

15.  In  a  siege,  quarters  are  the  encampment 
on  one  of  the  principal  jjassages  round 
the  place  besieged,  to  prevent  relief  and 
intercept  convoys.  Encyc. 

16.  In  seminaries  of  learning,  a  fourth  j)ari 
of  the  year,  or  three  months.  Tuition  and 
board  at  twenty  five  dollars  the  quarter. 
This  is  a  moderate  quarter  bill. 

17.  The  quarter  of  a  ship,  is  the  part  of  a 
ship's  side  which  lies  towards  the  stern, 
or  the  part  between  the  aftmost  endof  the 
main-chains  and  the  sides  of  the  stern, 
where  it  is  terminated  by  the  quarter- 
pieces.  JMar.  Diet. 

18.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  parts  or  members 
of  the  first  division  of  a  coat  that  is  divided 
into  foiu'  parts. 

On  the  quarter,  in  seamen's  language,  is  a 
point  in  the  horizon  considerably  abaft 
the  beam,  but  not  in  the  direction  of  the 
stern. 

(Quarter-bill,  among  seamen,  is  a  list  con- 
taining the  ilifferent  stations  where  the- 
officers  and  crew  are  to  take  post  in  time 
of  action,  and  the  names  of  the  men  as- 
signed to  each. 

(luarter-cloths.  long  pieces  of  painted  can- 
vas, extended  on  the  outside  of  the  quar- 
ter-netting from  the  upper  part  of  the  gal- 
lery to  the  gangway. 

(Quarter-deck,  that  part  of  the  deck  of  a  ship 
which  extends  t'rom  the  stern  to  the  main- 
mast. But  in  some  kin<ls  of  vessels,  the 
quarter-deck  does  not  extend  to  the  main- 
niast,  but  is  raised  above  the  main  deck. 

(Quarter-gallery,  a  sort  of  balcony  on  the 
quarters  of  a  ship. 

(^narler-railing,  narrow  molded  planks, 
reaching  from  the  top  of  the  stern  to  the 
gangway,  serving  as  a  fence  to  the  quar- 
ter-deck. 

Q^uarter-masler,  in  an  army,  an  oflicer  whose 
business  is  to  attend  to  the  quarters  for 
the  soldiers,  their  provisions,  fuel,  forage, 
&c. ;  in  the  n.ivy.  an  officer  who  assists  the 
mates  in  tln^ir  duties,  in  stowing  the  hold, 
coiling  the  cables,  attending  the  steer- 
age, and  kee|)ing  time  by  the  watch 
glasses. 

(^uarter-7nastcr-gcnerat,  in  military  affairs,  is 
an  officer  wiiose  duty  is  to  mark  the 
marches  and  encampments  of  an  army, 
the  head-quarters,  the  place  for  the  artil- 
lery, and  procure  supplies  of  provisions 
and  forage,  &c. 

(luarter-stalf,  a  long  staff  borne  by  foresters 
and  park-keepers,  as  a  badge  of  office  and 
a  weapon.  Encyc. 

2.  A  staff"  of  defense.  Dryden. 


a  u  A 


a  u  A 


u  u  E 


i^uarter-scssions,  in  England,  a  general 
court  helrl  ijUiiriurly  liy  llio  justices  of 
peace  of  eacli  louuty,  witi]  jurisdiitiou  to 
try  and  determine  I'eioiiie.s  and  trcs()a.sses; 
l)Ut  capital 'idVeuse.s  are  seldom  or  never 
tried  ill  tliiseourt.  Blackstone. 

({uarkr-rouitd,  hi  arcliitecture,  the  echinus 
or  ovido. 

Head-</uarter3,  the  tent  or  mansion  ol  the 
ciMiiniaiider  inchief  of  an  army. 

QUART  EJl,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  four  e(iual 
parts. 

9.  To  divide  ;  to  separate  into  [larts. 

iSliak. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions  or  com- 
partments. 

The  sailors  quartered  hcavco.  Brijdtn. 

4.  To  station  solilieis  for  lodf,'ing;  as,  to 
qunrler  troops  in  the  city  or  among  the  in- 
habitant-s,  or  on  the  inhabitants. 

5.  To  lodge;  to  fix  on  a  tetnporary  dwell- 
ing. 

They  mean  this  night  in  Sardis  to  be   quar- 
ter'd.  Shuk. 

6.  To  diet.     [^Vot  in  »we.]  Hiulibnis. 

7.  To  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  heredi- 
tary arms. 

The  coat  of  Beauchamp — qimrtaid  by  the 
earl  of  Heitlord.  Peacham. 

QUAKT'KK,  V.  i.  To  lodge;  to  have  a 
temporary  residence.  The  general  quar- 
ters at  a  hotel  in  Church  street. 

QUART' ERAGE,  n.  A  quarterly  allow- 
ance, lludibras. 

QUARTER-DAY,  n.  The  day  that  com- 
pletes three  months,  the  (juarter  of  a  year  ; 
the  day  when  quarterly  payments  are 
made  of  rent  or  interest.  Spcetator. 

QUART'ERED,  pp.  Divided  into  lour 
equal  parts  or  quarters;  separated  into 
distinct  parts;  lodged;  stationed  for  lodg- 
ing. 

QUART'ERINQ,  ppr.  Dividing  into  quar- 
ters or  into  distinct  parts  ;  stationing  tor 
lodgings. 

QUART'ERING,  n.  A  station.    Mountasu. 

2.  Assignment  of  iiuarlcis  for  soldiers. 

3.  The  division  of  a  shield  containing  many 
coats.  ^hlimnlc. 

QUART'ERLY,  a.  Containing  or  consist- 
ing of  a  fomili  part ;    as  i/uaiierhj  season--. 

2.  Recurring  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of 
the  year;  as  ininrlerli/  payments  of  n'lit : 
a  quarterly  visitation  orcxamination.  The 
secretary  requires  quarterly  returns  from 
his  otficeis. 

QUART'ERLY,  adv.  Once  in  a  qu.trtcr  of 
a  year.     The  returns  arc  made  fjunrterti/. 

QUART'ERN,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a  pint ; 
a  gill. 

QUART'ILE.  7!.  An  aspect  of  the  jilanets, 
when  they  are  distant  from  eacii  other  a 
quarter  of  the  circle,  ninety  degrees  oi 
thie<?  signs.  Hnrn's.     Drydcn. 

QUART'O,  ».  [L.  quarliis.]  A  hook  of  the 
size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet;  a  size  made 
by  twice  foMing  a  sheet,  which  then 
makes  four  leaves. 

QU.VRT'O,  a.  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book 
in  which  a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 

QUARTZ,  J!,  quortz.  [G.  quarlz.]  A  species 
of  silicious  minerals,  of  various  colors, 
white,  gray,  reddish,  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish ;  commonly  amorphous,  and  frequent 
ly  crystalized.  The  subspecies  an<l  vari- 
eties are  numerous.     Kirwan.  Cleaveland, 


QUARTZ'Y,  a.  Tcrtainiiig  to  quartz;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  or  qualities  of  (jiiartz  ; 
resenil.ling  quartz,  [(^uartzy  is  the  regu- 
lar adjective,  and  quartzuse  and  quarlzous 
may  be  dispensed  with.] 

QUAS,  11.  In  Russia,  a  drink  of  common 
domestic  use  ;  being  a  liquor  prepared 
from  pollard,  meal  and  bread,  or  from 
nical  and  malt,  by  an  acid  fermentatio 


quithra,  a  break,  fracture,  failure.  It  co- 
incides in  elemiMits  with  quibble,  quiver, 
ivhijffk,  wabble.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
move,  hence  to  break,  applieil  to  motion 
and  souml.  See  QuiVcr  and  f-lbrale.] 
I.  To  shake  the  voice;  to  utter  or  form 
sound  with  rapid  vibrations,  as  in  sing- 
ing ;  to  sing  with  iremuJous  modulatious 
of  voice.  Bacon. 


QUaSH,  v.  t.  [Sa.\.  cwysan  ;  D.  kwet- 
&en  ;  Q.  quttschen  ;  Fr.  casser  :  It.  squas- 
sare ;  L.  quasso,  qualio.  Class  Gs.  No. 
17.  28.  (JO.  68.  and  Class  Gd.  No.  38.  70 
See  Squeeze.'\ 

1.  Properly,  to  beat  down  or  beat  in  pieces  ; 
to  crush. 

The  whales 
Af^ainst   sharp    rocks,    like    reeling  vessels, 
qiuiaiid.  JJ'aller.. 

2.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  as,  to  quash  a  re- 
bellion. Jlddison.' 

3.  In  law,  to  abate,  annul,  overthrow  or 
make  void ;  as,  to  quash  an  indictment. 
lie  prays  judgment  of  tlie  writ  or  declara-l 
tion  that  the  same  may  be  quashed. 

Blackstone. I 

QU.VSH,  V.  i.  To  be  shaken  with  a  noise. 

Sharp., 

QU.\SH,  n.  A  species  of  cucurbita  ;  but  in' 
America  pronounced  squash;  so  called 
probably  from  its  softness.  [See  the  Verb.] 

QUASH'ED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued;  aba- 
te.l. 

QU.\SH  ING,  ppr.  Crushing;  subduing; 
ahating. 

Qt'ASSA'TION,  n.  [h.  quassatio.]  The  act 
of  shaking;  concussion;  the  state  of  be- 
ing shaken.  Gayton 

QU.\S'S1.'V,  11.  A  plant,  or  rather  a  genus 
of  plants  ii{  three  species,  the  amara,  sim- 
aruba,  and  exixlsa  or  polygama,  natives  of 
South  .-Vmerica  and  of  some  of  the  isles 
of  the  West  Indies,  and  possessing  valua- 
ble medicinal  qualities.  Eiicyc. 

QUaT,  n.  A  pustule  or  pimple.  [.Vo(  used.] 

Shak. 

(,ir.\TER-COrSINS,  n.  ka'ter-cuzns.  [L. 
quataor,  four,  and  cousin.] 

Those  within  the  first  four  degrees  of  kind- 
red. Skinner. 

iQUaT'ERN,  a.  [L.  quaterni,  four,  from 
qunluor,  four.] 

Consisting  of  four  ;  fourfold  ;  growing  by 
fours  ;  as  quatern  leaves.  .Marlyn. 


Tooke.i2.  To  tremble  ;  to  vibrate. 


QIATERN'ARY, 

qunluor,  four.] 
The  nuMiher  tour. 
QUATERNARY, 


71.  [E.  quaternaiius,  from 

Boyle. 
Consisliug  of  four. 

Gregory. 
[L.   quaternio,    from 


QUATERNION, 

quatuor,  four.] 

1.  Tlie  number  four.  j\JiUon. 

2.  A  file  of  lour  soldiers.     Acts  xii. 
QUATERNION,  v.  I.  To  divide  into  files 

or  coin|ianies.  .Milton 

QUATERN'ITY,  ?i.  [supra.]  The  number 
four.  Brown 

QrAT'R.\IN,  )).  [Fr.  from  quatre,  L.  qua- 
tuor, four.] 

A  stanza  of  tour  lines  rhyming  alternately 

Dryden 

QUAVE,  for  quaver,  is  not  used. 

QUAVEMIRE,  for  quagmire,  is  not  used. 

QU.\.'VER,  r.  i.  [W.  cwibiau;  to  quaver,  to 
trill;  Sp.  quicbro,  a  musical  shake  or  trill ; 


The  finger — moved  with  a  quavering  inolion. 

J\'ewlon. 

QUA'VRR,  H.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of 
the  voice,  or  a  shake  on  an  instrument 
of  music.  Addison. 

2.  A  note  and  measure  of  time  in  music, 
equal  to  half  a  crotchet  or  the  eighth  of  a 
seinibreve. 

QUA'VERED,  a.  or  jjp.  Distributed  into 
'|i'"veis.  Harmar. 

Ql  A'VEKER,  71.  A  warbler. 

QUA'VERINt;,  ppr.  Shaking  the  voice  or 
the  sound  olaii  instrument. 

QUA'VERLN'G,  n.  The  act  of  shaking  the 
voice,  or  of  making  rapid  vibrations  of 
sound  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

QUAY,  71.  ke.  [Fr.  quai ;  D.  kaai ;  Arm. 
qae :  Ir.  ccigh.  If  this  word  is  radically 
the  same  as  key,  the  sense  is  that  which 
fastens  or  secures.  Class  Cg  or  Gk.] 

A  key  ;  a  mole  m-  wharf,  constructed  in  har- 
bors for  securing  vessels  and  receiving 
goods  unladen  or  to  be  shipped  on  board. 

QUAY,  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  quays. 

J.  Barlow. 

QUEACH,  71.  .\  thick  bushy  plot.     Obs. 

Chapman. 

QUEACH,  V.  i.  To  stir;  to  move.  Obs. 
[See  Qinck.] 

QUE'ACHY,  a.  [from  quearh.]  Shaking ; 
moving,  yielding  or  trembling  under  the 
feet,  as  moist  or  boggy  ground. 

The  queadiy  iens.  Drayton. 

Godwin's  qucarhy  --ands.  lb. 

[This  word  is  still  in  use  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  if  the  word  is  from  the  root  of 
quirk,  we  recognize  the  application  of  it  in 
quirksand.] 

2.  Thick  ;    bushy.     [jVol  in  use.] 

Cockeram. 

QUE.-VN,  n.  [Sa.v.  cwasn  or  cwen,  a  woman. 
See  Qkccii.] 

A  worthless  woman;  a  slut;  a  strumpet. 
\.\'(it  in  common  use.]  Dryden.     Swi/l. 

QUIj'.VSINESS,  77.  s  as  z.  [from  queasy.] 
Nausea ;  qualmishness  ;  inclination  to 
vomit. 

QUF/ASY,  a.  s  as  :.  [allied  perhaps  to  the 
W.  chudy,  [Lhiiyd,]  Corn,  hnedzka.  Arm. 
chueda  or  huqda.  to  vomit.  Class  Gs.  No. 
19.  Class  Gii.  No.  oi.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach:  afl'ected  with  nau- 
sea; inclined  to  vomit.  Sliak. 

2.  Fastidious  ;  squeamish  ;  delicate. 
Sliak.     Dryden. 

3.  Causing  nausea ;  as  a  quca.iy  question. 

Shak. 
QUECK,  v.  i.  [G.  quackeln,  to  quake,  to  bo 

unsettled,  to  Ijinch.] 
To  shrink;  to  flinch.     Obs.  Bacon. 

QUEEN,    n.    [Sax.   cica!7t   or   cwen,    Goth. 

queins,  quens,  Dan.  qvinde,  Sw.  qvinna,  a 

woman;  Sans.  ia7i7/a.     Qii.  Ir.  coinTie  and 

Gr.  yvvr^.] 
1.  The  consort  of  a  king;  a  queen  consort. 


a  u  E 


QUE 


QUE 


2.  A  woman  wlio  is  the  sovereign  of  a  king- 
dom ;  a  (jueeii-regeiit ;  as  Elizabeth,  queeii 
of  Eiiglan<l;  Mary,  cjueen  of  Scotland. 

3.  The  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees,  or  the 
female  of  the  hive. 

A  hive  of  bees  cannot  subsist  without  a  queen. 

Encijc. 

Qiieen  of  the  meadows,  meadow  sweet,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Spiraea.  Lee. 

QUEEN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  queen ;  to  act 
the  part  or  character  of  a  queen.        Shak. 

QUEEN-APPLE,  n.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called.  Mortimer. 

QUE  EN-DO  WAGER,  n.  The  widow  of  a 
king. 

QUEE'N-GOLD,  n.  A  royal  duty  or  reve 
iiue  belonging  to  every  queen  of  England 
during  her  marriage  to  the  king. 

QUEE'NING,  11.  An  apple.  Mortimer. 

QUEE'NLIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  queen. 

Drayton. 

QUEE'NLY,  a.  Like  a  queen  ;  becoming  a 
queen  ;  suitable  to  a  queen. 

QUEER,  a.  [G.  quer,  cross,  oblique,  trav- 
erse ;  querkopf,  a  queer  fellow  ;  querlen,  tu 
twirl.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to 
turn.] 

Odd;  singular;  hence,  whimsical. 

Spectator. 

QUEE'RLY,  adv.  In  an  odd  or  singular 
manner. 

QUEE'RNESS,  n.  Oddity  ;  singularity ; 
particularity.  \A  familiar,  not  an  elegant 
ivord.] 

QUEEST,  11.  A  ring  dove,  a  species  of  pig- 
eon. Todd. 

QUEINT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  quench.        Gotver. 

QUELL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwellan,  to  kill ;  Dan 
qvoeler,  to  stifle,  sufliijcate,  choke,  stop, 
quell,  gall,  tease,  torinrnt,  ve.\  ;  Sw.  qvhl- 
ja,  id. ;  G.  qualen.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  stop,  to  press  or  force  down,  and  thus 
cause  action  or  motion  to  cease.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  cause  to  cease 
as,  to  quell  an  insurrection  or  sedition. 

2.  To  quiet  ;  to  allay ;  to  reduce  to  peace  ; 
as,  to  quell  the  tumult  of  the  soul. 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  reduce. 

This  quelVd  her  pride.  Drqden. 

QUELL,  V.  i.  To  die  ;  to  abate.         Spenser. 

QUELL,  n.  Murder.  [J^Tot  in  use.]         Shak. 

QUELL'ED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued;  qui- 
eted. 

QUELL'ER,  ?i.  One  that  crushes  or  sub- 
dues. Sliak. 

QUELL'ING,  ppr.  Crushing  ;  subduing 
reducing  to  peace. 

QUELQUE-CIIOSE,  n.  keck-shows.  [Fr. 
something.] 

A  trifle  ;  a  kickshaw.  Donne 

QUEME,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ctveman.]  To  please. 
[Ois.]  Spenser. 

QUENCH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwencan.]  To  extin- 
guish ;  to  put  out  ;  as,  to  quench  flame. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  repress ;  as,  to 
quencli  a  (lassion  or  emotion.  Shak. 

3.  To  allay  or  extinguish ;  as,  to  quench 
thirst. 

4.  To  destroy.  Davies. 

5.  To  check;  to  stifle;  a.S',  to  quench  the 
Spiiit.   I  Thess.  v. 

QUENCH,  J).  J.  To  cool;  to  become  cool. 
DosI  Ihoii  lliiiik,  in  time 
She  will  not  quench  >        _  jSA«A- 

\_JVol  in  use.'] 


QUENCH'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched 
or  extinguished.  Sherwood. 

QUENCH'ED,  pp.  Extinguished;  allayed; 
repressed. 

QUENCH'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  extin- 
guishes. 

QUENCH'ING, /)pr.  Extinguishing;  quiet- 
ing ;  stifling  ;  repressing. 

QUENCH'LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  quench- 
ed or  repressed  ;  inextinguishable  ;  as 
quenchless  tire  or  fury.       Shak.     Crashau: 

QUER'CITKON,  n.  [L.  quercus,  an  oak.] 
The  bark  of  the  yellow  oak,  used  in  dye- 
ing. Bancroft. 

QUER'ELE,  n.  [L.  querela;  Fr.  querelle.] 
A  complaint  to  a  court.  [Abi  in  use.  See 
Audita  querela.]  Ayliffe. 

'QUE'RENT,  n.  [L.  querens,  queror,  to  com- 
plaiu.] 

The  complainant ;  the  plaintif.  [.Not  in 
use.] 

QUE'RENT,  n.  [L.  qiuerens,  qucero,  to  in- 
quire.] 

An  inquirer.     [A^ot  much  used.]  Aubrey. 

QUERL^IO'NIOUS,  a.  [L.  querimonia,  com- 
plaint, from  queror.] 

Coiiq)laiiiing;  querulous;  apt   to    complain. 

QUERIMO'NIOUSLY,  adv.  With  com- 
plaint ;  querulously. 

QUERIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  Disposition  to 
eonj|)lairi  ;  a  complaming  temper. 

QUE'RIST,  n.  [from  L.  qucero,  to  inquire.] 
One  who  inquires  or  asks  questions. 

Swift. 

QUERK.     [See  quirk.] 

QUERK'ENED,  a.  Choked.  [Illegitimate 
and  obsolete.] 

QUERL,  V.  t.  [G.  querlen.]  To  twir 
or  wind  round  ;  to  coil  ;  ai 


thread    or  rope.     [This    is    a  I 
English    word,   in   common   use 
England.     It  may  be  a  dialectical  varia-j 
tiou  ofwhirl,  Dan.  hvirvler,  and  IwirL] 

QUERN,  n.  [Sax.  cwyrn,  cweorn ;  Goth. 
quairn  ;  D.  kweern  ;  Dan.  qvcrn  ;  Sw.j 
qvarn.  Qu.  W.  cwyrn,  a  quick  motion,  a 
whirl.] 

A  hand-mill  for  grinding  grain  ;  a  mill,  the 
stone  of  which  was  turned  by  hand,  used 
before  the  invention  of  windmills  and  wa- 
termills.  Shak. 

QUERP'O,  11.  [Sp.  cuerpo,  the  body,  L.  cor- 
pus ;  Sp.  en  cuerpo  de  camisa,  half  dressed, 
having  on  a  shirt  oidy.] 

A  waistcoat  or  garment  close  to  the  body. 

Dryden. 

QUER'QUEDULE,  n.  [L.  querquedula.] 
An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  teal  of  the 
genus  Anas.  '  Encyc. 

QUER'RY,  n.  A  groom.  [See  Equerry.] 

QUER'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  querulus,  from  queror, 
to  complain.     See   (^unrrel.' 

1.  Coni|)laining,  or  habitually  complaining  ; 
disposed  to  murmur ;  as  a  querulous  man 
or  peo])le.  Hooker. 

'i.  Expressing  complaint ;  as  a  querulous  tone 
of  voice. 

QUER'ULOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  compiamuig 
ttianner.  Young; 

QUER'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Dispo.siiiou  to 
complain,  or  the  habit  or  practice  of  nuir- 
mnriiig. 

QUERY,  n.  [from  L.  qucere,  imperative  of 
qumro ;  perhaps  Cli.  Heb.  ^p^  to  seek,  to 


karau,  to  follow,  to  seek.     Class  Gr.  No- 
51.  53.  55.     The  sense  is  to  press  on,  to 
follow,  to  urge.] 
A  question ;  an  inquiry  to    be  answered  or 
resolved. 

I  will  conclude  by  proposing  some  queries. 

J\i~ewt(m. 
QUE'RY,  V.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or  ques- 
tions. 

Three  Cambridge  sophs 
Each  prompt  to  query,  answer  and  debate. 

Pope. 
QUE'RY,  I',  t.  To  seek  ;  to  inquire  ;  as,  que- 
ry the  sum  or  amount ;  query  the  motive  or 
the  fact. 

2.  To  examine  by  questions.  Gavton. 

3.  To  doubt  of. 
QUEST,  11.  [Fr.  quete,  for  queste ;  L.  quaro, 

quaestus.  As  the  letter  r  is  rarely  changed 
into  s,  perhaps  the  L.  quasivi,  quwstus, 
may  be  from  the  root  of  qiuEso,  \V.  cci$- 
iaw,  to  seek,  to  endeavor,  cais,  efibrt. 
See  Class  Gs.  No.  35.] 
The  act  of  seeking  ;  search  ;  as,  to  rove 
in  quest  of  game  ;  to  go  in  quest  of  a  lost 
child  ;  in  quest  of  property,  iic. 

Addison.     Milton. 
Inquest;  a  jury.     [N'ot  used.]  Shak. 

[ATot  used.] 

Shak. 
[J\rot  used.] 

Shak. 
5.  Request;  desire;  solicitation. 

Gad  not  aiiroad  at  every  quest  and  call 
01  an  untrain'd  lio;ie  or  passion.  Herbert. 

QUEST.  V.  i.   To  go  in  search.    [JVot  used.] 
QUEST,  V.  t.  To  search  or  seek  for. 

Herbert 
ro  twnl ;  to  inrniJQUEST'ANT,  n.  [snpra.]  A  seeker.  [AV 
,s  t0  5»cWac<,rd,       „..., 


3.  Searchers,  collectively. 

4.  Inquiry  ;  examination. 


search,   to   inquire 


ip3    id.  ;     .\r.    \ 


,     used.]  Shak. 

egitiuiate:  QUESTION,  n.  mus'chun.  [Fr.  Sp.  question; 
■■  '"   ^'^'''<      L.   .ua-stio.  _  See  Quest.]  '  ^  ^ 

1.  The  act  of  asking;  an  interrogatory;  as, 
to  examine  by  .lucstiort  and  answer. 

2.  That  which  is  asked  ;  something  propos- 
ed which  is  to  be  solved  by  answer.  What 
is  the  question'? 

Inquiry  ;  disquisition  ;  discussion. 

It  is  to  be  put  to  question,  whether  it  is  law- 
ful for  christian  princes  to  make  an  invasive  war, 
simply  for  the  propagation  of  the  faith. 

Bacon. 

4.  Dispute  or  subject  of  debate. 
There    aro..ic    a  question    between    some  ot 

John's  disciples  and  the  Jews,  about  purifying. 
John  iii. 

5.  Doubt;  controversy;  dispute.  The  story 
is  true  beyond  all  question. 

Tliis  docs  not  bring  their  truth  in  question. 

Locke. 
C.  Trial ;  examination  ;  judicial   trial  or  in- 
quiry. 

Ol  the  hope  and  the  resurrection  of  the  dead 
I  am  called  in  qiwstion.    .\ctsxxiii.  xsiv. 

7.  Examination  by  torture. 
Blackstone.     Ayliffe. 

8.  Endeavor  ;  effort  ;  act  of  seeking.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

!).  In  logic,  a  proposition  stated  by  way  of 
interrogation. 

In  question,  in  debate  ;  in  the  course  of  ex- 
amination or  discussion  ;  as,  the  matter  or 
point  in  (/ucstion. 

QUES'TIOiN',  r.  i.  To  ask  a  question  or 
(|unstioMs  ;  to  in(|uire  by  interrogatory  or 
proposition  to  be  answered. 

He  that  qucslionrlh  much,  sliall  learn  much. 
'J-'  Bacon. 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


a  u  1 


9.  To  debate  by  iiUcnogatories.  Sliak. 

QUES'TION,  V.  t.  To  iiniuire  of  by  asking 
questions  ;  to  examine  by  interrogatories  ; 
as,  to  ijuestion  a  witness. 
2.  To  doubt  of;  to  be  uncertain  of. 

And  most  we  qumlioii  wliat  we  most  desire 

Prim\ 
no  confidence  in;  to  treat  as 
If  a  man  is  frustrated  in  his  dc 
tslioned. 


asking 

Pope 

c.\am- 


3.  To   liave 
doubtful. 

signs,  his  prudence  is  ijUt. 
QUi;S'TK)iVABLK,  a.  Tiiat  may  be  ques 
tioned  ;  doubtful ;  uncertain  ;   (bsputable. 
The  deed  is  of  i/uestionablc  authority 

It  is  questimiable  wlielhcr  (ialeii  ever  saw  the 
dissection  of  a  human  body.  Baker. 

2.  Suspicious  ;  liable  to  be  doidited  or  dis- 
puted;  liable  to  sus])ieion.  His  veracity 
is  queslionable. 

Thou  coni'st  in  sucli  a  questionable  shape, 
That  I  will  speak  to  thee.  Shah. 

QUES'TIONABLENESS,  n.  The  (iiiality 
or  state  of  being  doubtful,  questionable  or 
suspicious. 

QUES'TIONARY,    a.    Inquiring 
questions;  as  queslionary  epistles. 

aUES'TIONEI),   pp.  Im'errogated ; 
ined  by  questions. 

2.  Doubted ;  disputed. 

QUES'TIONEK,  n.  One  that  asks  ques- 
tions ;  an  incpiirer. 

QUES'TIONINC;, />;<r.  Interrogating;  call- 
ing in  question  ;  doubting. 

QUES'TIONIST,  n.  A  questioner;  an  in- 
quirer. Hail. 

QUES'TIONLESS,  orfy.  Beyond  a  question 
or  doubt ;  doubtless  ;  certainly. 

Raleigh.     South. 

QUEST'MAN,  )        A  starter  of  law- 

QUEST'MONGER,  ^  "'  suits  or  prosecu- 
tions.    [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

QUES'TOR,  n.  [L.  qucestor.  See  Quest  and 
query.] 

In  Roman  antiquity,  an  ofl'icer  who  had  the|  j_ 
management  of  the  public  treasure ;  thcj:-> 
receiver  of  taxes,  tribuie,  &c.  || 

QUES'TORSIilP,  n.  The  offieeof  a  questor 
or  Roman  treasmvr. 

2.  The  term  of  u  questor's  office. 

QUES'TRIST,  n.  A  seeker ;  a  pursuer. 
LVot  in  use.]  Shuk. 

aUES'TUARY,  a.  Studious  of  profit. 

Brown. 

QUES'TUARY,  «.  One  employed  to  col- 
lect profits.  Taylor. 

QUEUE.     [See  Cue.] 

QUIB,  jt.  [VV.  curip,  a  tlirt,  a  quirk,  or  gwib,  a 
quick  course  or  turn  ;  cwipittu;  to  move 
quickly,  to  whip  ;  as  we  say,  he  U'hippcd 
round  the  corner.] 

A  sarcasm  ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  quip;  a  gibe. 

liUIB  BLE,  n.  [It  seems  to  be  from  the  root 
of  qnib,  supra,  \V.  cwipiaiv,  to  turn  or  move 
rapidly,  or  gwibiau;  to  wander.  See  h'ab-i 
lie.] 

1.  A  start  or  turn  from  the  point  in  question, 
or  from  plain  truth ;  an  evasion  ;  a  cavil ; 
a  pretense  ;  as,  to  answer  a  sound  argu- 
ment by  quibbles. 

Quirks    and   quibbles  have  no  place  in   the 
search  after  trulli.  If'atts. 

2.  A  |)un ;  a  low  conceit.  Mdison. 

QUIB'BLE,  V.  i.  To  evade  the  point  in  ques- 
tion, or  plain  truth,  by  artifice,  play  upon 
words,  caviling  or  any  conceit ;  to  trifle  in 
argument  or  discourse.  IJ Estrange. 

2.  To  pun. 


.QUIB'BLER,    7!.    One   who   evades  plain 

^  truth  by  trifling  artifices,  play  upon  words, 
or  cavils. 

[2.  A  punster. 

QUICK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  cat'c,  alive;  cipicctaji,  to 
vivily.] 

To  stir  ;  to  tnove.     [.Vot  inwe.]        Spenser. 

QUICK,  a.  [Sax.  nOTc,  living,  alive  ;  D.kurik; 
G.  qtmk  ;  DiUi.qiik  ;  H\v.  qvick.  Qu.  W. 
cig,  Arm.  qia/,  llesh.  If  q  is  a  dialectical 
prefix,  as  I  suppose,  this  word  coincides 
with  the  L.  uigeo,  vegeo,  and  vig,  veg,  radi- 
cal, coincide  with  wag.  Now  the  Dutch 
call  a  wagtail,  kwikstaarl.] 

1.  Primarily,  ali\e;  living;  opposed  to  dead 
or  unanimated ;  a.s  r/ut'cA  flesh.    Lev.  xiii. 

The  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  shall  judge  the 
quick  and  the  dead.  2  Tim.  iv. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  obsolete,  ex 
cept  in  some  compounds  or  in  particular 
phrases.] 

2.  Swift ;  hasty ;  done  with  celerity  ;  as 
quick  dispatch. 

3.  Speedy ;  done  or  occurring  in  a  short 
time  ;  as  a  quick  return  of  profit.s. 

Oft  he  to  her  his  charge  ot"  quick  return 
Repeated.  Milton. 

4.  Active;  brisk;  nindile ;  pronq)t;  ready. 
He  is  remarkably  quick  in  his  motions. 
He  is  a  man  of  quick  parts. 

5.  Moving  with  rapidity  or  celerity ;  as 
quick  time  in  music. 

Qtiick  with  child,  pregnant  with  a  living 
child.  Blackatone. 

QUICK,  adv.  Nimbly;  with  celerity;  rap- 
idly ;  with  haste  ;  speedily  ;  without  de- 
lay ;  as,  run  quick;  be  quick. 

If  we  consider  how  very  quick  the  actions  of 
the  mind  are  perCormcd.  Locke. 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time ;  without  delay. 
Go,  and  return  quick. 

QUICK,  n.  [Sw.  qviga,  a  heifer  ;  Dan.  qvceg, 
cattle  ;  that  is,  living.] 
A  living  animal.     Obs.  Spenser. 

The  living  flesh  ;  sensible  parts  ;  as  pen- 
etrating to  the  quick  ;  stung  to  the  quick  ; 
cut  to  the  quick.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

■i.  Living  sluiibs  or  trees ;  as  a  ditch  or 
bank  set  with  quick.  .Mortimer. 

QUICK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  riciVci'a)!.]  To  revive;  to 
niiike  alive.     Obs.  Chaucer. 

QUICK,  V.  i.  To  become  alive.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

QUICK'-BKAM,        )       A  tree,   the    wild 

QUICK'F.N-TREE,  S  "'  sorb,  a  species  of 

wild  ash.  Mortimer^' 

The  Sorbus  aucuparia,  or  mountain  ash, 

a  species  of  .service  tree.  Lee. 

QUICKEN,  V.  t.  quik'n.  [Sax. cu-iccian;  Dan. 
i/ragi-.r.] 

1.  I'riiuarily,  to  make  alive  ;  to  vivify  ;  to 
revive  or  resuscitate,  as  from  death  or  an 
inanimate  state.  Rom.  iv. 

Hence  flocks  and  herds,  and  men  and  beasts 

and  fowls, 
With  breath  are  quicken'd,  and  attract  their 

soul-.'.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  make  alive  in  a  spiritual  sense  ;  to 
communicate  a  juinciple  of  grace  to. 

Vou  halh  he  quickened,  who   were  dead  in 
trospa'^ses  and  sins.     Eph.  ii. 

3.  To  hasten ;  to  accelerate  ;  as,  to  quicken 
motion,  speed  or  flight. 

4.  To  sharpen  ;  to  give  keener  perception 
to;  toslimulate;  to  incite;  as,  to  quicken 
the  appetite  or  taste  ;  to  quicken  desires. 

South.     Taller. 


5.  To  revive  ;  to  cheer;  to  reinvigorate  ;  to 
refresh    by   new    supplies  of  comfort  or 
grace.     Ps.  cxix. 
QUICKEN,  V.  i.  quik'n.  To  become  alive. 
The  tieart  is  the  first  part  that  quickens,  an<l 
the  last  that  dies.  Ray. 

2.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  activity. 

And  keener  lightning  quickens  in  her  eye. 

Pope. 
QUICKENED,  pp.   Made  ahve;  revived; 
vivified  ;  reinvigorated. 

2.  Accelerated  ;  hastened. 

3.  Stimulated  ;  incited. 
QUICK'ENER,  ji.  One  who  revives,  vivi- 
fies, or  communicates  life. 

2.  That  which  reinvigorates. 

3.  That  which  accelerates  motion  or  increas- 
es activity.  More. 

QUICK'EXING,  ppr.  Giving  life;  accel- 
erating: inciting. 

QUICK'-KYED,  a.  Having  acute  sight ;  of 
keen  and  ready  perception. 

QUICK-GRASS.     [See  quitch-grass.] 

QUICK'LIME,  n.  [See  Lime.]  Any  calca- 
rious  substance  deprived  of  its  fixed  or 
carbonic  air,  or  an  earthy  substance  cal- 
cined;  as  chalk,  limestone,  oyster-shells, 
&c. ;  unslacked  lime.  Calcarious  stones 
and  shells  are  reduced  to  quicklime  by  be- 
ing subjected  for  a  considerable  time  to  in- 
tense beat,  which  expels  the  carbonic  and 
aqueous  matter. 

QUICK'LY,  adv.  Speedily;  with  haste  or 
celerity. 

2.  Soon  ;  without  delav. 

QUICK-MATCH,  n.  [See  Match.]  A  com- 
bustible preparation  formed  of  cotton 
strands  dipped  in  a  boiling  composition  of 
white  vinegar,  saltpeter  and  mealed  pow- 
der ;  used  by  artillerymen.  Encyc. 

QUICKNESS,  n.  Speed;  velocity;  celer- 
ity ;  rapidity  ;  as  the  quickness  of  motion. 

2.  Activity;  briskness;  promptness;  as  the 
quickness  of  the  imagination  or  wit. 

Motion.     Dryden. 

3.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  sensibil- 
ity;  as  yiirc/ijjess  of  sensation.  Locke. 

4.  Sharpness  :  pungency.  Mortimer. 
QUICKSAND,    n.  Sand   easily   moved  or 

readily  yielding   to  pressure,    loose  sanJ 
abounding  with  water.  Dryden. 

2.  Unsolid  groimrl.  Addison. 

QUICK  SCENTED,  a.  Having  an  acute 
perception  by  the  nose  :  of  an  acute  smell. 

QUICK'SET,"n.  A  hving  plant  set  to  grow, 
particularly  for  a  hedge.  Evelyn. 

QUICKSET,  V.  t.  To  plant  with  living 
shrubs  or  trees  for,  a  hedge  or  li'iice  ;  as, 
to  qitickscl  a  ditch.  Mortimer. 

QUICK'SIGHTEI),  n.  Having  quick  sight 
or  acute  discernment;  quick  to  see  or  dis- 
cern. Locke.     Bentley. 

QUICK'SlGHTEDNESS,  n.  Quickness  of 
sight  or  discermijent ;  readiness  to  see  or 
discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SILVER,  n.  [that  is,  li\  ing  silver. 
argenlum  iu'Whi.so  called  from  its  fluidity.] 

Mercury,  a  metal  foimd  both  native  and  in 
the  state  of  ore,  in  mines,  in  various  parts 
of  the  world,  and  so  remarkably  fusible  as 
to  be  congealable  only  with  the  intense 
cold  indicated  by  3il°  or  40°  below  zero, 
on  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  It  is  the 
heaviest  of  the  metals,  next  to  platina  and 
gold.  It  is  used  in  various  arts  and  in 
medicine. 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


QUI 


QUICKSILVERED, 

niiic-K-J-ilvei-. 
QUICK'-WJTTED,  a. 


a.      Overlaid    with 

JVewton. 

Having  ready  wit. 

Shak. 

QUID,  n.  A  vulgar  jiromiiiciation  of  cud ; 
as  a  f/j(irf  of  tobacco. 

QUI' DAM,  )i.  [L.]  Somebody.  [Mt  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

QUID'DANY,  n.  [G.  fyiwHe,  a  quince ;  L. 
cydonium.] 

Marmalade  ;  a  confection  of  quinces  prepar- 
ed witli  sugar. 

QUID'DATIVE,  a.  Constituting  the  es- 
sence of  a  thing.  Encyc. 

QUID'DIT,  n.  [L.  quidUhel,  or  Fr.  que  dil.] 
Asubtilty;  an  equivocation.  [J\'ol  in  use.] 

Shak. 

QUID'DITY,  n.  [L.  quid,  what.]  A  bar- 
barous term  used  in  school  philosophy 
for  essence,  that  unknown  and  uiidefinable 
something  which  constitutes  its  peculiar 
nature,  or  answers  the  question,  quid 
est'?  The  essence  ofathing  constitutes  it 
tale  quid,  such  a  thing  as  it  is,  and  not  an- 
other. Encyc. 

2.  A  trifling  nicety  ;  a  cavil ;  a  captious  ques- 
tion. Cavuhn. 

QUID'NUNC,  >i.  [L.  what  now.]  One  who 
is  curious  to  know  every  thing  that  pass- 
es ;  one  who  knows  or  pretends  to  know- 
all  occurrences.  Taller. 

Qttid  pro  ijuo,  [L.]  in  law,  an  equivalent; 
something  given  or  ilone  for  another 
thing;  mutual  consideration  and  perform- 
ance. 

QUIESCE,  V.  i.  quiess'.  [L.  quiesco.]  To 
be  silent,  as  a  letter;  to  have  no  sound. 

M.  Stuart. 

QUIES'CENCE,   )       [L.  quiescens,  quiesco. 

QUIES'CENCY,  ^  "'  f^Re  quiet.} 

1.  Rest;  repose  ;  state  of  a  thing  without 
motion.  Glanville. 

2.  Rest  of  the  mind  ;  a  state  of  the  mind 
free  from  agitation  or  emotion. 

3.  Silence  ;  the  having  no  sound ;  as  of  a 
letter. 

QUIES'CENT,  a.  [h.  quiescens.]  Resting; 
being  in  a  state  of  repose;  still;  not  mov 
ing  ;  as  a  quiescent  body  or  fluid.     iNewlon 

2.  Not  ruflled  with  passion  ;  unagitated 
the  mind 


4.  Calm  ;  not  agitated  by  wind  ;  as  a  quiet 
sea  or  atmosphere.  | 

5.  Smooth  ;  unruftled.  Shak.^ 

6.  Undisturbed ;  unmolested  ;  as  the  quiet' 
possession  or  enjoyment  of  an  estate.         i 

Btiickslone.] 

7.  Not  crying;  not  restless  ;  as  a  7«u(chilil.| 
QUI'ET,  n.  [L.  quies.]  Rest;  repose;  still- 
ness ;  the  state  of  a  thing  not  in  motion. 

2.  Tranquility;  freedom  from  disturbance 
or  alarm ;  civil  or  political  repose.  Our 
country  enjoys  quiet. 

3.  Peace;  security.     Judg.  .vviii. 
QUI'ET,  v.t.  To  stop  motion;  to  still;  to 

reduce  to  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  quiet  cor- 
])oreal  motion.  Locke. 

2.  To  calm;  to  ai)pease  ;  to  pacify;  to  lull; 
to  traiiquilize;  as,  to  f/!n'e(  the  soul  when 
agitated  ;  to  quiet  the  passions ;  to  quiet 
the  clamors  of  a  nation ;  to  quiet  the  dis- 
orders of  a  city  or  town. 

.3.  To  allay  ;  to  suppress ;  as,  to  quiet  pain 
or  grief. 

QUI'ETED,  pp.  Made  still;  calmed;  paci- 
fied. 

QUI'ETER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
quiets. 

QUI'ETING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  rest  or  sti 
ness  ;  appeasing  ;  tranquilizing. 

QUI'ETISM,  )i.  Peace  or  tranquility  of 
mind  ;  apathy  ;  dispassion  ;  indisturbance  ; 
inaction.  In  history,  quietism  is  the  sys 
tem  of  the  quietists,  who  maijitaincd  tliat 
religion  consists  in  the  internal  rest  or 
recollection  of  the  mind,  enqiloyed  in  con- 
templating God  and  submitting  to  his  will. 

QUI'ETIST,  Ji.  One  of  a  sect  of  mj sties,] 
originated  by  Alolino,  a  Spanish  priest, 
who  maintained  the  principles  of  quiet-' 
ism.  Encyc. 

QUI'ETLV,  adv.  In  a  quiet  state  ;  without 
motion  ;  in  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  lie  or  sit 
quietly. 

2.  Without  tumult,  alarm,  di-spute  or  dis- 
turbance ;  peaceably  ;  as,  to  live  quietly. 

3.  Calndy  ;  without  agitation  or  violent 
emotion  ;  patiently.  Submit  quietly  to 
unavoidable  evils. 


3.  Silent;  not  soun<led  ;  having  no  sound  ;| 
as  a  quiescent   letter.     Sow,  mow,  with  u 
quiescent ;  say,  day,  with  y  quiescent. 

M.  Stuart,  Heb.  Gram. 

QUIES'CENT,  n.  A  silent  letter. 

M.  Stuaii. 

QUI'ET,  a.  [Fr.  quiet,  L.  quietus,  It.  quielo, 
quiet ;  quictiire,  to  i)acify,  and  quetare,  to 
quiet,  and  to  accpiit,  to  quit  ;  Sp.  quieto, 
quiet ;  quietar,  t<i  appease  ;  quedo,  quiet, 
and  quedar,  to  sto|),  to  leave,  to  quit ;  Port 
quieto,  quiet ;  queda,  a  fall,  declivity;  que. 
do,  quiet.  Quiet  and  qitit  seem  to  belong  j 
to  one  radix.] 

1.  Still;  being  in  a  state  of  rest;  not  mov 
ing.     Judg.  xvi. 

2.  Still ;  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance ; 
unmi.lested  ;  as  a  quiet  life.  Shall. 

Ill  tii-i  clays  the  land  was  quiet  ten  years.     2 
Chron.  xiv. 

3.  Peaceable;  not  turbnient ;  not  giving  of- 
fense ;  not  exciting  controversy,  disorder 
or  trouble;  mild;  m(!ek  ;  contented. 

The  oniamriit  of  a  meek  and  quiet  spirit.     1 


asjJQUI'ETNESS,  n.  A  state  of  rest ;  stillness. 
2.  Calm  ;   tranquility  ;    as   the   quietness  of 


l\'t.  iii.     I  'I'lie^-^.  iv. 


the  ocean  or  atmosjiliere. 

3.  Freedom    from    agitation    or    emotion 
calmness;   coolness  ;  as  the   quietness   of 
the  mind. 

4.  Freedom  from  disturbance,  disorder  oi 
commotion  ;  peace  ;  tranquility  ;  as  tin 
quietness  of  a  city  or  state. 

QUI'ETSOME,  o.  Calm  ;  still  ;  undisturb 
ed.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUI'ETUDE,  n.  [Fr.]  Rest;  repose;  qui 
et ;  tranquility.  ft  otton 

QUIE'TUS,  n.  [L.]  Rest;  repose;  death 
hence,  a  final  discharge  or  acquittance 
that  which  silences  claims.  .S7i«/.'. 

QUILL,  n.  [Ir.  cuille,  a  reed  or  quill ;  Corn. 
cuilan  ;  L.  calamus ;  W.  calav  ;  probably 
a  shoot.] 

1.  The  large  strong  fetherof  a  goose  or  oth- 
er large  fowl  ;  used  much  for  wriiiiig- 
pens.     Hence, 

2.  The  instrument  of  writing  ;  as  the  jirop- 
er  subject  of  his  (yM^7^  llotton. 

3.  The  spine  or  prickle  of  a  jiorcupine. 

Encyc. 


4.  A  piece  of  small  reed  or  other  hollow 
plant,  on  which  weavers  wind  the  thread 
which  forms  the  woof  of  doth.       SpeiLfer. 

5.  The  instrument  with  which  musicians 
strike  the  strings  of  certain  instruments. 

Dry  den. 

To  carry  a  good  quill,  to  write  well. 

QUILL,  V.  t.  To  plait,  or  to  form  with  small 
ridges  like  quills  or  reeds  ;  as  a  woolen 
stuff  quilled. 

[In  the  United  States,  this  word  is  gen- 
erally, if  not  universally,  pronounced 
twilled.] 

QUILLET,  7!.  [L.  quidlibet,  what  you 
please.] 

Subtilty  ;  nicety  :  fraudulent  distinction  ; 
petty  cant.     [JVot  much  tised.]  Shak. 

QUILT,  71.  [li.  collre  ;  L.  culcita;  Ir.  cuilt, 
a  bed-tick,  a  bed;  Port.  Sp.  colcha ;  Sp. 
colehar,  ncolchar,  to  quilt ;  perhaps  from 
uniting,  gathering  or  Indiling.] 

A  cover  or  garment  made  by  putting  wool, 
cotton  or  other  sidjstance  between  two 
cloths  and  sewing  them  together  ;  as  beds 
covered  with  irjagnificent  quilts. 

Arhulhnot. 

QUILT,  V.  t.  To  stitch  together  two  pieceB 
of  cloth  with  some  soft  and  warm  sub- 
stance between  them  ;  as  a  quilted  bed- 
cover ;  a  quilled  coat.  Dryden. 

9.  To  sew  in  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 

QUiLT'ED,  pp.  Stitched  together,  as  two 
pieces  of  cloth,  with  a  soft  substance  be- 
tween them. 

QUILTING,  ppr.  Stitching  together,  as 
two  cloths,  with  some  soft  substance  be- 
tween them. 

QUILTING,  n.  The  act  of  forming  a  quih. 

2.  Jij  .Vetc  England,  the  act  of  quilting  by  a 
collection  of  females  who  bestow  their 
labor  gratuitously  to  aid  a  female  friend, 
and  conclude  v\ith  an  entertainirienf. 

QUI'NARY,  a.  [L.  quinarius,  from  quinque, 
five.]  Consisting  of  five  ;  as  a  quinary 
imndier.  Boyle. 

QUI'NATE,  a.  [from  L.  quinque.]  In  hot- 
any,  a  quinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  digitate  leaf 
having  five  leaflets  on  a  petiole. 

Murtyn.     Lee. 

QUINCE,  n.  quins.  [Fr.  coin  or  coing ; 
.\rm.  aval-couign,  the  cornered  apple  or 
wedge-a|)ple  ;  G.  quitlc  or  quittenapfcl. 
which  seems  to  be  a  different  word,  and 
rather  allied  to  the  L.  cydonius.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Pyrus  cydoniii,  so  named 
from  Cydonia,  a  town  of  Crete,  famous  for 
abounding  with  this  fruit.  One  species 
of  this  fruit  is  of  an  oblong  sha))e,  from 
which  probably  it  has  its  French  name. 

QUINCE.  )       The  tree  which  pro- 

QUINCE-TREE,  ^  "'  duces  the  quince. 

QUINCIl,  i\  i.  [probably  a  vulgar  pronun- 
ciation oC wince  or  icuic/i.]  To  stir,  wince 
or  flounce.     [.Vut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUINCUN'CIAL,  a.  [from  L.  quincu7i.T.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  (piincnnx.  Rf'y- 

QUIN'tUNX,  n.  [L.  <-omposed  oC quinque, 
five,  anil  uncia,  ounce.] 

In  gardening,  the  quincunx  order  is  a  plant- 
ation of  trees  disposed  in  a  square,  con- 
sisting of  five  trees,  one  at  each  corner 
and  a  fifth  in  the  middle,  thus  :•:;  which 
order  repeated  ind<'finit(ly,  forms  a  regu- 
lar grove  or  wood,  which  viewed  by  an 


a  u  I 


a  u  I 


QUI 


angle  of  the  square  or  parallelogram,  pre- 
sents pqiml  or  parallel  alleys. 

QUINDEC'AGON,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  Gr. 
Sixa,  ten,  and  yiavia,  angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  plain  figure  with  fifteen  sides 
anil  fifteen  angles.  t-ncyc. 

QUINDEC'EMVIR,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
decern,  ten,  and  nV,  man.] 

Jn  Roman  Imlory,  one  of  a  collection  or  body 
of  fifteen  niagistrntcs,  wlioee  husinest.  was 
to  preside  over  the  sacrifices.  Encyc. 

QUINDECEM'VIRATE,  n.  The  body  of 
fifteen  magistrates,  or  their  office. 

QUliSiA,      f        In  pharmiicy,  a   substance 

QUIN'INE,  I  "■  prepared  IV(')ni  yillow  bar' 
(cinchona  cordifcdia,)  p(>ss(;.ssiiig  in  a  con- 
centrated form,  the  tonic  virlnes  of  tin 
bark,  and  capable  of  forming'  sails  witi 
acids.  One  of  these,  thesniphate  uf  ipiin- 
ine,  is  nnicli  employc^l  in  intermittent 
fevers  and  other  diseases,  where  power- 
ful tonics  are  required. 

QUINQUAGES'IMA,  n.  [L.  fifty.]  Qnin- 
qnagcsima  Sunday,  so  called  as  being 
about  the  fiftieth  day  before  Easter  ; 
Shrove  Sunday.  Kna/c. 

QUINQUAN'GULAR,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  iwgulus,  angle.]  Having  five  angles 
or  corners.  Hoodu'ard. 

QUINQUARTIC'ULAK,  n.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  articulus,  article.]  Consisting  ol 
five  articles.     [Liltle  used.]         Sanderson. 

QUINQUE€AP'SULAR,  a.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  cupsutn,  a  little  chest.] 

In  bolany,  having  five  capsules  to  a  flower; 
as  a  quinqueatpsular  pericarp.         Martijn 

QUINaUEDEiN'TATE,  a.  [L.  quinque 
five,  and  dentatus,  toothed  ;  dens,  tooth. 
In  fcoiajij/,  five-toothed. 

QUINaUlCFA'RlOUS,  a.  [h.  quinque,  five, 
and  prubalily  Sax.  faran,  to  go,  Eng.  to 
fare,  or  from  the  root  ofvary.]  In  botany, 
openins  into  five  parts.  Lee. 

QUIN'QUEFin,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
fmdo,  ti'  split.] 

In  botany,  five-cleft ;  cut  into  five  segments 
with  linear  sinuses  and  straight  tnargins; 
as  a  leaf  Maiiyn 

QUINQUEFO'LIATED,  a.  [L.  quinque 
five,  aad  folium,  leaf.]  Having  five  leaves 

Johnson. 

QUmaUELIT'ERAL,  a.   [L.  quiiiqve,  five, 
and  <i<era,  letter.]     Consisting  of  five  let 
ters.  J/.  Stuart 

QUIN'QUELOBATE,  )      [L.  quinque,  five 

QUIN'QUELOBED,     ^""and  lobus,  lobe.] 

Five-lobed  ;  divided  to  the  middle  into  five 
distinct  parts  with  convex  margins. 

Marty  n . 

aUINQUELOelJLAR,  a.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  lociUus,  a  cell.] 

Five-celled  ;  having  five  cells ;  as  a  peri- 
earp.  Marti/n. 

QUINQUEN'NIAL,  a.  [L.  quinquenndlis, 
quinquennis  ;  quinque,  five,  and  annus, 
year.]  Occurring  once  in  five  years,  oi 
lasting  five  years.  Potter. 

QUINQUEP'ARTITE,  a.  [L.  quinque,6ve, 
and  partitus,  divided.] 

1.  Divided  into  five  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

Marlyn. 

2.  Consisting  of  two  parts. 

QUIN'QUEREWE,  n.  [L.  quinque,  fnc,  and 

rem  us,  oar.] 
A  galley  having  five  seats  or  rows  of  oars. 

Vol.  II. 


)        [L.   quinque, 
I,  J    ■  five,  and  val- 


QUIN'QUEVALVE, 
UUlNUliEVALVULAR, 

vw,  valves.]  Having  five  valves,  as  a  peri- 
carp. 

QUIN'QUEVIR,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and  vir, 

man.]     One  of  an  order  of  five  priests  in 

Rome. 
QUIN'SY,  71.   s  as  z.    [corrupted  from  Fr. 

esquinancie,  .tquinancie  ;  It.    squinanzia  ; 

Sp.  esquiiiancia.] 

1.  An  infiammation  of  the  throat;  a  species 
of  angina  which  renders  respiration  difti- 
cult,  or  intercepts  it. 

2.  An   iiitlammation  of  the  fauces,  particu 
larly  of  the  tonsils.  Hooper 

QUINT,    J),     [from    L.  quinlus,    fifth,    Fr. 

quiiiie.]     A  .set  or  sequence  of  five  ;  as  in 

pi(piet. 
UlJINT'AIN,    ji.    [Fr.   quintaine.]     A  post 

with  a  turning  top.  Shalt. 

(.iUii\'l"'AL,    n.    [Fr.   quintal;  It.  quintale ; 

from  the  root  ol'  L.  centum,  a  hunilred.] 
A  hundred   pounds  in    weight ;  or   a  xv eight 

of  that    numlier   of  pounds  ;   sometimes 

written  and  pronoimced  kenlle. 
UUINTi;S'SENCE,  n.  [L.  quinta  essentia, 

filth  essence.] 

1.  in  altlriiny,  the  fifth  or  last  and  highest  es 
sence  of  power  in  a  natural  body.    Hence, 

2.  An  extract  from  any  thing,  containing  its 
virtues  or  most  essential  part  in  a  small 
quantity. 

Let  lliore  be  light,  said  God  ;  and   forthwith 

light 
Ethenal,  first  of  things,  quintessence  pure, 
Sprung  from  the  deep.  Milton. 

3.  In  chimistnj,  a  preparation  consisting  of 
the  essential  oil  of  a  vegetable  suhstance, 
mixed  and  incorporated  with  spirit  of 
wine. 

4.  The  pure  essential  part  of  a  thing. 

Haketvill. 

[I  have  followed    Baiky    and   Ash  and   our! 
general  nsajre  in  the  accentuation  of  this 
word.     Jameson  has  done  the  same.    The 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  is  very  unnatu 
ral.) 

QUINTESSEN'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of 
Uiiintessence. 

QUI.NT'ILE,  n.  [L.  quintus,  fiflh.]  The  as- 
jiect  of  planets  when  distant  from  each 
other  the  fifth  part  of  the  zodiac,  or  72 
decrees. 

QIUN'V'IN,  n.  [Fr.  quintaine,  W.  ptvintan, 
a  liyiiieneal  game.] 

An  upright  post  on  the  top  of  which  turned 
a  cross  piece,  on  one  end  of  which  was 
fixed  a  broad  board,  and  on  the  other  a 
sand  bag.  The  play  was  to  tilt  or  ride 
against  the  broad  end  with  a  lance,  and 
pass  without  being  struck  by  the  sand  bag 
heliind.  B,  Jottson. 

QUINTUPLE,  a.  [L.  quintuplus,  fivefold; 
^lUiiilus  and  ptico.] 

Fivefold  ;  containing  five  times  the  amount. 

Graunt. 

QUIP.  n.  [W.  cuip,  n  quick  flirt  or  turn;! 
(wijiow,  to  iiiove  briskly,  to  uhip:  as  we! 
say,  to  iiliip  ri  nnd  a  corner  in  running.] 

A  smart  sarcastic  turn ;  a  taunt  ;  a  severe 
retort.  Milton.     Shak.' 

QUIP,  x\  t-  To  taunt;  to  treat  with  a  sar-' 


castic  retell. 
QUIP,  r.  i.  To  scoff 

49 


.1in.siri.rth 
Sidney. 


QUIRE,  n.  [Fr. choeur;  It. coro;  L. chorus: 
Gr.  ^opoj.] 

1.  A  body  of  singers;  a  chorus.  [See  Cho- 
rus and  Choir.]  Milton. 

2.  The  part  of  a  church  where  the  service 
is  sung. 

QUIRE,  n.  [Qii.  from  the  root  of  chorus,  or 
from  Fr.  cahicr,  a  sheet  of  pa(>er,  or  rather 
a  book  of  loose  sheets.] 

A  collection  uf  paper  consisting  of  twenty 
Ibur  sheets,  each  having  a  single  fold. 

QUIRE,  V.  i.  To  sing  in  concert  or  chorus. 

Shak. 

QUIR'ISTER,  n.  One  that  sings  in  con- 
cert ;  more  generally,  the  leader  of  a 
qiiire,  parlicnlurly  in  di\ine  service;  a 
chorister.  lint  in  America,  this  word  is 
little  used  and  vulgar.  The  word  used  is 
chorister. 

QUIRITA'TION,  n.  [L.  quiritatio,  from 
quirito,  Ironi  qucror.]  A  crying  for  help. 
LXot  u.ied.]  Dp.  Halt. 

QUIRK,  n.  quurk.  [from  the  root  of  W. 
pvired,  a  sudden  start  or  turn,  craft,  deceit ; 
^ivyrn,  a  whirl.] 

1.  Literally,  a  turn  ;  a  starting  from  the 
point  or  line :  hence,  an  artful  turn  for 
evasion  or  siiliterfnge;  asliift;  a  quibble  ; 
as  the  quirks  of  a  pettilbggcr.     U Estrange. 

2.  A  fit  or  iiirn;  a  short  paroxysm;  as  a 
quirk  of  joy  or  grief.  Shak. 

3.  A  smart  taunt  or  retort. 
1  may  chance  lo  have  some  odd  quirks  and 

remnants  of  wit  broken  on  me.  Shak. 

4.  A  slight  conceit  or  quibble.  Watts. 

5.  A  flight  of  fancy.     [JVolin  use.]         Shak. 
().  An  irregular  air  ;  as  light  fUtV^s  of  music. 

Pope. 

7.  In  building,  a  jjiece  of  ground  taken  out 
of  an)  regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  to 
make  a  court  or  yard,  &c.  Encyc. 

QUIRK'ISII,  a.  Consisting  of  quirks,  turns, 
(|iiihbles  or  artful  evasions.  JBaiTOw. 

2.   Kesetrdjiing  a  quirk. 

JQUIRP'ELE,  n.  The  Indian  ferret,  an  an- 

I     iinal  of  the  weasel  kind.      Diet.  .Vat.  Hist. 

QUIT,  !'.  /.  pret.  and  pp.  quit  or  quilted. 
[\'r.  quitter ;  It.  quitare  ami  chitare  ;  Port. 
S|).  quitar  ;  D.  kwyten  ;  (S.  quittiren  ;  Dan. 
quitterer ;  Sw'.  quitta  ;  W.  gadu  and  ga- 
daw.  to  quit ;  Ir.  cead,  leave;  cuitighim,  to 
requite.  This  is  the  L.  cedo.  The  sense 
of  quit  is  to  leave,  to  withdraw  from  ;  but 
the  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  have 
been  to  move  or  to  send  ;  for  to  requite  is 
to  send  back.     See  Class   Cd.  and  Cs.] 

1.  To  leave;  to  depart  from,  either  tempo- 
rarily or  forever.  It  does  not  necessarily 
include  the  idea  of  abandoning,  without  a 
qualifying  wonl.  A  man  quits  his  house 
lor  an  hour,  or  for  a  month.  He  quits  his 
native  country  on  a  voyage,  or  he  quits  it 
forever :  he  quits  an  emiiloynient  with 
the  intention  of  resuming  it. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  clear  ;  to  liberate  ;  to  dis- 
charge fnmi. 

To  quit  you   of  this  fear,  you  have   already 
looked  death  in  the  face.     [S'early  obsolete.] 

n'al.c. 

3.  To  carry  through ;  to  do  or  perform 
something  to  the  end,  so  that  noiliing  re- 
mains ;  to  discharge  or  perform  com- 
pletely. 

>tevci  a  worthy  prince  a  day  did  quit 
With  greater  hazard  and  with  more  renown. 

JOamel. 


QUI 


a  u  I 


a  u  o 


4.  To  quil  one's  self,  reciprocally,  to  clear 
one's  self  of  incumbent  duties  by  full  per- 
formance. 

Samson  hath  quit  himself 
Like  Samson.  Milton. 

In  this  sense,  ac<iidt  is  generally  used. 

5.  To  repay  ;  to  requite.  Spenser. 

— Enkindle  all  the  sparks  of  nature 
To  quit  this  horrid  act.  Shale. 

In  this  sen,se,  quit  is  now  rarely  used. 
We  use  requite. 

6.  To  vacate  obligation  ;  to  release  ;  to  free 
from. 

Dangers  of  law, 
Actions,  decrees,  judgments  against  us  quit- 
ted. B.  Sanson. 

7.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge  ;  hence,  to  free 
from  ;  as,  to  quil  the  debt  of  gratitude. 

Milton. 

8.  To  set  free  ;  to  release ;  to  absolve ;  to 
acquit. 

Guiltless  I  quit,  guilty  I  set  them  free. 

Fairfax. 
In  this  sense,  acquit  is  now  used. 

9.  To  leave;  to  give  up;  to  resign;  to  re- 
linquish ;  as,  to  quit  an  office. 

10.  To  pay. 
Before  that  judge  that  quits  each  soul  his  hire. 

[JVot  «s«i.]  Fairfax. 

11.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon. 

Such  a  superficial  way  of  examining  is   to 
q\ut  truth  for  appearance.  Locke. 

To  quit  cost,  to  pay  ;  to  free  from  by  an] 
equivalent ;  to  reimburse  ;  as,  the  culti-| 
vation  of  barren  land  will  not  always  quit> 
cost. 

To  quit  scores,  to  make  even  ;  to  clear  mu- 
tually from  demands  by  mutual  equiva- 
lents given.  We  will  quit  scores  [marks  of 
charges]  before  we  part. 

Does  not  the  earth  quit  scores  with  all  tlie 
elements  in  her  noble  Iruits  ?  South. 

QUIT,    a.   Free  ;  clear ;  discharged  from  ; 
absolved. 
The  owner  of  the  ox  shall  be  quit.      Ex.  xxi, 
[This  word,  though  primarily   a  parti- 
ciple, and  never  placed  before  its  noun, 
has  properly  the  sense  of  an  adjective.] 

Qui  lam,  [L.]  A  qui  lam  action,  in  law,  is  a 
popular  action,  in  which  a  man  prose- 
cutes an  offender  for  the  king  or  state,  as 
well  as  for  himself. 

QUITCH'-GRASS,  n.  [properly  quick- 
grass,  probably  from  its  vigorous  growth 
or  the  difficulty  of  eradicating  it.] 

Dog-grass ;  a  species  of  grass  which  roots 
deeply  and  is  not  ea.sily  killed. 

(iUIT'CLAlM,  V.  t  [quit  and  claim.]  To 
release  a  claim  by  deed  without  covenants 
of  warranty ;  to  convey  to  another  who 
hath  some  right  in  lands  or  tenements,  all 
one's  riglit,  title  and  interest  in  the  e.state, 
hy  relincpiishing  all  claim  to  llicm.  The 
words  used  in  the  instrument  arc,  "A  hath 
remised,  releaseil  and  forever  quitclaimed 
all  his  right,  title  and  interest  to  a  certain 
estate."  Blackslone. 

QIJIT'CLAIM,  )i.  A  deed  of  release  ;  an 
instrument  by  which  all  claims  to  an  es 
tate  are  relinquished  to  another  without 
any  covenant  or  warranty,  express  or 
implied.  Z.  Swift. 

QIJlTel.ATMEI),  pp.  Released  by  deed. 

QtriT'eLAIMING,  ppr.  Conveying  by  deed 
of  release. 


QUITE,  adv.  [from  quit ;  that  is,  primarily, 
free  or  clear  by  complete  performance.] 

Completely  ;  wholly  ;  entirely  ;  totally  ;  per- 
fectly. The  work  is  not  quite  done  ;  the 
object  is  quite  accomplished. 

He  hath  sold  us  and  quite  devoured  also  our 
money.     Gen.  x.xxi. 

The  same  actions  may  be  aimed  at  different 
ends,  and  arise  from  quite  contrary  principles. 

Spectator 

QUIT'-RENT,  rt.  [L.  quietus  reditus.]  A 
rent  reserved  in  grants  of  land,  by  the 
payment  of  which  the  tenant  is  quieted  or 
quit  from  all  other  service.         Blackslone. 

QUITS,  adv.  [from  quit.]  An  exclamation 
used  when  mutual  demands  are  adjusted 
and  the  parties  are  even,  each  quit  of 
the  other. 

QUIT'TAL,  71.  Return  ;  repayment, 


Shak. 
from 

[.See 


QUIT'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Discharge 
a  debt  or  obligation  ;  an  acquittance, 
Acqtiillance,  whicli  is  chiefly  used.] 

Shak. 
2.  Recoinpense  ;  return  ;  repayment.     Shak. 
QUIT'TANCE,    v.  I.    To  repay.      [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak 

QUIT'TED,    pp.    Left  ;  relinquished  ;    ac- 
quitted. 
QUITTER,  Ji.  One  vvho  quits. 
2.  A  deliverer.     [JVol  in  use.]         Jlinsworth. 
.3.  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainsworth. 

QUIT'TER-BONE,  n.  In  farrier;/,  a  hard 
round  swelling  on  the  coronet,  between 
the  heel  and  the  quarter,  usually  on  the 
inside  of  the  foot.  Far.  Did. 

QUIVER,  )!.  [Qu.  Fr.  CO KtinV,  to  cover.] 
A  case  or  sheath  for  arrows. 

Take  thy  quivi'r  and  thy  bow.     Gen.  xxvii. 
QUIV'ER,  a.  Nimble  ;  active.  [A'bi  in  use. 

Shak. 
QUIV'ER,  ti.  t.  [D. /luu-mn,  to  shiver.  Tlii.-* 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the   family  of 
quaver,    W.    cwibiaiv,   to  trill,   to    quiver, 
cioiv,   a   whirl  or    tmn,   gwiviaw,    to   fly 
aboiil,  to  waudvr,  civipiaio,  to  move  brisk- 
ly, cwi/vaw,  to  stir,  move,  agitate.] 
1.  To  shake  or  tremble  ;  to  quake  ;  to  shud- 
der; to  shiver.     Tiiis  word  expresses  that 
tremulous  motion  of  the  body  whicli  pro- 
ceeds from  loss  of  heat  or  vigor.     Thus 
persons  quiver  with  fear  or  with  cold. 
He  quiver'd  with  his  feet  and  lay  for  dead. 

Dryden 

And  left   the   limbs   still    quiv'ring   on    the 

ground.  Jiddison. 

To  play  or  be  agitated  with  a  tremulous 

motion. 

The  green   leaves  quiver   with   the   cooling 

wind.  Shak. 

The  lakes  that  quiver  to  the  curling  breeze. 

Pope. 
QUIVERED,    a.    [from  the  noun  quiver.] 

1.  Fiu'nished  with  a  quiver;  as  the  quivered 
nymph.  Millon. 

2.  Sheathed  as  in  a  quiver. 
— Whose  quills  stand  quivered  at  his  ear. 

Pope 
QUIVERING,  ppr.  Trembling,  as  v.itli 
cold  or  fear ;  moving  with  a  tremulous 
asjitation. 
QUIVERING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  shaking  or 
trembling  :  agitation  ;  as,  to  he  seized  with 
a  quivering.  Sidney 

QUIXOTIC,   a.    Like   Don   Quixote;   ro- 
mantic to  extravagance. 


QUIX'OTISM,  n.  Romantic  and  absurd 
notions ;  schemes  or  actions  like  those  of 
Don  Quixote,  the  hero  of  Cervantes. 

QUIZ,  n.  [Norm,  quis,  quiz,  sought;  Sp. 
quisicosa ;  from  the  root  of  question.]  An 
enigma  ;  a  riddle  or  obscure  question. 

QUIZ,  V.  t.  To  puzzle.  [A  popular,  but 
not  an  elegant  word.] 

fluo  warranto,  in  Law  Latin,  a  writ  brought 
before  a  proper  tribunal,  to  inquire  by 
what  warrant  a  person  or  corporation  ex- 
ercises certain  powers.  Blackslone. 

QUOB,  v.  i.    [W.  gwapiaw,  to  strike.]     To 

i     move,   as  the   fetus   in    utero ;  to   throb. 

1     [Local,  vulgar,  and  little  used.] 

jQUODLIBET,    n.    [L.  what  you   please.] 

I     A  nice  point  ;  a  subtilty.  Prior. 

QUODLIBETA'RIAN,  n.  One  who  talks 
and  dispiues  on  any  subject  at  pleasure. 

QUODLIBET'ICAL,  a.  Not  restrained  to 
a  particular  subject;  moved  or  discussed 

[     at  pleasure  for  curiosity  or  entertainment. 

|QUODLIBET'I€ALLY,  adv.  At  pleasure  ; 


for  curiosity ;  so  as  to  be  debated  for 
entertainment.  Broxon. 

Did. 

QUOIF,  n.  [Fr.  coiffe.]  A  cap  or  hood. 
[See  Coif.]  Shak. 

QUOIF,  v.  t.  To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif. 
[See  Coif.]  Addison. 

[Tills  word  may  be  discarded  with  advan- 
tage.] 

QUOIF'FURE,  n.  A  head  dress.     Addison. 

.QUOIL.     [See  Coil,  the  better  word.] 

QUOIN,  n.  [Fr.  coin,  a  corner;  Sp.  curia. 
See  Coin.] 

1.  A  corner.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  to  raise  any  thing ;  a 
wedge  employed  to  raise  cannon  to  a  prop- 
er level,  and  for  otlier  purposes.  Mar.  Did. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  corner  of  a  brick  or 
stone  wall.  Encyc. 

QUOIT,  JI.  [D.  coitc]  A  kind  of  horse 
shoe  to  be  pitched  or  thrown  at  a  fixed 
object  in  play.  In  common  practice,  a  plain 
flat  stone  is  useil  for  this  purpose. 

2.  In  some  authors,  the  discus  of  the  an- 
cients, thrown  in  trials  of  strength. 

Dryden. 

QUOIT,  V.  i.  To  throw  quoits ;  to  i)liiy  at 
quoits.  Dryden. 

QUOIT,  V.  t.  To  throw.  [Aot  used.]    Shak. 

QUOLL,  n.  An  animal  of  New  Holland, 
resembling  the  ])olecat.        Did.  A'o/.  Hist. 

QUON'DAiM,  used  udjedirely.  [L.]  Having 
been  formerly ;  former ;  as  a  quondam 
king  or  friend.  Shak. 

QUQOK,  pret.  of  quake.     Obs.  Spenser. 

QUO'RUM,  ji.    [L.  gen.  plu.  of  qui.  who.] 

1.  A  bench  of  justices,  or  such  a  number  of 
officers  or  members  as  is  competent  by 
law  or  constitution  to  transact  business; 
as  a  quorum  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives. A  constitutional  quorum  was  not 
present. 

j2.  A  special  commission  of  justices. 
QUO'T.V,  ?!.  [L.i/uolus;  It.  Sp.  quota;  Ir. 

cod,  cola,  a  ]iart.] 
A  just  part  or  share;  or  the  share,  part  or 

proportion  assigned  to  each.     Each  state 

was  ordered  to  furnish  its  quota  of  troops. 
QUOTA'TION,  n.    [from   quote.]     The  act 

of  quoting  or  citing. 

2.  The  passage  quoted  or  cited  ;  the  part  of 
a  book  or  writing  named,  repeated  or  ad- 
duced as  evidence  or  illustration.     Locke. 


R 


R  A  B 


R  A  C 


3.  In  mercantile  language,  the  naming  of  the 
price  of  commodities  ;  or  the  price  speci 
fiecl  to  a  correspondent. 

4.  Ciuota  ;  share.     [J^Tol  used.] 
QUOTE,  v.t.  [['V.  quoter,  now  coter;  con- 
nected with  qitoth.] 

1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some  author ; 
to  name,  repeat  or  adduce  a  passage  from 
an  author  or  speaker,  by  way  of  authority 
or  ilUistration  ;  as,  to  quote  a  passage  from 
Homer;  to  quote  the  words  of  Peter,  or  a 
passage  of  Paul's  writings;  to  quote  chap- 
ter and  verso.  Jltterbury.     Swift. 

2.  In  commerce,  to  name,  as  the  price  of  an 
article. 

3.  To  note.  Shak. 


CJUOTE,  n.  A  note  upon  an  author.     Obs. 

Colgrave. 

QUO'TED,  pp.  Cited  ;  adduced  ;  named. 

QUO'TER,  n.  One  that  cites  the  words  of 
an  author  or  speaker. 

QUOTH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  civythnn,  cytlian,  Goth. 
quithan,  to  say,  to  tell ;  VV.  gwed,  gwedyd  ; 
Ir.  ccndach.     Qu.  L.  inquio,  contracted.] 

To  say  ;  to  speak.  This  verh  is  defective, 
being  used  ordy  in  the  first  and  third  per- 
sons in  the  present  and  past  tenses,  as 
quolh  I,  quoth  he,  and  the  nominative  al- 
ways follows  the  verb.  It  is  used  only  in 
ludicrous  language,  and  has  no  variation 
for  person,  number  or  tense. 


QUOTip'IAN,  a.  [L.  quotidtanus ;  quotus 
aniX  dies.]  Daily;  occurring  or  returning 
daily  ;  as   a  quotidian  fever. 

QUOTID'IAN,  n.  A  fever  whose  parox- 
ysms return  every  day. 

2.  Any  thing  returning  daily.  Milton. 

QUO'TIENT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  quoties,  how 
otton.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  number  resulting  from  tlie 
division  of  one  number  by  another,  and 
showing  how  often  a  less  number  is  con- 
taine<l  in  a  greater.  Thus  3)12(4.  Here 
4  is  the  quotient,  showing  that  3  is  con- 
tained 4  times  in  12.  Or  ijuolient  is  an 
expression  denoting  a  certain  part  of  a 
unit;  as  :]. 


R. 


ri  is  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  English 
Alphabet,  and  an  articulation  sui  generis, 
having  little  or  no  resemblance  in  pronun- 
ciation to  any  other  letter.  Hut  from  the 
position  of  the  tongue  in  uttering  it,  it  is 
comnmtable  with  I,  into  which  letter  it  is 
changed  in  many  words  by  the  Spaniards 
and  Portuguese,  and  some  other  nations  ; 
as  /  is  also  changed  into  r.  It  is  numbered 
among  the  liquids  and  semi-vowels,  and  is 
sometimes  called  the  canine  letter.  It  i.s 
uttered  with  a  guttural  extrusion  of  the 
breath,  and  in  some  words,  particularly 
at  the  end  or  after  a  labial  and  a  dental  let- 
ter, with  a  sort  of  quivering  motion  or 
slight  jar  of  the  tongue.  Its  English  uses, 
which  are  uniform,  may  be  understood  by 
the  customary  pronunciation  of  rorf,  room, 
rose,  bar,  bare,  barren,  disturb,  catarrh,  free, 
brad,  pride,  drip,  drag,  drown. 

In  words  which  we  have  received  from  the 
Greek  language,  we  follow  the  Latins, 
who  wrote  h  after  r,  as  the  representative 
of  the  aspirated  sound  with  which  this  let- 
ter was  pronounced  by  the  Greeks.  It  is  the 
same  in  the  Welsh  language.  But  as  the 
letter  is  not  aspirated  in  English,  h  is  en- 
tirely superfluous ;  rhapsody,  rheum,  rheto- 
ric being  pronounced  rapsody,  reum,  reto- 
ric. 

As  an  abbreviation,  R.  in  English,  stands  for 
rex,  king,  as  George  R. 

In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  R.  or  RO. 
stands  for  Roma ;  R.  C.  for  Romana  civ- 
t7«»';  R.  G.  C.  for  re(  gerendie  causa;  R. 
F.  E.  D.  for  recte  factum  et  dictum  ;  R.  G. 
F.  for  regis  ftius  ;  R.  P.  resptibtica,  or  Ro- 
mani  principes. 

As  a  numeral,  R,  in  Roman  authors,  stands 
for  80,  and  with  a  dash  over  it,  R,  for 
80,000.     But   in    Greek,  p,  with   a  small 

mark  over  it,  thus,  p,  signifies  100,  and 
with  the  same  mark  under  it,  it  denoted 
1000X100,  or  100,000.  In  Hebrew,  T 
denoted  200,  and  with  two  horizontal 
points  over  it,  S',  1000X200.  "r  200,000. 
Among  physicians,  R.  stanils  for  recipe,  take. 


RA,  as  an  inseparable  prefix  or  preposition, 
is  the  Latin  re,  coming  to  us  through  the 
Italian  and  French,  and  primarily   signi 
IMng  again,  repetition.     [Sec  Re.] 

RABA'TE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rabattre  ;  It.  rabbattere ; 
ra  and  battre,  batlere,  to  beat.  See  Beat 
and  Abate.] 

h\  falconry,  to  recover  a  hawk  to  the  fist. 

Ainsworth. 

RABA'TO,  n.  [Fr.  rabat]  A  neckband  or 
ruff.      [N'ot  in  use.] 

RAB'BET,  ti. «.  [rr.rahoter.]  To  pare  down 
the  edge  of  a  board  or  other  piece  of  tim 
ber,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  edge 
of  another  piece  by  lapping  and  thus  unit 
ing  the  two.  Moxon. 

2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of  boards,  &c. 
In  ship  carpentry,  to  let  the  edge  of  a 
])lank  into  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

RAB'BET,  n.  A  ciu  on  the  side  of  a  board, 
&.C.  to  fit  it  to  another  by  lapping  ;  a  joint 
made  bv  lapping  boards,  &c. 

RAB'BETED,  pp.  Pared  .lown  at  the  edge  ; 
united  by  a  rabbet  joint. 

RAB'BETING,  ;)/»■.' Paring  down  the  edge 
of  a  hoard  ;  imiting  bv  a  rabbet  joint. 

RAB'BET-PLANE,  «."  A  joiner's  plane  for 
paring  or  cutting  scjuare  down  the  edge 
of  u  board,  &c.  Moxon. 

iRAB'BI,      I  S  , 

RAB'BIN,  I  "■  [Ch.  Ml,  Ar.  ^^  lord,  mas- 
ter.] 

A  title  assumed  by  the  Jewish  doctors,  sig- 
nifying master  or  lord.  This  title  is  not 
conferred  by  authority,  but  assumed  or 
allowed  by  courtesy  to  learned  men. 

Encyc. 

RABBIN'I€,        }       Pertaining  to  the  Rab- 

RABBL\'I€AL,  ^"^  bins,  or  to  their  opin 
ions,  |p;irning  and  language. 

RABBINIC,  )i.  The  language  or  dialect  of 
the  R:  bhiijs  ;  the  later  Hebrew. 

RAB'BINISM,  H.  A  Rabbinic  exjiression  or 
phraseology:  a  peculiarity  of  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Rabbins.  Encyc. 

RAB'BINIST,  n.  Among  the  .lews,  one 
who  adhered  to  the  Talmud  and  the  tra- 
ditions of  the  R;dibiiis,  in  opposition  to 
the  r.-.raites,  who  rejected  the  traditions. 

RAB'BINITE,  n.  The  samo  as  rabbinist. 


RAB'BIT,  n.  [said  to  be  from  the   Belgic 

rohbe,  robbeken.] 

A  siriall  ((uadruped  of  the  genus  Lepus, 
which  feeds  on  grass  or  other  herbage, 
and  burrows  in  the  earth.  The  rabbit  is 
said  to  be  less  sagacious  than  the  hare. 
It  is  a  very  prolific  animal,  and  is  kept  in 
warrens  for  the  sake  of  its  flesh. 

RAB'BLE,  n.  [L.  rabula,  a  brawler,  from 
rabo,  to  rave ;  Dan.  raaber ;  D.  rabbelen ; 
connected  with  a  great  family  of  words 
with  these  elements,  Rb,  Rp.  Qu.  Sp. 
rabel,  the  tail.] 

1.  A  tumidtuous  crowd  of  vulgar,  noisy  peo- 
ple ;  the  mob  ;  a  confused  disorderly 
crowd.  Shak. 

2.  The  lower  class  of  people,  without  ref- 
ference  to  an  assembly  ;  the  dregs  of  the 
people.  Addison. 

RABBLE-CHARMING,  a.  Charming  or 
delighting  the  rabble.  South. 

RAB'BLEMENT,  n.  A  tumultuous  crowd 
of  low  people.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Spe7i3er.     Shak. 

RABDOL'0(iY,  n.  [Gr.  paSSos,  a  rod,  and 
Xoyoj,  discourse.] 

A  method  of  performing  mathematical  ope- 
rations by  little  square  rods.  Ash. 

RAB'ID,  a.  [L.  rabidus,  from  rabio,  rabo,  to 
rage  ;  W.  rhaib.] 

Furious;  raging;  mad;  as  a  rabid  dog  or 
wolf  It  is  particularly  applied  to  animals 
of  the  canine  genus,  afl^ected  with  the  dis- 
temper called  rabies,  and  whose  bite  com- 
municates hydrophobia. 

RAB'IDNESS,  n.  Furiousness  ;  madness. 

RAB'INET,  n.  A  kind  of  smaller  ordnance. 

Ainsworth. 

R'ACA,  n.  A  Syriac  word  signifying  emp- 
ty, beggarly,  foolish  ;  a  term  of  extreme 
contempt.     Matt.  v. 

RACE,  n.  [Fr.  race,  from  the  It.  ra::a  ;  Sp. 
raza,  a  race,  a  ray,  and  raiz,  a  root,  L. 
radix ;  Russ.  rod,  a  generation,  race  ;  roju, 
to  beget.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
is  to  thrust  or  shoot;  the  L.  radix  and  rarff- 
iii  having  the  same  original.  This  word 
coincides  in  origin  with  rod,  ray,  radiate, 
&c.     Class  Rd.l 


R  A  C 


R  A  C 


R  A  C 


1.  The  lineage  of  a  family,  or  continued  se-i 
ries  of  (leseemlants  fmai  a  parent  who  isj 
called  the  stock.  A  race  is  the  series  of 
descendants  indefinitely.  Tims  all  man- 
kind are  called  the  race  of  Adam  ;  the 
Israelites  are  of  the  race  of  Abraham  and 
Jacob.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  race  of  kings, 
the  race  of  Clovis  or  Charlemagne  ;  a 
race  of  nobles,  &c. 

Hence  the  long  race  of  Alban  fathers  come. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  generation  :  a  family  of  descendants. 

A  race  of  youthlul  and  unliandled  colts, 

Shak. 

3.  A  particular  breed  ;  as  a  race  of  mules  ;  a 
race  of  horses  ;  a  race  of  sheep. 

Chapman. 
Of  such  a  race  no  matter  who  is  king. 

Murphy. 

4.  A  root;  as  roce-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root 
or  not  pulverized. 

5.  A  particular  strength  or  taste  of  wine  ;  a 
kind  of  tartness.  [Uuery,  does  this  be- 
long to  this  root  or  to  the  following  ?] 

Temple.  Massenger. 
RACE,  n.  [D.  ras;  Sw.  resa,  to  go;  Dan. 
rejse,  a  going  or  course  ;  L.  gradior, 
gressus,  with  the  prefi.x  g;  Ir.  ratha,  a 
running  ;  reathaiii,  to  run  ;  VV.  graz,  a 
step,  from  rhaz,  a  going  ;  allied  to  W.  rhed, 
a  race  ;  rhedu,  to  run,  to  race  ;  allied  to 
Eng.  ride.     See  Class  Rd.  No  5.  and  9.] 

1.  A  running  ;  a  rapid  course  or  motion, 
either  on  the  feet,  on  horseback  or  in  a 
carriage,  &c. ;  particularly,  a  contest  in 
running  ;  a  running  in  competition  for  a 
prize. 

The  race  was  one  of  the  exercises  of  the  Gre- 
cian games.  Eiicyc. 
1  wield  the  gauntlet  and  1  run  the  race. 

Pope. 

2.  Any  running  with  speed. 

The  flight  of  many  birds    is  swifter  than  tile 
race  of  any  beast.  Bacon. 

3.  A  progress  :  a  course  ;  a  movement 
or  progression  of  any  kind. 

My  race  of  glory  run.  Pope 

Let  us  run  with  patience  the  race  that  is  set 
before  us.     Heb.  xii. 

4.  Course  ;  train  ;  process ;  as  the  prosecu- 
tion and  race  of  the  war.     [Not  now  used.] 

Bacon. 

5.  A  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or  the 
channel  or  passage  for  such  a  current ;  as 
a  mill-race. 

G.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  contest  in  the  rnn- 
niug  of  horses;  generally  in  the  plural. 
The  races  commence  in  October. 

RACE,  v.i.  To  run  swiftly  ;  to  run  or  con- 
tend in  rimning.  The  animals  raced  over 
the  ground. 

RACE-GlN'liER,  n.  Ginger  in  the  root  or 
not  pidverized. 

RA'CE-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  bred  or  kept 
for  running  in  contest ;  a  horse  that  runs 
in  competition.  Addison. 

RACEM.\'TION,  ii.  [L.  racemus,  acluste 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Brown. 

2.  The  cultivation  of  clusters  of  grapes. 

Burnel. 

R.AC'EME,  n.  [L.  racemus,  a  bunch  of  ber- 
ries.] 

In  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  con- 
sisting of  a  peduncle  with  short  lateral 
branches.  It  is  simple  or  compound,  na- 
ked or  leafy,  &c.  Murtyn 


RACEMIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  racemus,  a  clus- 
ter, and 7'ero,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  racemes  or  clusters  ;  as  the   race- 

miferous  fig-tree.  Asiat.  Res. 

RAC'EMOUS,  a.    Growing   in  racemes  or 

clusters.  Encyc. 

RA'CER,  n.    [from   race]  A   runner;    one 

that  contends  in  a  race. 

And  bade  the  nimblest  racer  seize  the  prize. 

Pope. 
RA€H,  n.  [Sax.  ra:cc ;  D.  brak  ;  Fr.  bratpic] 

A  setting  dog. 
RA'CINEisS,    n.    [See  Racy.}    The  quality 

of  being  racy. 
RACK,  n.    [U.  rek,  rack,  stretch  ;  rekker,  to 

stretch  ;  Sax.  racan,  rcecan,  Eng.  to  reach  ; 

G.   recken,  to  stretch  ;    reckbank,   a   rack. 

See  Reach  and  Break.     Class  Rg.  No.  18. 

31.  33.] 

1.  An  engine  of  torture,  used  for  extorting 
confessions  from  criminals  or  suspectted 
persons.  The  rack  is  entirely  unknowti 
in  free  countries. 

2.  Torture  ;  extreme  i)ain  ;  anguish. 
.\  fit  of  tlie  stone  puts  a  king  to  the  rack  and 

makes  liiin  as  miserable  as  it  does  the  meanest 
subject.  Temple. 

3.  Any  instrument  for  stretching  or  extend- 
ing any  thing;  as  a  rack  lor  bending  a 
bow.  Temple. 

4.  A  grate  on  wlilcli  bacon  is  laid. 

5.  A  wooden  frame  of  open  work  in  which 
hay  is  laid  for  horses  and  cattle  for  feed- 
ing. 

C.  The  frame  of  bones  of  an  animal;  a  skel- 
eton.    We  say,  ii  rack  of  bones. 
7.  A  frame  of  timber  on  a  ship's  bowsprit. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RACK,    n.     [Sax.   hracca.   the   neck  ;    Gr. 

pa;tts,    the  spine  ;  W.   rhac ;  D.   kraag,  G. 

kriigen,    Sw.    Dan.  krage,    a    collar  ;    Old 

Eng.  critg.\ 

The  neck  and  spine  of  a  forequfirter  of  veal 

or  mutton. 
[The  two  foregoing  words  are  doubtless  from 

one  original.] 
R.ACK,  n.  [Sax.  rec,  steam  ;  recnn,  to  ex- 
hale ;  D.  rook,  rooken  ;  G.  rauch,  rauchen  ; 
Sw.  rok.  roka  ;  Dan.  rog,  roger.  See 
Reck.] 
Properly,  vapor;  hence,  thin  flying  broken 
clouds,  or  any  portion  of  floating  vapor  in 
the  sky. 

The  winds  in  tlie  upper  region,  which  move 
the  clouds  above,  which  we  cull  the  rack — 

Bacon. 
The  great  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve. 
And,  like  tliis  unsubstantial  pageant,  faded. 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.  Shak. 

It  is  disputed  however,  whether  rack  in 
this  passage  should  not  be  wreck. 
RACK,  n.  [i\>r  arrack.  Sec  Arrack.]  Among 
the  Tartars,  a  spirituous  liquor  made  of 
mare's  milk  which  has  become  sotu-  and 
is  then  distilled.  Encyc. 

RACK,  V.  i.  [Sax.   rfcau.     See  the  Noun.] 
1.  Properly,   to   steam  :   to   rise,   as    vapor. 

[See  Reek,  which  is  the  word  used.] 
i.  To  fly.  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds.  Shak. 
RACK,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  torture; 
to  stretch  or  strain  on  the  rack  or  wheel ; 
as,  to  rack  a  criminal  or  suspected  ])cison, 
to  extort  a  confession  of  his  guilt,  or  com- 
pel him  to  betray  his  accomplices. 

Dryden. 


2.  To  torment;  to  torture;  to  affect  with 
extretne  pain  or  anguish  ;  as  racked  with 
deep  despair.  Milton. 

3.  To  harass  by  exaction. 
The  landlords   thcie    shamefully  rack  their 

tenants.  Spenser. 

4.  To  stretch  ;  to  strain  vehemently  ;  to 
wrest ;  as,  to  rack  and  stretch  Scripture  ; 
to  rack  invention.         Hooker.     Walerland. 

The  wisest  among  the  heathens  racked  their 
nits —  Tiilotson. 

5.  To  stretch  ;  to  extend.  ShaJc. 

RACK,  V.  t.  [Ar.    o L,    rauka,  to  clear,  to 

strain.     Class  Rg.  No.  8.] 

To  draw  oflf  from  the  lees  ;  to  draw  off,  as 
pure  liquor  from  its  sediment ;  as.  to  rack 
cider  or  wine  ;  to  rack  off  liquor. 

Bacon. 

RACK'ED,/*/?.  Tortured  ;  tormented ;  strain- 
ed to  the  utmost. 

2.  Drawn  ort,  as  liquor. 

RACK'ER,  n.  One  that  tortures  or  tor- 
ments;  one  that  racks. 

RACK'KT,  n.  iTIiis  word  belongs  to  the 
root  q{  crack,  Fr.  craquer.     See  Roiket.] 

1.  .\  cmifused,  clattering  noise,  less  loud 
than  uproar  ;  applied  to  the  confused 
sounds  of  animal  voices,  or  such  voices 
mixed  with  other  sound.  We  say,  the 
children  make  a  racket ;  the  racket  of  a 
flock  of  fowls. 

2.  Clamor  ;  noisy  talk.  Sivifl. 
RACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  make  a  confused  noise 
I  or  clamor  ;  to  frolii-k.  Gray. 
RACK'ET,  H.  [Fr.   raijuette  ;  Sp.   raqueta ; 

G.  racket:   D.  rakct.] 
Tlie  inslrimieni  with  which  players  at  tennis 

strike  the  ball.  Shak.     Digby. 

RACK'ET,  t>.  t.  To  strike  as  with  a  racket. 

Hrwyt. 
R.VCK'ETY,     a.      Making    a    tumultuous 

noise. 
RACK'ING,    ppr.    Torturing;  tormenting; 

strunune  :  drawing  ofl^ 

1.  a.  Tormenting  ;  excruciating;  as  a  rack- 
ing |i;iin. 

R.XCK'ING,  n.  Torture;  a  stretching  on 
tlie  r:ick. 

2.  Tnrnient  of  the  mind;  anguish;  as  the 
7-ackings  of  consi-ience. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame 
for  (lr\  ing. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  from  the  sediment,  as 
liquors. 

RACKING-PACE,  n.  The  racking-pace 
of  a  horse  is  an  amiile,  but  with  a  quicker 
and  shorter  tread.  Far.  Diet. 

RACK'-RENT,  n.  An  annual  rent  of  the 
full  value  of  the  tenement  or  near  it. 

Blackstone. 

RACK'-RENTKD,  a.  Subjected  to  the  pay- 
ment orrack-ient.  Franklin. 

RACK'-RENTER,  n.  One  that  is  subject- 
ed to  pay  rack-rent.  Locke. 

RACOON',  ji.  An  American  quadruped  of 
the  genus  L'rsus.  It  is  somewhat  larger 
than  a  fox,  and  its  fur  is  deemed  valuable, 
next  to  that  of  the  beaver.  This  animal 
lodges  in  a  hollow  tree,  feeds  on  vegeta- 
bles, and  its  flesh  is  iiahitabic  food.  It  in- 
habits North  America  troni  (Canada  to  the 
tropics.  Belknap.     Diet.  A'at.  Hist. 

RA'CY,  a.  [This  word,  il'tlie  sense  of  it  is 
strong,  vigorous,  would  seem  to  belong  to 


RAD 


RAD 


RAF 


the  family  of  Sax.  hras,   force ;  rauan,  to 

rush.     But  the  application  of  it  by  Cow- 
ley ill  the  passage  below,  seems    to   iriili- 

cate  its  c-oiiiiection  with  the  Sp.  Port,  raiz, 

root,  L.  radix.] 
Strong ;  Uuvorous  ;  tasting   of  the   soil  ;  as 

racy  cider  ;  raxy  wine.  Johnson. 

Rich  racy  verses,  in  which  we 

The  soil  I'mm  which  thcv  come,  taste,  smell 

and  sec.  Cuwhif. 

RAD,  \.Ua  old  uret.  oi read.  Sptnser 

RAU,  RED,  ROD,  an    initial  or    teniinia 

ting  syllable  in  names,  is  the  D.  raaU,  (J.  R.\'Dl.V'rED, 

rath,  counsel ;  as  in  Conrad,  powerful   in 

counsel ;  Ethelred,  noble  counsel. 
RAD'DLE,  V.  I.  [probably  li-om  Sa.v.  wned, 

terad  or  wrath,  a  band  or  wrealli,  or  from 

the  same  root.] 
To  twist ;  to  wind  together.     [AV  in  vse.] 

Defoe. 
RAD'DLE,  n.  [supra.]    A   long  stick  used 

in   hedging;  also,  a  hedge   formed   by  in- j     brightness. 

terweaving   tlie  shoots    and    branches    of 

trees  or  shrubs.  Todd. 

[I  believe  the  two  foregoing  words  are 

not  useil  ill  the  United  States,  and  proba- 
bly they  are  local.] 
R.AD'DOCK,  /       [from  red,  ruddy,    which 
RUDDOCK,  S""  see.]     A    bird,    the    red- 
breast. Shak. 
RA'DI.\L,  a.   [from  L.  radius,  a  ray,  a  rod 

a  spoke.     Sec  Radius  and  Ray.] 
Pertaining  to  the  radius  or  to  the   fore  arm 

of  the  human   body  ;  as  the  radial  artery 

or  nerve.  Rush 

The  radial  muscles  are  two  muscles  of 

the   fore  arm,  one  of  which    bends   the 

wrist,  the  other  extends  it. 

Encyc.     Parr. 

Radial  curves,  in  geometry,  curves  of  the 
spiral  kind,  whose  ordinates  all  terminate 
ill  the  center  of  the  inchiding  circle,  and 
appear  like  so  many  semidiuineters. 

Bailey. 
RA'DIANCE,  I  [L.  radians,  radio,  to 
RA'DIANCY,  ^  "'     beam     or    shoot    rays 

See  Radius  and  R'ly.] 
Properly,  brightness    shooting    in    rays   orj 
beams  ;    hence    in    geiioial,    brilliant    or 
sparkling  luster ;  vivid  brigiitncss;  as  the 
radiance  of  the  sun. 
The  Son 
Girt     with     oninipolence,     with     radiance, 

crownM 
Of  majesty  di\iiie  Milton.' 

RA'DIAXT.  a.  rebooting  or  darting  rays  of 
light;  beaming  with  brightness;  emitting 
a  vivid  light  or  splendor;  as  the  rat/i'oni 
sun. 


RA'DIATE,  V.  t.  To  enlighten  ;  to  ilUmiin-| 
ate;  to  sheil  light  or  brightness  on.  [Us-' 
ually  irradiate.]  Hewyl.\ 

RA'DIATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  rayed  or  radiate 
corol  or  tlower,  is  a  compound  Hower  con- 
sisting of  a  disk,  in  which  the  corollets  or 
llorets  are  tubular  and  regular,  and  of  a 
ray,  in  which  the  florets  are  irregular. 

Martyn 

Or  a  flower  with  several  semiflosculous 

I     florets  set  round  a  disk  in  form  of  a  radi 

ant  star.  Encyc. 

pp.   Adorned   with  rays  of 

light.  Addison. 

2.  Having  crystals  diverging  from  a  center. 

Mineralogy. 

RA'DIATING,  ppr.  Darting  rays  of  light  ; 
enlightening ;  as  the  radiating  point  in 
optics. 

RADIA'TION,  n.  [L.  radiatio.]  The  emis- 
sion and  diffusion  of  rays  of  light ;  beamy 


Bacon. 


i.  The  shooting  of  any  thing  from  a  center, 

liki,'  the  diverging  rays  of  liglit. 
RAD'1C.\L,  a.  [Kr.  from  L.  radicalis,  from 

radix,  root.     See  Race  and  Ray. 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  original ; 
fundamental  ;  as  a  radical  truth  or  error; 
a  radical  evil  ;  a  radical  difference  of  opin- 
ions or  systems. 

2.  Iiiiplaiited  by  nature;  native;  constitu- 
tional ;  as  the  radical  moisture  of  a  boily. 

Bacon. 

3.  Primitive ;  original  ;  underived  ;  uncoin- 
pounded  ;  as  a  radical  word. 

4.  Serving  to  origination. 
.5.  In  botany,    proceeding   immediately  from 

the  root ;  as  a  radical  leaf  or  pedum-le. 

Martyn. 

RAD'ICAL,  )!.  Ill  philology,  a  iirimitivp 
word  ;  a  radix,  root,  or  simple  underived 
iincompotinded  word. 

2.  A  primitive  letter  ;  a  letter  tliat  belongs 
to  the  railix. 

;J.  In  chimistry,  an  element,  or  a  simple  con- 
stitneut  part  of  a  substance,  which  is  inca- 
pable of  decomposition.  Parke. 
Tiiat  which  constitutes  the  distinguish- 
ing part  of  an  acid,  by  its  union  with  oxy- 
gen.                              '  Vre. 

Compound  radical,  is  the  base  of  an  acid 
composed  of  two  or  more  substances. 
Thus  a  vegetable  acid  having  a  radical 
compose. I  of  hydrogen  and  carbon,  is  said 
to  be  an  acid  with  a  compound  radical. 

Radical    (juantities,    in    algebra,    quantities 


,RAD'I€ALNESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

radical  or  tundamcntal. 
RAD'ICANT,  a.  [L.  radicans.]     In  botany, 

rooting  ;  as  a  radicant  stem  or  leat". 

Lee.    Martyn. 
RADICATE,    V.  t.    [L.   rculicalus,   radicor, 

from  radix,  root.] 
To  root ;  to  plant  deeply  and  firmly  ;  as  radi- 
[     cated  opinions  ;  radicated  knowleilge. 
I  ClunvUte. 

Meditation  will  radicate  these  seeds — 
I  Hammond. 

RAD'ICATE,     I  r.       1       ,     .    1 

RAD  ICATED,  \PP-  "'  "■  ^^"^^^  P'^n'ed. 

— Prejudices  of  a  whole  race  of  people  radica- 
ted by  a  succession  of  ages.  Burke. 

RADICA'TION,  n.  [from  radicate.]  The 
process  of  laking  root  deeply  ;  as  the  rad- 
ication  of  habits. 

2.  In  botany,  the  disposition  of  the  root  of  a 
plant  with  respect  to  the  ascending  and 
df'sceiuling  caude.x  and  the  radicles. 

Lee. 

RAD'ICLE,  n.    [L.   radicula,  from   radix.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  seed  of  a  plant  which 
upon  Vegetating  becomes  the  root. 

£nci/c. 

i2.  The  fibrous  part  of  a  root,  by  which  the 
stock  or  main  body  of  it  is  terminateil. 

Martyn. 

RADIOM'ETER,   n.   [L.  radius,  rod,  and 

Gr.  fttrpov,  measure.] 
The  forestaff,  an  instrument  for  taking  the 

altituiles  of  celestial  bodies.  Ash. 

RADISH,  71.    [Sax.   ra:dic :    D.   radys  ;  G. 

radiess  ;    Corn,  rydhik  ;    Ir.    raidis  ;    W. 

rimzygyl,  from  rhuzyg,  red.     See   Ruddy.] 
A  plant  of  the  gemis  Raplianus,  the  root  of 

which  is   eaten    raw.     Horse-radish    is    of 

the  genus  Coclilearia.     ffater-radish  is  of 

the  genus  Sisymbrium. 
RADIUS,  n.  [L.  id.  a  ray,  a  rod,  a  beam,  a 

spoke,  that  is,   a  shoot ;  radio,    to  shine, 

that  is,  to  dart  beams.     See  Ray] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right  line  drawn  or  cxtend- 
1  ing  from  the  center  of  a  circle  to  the 
[     jicrijihery,  and  hence  the  semidiameter  of 

tlie  circle.     In  irigonoinotry,  the  radius  is 
the  whole  sine,  or  sine  of  0U°. 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  exterior  bone  of  the  fore 
arm,  descending  along  uitii  the  ulna  from 
the  elbow  to  the  wrist. 

3.  In  botany,  a  ray  ;  the  outer  part  or  cir- 
cumference of  a  compound  radiate  flow- 
er, or  radiated  discous  flower.         Martyn. 


Mark  what  radiant  state  she  spreads. 

MiUon. 
Radiant  in  glittering  arms  and  beamy  i)ride. 

Jfittim. 

RA'DIANT,  »!.  In  optics,  the  himinoiis 
point  or  object  from  which  light  emanates, 
that  falls  on  a  mirror  or  huis. 

RA'DIANTLY,  adv.  With  beaming  bright- 
ness ;  with  glittering  splendor. 

RA'DIATE,  V.  i.  [L.  radio.  See  Ray.]  To 
issue  in  rays,  as  light ;  to  dart,  as  beamsi 
of  brightness  ;  to  shine. 

Li!;lil  radiates  from  luminous  bodies  directly 
to  our  eyes.  Locke 

2.  To  issue  and  proceed  in  direct  lines  from 
a  point. 


whose  roots  iiiay  be  accurately  expressed^  RADIX,  n.    [L.  a  root.]     In  etymology,  a 

other 


in  nnmhers.  The  term  is  soiiietinies  ex- 
tended to  all  quantities  under  the  radical 
sign. 

Radical  sign,  the  sign  -y/  placed  before  any 
quantity,  denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be 
extracted  ;  thus,  v^a  or  v'«+*- 

Encyc.     Bniley. 

RADICAL'ITY,  n.  Origination.        Brown. 

2.  .A  being  radical;  a  quantity  which  has 
relation  to  a  root.  Bailey. 

R.\D'ICALLY,  adv.  Originally  ;  at  the  or- 
igin or  root;  fundamentally;  as  a  scheme 
or  system  radically  wrong  or  defective. 

2.  Primitively;  essentially  ;  originally  ;  with- 
out derivation. 

These  great  orbs  thus  radically  bright. 

Prior. 


spring 


(uimilive  word  from  wliich 
words. 

2.  In  logarithms,  the  base  of  any  -system 
of  logarithms,  or  that  nnniber  whose  log- 
arithm is  unity.  Tims  in  Briggs',  or  the 
comnion  system  of  loffarithins,  the  radix 
is  10;  in  ■  Napier's,  it  is  2.7102818284. 
.All  other  numbers  are  considered  as  some 
powers  or  roots  of  the  radix,  the  expo- 
nents of  which  powei-sor  roots,  constitute 
the  logarithms  of  those  numbers  respect- 
ively. 

.3.  In  algebra,  radix  sometimes  denotes  the 
root  of  a  finite  expression,  from  which  a 
series  is  derived.  Hutton. 

R'AFF,  V.  t.  [G.  raffen,  to  sweep,  to  seize 
or  snatch.     It  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 


RAF 


RAG 


R  A  I 


Sax.  reqfian,  L.  rapio  ;  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  tjlj. 


Ar. 


'^"^ 


jarafa,  to  sweep  away  ;  Persic 


^jxij  roftan,  id.] 

To  sweep ;  to  snatch,  draw  or  huddle  to- 
gether; to  take  by  a  promiscuous  sweep. 
Obs. 

Their  causes  and  effects  I  thus  raff  up  to- 
gether. Carew. 

R'AFF,  n.  The  sweepings  of  society  ;  the 
rabble  ;  the  mob  \colhi.vies.'\  This  is  used 
chiefly  in  the  compound  or  duphcate,  riff- 

raff.     [Pers.    y^i  .     roftah,  L.  (^HHsguiVro', 

sweepings.] 

2.  A  promiscuous  lieap  or  collection  ;  a  jum- 
ble. Barrow. 

RAF'FLE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rafler,  to  sweep  away, 
to  sweep  stakes  ;  D.  ryffekn  ;  Sp.  rifar,  to 
raffle,  and  to  strive,  to  quarrel,  to  dispute, 
and  to  rive,  to  split  a  sail ;  Port,  rifa,  a  set 
of  cards  of  the  same  color,  and  a  raffle  or 
raffling,  also  a  craggy  or  steep  place ;  ri- 
far, to  neigh,  as  a  mettlesome  horse ;  prob- 
ably from  riving,  opening  with  a  burst  ofi 
sound,  or  as  we  say,  to  rip  out  (an  oath.)| 
The  Sp.  rifar,  to  strive,  is  precisely  the 
Heb.  3n,  to  strive  ;  Syr.  to  make  a  tumult 
or  clamor ;  all  from   driving  or  violence. 

O   --    O  .5 

See  Class  Rb.  No.  4.  12.  19.  Pers.       rj^ 

roftan,  to  sweep,  to  clean  the  teeth.     See 
Raff.] 

To  cast  dice  for  a  prize,  for  which  each  per- 
son concerned  in  the  game  lays  down  a 
stake,  or  hazards  a  part  of  the  value  ;  as, 
to  raffte  for  a  watch. 

RAF'FLE,  n.  A  game  of  chance,  or  lottery 
in  which  several  persons  deposit  a  part  of 
the  value  of  the  thing,  in  consideration  of 
the  chance  of  gaining  it.  The  successful 
thrower  of  the  dice  takes  or  sweeps  the 
whole. 

RAF'FLER,  n.  One  who  raffles. 

RAF'FLING,  ppr.  The  act  of  throwing  dice 
for  a  prize  staked  by  a  number. 

R'AFT,  It.  [In  Dan.  rajl  is  a  rack  for  hay; 
in  Sax.  reafian  is  the  L.  rapio  ;  qu.  from 
floating,  sweeping  along,  or  Gr.  pojiru,  to 
sew,  that  is,  to  fasten  together,  and  allied 
to  reeve  ;  or  Gr.  fpf(j)io,  whence  opof);,  a 
flooring.     [See  Rafter  and  Roof] 

An  assemblage  of  boards,  planks  or  pieces 
of  timber  fastened  together  horizontally 
and  floated  down  a  stream  ;  a  float. 

Shah.     Pope. 

R'AFT,  pp.  [Sax.  reaf  an,  to  se\ze,L.  rapio 
hereof  an,  to  snatch  away,  to  bereave.] 

Torn  ;  rent ;  severed.     06*.  Spenser 

R'AFTER,  n.  [Sax.  nefter ;  Gr.  f,«$io.  to 
cover;  opofrj,  a  roof;  Russ.  strop,  a  roof] 

A  roof  timber ;  a  piece  of  timber  that  ex- 
tends from  the  plate  of  a  building  to  the 
ridge  and  serves  to  support  the  covering 
of  the  roof  Milton.     Pope. 

RAFTERED,  a.  Built  or  furnished  with 
rafters. 

R'AFTY,  o.  Damp;  musty.     [Local.] 

Robinson 

RAG,  71.  [^ax.  hrnmtl,tnrn, ragged;  racian, 
to  rake  ;  Dan.  rager,  to  rake  ;  ragerie,  old 
clothes ;  Sw.  raka,  to  shave  ;  ragg,  rougl 


hair;  Gr.  paxoj,  a  torn  garment;  poxou,  to 
tear ;  payaj,  a  rupture,  a  rock,  a  crag ; 
payou,  to  tear  asunder ;  W.  rhwygaw,  to 
rend ;  Arm.  roga,  id.  The  Spanish  has 
the  word  in  the  compounds  andrajo,  a  rag,j 
andrajoso,  ragged ;  It.   straccio,  a  rent,  a 


rag; 


racciare,    to     tear ; 


Ar. 


charaka  or  garaka,  to  tear.  Class  Rg.  No 
34.] 

1.  Any  piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the  rest ;  a 
tattered  cloth,  torn  or  worn  till  its  tex- 
ture is  destroyed.  Linen  and  cotton  rags 
are  the  chief  materials  of  paper. 

2.  Garments  worn  out  ;  proverbially,  mean 
dress. 

Drowsiness    shall  clothe  a  man   with  rags. 
Prov.  xxiii. 

And  virtue,  though  in  rags,  will   keep  ine 
warm.  Dri/den. 

3.  A  fragment  of  dress.  Hudibras. 
RAG,  II.  /.  [Qu.  Sax.   wregian,  to   accuse  ; 

or  from  the  root  of  cage.     The  sense  is  to 
break  or  burst  forth.] 

To  scold  ;  to  rail.     [Local.]  Pegge. 

RAGAiVIUF'FIN,  n.  [Qu.  rag  and  Sp.  mo- 
far,  to  mock,  or  It.  muffo,  musty.] 

A  paltry  fellow  ;  a  mean  wretch.  Sioift. 

RAG'-BOLT,  n.  An  iron  pin  with  barbs  on 
its  shank  to  retain  it  in  its  place. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RAGE,  n.  [Fr.  rage,  whence  enrager,  to  en- 
rage ;  Corn,  arraich ;  Arm.  arragi,  arra- 
gein,  to  enrage.  This  belongs  to  the  fam- 
ily of  Rg,  to  break  or  burst  forth.  See 
Rag.  Perhaps  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  p-tn,  to 
grind  or  gnash  the  teeth  ;  in  Ar.  to  bm-n, 
to  break,  to  crack,  to  grind  t!ie  teeth,  to  be 
angry.  The  radical  sense  of  burn  is  in 
many  cases  to  rage  or  be  violent.  Class 
Rg.  No.  34.] 

1.  Violent  anger  accompanied  with  furious 
words,  gestures  or  agitation ;  anger  ex- 
cited to  fury.  Passion  sometimes  rises  to 
rage. 

Torment  and  loud  lament  and  furious  rage. 

Milton. 

2.  Vehemence    or   violent   exacerbation  of] 
anything  painful;  as  the   rage   of  pain 
the  rage  of  a  fever  ;  the  rage  of  hunger  o 
thirst.  Pope. 

.3.  Fury;  extreme  violence  ;  as  the  rage  of  a 
tempest. 

4.  Enthusiasm ;  rapture. 
Who  brought  green  poesy  to  her  perfect  age. 
Anil  made  that  art  which  was  a  rage. 

Cowley 

5.  Extreme  eagerness  or  passion  directed  to 
some  object ;  as  the  rage  for  money. 

You  purchase  pain  with  all  that  joy  can  give. 
And  die  of  nothing  but  a  rage  to  live. 

Pope 

RAGE,  V.  i.  To  be  furious  with  anger ;  to 
be  exasperated  to  fury ;  to  be  violently 
agitated  with  passion. 

At  this  he  inly  rag'd.  Milton 

2.  To  be  violent  and  tumultuous. 
Why  do  the  heathen  rage?     Ps.  ii. 

3.  To  be  violently  driven  or  agitated;  as  the 
raging  sea  or  winds. 

4.  To  ravage;  to  prevail  without  restraint 
or  with  fatal  effect ;  as,  the  ])lague  rages 
in  Cairo. 

5.  To  be  driven  with  impetuosity ;  to  act  or 
move  furiously. 


The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  stieets. 
brazen 


Nab, 


The   madding   wheels  of 
rag'd. 
To  toy  wantonly ;  to  sport. 


chariots 

Milton. 

[J^ot  in  use.] 

Gower. 

RA'CiEFUL,  a.    Full  of  rage ;  violent;  fu- 
rious. Sidney.     Hammond. 
RA'GERY,  n.  Wantonness.     [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer. 

RAGG,  n.  Rowley  ragg,  a  species  of  silicious 
stone,  of  a  dusky  or  dark  gray  color,  with 
shining  crystals,  of  a  granular  texture, 
and  by  exposure  to  the  air  acquiring  an 
ochery  crust.  Eneyc. 

RAG'GED,  a.  [from  rag.]  Rent  or  worn 
into  tatters,  or  till  its  texture  is  broken  ; 
as  a  ragged  coat ;  a  ragged  sail. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Broken  with  rough  edges ;  uneven ;  as  a 
ragged  rock. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  broken 
or  torn  ;  jagged  ;  rough  with  sharp  or  ir- 
regular points. 

The    moon    appears,     when     looked    upon 
through  a  good  glass,  rude  and  ragged. 

Burnet. 

4.  Wearing  tattered  clothes;  as  a  ragged 
fellow. 

Rough  ;  rugged. 
What  shepherd  owns  those  ragged  sheep  ? 

Drydert. 

RAG'GEDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
dressed  in  tattered  clothes. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rough  or  broken  irreg- 
ularly ;  as  the  raggedness  of  a  cliff. 

RA'GiNG,  ppr.  [from  rage.]  Acting  with 
violence  or  fury. 

2.  a.  Furious ;  impetuous ;  vehemently 
driven  or  agitated  ;  as  the  raging  sea  or 
tempest. 

RA'GING,  n.  Fury ;  violence  ;  impetuosity, 
.lonah  i. 

RA'GINGLY,  adv.  With  fury;  with  vio- 
lent impetuosity.  Hall. 

RAG'MAN,  n.  A  man  who  collects  or  deals 
in  rags,  the  materials  of  paper. 

Rawlinson. 

RAGMAN'S-ROLL,  n.  A  roH  or  register 
of  the  value  of  benefices  in  Scotland,  made 
by  Ragimund,  a  legate  of  the  pope,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  clergy  were  al'ter- 
wards  taxed  by  the  court  of  Rome.  [See 
Rigmarole.]  Encyc. 

RAGOO',      }       [Fr.  ragout ;  Arm.  ragoud.] 

RAGOUT,  )  '  A  sauce  or  seasoning  for 
exciting  a  languid  appetite ;  or  a  high 
seasoned  dish,  prepared  with  fish,  flesh, 
greens  and  the  like,  stewed  with  salt,  pep- 
per, cloves,  &c.  Encyc. 

RAG'STONE,  «.  A  stone  of  the  silicious 
kind,  so  named  from  its  rough  fracture. 
It  is  of  a  gray  color,  the  texture  obscurely 
lamiiuu-  or  rather  fibrous,  the  lamins  con- 
.sistingof  a  congeriesof  grainsof  a  quartzy 
appearance,  coarse  and  rough.  It  effer- 
vesces with  acids,  and  gives  fire  with 
steel.  It  is  used  for  a  whetstone  without 
oil  or  water,  for  sharpening  coar.^e  cutting 
tools.  Encyc.     J\icholson. 

RAG'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Se- 
iierio. 

RAIL,  n.  [G.  ricgel,  rail,  bolt  or  bar;  W. 
rhail.] 

I .  A  cross  beam  fixed  at  the  ends  in  two  up- 
right posts.  Moxon. 


R  A  I 


R  A  1 


R  A  I 


[In  New  England,  this  is  never  called  a 
heam  ;  pieces  oftiniher  of  tlie  proper  size 
for  rails  are  called  scnntiing.] 

2.  In  the  United  Slates,  a  piece  of  timber 
cleft,  hewed  or  sawed,  rc)Uj,'li  or  stnooth, 
inserted  in  upright  posts  for  ll-ncing.  The 
common  rails  among  farmers,  are  rough, 
being  used  as  they  are  split  frorii  the  chest- 
nut or  other  trees.  The  rails  used  in 
fences  of  hoards  or  pid<eis  round  gentle- 
men's houses  and  gardens,  are  usually 
sawed  scantling  and  often  dressed  with 
the  plane. 

3.  A  bar  of  wood  or  iron  used  for  inclosing 
any  place ;  the  piece  into  which  hallusters 
are  inserted. 

4.  A  series  of  posts  connected  with  cross 
beams,  by  which  a  place  is  inclosed. 

Johnson. 
In  New  England  we  never  call  this  se- 
ries a  rail,  hut  hy  the  general  term  railins;. 
In  a  picket  fence,  the  |)ales  or  pickets  rise 
above  the  rails;  in  a  balhislrade,  or  fence 
resembling  it,  the  hallusters  usually  ter- 
minate in  the  rails. 

5.  In  a  ship,  a  narrow  plank  nailed  for  orna- 
ment or  security  on  a  ship's  ujiper  works; 
also,  a  curved  piece  of  timber  extending 
from  the  bows  of  a  ship  to  the  continua 
tionof  its  stern,  to  support  the  knee  of  the 
head,  &c.  Mar.  Did 

RAIL,  ?!.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Rallus,  con- 
sisting of  many  species.  The  water  rail 
has  a  long  slender  body  with  short  con- 
cave wings.  The  birds  of  this  genus  in- 
habit the  slimy  margins  of  rivers  and 
ponds  covered  with  marsh  plants. 

Encyc. 

RAIL,  n.  [Sax.  hratgle,  ragle,  from  wrigan, 
to  put  on  or  cover,  to  rig.\ 

A  woman's  upper  garment  ;  retained  in  the 
word  nightrail,  but  not  used  in  the  United 
States. 

RAIL,  V.  t.  To  inclose  with  rails. 

Carew.     Spectator. 

2.  To  range  in  a  line.  Bacon. 

RAIL,  V.  i.  [D.  rallen,  to  jabber;  Sp.  ral 
lar,  to  grate,  to  molest ;  Port,  ralhar,  to 
swagger,  to  hector,  to  hufl',  to  scold.  Thi? 
corresponds  nearly  with  the  G.  prahten. 
which  may  he  the  same  word  with  a  pre- 
fix, Eng.  to  brawl,  Fr.  brailUr;  Sw.  ralla. 
to  prate ;  Fr.  railler,  to  rally.  In  Dan. 
rfn'Her  signifies  to  drill  and  to  banter.] 

To  utter  rejiroaches  ;  to  scoft';  to  use  inso- 
lent and  reproachful  language;  to  re- 
proach or  censure  in  opprobrious  terms; 
ibllowed  by  at  or  against,  formerly  by  on. 

Shnk 
And  rail  at  arts  he  did  not  understand. 

Dry  den 
Lesbia  forever  oji  nie  rails.  Swijl 

RAIL-BIRD,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cucu- 
his.  Encyc. 

RA'ILER,  n.  One  who  scoffs,  insults,  cen- 
sures or  reproaches  with  ojiprobrious  lan- 
guage. South.     Thomsoji. 

RA'ILING,  ppr.  Clamoring  with  insulting 
language  ;  uttering  reproachful  words. 

2.  a.  Expressing  reproach;  insulting;  as  a 
roj/ino"  accusation.     2  Pet.  ii. 

RA'ILING,  n.  Reproachful  or  insolentlan 
guage.     1  Pet.  iii. 

RA'ILING,  ppr.  Inclosing  with  rails. 

RA'ILING,  n.  A  series  of  rails;  a  fence. 


2.   Rails   in  general ;   or  the  scantling  for 

rails. 
RAILINGLY,   adv.    With   scoffing  or   in- 
sulting language. 
RA'ILLLRY,    n.    [Fr.   raillerie.]     Banter 
jesting   language  ;   good   humored  pleas- 
antry or  slight  satire  ;  satirical  merriment. 
Let  raillery  be  without  malice  or  heal. 

B.  Jonson. 
— Studies  employed  on  low  objects  ;  the  very 
naming   of  them  is  .sufficient  to  turn  them  into 
raillery.  .Addison. 

RA'ILLEUR,  n.  [Fr.]  Abanterer;  a  jest- 
er ;  a  mocker.     [JVot  English   nor  in  use] 

Sprat. 
jRA'IMENT,  n.  [tor  anayment ;  Norm. ar«- 
er,  to  array  ;  araies,  array,   apparel.     Hee 
Jlrray  anil  Ray.] 

1.  Clothing  in  general ;  vestments;  vesture 
garments.     Gen.  xxiv.     Deut.  viii. 

Living,  both  food  and  raiment  slie  supplies 

JJryden 

2.  A  single  garment.  Sidney. 
[/n  this  sense  it  israrely  used,  and  indeed 

is  improper.] 
RAIN,  t'.  i.  [Sax.   hregnan,  regnan,  renian, 
rinan,   to   rain ;    Goth,   rign,   rain ;    Sax. 
racu,  Cimbric,  raekia,  rain  ;    U.  G.   regtn. 
rain  ;  D.  regenen,  to  rain  ;  Sw.  regn,  rain  ; 
rtgna,  to  rain;  Dan.  regn,  rain;  regner,  to 
rain ;  G.  bcregnen,  to   rain  on.     It  seems 
that  rain  is  contracted   from  regtn.     It  i 
the  Gr.  lipix",  to  rain,  to  water,  which  we 
retain  in  brook,  and  the    Latins,  by  dro| 
ping  the  prefix,  in  rigo,  irrigo,  to  irrigate. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  pour  out,  to  drive 

forth,  Ar.    jjj'jj    baraka,  coinciding  with 

Ilcb.  Ch.  Syr.  -p^.  Class  Brg.  No.  3.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  wa- 
ter; used  mostly  with  it  for  a  nominative; 
as,  it  rains ;  it  will  rain ;  it  rained,  or  it 
has  rained. 

2.  To  fall  or  drop  like  rain ;  as,  tears  rained 
at  their  eyes.  Milton. 

RAIN,  V.  t.  To  pour  or  shower  down  from 
the  upper  regions,  like  rain  from  the 
clouds. 

Tlicn  said  the  Lord  to  Moses,  l)chold,  I  will 
rain  bread  from  iicaven  for  you.     Ex.  xvi. 

Cod  sliall  cast  the  lury  of  his  vvratli  upon  him 
and  shall  rain  it  upon  him  while  lie  is  eating. 
Job  XX. 

Upon  the  wicked  he  shall  raiji  snares,  fire 
and  brimstone,  and  a  liorrible  tempest.     Ps.  xi 

RAIN,  n.  [Sax.  ragn,  regn,  ren.]  The  de 
scent  of  water  in  ilrops  from  the  cloiuls ; 
or  the  water  thus  falliug.  Rain  is  distin 
guished  from  mist,  by  the  size  of  the 
drops,  which  are  distinctly  visible.  When 
water  falls  in  very  small  drops  or  parti- 
cles, we  call  it  7nlst,  and  fog  is  composed 
of  particles  so  fine  as  to  be  not  only  indis- 
tinguishable, but  to  float  or  be  suspended 
in  the  air. 

RA'INBAT,  a.  Beaten  or  injured  by  the 
rain.     [J\'ot  used.]  Hall. 

RA'INBOW,  ?!.  A  bow,  or  an  arch  of  a 
circle,  consisting  of  all  the  colors  formed 
by  the  refraction  and  reflection  of  rays  of 
light  from  drops  of  rain  or  vapor,  appear- 
ing in  the  part  of  the  hemisphere  opposite 
to  the  sun.  When  the  sun  is  at  the  hori- 
zon, the  rainbow  is  a  semicircle.  The 
rainbow  is  called  also  iris.  .Vewj/on 

The  moon  sometimes  forms  a  bow  or 


arch  of  light,  more  faint  than  that  formed 

by    the   sun,  and    called    lunar  rainboie. 

I  Similar  bows  at  sea  are  calleii  marine 
rainbows  or  sea  bows.  Encyc. 

RAIN-DEER,    n.    [Sax.  hrana ;    Basque, 

;     ore;ia  or  orina.] 

|The  rane,  a  species  of  the  cervine  genus ;  thus 
written  Spect.  No.  4U6.     [See  Rane.] 

|RA'1NINESS,  71.  [from  ramj;.]     The  state 

I     of  being  rainy. 

[RAIN-WATER,  n.  Water  that  has  fallen 

I     from  the  clouds.  Boyle. 

jRA'INY,  a.  Abounding  with  rain;  wet; 
showery;  as  ratnj/ weather ;  a  rainy  day 
or  season. 

jR.-MSE,  V.  t.  raze.  [Goth,  raisyan,  ur-rais- 
yan,  to  raise,  to  rouse,  to  excite  ;  ur-reisan, 
to  rise.  This  word  occurs  often  in  the 
Gothic  version  of  the  gospels,  Luke  iii.  8. 
John  vi.  40.  44.  In  Sw.  resa  signifies  to 
go,  walk  or  travel,  and  to  raise;  Dan.  rej- 
ser,  the  same.  These  verbs  appear  to  be 
the  L.  gradior,  gressus,  without  the  pre- 
fix ;  and  gradior  is  the  Sheniitic  mi, 
which  has  a  variety  of  significations,  but 
in  Syriai',  to  go,  to  walk,  to  pass,  as  in 
Latin.  Whether  the  Swedish  and  Dan- 
ish verbs  are  from  dilTerent  roots,  blended 
by  usage  or  accident,  or  whether  the  dif- 
ferent senses  have  proceeded  from  one 
common  signification,  to  move,  to  open, 
to  stretch,  let  the  reader  judge.] 

1.  To  lift ;  to  take  up;  to  heave;  to  lift  from 
a  low  or  reclining  posture ;  as,  to  raise  a 
stone  or  weight ;  to  raise  the  body  in  bed. 

The  angel  smote  Peter  on  the  side  and  raised 
him  up.     Acts  xii. 

2.  To  set  upright ;  as,  to  raise  a  mast. 

3.  To  set  up  ;  to  erect ;  to  set  on  its  founda- 
tions and  put  together;  as,  to  raise  the 
frame  of  a  house. 

4.  To  build  ;  as,  to  raise  a  city,  a  fort,  a 
wall,  &c. 

I    will   7aise  forts   against  thee.     Is.   xxix. 
Amos  ix. 

5.  To  rebuild. 

Tbcv  shall   raise  up  the   former  desolations. 
Is.  Ixi.' 

6.  To  form  to  some  higlith  by  accunnda- 
I  tion  ;  as,  to  raise  a  heap  of  stones.  Josh. 
I     viii. 

j7.  To  make ;  to  produce  ;  to  amass  ;  as,  to 
I     raise  a  great  estate  out  of  small  profits. 
|8.  To  enlarge  ;  to  amplify.  Shnk. 

9.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate  in  condition  ;  as,  to 
I     raise  one  from  a  low  estate. 

10.  To  exalt;  to  advance;  to  promote  in 
j  rank  or  honor ;  as,  to  raise  one  to  an  of- 
]     fice  of  distinction. 

I  This  gentleman  came  to  be  raised  lo  great 

tides.  Clarendon. 

11.  To  enhance;  to  increase;  as,  to  raise 
the  value  of  coin;  to  raise  the  price  of 
goods. 

12.  To  increase  in  current  value. 

Tlie  plate  pieces  of  eight  were  raised  three 
pence  in  the  piece.  Temple. 

13.  To  excite  ;  to  jmt  in  motion  or  action  ; 
as,  to  raise  a  tempest  or  tumult. 

He   rommandetli    and    raiseth    the  stormy 
wind.    Ps.  cvii. 

14.  To  excite  to  sedition,  insurrection,  war 
or  tumult ;  to  stir  up.    Acts  xxiv. 

.^neas  then  employs  his  pains 
In  parts  remote  to  raise  the  Tuscan  swains. 

Vryden. 


R  A  I 


R  A  K 


R  A  K 


15.  To  rouse  ;  tn  awake  :  to  stir  up. 

■J  hey  shall  not  awake,  nor  be  laised  out  of 
their  sleep.  Job  xiv. 

16.  To  increase  in  strength  ;  to  excite  from 
languor  or  weakness.  The  pulse  is  raised 
by  stinuilants,  sometimes  by  venesection 

17.  To  give  beginning  of  importance  to;  to 
elevate  into  re|)utatioii ;  as,  to  raise  a  fam- 
ily. 

18.  To  bring  into  being. 

God  vouchsafes  to  raise  another  world 
From  him.  Milton. 

19.  To  bring  from  a  state  of  death  to  life. 

He  was  delivered  for  our  otfenscs,  and  raised 
again  for  our  justification.   Rom.  iv.    1  Cor.  xv 

20.  To  call  into  view  from  the  state  of  sep- 
arate spirits  ;  as,  to  raise  a  spirit  by  spells 
and  incantations.  Sandys 

21.  To  invent  and  propagate;  to  originate  ; 
to  occasion  ;  as,  to  raise  a  report  or  story. 

22.  To  set  lip;  to  excite;  to  begin  by  loud 
utterance ;  as,  to  raise  a  shout  or  cry. 

Drtjden. 

23.  To  utter  loudly  ;  to  begin  to  sound  or 
clamor.  He  raised  his  voice  against  the 
measures  of  administration. 

24.  To  utter  with  more  strength  or  eleva- 
tion ;  to  swell.  Let  the  speaker  raise  his 
voice. 

25.  To  collect ;  to  obtain ;  to  bring  into  a 
sum  or  fund.  Government  raises  money 
by  taxes,  excise  and  imposts.  Private  per- 
sons and  companies  raise  money  for  their 
enterprises. 

26.  To  levy ;  to  collect ;  to  bring  into  ser- 
vice ;  as,  to  raise  troops  ;  to  raise  an  army. 

Millon. 

27.  To  give  rise  to.  Milton. 

28.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  procure  to  be  pro- 
duced, hreil  or  propagated  ;  as,  to  raise 
wheat,  barley,  hops,  &c. ;  to  raise  horses, 
oxen  or  sheep.  JVew  England. 

[The  Englisli  now  use  grow  in  regard  to 
crops;  as,  to  g-ioi»  wheat.  This  verb  in- 
transitive has  never  been  used  in  New- 
England  in  a  transitive  sense,  until  re- 
cently some  persons  have  adopted  it  from 
the  Englisli  books.  We  always  use  raise, 
but  in  New  England  it  is  never  applied  to 
the  breeding  of  the  human  race,  as  it  is  in 
the  southern  states.] 
99.  To  cause  to  swell,  heave  and  become 
light ;  as,  to  raise  dough  or  paste  by  yeast 
or  leaven. 

iliss  Liddy  can  dance  a  jig  and  raise  paste. 

Spectator. 

30.  To  excite  ;  to  animate  with  fresh  vigor  ; 
as,  to  raise  the  spirits  or  courage. 

31.  To  ordain  ;  to  appoint ;  or  to  call  to  and 
]irepare  ;  to  furnish  with  gifts  and  qualifi- 
cation suited  to  a  purpose  ;  a  Scriptural 
sense. 

I  will  raise  them  up  a  prophet  from  among 
their  brethren.  Deut.  xviii. 

For  lliis  cause  have  I  raised  thee  up,  to  show 
in  thee  my  power.     Ex.  is.  Judg.  ii. 

32.  To  keep  in  remembrance.  Ruth  iv. 

33.  To  cause  to  exist  by  propagation.  Matt, 
xxii. 

34.  To  incite  ;  to  promjjt.    Ezra  i. 

3.5.  To  increase  in  intensity  or  strength  ;  as, 
to  raise  the  heat  of  a  fiu-nace. 

30.  In  seamen's  language,  to  elevate,  as  an 
object  by  a  gradual  approach  to  it ;  ti 
bring  to  lip  .seen  at  a  greater  angle  :  op- 
jiosed  to  laijing;  as,  to  roisc  the  hind  ;  to 
raise  a  point.  Mar.  Did. 


To  raise  a  purchase,  in  seamen's  language,] 
is  to  dispose  instruments  or  machines  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  exert  any  mechanical 
force  required.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  raise  a  siege,  is  to  remove  a  besieging  ar- 
my and  relinquish  an  attnr.pl  to  take  the 
place  by  that  mode  of  attack,  or  to  cause 
the  attempt  to  be  relinquished. 

RA'ISED,  ;;p.  Liltctl  ;  ele\iaed  ;  exalted ; 
promoted  ;  set  upright ;  built ;  made  or 
enlarged  ;  produced  ;  enhanced  ;  excited  ; 
restored  to  life  ;  levied  ;  collected  ;  rous- 
ed ;  invented  and  propagated  ;  increased. 

RA'ISER,  Ji.  One  who  raises;  that  which 
raises  ;  one  that  builds;  one  tliat  leviesur 
collects  ;  one  that  begins,  produces  or 
propagates.  Bacon.     Taylor. 

RAISIN,  n.  rdzn.  [Fr.  Ir.  irf. ;  Arm.  rasir., 
resin;  D.  ruzyn  ;  G.  rosine,  a  raisin,  and 
rosinfarbe,  crimson,  [raisin-color ;]_  Dan. 
rosin.  In  Dan.  and  Sw.  rosen  signifies  the 
erysipelas.  It  is  eviilent  that  the  word  is 
from  the  same  root  as  red  and  rose,  bring 
named  from  the  color.  See  iJerf  ainii?osf. 
This  word  is  in  some  places  pronouucei 
corruptly  ree;n.  The  pronunciation  of 
Sheridan,  Perry  and  Jameson  acconlp 
with  that  which  prevails  in  the  eastern 
states,  which  is  regular,  and  which  I  have 
followed.] 

A  dried  grape.  Grapes  are  suffered  to  re 
main  on  the  vines  till  they  are  perfectly 
ripe,  and  then  dried  in  an  oven,  or  by  ex- 
posure to  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Those  dried 
in  the  sun  are  the  sweetest.  Hill. 

RA'ISING,  ^/)c.  Lifting;  elevating;  setting 
upright ;  exalting  ;  producing  ;  enhancing  ; 
restoring  to  lite  ;  collecting  ;  levying  ; 
))ropagating,  &c. 

RA'ISING,  n.  The  act  of  lifting,  setting  up, 
elevating,  e.xalting,  producing,  or  restoring 
to  life. 

2.  In  New  England,  the  operation  or  work 
of  setting  up  the  frame  of  a  building. 

RA'.IAH,  }        [L.   rei;   regis.]     In   India,  a 

RA'JA,  ^  ■  prince.  Some  of  the  rajahs 
are  said  to  be  independent  princes;  others 
are  tributary  to  the  Mogul.  Enryc. 

RA'JAIISHIP,  n.  The  dignity  or  principal- 
ity of  a  rajah,  jisiat.  Res. 

RAKE,  n.  [.Sax.  »aea,  race  ;  G.  rechcn  ;  Ir. 
raca  ;  W.  rhacai,  rhacan.     See  the  Verb.] 

An  instrument  consisting  of  a  head-piece  in 
which  teeth  are  inserted,  and  a  long  han- 
dle ;  used  for  collecting  hay  or  other  light 
things  which  are  spread  over  a  large  sur- 
face, or  in  gardens  for  breaking  and 
smoothing  the  earth. 

RAKE,  ?i.  [Dm\.  rwkel ;  probably  from  the 
root  of  break.] 

A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  man;  a  man  ad- 
dicted to  lewdness  and  other  scandalous 
vices.  ,'lddison.     Pope. 

RAKE,  11.  [Sax.  racan,  to  reach.]  The  pro- 
jection of  the  upper  parts  of  a  ship,  at  the 
highth  of  the  stem  and  stern,  beyond  the 
extremities  of  the  keel.  The  distance  be- 
tween R  perpendicular  line  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  stem  or  stern  to  the  end  of  the 
keel,  is  the  length  of  the  rake ;  one  the 
forc-rahc,  the  other  the  rake-a/l. 

2."  The  inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  jierpen- 
dicular  direction.  .War.  Did. 

JK.^KE,  r.  I.  [Sax.  racia?! ;  Bw.raka;  Dan. 
rager,  to  shave,  to  rake;    Corn.  racUan ; 


W.  rhacanu;  Ir.  racam.;  G.  rechen ;  Fr. 
racier;  Arm.  racla.  The  D.  hark,  harken, 
is  our  harroic,  but  of  the  same  family,  the 
great  family  o{ break,  crack,  L./rico.  Class 
Rg.  No.  34.  38. 47.] 

1.  Properly,  to  scrape;  to  rub  or  scratch 
with  something  rough  ;  as,  to  rake  the 
ground. 

2.  To  gather  with  a  rake ;  as,  to  rake  hay  or 
barley. 

3.  To  clear  with  a  rake ;  to  smooth  with  a 
rake ;  as,  to  rake  a  bed  in  a  garden  ;  to 
rake  land. 

To  collect  or  draw  together  something 
scattered ;  to  gather  by  violence ;  as,  to 
rake  together  wealth  :  to  rake  together 
slanderous  tales;  to  raA'e  together  the  rab- 
ble of  a  town. 
'.5.  To  scour;  to  search  with  eagerness  all 
corners  of  a  place. 

The  statesman  rakes  the  town  to  find  a  plot. 

Su-ift. 

a.  In  the  military  art,  to  enfilade  ;  to  fire  in 
a  direction  with  the  length  of  any  thing; 
particularly  in  na\al  engagements,  to  rake 
is  to  cannonade  a  t-liip  on  the  stern  or 
head,  so  that  the  balls  range  the  whole 
length  of  the  deck.  Hence  the  phrase,  to 
rnke  a  ship  line  and  aft. 

To  rake  up,  applied  to  fire,  is  to  cover  the 
fire  with  ashes. 

R.'\KE,  V.  i.  To  scrape  ;  to  .scratch  into  for 
finding  something  ;  to  search  minutely  and 
meanly  ;  as,  to  rake  into  a  dunghill. 

South. 

2.  To  search  with  minute  inspection  into  ev- 
ery part. 

One  is  for  raking  in  Chaucer  for  antiquated 
words.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence  or  rapidity. 

Pas  could  not  stay,  but  over  him  did  rake. 

Sidney. 

4.  To  seek  by  raking ;  as,  to  rake  for  oys- 
ters. 

).  To  lead  a  dissolute,  debauched  life. 

Shenslone. 
,G.  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 

as,  a  mast  rakes  aft. 
RA'KED,    pp.    Scraped;    gathered   with  a 

rake  ;  cleaned  with  a  rake  ;  cannonaded 

fore  and  aft. 
RA'KEHELL,   n.   [Dan.  rcckel ;   now  con- 
tracted into  rake  ;  properly  rakel.] 
A  lewd,  dissolute  fellow  ;    a  debauchee  ;  a 

rake. 
RA'KEHELLY,  a.  Dissolute  ;  wild. 

B.  Jonson. 
RA'KER,  n.  One  that  rakes. 
RA'KESHAME,  n.  A  vile  dissolute  wretch. 

Jl/i//on. 
RA'KING,  ppr.    Scraping;  gathering  with 

a  rake  ;  cleaning  and   smoothing   with  a 

rake;  cannonading  in  the  direction  of  the 

length  ;  inclining. 

And  raking  chase-guns  through  our  stems 

they  .send.  Dryden. 

2.  a.  That  rakes  ;  as  a  raking  fire   or   shot. 

RAKING,  n.  The  act  of  using  a  rake;  the 

act  or  opcratifjii  of  collecting  with  a  rake, 

or  of  cleaning  and  smoothing  with  a  rake. 
2.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once  :  or 

the  quantity  of  hay,  &:c.  collected  by  once 

(inssina  the  rake. 
RAKISH,   a.    Given  to    a    dissolute    life; 

lewd  ;  debauched.  Richardson. 


RAM 


RAM 


RAM 


RA'KISHNESS,  n.  Dissolute  practices. 
RAL'LY,  t>.  t.  [Fr.  raUicr.     This  seems  to 

be  a  compound  of  re,  ra,  and  Her,  L.  ligo, 

to  unite.] 

1.  To  reunite  ;  to  collect  and  reduce  to  or- 
der troops  dispersed  or  thrown  into  con- 
fusion. 

2.  To  collect ;  to  unite ;  as  things  scattered. 

.'Itterbury. 
RAL'LY,  V.  t.    [Fr.  railkr.     See  Raillery.] 
To  treat  with  good  humor  and  pleasantry, 
or  with  slight  contempt  or  satire,  accord- 
in"  to  the  nature  of  the  case, 
"honeycomb  rallies  ine  upon  a  country  life. 

Mdison . 
Strcphon  had  long  confess'd  his  am'rous  pain. 
Which  gay  Corinna  rallied  with  dLsdain. 

Oay. 
RAL'LY,  V.  i.  To  assemble  ;  to  unite. 

Innumerable  parts  of  matter  chanced  then  to 
rally  togeOier  and  to  form  themselves  into  this 
new  world.  T^llotaon. 

2.  To  come  back  to  order. 

The  Grecians  ratty  and  their  pow'rs  unite. 

TJryden 

3.  To  use  pleasantry  or  satirical  merriujent 

Johnson 
RAL'LY,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  disordered 

troops  to  their  ranks. 
2.  Exercise  of  good  humor  or  satirical  mer- 
riment. 
RAM,  n.  [Sax.  D.  ram;  G.  ramvi,  but  ravim 
bock,  ram-buck,  is  used.     See  the  Verb.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  sheep  or  ovine  genus  ;  in 
some  parts  of  England  called  n  tup.  In 
the  United  States,  the  word  is  applied,  I 
believe,  to  no  other  male,  except  in  the 
compound  ram-cat. 

2.  In  astronomy,  Aries,  the  sign  of  the  zodi- 
ac which  the  sun  enters  on  the  Slst  of 
March,  or  a  constellation  of  fixed  stars  in 
the  figure  of  a  ram.  It  is  considered  the 
first  of  the  twelve  signs. 

3.  An  engine  of  war,  nseil  formerly  for  bat- 
tering and  demolishing  the  walls  of  cities; 
called  a  battering-ram.  [See  Battering- 
ram.] 

RAM,  V.  t.  [G.  rammen;  D.rammeijen ;  Dan. 
ramler,  to  ram  or  drive  ;  ravniur,  to  strike, 
to  hit,  to  touch  ;  W.  rham,  rlium,  a  thrust- 
ing, a  projection  forward.  To  the  same 
family  belong  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  that  is, 
a  shoot  or  thrust,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  noi  ra- 

mah,  to  throw,   to   project,   Etli.    ^"^P 


to    strike ;    Ar. 


ramai,   to 


rami,    ^^    =w,..v,    ....     ^^^ 

shoot,  to  throw  or  dart.     Class  Rm.  No. 
7.  8.  9.     See  Cram.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  drive  with  violence  ;  to  force 
in  ;  to  drive  down  or  together ;  as,  to  rain 
down  a  cartridge ;  to  ram  piles  into  the 
earth. 

2.  To  drive,  as  with  a  battering  ram. 

3.  To  stuff;  to  cram. 
RAM'ADAN,n.  Among  the  Mohammedans, 

a  solemn  season  of  tiisling. 
RAM'AGE,  n.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch,  whence 
Fr.  ramage.] 

1.  Branches  of  trees.     [.Vo(  in  use.] 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  sitting  on  boughs. 

Druminond. 

3.  [See  Rummage.] 

RAM'BLE,  V.  i.  [It.  ramcngare,  to  ramble, 
to  rove  ;  Arm.  rambrcat,  to  rave  ;  W.  i-he.m- 
jiiaw,  to  run  to  an  extreme,  to  be  infatu- 

Vol.  II 


atcd,  and  rhamu,  to  rise  or  reach  over,  to 
soar.     These  seem  to  be  allied  to  roam. 


romp,  rampant ;  Ar. 


f^- 


to  exceed  or  go 


beyond,  to  depart.     Class  Km.  No.  5.] 

1.  To  rove  :  l(»  vviiiider:  to  walk,  ride  or  sail 
from  place  to  place,  without  any  deterni 
nate  object  in  view  ;  or  to  visit  many 
places  :  to  rove  carelessly  or  irregularly  ; 
as,  to  Tumble  about  the  city  ;  to  ramble  over 
the  country. 

Never  ask  leave  to  go  abroad,  for  you  will  be 
thougbl  an  idle  rambling;  tellow.  Hu'ift. 

2.  To  go  ut  large  without  restraint  and  with 
out  diicctinn. 

3.  To  move  without  certain  direction. 

O'er  his  ample  sides,  the  rumbling  sprays 
I.ii.viiriunt  sboot.  Thomson. 

RAM'IJLE,  »i.  A  roving;  a  wandering;  a 
goini;  or  moving  from  place  to  place  with- 
out any  determinate  business  or  object: 
an  irregular  excursion. 

Coming  home  after  a  sliort  Christmas  ramble 
I  found  a  letter  upon  my  table.  Swift 

RAM'BLEK,  n.  One  that  rambles;  a  rover: 
a  wanderer. 

R.\M'BL1NG,  ppr.  Roving;  wandering; 
moving  or  going  irregularly. 

RAM'lil.ING,  n.  A  roving;  irregular  ex- 
cursion. South 

RAM'BOOZE,  ?        A  drink  made  of  wine, 

RAM'BUSE,  y''  ale,  eggs  and  sugar  in 
winter,  or  of  wine,  milk,  sugar  and  rose 
water  in  summer.  Bailey. 

RAM'EKIN,        I  [Fr.    ramequin.]     In 

RAM'EQUINS,  I  "'  cookery,  small  slices 
of  bread  covered  with  a  farce  of  cheese 
and  eggs.  Bailey. 

RAM'ENTS,  n.  [L.ramenta,  a  chip.]  Scrap- 
ings ;  shavings.     [jYot  used.]  Itict. 

2.  In  botany,  loose  scales  on  the  stems  of 
plants.  LAnne. 

RA'MEOUS,  a.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch.]  In 
botany,  belonging  to  a  branch  ;  growing  on 
or  shooting  from  a  branch.  Lee 

RAMIFI€A'TION,n.  [Fr.  from  h.ramus,a 
braiu-h.] 

1.  The  process  of  branching  or  shooting 
branches  from  a  stenj. 

2.  A  branch  ;  a  small  division  proceeding 
from  a  main  stock  or  channel ;  as  the  ram- 
ijications  of  a  family  ;  the  ramifications  of 
an  artery.  Jlrbuthnot. 

3.  A  division  or  subdivision;  as  the  ramifica- 
tions of  a  subje(!t  or  scheme. 

4.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  a  tree 
produces  its  branches  or  houghs.  Lee 

5.  The  production  of  figures  resembling 
brandies.  Encyc 

RAM'IFIED,  pp.  Divided  into  branches. 

RA3I'IF'V,  r.  /.  [Fr.  ramifer ;  L.  ramus,  a 
branch,  and  /((cio.  to  make.] 

To  divide  into  branches  or  parts  ;  as,  to  ram- 
ify an  art,  a  subject  or  scheme.  Boyle. 

RAM  I  FY,  V.  i.  To  shoot  into  branches,  as 
the  stem  of  a  plant. 

When  tlie  asparagus  begins  to  ramify — 

JlTlmthnot. 

2.  To  be  divided  or  subdivided ;  as  a  main 
subject  or  scheme. 

RAMIFYING,  p;)r.  Shooting  into  branches 
or  divisions. 

RAM'ISH,  a.  [Dan.  raw,  bitter,  strong  scent- 
ed.] 

Raidi ;  strong  scented.  Chaucer. 

50 


RAM'ISHNESS,  n.  [from  ram.]  Rankness, 
a  strong  scent. 

RAM'MED,  pp.  [See  Ram.]  Driven  forci- 
bly. 

RAftl'MER,  n.  One  that  rams  or  drives. 

2.  An  instrument  for  driving  any  thing  with 
force  ;  as  a  rammer  for  driving  stones  or 
piles,  or  for  beating  the  earth  to  more  so- 

,     lidity. 

3.  A  gun-stick  :  a  ramrod  ;  a  rod  for  forcing 
t     down  the  charge  of  a  gun. 
RAMMING,  ppr.  Driving  with  force. 
RAMOON',  n.  A  tree  of  America. 
RA'MOUS,  a.    [L.  ramosus,  from  ramus,  a 
I     branch.] 

|1.  In  botany,  branched,  as  a  stem  or  root; 
having  lateral  divisions.  Marlyn. 

2.  Branchy;  consisting  of  branches  ;  full  of 

i     branches.  JVeioton.     K'oodward. 

RAMP,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep;  It.  ram- 
pa,  a  paw  ;  rampare,  to  jiaw  ;  rampicare, 
to  creep;  W.  rhamp,  a  rise  or  reach  over; 
rhamant,  a  rising  up,  a  vaulting  or  spring- 
ing ;  rhamu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to 
vault.     See  Ramble  and  Romance.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant;  to  creep  up. 

Plants  furnished  with  tendrils  calch  hold,  and 
so  ramjying  on  trees,  they  mount  to  a  great 
highlh.  Ray. 

2.  To  s))ring ;  to  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  prance  ; 
to  frolick. 

1  heir  bridles  they  would  champ — 
And  trampling  the  fine  element,  would  fierce- 
ly ramp.  Spenser. 
Sporting  the  lion  ramp'd.  Milton. 
[In  the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  usually 
written  and  pronounced  romp  ;  the   word 
being  originally  pronounced  with  a  broad.] 
RAMI',?!.  A  leap;  a  spring ;  abound. 
I                                                                   Milton. 
RAMPAL'LIAN,  »i.  A  mean  wretch.  [.Yot 
j     i'l  use.]  Shak. 
jRA.MP'ANCY,  n.  [from  rampant.]  Excessive 
j     growth  or  practice  ;  excessive  prevalence; 
'     exuberance  ;  extravagance  ;    as  the  ramp- 
ancy  of  vice.                                          South. 
RAMPANT,   a.    [Fr.  from   ramper;   Sax. 
I     rempend,  headlong.     See  Ramp  and  Ram- 
ble.] 

1.  Overgrowing  the  usual  bounds;  rank  in 
growth  ;  exuberant ;    as   rampant   weeds. 

Clarissa. 

2.  Overleaping  restrtiint ;  as  rampant  vice. 

South. 

3.  In  heraldry,  applied  to  the  lion,  leopard  or 
other  beast,  rampant  denotes  the  animal 
reared  and  standing  on  his  hind  legs,  in 
the  posture  of  climbing.  It  differs  from 
saliant,  which  indicates  the  posture  of 
springing  or  making  a  sally.  Encyc. 

'I'he  lion  rampant  shakes  his  brinded  mane. 

jWltoti. 

RAM'P.ART,   71.    [Fr.  rcm^arf;  Arm.  ramp- 

arz,  ramparzi :  Fr.  se  remparer,  to  fence  or 

intrench  one's  self;  It.  riparamtnto,  from 

riparare,  to    repair,    to   defend,  to   stop ; 

Port,  reparo  :  reparar,  to   repair,  to  parry 

in  defense.    Hence  we  see  rampart  is  from 

L.  reparo ;  re  and  para.     See  Parry  and 

Repair.] 

1.  lit  fortification,  an  elevation  or  mound  of 

earth  round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting 

cannon   shot,  and  formed  into   bastions, 

curtains,  &c.  Encyc. 

No  standards  from  the  hostile  ramparts  torn. 

Prior. 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN 


2.  That  which  fortifies  and  defends  from  as- 
sault; that  vvhicli  secures  safety. 

RAAI'PART,  v.t.  To  fortify  with  ramparts. 
[Ao(  in  use.]  Shak. 

RAM'PION,  n.  [from  ramp.]  The  name  of 
several  plants ;  as  the  common  esculent 
rampion,  a  species  of  Campanula  ;  the 
crested  rampion,  a  sjiecies  of  Lobelia;  the 
horned  rampion,  a  species  of  Phyteiima. 
Fam.  of  Plants 

RAMP'IRE,  n.  The  same  as  ram/*a»(  ,•  but 
obsolete. 

RAM'SONS,  ?!.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Allium 
Fam.  of  Plants 

RAN,  the  pret.  of  j-un.  In  old  writers,  open 
robbery.  Lambard. 

RANCES'CENT,  a.  [L.  ranceo,  to  be  rank. : 
Becoming  rancid  or  sour.  Encyc. 

RANCH,  V.  t.  [corrupted  from  wrench.]  To 
sprain ;  to  injure  by  violent  straining  or 
contortion.     [JVot  used.] 

Dryden.     Garth. 

RAN'CID,  a.  [L.  rancidus,  from  ranceo,  to  be 
rank.  This  is  the  Eng.  rank,  luxuriant  in 
growth.] 

Having  a  rank  smell;  strong  scented  ;  sour 
musty  ;  as  rancid  oil.  Arbuthnot. 

RANCIDITY,      }         The  quality  of  beuig 

RAN'CIDNESS,  \  "'  rancid  ;  a  stronj 
sour  scent,  as  of  old  oil. 

The  rancidity  of  oils  may  be  analogous  to  the 
oxydation  of  metals.  Ure. 

RAN'COR,  n.   [L.  from  ranceo,  to  be  rank.] 

1.  The  deepest  malignity  or  spite ;  deep 
seated  and  implacable  malice  ;  inveterate 
enmity.  yThis  is  the  strongest  term  for  en- 
mity which  the  English  language  supplies.] 

It  issues  from  the  rancor  of  a  villain.      Shak 

2.  Virulence  ;  corruption.  Shak. 

RAN'COROUS,  a.  Deeply  malignant ;  im- 
placably spiteful  or  malicious;  intensely 
virulent. 

So  flam'd  liis  eyes  with  rage  and  rancorous 

ire.  .Spenser 

Rancorous  opposition  to  the  gospel  of  Chrisi 

tVest 

RAN'COROUSLY,  adv.  With  deep  ma- 
lignity or  spiteful  malice. 

RAND,  n.  [G.  D.  Dan.  rand,  a  border, 
edge,  margin,  brink;  from  shooting  out, 
e.xtending.] 

A  border  ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  as  the  rand  of  a 
shoe. 

UAN'DOM,  n.  [Norm.  Sax.  randun ;  Fr. 
randonnee,  a  rajiid  course  of  water  ;  ran- 
don,  a  gushing.] 

1.  A  roving  motion  or  course  without  di- 
rection ;  hence,  want  of  direction,  rule  or 
method  ;  hazard  ;  chance  ;  used  in  the 
phrase,  at  random,  that  is,  w  ithout  a  settled 
point  of  direction  ;  at  hazard. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  progression  ;  distance' 
of  a  body  thrown  ;  as  the  furthest  ranilom 
of  a  missile  wea|)on.  Digby. 

RANDOM,  a.  Done  at  hazard  or  without 
settled  aim  or  purpose  ;  left  to  chance  ;  as 
a  random  blow. 

2.  Uttered  or  done  without  previous  calcula 
lion  ;  as  a  random  guess. 

RAN'DOM-SHOT,  n.  A  shot  not  directed 
to  a  point,  or  a  shot  with  the  nnizzle  of 
the  gun   elevated  above  a  horizontal  line. 

Mar.  Did. 

RAN'DY,  a.  Disorderly  ;  riotous.  [JVot 
used  or  local.]  Grose. 


RANE,  \      [Sax.  hrana  ;  Fr.  renne  ; 

RANEDEER,  I  "■  D.  rtndier ;  G.  rennthier  ; 
Basque,  arena  or  orina  ;  so  named  proba- 
bly from  running.  The  true  spelling  is 
rane.] 

species  of  deer  found  in  the  northern 
])arts  of  Eurojje  and  Asia.  He  has  large 
l)ranched  palmatcd  horns,  and  travels 
with  great  sjieed.  Among  the  Lapland- 
ers, he  is  a  substitute  for  the  horse,  the 
cow,  the  goat  and  the  sheep,  as  he  fur- 
nishes food,  clothing  and  the  njeans  of 
conveyance.  This  aniujal  will  draw  a 
sled  on  the  snow  more  than  a  hundred 
Uiiles  in  a  day.  Encyc. 

RAN'FORCE,  n.  The  ring  of  a  gun  next 
to  the  vent.  Bailey. 

[I    do  not   find   this   word  in   modern 
books.] 

RANG,  the  old  pret.  of  ring.  [J^early  obso- 
lete.) 

RANGE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  ranger ;  Arm.  rencqa. 
ranqein ;  W.  rhenciau;  from  rhenc,  reng. 
rank,  which  see.] 

1.  To  set  in  a  row  or  in  rows ;  to  place  in  a 
regular  line,  lines  or  ranks;  to  dispose  in 
the  proper  order ;  as,  to  range  troops  in  a 
body  ;  to  range  men  or  ships  in  the  order 
of  battle. 

2.  To  dispose  in  proper  classes,  orders  or 
divisions  ;  as,  to  range  plants  and  animals 
in  genera  and  species. 

3.  To  dispose  in  a  proper  manner ;  to  place 
in  regular  method  ;  in  a  general  sense. 
Range  and  arrange  are  used  indift'erently 
in  the  same  sense. 

4.  To  rove  over  ;  to  pass  over. 
Teach  him  to  range  the  ditch  and   force  the 

brake.  (^ay. 

[This  use  is   elliptical,  over  being  omit- 
ted.] 

5.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direction  parallel  to 
or  near ;  as,  to  range  the  coast,  that  is, 
along  the  coast. 

R.\N(jE,  v.i.  To  rove  at  large  ;  to  wander 
without  restraint  or  direction. 

As  a  roaring  lion  and  a  ranging  bear.     Prov. 
xsviii. 

2.  To  be  placed  in  order  ;  to  be  ranked, 
''lis  better  to  be  lowly  bom, 

And  range  with  humble  livers  in  content — 

Shak. 
[In  this  sense,  rank  is  now  used.] 

3.  To  lie  in  a  particular  direction. 
Wbich  way  tliy  forests  range —         Dryden. 
Wo  say,  tlie    front   of  a  house  ranges 

with  the  line  of  the  street. 

4.  To  sail  or  jiass  near  or  in  the  direction  of; 
as,  to  range  along  the  coast. 

RANGE,  n.     [Fr.  rangie.     See   Rank.]     A 
row  ;  a  raidi ;  things  in  a  line  ;  as  a  range 
of  buildings;  a  range  of  moimtains  ;   ran 
ges  of  colors.  J^ewton. 

A  class  ;  an  order. 

The  next  range  of  beings  above  him  are  the 
immaterial  intelligences —  Hale. 

.3.  A  wandering  or  roving  ;  excursion. 
He  may  take  a  range  all  the  world  over. 

South. 

4.  Space  or  room  for  excursion. 
A  man  has  not  enough  range  of  thought — 

Jlddison 

5.  Compass  or  extent  of  excursion  ;  space 
taken  in  by  any  thing  extended  or  rnnl 
ed   in   order ;    as  the   range    of  Newton's 
thought.     No  philoso])her  has  embraced  a 
wider  range. 


Far  as  creation's  ample  range  extends. 

Pope. 

6.  The  step  of  a  ladder.  [Corrupted  in  pop- 
ular language  to  rung.]  Clarendon. 

7.  A  kitchen  grate.  Bacon.     }fotton. 
ly.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meal. 
9.  In  gunnery,  the  i)ath  of  a  bullet  or  bomb, 

or  the  line  it  describes  from  the  mouth  of 
the  piece  to  the  point  where  it  lodges ;  or 
the  whole  distance  which  it  passes.  When 
a  cannon  lies  horizontally,  it  is  called  the 
right  level,  or  point  blank  range  ;  when 
the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  45  degrees,  it  is 
called  the  utmost  range.  To  this  may  be 
added  the  ricochet,  the  rolhng  or  bound- 
ing shot,  with  the  piece  elevated  from 
three  to  six  degrees.      Encyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

RAN6ED,  pp.  Disposed  in  a  row  or  line ; 
placed  in  order  ;  passed  in  roving  ;  pla- 
ced in  a  particular  direction. 

RAJVGER,  n.  One  that  ranges  ;  a  rover  ;  a 
robber.     [JVow  little  ^ised.]  Spenser. 

2.  A  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Gay. 

3.  In  England,  a  sworn  officer  of  a  forest, 
appointed    by    the   king's   letters    patent. 

j  whose  business  is  to  walk  through  the 
I  Ibrest,  watch  the  deer,  present  trespasses, 
j     &c.  Encyc 

RaNGERSHIP,  n.  The  office  of  the  keep- 
I     er  of  a  Ibrest  or  park. 
RANGING,  ppr.   Placing  in   a  row  or  line  ; 
disposing  in  order,  method  or  classes;  ro- 
ving ;  passing  near  and  in  the  direction 
of 

RANGING,  n.  The  act  of  placing  in  lines 
or  in  order;  a  roving,  &c. 

RANK,  71.  [Ir.  ranc ;  \\. rhenc;  Arm.  rencq  ; 
Fr.  rang,  a  row  or  line  ;  It.  rango,  rank, 
condition  ;  Port.  Sp.  rancho,  a  mess  or  set 
of  persons ;  D.  Dan.   G.  rang.     In  these 

words,  n  is  probably  casual  ;  Ar.  I  <=:, 
to  set  in  order;  Heb.  Cb.  p;' id.  Class 
Rg.  No.  13.  47.  See  also  No.  18.  20.  21. 
27.  46.  The  prinjary  sense  is  probably  to 
reach,  to  stretch,  or  to  pass,  to  stretch  along. 
Hence  rank  and  grade  are  often  synony- 
mous.] 

1.  A  row  or  line,  applied  to  troops :  aline 
of  men  standing  abreast  or  side  by  side, 
and  as  opposed  to  fit.  a  line  running  the 
length  of  a  company,  liattalion  or  regi- 
ment. Keep  yom-  ranks  ;  dress  yoin- 
ranks. 

Fierce  fiery  warriors  fight  upon  the  clouds 
In  ranks   and   squadrons  and   riglit  form   of 
war.  Shak. 

2.  Ranks,  in  the  plural,  the  order  of  com- 
mon soldiers;  as,  to  reduce  an  oflicer  to 
the  ranks. 

:3.  A  row  ;  a  line  of  things,  or  things  in  a 
line  ;  as  a  rank  of  osiers.  Shak. 

4.  Degree  ;  grade  ;  in  military  affairs  ;  as 
the  rank  of  captain,  colonel  or  general ; 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral. 

5.  Degree  of  elevation  in  civil  life  or  station  ; 
the  order  of  elevation  or  of  subordination. 
We  say,  all  ranks  and  orders  of  men ; 
every  man's  dress  and  behavior  should 
correspond  with  his  rank ;  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  ranks  of  men  or  of  other 
intelligent  beings. 

().  Class  ;  order  ;  division  ;  any  portion  or 
number  of  things  to  which  place,  degree 
or  order  is  assigned.     Profligate  men,  by 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN 


iheir  vices,  sometimes  degrade  ihemselves 
to  the  rank  of  hnites. 

7.  Degree  of  dignity,  eininence  or  excel- 
letice  ;  as  a  writer  of  the  first  rank  ;  a 
lawyer  of  higii  raiilc. 

These  are  all  virtues  of  a  meaner  rank. 

Addison. 

8.  Dignity ;  liigli  place  or  degree  in  the  or- 
ders of  men  ;  as  a  man  of  rank. 

Rank  and  file,  the  order  of  common  soldiers. 
Ten  officers  and  three  hundred  rank  and 
file  fell  in  the  action. 

To  fill  the  ranks,  to  supply  the  whole  number, 
or  a  competent  number. 

To  take  rank,  to  enjoy  precedence,  or  to 
have  the  right  of  talcing  a  higher  place. 
In  G.  Britain,  the  king's  sons  take  rank  of 
all  the  other  nobles. 

RANK,  a.  [Sax.  ranc,  proud,  haughty  ;  Sp. 
It.  rancio ;  L.  rancidus,  from  ranceo,  to 
smell  strong.  The  primary  sen.se  of  the 
root  is  to  advance,  to  shoot  forward,  to 
grow  luxuriantly,  vvlience  the  sense  of 
strong,  vigorous  ;  W.  rhac,  rhag,  before 
rhacu,rhaciaw,  to  advance,  to  put  forward 
This  word  belongs  probably  to  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding.] 

1.  Luxuriant  in  growth  ;  being  of  vigorous 
growth  ;  as  rank  grass  ;  rank  weeds. 

Seven  ears  came  up  upon  one  stalk,  rank  and 
good.     Gen.  xii. 

2.  Causing  vigorous  growth  ;  producing  lux 
uriantly  ;  very  rich  and  fertile  ;  as,  land  is 
rank.  Mortimer. 

3.  Strong  scented ;  as  rank  smelling  rue. 

Spenser. 

4.  Rancid;  musty  ;  as  oil  of  a  ratik  snudl. 

5.  Inflamed  with  venereal  appetite.       Ukak. 

6.  Strong  to  the  taste  ;  high  tasted. 

Divers  sea  fowls  taste  rank  of  the  fish  on 
which  Ihey  feed.  Boyle 

7.  Rampant ;  high  grown  ;  raised  to  a  high 
degree  ;  excessive ;  as  rank  pride  ;  rank 
idolatry. 

I  do  forgive 
Thy  rankest  faults.  Shak. 

8.  Gross;  coarse.  Shak 

9.  Strong ;  clinching.  Take  rank  hold 
Hence, 

10.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  the  actual  value  ; 
as  a  rank  modus  in  law.  Rlaekstone. 

To  set  rank,  as  the  iron  of  a  plane,  to  set 
it  so  as  to  take  off'  a  thick  shaving. 

Moxon 
R,ANK,  V.  t.  To  place  abreast  or  in  a  line. 

Milton. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  class,  order  or 
division. 

Poets  were  ranked  in  the  class  of  philoso- 
phers. Broome 

Heresy  is  ranked  with  idolatry  and  witch- 
craft. Decay  of  Piety 

3.  To  dispose  methodically  ;  to  place  in  suit- 
able order. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  suu,  or  rank 

your  tribes  ?  Milton. 

Ranking  all  things  under  general  and  s|)ectal 

heads.  Watts. 

RANK,  V.  i.   To  be  ranged  ;  to  be  set   or 

disposed  ;  as  in  a  particular  degree,  class, 

order  or  division. 

Let  that  one  article  ia;i/i  with  the  rest. 

Shak 
3.  To  be  placed  in  a  rank  or  ranks. 

Go,  rank  in  tribes,  and  quit  the  savage  wood 

Tate. 


3.  To  have  a  certain  grade  or  degree  of  ele- 
vation in  the  orders  of  civil  or  military 
life.  He  ranks  with  a  major.  He  ranks 
with  the  fust  class  of  poets.  He  ranks 
h\s\\  ill  public  estimation. 

RANK'EU,  pp.  Placed  in  a  line ;  disjiosed 
in  an  order  or  class  ;  arranged  methodi- 
cally. 

RANK'ER,  n.  One  that  disposes  in  ranks  ; 
one  that  arranges. 

RANKING,  ppr.  Placing  in  ranks  or  lines  ; 
arranging  ;  dispo.sing  in  orders  or  classes  ; 
having  a  certain  rank  or  grade. 

RANKLE,  V.  i.  [from  rank.]  To  grow 
more  rank  or  strong  ;  to  be  inflamed  ;  to 
fester  ;  as  a  rankling  wound. 

A  malady  that  burns  and  rankles  inward. 

Rowe. 

2.  To  become  more  violent ;  to  be  inflamed  ; 
to  rage  ;  as  rankling  malice  ;  rankling  en- 
vy.    Jealou.sy  rrini/cs  in  the  breast. 

RANK'LY,  ado.  With  vigorous  growth  ;  a.s. 
grass  or  weeds  grow  rankly. 

2.  Coarsely;  grossly.  Shak. 

RANK'NESS,  n.  Vigorous  growth;  luxu- 
riance ;  exuberance  ;  as  the  rankness  of 
plants  or  herbage. 

3.  Exuberance  ;  excess  ;  extravagance  ;  as 
the  rankness  of  pride;  the  ranAvie**  of  jov. 

Shak. 

3.  Extraordinary  strength. 

The  crane's  pride  is  in  the  rankne.is  of  her 
wing.  V  Estrange. 

4.  Strong  taste  ;  as  the  rankness  of  flesh  or 
fish. 

.5.  Rancidness  ;  rank  smell ;  as  the  rankness 
of  oil. 

(j.  Excessiveness  ;  as  the  rankness  of  a  com- 
position or  modus.  Blacksione. 

RAN'NY,  n.    The  shrew-mouse.        Brown 

RAN'S.\CK,  V.  t.  [Dan.  randsager:  Sw 
ransaka  ;  Gaelic,  ransnchadh.  Rand,  in 
Danish,  is  edge,  margin,  Eiig.  rand,  and 
ran  is  rapine.  The  last  syllable  coincides 
with  the  English  verb  to  sack,  to  pillage, 
and  in  Spanish,  this  verb  which  is  written 
saquear,  signifies  to  ransack.] 

1.  To  plunder ;  to  pillage  comi>letely  ;  to 
strij)  by  phmdering;  as,  to  ransack  a  house 
or  city.  Drydtn. 

Their  vow  is  made  to  ransack  Troy.      Shak. 

2.  To  search  thoroughly  ;  to  enter  and  search 
every  place  or  part.  It  seems  often  to  con- 
vey the  sense  of  opening  doors  and  par- 
cels, and  turning  over  things  in  search  ; 
as,  to  ransack  files  of  papers. 

I  ransack  the  several  caverns.      Woodward. 

3.  To  violate ;  to  ravish  ;  to  deflour :  as 
ransacked  chastity.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

RAN'SACKED,  pp.  Pillaged  :  searched 
narrowly. 

RANSACKING,  ppr.  Pillaging;  search- 
ing narrowly. 

R.'VN'SfjM,  n.  [Dan.  rajiron;  Sw.  ransoyi ; 
G.  ranzioji ;  Norm,  raancon  ;  Fr.  ran  con 
Arm.  rangzon.  In  French,  the  word  im- 
plies not  only  rcdeiiiptinii,  but  exaction  ; 
but  I  know  not  the  compunent  parts  of  the 
word.     Qii.  G.  sithne,  atonement.] 

1.  The  money  or  price  paid  for  the  redemp 
tioii  of  a  prisoner  or  slave,  or  for  goods 
captured  by  an  i-iieniy  ;  that  which  pro- 
cures the  relcaM-  of  a  prisoner  or  cajitive, 
or  of  captured  property,  and  restores  the 


one  to  liberty  and  the  other  to  the  origiaal 
owner. 

By  his  captivity  in  Austria,  and  the  heavy 
ransom  he  paid  for  his  liberty,  Richard  was  hin- 
dered from  pursuing  the  conquest  of  Ireland. 

Davies. 

2.  Release  from  captivity,  bondage  or  the 
possession  of  an  enemy.  They  were  una- 
ble to  procure  the  ransom  of  the  prison- 
ers. 

3.  In  law,!i  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of  some 
great  offense  and  the  discharge  of  the  of- 
fender ;  or  a  fine  paid  in  lieu  of  corporal 
punishment.  Encyc.     Blacksione. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  price  paid  fir  a  forfeited 
life,  or  tor  delivery  or  release  from  capital 
punishment. 

Then  he  shall  give  for  the  ransorn  of  his  life, 
whatever  is  laid  upon  him.     Ex.  K\i. 

a.  The  price  paid  for  procuring  the  pardon 
of  sins  and  the  redemption  of  the  sinner 
from  punishment. 

Deliver  him  from  going  down  to  the  pit;  i 
have  found  a  ransom.    Job  xxxiii. 

The  Son  of  man  came — to  give  his  life  a  ran- 
som for  many.     Matt.  xx.     Mark  x. 

R.^N'SOM,  V.  t.  [Sw.  ransonera ;  Dan. 
ranzonerer  ;  Fr.  ranconner  ;  Arm.  ranc- 
zouna.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity  or  |)unishment 
by  paying  an  equivalent  ;  npplied  to  per- 
sons ;  as,  to  ransom  prisoners  from  an  en- 
emy. 

2.  To  redeem  from  the  possession  of  an  en- 
emy by  paying  a  jirice  deemed  equivalent; 
applied  to  goods  or  property. 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  redeem  from  the  bondage 
of  sin,  and  from  the  punishment  to  which 
sinners  are  subjected  by  the  divine  law. 

The  ransomed  of  the  Lord  shall  return.     Is. 

XXXV. 

4.  To  rescue  ;  to  deliver.     Hos.  xiii. 
RAN'SOIMED,  pp.    Redeemed   or   rescued 

from  captivity,  bondage  or  punishment  by 
the  payment  of  an  equivalent. 

RAN'SOMER,  n.  One  that  redeems. 

RAN'SO.MING,  ppr.  Redeeming  from 
captivity,  bondage  or  punishment  by  giv- 
ing satisfaction  to  the  possessor ;  rescu- 
ing; liberating. 

RAN'SOMLESS,  a.  Free  from  ransom. 

Shak. 

RANT,  V.  i.   [Heb.  Ch.  pi,  Ar.  ^^   ranna, 

to  cry  out,  to  shout,  to  sound,  groan,  mur- 
mur ;  W.  rhonta,  to  frisk,  to  gambol,  a 
sense  of  the  Hebrew  also.] 
To  rave  in  violent,  high  sounding  or  extrava- 
gant language,  without  correspondent  dig- 
nity of  thought  ;  to  be  noisy  and  boister- 
ous in  words  or  declamation  ;  as  a  ranting 
preacher. 

Look  where  my  ranting  host  of  the  garter 
comes.  SImk. 

RANT,  n.  High  sounding  language  with- 
out dignity  of  thought  ;  boisterous,  empty 
declamation  ;  as  the  rant  of  fanatics. 

This  is  stoical  rant,  without  any  foundation 
in  the  nature  of  man,  or  reason  of  things. 

Atierbury: 
|R.\NT'ER,  n.  A  noisy  talker;  a  boisterous 

preacher. 
R.-VNT'ING,  ppr.    Uttering  high  sounding 
words  without  solid  sense;  declaiming  or 
preaching  with  boisterous  empty  words. 


RAP 


RAP 


R  A  R 


RANT'IPOLE,  a.  [from  rant.]  Wild  ;  ro- 
ving'; lakish.     [A  low  word.]        Congrevc. 

RANT'IPOLE,  V.  i.  To  rim  about  vvililly. 
[Low.]  Arbulhiiol. 

RANT'ISM,  )i.  The  practice  or  tenets  of 
ranters.  lip.  Rust. 

RANT'Y,  a.  Wild;  noisy;  boisterous. 

RAN'ULA,  71.  [L.  rana,  a.  frog;  dm.  a  little 
froj;.] 

A  swelling  under  the  tongue,  similar  to  the 
encysted  tumors  in  different  parts  of  the 
bodv.  Coxe. 

RANUN'€ULUS,  n.  [L.  from  rnna,  a  frog.] 

In  botfiny,  crowfoot,  a  genus  of  plants  of  ma- 
ny species,  some  of  them  beautiful  flower- 
ing plants,  particularly  the  Asiatic,  or 
Turkey  and  Persian  ranunculus,  which  is 
diversified   with   many    rich  colors. 

Encyc. 

RAP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hrepan,  hreppan,  to  touch 
repan,  to  touch,  to  seize,  L.  rapio  ;  Sw 
rappa  ;  Dan.  rapper,  to  .snatch  away,  and 
rapper  sig,  to  hasten  ;  rap,  a  stroke,  Sw 
rapp  ;  Fr.frapper,  to  strike.  The  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  root  is  to  rush,  to  drive 
forward,  to  fall  on,  hence  both  to  strike 
and  to  seize.  That  the  sense  is  to  drive  or 
rush  forward,  is  evident  from  L.  7'apidus, 
rapid,  from  rapio.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  2tj. 
27.  28.  29.] 

To  strike  with  a  quick  sharp  blow  ;  to 
knock  ;  as,  to  rap  on  the  door. 

RAP,  V.  t.  To  strike  with  a  quick  blow  ;  to 
knock. 

With  one  great  peal  they  rap  the  door. 

Prior. 

To  rap  out,  to  utter  with  sudden  violence  ; 
as,  to  rap  out  an  oath.  Addison.  [Sax. 
hreopan,  to  cry  out,  that  is,  to  drive  out 
the  voice.  Tliis  is  probably  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding  word.  In  the 
popular  language  of  the  U.  States,  it  is 
often  pronounce<l  rip,  to  rip  out  an  oath; 
L.  crcpo,  Fr.  crever.] 
RAP,  V.  t.  To  seize  and  bear  away,  as  the 
mind  or  thoughts;  to  transport  out  of 
one's  self;  to  affect  with  ecstasy  or  rap- 
ture ;  as  rapt  into  admiration. 

Tin  7'apt  with  joy  to  see  my  Marcia's  tears. 

.dddiso7i. 
Rapt  into  future  times  the  bard  begun. 

Pope. 

2.  To  snatch  or  hurry  away. 

And  rapt  with  whirling  wheels.         Spenser. 
Rapt  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  fiery  steeds. 

Mdlon. 

3.  To  seize  by  violence.  Draijton. 

4.  To  exchange  ;  to  truck.  [Low  and  not 
used.] 

To  rap  and  rend,  to  seize  and  tear  or  strip ; 
to  fall  on  and  pluniler ;  to  snatch  by  vio- 
lence. They  brought  oft'  all  tliey  could 
rap  and  re7id.     [See  Rend.] 

IlAP,  n.  A  quick  smart  blow  ;  as  a  rap  on 
the  knuckles. 

RAl'A'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  rapax,  from  rapio,  to 
seize.     See  JRap.] 

1.  Given  to  plunder;  disposeil  or  accustom- 
ed to  seize  by  violence  ;  seizing  by  force  ; 
as  a  rapacious  enemy. 

Well  may  thy  lord,  appeasM, 
Redeem    thee  quite   from  death's  raparious 
'•laini.  .Milto7i. 

2.  AccuslomiMl  to  seizin  for  food  ;  subsisting 
on  prey  or  animals  seized  by  violence  ;  as 
a  rapacious  tiger ;  a  rapacious  fowl. 


RAPA'CIOUSLY,  adv.  By  rapine  ;  by  vio- 
lent robbery  or  seizure. 

RAPA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing rapacious;  disposition  to  plunder  or 
to  exact  by  oppression. 

RAPACITY,  n.  [Fr.rapacite;  L.rapacitas, 
irom  rapax,  rapio.] 

1.  Addictedness  to  plunder ;  the  exercise  of 
plunder  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by 
force  ;  as  the  rapacity  of  a  conquering  ar- 
my ;  the  rapacity  of  j)irates  ;  the  rapacity 
of  a  Turkish  pashaw  ;  the  rapacity  of  e,\- 
tortioners. 

2.  Raveuousness ;  as  the  rapacity  of  ani- 
mals. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  extorting  or  exaot- 
ing  by  oppressive  injustice. 

RAPE,  n.  [L.  rapio,  raptus ;  It.  ratto  ;  Fr. 
rapt ;  W.  rhaib,  a  snatching  ;  rheibiaio,  to 
snatch.     See  Rap.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  seizing  by  violence  ; 
also,  a  seizing  and  carrying  away  by 
force,  as  females.  Mitford. 

2.  Ill  law.  the  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman 
lijrcibly  and  against  her  will.     Blackst07ie. 

i.  Privation  ;  the  act  of  seizing  or  taking 
away.  Chap/na/t. 

.\nd  ruiii'd  orphans  of  thy  rapes  complain. 

Sandya. 

4.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried 
away. 

Where  now  are  all  my  hopes  .-'  oh,  never  more 
Shall  they  revive,  nor  death  her  rapes  restore. 

Sa/idy.'i. 
■5.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Rf.'/- 

0.  A  division  (d'a  county  in  Sussex,  in  Eng- 
land ;  or  an  intermediate  division  between 
a  hundreil  and  a  shire,  and  containing 
three  or  four  hundreds.  Blacksto/ie. 

RAPE,   71.    [If.  raib  ;  L.  rapa,    rapum  ;  Gv 

(jarfi;;    Y).  raap  ;   G.riibe;   Sw.  rq/l'«.] 
A   plant  of  the  genus  Brassica,  called  aisi 

cole-rape  and  cole-seed,  and  of  ndiich  tin 

navevv  or  French  turnip  is  a  variety. 

Lee.     Ed.  Encyc. 
The  hrooi7i-rnpe  is  of  the  genus  Orobanche 
I!  ^ '  P  E  RQQT.     [See  Rape.] 
RA'PESEEI),    n.    The  seed   of  the  rape, 

from  which  oil  is  expressed. 
R.\P'ID,  a.   [L.  rapidus,  from  rapio,  the  pri 

mary  sense  of  which  is  to  rush.] 

Very  swift  or  quick  ;  moving  with  celeri 

ty ;  as  a  rapid  stream  ;  a  rapid  flight ;  a 

rapid  motion. 
Pait  shun  the  goal  with  rapid  wheels. 

Milton. 
Advancing  with  haste  or  speed  ;  speedy 

in  progression  ;  as   rapid  growth  ;  rapid 

improvement. 

Of  quick  utterance  of  words;  as  a  rapid 

speaker. 
RAPID' ITY,  71.  [h.  rapiditas ;  Fr.  rapidity-, 

supra.] 

1.  Swiftness;  celerity;  velocity;  as  the  ra- 
pidity  of  a  current ;  the  rapidity  of  motion 
of  any  kind. 

2  Haste  in  utterance ;  as  the  rapidity  of 
.speech  or  pronunciation. 

3.  Quickness  of  progression  or  advance;  as 
rapidity  of  growth  or  improvement. 

RAP'IDLY,  adv.  With  great  speed,  celeri- 
ily  or  velocity  ;  swiftly  ;  with  quick  pro- 
gression ;  as,  to  run  rapidly ;  to  grow  or 
improve  7-apidly. 

2.  With  quick  utterance ;  as,  to  speak  rap- 
idly. 


RAP'IDNESS,  n.  Swiftness ;  speed  ;  celer- 
ity ;  rapidity. 

RAP'IDS,  n.  plu.  The  part  of  a  river  where 
the  current  moves  with  more  celerity  than 
the  common  current.  Rapids  imply  a 
considerable  descent  of  the  earth,  but  not 
sufficient  to  occasion  a  fall  of  the  water, 
or  what  is  called  a  cascade  or  cataract. 

RAPIER,  n.  [Vr.rapi^re  ;  Ir.  roipeir  ;  from 
thrusting,  driving,  or  quick  motion.]  A 
small  sword  used  only  in  thrusting. 

Shak.     Pope. 

RA'PIER-FISH,  n.  The  sword-fish. 

Grew. 

RAP'IL,        )        Pidverized   volcanic   sub- 

RAPIL'LO,  \  "•  stances. 

R.AP'INE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rapina ;  rapio,  to 
seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering ;  the  seizing  and 
carrying  away  of  things  by  force. 

2.  Violence  ;  force.  Milton. 
RAP'INE,  i).  t.  To  plunder.  Buck. 
RAPPAREE',  n.  A    wild  Irish  plunderer; 

so  called  from  rapery,  a  half  pike  that  he 
carries.  Todd. 

RAPPEE',  »(.  A  coarse  kind  of  snuff. 

RAP'PER,  n.  [from  rap.]  One  that  raps 
or  knocks. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a  door.  [JVot  in  common 
use.  ] 

3.  An  oath  or  a  lie.  [JVot  in  use.]  Parker. 
RAPPORT,  n.  [Fr.  from  re  and  porter,  to 

bear.]  Relation  ;  proportion.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Te/nple. 

RAPT,  pp.  [from  rap.]  Transported  ;  rav- 
ished. 

R.'iPT,  v.t.  To  transport  or  ravish.  [JVot 
legitimate  or  ui  use.]  Chapman. 

RAPT,  n.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  trance.       JHorton. 

2.   Rapidity.     [JVot  in  use.] 

RAP'TER,  ?        [L.   raptor.]     A  ravisher  ;  a 

RAP'TOR,  J"-  plunderer.  Drayton. 

RAP'TURE,  n.  [L.  raptus,  rapio.]  A  seiz- 
ing by  violence.    [Little  used.]     Chapman. 

2.  Transport ;  ecstasy  ;  violence  of  a  pleas- 
ing passion  ;  extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

Mu-ic  when  thus  applied,  raises  in  the  mind 
of  the  hearer  great  conceptions  ;  it  streugthene 
devotion  and  advances  praise  into  rapture. 

Spectator. 

3.  Rapidity  with  violence  ;  a  hurrying  along 
with  velocity ;  as  rolling  with  torrent  rap- 
lure.  Milton. 

4.  Enthusiasm  ;  uncommon  heat  of  imagin- 
ation. 

V'ou  grow  correct,  that  once   with  rapture 
writ.  Pope. 

RAP'TURED,  a.  Ravished  ;  transported. 

Thomson. 
[But  enraptured  is  generally  used.] 
RAP'TL'RIST,    n.    An  enthusiast. 

Spe7iser. 

R.\P'TUROL'S,  a.   Ecstatic;  transponing; 

ravishing;  as  /■(rpturous  joy,    pleasure  or 

(hdiglit.  Collier. 

R.VRE,    «.    [L.   rarus,    thin;  Sp.    Port.   It. 

7'aro  ;  Fr.  ra7-e  ;  D.  raar  ;  G.  Dan.  rar.] 

1.  Ilnconimon  ;  not  frequent  ;  as  a  rare 
event  ;  a  ra/'c  phenomenon. 

2.  Unusually  excellent ;  valuable  to  a  de- 
gree seldom  found. 

Rare  work,  all  hll'd  willi  terror  and  delight. 

Cowley. 
Above  the  rest  I  judge  one  beauty  lare. 

Drydcn. 

3.  Thinly  scattered. 


HAS 


HAS 


RAT 


Those  rare  and  solitary,  tliesc  in  flocks — 

Millon 

4.  Thill  ;  porous;  not  dense  ;  as  a  rare  autl 
attenuate  substance. 

WatiT  is  ninetein  limes  lighter  und  hy  conse- 
quence nineteen  times  rartr  tlian  gold. 

JiTewlon. 

5.  [Sax.  /were.]  Nearly  raw  ;  imperfectly 
rousted  or  boiled  ;  as  ran  beef  or  mutton  ;| 
cg^'.s  roasted  rare.  Dr\)dtn.^ 

RA'RKEiSIIOVV,  n.  \rart  and  show.\  A[ 
show  carrii'd  in  a  box.  Pope.\ 

RAKEFAC'TION,    n.     [Fr.     See  Rarefi/.] 

The  act  or  process  of  expatiding  or  distend- 
ing bodies,  by  separating  the  parts  and 
rendering  the  bodies  more  rare  or  poroii 
by  which  operation  they  appear  under  a 
larger  bidk,  or  recpiire  more  room,  with- 
out an  accession  of  new  matter;  opposed 
to  condensation  ;  as  the  rarefaction  of  air. 

Eiicyc. 

RAR'EFIABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  rare- 
fied. 

RAR'EFY,  v.t.  [Fi:  rarefier;  L.  rarefacio ; 
rams,  rare,  andyiict'o,  to  make,] 

To  make  thin  and  porous  or  less  dense ;  to 
expand  or  enlarge  a  body  without  adding 
to  it  any  new  portion  of  its  own  matter  ; 
oppose([  to  condense.       Encyc.     Thomson. 

RAR'EFY,  II.  i.  To  become  thin  and  porous. 

Dryden. 

RAR'EFYING,  ppr.  Making  thin  or  less 
dense.  j 

RA'RELY,     adv.     Seldom  ;  not   often  ; 
things  rarely  seen. 

2.  Finely  ;  nicely.     [Lillle  used.]  Shnk. 

RA'RENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  uncom- 
mon ;  uncommoimess;  infreqiiency. 
And  let  the  rareiiess  the  small  gilt  co'mmend. 

Dryden. 

2.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Bacon. 

3.  Thinness;  tenuity  ;  as  the  rareness  of  air 
or  vapor. 

4.  Distance  from  each  other ;  thinness. 

Johnson. 
RA'RERIPE,  a.  [Sax.  arceran,  to  excite,  to 

hasten.] 
Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others,  or  before  the 

usual  season. 
RA'RERIPE,  Ji.  An  early  fruit,  particular 

ly  a  kind  of  peach  which  ripens  early. 
RAR'ITY,  n.  [Fr.  rorele  ;  L.  raritas.]     Un 
commonness  ;  infrequency. 

Far  from  being  fond  of  a  (lower  for  its  rarity 

Spectator. 

2.  A  thing  valued  for  its  scarcity. 

I  saw  three  rarities  of  different  kinds,  which 
pleased  me  more  than  any  other  shows  in  tlio 
J^^ce.  Addison. 

3.  Tliinness;  tenuity;  opposed  to   density 
as  the  rarity  of  air.  Di«-bi/. 

RAS'€AL,  ?i.  [Sax.  id.     This  word  is  said 

to  signify  a  lean  beast.] 
A   mean    fellow;  a    scoundrel;  in    modern 
usage,    a    trickish     dishonest    fellow  ;    a 
rogue;  particularly   applied    to  men   and 
boys  guilty  of  tlie  lesser  crimes,  rmd  indi- 
cating less  enormity  or  guilt  than  villain. 
I  )iave  sense  to  serve  my  turn  in  store. 
And  he's  a  rascal  who  pretends  to  more. 

Dryden. 
RAS'CAL,  a.  Lean  ;  as  a  rascal  deer. 
3.  Mean;  low.  Spenser. 

RASCAL'ION,  n.  [from  rascal]  A  low 
mean  wretch.  Hiidibras. 

RASGAL'ITY,  n.  The  low  mean  people. 

South. 


2.  Mean  triekishncss  or  dishonesty  ;  base 
fraud.  [This  is  its  sense  in  present  usage 
in  ^Imenra.] 

RAS'CALIjY,  a.  Meanly  trickish  or  dis- 
honest ;  viie. 

2.  Mean  ;  vile  ;  base  ;  worthless ;  as  a  ras- 
cally porter.  Swijl. 

RASE,  D.  (.  s  as  I.  [Fr.  ra«er ;  Sp.  Port.  ra«ar , • 
It.  rasare  uiul  ru^schiare  ;  Arm.  ruia;  L.ra- 
sus,  rudo.  Witli  tliese  words  accord  tht 
W.    rhathu,    to    rub    off,    rhathell,    a  rasp, 

Eth.  ^WT"  to  rub  r)r  wipe.  See  tlie 
verb  to  row,  which  is  radically  the  same 
%vord.  If  g  in  ^rate  is  a  prefix,  the  won 
is  formed  on  the  same  radix.  Class  Rd 
No.  10.  13.  17.  25.  35.  38.  42.  50.  58.  01.  02. 
04.  81.] 

1.  To  pass  along  the  surface  of  a  tlnng, 
with  striking  or  rubbing  it  at  the  same 
time ;  to  graze. 

Might  not  the  bullet  which  rased  his  cheek, 
have  gone  into  his  head  ?      Obs.  South. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  scratch  or  rub  out ;  or  to 
blot  out ;  to  cancel.  Milton. 

[In  this  sense,  era.9e  is  generally  used.] 
To  h'vel  with  th<!  ground  ;  to  overthrow ; 
to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ra.se  a  city.  Millon. 

|ln  this  sense,  raze  is  generally   used. 
This  orthography,  rase,  may  therefore  be 
considered    as    nearly     obsolete  ;    graze, 
erase  and  raze  having  superseded  it.] 
R.-^SE,  71.  A  cancel  ;  erasure.    [JVotinuse.] 
2.  A  sliglit  wound.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
RASH,  a.  [D.   G.  rasch,  quick  ;  Sw.    Dan. 
rash,  id. ;  Sax.  hrnd,   hra-d,   hrmth,    ()uick, 
hasty,  ready,  and  hrws,  rirs,  impetus,  force, 
and  hreosan,  reosan,  rasan,  to  rush.     Sec 
Ready  and  Rush.     The  sense  is  advanc- 
ing, pushing  forward.  Class  Rd.  No.  5. !».] 

1.  Hasty  in  council  or  action;  precipitate; 
resolving  or  entering  on  a  project  or 
measine  without  due  dclihcration  and 
caution,  and  thus  encountering  imnei^cs- 
sary  hazard  ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as  a  rash 
statesman  or  minister  ;  a  rash  command- 
er. I 

2.  Uttered  or  undertaken  with  too  much! 
haste  or  too  little  reflection ;  as  rash 
words;  rash  measures. 

3.  Reipiiring  haste  ;  urgent. 
I  have  scarce  leisure  to  salute  you. 
My  loatter  is  so  rash.  Shnk. 

4.  Qniek  ;  sudden  ;  as  rash  gunpowder. 
[.Vol  in  use.] 

RASH,  n.  Corn  so  dry  as  to  fall  out  with 
handling.     [Local.]  Grose. 

RASH,  n.   [It.  roiVia.J   Satin. 

2.  All  eruption  or  I'iHoresccnee  on  the  body. 
[In  Italian,  raschia  is  the  itch.] 

RASH,    1'.  /.    [It.    raschiare,    to   scrape    or 
grate  ;  \V.    rhdsg.     rhasgyl.    rhasgliaio 
from   tlie  root  of  rase,  graze.]     To  slice 
to  cut  into  pieces;  to  divide.  Spenser. 

RASH'ER,  n.  A  thin  slice  of  bacon  ;  a  thin 
cut.  Shak. 

RASH'LY,  adv.  With  precipitation;  hasti- 
ly ;  without  due  deliberation. 

He  that   doth  any  thing   rashly,  must  do  it 

willingly.  VEstrange. 

So   rashly  brave,  to  dare  the  sword  of  The- 

'^eu^-  Smith. 

RASH'NESS,  n.  Too  much  haste  in  re- 
solving or  in  undertaking  a  measure;  pre- 
cipitation ;  inconsiderate  readiness  or 
promptness  to  decide  or  act,  implying  dis-j 
regard  of  consequences  or  contempt  of 


danger ;  applied  to  persons.    The  failine  ol 

enterprises  is  often  owing  to  rashness. 
H'e  offend  by  rashness,  wiiieh  is  an  affirming 

or  denying  before  we  have  sufficiently  informed 

ourselves.  South. 

2.  The    quality   of  being   uttered   or  iloiie 

without  due  deliberation;  as  the  rashness 

of  words  or  of  undertakings. 
R'ASP,  n.    [Sw.  D.  rasp;  G.  raspel ;  Dan. 

raspe  ;  Fr.  rape,  for  raspe ;  It.  Sp.   raspa. 

See  Rase.] 
1.  A  large  rough  file  ;  a  grater. 


2.  A  raspberry,  which  see.  Baron. 

irASP,  V.  t.  [D.  raspen  ;  Dan.  rasper ;  Sw. 

raspa  ;  It.  ruspare ;  Sp.  raspar ;  p'r.  rdper  ; 

W.   rhathell,  in   a   diflerent   dialect.     See 

Rase.] 
To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp ;  to  rub  or  grate 

with  a  rough  file;  as,   to   rasp  wood    to 

make  it  smooth  ;  to  rasp  bones  to  powder. 
IHseman.    Moxon. 
R'ASPATORY,  n.  A  surgeon's  rasp. 

H'iseman. 
R\\SPBERRY,  n.    [from   rasp,  so   named 

from  the  roughness  of  the  brambles ;  G. 

kratzbeere,  from  kratzen,  to  scratch.] 
The  fiuit  of  a  bramble  or  species  of  rubus; 

a  berry   growing  on   a  prickly  plant  ;  as 

the  black  ra.tpberry ;  the  red  uiid  the  white 

raspUerrii. 
R-ASPHERRY-BUSH,     n.     The    bramble 

|)roduciiig  raspberries. 
RA'SIJRE,  n.  s  as  :.  [h.rasura,  from  rado, 

rasus.     See  Rase.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving ;  the  act 
of  erasing. 

2.  The  mark  by  which  a  letter,  word  or  any 
part  of  a  writing  is  erased,  effaced  or  ob- 
htcrated  ;  an  erasure.  •lyliffe. 

RAT,  n.  [Sax.  rict ;  D.  rat ;  G.  ratze  ;  Fr. 
rat;  Ann.  raz ;  Sp.  rata;  Port.  id.  a  rat, 
and  ratos,  sharp  stones  in  the  sea  that 
wear  cables;  probably  named  from  gnaw- 
ing, and  from  the  root  of  L.  rodo.] 

A  small  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mils,  which 
infests  lioiises,  stores  and  sliijis  ;  a  trouble- 
some race  of  animals. 

To  smell  a  rat,  to  be  su3|iicious,  to  be  on  the 
watch  from  suspicion  ;  as  a  cat  by  the 
scent  or  noise  of  a  rat. 

RA'TABLE,  a.  [from  rale.]  That  may  be 
rated,  or  set  at  a  certain  value  ;  as  a  Dan- 
ish ore  ratable  at  two  marks. 

Camden. 

2.  Liable  or  subjected  by  law  to  taxation ; 
as  ratable  estate.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

RA'TABLY,  adv.  By  rate  or  jiroportion  ; 
proportionally.  Raleigh. 

RATAFIA,  n.  ratafee'.  [Sj).]  A  fine  spirit- 
uous liquor,  prepared  fioin  the  kernels  of 
several  kinds  of  fruits,  particularly  of 
cherries,  apricots  and  peaclic.':. 

Sp.  Diet.     Encyc. 

RATAN',  7!.  [Malay,  rotan  ;  Java,  rotlan'g.] 
A  small  cane,  the  growth  of  India. 

R.\T'-€ATCHE1{,  n.  One  who  makes  it 
his  busine.ss  to  catch  rats. 

RATCII,  11.  In  clock  work,  a  sort  of  wheel 
having  twelve  fangs,  which  serve  to  lift 
the  detents  every  hour  and  thereby  cause 
the  clock  to  strike.  Encyc. 

RATCH'ET,  n.  In  a  watch,  a  small  tooth  at 
the  bottom  of  the  fusee  or  barrel,  which 
stops  it  in  winding  up.  Encyc. 

RATCH'IL,  n.  Among  treiner*,  fragments 
of  stone.  Kirwan. 


RAT 


RAT 


RAT 


RATE,  n.  [Norm,  rate ;  L.  ralus,  reor,  con-l 
tiacteJ  fioiii  retor,  redor  or  resor.  See 
Hntio  uiid  Reason.] 

1.  Ttie  proportion  or  standard  by  which 
quantity  or  value  is  adjusted;  as  silver 
valued  at  the  rate  of  six  shillings  and 
eight  pence  the  ounce. 

The  rate  and  standard  of  wit  vpas  different 
then  from  what  it  is  in  these  days.  South, 

2.  Price  or  amount  stated  or  fi.\ed  on  any 
thing.  A  king  may  pnrcliase  territory  at 
too  dear  a  laie.  The  rate  of  interest  is 
prescribed  by  law. 

3.  Settled  allowance  ;  as  a  daily  rate  of  pro 
visions.     2  Kings  xxv. 

4.  Degree ;  comparative  highth  or  value. 

I  am  a  spirit  of  no  common  rate.  Shak. 

In  this  did  his  holiness  and  godUness  appear 
above  the  rate  and  pitch  of  other  men's,  in  that 
he  was  so  infinitely  merciful.  Calamy. 

5.  Degree  in  which  any  thing  is  done.  The 
ship  sails  at  the  rate  of  seven  knots  an 
hour. 

Many  of  the  horse  could  not  march  at  that 
rate,  nor  come  up  soon  enough.  Clarendon. 
G.  Degree  of  value  ;  price.  Wheat  in  Eng- 
land is  often  sold  at  the  rate  of  fifty  shil- 
lings the  quarter.  Wit  may  be  purchased 
at  too  dear  a  rate. 

7.  A  tax  or  stun  assessed  by  authority  on 
property  for  public  use,  according  to  its 
income  or  value;  as  parish  rates;  town 
rates;  highway  rates. 

8.  In  the  navy,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship, 
according  to  its  magnitude  or  force.  Ships 
of  the  first  rate  mount  a  hundred  guns  or 
upwards;  those  of  the  second  rate  carry 
from  90  to  98  guns ;  those  of  the  third 
rate  carry  from  (34  to  80  guns ;  those  of 
the  fourth  rate  from  50  to  (50  guns  ;  those 
of  the  fifth  rate  from  32  to  44  guns  ;  those 
of  the  sixth  rate  from  20  to  30  guns.  Those 
of  the  two  latter  rates  are  caUed  frigates. 

Mar.  Diet 
RATE,  V.  t.  To  set  a  certain  value  on  ;  to 
value  at  a  certain  price  or  degree  of  excel- 
lence. 
You  seem  not  high  enough  your  joys  to  rate. 

Dryden 
Instead  of  rating  the  man  by  his  perform- 
ances, we  too  frequently  rate  the  performance 
by  the  man.  Rambler 

2.  To  fix  the  magnitude,  force  or  order,  as 
of  ships.     A  ship  is  rated  in  the  first  class 
or  as  a  ship  of  the  line. 
RATE,  V.  i.  To  be  set  or  considered  in  a 
class,  as  a  ship.     The  ship  rates  as  a  ship 
of  the  line. 
2.  To  make  an  estimate. 
RATE,  i'.  t.    [Sw.  rata,   to  refuse,   to   find 
fault;  ryta,  to  roar,  to  huff;  Ice.  reita,  or 
G.  bereden,  from  reden,  to  speak,  Sa.\.  rie 
dan.     See  Read.     It  is  probably  allied  to 
rattle,  and  perhaps  to  L.  rudo.     See  Class 
Rd.  No.  71.  70.  Ar.] 
To  chide  with   vehemence  ;  to  reprove  ;  to 
scold  ;  to  censure  violently. 
Go,  rate  thv  minions,  proud  insulting  boy. 

Sliak 
An  old  lord  of  the  council  rated  me  the  other 
day  in  the  street  ^ibout  you,  sir.  Shak 

RA'TED,  ;)/).  Set  at  a  certain  value  ;  esti 

mated ;  set  in  a  certain  order  or  rank. 
2.  Chid  ;  reproved. 

RA'TER,  n.    One  who  sots  a  value  on  or 
makes  an  estimate. 


RATH,  n.  [Ir.  rath,  a  hill,  mount  or  for-! 
tress.]     A  hill.      Obs.  Spenser. 

RATH,  a.  [Sax.  rath,  rathe,  hra-.lh,  hrathe, 
hrwd  or  hrad,  quick,  hasty  ;  Ir.  ratham,  to 
grow  or  be  prosperous ;  from  the  same 
root  as  ready  and  rash,  from  the  sense  of 
shooting  forward.  See  Ready.] 

Early ;  coming  before  others,  or  before  the 
usual  time. 

Bring  the  rath  primrose,  that  forsaken  dies. 

Arillon 
We  sometimes  see  the  word  rath-ripe, 
early  ripe,   Sax.   rad-ripe ;  but  it  is  obso 
lete  or   nearly  so.     In  the   United  States, 
I  believe  it  is  not  used  at  all. 

RATH'ER,  adv.  [Sax.  rathor,  hrathor ;  coinp 
of  rath,  quick,  prompt,  hasty,  ready.  So 
we  use  sooner  in  an  equivalent  sense.  I 
would  rather  go,  or  sooner  go.  The  use 
is  taken  from  pushing  or  movuig  forward. 
So  the  Italians  use  aiizi,  [L.  ante,  before.] 
"  Ma  egli  disse,  anzi,  beati  coloro  ch'odo 
no  la  parola  di  Dio,  e  I'osservano."  But 
he  said,  yea  rather,  happy  are  they  iliat 
hear  the  word  of  God  and  keep  it.  Luke 
xi.] 

1.  More   readily   or  willingly  ;    with  better 


liking  ;  with  preference  or  choice. 

My  soul  chooseth  strangling  and  death  rath- 
er than  Ufe.     Job  vii 

Light  is  come  into  the  world,  and  men  loved 
darkness  rather  than  light,  because  their  deeds 
were  evil.     John  iii.     Ps   Ixxxiv. 

2.  In  ])reference ;  preferably  ;  with  better 
reason.  Good  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than 
evil.     See  Acts  v. 

3.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

He  sought  throughout  the  world,  but  sought 

in  vain, 
And  no  where  finding,  rather  fear'd  her  slain. 

Dryden. 

4.  More  properly ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

This  is  an  art 
Which  does  mend  nature,  change  it  rather  ; 

but 
The  art  itself  is  nature.  .S7mfr. 

5.  Noting  some  degree  of  contrariety  in 
fact. 

She   was  nothing  better,   but   rather  grew 
worse.     Mark  v.      \Iatt.  sxvii. 
The  rather,  especially  ;  for  better  reason  ;  for 
particular  cause. 

You  are  coirie  to  me  in  a  happy  lime. 
The  rather  for  I  have  some  sport  in  hand. 

Shak 

Had  rather,  is  supposed  to  he  a  corruption 

of  would  rather. 

I  had  rather  speak  five  words  with  my  un- 
derstanding—     1  Cor.  xiv. 

This  phrase  may  have  been  originally, 
'  I'd  rather,"  for  /  would  rather,  and  the 
contraction  afterwards  mistaken  for  hud. 
Correct  speakers  and  writers  generally 
use  would  in  all  such  phrases  ;  I  would 
rather,  I  prefer  ;  I  desire  in  preferenco 
RATH'OFFITE,  n.  A  mineral  brought 
from  Sweden,  of  the  garnet  kind.  Its  col 
or  is  a  dingy  brownish  black,  and  it  is  ac- 
companied with  calcarious  spar  and  small 
crystals  of  hornblend.  Phillips. 

RATIFI€A'TION,    n.  [Fr.  ;  fiom    ratify.] 

1.  The  act  of  ratifying  ;  confirmation. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  sanction  and  validity  to 
something  done  hy  another  ;  as  the  riitifi- 
cation  of  a  treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

RAT'IFIED,  pp.  Confirmed;  sanctioned; 
made  valid. 


RATTFiER,  n.  He  or  that  which  ratifies 
or  sanctions. 

RAT'IFY,  i;. /.  [Fr.  ratifer;  L.  ratum  facio. 
to  make  firm.]  To  confirm  ;  to  estabhsh; 
to  settle. 

We  have  ratified  to  them  the  borders  of  Ju- 
dea.     1  Mace. 

2.  To  approve  and  sanction ;  to  make  valid  ,- 
as,  to  ratify  an  agreement  or  treaty. 

RAT'IFYING,  ppr.  Confirming;  establish- 
ing ;  approving  and  sanctioning. 

RA'TING,  ;)//i-.  [from  rale.]  Setting  at  a  cer- 
tain value;  assigning  rauk  to  ;  estimating. 

2.  Chiding  ;  reproving. 

RA'TIO,  n.  ra'sho.  [L.  from  ratus,  reor,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  set,  confirm  or  estab- 
hsh. Reor  is  contracted  from  redor  or  re- 
tor,  and  primarily  signifies  to  throw,  to 
thrust,  hence  to  speak,  to  set  in  the  mind, 
to  think,  like  L.  suppono ;  and  setting 
gives  the  sense  of  a  fixed  rale  or  rule.  See 
Rea.mn.] 

Proportion,  or  the  relation  of  homogeneous 
things  which  determines  the  quantity  of 
one  Irom  the  quantity  of  another,  without 
the  intervention  of  a  third.  Encyc. 

The  relation  which  one  quantity  has 
to  another  of  the  same  kind,  as  expres- 
sed by  the  quotient  of  the  one  divided 
by  the  other.  Thus  the  ratio  of  4  to  2  is 
i,  or  2;  and  the  ratio  of  5  to  6  is  f. 
This  is  geometrical  ratio,  which  is  that 
signified  when  the  term  is  used  without 
distinctitui  ;  but  arithmetical  ratio  is  the 
difference  between  two  quantities.  Thus 
the  arithmetical  ratio  of  2  to  6  is  4. 

Ratio  respects  magnitudes  of  the  same  kind 
only.  One  line  may  be  compared  with 
another  line,  hut  a  line  cannot  be  compar- 
ed with  a  superficies,  and  hence  between  a 
line  and  a  superficies  there  can  be  no  ratio. 

Encyc. 
R.VTIOCINATE,  v.  i.  [h.  ratiocinor,  from 
rnlio,  reason.]  To  reason;  to  argue 
[Lillle  used.] 
RATlOfJINA'TION,  71.  [L.  ratiocinatio.] 
The  act  or  process  of  reasoning,  or  of  de- 
ducing consequences  from  premises.  [See 
Reasoning.]  Brown.     South. 

RATIOC'INATIVE,  a.  Argumentative; 
consisting  in  the  cotnparison  of  proposi- 
tions or  facts,  and  the  deduction  of  infer- 
ences from  the  comparison  ;  as  a  ratiocina- 
tive  process.     [A  bad  word  and  little  used.] 

Hale. 
RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  ratio,  propor- 
tion.] 
A  portion  or  fixed  allowance  of  provisions, 
drink  and  forage,  assigned  to  each  soldier 
in  an  army  for  his  daily  subsistence  aiid 
for  the  subsistence  of  horses.  Officers 
have  several  rations  according  to  their 
rank  or  number  of  attendants.  Seamen 
in  the  navy  also  have  rations  of  certain 
articles.  Encyc. 

RA'TION.\L,  a.  [Fr.  rationnel;  \t.  razion- 
ale  ;   h.  rntionalis.] 

1.  Having  reason  or  the  faculty  of  reason- 
ing ;  endowed  with  reason ;  opjmsed  to 
irrational ;  as,  man  is  a  rational  being  ; 
brutes  are  not  rational  animals. 

It  is  our  gloiy  and  happiness  to  have  a  ration- 
al naline.  Imw. 

2.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  opposed  to  absurd ; 
as  a  rational  conclusion  or  inference  ;  ra- 
tional conduct. 


R  A  T 


R  A  V 


R  A  V 


3.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  extravagant. 

4.  Acting  in  conformity  to  reason  ;  wise  ; 
judicious  ;  as  a  rational  man. 

RA'TIONAL,  n.  A  rational  being. 

Young. 
RATIONA'LE,  ii.  A  detail  witli  reasons; 
a  series  of  reasons  assigned  ;  as  Dr.  Spar- 
row's rationale  of  tlie  Common  Prayer. 
2.  An  account  or  solution  of  ibe  [irinciples 
of  sonic  opinion,  action,  liy|)Othesis,  pbe 
nonienon,  &c.  Encyc. 

RA'TIONALIST,  n.  One  who  proceeds  in 
his  disquisitions  and  practice  wholly  upoti 
reason.  Bacon 

RATIONAL'ITY,  n.  The  power  of  reason- 
ing. 

God  has  made  rationality  the  common  por- 
tion of  mankind.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue 
2.  Reasonableness. 

Well  directed  intentions,  \vlio.sc  rationalitifs 
will  not  bear  a  rigid  examinalion.  Brown. 

RA'TIONALLY,  adv.  In  oonsistenoy  with 
reason ;    reasonably.     We   rationally   ex- 
pect every  man  will  pursue  his  own  hap 
piness. 
RA'TIONALNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

rational  or  consistent  with  reason. 

RAT'LIN,      \         A   small   line   traversing 

RAT'LINE,  S        the   shrouds   of   a    ship, 

making  the  step  of  a  ladder  for  ascending 

to  the  mast-heads.  Mar.  Did. 

RATOON',  n.  [Sp.  retono  ;  retoiiar,  to  sprout 

again.] 

A  sprout  from   the  root  of  the  sugar  cane, 

which  has  been  cut.         Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

RATS'BANE,  n.    [rat  and   bane.]     Poison 

for  rats  :  arsenic.  Swift. 

RATSBANED,  a.  Poisoned  by  ratsbane. 

Junius. 

RAT'-TAIL,  n.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence 

growing  from  the  pastern  to  the  middle  of 

the  shank  of  a  horse.  Encyc. 

RATTEEN',  n.   [Sp.  ratina,  ratteen,  and"  a 

musk  mouse.]     A  thick  woolen  stull'iiuill- 

ed  or  twilled. 

RATTINET',  n. 

than  ratteen. 
RAT'TLE,   V.  i. 
rasseln  ;    Dan. 


a. 


A  woolen   stuff'   lliinner 


[D.  ratclen,  reutelen ;    G. 
raslcr ;    S\v.     rassta  ;    Gr. 
xportu,  xpora^oi",  with  a  pn^fix.  Q.U.  rate.] 

1.  To  make  a  quick  shar|)  noise  rapidly  re 
peated,  by  llie  collisicui  of  bodies  not  very 
sonorous.     When  b<i(lies  are  sonorous,  it 
is  called  jingling.     We   say,   the  wheels 
rattle  over  the  pavement. 

And  the  rude  hail  in  rattling  tempest  forms. 

Jlddison 
He  fagoted  his  notions  as  Ihey  fell. 
And  if  they  rhym'd  and  rattl'd,  all  was  well. 

I}ri/den. 
?..  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily  ;    to  utter 
words  in  a  clattering  manner. 

Thus  turbulent  in  rattling  lone  she  spoke. 

JDryden. 

He  rattles  it  out  against  popery.  Swift. 

RAT'TLE,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling 

sound   or  a   rapid   succession    of    sharp 

sounds ;  as,  to  rattle  a  chain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  with  noise  ;  to  drive  with  sharp 
sounds  rapidly  repeated. 

Sound  but  another,  and  another  shall. 
As  loud  as  thine,  rattle  the  welkin's  ear. 

Shak. 

3.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorously  ;  as,  to 
rattle  off  servants  sharply.  Arhuthnot. 


jRAT'TLE,  n.  A  rapid  succession  of  .sharpj 
elattenng  sounds  ;  as  the  rattle  of  a  drimi. 

Prior. 
A  rapid  succession  of  words  sharply  ut- 
tered ;  loud  rapid  talk  ;  clamorous  chid-j 
ing. 

An  instrument   with  which  a  elatteringi 
sound  is  made. 

Theia«/fs  of  Isis   and  the  cymbals  of  Bra- 
silea  nearly  enough  resemble  each  other. 

Raleigh 
The  diymes  and  rattles  of  the  man  or  boy. 

Pope. 

4.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pedicularis,  louse- 
wort.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
Yellow  rattle,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Rhinan 
thus.  Ibm. 
RATTLE-HEADED,     a.    Noisy;   giddy 

unsteady. 

RAT'TLESNAKE,  n.  A  snake  that  has 
rattles  at  the  tail,  of  the  genus  Crotalus. 
The  rattles  consist  of  articulated  horny 
cells,  which  the  animal  vibrates  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  make  a  rattling  sound.  The 
poison  of  the  rattlesnake  is  deadly. 
RATTLESNAKE-ROOT,  n.  A  plant  or 
root  of  the  genus  Polygala,  and  another  of 
the  genus  Prenanihes. 
RATTLESNAKE-WEED,  n.  A  jdant  of 
the  genus  Eryngium.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

RAT'TLING,  ppr.  Making  a  quick  succes- 
sion of  sharp  sounds. 
RAT'TLING,    n.    A    rapid   succession   of 

sharp  sounds.     Nah.  iii. 
RAI''CITY,  n.  [L.  raucus,  hoarse.    Raucus 
is  the  Eng.  rough,  which  see.] 

1.  Hoarseness;  a  loud  rough  sound;  as  the 
raucity  of  a  trunqjet.  Bacon. 

2.  Among  physicians,  hoarseness  of  the  hu- 
man voice. 

RAU'COUS,    a.   Hoarse;    harsh.     [JVol  in 

use.] 
RAUGHT,  the  old  participle  of  reach.    Obs, 
RAUNCH.  [See  ffrench.] 
RAV'AtiE,  »!.    [Fr.   from   ravir,  to  rob   or 

spoil.  L.  ra»io.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  18.  19. 

2»j.  27.] 

1.  SiHiil ;  ruin;  waste;  destruction  by  vio- 
lence, either  by  men,  beasts  or  physical 
causes ;  as  the  ravage  of  a  lion ;  the  r«i'- 
ages  of  lire  or  tempest ;  the  ravages  of  an 
army. 

A\  ould  one  think  'twere  possible  for  love 
To  make  such  ravage  in  a  noble  soul. 

.■lildison 
'i.  Waste;  ruin;    destruction  by  decay;  a: 

the  i-nvages  of  time. 
RAV'AtiE,  V.  t.   [Vr.  rarager.]  To  spoil;  to 
plunder;  to  pillage  ;  to  sack. 
Already  Cesar 
Has  ravaged  more  than  half  the  globe  ! 

.^dilison 

2.  To  lay  waste  by  any  violent  force  ;  as,  a 
flood  or  intindation  ravages  the  meadows. 

The  shatter 'd  forest  and  the  ravaged  vale. 

Thomson 

3.  To  waste  or  destroy  by  eating ;  as  fields 
ravaged  by  swarms  of  locusts. 

RAV'AtiED,  pp.  Wasted  ;  destroyed ;  pil- 
laged. 

RAV'AtiER,  )i.  A  plunderer;  a  spoiler; 
he  or  that  which  lays  waste.  Swifl. 

RAV' Aging,  ppr.  Plundering;  pillaging; 
laying  waste. 

RAVE,  V.  i.  [D.  revclen,  to  rave,  Eng.  to 
revel ;  Sp.  rabiar  ;  Port,  raiimr ;  L.  rabio. 
to  rave,  to  rage  or  be  furious ;  rabies,  rage ; 


It.  rabbia,  whence  arrabhiare,  to  enrage; 
Fr.  rcver,  if  not  a  contracted  word;  Dan. 
raver,  to  reel.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  27.  34.] 

1.  To  wander  in  mind  or  intellect ;  to  be  de- 
lirious; to  talk  irrationally  ;  to  be  wild. 

When  men  thus  rate,  we  may  conclude  their 
brains  are  turned.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  "To  utter  furious  exclamations ;  to  be  fu- 
rious or  raging  ;  as  a  madman. 

Have  I  not  cause  to  rave  and  beat  my  breast  ? 

Jldili^ian. 
To  dote ;  to  be  unreasonably  fond  ;  fol- 
lowed by  upon;  as,  to  roue  wpon  antiquity. 
[Hardly  proper.]  Lockt. 

RAVE,  n.  The  upper  side-piece  of  timber  of 
the  body  of  a  cart.  JVtu.'  England. 

RAVEL,  I',  t.  rav'l.  [D.  raaffelen  and  rave- 
len.  See  Class  Rb.  No.  3.  4.  34.  This 
word  is  used  in  opposite  senses.] 

1.  To  entangle;  to  entvvist  together;  to 
make  intricate;  to  involve  ;  to  perplex. 

Wbat  glory's  due  10  liim  that  could  divide 
Such  ravd'd  int'resis,  has  the  kuot  unty'd  ? 

Waller. 

2.  To  untwist ;  to  unweave  or  unknot ;  to 
disentangle ;  as,  to  ravel  out  a  twist ;  to 
ravel  out  a  stocking. 

Sleep,  that  knits  up   the  ravel'd  sleeve   of 
care.  Shak. 

3.  To  hurry  or  run  over  in  confusion.  [.Vol 
in  use.]  Digbi/. 

RAVEL,  V.  i.  rav'l.  To  fall  into  perplexity 
and  confusion. 


Till  by  their  own  perplexities  involv'd. 
They  ravel  ujore,  still  less  resolv'd. 

Milton. 
To  work  in  perplexities  ;  to  busy  one's 
self  with  intricacies;  to  enter  by  winding 
and  turning. 

It  will  be  needless  to  ravel  far  into  the  records 

of  elder  times.  Decay  of  Piety. 

The  humor  of  raveling  into  all  these   mvsti- 

cal  or  entangled  matters — produced  infinitedis- 

putes.  Teniple. 

3.  To  be  unwoven.  Spenser. 

[As  far  as  my  observation  extends,  ravel,  \n 
the  I'nited  States,  is  used  only  in  the  sec- 
ond .sense  above,  viz.  to  uniceave,  to  sep- 
arate the  texture  of  that  which  is  woven 
or  knit;  so  that  raw/ and  unravel  are  with 
us  always  syiumymoiis.  Etymology  proves 
this  to  be  the  true  sense  of  the  word  rav- 
el.] 

RAVELED,  pp.  Twisted  together;  made 
intricate ;  (lisentanitled. 

RAVELIN,  71.  [Fr.  lU  ;  Sp.  rticWin;  Port. 
rebtlim  ;  It.  ravellino.] 

In  fortification,  a  detached  work  with  two 
faces  which  make  a  s.ilieiit  ansle,  without 
any  flanks,  and  raised  beliire  the  counter- 
scarp of  the  place.  In  this  it  difl'ers  from 
a  half  moon,  which  is  placed  before  au 
angle.  Encyc.     Did. 

RAV'ELING,  ppr.  Twisting  or  "weaving ; 
untwisting  ;  disentangling. 

RAVEN,  n.  ra'vn.  [Sax.  hrafn,  lirefn  or 
ra:fn;  G.  rabe ;  D.  raaf.  Clu.  Heb.  3-\;', 
from  its  color.  But  this  may  be  L.  coitus. 
The  Saxon  orthography  would  indicate 
that  this  fowl  is  named  from  [)ilferin'' ; 
hreafian,  rtafian,  to  |)lunder,  to  rob,  L.  m- 
pio.] 

A  large  fowl  of  a  black  color,  of  the  genus 
Gorvus.  Encyc. 

RAVEN,  V.  t.  rav'n.  [G.  raiiben  ;  Dan.  ro- 
ver; Sw.  roffa,  rofva,  to  rob  ;  Sax.  reafav. 


R  A  V 

hreafan.  But  it  is  more  nearly  allied  to  Ar.j 

^j       raffa,  to  eat  much,  to   pluck  off  in 
Class  Rb.  No.  12.  See  No.  18. 19. 


feedin 
34.] 

1.  To  devour  with  great  eagerness;  to  eat 
with  voracity. 

Our  natures  do  pursue, 
Like  rats  that  raven  down  their  proper  bane 
A  thirsty  evil,   and  when  we  drink,  we  die. 

Skak. 
Like  a  roaring  lion,  raveningthe  prey.  Ezek 
xxii. 

2.  To  obtain  by  violence.  HakewiU. 
RAVEN,  V.  i.  rav'n.   To  prey   with   rapa- 
city. 

Benjamin  shall  raven  as  a  wolf.     Gen.  xhx. 

RAVEN,  n.  rav'n.  Prey  ;  pl""der ;  food  ob- 
tained by  violence.     Nah.  ii. 

2.  Rapine;  rapacity.  R"!) 

RAVENED,  pp.  Devoured  with  voracity. 

RAV'ENER,  n.  One  that  ravens  or  plun- 
ders. Goiver. 

RAV'ENING,  ppr.  Preying  with  rapacity  ; 
voraciously    devouring;    as    a    ravening 

wolf. 
RAV'ENING,   n.    Eagerness  for  plunder 

I  IjI(6  XI- 

RAVENOUS,  a.  Furiously  voracious;  hun 
gry  even  to  rage  ;    devouring  with  lapu 
eious  eagerness ;  as  a  ravenous  wolf,  linn 
or  vulture.  Milton. 

2.  Eager  for  prey  or  gratification ;  as  raven 
ous  appetite  or  desire.  Shak 

RAVENOUSLY,  adv.  With  raging  vora- 
city. Burnet. 

RAV'ENOUSNESS,  n.  Extreme  voracity 
rage  for  prey  ;   as  the  ravenousnes.t  of  f 
hon.  Hate 

RAVEN'S  DUCK,  n.  [G.  ravenstuch.]  A 
species  of  sail  cloth.  Tooke. 

RA'VER,  n.  [from  rave.]  One  that  raves  or 
is  furious. 

RAV'ET,  n.  An  insect  shaped  like  a  cock- 
chaffer,  which  infests  the  West  Indies. 

Encyc 

RAVIN.  [See  Raven.] 

RAVIN,  a.  Ravenous.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

RAV'IN,    I       [Fr.   ravin,     from   ravir,    to 

RAVINE,  S"'  snatch  or  tear  away.]  Along 
deep  hollow  worn  by  a  stream  or  torrent 
of  water  ;  hence,  any  long  deep  hollow  or 
pass  through  mountains,  &c. 

RA'VING,  ppr.  or  a.  Furious  with  deliri 
um  ;  mad  ;  distracted. 

RA'VINGLY,  adv.  With  furious  wildness 
or  frenzy  ;  with  distraction.  Sidney. 

RAVISH,  v.  t.  [Fr.  ravir;  Arm.  ravipa : 
Sax.  Iireafian ;  W.  rheibiaw ;  L.  rapio. 
See  Class  Rb.  No.  18.  19.  36.  27.] 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  violence. 

These  hairs  which  thou  dost  ravisli  from  my 

chin. 
Will  f|uieken  and  accuse  thee.  Shak. 

This  hand  shall  ravish  thy  pretended  right. 

I>rydin 

2.  To  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  hy 
force  and  against  her  consent.  Is.  xiii. 
Zech.  xiv. 

.^.  To  bear  away  with  joy  or  delight ;  to  de- 
light to  c<:sla.-<y  ;  to  transport. 

Thou  hast  ravished  my  heart.  Caul.  iv.  Prov 


RAW 

RAVISHED,  pp.  Snatched  away  by  vio- 
lence ;  forced  to  submit  to  carnal  eiiihrace  ; 
dcliglited  to  ecstasiy. 

RAV'ISHER,  n.  One  that  takes  by  violence. 

Pope. 

2.  One  that  forces  a  woman  to  his  carnal 
embrace. 

3.  One  that  transports  with  delight. 
RAVISHING,  jvpr.  Snatching  or  taking  by 

violence ;  compelling  to  submit  to  carnal 
intercourse  ;  delighting  to  ecstasy. 

2.  a.  Delighting  to  rapture  ;  transporting. 

RAVISHING,  n.  A  seizing  and  carrying 
away  hy  violence 


2.  Carnal"  knowledge  by  force  against  con- 
sent. 

3.  Ecstatic  delight ;  transport. 
RAVISHINGLY,  adv.  To  extremity  of  de- 

li„|,t.  Chapman. 

RAV'ISHMENT,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  a 
woman  to  carnal  connection  ;  forcible  vi- 
olation of  chastity.  Taylor.     Urydev. 

2.  Rapture  ;  transport  of  delight ;  ecstasy  ; 
pleasing  violence  on  the  mind  or  senses. 

All  things  joy  with  ravishment 
Attracted  by  thy  beauty  still  to  gaze. 

JiRUon. 

3.  The  act  of  carrying  away  ;  abduction ;  as 
the  ravishment  of  children  from  their  pa- 
rents, of  a  ward  from  his  guardian,  or  of 
a  wife  from  her  husband.  Blackstone. 

RAW,  a.  [Sax.  hreau;  rcaiv ;  D.  raauw  ;  G 
roh;  Dan.  raa  ;  Sw.  rfl;  L.  erxidus ;  Sp. 
h.  crudo  ;  Fr.  cru  ;  Arm.  criz  or  crih ;  W. 
crau,  blood  ;  cri,  raw.  In  the  TeutoniC| 
dialects,  the  last  radical  is  lost  or  sunk  to 
ic  or  h,  but  the  Saxon  initial  h  represents 


the   L.   c.     Ar. 


A    aradza,  to  eat  or 


corrode,   L.   rodo,    also    to   become 
Class  Rd.  No.  35.] 

1.  Not  altered  from  its  natural  state  ;  not 
roasted,  boiled  or  cooked  ;  not  subdued  by 
heat ;  as  raw  meat.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  covered  with  skin  ;  bare,  as  flesh. 
If  there  is  quick  raw  flesh  in  tlte  risings,  it  is 

an  old  leprosy.    Lev.  xiii. 

3.  Sore. 
And  all  his  sinews  waxen  weak  and  raw 
Through  long  imprisonment.  Spenser 

4.  Immature  ;  unripe  ;  not  concocted. 

Johnson 

5.  Not  altered  by  heat ;  not  cooked  or  dress- 
ed ;  being  in  its  natural  state  ;  as  raiv 
fruit. 

6.  Unseasoned  ;  unexperienced ;  unripe  in 
skill;  as  people  while  young  and  raw. 

South. 
So  we  say,  raw  troops  ;  and  new  seamen 
are  called  raiv  hands. 

7.  New  ;  untried  ;  as  a  raio  trick.  Shak. 

8.  Bleak;  chilly;  cold,  or  rather  cold  and 
damp  ;  as  a  raw  day  ;  a  raw  cold  climate. 

Spenser. 
Once  upon  a  raw  and  gusty  day —         Shak 

9.  Not  distilled  ;  as  raiv  water.     [jVot  used. 

Bacon. 

10.  Not  spun  or  twisted  ;  as  raw  silk 

11.  Not  mixed  or  adulterated;  as  raio  spir- 
its. 

12.  Bare  of  flesh.  Spenser. 

13.  Not  tried  or  melted  and  strained  ;  as  raw 
tallow. 

14.  Not  tanned;  as  rau)  hide^ 
RA  W'-BONED,  a.  Having  little  flesh  on  the 

bones.  Shak. 


R  A  Z 

RAW'HEAD,  n.  Tl  e  name  of  a  specter, 
mentioned  to  frij^hten  children ;  as  roio- 
htad  and  bloody  bones.  Dryden. 

RAW'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  raw;  cool  and 
laii  p.     [AU  mueh  used.]  Marston. 

RAWLY,  adv.  In  a  raw  manner. 

2.  Uiiskillfully  ;  without  experience. 

3.  Newly.  Shak. 

RAWNESS,?!.  The  state  of  being  raw;  un- 
cooked ;  unaltered  by  heat;  as  the  raw- 
ness of  flesh. 

2.  UnskilKiiliiess ;  state  of  being  inexperi- 
enced ;  as  the  rawness  of  seamen  or  troops. 

3.  Hasty  manner.     [.\'ot  legitimate.]      Sliak. 

4.  Chilliness  with  dampness. 
RAY,  n.   [Fr.  raie,  rayon  ;  It.  razzo,  raggio, 

radio ;  Sp.  Port,  rayo  ;  from  L.  radius ; 
W.  rhaiz;  Ir.  rindh;  Ann.  rea.  roudcnn; 
Sans,  radina.  It  coincide.^  with  rod  and 
row,  from  shooting,  extending.  Hence  in 
W.  rhaiz  is  a  spear,  as  well  as  a  ray.] 

1.  A  line  of  light,  or  the  right  line  supposed 
to  be  desciilied  hy  a  particle  of  light.  A 
collection  of  parallel  rays  constitutes  a 
beam  ;  a  collection  of  diverging  or  ci>n- 
vergiiig  rays,  a  pencil.  D.  Olmsted. 

The  mixed  solar  beam  contains,  I.-i.  cal- 
orijic  rays,  producing  heat  and  expansion, 
but  not  vision  and  color;  2d.  cotorijir  rays, 
producing  vision  and  color,  but  not  heat 
nor  expansion  ;  3d.  chimical  rays,  produ- 
cing certain  effects  on  the  composition  of 
bodies,  but  neither  heat,  expansion,  vision 
or  color;  4tli.  a  power  producing  magnet- 
ism, but  whether  a  distinct  or  associated 
power,  is  not  determined.  It  seems  to  be 
associated  with  the  violet,  more  than  with 
the  other  rays.  Silliman. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  beam  of  intellectual  light. 

3.  Light ;  luster, 
'i  he  air  sharpen'd  his  visual  ray.         Milton. 

4.  In  botany,  the  outer  part  or  circumference 
of  a  compound  radiate  flower. 

Martyn. 

5.  In  ichthyology,  a  bony  or  cartilaginous 
ossicle  in  the  fins  of  fishes,  serving  to  sup- 
port the  membrane. 

6.  A  plant,  [lotium.]  Ainsworth. 

7.  Ray,  for  airay.     [A'ot  in  use.] 
Spenser.     B.  Jonson. 

Pencil  of  rays,  a  number  ot'  rays  of  light  is- 
suing from  a  point  and  diverging. 

Encyc. 
RAY,  n.  [Fr.  raie ;  Sp.  raya ;  G.  rocke.] 
A  fish  ;  a  common  name  for  thespeciesof 
the  genus  Raia,  including  the  skate,  thorn- 
back,  torpedo,  stingray,  &c. 
RAY,  V.  t.  To  streak  ;  to  mark  with  long 
ines.  Spenser.     Shak. 

2.  To  foul ;  to  beray.     [JVot  in  %tse.] 

Speriser. 

3.  To  array.     [JVot  in  use.] 

4.  To  shoot  forth.  Thomson. 
R.\'YLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  light ;  dark  ;  not 

illuminated.  Young. 

HAZE,  n.  A  root.  [See  Race-ginger,  under 
Race.] 

RAZE,  V.  t.  [Fr.raser;  h.  rastis,  rado ;  Sp. 
arrasar.     See  Rase  and  Erase.] 

1.  To  subvert  from  the  foundation :  to  over- 
throw ;  to  destroy :  to  demolish  ;  as,  to 
raze  a  city  to  the  ground. 

The  royal  hand  that  raz'd  unhappy  Troy. 

J}ryden. 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


2.  To  erase ;  to  efface ;  to  obliterate. 

Razing  the  characters  of  your  renown. 

Shak. 

[In  this  sense,  rase  and  erase  are  now 

used.] 

3.  To  extirpate. 

And  raze  tlieir  factions  and  their  family. 

Shak. 

RA'ZED,  pp.  Subverted  ;  overthrown  ; 
wholly  ruined  ;  erased  ;  e.\tirpated. 

RAZEE',  n.  A  ship  of  war  cut  down  to  a 
smaller  size. 

RA'ZING,  ppr.  Subverting;  destroying; 
erasing;  extirpating. 

RA'ZOR,  n.  [Fr.  rasoir;  It.  ranoio ;  from 
Fr.  rascr,  L.  rasus.  rado,  to  scrape.] 

An  instrument  tor  shaving  ofTbeard  or  hair. 

Razors  of  a  boar,  a  boar's  tusks. 

RA'ZOilABLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  shaved.  [JVot 
in  use]  Sliak, 

RA'ZOR-JULL,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the 
Jllca  tonla  ;  also,  tlie  Rhynchops  nigra  or 
cut-water.  JEd.  Kncyc. 

RA'ZOR-FISII,  n.  A  species  of  fish  with  a 
compressed  body. 

RA'ZTJKE,  n.  [Fr.  rasure;  L.  rasura,  from 
rado.] 

The  act  of  erasing  or  effacing ;  obliteration. 
[See  Rasure.] 

RE,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  particle  in  the 
composition  of  words,  denotes  return,  rep- 
etition, iteration.  It  is  contraolod  from 
red,  which  the  Latin.?  retained  in  words 
beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  in  redumo,  red- 

eo,   redinlegro  ;    Ar.   \,      radda,  to  return, 

restore,  bring  back,  repel,  to  answer. 
Class  Rd.  No.  1.  From  the  Latin  or  the 
original  Celtic,  the  Italians,  Spanish  and 
French  have  their  re,  ra,  as  ])refixes.  In 
a  few  English  words,  all  or  most  of  which, 
I  believe,  we  receive  from  the  French,  it 
has  lost  its  appropriate  signification,  as  in 
rejoice,  7-ecommend,  receive. 

REABSORB',  ii.  t.  [re  and  absorb.]  To  draw 
in  or  imbibe  ai^ain  wliat  has  lieen  eiVused, 
extravasatcd  or  thrown  oft";  used  of  flu- 
ids; as,  to  reabsorb  chyle,  lymph,  blood, 
gas,  &c. 

2.  To  swallow  up  again. 

REABSORB'ED,  pp.  Ind.ibed  again. 

REABSORB  JNG,  ppr.  Reimbibing. 

REABSORI'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  imbibing  what  has  been  previously 
thrown  off,  effused  or  extravasatcd ;  the 
swallowing  a  second  time.  Lavoisier. 

REACCESS',  n.  [re  and  access.]  A  second 
access  or  approach  ;  a  visit  renewed. 

HahemU. 

REACH,  V.  t.  Uaugld,  the  ancient  preterit, 
is  obsolete.  The  verb  is  now  regular ;  pj). 
reached.  [Sax.  racan,  recan,  ra:can  or 
hrctcan ;  Goth,  rakyan ;  Ir.  righim.  roi- 
chim  ;  Dan.  rekker  :  D.  reiken,  rekken  ;  G. 
reichen,  recken  ;  Sw.  rlicka  ;  Gr.  ojifyu ;  It. 
recere,  to  reach,  retch  or  vomit ;  L.  rego, 
to  rule  or  govern,  to  make  right  or  straight, 
that  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  the  radical 
sense.  The  English  sense  of  reach  ap- 
pears in  L.  porrigo  andporricio.  We  lind' 
in  the  Sheniitic  languages,  Ch.  Jjl  to 
desire,  to  long  for,  Syr.  .^.  ;  and  ^  ;  j 
to  desire.  This  is  the  Greek  opfyu,  to] 
reach,  to  stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  de- 

Vol.  II.  ' 


siring.  The  latter  Syriac  word  is  the  He 
brew  J1K  to  weave ;  but  the  primary  sense 
is  to  stretch  or  strain.     This  verb  in  Ara- 

bic  \   signifies  to  send  forth  a  grateful 

smell,  to  breathe  fragrance,  the  root  of  the 
L.  fragro.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the 
same,  to  reach,  to  extend,  to  shoot  forth 

The  same  word  in  Ethiopic  4T0  signi- 
fies to  congeal  or  condense,  to  make  stiff 
or  rigid.  This  is  the  L.  rigeo,  Gr.  piyow, 
and  Ijence  h.frigeo,  whence  frigid.  This 
sense  also  is  from  stretching  or  drawing, 
making  tense  or  rigid.  The  radical  sense 
of  ^'pT  is  the  same,  whence  region,  and  the 
1  leb.  ^I'pi  the  expanse  of  heaven  or  the  fir- 
mament. The  L.  rogo  has  the  same  rad- 
ical sense,  to  reach,  to  urge.  See  Class 
Rg.  No.  1.8.  15.  18.  21.] 

1.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  ;  in  a  general  sense  ; 
sometimes  followed  by  out  and  forth  ;  as, 
to  reach  out  the  arm.     Hence, 

2.  To  extend  to  ;  to  touch  by  extending,  ei- 
ther the  arm  alone,  or  with  an  instrument 
in  the  hand  ;  as,  to  reach  a  book  on  the 
shelf;  I  cannot  reach  the  object  with  my 
cane ;  the  seaman  reaches  the  bottom  of 
the  river  with  a  pole  or  a  line. 

3.  To  strike  from  a  distance. 
O  patron  power,  thy  picsent  aid  afford, 
'I'liat  I  may  reach  tlie  beast.  Dryden 

4.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  extending 
the  arm  ;  to  hand.  He  reached  [to]  me  an 
orange. 

He  reached  me  a  full  cup.  2  Esdras 

5.  To  extend  or  stretch  from  a  distance. 

Heach  hither  thy  linger — reach  hitlier  thy 
hand.  John  xx. 

G.  To  arrive  at  ;  to  come  to.  The  ship 
reached  her  port  in  safety.  We  reached 
New  York  on  Thursday.  The  letter 
reached  me  at  seven  o'clock. 

7.  To  attain  to  or  arrive  at,  by  effort,  labor 
or  study ;  lience,  to  gain  or  obtain.  Ev- 
ery artist  should  attempt  to  reach  the  point 
of  excellence. 

The  host  iioootnrts  of  the  appearances  of  na 
ture  whicii  human  penetration  can  reach,  come 
short  of  its  reahty.  Chtyne 

8.  To  penetrate  to. 

Whatever  alterations  are  made  in  the  body,  if 
they  reach  not  the  mind,  there  is  no  perception. 

Locke. 

9.  To  extend  to  so  as  to  include  or  compre 
hend  in  fact  or  principle. 

Tlie  law  reached  the  intention  of  the  pro- 
nioter.s,  and  this  act  fixed  the  natural  price  of 
money.  Locke. 

if  tliesc  examples  of  grown  men  reach  not 
tlie  case  of  children,  let  them  examine. 

Locke. 

10.  To  extend  to. 

Thy  desire  leads  to  no  excess  that  reaches 
hlanie.  JUilton. 

11.  To  extend  ;  to  spread  abroad. 

Trees  reach' d  too  far  their  pampered  boughs 

AFiUon 

12.  To  take  with  the  hand. 

Lust  Ihiicfore  now  his  bolder  hand 
Reach  also  of  the  tree  of  life  and  eat.      [  Un- 
vsital.l  Milton. 

13.  To  overreach  ;  to  deceive.  South 
REACH,  J'.  J.  To  be  extended. 

The  new  world  reaches  quite  across  the  tor- 
rid zone.  Route. 

51 


The  border  shall  descend,  and  shall  reach  to 
the  side  of  the  sea  of  Ciiinnereth  eastward. 
Num.  xxxiv. 

And  behold,  a  ladder  set  on  the  earth,  and 
the  top  of  it  reached  to  heaven.  Gen.  xxviii. 

2.  To  penetrate. 
Ye  have  hlain  them  in  a  rage  that  reacA«(A  to 

heaven.  2  Cliroii.  xxviii. 

3.  To  make  efforts  to  vomit.     [See  Retch.] 

Cheyne. 
To  reach  after,  to  make  efforu  to  attain  to  or 
obtain. 

He  would  be  in  a  posture  of  mind,  reaching 
after  a  positive  idea  of  iulinity.  Locke. 

REACH,  n.  In  o  general  sense,  extension;  a 
stretching;  extent. 

2.  The  power  of  extending  to,  or  of  taking 
by  the  hand,  or  by  any  instrument  man- 
aged by  the  hand.  The  book  is  not  with- 
in my  reach.  The  bottom  of  the  sea  is 
not  within  the  reach  of  a  line  or  cable. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  or  management,  or 
the  limit  of  power,  physical  or  moral.  He 
used  all  the  means  within  his  reach.  The 
causes  of  phenomena  are  often  beyond  the 
reach  of  human  intellect. 

Be  sure  yourself  and  your  own  reach  to  know. 

Pope. 

4.  Effort  of  the  mind  in  contrivance  or  re- 
search ;  contrivance ;  scheme. 

— Drawn  by  others  who  had  deeper  reaches 
than  themselves  to  matters  which  they  least  in- 
tended. IlaywarJ. 

5.  A  fetch;  an  artifice  to  obtain  an  advan- 
tage. 

The  duke  of  Parma  had  particular  reaches 
and  ends  of  his  own  underhand,  to  cross  the 
design.  Racon. 

Q.  Tendency  to  distant  consequences. 
Strain  not  my  speech 
To  grosser  issues,  nor  to  larger  reach 
Than  to  suspicion.  Shak. 

7.  Extent. 
And  on  the  left  hand,  hell 

With  loni;  reach interpos'd.  Milton. 

8.  Among  seamen,  the  distance  between  two 
points  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  in  which 
the  current  flows  in  a  straight  course. 

Mar.  Did. 

9.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

RE' ACHED,  pp.  Stretched  out;  extended; 
touched  by  extending  the  arm  ;  attained 
to  ;  obtained. 

RE'ACHER,  n.  One  that  reaches  or  ex- 
tends; one  that  delivers  by  extending  the 
arm. 

RE'ACIHNG,  ppr.  Stretching  out ;  extend- 
ing ;  touching  by  extension  of  the  arm  ; 
attaining  to;  gaining;  making  efforts  to 
vomit. 

REACT',  V.  t.  [re  and  act.]  To  act  or  per- 
form a  second  time;  as,  to  react  a  play. 
The  same  scenes  were  reacted  at  Rome. 

REA€T',  V.  i.  To  return  an  impulse  orim- 
jiression  ;  to  resist  Uie  action  of  another 
body  by  an  opposite  force.  Every  elastic 
body  rinrts  on  the  body  that  impels  it  from 
its  natural  state. 

2.  To  act  in  opposition;  to  resist  any  influ- 
ence or  power. 

REACT'ED,  pp.  Acted  or  performed  a 
second  time. 

REACT'ING, /)pr.  Acting  again  iJ^hysics, 
resistinirthe  imjiulse  of  another^By. 

REA€'TION,  n.  In  physics,  coun^ffi^rtion  ; 
the  resistance  made  by  a  body  to  the  ac- 
tion or   impulse   of  another  body,   which 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


endeavors  to  change  its  state,  either  of 
motion  or  rest.  Action  and  reaction  are 
equal.  JVewion.     Jlrbuthnot. 

2.  Any  action  in  resisting  other  action  or 
power. 

READ,   n.    [Sax.     reed.      See    the    Verb.] 

1.  Counsel.     [Ohs.]  Slernhuld. 

2.  Saying;  sentence.     Obs.  Spenser. 
READ,     V.    t.      The    preterite     and     pp. 

read,  is  pronounced  red.  [Sa.x.  rad,  rad, 
red,  speed),  discourse,  counsel,  advice, 
knowledge,  benefit,  reason  ;  ricdan,  redan, 
to  read,  to  decree,  to  appoint,  to  com 
mand,  to  rule  or  govern,  to  conjecture,  to 
give  or  take  counsel ;  ara:dan,  to  read,  to 
tell,  to  narrate ;  geradan,  to  read,  to  con 
suit;  gerad,  mode,  condition  or  state,  rea- 
son, ratio  or  account,  knowledge,  instruc 
tion  or  learning,  and  as  an  adjective  or 
participle,  knowing,  instructed,  rfarfi/,  suit- 
ed ;  gerad  beon,  to  be  ready,  to  accord  or 
agree  ;  geradod,  cxciteil,  quick.  These 
significations  unite  this  word  with  ready, 
which  see.  G.  rerfe,  speech,  talk,  account ; 
reden,  to  speak ;  D.  rede,  speech ;  reden, 
reason  ;  Dan.  rede,  account,  and  ready  ;  G. 
hereden,  to  berate ;  rath,  advice,  counsel, 
a  council  or  senate ;  ralhen,  to  advise,  to 
conjecture  or  guess,  to  solve  a  riddle  ;  D. 
/aad,  counsel,  advice  ;  raaden,  to  counsel; 
Sw.  rad,  Dan.  raad,  coiuisel ;  rada,  raader, 
to  counsel,  to  instruct  ;  W.  rhaith,  straight, 
right,  that  is,  set  right,  decision,  verdict ; 
rheitheg,  rhetoric,  from  rhaith  ;  Dan.  ret, 
law,  justice,  right,  reaso?i ;  .Sw.  rdit,  ratta, 
id. ;  Ir.  radh,  a  saying  ;  radham,  to  say, 
tell,  relate  ;  W.  adrawz,  to  tell  or  rehearse  ; 
Or.  pfu,  for  ftidu,  to  say  or  tell,  to  flow  ; 
frtjrwp,  a  speaker,  a  rhetorician  ;  Goth,  rod- 
yan,  to  speak.  The  primary  sense  of  rcarf 
is  to  speak,  to  utter,  that  is,  to  push,  drive 
or  advance.  This  is  also  the  i)rimary 
sense  of  ready,  that  is,  prompt  or  advan- 
cing, quick.  The  Sax.  gerad,  ready,  ac- 
cords also  in  elements  with  the  W.  rhad, 
L.  gratia,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
pronjpt  to  lavor,  advancing  towards,  free. 
The  elements  of  these  words  are  the  same 
as  those  of  ride  and  L.  gradior,  &c.  The 
sense  of  reason  is  secondary,  that  which  is 
uttered,  said  or  set  forth  ;  hence  counsel 
also.  The  Sw.  r&ita,  Dan.  ret,  if  not  con- 
tracted words,  are  from  the  same  root. 
See  Ready.    Class  Rd.  No.  1.  3.  5.  9.  26.] 

1.  To  utter  or  pronounce  written  or  printed 
words,  letters  or  characters  in  the  proper 
order;  to  repeat  the  nan)es  or  utter  the 
sounds  customarily  annexed  to  words,  let- 
ters or  characters  ;  as,  to  read  a  written  or 
printed  discourse  ;  to  read  the  letters  of 
an  alphabet;  to  read  figures  ;  to  read  the 
notes  of  music,  or  to  read  music. 

2.  To  inspect  and  understand  words  or 
characters;  to  peruse  silently;  as,  to  read 
a  paper  or  letter  without  uttering  the 
words  ;  to  read  to  one's  self. 

3.  To  discover  or  imderstand  by  characters, 
marks  or  features ;  as,  to  read  a  nian't 
thoughts  in  his  countenance. 

To  read  the  interior  structure  of  the  globe. 
Juurn.  of  Science 
All  armed  corse  did  lie, 
111  wliiisc  dead  face  he  read  great  inagnanini- 
i'y-  Spenser. 


4.  To  learn  by  observation. 
'I'hose  about  lier 

From  her  shall  read  the  perfect  ways  of  honor. 

Shak. 

5.  To  know  fully. 
Who  is't  can  read  a  woman  .'  Slink. 

6.  To  suppose  ;  to  guess.     Obs.         Spenser. 

7.  To  advise.     Obs.  Spenser. 
READ,  V.  i.  To  jierform  the  act  of  reading. 

So  they  read  in  the  book  of  the  law  of  God 
distinctly,  and  gave  the  sense.  Neh.  viii. 

2.  To  be  studious  ;  to  practice  much  read- 
ing. 

It  is  sure  that  Fleury  reads.  Taylor. 

3.  To  learn  by  reading. 
I  have  read  of  an  eastern  king  who  put  a 

judge  to  death  for  an  iniquitous  sentence. 

Su-ift. 

4.  To  tell ;  to  declare.     [JVol  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

READ,  pp.  red.  Uttered ;  pronounced,  as 
written  words  in  the  proper  order  ;  as,  the 
letter  was  read  to  the  family. 

2.  Silently  perused. 

READ,  a.  red.    Instructed   or   knowing  by 

reading;  versed  in  hooks;  learned.     Mell 

read  is  the  phrase  conniionly  u?ed  .  as^  well 

read  in  history  ;  icelt  read  in  the  classics. 

A  poet  M'f// Cfoc/in  Longinus —        Addison. 

RE'ADABLE,  a.  That  may  be  read  ;  fit  tr 
be  read.  Hard. 

READEP'TION,  n.  [from  L.  re  and  udeplus, 
obtained.] 

A  regaining  ;  recovery  of  something  lost. 
[JVot  much  used.]  Bacon 

RE'ADER,  n.  One  that  reads ;  any  persoi 
who  pronounces  written  words  ;  particu- 
larly, one  whose  office  is  to  read  prayers 
in  a  church. 

2.  By  way  of  distinction,  one  that  reads 
iinich  :  one  studious  in  hooks. 

RE'ADERSHIP,  )i.  [See  _Rn/rf.]  The  ofllce 
of  reading  prayers  in  a  cliurch.  Swift. 

READILY,  orfy.rerf'iV)/.  [tiee  Ready.]  Quick- 
ly; prom|itly  ;  easily.  I  readily  perceive 
the  distinction  you  make. 

2.  Cheerfully  ;  without  delay  or  objection  ; 
without  reluctance.  He  readily  granted 
my  request. 

READINESS,   n.   rcd'incss.    [frotn    ready.] 

1.  Quickness  ;  promptness  ;  promptitude  : 
facility  ;  freedom  from  liinderance  or  ob- 
strHction  ;  as  readiness  of  speech  ;  readi- 
ness of  thought ;  readiness  of  mind  in  sug- 
gesting an  answer  ;  readiness  of  reply. 

2.  Promptitude;  cheerfulness;  willingness;! 
alacrity  ;  freedom  from  reluctance  ;  as,  to: 
grant  a  request  or  assistance  with  readi-\ 
ness. 

They  received  the  word  with  all  readiness  of 
mind.    Acts  xvii. 

3.  A  State  of  preparation;  fitness  of  condi- 
tion.    The  troops  are  in  readiness. 

RE'ADING,  ppr.  Pronouncing  or  perusing 
written  or  printed  words  or  characters  of 
a  hook  or  writing. 

2.  Discovering  by  marks  ;  understanding. 

RE'ADING,  n.  The  act  of  reading;  pe- 
rusal. 

2.  Study  of  books ;  as  a  man  of  extensive 
reading. 

3.  A  lecture  or  prelection. 

4.  Public  recital. 
The  Jews  had  their  weekly  readings  of  the 

law.  Honker. 

5.  In  criticism,  the  niamier  of  reading  the 
manuscripts  of  ancient  authors,  where  the 


words  or  letters  are  obscure.  No  small 
]iart  of  the  business  of  critics  is  to  settle 
the  true  reading,  or  real  words  used  by 
the  author ;  and  the  various  readings  of 
different  critics  are  often  perplexing. 

C.  A  commentary  or  gloss  on  a  law,  text  or 
passage.  Encyc. 

7.  In  legislation,  the  formal  recital  of  a  bill 
by  the  projjer  officer,  before  the  house 
which  is  to  consider  it.  In  Congress  and 
in  the  state  legislatures,  a  bill  must  usual- 
ly have  three  several  readings  on  different 
days,  before  it  can  he  passed  into  a  law. 

READ.IOURN',  J'. /.  [re  and  adjourn.]  To 
adjourn  a  second  time. 

2.  To  cite  or  summon  again.     [JVot  tised.] 

Colgrave. 

READJUST',  V.  t.  [re  and  adjust.]  To  set- 
tle again  ;  to  put  in  order  again  what  had 
been  discomposed.  Fielding. 

READJUSTED,/)/).  Adjusted  again ;  re- 
settled. 

READJUST'ING,  ppr.  Adjusting  again. 

READJUST'MENT,  n.  A  second  adjust- 
ment. 

READMIS'SION,  n.  [re  and  admission.] 
The  act  of  admitting  again  what  had  been 
excluded  ;  as  the  readmission  of  fresh  air 
into  an  exhausted  receiver ;  the  readmis- 
sion of  a  student  into  a  seminary. 

Jlrbulhnot. 

READMIT',  V.  t.  [re  and  admit.]  To  admit 
again. 

Whose  ear  is  ever  open  and  his  eye 
G}acioii=  {o  readmit  the  suppliant.      Milton. 

READMIT'TANCE,  n.  A  second  admit- 
tance; allowance  to  enter  again. 

READOPT',  V.  t.  [re  and  adopt.]  To  adopt 
again.  Young. 

READORN',  V.  I.  To  adorn  anew;  to  dec- 
orate a  .-econd  time.  Slackmore. 

READVEKT'RNCY,  n.  [re  and  advertency.] 
The  act  of  reviewing.  A'orris. 

READY,  a.  red'y.  [Sax.  rad,  hrad,  Imed, 
quick,  brisk,  proiiipt,  ready  ;  gerad,  pre- 
pared, ready,  prurient,  learned ;  hradian, 
gehradian,  to  hasten,  to  accelerate ;  g-e- 
radinn,  to  make  ready  ;  D.  reeden,  to  pre- 
pare ;  reed,  pret.  ofryden,  to  ride  ;  reede,  a 
road  ;  bereid,  ready  :  berciden,  to  pre|iare  ; 
gereed,  ready ;  G.  bereit,  id. ;  bereiten, 
to  prepare,  and  to  ride ;  reede,  a  road  ; 
Dan.  rede,  ready;  reder,  to  make  the  bed, 
to  rid;  rede,  an  account;  Sax.  rird,  from 
the  root  of  read ;  bereder,  to  prepare  ;  ri- 
der, berider,  to  ride ;  Sw.  reda,  to  make 
ready,  to  clear  or  disentangle,  Eng.  to  rid : 
redo,  ready  ;  rida,  to  ride  ;  bereda,  to  pre- 
jiare ;  Ir.  reidh,  ready;  reidhim,  to  pre- 
)>are,  to  agree  :  Gr.  lajioj,  easy  ;  W.  rhedu, 
to  run.  The  primary  sense  is  to  go,  move, 
or  advance  forward,  and  it  seems  to  be 
clear  that  ready,  ride,  read,  riddle,  are  all 
of  one  family,  and  probably  from  the  root 
of  L.  gradior.  See  Read  and  Red.  Class 
Rd.  No.  2:i] 

1.  Quick;  prompt;  not  hesitating;  as  ready 
wit  ;  a  ready  consent. 

2.  Quick  to  receive  or  comprehend  ;  not  slow 
or  dull;  as  a  ready  apprehension. 

3.  Quick  in  action  or  execution;  dextrous; 
as  an  artist  ready  in  his  business  ;  a  ready 
writer.     Ps.  xlv. 

1.  Prompt  ;  not  delayed  ;  inesent  in  hand. 
He  makes  ready  i)ayment ;  he  pays  rearfi/ 
money  for  every  thing  he  buys. 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


3.  Prepared ;  fitted  ;  furnislied  with  what  is 
necessary,  or  disposed  in  a  manner  suited 
to  the  purpose ;  as  a  ship  readii  for  sea. 

My  oxen  ami  fallings  are  killed,  and  all  things 
are  ready.  Matt.  xxii. 
G.  Willing  ;  free ;  cheerful  to  do  or  suffer  ; 
not  liHckward  or  reluctant ;  as  a  prince 
always  read})  to  grant  the  reasonahle  re- 
quests of  his  suhjects. 

The  spirit  is  ready,  but  the  flesh  is  weak. 
Mark  xiv. 

I  am  ready  not  to  be  bound  only,  but  also  to 
die  at  Jerusalem  for  the  name  of  the  Lord  Jesus. 
Acts  xxi. 

7.  Willing ;  disposed.  Men  are  gencrnlly 
ready  to  impute  blame  to  others.  They 
arc  more  ready  to  give  than  to  take  re- 
proof. 

8.  Being  at  the  point ;  near  ;  not  distant ; 
about  to  do  or  suffer. 

A  Syrian  ready  to  perish  was  my  father 
Dcut.  xxvi.     Job  xxix.     Ps.  Ixxxviii. 

9.  Being  nearest  or  at  hand. 

A  sapling   pine  he  wrench'd  from  out  the 

ground. 
The  readiest  weapon  that  his  fury  found . 

Dryden 

10.  Easy  ;  facile  ;  opportune  ;  short  ;  near, 
or   most  convenient  ;   the   Greek    sense, 

Sometimes  the  readiest  way  which  a  wise 
man  has  to  conquer,  is  to  flee.  Hooker. 

Through   the   wild    desert,   not  the  readiest 
way.  Afdtoii. 

Tlie  ready  way  to  be  thought  mad,  is  to  con- 
tend you  are  not  so.  Spectator. 

To  make  ready,  to  prepare  ;  to  provide  and 
put  in  order. 

2.  An  elliptical  phrase,  for  make  things 
ready;  to  make  preparations;  to  prepare. 

READY,  adv.  red'y.  In  a  state  of  prepara- 
tion, so  as  to  need  no  delay. 

We  ourselves  will  go  ready  armed  before  the 
house  of  Israel.     Num.  xxxii. 

READY,  n.  red'}j.  For  ready  money. 

Lord  Stiut  was  not  flush  in  ready,  either  to 
go  to  law,  or  to  clear  old  debts,   [ji'luw  word.] 

Arbuthnot. 

READY,  t>.  I.  red'y.  To  dispose  in  order ; 
to  prepare.     [N'ol  in  use.]  Brooke 

REAFlMRiM',  v.  t.  [re  and  affirm.]  To  af- 
firm a  scoirnd  time. 

REAFFIRM'A.NX'E,  n.  A  second  confirm- 
atr<Mi.  .lyliffe.' 

REA'tiENT,  n.  [re  and  as;eHt.]   In  chimis 
try,  a  substance  employed  to   precipitate 
another  in  solution,  or  to  detect  the  ingre 
dients  of  a  mixture. 

Bergman  reckons  barytic  muriate  to  be  one 
of  the  most  sensible  reagents.  Fourcroy 

REAGGRAVA'TION,  n.  [re  and  aggrava- 
tion.] 

In  the  Romish  ecclesiastical  law,  the  last 
inouilory,  published  after  three  admoni- 
tions and  before  the  last  excommunication. 
Before  they  proceed  to  fulminate  the  last 
excommunication,  they  publish  an  aggra- 
vation and  a  reaggravation.  Encj/c. 

RE.\K,  n.  A  rush.     [jVot  in  use.] 

RE'AL,  a.  [Low  L.  realls ;  It.  reale;  Sp. 
real ;  Fr.  reel ;  from  L.  res,  rei,  Ir.  raod, 
red,  rod.  Res  is  of  tlie  Class  Rd.  from  the 
root  of  read,  ready,  from  rusliing,  driving 
or  falling.  Res,  like  tiling,  is  primarily 
that  which  comes,  falls  nut  or  happens 
corresponding  with  event,  from  L.  evenio'.\ 
Res   then   denotes    that   which    actuallyj 


exists.  The  L.  res  and  Eng.  thing  coin 
cide  exactly  with  the  Heb.  131,  a  word,  a 
thing,  :ui  event.     See  Read  and  Thing.] 

1.  Actually  being  or  existing  ;  not  fictitious 
or  imaginary;  as  a  description  of  real  life. 
The  author  describes  a  real  scene  or 
transaction. 

2.  True;  genuine;  not  artificial,  counterfeit 
or  factitious  ;  as  real  Madeira  wine  ;  real 
ginger. 

3.  True;  geiniine;  not  affected;  not  assum- 
ed. The  woman  appears  in  her  real 
character. 

4.  Relating  to  things,  )iot  to  persons  ;  not 
personal. 

Many  are  perfect  in  men's  humors,  that  are 
not  greatly  capable  of  the  real  part  of  business 
[Little  used  or  obsolete.']  Bacon 

,5.  In  laio,  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  perma- 
nent or  innnovabic,  us  to  lands  and  tene 
ments  ;  as  real  estate,  opposed  to  personal 
or  mox'ahle  property.  Blackstone 

Real  action,  in  law,  is  an  action  which  con- 
cerns real  property. 

Real  assets,  assets  consisting  in  real  estate 
or  lands  atul  tenements  descending  to  an 
heir,  sufficient  to  answer  the  charges  upon 
the  estate  created  by  the  ancestor. 

Chattels  real,  are  such  chattels  as  concern  or 
savor  of  the  reality  ;  as  a  term  for  years  of 
land,  wardships  in  chivalry,  the  next  pre- 
sentntion   to  a  church,   estate  by  statute 
merchant,  elegit,  &c. 

Real  composition,  is  when  an  agreement  is 
made  between  the  owner  of  lands  and  the 
parson  or  vicar,  with  consent  of  the  ordi 
nary,  that  such  lands  shall  be  discharged 
from  payment  of  tithes,  in  consequence  of 
other  laud  or  recompense  given  to  the 
parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof. 

Blackstone. 

Real  presence,  in  the  Roraish  cinn-ch,  the  ae 
tual    presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ  in  the  eucliarist,  or  the  conversion 
of  the  substance  of  the  bread  and  wine  in 
to  the  real  body  and  blood  of  Christ. 

Encyc. 

IIE'.AL,         X  n    ^   scholastic   philosopher 

RE'ALIST,  \  '  who  maintains  that  things 
and  not  words,  are  the  objects  of  dialect- 
ics; opposed  to  nominal  or  nominalist. 

Encyc. 

RE'AL,  n.  [Sp.]  .\  small  Spanish  coin  of 
the  value  of  forty  maravedis;  but  its  value 
is  different  in  different  provinces,  being 
from  five  or  six  to  ten  cents,  or  six  pence 
sterling.     It  is  sometimes  written  rial. 

RE'.\LGAR,  n.  [Fr.  reagal or  realgal ;  Port 
rosalgar,  red  algar.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  ;  red 
sul|)hin-et  of  arsenic.  Realgar  differs  from 
orpiment  in  having  undergone  a  greater 
degree  of  heat.  Chaptal.     JVicholson 

REALITY,  n.  [Fr.  recdite.]  Actual  being 
or  existence  of  any  thing  ;  truth;  fact;  in 
distinction  from  mere  appearance. 

A  man  may    fancy  he  understands   a  critic, 

when  in  reality  he  does  not  comprehend   his 

meaning.  Addi.son 

Something  intrinsically  important,    not 

merely  matter  of  show. 

And  to  realities  yield  all  her  shows. 

JUilton. 

3.  In  the  schools,  that  tnay  exist  of  itself,  or 
which  has  a  full  and  absolute  being  of  it- 


self, and  is  not  considered  as  a  part  of  any 
thing  else.  Encyc. 

4.  In  laic,  immobility,  or  the  fixed,  perma- 
nent nature  of  property  ;  as  chattels  which 
savor  of  the  realty.  [Tliis  word  is  so 
written  in  law,  for  reality.]         Blackstone. 

REALIZATION,  n.  [from  realize.]  The 
act  of  reali/.ing  or  making  real.      lieddoes. 

2.  The  act  of  converting  money  into  land. 

■i.  The  act  of  believing  or  considering  as 
real. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  act. 

Oluntdlle. 

RE'ALIZE,  v.l.  [Sp.  realizar;  Fr.realiser.] 

1.  To  bring  into  being  or  act ;  as,  to  realize  a 
scheme  or  project. 

We  realize  what  Archimedes  had  only  in  hy- 
pothesis, weighing  a  single  grain  of  sand  against 
the  globe  of  earth.  Glanville. 

2.  To  convert  money  into  land,  or  jiersonal 
into  real  estate. 

3.  To  im[)rcss  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to 
believe,  consider  or  treat  as  real.  How 
little  do  men  in  full  health  realize  their 
frailty  and  mortality. 

Ia'I  the  sincere  christian  realize  the  closing 
sentiment.  T.  Scott. 

4.  To  bring  home  to  one's  own  case  or  expe- 
rience ;  to  consider  as  one's  own  ;  to  feel 
in  all  its  force.  Who,  at  his  fire  side,  can 
realize  the  distress  of  shipwrecked  mari- 
ners ? 

Tliis  allusion  must  ha\*e  had  enhanced 
strength  and  beauty  to  the  eye  of  a  nation  e.x- 
tensi\'ely  devoted  to  a  pastoral  life,  and  there- 
fore realizing  all  its  fine  scenes  and  the  tender 
emotions  to  which  they  gave  birth.       Dwight. 

5.  To  bring  into  actual  existence  and  pos- 
session ;  to  render  tangible  or  effective. 
He  never  realized  much  profit  from  his 
trade  or  speculations. 

RE'.XLIZEl),  pp.  Brought  into  actual  be- 
ing ;  converted  into  real  estate  ;  impress- 
ed, received  or  treated  as  a  reality  ;  felt  in 
its  true  force;  rendered  actual,  tangible  or 
effective. 

RE'ALIZING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  actual 
being  ;  converting  into  real  estate  ;  im- 
pressing as  a  reality  ;  feeling  as  one's  own 
or  in  its  real  force  ;  rendering  tangible  or 
effective. 

2.  a.  That  makes  real,  or  that  brings  home 
as  a  reality ;  as  a  realizing  view  of  eter- 
nity. 

REALLEDtiE,  v.t.  realUj'.  [re  &nAalhdge.] 
To  alledge  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE' ALLY,  adv.  With  actual  existence. 

Pearson. 

2.  In  truth ;  in  fact ;  not  in  appearance  on- 
ly ;  as  things  really  evil. 

The  anger  of  tlie  people  is  really  a  short  fit 
of  madness.  Swift. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  used  familiarly  as  a 
slight  corroboration  of  an  opinion  or  dec- 
laration. 

Why  really,  sixty  five  is  somewhat  old. 

Young. 

RE.^LM,  n.  relm.  [Fr.  royaume  ;  It.  reame; 
Irom  Fr.  rot.  It.  re,  L.  rex,  king,  whence 
regalis,  royal.] 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction  or  e.xtentof  govern- 
ment; a  kingdom;  a  king's  dominions; 
as  the  realm  of  England. 

2.  Kingly  government;  as  the  rea/m  of  bees, 
ri^niiii/rt/.]  .Milton. 

RE'ALTY,  n.  [It.  realta,  from  re,  king,  L. 
rer.] 


11  E  A 


R  E  A 


R  E  A 


[.  Loyalty.     [Afot  in  use.]  Milton. 

2.  Reality.     [.Yot  in  use.]  More. 

^.  Iti  law,  imttiobility.     [See  Reality.] 

REAM,  n.  [Sax.  ream,  a  band  ;  D.  riem  ; 
Dan.  rem  or  reem  ;  Sw.  rem  ;  W.  rhwym,' 
a  bond  or  tie.  The  Dutch  word  signities 
a  strap,  thong  or  girdle,  and  an  oar,  L. 
remus.  In  Fr.  rame  is  a  ream  and  an  oar,' 
and  if  the  English  ream  and  the  L.  remus 
are  the  same  word,  the  primary  sense  is  ai 
shoot,  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  for  the  shoots  of 
trees  or  shrubs  were  the  first  bands  used 
by  men.  See  Gird  and  JCithe.  The  Ital- 
ian has  risma,  and  the  Sp.  Port,  resma,  a 
ream,  G.  riess.     See  Class  Rm.  No.  7. 9.] 

A  bundle  or  package  of  paper,  consisting  of 
twenty  quires.  Pope.] 

REAN'IMATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  animate.]  To' 
revive  ;  to  resuscitate  ;  to  restore  to  life  ; 
as  a  person  dead  or  apparently  dead  ;  as,i 
to  reanimate  a  drowned  person. 

2.  To  revive  the  spirits  when  dull  or  lan- 
guid ;  to  invigorate  ;  to  infuse  new  life  or 
courage  into  ;  as,  to  reanimate  dishearten- 
ed troops  ;  to  reanimate  drowsy  senses  or 
languid  spirits. 

REANIMATED,  pp.  Restored  to  life  or 
action. 

REAN'IMATING,  ppr.  Restoring  life  to  ; 
invigorating  with  new  life  and  courage. 

REANIMA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation 
of  reviving  from  apparent  death;  the  act 
or  operation  of  giving  fresh  spirits,  cour- 
age or  vigor. 

REANNEX',  V.  t.  [re  and  annex.]  To  an- 
nex again;  to  reunite;  to  annex  what  has 
been  separated.  Bacon. 

REANNEXA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  annex- 
ing again.  Marshall 

REANNEX'ED,  pp.  Aime.xed  or  united 
again. 

RE.A.NNEX'1NG,  ppr.  Annexing  again ; 
reuniting. 

REAP,  V.  I.  [Sax.  rip,  hrippe, gerip,  harvest ; 
i-ipan,  to  reap;  ripe,  ripe  ;  rypan,  to  rip; 
allied  probably  to  reiifian,  to  seize,  spoil, 
lay  waste,  L.  rapio,  G.  rfi/",  ripe,  D.  raapen, 
to  reap,  ryp,  ripe,  Gr.  aprtr,,  a  sickle,  aprtaw. 
to  reap,  L.  carpo,  Eng.  crop.  See  Class 
Rb.  No.  18.  2(j.  27.] 

1.  To  cut  grain  with  a  sickle;  as,  to  reap 
wheat  or  rye. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  thou  shalt  not 
wholly  reap  the  corners  of  thy  field.  Lev. 
xix. 

2.  To  clear  of  a  crop  by  reaping  ;  as,  to  reap 
a  field. 

3.  To  gather;  to  obtain  ;  to  receive  as  a  re- 
ward, or  as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  of  works  ; 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  to  reap  a  bene- 
fit from  exertions. 

He  that  soweth  to  the  flesh,  shall  of  the  flesh 
reap  corruption.     Gal.  vi. 

Ye  have  plowed  wickedness ;  ye  have  reap- 
ed iniquity.     Hos.  x. 
REAP,  V.  i.  To  perform  tlie  act  or  opera- 
tion of  reaping.     In  New  England,  farm- 
ers reap  in  July  and  August. 
2.  To  receive  the  fruit  of  labor  or  works. 

Tlicy  that  sow  hi  tears,  shall  redji  in  joy.. 
Ps.  cxxvi. 

RE'APED,  pp.  Cut  with  a  sickle  ;  received 

as  the  fruit  nl'  labor  ur  works. 
RE' A  PER,  n.  One  that  cuts  grain  with  a 

sickle. 


RE'APING,  ppr.  Cutting  grain  with  a 
sickle  ;  receiving  as  the  fruit  of  labor  or 
the  reward  of  works. 

RE'APING-HOQK,  n.  An  instrument  used 
in  reaping  ;  a  sickle. 

REAPPAR'EL,  v.  t.  [re  and  apparel.]  To 
clothe  again.  Donne. 

REAPPAR'ELED,  pp.  Clothed  again. 

REAPPAR'ELING,  ppr.  Clothing  again. 

REAPPE'AR,  V.  i.  [re  and  appear.]  To  a[)- 
pear  a  second  time. 

REAPPEARANCE,  n.  A  second  appear- 
ance. 

REAPPE'ARING,  ppr.  Appearing  again. 

REAPPLIeA'TION,  n.  [See  Reapply.]  A 
second  application. 

REAPPLY',  V.  t.  or  i.  [re  and  apply.]  To 
apply  again. 

REAPPLY'ING,  ppr.  Applying  again. 

REAPPOINT',  V.  i.  To  appoint  again. 

REAPPOINTMENT,  n.  Asecoml  appoint- 
ment. 

REAPPORTION,  v.t.  To  apportion  again. 

REAPPORTIONED,      jtp.       Apportioned 
ain. 

REAPPORTIONING,  ppr.  Apportioning 
again. 

REAPPORTIONMENT,  n.  A  second  ap 
portionment.  Madison. 

REAR,  n.  [Fr.  arriere  ;  but  this  is  com 
pound  ;  .\rm.  refr,  rever,  reor,  the  seat,  the 
fundament;  W.  rhev,  something  thick,  a 
bundle  ;  rheiyr,  the  fundament.  Rear  i: 
contracted  from  rever.     Class  Rb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  which  is  behind 
or  backwards;  appropriately,  the  part  of 
an  army  which  is  behind  the  other,  either 
when  standing  on  parade  or  when  march- 
ing ;  also,  the  part  of  a  fleet  which  is  be- 
hind the  other.  It  is  opposed  to  front  or 
van.     Bring  up  the  rear. 

2.  The  last  class;  the  last  in  order. 
Coins  1  place  in  the  rear.  Peacham 

In  the  rear,  behind  the  rest ;  backward,  or  in 
the  last  class.  In  this  plnase,  rear  signi 
fies  the  part  or  place  behind. 

REAR,  a.  [Sax.  hrere.]  Raw ;  rare  ;  not 
well  roasted  or  boiled. 

9.  [Sax.  arxran,  to  hasten  ;  hrcran,  to  ex 
cite.]     Early.     [.,i  provincial  word.] 

REAR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  rceran,  reran,  ar(cran,  to 
erect,  to  e.xcite,  to  hasten  ;  hreran,  to  ex- 
cite ;  Sw.  rbra,  to  move ;  Dan.  rarer,  to 
move,  stir,  shake  ;  riirig,  quick,  lively 
rising  in  the  stomach.] 

1.  To  raise. 

Who  now  .shall  rear  you  to  the  sun,  or  rank 
Your  tribes  ?  Milton. 

3.  To  lift  alter  a  fall, 
ill  adoration  at  his  feet  I  fell 
Snbmiss  ;  he  rear'd  me.  .WItan. 

3.  To  bring  up  or  to  raise  to  maturity,  as 
young;  as,  to  rear  a  numerous  ofl'spriiig. 

Thomson 

4.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct. 
He  wants  a  father  to  protect  his  youth, 
.\nd  rear  him  up  to  virtue.  Southern. 

5.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate. 
Charity,  decent,  modest,  easy,  kind, 
Softens  the  high,  and  rears  the  abject  mind 

Prior 

6.  To  rouse  ;  to  stir  up. 
And  seeks  the  lusky  boar  to  rear.      Dryden. 

7.  To  raise ;  to  breed  ;  as  cattle.  Hartc. 

8.  To  achieve  ;  to  obtain.  Spenser 
To  rear  the  steps,  to   ascend  ;  to  move  up- 
ward. Milton 


REAR-ADMIRAL.     [See  Admiral] 
RE'.'VRED,  pp.  Raised  ;  lifted  ;  brought  up  . 

educated  ;  elevated. 
RE'AR-GU'ARD,  n.  The  body  of  an  army 

that  marches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body 

to  protect  it. 
RE'.\RING,  ppr.  Raising;  educating;  ele- 
vating. 
RE.VR-LINE,  n.  The  line  in  the  rear  of  an 

army. 
RE'AR-MOUSE,  n.  [Sax.  hrere-mus.]  The 

lether-wiujfed  bat.  Shak.    Abbot. 

REAR-RANK,  n.  The  rank  of  a  body  of 

troops  which  is  in  the  rear. 
RE'ARVVARD,  n.  [from   rear.     See   Rere- 

ward.] 

1.  The  last  troop ;  the  rear-guard. 

2.  The  eud ;  the  tail  ;  the  train  behind. 

Shak- 

3.  The  latter  part.  Shak. 
REASCEND',  v.i.   [re  and  a.9cenrf.]  To  rise, 

mount  or  climb  again.     Milton.     Spenser. 

REASCEND',  v.  t.  To  mount  or  ascend 
again. 

He  mounts  aloft  and  reascends  the  skies. 

.Addison. 

REASCEND'ED,  pp.  Ascended  again. 

RE.\SCEND'ING,  ppr.  Ascending  again. 

REASCEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  reascend- 
ing  ;  a  remounting. 

REASCENT',  n.  A  returning  ascent;  ac- 
clivity. Cowper. 

REASON,  n.  re'zn.  [Ir.reasun;  W.rheswm; 
Arm.  resoun  ;  Fr.  raison  ;  Sp.  razon  ;  Port. 
razam ;  It.  ragione ;  L.  ratio;  Russ.  ra- 
zum ;  Goih.  rathyo,  an  account,  number, 
ratio  ;  rulhyan,  to  number  ;  garathyan,  to 
number  or  count;  rodyan,  to  speak;  D. 
rede,  speech  ;  reden,  reason,  argument  ; 
redcnkunst,  rhetorii"  ;  G.  rede,  reden  ; 
Sax.  rffirf,  rada,  speech,  reason  ;  rceswian, 
to  reason.  We  find  united  the  Sax.  reed, 
speed),  riedan,  redan,  to  read,  the  Greek 
pEu,  to  say  or  speak,  whence  rhetoric,  and 
the  L.  ratio,  which  is  tVom  ratus,  and 
which  proves  reor  to  be  contracted  from 
redo,  redor,  and  all  unite  with  rod,  L.  radi- 
us, cfcc.  Primarily,  reason  is  that  which 
is  uttered.  See  Read.  So  Gr.  >-oyoj,  from 
^fyio.] 

1.  That  which  is  thought  or  which  is  alledg- 
ed  in  words,  as  the  ground  or  cause  of 
opinion,  conclusion  or  <letermination.  I 
have  reasons  which  I  may  choose  not  to 
disclose.  You  ask  me  my  reasons.  I  free- 
ly give  my  reasons.  The  judge  assigns 
good  reasons  for  his  opinion,  reasons  which 
justify  his  decision.     Ilenoe  in  general, 

2.  The  cause,  ground,  principle  or  motive 
of  any  thing  said  or  done;  that  which  sup- 
ports or  justifies  a  determination,  plan  or 
measure. 

Virtue  and  vice  are  not  arbitrary  things  ;  but 
tljere  is  a  natural  and  eternal  reason  for  that 
goodness  and  virtue,  and  against  vice  and  wick- 
edness.    1  Pet.  iii.  Tillotson. 

3.  Efficient  cause.  He  is  detained  by  rea- 
son of  sickness. 

Spain  is  thin  sown  of  people,  partly  by  rea- 
.son  of  its  sterility  of  soil.  Bacon. 

Tlic  reason  of  the  motion  of  the  balance  in  a 
wheel-watch  is  by  motion  of  the  next  wheel. 

Hale. 
Final  cau,sc. 

Beason,  in  the  Enijlish  language,  is  some- 
times taken  for  true  and  clear  priaciples  ;  some- 


11  E  A 


R  E  A 


11  E  A 


limes  for  clear  and  fair  deductions  ;  sometimes 
for  the  cause,  particularly  the  final  cause. 

Locke. 

5.  A  fiiculty  of  the  mind  by  wbicli  it  distin- 
guishes truth  from  falscliooil,  and  good 
from  evil,  and  which  enahles  the  possessor 
to  deduce  inferences  from  facts  or  from 
propositions.  Encyc. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul, 
Reanon's  comparing  Imlance  rules  the  whole— 
That  aces  immediate  good  by  present  sense, 
Reason  Uie  future  and  the  consequence. 

Pope. 
Reason  is  the  director  of  man's  will. 

Hooker. 
C.  Ratiocination;  the  exercise  of  reason. 

But  when  by  reason  she  the  truth  has  found — 

Bavifs. 

7.  Right;  justice;  that  which  is  dictated  or 
supported  by  reason.  Kvery  man  claims 
to  have  reason  on  his  side. 

I  was  promised  on  a  time 

To  have  reason  for  my  rhyme.  Spenser. 

8.  Reasonable  claim  ;  justice. 

God  brings  good  out  of  evil,  anil  therefore  it 
were  but  reason  wo  should  trust  tiod  to  govern 
his  own  world.  Taylor. 

9.  Rationale  ;  just  accoiuit. 

This  reason  did  the  ancient  fathers  render, 
why  the  church  was  called  catholic.  Pear- 
son.    [See  No.  1.  and  2.] 

10.  Moderation  ;  moderate  demands;  claims 
which  reason  and  ju.stice  admit  or  pre- 
scribe. 

The  most  |)robal)le  way  of  bringing  France  to 
reason,  would  be  by  the  making  an  attempt  on 
tlie  Spanish  West  indies —  AiUlisun. 

In  reason,  in  all  reason,  in  justice ;  with  ra- 
tional groimd. 

"When  any  thing  is  proved  by  as  good  argu- 
ments as  a  thi[ig  of  that  kind  is  capable  of,  we 
ought  not  in  reason  to  doubt  of  its  existence. 

Tillotson. 
RE'ASON,  v.i.  [Fr.   raisonner ;   Sax.   ra:f- 
wian.] 

1.  To  exerci.se  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  to  de- 
duce inferences  justly  from  premises. 
Brutes  do  not  reason  ;  children  reasoti  im- 
perfectly. 

2.  To  argue  ;  to  infer  conclusions  from 
premises,  or  to  deduce  new  or  unkn<iwj 
propositions  from  previous  proposition 
which  are  known  or  evident.  To  reason 
justly  is  to  inli'r  from  pro|)osiiions  which 
are  Unown,  admitted  or  evident,  the  con 
elusions  which  are  natural,  or  which  ne 
cessarily  result  from  them.  Men  may  rea- 
son within  themselves ;  they  may  reason 
before  a  court  or  legislature  ;  they  may 
reason  wrong  as  well  as  right. 

3.  To  debate  ;  to  confer  or  inquire  by  dis- 
cussion or  mutual  communication  of 
thoughts,  arguments  or  reasons. 

And  they  reasoned  among  themselves.  Matt 
xvi. 

To  reason  u'ith,  to  argue  with ;  to  endeavor 
to  inform,  convince  or  ))ersuade  by  argu- 
ment. Reason  with  a  profligate  son,  and 
if  possible,  persuade  him  of  his  errors 

2.  To  discourse  ;  to  talk ;  to  t.ake  or  give  an 
account. 

Stand  still,  that  I  may  reason  with  you  before 
tlie  Lord,  of  all  the  righteous  acts  of  the  Lord. 
Obs.     1  Sam.  xii. 
RE'ASON,  I',  t.  To  examine  or  discuss  by 
arguments ;  to  debate  or  discuss.     1  rett 
sorted  the  matter  with  my  friend. 


When  tliey  are  clearly  discovered,  well  di- 
gested and  well  reasoned  in  every  part,  there  is 
beauty  in  such  a  theory.  Burnet. 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument; 
a.s,  to  reason  one  into  a  belief  of  truth  ;  to 
reason  one  out  of  his  plan  ;  to  reason  down 
a  passion. 

RE'ASONABLE,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of 
reason  ;  endued  with  reason  ;  as  a  reason- 
able being.  [In  this  sense,  rational  is  now 
generally  used.] 

2.  Governed  by  reason  ;  being  under  the  in- 
fluence of  reason  ;  thinking,  speaking  or 
acting  rationally  or  according  to  the  die 
tates  of  reason;  as,  the  measure  must  sat 
iafy  all  reasonable  men. 

.'3.  Uonformahle  or  agreeable  to  reason  ; 
just ;  rational. 

By  indubitable  certainty,  I  mean  that  which 

does   not   admit   of  any  reasonable  cause    of 

doubting.  Wilkins 

A  law  may  be  reasonable  in  itself,  though  a 

man  does  not  allow  it.  Swift. 

4.  Not  immoderate. 

Let  all  things  be  thought  upon. 

That  may  with  reasunnhle  swiftness  add 

More  feathers  to  our  wings.  Shak. 

5-  Tolerable  ;  being  in  mediocrity  ;  mode- 
rate ;  as  a  reasonable  ipiantity.  Abbot. 

().  Not  excessive;  not  unjust;  as  a  reasona- 
ble fine  :  a  rea.sonable  sum  in  damages. 

RE'ASONAHLENESS,  n.  The  faculty  of 
reason.     [In  this  sense,  little  used.] 

2.  Agreoableness  to  reason  ;  that  state  or 
quality  of  a  thing  which  reason  supports 
or  justifies  ;  as  the  reasonableness  of  our 
wishes,  demands  or  expectations. 

The  reasonableness  and  excellency  of  charity. 

Law. 

3.  Conformity  to  rational  princi])les. 
The  whole   frame  and  contexture  of  a  watch 

carries  in  it  a  reasonableness — the  passive  im- 
pression of  the  reason  or  intellectual  idea  that 
was  in  the  artist.      [Unusual.]  Hale. 

4.  Moderation ;  as  the  reasonableness  of  a 
demand. 

RE'ASONABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
gree agreeable  to  reason  ;  in  consistency 
with  reason.  We  may  rca^onni/y  suppose 
self  interest  to  be  the  governing  principle 
of  men. 

2.  Moderately ;  in  a   moderate  degree ;  not 

fully  ;  in  a  degree  reaching  to  nuMliocrity. 

If  we    can   by   industry  make  our   ileaf  and 

dumb  persons  reasonably  perfect  in   the  lan- 

^■Uiigo —  Holder. 

RE'ASONER,  n.  One  who  reasons  or  ar- 
gues ;  as  a  fair  reasoner ;  a  close  reasoner  ; 
a  logical  reasoner. 

RF.' ASONING,  ppi:  Arguing;  deducing  in- 
ferences from  ])reniises ;  debating  ;  dis- 
cussing. 

RE'ASOMNG,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
exercising  the  faculty  of  reason  :  that  act 
or  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  new  or 
unknown  pro])osilions  are  deduced  from 
previous  ones  which  are  known  and  evi- 
dent, or  vvliich  are  admitted  or  supposed 
for  the  sake  of  argument ;  argumentation  ; 
ratiociimtiori ;  as  fiur  reasoning  ;  false  rcn- 
sonivg;  absurd  reasoning;  strong  or  weak 
reasojiing.  The  reasonings  of  the  advo- 
cate appeared  to  the  court  conclusive. 

RE'ASONLESS,  a.  Destitute  of  reason  ;  as 
a  leasonless  man  or  mind. 

Shak.     Raleigh. 

2.  Void  of  reason ;  not  warranted  or  sup- 
ported by  reason. 


This  proffer  is  absurd  and  reasonless.     Shak. 

REASSEM'BLAOE,  n.  Assemblage  a  sec- 
ond time. 

REASSEMBLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  assemble.] 
To  collect  again.  Jililton. 

REASSEM'BLE,  v.i.  To  assemble  or  con- 
vene again. 

REASSEM'BLED,  pp.  Assembled  again. 

llEASSEM'IJLING,/>/)r.  As.semhling  again. 

REASSERT',  u.  <.  | re  and  assert]  To  as- 
sert again ;  to  maintain  after  suspension 
or  cessation. 

Let  us  hope — we  may  have  a  body  of  authors 
who  will  reassert  our  claim  to  respectability 
in  literature.  fValsh. 

REASSERT'ED,  pp.  Asserted  or  main- 
tained anew. 

REASSERT'ING,  ppr.  Asserting  again ; 
vindicating  anew. 

REASSIGN,  v.  I.  [re  and  assign.]  To  assign 
back;  to  transfer  back  what  has  been  as- 
signed. 

REASSIM'ILATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  assimilate.] 

To  assimilate  or  cause  to  resemble  anew  ; 
to  change  again  into  a  like  or  suitable 
substance.  Kncye. 

REASSIM'ILATED,  pp.  Assimilated 
anew  ;  changed  again  to  a  like  substance. 

REASSIM'ILATING,  ;)/)/■.  Assimilating 
iigain. 

REASSIMILA'TION,  n.  A  second  or  re- 
newed assimilation.  Encyc. 

REASSL'Mi';,  v.t.  [re  anA assume.]  To  re- 
sume ;  to  take  again.  Milton. 

RE.'VSSU'MED,  pp.  Resumed  ;  assumed 
again. 

REASSU'MING,  ppr.  Assuming  or  taking 
again. 

REASSUMP'TION,  n.  A  resuming  ;  a  sec- 
ond assumption. 

REASSURANCE,  n.  [See  Sure  and  ^Ossur- 
ance.] 

A  second  assurance  against  loss  ;  or  the  as- 
surance of  property  by  an  underwriter,  to 
relieve  himself  from  a  risk  he  has  taken. 
Biackstonc.     Park. 

RE.VSSURE,  I'.  /.  rcasshu're.  [re  and  as- 
sure ;  Fr.  rassurer.] 

1.  To  restore  courage  to  ;  to  free  from  fear 
or  terror. 

They  rose  with  fear, 
Till  dauntless  Pallas  reassur'd  the  rest. 

Hi-yden. 

2.  To  Insme  a  second  time  against  loss,  or 
rather  to  insure  by  another  what  one  has 
already  Insured  ;  to  insure  against  loss 
that  ni.iv  be  incurred  by  taking  a  risk. 

REASSU'KED,  pp.  Restored  from  fear: 
re-encouraged. 

2.  Insured  against  loss  by  risk  taken,  as  an 
underwriter. 

RE.A.SSU  REU,  n.  One  who  insures  the 
first  unilerwrlter. 

REASSU'RIXG,  ppr.  Restoring  from  fear, 
terror  or  depression  of  courage. 

2.  Insuring  against  loss  by  insurance. 

RE'ASTINESS,  n.  Rancidness.  [JVot  in 
itse  or  local.]  Colgravc. 

RE'ASTY,  a.  [Qu.  rusty.]  Covered  with  a 
kind  of  rust  and  having  a  rancid  taste  ; 
applied  to  dried  meat.  [.Vot  in  use  or  local.] 

Skelton. 

RE'ATE,  n.  A  kind  of  long  small  grass 
that  grows  In  water  and  complicates  it- 
sell'.     [.Yot  in  use  or  local.]  Walton. 

REATTACH',  v.  t.  [re  and  aUach.\  To  at- 
tach a  second  time. 


R  E  B 


R  E  B 


R  E  B 


REATTACH'MENT,  n.  A  second  attach- 
ment. 

REATTEMPT',  v.  t.  [n  and  attempl.]  To 
atti'inpl  again. 

REAVE,  v.t.  [Sax.  reo^an.]  To  take  away 
by  stealth  or  violence  ;  to  bereave.  Obs 
[See  Bereave.^  Skak.     Spenser. 

REBAP'TISM,  »i.  A  second  baptism. 

REBAPTIZA'TION,  n.  [from  rebnptize.] 
A  second  baptism.  Hooker. 

REBAPTI'ZE,  v.t.  [re  and  baptize.]  To 
baptize  a  second  time.  •Jiyliffe. 

REBAPTI'ZED,  pp.  Baptized  again. 

REBAPTI'ZING,  ppr.  Baptizing  a  second 
time. 

REBATE,  v.t.  [Vv.rebaltrt;  re  and  batlre; 
It.  ribatlere.] 

To  bkmt  ;  to  beat  to  obtuseness ;  to  deprive 
of  keenness. 
He  (loth  rebate  and  blunt  his  natural  edge. 

Shak 
The  keener  edge  of  battle  to  rebate.     Dryden. 

REBATE,  I       r.  . 

REBA'TEMENT,  \  "'  Diminution. 

2.  In  commerce,  abatement  in  price ;  deduc 
tion.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  diminution  or  abatement  of 
the  bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms. 

Encyc. 

REBATO,  )i.  A  sort  of  ruff.  [See  Rabato.] 

REBECK,    n.    [Fr.  rebec;  It.  ribecca.]     A 

three  stringed  fiddle.     [JVot  much  used.] 

Milton. 
REB'EL,  n.    [Fr.   rehelle,   from   L.  rebellis. 


1 


making  war  again. 


One  who  revolts^  from  the  government  to 
which  he  owes  allegiance,  either  by  open 
ly  renouncing  the  authority  of  that  gov 
eminent,  or  by  taking  arms  and  openly 
opposing  it.  A  rebel  differs  from  an  ene- 
my, as  the  latter  is  one  who  does  not  owe 
allegiance  to  the  government  whicli  he  at- 
tacks.    Num.  xvii. 

2.  One  who  willfully  violates  a  law.     Encyc. 

3.  One  who  disobeys  the  king's  ])roclama- 
tion  ;  a  contemner  of  the  king's  laws. 

British  Laws.     Black.itone. 

4.  A  villain  who  disobeys  his  lord.       Encyc. 
REB'EL,  a.  Rebellious;  acting  in  revolt. 

Milton. 
REBEL',  V.  i.  [L.  rebello,  to  make  war 
again ;  re  and  bello  ;  W.  rhyvela,  to 
make  war  ;  rhy  and  bcl,  war.] 
1.  To  revolt ;  to  renounce  the  authority  of 
the  laws  and  government  to  which  one 
owes  allegiance.  Subjects  may  rebel  by! 
an  open  renunciation  of  the  authority  of 
the  government,  without  taking  arms ;  but' 
ordinarily,  rebellion  is  accompanied  by 
resistance  in  arms. 

Ye  have  built  you  an  altar,  that  ye  might  )•(■■ 
f'e?  this  day  against  the  Lord.     Josh.  xxii.    Is.  i 
3.  To  rise  in  violent  opposition  against  law- 
ful authority. 
How  could  my  hand  rebel  against  my  heart  ? 
How  could  your  heart  rebel  against  your  rea- 
son ?  Dryden 
REBRL'LED, ;;/).  or  a.    Rebelhous  ;  guilty 
of  rebellion.  Milton 
REBEL'LER,  n.  One  that  rebels.         Did 
REBEL'LING,  ppr.    Renouncing   the   au- 
thnrity  of  the  government  to  which  on 
owes  allegiance ;  rising  in  opposition   to 
lawful  authority. 
REBEL'LION,  'n.     [Fr.   from   L.   rebellio. 
.-^mong  the  Romans,  rebellion  was  origin- 


ally a  revolt  or  open  resistance  to  their 
government  by  nations  that  had  been  sub- 
dued in  war.     It  was  a  renewed  war.] 

1.  An  open  and  avowed  renunciation  of  the 
authority  of  the  government  to  which  one, 
owes  allegiance  ;  or  the  taking  of  arms, 
traitorously  to  resist  the  authority  of  law- 
ful government ;  revolt.  Rebellion  differs 
from  insurrection  and  from  mutiny.  In- 
surrictio7i  may  be  a  rising  in  opposition  to 
a  particular  act  or  law,  without  a  desigiV 
to  renounce  wholly  all  subjection  to  the] 
government.  Insurrection  may  be,  but 
is  not  necessarily,  rebellion.  Mutiny  is  an 
insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against! 
the  authority  of  their  ofBcers. 

No  sooner  is  the  standard  of"  rebellion  dis-j 
played,  than  men  of  desperate  principles  resort 
to  it.  .Smes. 

2.  Open  resistance  to  lawful  authority.  \ 
Commission  of  rebellion,  in  law,  a  commission 

awarded  against  a  person  who  treats  the 
king's  authority  with  contempt,  in  not 
obeying  his  proclamation  according  to  hi.sj 
allegiance,  and  refusing  to  attend  his  sove- 
reign when  required ;  in  which  case,  fouri 
commissioners  are  ordere<l  to  attach  linu; 
wherever  he  may  be  found.        Blackstone.\ 

REBELLIOUS,  a.  Engaged  in  rohelliou  ; 
renouncing  the  authority  and  dominion  of 
the  government  to  which  allegiance  is! 
uue  ;  traitorously  resisting  government  or 
lawful  authority.     Dent.  ix.  xxi. 

REBEL'LIOUSLY,  adv.  With  design  to 
throw  off  the  authority  of  legitimate  gov- 
ernment ;  in  opposition  to  the  govermneiit 
to  which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance;  with 
violent  or  obstinate  disobedience  to  law-] 
ful  authoritv-  Camden. 

REBELLIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  rebellious. 

REBEL'LOW,  v.i.  [re  and  bellow.]  To  bel- 
low in  return  ;  to  echo  back  a  loud  roar- 
ing noise. 
I'he  cave  rebellowed  and  the  temple  shook. 

Dryden. 

REBEL'LOWING,  ppr.  Bellowing  in  re- 
turn or  in  echo.  ' 

REBLOS'SOiAI,  v.  i.  [re  and  blossom.]  To 
blossom  again. 

REBOA'TION,   n.    [L.  reboo ;  re  and  boo.] 

The  return  of  a  loud  bellowing  sound.  [JVol 
used.]  Patrick. 

REBOIL',  V.  i.  [L.  re  and  bullio.]  To  take 
fire ;  to  be  hot.  Elyot. 

REBOUND',  V.  i.  [Fr.  rcbondir ;  re  and 
bondir.] 

To  spring  back  ;  to  start  back ;  to  be  rever-! 
berated  by  an  elastic  power  resisting! 
force  or  impulse  impressed  ;  as  arebound- 
ing  echo. 

Bodies  absolutely  hard,  or  so  soft  as  to  he 
void  of  elasticity,  will  not  rebound  from  one 
another.  JM'ewton. 

REBOUND',  V.  t.  To  drive  back  :  to  re>  er- 
berate. 

Silenus  sung  ;  the  vales  his  voice  re6oi//i(/. 

Dri/den. 

REBOUND',  n.  The  act  of  flying  back  in 
resistance  of  the  impulse  of  another  body  ; 
resilience. 

Put  back  as  from  a  rock  with  swift  rebound. 

REBOUND' ING,  ppr.  Springing  or  flying 

back  ;  reverberating. 
REBRA'CE,  V.  t.  [re  and  brace.]  To   bracr 

again.  Cray 


V.  I.  [re  and  breathe.]     To 


REBRE'ATHE, 

breathe  again. 
REBUFF',    n.    [It.  rabbuffo  ;  Fr.  rebuffade  ; 
re  and  It.  buffa,  buffare,  Fr.  bouffer.] 

1.  Repercussion,  or  beating  back ;  a  quick 
and  sudden  resistance. 

The  strong  rffti/jf  of  some  tumultuous  cloud. 

Milton. 

2.  Sudden  check  ;  defeat. 

3.  Refusal;  rejection  of  solicitation. 
REBUFF',  v.t.  To  beat  back  ;  to  offer  sud- 
den resistance  to  ;  to  check. 

REBUILD',  >  ^,  ^  [re  and  build.]    To  build 

REBILD',  ^  ■  ■  again  ;  to  renew  a  struc- 
ture ;  to  build  or  construct  what  has  been 
demolished  ;  as,  to  rebuild  a  house,  a  wall, 
a  wharf  or  a  city. 

REBUILDING,  )  „  ., ,. 

REBILD'ING,     \  fJ"'  budding  again. 

REBUILT',?  Built  again  ;  reconstruct- 

REBILT',     I  PP-  ed. 

REBU'KABLE,  a.  [from  rebuke.]  Worthy 
of  reprehension.  Shak. 

REBUKE,  V.  t.  [Norm,  rebuquer  ;  Arm. 
rebechat,  to  reproach.  Qu.  Fr.  reboueher, 
to  .stop  ;  re  and  boucher,  to  stop.  The  Ital- 
ian has  rimheccare,  to  repulse  or  drive 
back,  to  peck,  from  be.cco,  the  beak.  The 
word  is  a  compound  of  re  and  a  root  in 
Bg,  signifying  to  drive.  See  Pack  and 
Impeach.     Class  Bg.  No.  20.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove;  to  reprehend  for 
a  fault;  to  check  by  reproof. 

The  proud  he  tam'd,  the  penitent  he  cheer'd. 
Nor  to  rebuke  the  rich  offender  fear'd. 

Dryden. 
Thou  shall  in  any  wise  rebuke  thy  neighbor. 
Lev.  xix. 

2.  To  check  or  restrain. 

The  Lord  rebuke  thee,  O  Satan.  Zech.  iii.  Is. 
xvii. 

3.  To  chasten ;  to  punish  ;  to  afflict  for  cor 
rection. 

O  I^ord,  rebuke  me  not  in  thine  anger.  Ps.  vi. 

4.  To  check  ;  to  silence. 
Master,  rebuke  thy  disciples.      Luke  xix. 

5.  To  check  ;  to  heal. 
And  he  stood  over  her  and  rebuked  the  fever. 

Luke  iv. 

C.  To  restrain  ;  to  calm. 

He  arose  and  rebuked  the  winds  and  the  sea. 
Matt.  viii. 

REBU'KE,  n.  .V  chiding  ;  reproof  for 
faults;  reprehension. 

Why  bear  you  tiiese  rebukes  and  answer  not : 

Shak. 

2.  In  Scripture,   chastisement;  punishment; 
affliction  for  the  purpose  of  restraint  and 
correction.     Ezek.  v.     Hos.  v. 
Ill  low  language,  any  kind  of  check. 

L^Esirange. 

To  suffer  rebuke,  to  endure  the  reproach  and 
persecution  of  men.     Jer.  xv. 

To  be  without  rebuke,  to  live  without  giving 
cause  of  reproof  or  censure;  to  be  blame- 
less. 

REBU'KED,  pp.  Reproved;  reprehended; 
checked;  restrained;  punished  for  faults. 

llF.nU'KEFyL,  a.  Containing  or  abound- 
ing with  rebukes. 

KEBUKEFULLY,  adv.  With  reproof  or 
reprehension. 

KEBU'KER,  n.  One  that  rebukes;  a  cin- 
der ;  one  that  chastises  or  restrains. 

REBUKING,  ;)/')•.  Chiding  ;  reproving  ; 
checking ;  punishing. 


il  E  C 

REBULLI"TION,  n.  [See  Ehullilion  and 
Boil.]  Act  of  boiling  or  effervescing. 
[lAttle  used.}  IVotlon. 

REBUKY,  V.  I.  reber'ry.  [re  and  lury.]  To 
inter  again.  Jlshmole. 

RE'BUS,  n.  [L.  from  res,  wliich  is  of  tjje 
class  Rd,  Hs,  and  of  the  same  family  as 
riddle.     See  Riddle,  Read  and  Real-] 

1.  An  cnifrmatical  leprcsentation  ot  some 
name,  &^.c.  bv  using  figures  or  pictures 
instead  of  words.  A  gallant  in  love  witli 
a  woman  named  Rose  Hill,  painted  on  the 
border  of  his  gown,  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye, 
a  loaf  and  a  well,  which  reads,  ifose  Hill 
Iloveicelt.  Encyc. 

2.  A  sort  of  riddle. 

3.  h\  some  ehimicalivrilers,  sour  mWk;  some- 
times, the  uliiiiiale  matter  of  which  all 
bodies  are  composed.  Encyc. 

4.  In  heraldry,  a  coat  of  arms  which  bears 
an  allusion  to  the  name  of  the  person  ;  as 
three  cups,  for  IJutler.  Encyc. 

REBUT',  v.t.   [Fr.  rebuler;  Norm,  rebutter 
from  the  root  ot'bitl,  I'r.  bout,  end  ;  houter, 
to  put  ;  bonder,  to  pout ;   It.    ributtare,    to 
drive  back,  also  to  vomit.     See  Butt  and 
Pout.     Class  Bd.] 

To  repel ;  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea  or 
countervailing  proof.  [U  is  used  by  law- 
yers in  ageneriil  sense.] 

REBUT',  V.  i.  To  retire  back.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  answer,  as  a  plaintif's  sur-rejoinder. 
The  plaintif  may  answer  llic   rejaiiider  by  u 
sui-rejoiiulcr ;  on  which  the  defendant  may  re- 
but. Btachslone. 

REBUTTED,  /)/).  Repelled  ;  answered. 

REBUT'TEK,  n.  In  law  pl.ndiufys,  the  an- 
swer of  u  delendaiit  to  a  plaintif's  siir-re- 
joinder.  Blackstone. 

If  1  grant  to  a  tenant  to  hold  without  iin- 
peachment  of  waste,  and  afterward  injplead 
him  lor  waste  done,  he  may  debar  me  of  Ibis 
action  by  showing  my  giaiit,  which  is  a  rebut- 
ter. Eiici/c. 

REBUT'TING,  ppr.  Repelling;  opposing 
by  argument,  countervailing  allegation 
or  evidence. 

RECALL',  ti.  t.  [re  and  coll.]  To  call  back  ; 
to  take  back ;  as,  to  recall  words  or  decia 
rations. 

2.  To  revoke  ;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act ; 
as,  to  recall  a  decree. 

3.  To  call  hack  ;  to  revive  in  memory  :  as, 
torecall  to  mind  what  has  been  forgotten 

Broome 

4.  To  call  back  from  a  place  or  mission;  as, 
to  recall  a  minister  from  a  foreign  court : 
to  recall  troops  from  India. 

RECALL',  n.  A  calling  back  ;  revocation. 
2.  The  power  of  calling  back  or  revoking. 
'Tis  done,  and  since  His  done,  '(is  past  rtrrill 

Dry den 

RECALL'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  recalled- 

Ramsay 
Delc^iites  recallable  at  pleasure.      Madison 
REeALL'ED.  pp.  Calleil  back  ;  revoked. 
RECALL'ING,  ppr.  Calling  back  ;   revok- 
ing. 
REe.'VNT',  V.  t.  [L.  recanto ;  re  and  canto 

See  Cant.] 
To  retract ;  to  recall ;  to  contradict  a   for- 
mer declaration. 

How  soon  would  ease  recant 
Vows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  as  void. 

Jililton 


R  E  C 


RECANT',  t'.  t.  To  recall  words;  to  revoke 
a  declaration  or  proposition ;  to  unsay 
what  has  been  said.  Convince  me  I  am 
wrong,  and  I  will  recant. 

RECANTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  ; 
retraction  ;  a  declaration  that  contradicts 
a  former  one.  Sidney. 

RECANT'ED,  pp.  Recalled  ;  retracted. 

RECANT'EK,  n.  One  that  recants.     Shak. 

RECANT'ING,  ppr.  Recalling;  retract- 
ing. 

iRECAl'AC'ITATE,  v.t.  [re  and  capacitate.] 
To  ((ualify  again ;  to  confer  cajiacity  on 
again.  Jltterbury. 

RECAI'AC'ITATED,  pp.  Capacitated 
again. 

RECAPAC'ITATING,  ppr.  Conferring  ca- 
pacity again. 

RECAPIT'ULATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  recapituler; 
It.  raccapitolare  ;  re  and  L.  capitulum.  See 
Capitulate.] 

To  repeat  the  princi|ial  things  mentioned  in 
a  preceding  discourse,  argument  or  essay  ; 
to  give  a  summary  of  the  principal  facts, 
points  or  arguments.  Dryden. 

RECAPITULATED,  pp.  Repeated  in  a 
summarv. 

RECAPITULATING,  ppr.  Repeating  the 
))riiicipal  things  in  a  discourse  or  argu- 
ment. 

KECAPITULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reca- 
pitulating. 

2.  A  summary  or  concise  statement  or  enu- 
meration of  the  priiici])al  jiomts  or  facts  in 
a  preceding  discourse,  argument  or  essay. 

South. 

RECAPITULATORY,  a.  Repeating  again  ; 
c<inlaiiiing  recapitulation.  Garretson 

RECAP'TION,  n.  [h.  re  and  captio ;  capio, 
to  lake.] 

The  act  of  retaking;  reprisal;  the  retaking 
of  one's  own  goods,  chattels,  wife  or  chil- 
dren from  one  who  has  taken  them  and 
wrongfully  detains  them.  Blackstone. 

Jf'rit  of  recaption,  a  writ  to  recover  property 
taken  by  a  second  distress,  pending  a  re- 
plevin for  a  former  distress  for  the  same 
rent  or  service.  Blackstone. 

RECAP'TOR,  n.  [le  and  <ra;rfor.]  One  who 
retakes;  one  that  takes  a  prize  which  had 
been  previously  taken. 

RECAP'TURE,  n.  [re  and  capture.]  The 
act  of  retaking;  particularly,  the  retaking 
ol'a  prize  or  goods  from  a  captor. 

2.  A  prize  retaken. 

RECAP'TURE,  f.  <.  To  retake;  particu- 
larly, to  retake  a  prize  which  had  been 
previously  taken.  Dti  Ponceau. 

RECAPTURED,  pp.  Retaken. 

RECAP'TURING.  ppr.  Retaking,  as  a 
prize  from  the  captor. 

REC'.^RNIFY,  J!.  /.  [re  and  carnify,  from 
L.  caro,  flesh.] 

iTo  convert  again  into  flesh.  [J\tot  much  tised.] 

HoweU. 

RECAR'RIED,  pp.  Carried  back  or  again. 

RECAR'RY,  V. /.  [re  and  carry.]  To  carry 
back.  Walton. 

RECAR  RYI\G,  ppr.  Carrying  back. 

RECAST,  V.  t.  [re  and  cast.]  To  cast  again  ; 
as,  to  recast  cannon. 

2.  To  throw  again.  Florio 

3.  To  mold  anew.  Burgess. 
To  compute  a  second  time. 

RECAST,  pp.  Cast  again ;  molded  anew. 


R  E  C 

RECASTING,  ppr.  Casting  again ;  mold- 
ing anew. 
RECE'DE,  V.  t.  [L.  recedo ;    re  and   cedo.] 

1.  To  move  back ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw. 
Like  the  hollow  roar 

Of  tides  receding  from  tli'  insulted  shore. 

Dryden. 
All  bodies  moved  circularly,  endeavor  lo  re- 
cede from  the  center.  Benlley. 

2.  To  withdraw  a  claim  or  pretension  ;  to 
desist  from  ;  to  reliiKiuisli  wbat  had  been 
proposed  or  asserted  ;  as,  to  recede  from  a 
demand  ;  to  recede  from  terms  or  proposi- 
tions. 

RECE'DE,  V.  t.  [re  aiul  cede.]  To  cede 
back ;  to  grant  or  yield  to  a  Ibrmer  pos- 
sessor ;  as.  to  recede  con(|uered  territory. 

RECE'DED,  pp.  Ceded  back  ;  regranted. 

RECE'DING,  ppr.  Withdrawing;  retreat- 
ing; moving  fjack. 

2.  Ceding  back  ;  regrantiiig. 

RECE'IPT,  I       recee't.  [It.  ricelta,  from  the 

IlECEIT,  ^"'L.  receptus.  This  word 
ought  to  follow  the  analogy  of  conc(i'(,  de- 
ceit, from  L.  conceptus,  deceptus,  and  be 
written  without  p,  receit.] 
The  ai  " 
letter. 

2.  The  place  of  receiving;  as  the  receit  of 
custom.     Matt.  ix. 

3.  Reception  ;  as  the  receit  of  blessings  or 
mercies. 

4.  Reception  ;  welcome ;  as  the  kind  receit 
of  a  friend.     Obs. 

[In  this  sense,  reception  is  now  used.] 

5.  Recipe  ;  prescription  of  ingredients  for 
any  composition,  as  of  medicines,  &c. 

Dryden.     .irbuthnot. 

6.  In  commerce,  a  writing  acknowledging  the 
taking  of  money  or  goods.  A  rei-eit  of 
money  may  he  in  part  or  in  full  payment 
of  a  debt,  anil  it  operates  as  an  acquittance 
or  discharge  of  the  debt  either  in  part  or 
in  full.  A  receit  of  goods  makes  the  re- 
ceiver liable  to  account  for  the  .same, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  transaction, 
or  the  tenor  of  the  writing.  It  is  custom- 
ary for  sherifs  to  deliver  goods  taken  in 
execution,  to  some  person  who  gives  liis 
recti!  for  them,  with  a  promise  to  redeliver 
them  to  the  sherif  at  or  before  the  lime  of 
sale. 

RECEIPT,?      ^     recee't.  To  give  a  receit 

RECEIT,  ^  ■  ■  for;  as,  to  receit  goods 
delivered  by  a  sherif. 

RECEIVABLE,  a.  That  may  be  received. 

RECE'IVABLENESS,  n.  Capability  of  be- 
ing received.  Ubillock. 

RECE'IVE,  v.t.  [Fr.  recevoir ;  Ann.  receff, 
recevi  ;  It.  ricevere  ;  Sp.  recibir ;  Port,  rc- 
ceber ;  Ij.recipio  ;  re  and  capio,  lotake.] 

1.  To  take,  as  a  thing  oflered  or  sent :  to  ac- 
cept. He  had  the  ofter  of  a  donation,  but 
he  would  not  receive  it. 

2.  To  take  as  due  or  as  a  reward.  He  rf- 
ccived  the  money  on  the  day  it  was  paya- 
ble.    He  received  ample  compensation. 

.3.  To  take  nr  obtain  from  another  in  any 
manner,  and  either  good  or  evil. 

Shall  vrc  receive  coo. I    at  the  liand  of  Goil, 
and  shall  we  not  receive  evil  ?     Job  ii. 

4.  To  take,  as  a  thing  communicated  ;  as,  to 
receive  a  wound  by  a  shot ;  to  receive  a  dis- 
ease by  contagion. 

The  idea  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  touch. 

Locke. 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


5.  To  take  or  obtain  intellectually;  as,  to  re- 
ceive an  o]iinion  or  notion  from  others. 

C.  To  embrace. 

Receive  with  meekness  Uic  engrafted  word. 
James  i. 

7.  To  allow;  to  hold;  to  retain;  as  a  cus- 
tom long  received. 

8.  To  ailnnt. 

Thou  shall  guide  me  with  thy  counsel,  and 
afterward  receive  me  to  glory.     Ps.  Ix.-iiii. 

9.  To  welcome;  to  lodge  and  entertain ;  as 
a  guest. 

They  kindled  a  fire  and  received  us  every  one, 
because  ot  the  present  rain  and  because  of  the 
cold.     ,\cts  xxviii. 

10.  To  admit  into  membership  or  fellow- 
sliip. 

Him  that  is  weak  in  the  faith,  receive  ye. 
Rom.  xiv. 

11.  To  take  in  or  on  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contain. 

The  brazen  altar  was  too  little  to  receive  the 
burnt-otlering.     1  Kin£;s  viii. 

12.  To  be  endowed  with. 

Ye  shall  receive  power  after  that  the  Holy 
Si>irit  has  come  upon  you.     Acts  i. 
1.3.  To  take  into  a  place  or  state. 

After  the  Lord  had  spoken  to  them,  he  was 
received  up  into  heaven.     Mark  xvi. 

14.  To  take  or  have  as  something  ascribed  ; 
as,  to  receive  praise  or  blame.     Rev.  iv.  v. 

15.  To  bear  with  or  suffer.     2  Cor.  xi. 

16.  To  believe  in.     John  i. 

17.  To  accept  or  admit  officially  or  in  an  of- 
ficial character.  The  minister  was  received 
by  the  emperor  or  court. 

18.  To  take  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  knovv- 
ine  them  to  be  stolen.  Blnchslone. 

RECE'IVED,  p;).  Taken;  accepted;  ad- 
mitted ;  embraced  ;  entertained  ;  believ- 
ed. 

RECE'IVEDNESS,  n.  General  allowance 
or  belief;  as  the  recen'C(/)ie«s  of  an  opinion. 

Boyle. 

RECE'IVER,  n.  One  who  takesor  receives 
in  any  manner. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  receive  public 
money  ;  a  treasurer.  Bacon. 

3.  One  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a  thief, 
knowing  them  to  be  stolen,  and  incurs  the 
guilt  of  partaking  in  the  crime. 

Blackslone 

4.  A  vessel  for  receiving  and  containing  the 
jiroduct  of  distillation. 

.").  The  vessel  of  an  air  pump,  for  containing 
the  thing  on  which  an  experiment  is  to  be 
made. 
G.  One  who  partakes  of  the  sacrament. 

Taylor. 
RECE'IVING,    ppr.    Taking;    accepting; 
admitting;  embracing;  believing;   enter 
laining. 
KECEL'EBRATE,  v.l.  [re  and  celebrate. 
To  celebrate  again.  B.  Jonson. 

RECEL'EBRATED,  pp.  Celebrated  anew. 
RECEL'EBRATING,      -ppr.     Celebrating 

anew. 
IIECELEBRA'TION,  n.  A  renewed  cele- 
bration. 
UE'CENCY,  n.  [L.reccns.]  Newness;  new 
state  ;  late   origin  ;    as   the   recency  of  a 
wound  or  tumor. 
2.  Lali'ness  in  tiiue  ;  freshness;  as   the  re- 
cency (if  a  transaction. 
KECl'.NSK,  V.  t.  rcccns'.    [L.  rccensco ;   re 

and  censeo.] 
To  review  ;  to  revise.  Bcntlty. 


RECENSION,  n.   [L.  recmsio.]    Review; 

examination  ;  enumeration.  Evelyn. 

RECENT,  a.  [L.  recen*.]    New;  being  of 

late  origin  or  existence. 

The  ancients  believed  some  parts  of  Egypt 

to  be  recent,  and  for-med  by  the  mud  disdiarged 

into  the  sea  by  the  Nile.  U'linilii-ard 

2.  Late  ;  modern  ;  as  great  and  worthy  men 

ancient  or  recent.     [Modem  is  now  used.] 

Bacon. 
.3.  Fresh  ;  lately  received ;  as  recent  news  or 

intelligence. 

4.  Late  ;  of  late  occurrence  ;  as  a  recent 
event  or  transaction. 

5.  Fresh  ;  not  long  dismissed,  released  or 
parted  from ;  as  Ulysses,  recent  from  the 
storms.  Pope. 

RE'CENTLY,  adv.  Newly;  lately;   fresh 
ly  ;  not  long  since  ;  as  advices  recently  re 
ceived  ;  a  town  recently  built  or  re(>aired  ; 
an  isle  recently  discovered. 
RE'CENTNESS,  n.  Newness;   freshness; 
lateness  of  origin  or  occurrence  ;  as  the 
recentness  of  alluvial  land ;  the  recentness 
of  news  or  of  events. 
RECEP'TACLE,  n.  [L.  receptaculum,  from 

receptus,  recipio.] 
1.  A  place  or  vessel  into  which  something  is 
received  or  in  which  it  is  contained,  as  a 
vat,  a  tun,  a  hollow  in  the  earth,  &c 
The  grave  is  the  common  receptacle  of  the 
dead. 

In  botany,  one  of  the  parts  of  the  fructifi- 
cation ;  the  base  by  which  the  other  part.' 
of  the  fructification  are  connected.  A 
proper  receptacle  belongs  to  one  fructifica- 
tion oidy ;  a  common  receptacle  connect 
several  florets  or  distinct  fructifications. 
The  receptacle  of  the  fructification  is  con 
mon  both  to  the  flower  and  the  fruit,  or  it 
embraces  the  corol  and  germ.  The  re- 
ceptaale  of  the  flower,  is  the  base  to  which 
the  parts  of  the  flower,  exclusive  of  the 
germ,  are  fixed.  The  receptacle  of  the 
fruit,  is  the  base  of  the  fruit  only.  The 
receptacle  of  the  seeds,  is  the  base  to 
which  the  seeds  are  fixed.  Marty 

.3.  In  anatomy,  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle  is 
situated  on  the  left  side  of  the  ujijjcr  ver- 
teher  of  the  loins,  under  the  aorta  and  the 
vessels  of  the  ]efl  kidney.  Encyc. 

RECEPTAC'ULAR,  a.  In  botany,  pertain- 
ing to  the  receptacle  or  growing  on  it,  as 
the  nectary. 
REC'EPTARY,  n.  Thing   received.     [JVot 
in  use.]  Brown 

RECEPTIBIL'ITY,  n.  The  possibility  of] 
receiving.  Glanville.\ 

[Qu.  The  possibility  of  being  received.] 
RECEPTION,  n.  [Fr. ;   h.  reccptin.]     The 
act  of  receiving  ;  in  a  general  sense  ;  as  the 
reception  of  food  into  the  stomach,  or  of 
air  into  the  lungs. 

2.  The  state  of  being  received.  Milton. 

3.  Admission  of  any  thing  sent  or  comnui- 
nicated  ;  as  the  reception  of  a  letter;  the 
reception  of  sensation  or  ideas. 

Readmissiou. 

All  hope  is  lost 
Of  my  reception  into  grace.  MUon. 

Admission  of  entrance  for  holding  or  con- 
taining ;  as  a  sheath  filled  for  the  reception 
of  a  sword;  a  channel  fiir  the  reception  of 
water. 
0.  A  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  lor 
entertainment ;  entcrtaiutnent.  The  guests 


were   well   pleased   with  their  reception. 
Nothing  displeases  more  than  a  cold  re- 
ception . 
7.  A  receiving  officially ;  as  the  reception  of 

an  envoy  by  a  foreign  court. 
p.  Opinion  generally  admitted. 

IMiilosophers  who  have   quitted  the  popular 
doctrines  of  their  coimtries,  have  fallen  into  as 
extravagant  opinions,  as    even    common  recep- 
tion countenanced.     l_jVot  in  use.]         Locke. 
9.  Recoverv.     [.Voi  in  use.]  Bacon. 

RECEPTIVE,  a.  Having  the  quahty  of 
receiving  or  admitting  what  is  communi- 
cated. 

Imaginary  space  is  receptive  of  all  bodies. 

Glanvdle. 

RECEPTIV  ITY,  n.  The  state  or  quality 

of  being  receptive.  Fotherby. 

RECEP'TORY,  a.  Generally  or  popularly 

admitted  or  received.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown. 
RECESS',  n.  [L.  recessus,  from  recedo.  See 
Recede.] 

1.  A  withdrawing  or  retiring;  a  moving 
back  ;  as  the  recess  of  the  tides. 

2.  A  withdrawing  from  public  business  or  no- 
tice ;  retreat ;   retirement. 

My  recess  hath  given  them  confidence  tliat  I 
may  be  conquered.  K.  Charles. 

And  every  neighbouring  grove 
Sacred  to  soft  recess  and  gentle  love. 

Prior. 
Departiu-e.  Glanville. 

4.  Place  of  retirement  or  secrecy  ;  private 
abode. 

This  happy  place,  our  sweet 
Becess.  JfKlton. 

State  of  retirement ;  as  lords  in  close  re- 
ecss.  Milton. 

In  the  recess  of  the  jury,  tliey  are  to  consider 
their  evidence.  Hale. 

C>.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or 
jiroccdure  ;  as,  the   house   of  representa- 
tives had  a  recess  of  half  an  hour. 
Privacy  ;  seclusion  from  the  world  or  from 
company. 

Good  verse  recess  and  solitude  requires. 

Dry den. 

Secret  or  abstruse  part ;  as  the  difficulties 

and  recesses  of  science.  Waits. 

A  withdrawing  from  any  point ;  removal 

to  a  distance.  Brown. 

[Fv.  rece:.]    An  abstract  or   registry  of 

the  resolutions  of  the  imperial  diet.     [.Vol 

ill  use.]  ^lyliffe. 

11.  The  retiring  of  the  shore  of  the   sea  or 

of  a  lake  fnim   the  general   line  of  the 

shore,  forming  a  bay. 

RECESSION,  II.    [L.   recessio.]     The   act 

of  withdrawing,  retiring  or  retreating. 

2.  The  act  of  receding  from  a  claim,  or  of 
relaxing  a  demand.  South. 

3.  A  cession  or  granting  hack  ;  as  the  recess- 
ion of  conquered  territory  to  its  former 
sovereign. 

RECII."\N('iE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rechanger ;  re   and 

change]     To  change  asain. 
RKCI1AN<;ED,  pp.  Chanced  again. 
RECIlANtiING,  ppr.  Changing  again. 
REClTARtJE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  recliargcr;    re  and 

charge.] 

1.  To  charge  or  accu.se  in  return.       Hooker. 

2.  To  attack  again  ;  to  attack  anew. 

Dryden. 

IIV.CW AKuV.T),  pp.  Accused  in  return: 
attacked  anew. 


;9. 


10. 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


RECH'AROINO,  ppr.  Accusing  in  return  ; 
attacking  anew. 

RECHIi'A'l',  !i.  [said  to  be  from  Old 
Fren.-li.) 

Among  hunters,  a  lesson  which  the  hunts- 
man winds  on  the  horn  when  the  hounds 
have  lost  the  game,  to  call  thein  back  from 
pursuing  a  counter  scent.     Biiitey.     Sluik. 

RECHE'AT,  I',  t.  To  blow  the  rechcat. 

Drtiyton. 

RECIIOOSE,  V.  t.  rechooz'.  To  choose  a 
second  time. 

RECHOSEN,  pp.  or  a.  rccho'zn.  He-elect- 
ed ;  chosen  again. 

RECIDIVA'TION,  n.  [L.  rccidivus,  from 
recido,  to  fall  back;  re  and  cado,  to  fall.] 

A  falling  back ;  a  backsliding.  [A"©/  much 
used.]  Hammond. 

RECID'IVOU.S,  a.  [L.  recidivus.]  Sid)ject 
to  backslide.     [Little  used.] 

RECU'E,  n.  res'ipy.  [L.  imperative  of  rc- 
cipio,  to  take.] 

A  medical  |iroscri|ition  ;  a  direction  of  med- 
icines to  be  taken  by  a  jiatient.         Encijr. 

UEtTP'IENT,  ?!.  [L.  recipieris,  rccipio.]  A 
receiver;  the  person  or  thing  that  re- 
ceives; he  or  that  to  which  any  thing  is 
communicated.  Gliinvxllt. 

2.  The  receiver  of  a  still.         Decay  of  I'uti/. 

RECIPROCAL,  a.  [\..  reciprocvs  ;  Sp.  It. 
reciproco ;  Vv.  rcciproque.] 

1.  Acting  ill  vicissitude  or  return  ;  alternate. 

CoiruiJtioiiis  reciprocal  to  goncialion. 

Bacon . 

2.  Mutual;  done  by  each  to  the  other;  as 
re(i;»)oc(// love  ;  reciprocal  benefits  or  fa- 
vors ;  jeei/iroco/ duties;  reciprocal  aid. 

3.  Mutually  interchangeable. 

Tlicsc  two  niltv-  will   render  a  definition  re- 
ciprocal witli  the  thing  defined.  H^atls. 

Reciprocal  terms,  in  logic,  those  terms  that 
have  the  same  signification,  and  conse- 
quently  are  convertible  and  may  be  used 
for  each  other.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  (jxtantities,  in  mathematics,  are 
those  which,  multiplied  together,  produce 
unity.  Encyc. 

Reciprocal  _/(,gi()&s,  in  geometry,  are  those 
wliich  have  the  antecedents  and  conse-, 
quents  of  the  same  ratio  in  both  figures.    I 

Encyc] 

Reciprocal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  between  the  re-[ 
ciprocals  of  two  (juantities  ;  as,  the  recip- 
rocal ratio  of  4  to  9,  is  that  of  rj  to  i. 

UECTI"RO€AL,  h.  The  rtciprocat  of  any 
<|uantity,  is  unity  <liviil('d  by  that  quantity. 
Thus  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  i.  \ 

KECIPHOCALLY,  adv.  Mutually;  inter-! 
changeably ;  in  such  a  manner  that  each 
aftects  the  other  and  is  equally  affected 
by  it.  { 

These  two   particle.'!   do   reciprocally  affect 
each  other  with  the  same  force.  Btnltai.' 

aECll'KOCALNESS,  n.  Mutual  returii;' 
allernatcness.  Decati  of  Pielu.'. 

RECII"RO€ATE,  D.  1.    [L.  reciproco ;    Vi:\ 

rccipro:juer.]     To  act  interchangeably  ;  to' 

alternate.  j 

One  brawny  smith  the  pufBng  bellows  plies,! 

And  draws  and  blows  reciprocating  air.  | 

Dryden., 

REClP'RO€ATE,  v.  i.  To  exchange;  to! 
interchange  ;  to  give  and  return  mutually  : 
as,  to  reciprocate  favors. 

RECIPROCATED,  pp.  Mutually  given, 
and  returned  ;  interchanged.  I 

Vol.  11. 


RECIP'ROeATING,  ppr.  Interchanging; 
each  giving  or  doing  to  the  other  the  same 

thing. 
REClPROeA'TION,    n.    [L.   rcciprocatio.] 

1.  Inlerchange  of  acts  ;  a  mutual  giving  and 
returning ;  as  the  reciprocaliun  of  kind- 
nesses. 

2.  Alternation ;  as  the  reciprocation  of  the 
sea  ill  the  flow  and  ebb  of  tides.       Broun. 

'3.  Regular  return  or  alternation  of  two 
symptoms  or  diseases.  C'oxe. 

RECIPROCITY,  n.  [Fr.  reciprocity]  Re- 
ciprocal obligation  or  right ;  equal  mutual 
rights  or  beiielits  to  be  yielded  or  enjoyed. 
The  commissioners  offered  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  on  |irinciples  of  reciprocity. 

RECI"SION,  n.  s  as  ;.  [L.  recisio,  from  re- 
cido, to  cut  off";  re  and  caido.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off.  Stherjvood. 

Rl'.Cl'TAL,  11.  [from  recite]  Rehearsal; 
the  repetition  of  the  words  of  another  or 
of  a  writing;  as  the  recital  of  a  deed;  the 
recital  of  testimony.  Encyc. 

2.  Narration;  a  telling  of  the  particulars  of 
an  adventure  or  of  a  scries  of  events. 

Addison. 

3.  Enumeration.  Prior. 
RECITATION,  n.  [L.  recitatio.]  Rehears- 
al; repetition  of  words. 

Hammond.     Temple. 

2.  In  colleges  and  schooh;  the  rehearsal  of  a 
lesson  bv  pupils  betbre  their  instructor. 

RE(  IT.VTIVE,,  a.  [Er.  recitalif;  It.  recit- 
ativo.     See  Hecilc.] 

Reciting  ;  rehearsing  ;  pertaining  to  musical 
pronunciation.  Dryden. 

RECIT'ATIVE,  n.  A  kind  of  musical  pro- 
nunciation, such  as  that  in  which  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  liturgy  ar^  rehearsed  in 
churches,  or  that  of  actors  on  the  stage, 
when  they  express  some  action  or  passion, 
relate  some  event  or  reveal  some  design. 

Encyc. 

In  recitative,  the  composer  and  the  perform- 
er endeavor  to  imitate  the  inflections,  ac- 
cent and  emphasis  of  natural  speech. 

Bust)y. 

[Note.  The  natural  and  proper  English  ac- 
cent of  this  word  is  on  the  second  syllable. 
The  foreign  accent  may  well  be  discard- 
ed.] 

RECIT'ATIVELY,  adu.  In  the  manner  of 
recitative. 

Rf^tM'I'E,  V.  t.  [L.  recito ;   re  and  cilo,  to 


i-all  or  name. 


To  rehearse  ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  an- 
other or  of  a  writing ;  as,  to  recite  the 
words  of  an  author  or  of  a  deed  or  cov- 
enant. 

2.  In  jinVi'ng-,  to  copy;  as,  the  words  of  a 
deed  are  recited  in  the  pleading. 

3.  To  tell  over;  to  relate;  to  narrate  ;  as,  to 
recite  past  events  ;  to  recite  tiie  particulars 
of  a  voyage. 

4.  ,To  rehearse,  as  a  lessor  to  an  instructor. 
.5.  To  enumerate. 
RECI'TE,  V.  i.  To  rehearse  a  lesson.     The 

class  will  recite  at  eleven  o'clock. 

.'hnerican  Seminaries. 

RECITE,  for  recital.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

RECI'TED,  pp.  Rehearsed;  told;  repeat- 
ed ;  narrated. 

RECITER,  n.  One  that  recites  or  re- 
hearses ;  a  narrator. 

[RECI'TING,  ppr.  Rehearsing;  telling;  re 

I     peating;  narratins. 

53 


RECK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  recan,  reccan,  to  say,  to 
tell,  to  narrate,  to  rcoioii,  to  care,  to  rule 
or  govern,  L.  refro.  The  primary  sense 
is  to  strain.  Care  is  a  straining  of  the 
mind,  f-ee  Rack  and  Reckon.] 
To  care ;  to  mind  ;  to  rate  at  much ;  as  we 
say,  to  reckon  much  of;  followed  by  of. 
Obs. 

Thon's  but  a  lazy  loorde, 

And  recks  much  <^tliy  swinke.         Spensei. 

I  reck  as  little  nhal  betidcth  me. 

As  much  I  wish  all  good  beforlunc  you. 

Shak. 
Of  night  or  loneliness  it  recks  me  not. 

Milton. 
RECK,  V.  t.  To  heed  ;  to  regard  ;   to  care 
for. 

This  son  of  mine  not  recking  danger. 

Sidney, 
[This  verb  is  obsolete  unless  in  poetry.  Wc 
observe  the  primary  sense  and  application 
in  the  phrase,  "  it  recks  me  not,"  that  is,  it 
(h)csii(it  strain  or  distress  me;  it  does  not 
rack  my  mind.  To  reck  danger  is  a  deriv- 
ative form  of  expression,  and  a  deviation 
from  the  proper  sen.se  of  the  verb.] 
RECK'LESS,  a.  Careless;  heedless;  mind- 
less. 

I  made  the  king  as  reckless,  as  tJiem  diligent. 

Sidney. 
RECKLESSNESS.  ;i.  Heedlessness:  care- 
lessness ;  negligence.  Sidney. 
[These  uwds,    formerly  disused,    have    been 

recently  revived.] 
RECKON,  I'.  /.  rek'n.  [Sax.  recan,  reccan, 
to  tell,  to  relate,  to  reck  or  care,  to  rule,  to 
reckon  ;  I),  rcckenen,  to  count  or  compute  ; 
G.  rechyien,  to  count,  to  reckon,  to  esteem, 
nnd  rerken,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  to  racA; 
Sw.  r'akna,  to  count,  to  tell  ;  Dan.  regner, 
to  reckon,  to  count,  to  rain.  The  Saxon 
word  signifies  not  only  to  tell  or  count, 
but  to  reck  or  care,  and  to  rule  or  govern  ; 
and  tlie  latter  signification  proves  it  to  be 
the  L.  rego,  rectus,  whence  regnum,  regno, 
Eng.  to  reign,  and  hence  Sax.  rehl,  riht, 
Eng.  right,  G.  recht,  &c.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is  to  strain,  and  right  is 
strained,  stretched  to  a  straight  line ; 
hence  we  see  that  these  words  all  coin- 
cide with  reach,  stretch  and  rack,  and  we 
say,  wo  are  racked  with  care.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  wreck  and  irretched  are  from  the 
same  root.  Class  Rg.  No.  18.  21.] 

1.  To  count ;  to  number  ;  that  is,  to  tell  the 
particulars. 

The  priest  shall  reckon  to  him  the  money, 
accoiding  to  the  years  that  remain,  even  to  the 
year  of  jubilee,  and  it  shall  be  abated.  Lev. 
xxvii. 

I  reckoned  above  two  hundred  and  fifly  on 
the  outside  of  the  church.  Mdison. 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  account ;  to  repute.  Rom. 
viii. 

For  him  I  reckon  not  in  high  estate. 

Milton. 

3.  To  repute;  to  set  in  the  number  or  rank 
of. 

He  was  reckoned  among  the  transgressor.':. 
Luke  xxii. 


4.  To  assign  in  an  account.    Rom.  iv. 

5.  To  compute  ;  to  calculate.  Mdison. 
RECKON,  V.  t.  To  reason  with  one's  self 

and  conclude  from  arguments. 

I  reckoned  till   morning,   that  as  a  lion,  so 
will  he  break  all  my  bones.     Is.  xxsviii. 

2.  To  charge  to  account ;  with  on. 


R  E  C 


11  E  C 


R  E  C 


I  call  posterity 
Into  the  debt,  and  reckon  on  her  head. 

B.  Jonson. 
3.  To   pay  a  penalty  ;    to   be   answerable  ; 
witbjToc. 

If  they  fail  in  their  bounden  duty,  they  shall 
reckon  for  it  one  day.  Sanderson. 

To  reckon  with,  to  state  an  account  with  an- 
other, compare  it  with  his  account,  ascer- 
tain the  amount  of  each  and  the  balance 
which  one  owes  to  the  other.  In  this 
manner  the  countrymen  of  New  England 
who  have  mutual  dealings,  reckon  with 
each  other  at  the  end  of  each  year,  or  as 
often  as  they  think  fit. 

After  a  long;  time  the  lord  of  those  servants 
Cometh,  and  reckoneth  with  them.     Matt.  xxv. 

3.  To  call  to  punishment. 

God  suffers  the  most  grievous  sins  of  particu- 
lar persons  to  go  unpunished  in  this  world,  be- 
cause his  justice  will  have  another  opportunity 
to  meet  and  reckon  with  them.  Tillotson 

To  reckon  on  or  upon,  to  lay  stress  or  de- 
pendence on.  He  reckons  on  the  siipjjort 
of  his  friends. 
RECKONED,  pp.  rek'nd.  Counted  ;  num- 
bered ;  esteemed  ;  reputed  ;  computed ; 
set  or  assigned  to  in  account. 
RECKONER,  Ji.  rck'ner.  One  who  reckons 
or  computes. 

Reckoners   without   their  host   must   reckon 

twice.  Camden. 

RECKONING,    ppr.    rek'ning.    Counting ; 

computing;  esteeming;  reputing;  stating 

an  account  mutually. 

RECK'ONING,  ?i.  The  act  of  counting  or 

computing  ;  calculation. 

2.  An  account  of  time.  Sandys 

S.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another;  a 

statement   and     comparison   of  accounts 

mutually  for  adjustment ;  as  in  the  prov 

erb,  "  short  reckonings  make  long  friends." 

The  way   to   make  reckonings  even,   is   to 

make  them  often.  Soutli 

4.  The  charges  or  account  made  by  a  host. 

A  coin  would  have  a  nobler  use  than  to  pay 
a  reckoning.  Addison. 

5.  Account  taken.     2  Kings  x.xii. 

6.  Esteem  ;  account ;  estimation. 

You  make  no  further  reckoning  of  beauty, 
than  of  an  outward  fading  beneht  nature  be- 
stowed. Sidney. 

7.  In  navigation,  an  account  of  the   ship's 
course  and  distance   calculated  from   the 
log-board  without  the  aid  of  celestial   ob- 
.servation.     This  account   from   the   In, 
board,  is  called  ti;e  dead  reckoning. 

Mar.  Diet. 

RECK'ONING-BQOK,  n.  AbookinwhicI 

money  received  and  expended  is  entered. 

Johnson. 
RE€LA'IM,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reclamer ;  L.reclamo; 
re  and  clamo,  to  call.  Sec  Claim.] 

1.  To  claim  back:  to  demand  to  have  re- 
turned. The  vender  may  reclaim  the  goods. 

Z.  Swift. 

2.  To  call  back  from  error,  wandering  or 
transgression,  to  the  observance  of  moral 
rectitude  ;  to  reforjn ;  to  bring  back  to 
correct  deportment  or  course  of  life. 

It  is  the  intention  of  Providence  in  its  various 
expressions  of  goodness,  to  reclaim  mankind 

Jtogers. 

3.  To  reduce  to  the  state  desired. 

Much  laljor  is  requir'd  in  trees,  to  tame 
Their  wild  disorder,  aud  in  ranks  reclaim. 

Dryden 

4.  To  call  back  ;  to  restrain. 


Or  is  her  tow'ring  flight  reclaimed 
By  seas  from  Icarus'  downfall  nam'd  .' 

Prior. 

5.  To  recall ;  to  cry  out  against. 
The     headstrong    horses    hurried    Octavius 

along,  and  were  deaf  to   his  reclaiming  them. 
[Unusual.'\  Dryden. 

6.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or  do- 
mestic state  ;  to  tame  ;  to  make  gentle  ; 
as,  to  reclaim  a  hawk,  an  eagle  or  a  wild 
beast.  Dryden. 

7.  To  demand  or  challenge ;  to  make  a 
claim  ;  a  French  use. 

8.  To  recover.  Spenser. 

9.  In  ancient  customs,  to  pursue  and  recall, 
as  a  vassal.  Encyc. 

10.  To  encroach  on  what  has  been  taken 
from  one  ;  to  attempt  to  recover  possess- 
ion. 

A  tract  of  land  [Holland]  snatched  from  an 
element  perpetually  reclaiming  its  prior  occu- 
pancy. Coxe.  Switz. 

RECLA'I3I,  JI.  i.  To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim. 

Pope. 

RECLATMABLE,  or.  That  may  be  reclaim- 
ed, reformed  or  tamed. 
RE€LA'1MANT,    ji.     One    tliat    opposes, 
contradicts  or  remonstrates  against. 

tValerland 

REeLATMED,  pp.  Recalled  from  a  vicious 

life  ;    reformed  ;     tamed  ;     domesticated  ; 

recovered. 

REeLATMING,  ppr.  Recalling  to  a  regu- 
lar course  of  life  ;  reforming;  recovering; 
taking ;  demanding, 

RECLAMATION,  n.  Recovery. 

2.  Demand  ;  challenge  of  something  to  be 
restored  ;  claim  made.  Gallatin. 

REC'UNATE,  a.  [L.  reclinatus.  See  Re 
dine.] 

In  botany,  reclined,  as  a  leaf;  bent  down 
wards,  so  that  the  point  of  the  leaf  is  low 
er  than  the  base.  Martyn 

A  reclinate  stein  is  one  that  bends  in  an  arch 
towards  the  earth.  Lee. 

RECLINA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  leaning  or 
reclining. 

RE€L1'NE,  V.  I.  [L.  rcclino ;  re  and  clino, 
to  lean.] 

To  lean  back ;  to  lean  to   one  side   or  side 
wise  ;  as,  to  recline  the  head  on   a  pillow, 
or   on  the  bosom  of  another,   or  ou  the 
arm. 

The  mother 
Reclin'd  her  dying  head  upon  his  breast. 

Dryden. 

RECLI'NE,  I',  i.  To  lean:  to  rest  or  re- 
pose ;  as,  to  recline  on  a  couch. 

RECLI'NE.  a.  [L.  reclinis.]  Leaning  ;  be- 
ing in  a  leaning  posture. 

They  sat  recline 
On  the  soft  downy  bank  daniask'd  with  flow- 
ers.    [Little  used.]  .WIton. 

RECLI'NED,  pp.  Inclined  back  or  side- 
wise. 

RECLI'NING,  ppr.  Leaning  back  or  side- 
wise  ;  resting ;  lying. 

RECLO'SE,  It.  t.  s  as  z.  [re  and  close.]  To 
clo.se  or  shut  again.  Pope. 

RECLO'SED,  pp.  Closed  again. 

REeLO'SING.  ppr.  Closing  again. 

RECLU'DI'".,  I',  t.  [L.  rechido  ;  re  and  claiido, 
cludo.]     To  open.     [Little  used.]     Harrey. 

RECLU'SE,  «.  [Fr.  reclus,i\(>m  L.  )C(/u.sii.s, 
recludo,  but  with  a  signification  directly 
opposite.] 


Shut    up;    sequestered;   retired   from    the 
world  or  from  public  notice;  solitary;  as 
a  recluse  monk  or  hermit ;  a  recluse  life. 
1  all  the  live-long  day 
Consume  in  meditation  deep,  recluse 
From  human  converse.  Philips. 

RECLU'SE,  n.  A  person  who  live  in  re- 
tirement or  seclusion  from  intercourse 
with  the  world ;  as  a  hermit  or  monk. 

2.  A  person  who  confines  himself  to  a  cell 
in  a  monastery. 

RECLU'SELY,  adv.  In  retirement  or  se- 
clusion from  society. 

RECLU'SENESS,  n.  Retirement;  seclu- 
sion from  society. 

RECLU'SION,  n.  s  as  z.  A  state  of  retire- 
ment from  the  world ;  seclusion. 

RECLU'SIVE,  a.  Affording  retirement 
from  society.  Shak. 

RECOAGULA'TION,  n.  [re  and  coagula- 
tion.]    A  second  coagulation.  Boyle. 

RECOCT',  a.  [L.  recoctus,  recoquo.]  New 
vamped.     [JVot  used.]  Taylor. 

RECOGNITION,  7i.  reconish'on  or  recog- 
nish'on.  [L.  recognitio.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  ;  formal  avowal  ;  as 
the  recognition  of  a  final  concord  on  a 
writ  of  covenant.  Bacon. 

2.  Acknowledgment;  memorial.  White. 

3.  Acknowledgment  ;  solenm  avowal  by 
which  a  thing  is  owned  or  declared  to  be- 
long to.  or  by  which  the  remembrance  of 
it  is  revived. 

The  lives  of  such  saints  had,  at  the  time  of 
their  yearly  memorial,  solemn  recognition  in 
the  church  of  God.  Hooker. 

4.  Knowledge  confessed  or  avowed  ;  as  the 
recognition  of  a  thing  present;  memory  of 
it  as  passed.  Grew. 

RECOGNITOR,  n.  recon'ilor.  One  of  a 
jury  upon  assize.  Blackstone. 

RE€OGNIZABLE,  a.  recon'izahle.  [from 
recognize.]  That  may  be  recognized  or 
acknowledscd.  Orient.  Collections. 

RECOGNIZANCE,  ji.  recon'izance.  [Fr. 
reconnoisa7ice.] 

1.  Acknowledgment  of  a  ])erson  or  thing; 
avowal  ;  prol'ession  ;  as  the  recognizance 
of  christians,  by  which  they  avow  ilieir 
belief  in  their  religion.  Hooker. 

2.  In  law,  an  obligation  of  record  which  a 
njan  enters  into  before  some  court  of  rec- 
ord or  magistrate  duly  authorized,  witli 
condition  to  do  some  particular  act,  as  to 
appear  at  the  assizes,  to  keep  the  pence  or 
pay  a  debt.  This  recognizance  difters  from 
a  bond,  as  it  does  not  create  a  new  debt, 
but  it  is  the  acknowledgment  of  a  former 
debt  on  record.  This  is  witnessed  by  the 
record  only,  and  not  by  the  party's  seal. 
There  is  also  a  recognizance  in  the  nature 
of  a  statute  staple,  acknowledged  before 
cither  fd'  the  chief  justices  or  their  substi- 
tutes, the  mayor  of  the  staple  at  West- 
minster and  the  recorder  of  London, 
which  is  to  be  enrolled  and  certified  into 
chancery.  Blackstone. 

3.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  impannelcd  upon 
assize.  Cowell. 

RECOGNIZE,  V.  I.  rec'onize.  [It.  riconoscere  ; 
Sj).  reconoccr ;  Fr.  reconnoitre  :  L.  recognos- 
co  :  re  and  coguosco,  to  know.  The  g  in 
these  words  has  properly  no  sound  in 
English.  It  is  not  a  part  of  the  root  of 
the  woril,  being  written  merely  to  give  to 
con  the  French  sound  ofg'n,  or  that  of  the 


R  E  C 

Spanish  n,  and  this  sound  does  not  prop- 
erly belong  to  our  language.] 
.  To  recollect  or  recover  the  knowledge  of, 
either  with  an  avowal  of  that  knowledge 
or  not.  We  recognize  a  person  at  a  dis- 
tance, when  we  recollect  that  we  have 
seen  him  before,  or  that  we  have  formerly 
known  him.  We  recognize  his  features  or 
his  voice. 

SpcaW,     vassal  ;    recognize   thy    sovcrelsn 

South 


rinculare ;  Sp.  reeu- 


(juecn. 

2.  To  review ;  to  re-examine 

UR€'OGNIZE,  V.  i.  To  enter  an  obligation 
of  record  before  a  proper  tribunal.  A  15 
recoe;mzed  in  the  sum  of  twenty  pounds, 

KECOGNrZED,  pp.  Acknowledged  ;  rec- 
ollected as  known;  bound  by  recogni- 
zance. 

RECOGNIZEE,  n.  recanizee'.  The  person 
to  whom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Blackslonc. 

RE€'OGNIZING,  ppr.  Acknowledging  ; 
recollecting  as  known  ;  entering  a  recog- 
nizance. 

RECOGNIZOR,  n.  recomior'.  One  who  en- 
ters into  a  recognizance.  Black stoiie.l 

RECOIL',  I',  i.  [Fr.  reader,  to  draw   buck  ; 
recai,   a   recoil  ;   Arm.   arguila  ;    Fr.   cul, 
Sp.  ciUo,  Arm. git,  guil,  the  back  part;  W. 
ciliatv,  to  recede  ;  It. 
lar.] 

1.  To  move  or  start  back  ;  to  roll  back ;  as- 
a  cannon  recoils  when  fired  ;  waves  recoil 
from  the  shore. 

2.  To  fall  back  ;  to  retire.  Milton. 

3.  To  rebound  ;  as,  the  blow  recoils. 

Dn/den. 

4.  To  retire ;  to  flow  back ;  as,  the  blood 
recoils  with  horror  at  the  sight. 

5.  To  start  back  ;  to  shrink.  Nature  recoils 
at  the  bloody  deed. 

6.  To  return.  The  evil  will  recoil  upon  his 
own  head. 

RECOIL',  V.  t.  To  drive  back.     [jVb<  used.] 

Spenser 
RECOIL',  ri.  A  starting  or  falling  back  ;  as' 

the  recoil  of  fire-arms  ;  the  recoil  of  nature 

or  the  blood. 
RECOIL'ING,    ppr.     Starting    or    fallingl 

back  :  retiring  ;  shrinking. 
RECOIL'ING,  71.    The   act   of  starting   or 

falling  back  ;  a  shrinking  ;  revolt.      South. 
RECOIL'INGLY,  adv.  With  starting  back 

or  retrocession. 
RECOIN',  V.  t.  [re  and  coin.]  To  coin  again  ; 

as,  to  recoin  gold  or  silver. 
RECOIN'AGE,  n.  The  act  of  coining  anew. 

2.  That  which  is  coined  anew. 
RECOIN'ED,  pp.  Coined  again. 
RECOIN'ING,  ppr.  Coining  anew. 
RECOLLECT',  v.  I.  [re  and  collect :  L.  re- 

colligo,  recollectus.] 

1.  To  collect  again;  applied  to  ideas  that 
have  escaped  from  the  memory  ;  to  recover 
or  call  back  ideas  to  the  memory.  I  recol- 
lect what  was  said  at  a  former  interview ; 
or  I  cannot  recollect  ^vhat  was  said. 

'i.  To  recover  or  recall  the  knowledge  of; 
to  bring  back  to  the  mind  or  memory.  I 
met  a  man  whom  I  thought  I  had  seen 
before,  but  I  could  not  recollect  his  name, 
or  the  place  where  I  had  seen  him. 
do  not  recollect  you.  sir. 

3.  To  recover  resolution  or  composure  of| 
mind. 


R  E  C 

The  Tyrian  queen  I 

AJmliMhis  fortunes,  more  admir'd  tlie  man,    | 
Then  recollected  stood.  Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  collected  is  more  general- 
ly used.] 
RE-COLLECT',  v.  t.   To  gather  again  ;  to 
collect  what  has   been   scattered  ;  as,  to 
re-collect  routed  troops. 
RECOLLECTED,    pp.     Recalled   to  the 

memory. 
RECOLLECTING,    ppr.    Recovering   to 

the  memory. 
RECOLLEC  TION,  n.  The  act  of  recall 
ing  to  the  memory,  as  ideas  that  have  es 
caped  ;  or  the  operation  by   which  ideas 
are  recalled  to  the  memory  or  revived  in 
the  mind.    Recollection  differs  from  remem- 
brance, as  it  is  the  consequence  of  volition 
or  an  effort  of  the  mind  to  revive  ideas  ; 
whereas  remembrance  implies  no  such  vo- 
lition.    We  often  remember  things  without 
any  voluntary  effort.     Recollection  is  call- 
ed also  reminiscence. 

The  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind, 
or  the  period  within  which  things  can  be 
recollected  ;  reniembrauce.  The  events 
mentioned  are  not  within  my  recollection 
3.  In    popular  language,  recollection  is  used 


as  synonymous  with  remembrance. 

RECOLLECT'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power 

of  recollecting.  Foster. 

REC'OLLET,    n.    [Sp.   Port,  recoleto.]     A 

monk  of  a  reformed  order  of  Franciscans. 

RECOMBINA'TION,    n.     Combination   a 

sccoml  time. 
RECOMBI'NE,  v.t.  [re  and  combine.]    To 
combine  again. 
If  we  recombine  these  two  elastic  fluids. 

Lavoisier. 
RECOMBI'NED,  pp.  Combined  anew. 
RECOMBI'NING,  ])pr.  Combining  again 
RECOMFORT,    v.  t.    [re  and  comfort.     To 
comfort  again ;  to  console  anew. 

Sidney. 
2.  To  give  new  strength.  Bacon 

RECOMFORTED,  pp.  Comforted  again. 
RECOMFORTING,  ppr.  Comforting  again. 
RECOMFORTLESS,  a.  Without  comfort. 
LYot  used.]  Spenser. 

RECOMMENCE,  v.t.  recommens'.  [re  and 
commince.]  To  commence  again  ;  to  be- 
gin anew. 
RECOMMEN'CED,p/).  Commenced  anew. 
RECOMMEN'CING,  ppr.  Beginning  again. 
RECOMMEND',    i'. /.     [re  and  commend 

Fr.  recommander.] 
1.  To  praise  to  another ;  to  offer  or  com 
mend  to  another's  notice,  confidence  or 
kindness  by  favorable  representations. 

Maecenas  recommended  Virgil  and  Horace  to 
Augustus.  Dryden. 

[In  this   sense,    commend,   though   less 
common,  is  the  preferable  word.] 
To  make  acceptable. 
A  decent  boldness  ever  meets  with  friends, 
Succeeds,  and  ev'n  a  stranger  recommends. 

Pope. 
3.  To  commit  with  prayers. 

Paul  chose  .Sil.is  and  departed,  being  recom- 
mended by  the  biethren  to  the  grace  of  God 
Acts  XV. 

[Commend  here  is  much  to  be  prefer- 
red.] 
RECOMMEND'ABLE,    a.    That  may   be 
recommended  ;  worthy   of  recommenda- 
tion or  praise.  Olanvilie. 


R  E  C 

RECOMMENDATION,  n.  The  act  of 
recommending  or  of  commending;  tlie 
act  of  rejiresenting  in  a  favorable  manner 
for  the  iiurpose  of  procuring  the  notice, 
confidence  or  civilities  of  anuiher.  We 
iulrodiice  a  friend  to  a  stranger  by  a  rec- 
ommendation of  his  virtues  or  accomplish- 
ments. 
2.  That  which  procures  a  kind  or  favorable 
reception.  The  best  recommendalion  of  a 
man  to  favor  is  politeness.  Misfortune  is 
a  recommendation  to  uur  pity. 
RECOMMEiND'ATOKY,  a.  That  com- 
mends to  another  ;  that  recommends. 

Madison.     Stoifl. 
RECOMMENDED,    pp.     Praised  ;    com- 
mended to  another. 
RECOMMEND'ER,    n.     One    who    com- 
mends. 
RECOMMENDING,  ppr.    Praising  to  an- 
other ;  comineiiding. 
RECOMMIS'SION,    v.t.   [re  and  commis- 
sion.]    To  commission  again. 

Oflicers   whose  time  of  service  had  expired, 

were  to  I)e  recommissivned.  MarshalL 

RECOMMIS'SIONED,  pp.  Commissioned 

again. 
RECOMMIS'SIONING,  ppr.  Commission- 
ing again. 
RECOMMIT',   v.t.    [re   and  commit.]     To 
commit  again  ;  as,  to  recommit  persons  to 
prison.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  refer  again  to  a  committee;  as,  to  re- 
commit a  bill  to  the  same  committee. 
RECOMMIT  MENT,  n.    A  second  or  re- 
newed comniitinent ;  a  renewed  reference 
to  a  committee. 
RECOMMITTED,  pp.   Committed  anew ; 
I     referred  again. 

RECOMMITTING,      ppr.       Committing 
I     again  ;  referring  again  to  a  committee. 
jRECOMMU'NICATE,  v.  i.  [re  and  commu- 
I     nicate.]     To  communicate  again. 
RECOMPACT',  V.  t.  [re  and  compact.]    To 
join  anew. 

Repair 
And  recompact  my  scatter'd  body.        Donne. 
RECOMPENSA'TION,     n.    Recompense. 

jJVol  usedA 
RECOMPENSE,  v.t.  [Ft. recompenser ;  re 

and  compeyiser.] 
1.  To  compensate ;  to  make  return  of  an 
ecpiivalent  for  any  thing  given,  done  or 
suffered  ;  as,  to  recompense  a  person  for 
services,  for  fidelity  or  for  sacrifices  of 
time,  for  loss  or  damages. 

The  word  is  followed  by  the  person  or 
the  service.  We  recompense  a  person  for 
his  services,  or  we  recompense  his  kind- 
ness. It  is  usually  found  more  easy  to 
neglect  than  to  recompense  a  favor. 
To  requite  ;  to  repay  ;  to  return  an  equiv- 
alent ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

Recompense  to  no  man  evil  for  evil.    Rom. 
xii. 

3.  To  make  an  equivalent  return  in  profit  or 
produce.  The  labor  of  man  is  recompens- 
ed by  the  fruits  of  the  earth. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  by  any 
thing  eipiivalent. 

Solytnaii — said  he   would    hnd  occasion    for 
thcui  to  iccoinpense  that  disgrace.  Knolles. 

5.  To  make  restitution  or  an  equivalent  re- 
!     turn  for.     Num.  v. 

'recompense,  ».  An  equivalent  retiirn- 
!     ed  for  any  thing  given,  done  or  suffered  ; 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


compensation  ;  rewarJ ;  amends ;  as  a 
rccunipe.nse  for  services,  for  damages,  for 
loss,  &c.  . 

2.  Requital ;  return  of  evil  or  suffering  or 
oilier  etiuivalent ;  as  a  punishment. 

To  me  belongeth  vengeance  and  recompense. 
Deut.  xxxii. 

And  eveiy  transgression  and  disobedience 
received  a  just  recompense  of  reward.     Heb.  ii 

RECOMPENSED,  pp.   Rewarded;  requi 

ted. 
REC'OMPENSlNG,ppr.  Rewardmg ;  com 

pensatnig  ;  requiting. 

RECOMPI'LEMENT,  n.  [re  and  compile- 
ment.]  New  compilation  or  digest;  as  a 
recompilement  of  laws.  Bacon. 

RE€OMPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [re  and  com- 
pose.] 

1.  To  quiet  anew  ;  to  compose  or  tranquil- 
ize  that  which  is  ruffled  or  disturheil  ;  as 
to  recompose  the  mind.  Tcit/lor. 

2.  To  compose  anew;  to  form  or  adjust 
again. 

We  produced  a  lovely  purple  which  we  can 
destroy  or  reeomjiose  at  pleasure.  Boyle.'^ 

REeOMPO'SED,  pp.  Uuieted  again  afterj 
agitation  ;  formed  anew  ;  composed  a 
second  time. 

REeOMPO'SING,  ppr.  Rendering  tranquil 
after  agitation  ;  forming  or  adjusting 
anew.  .  . 

RECOMPOSP'TION,  n.  Composition  re- 
newed. 

RE€ONCT'L.\BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
reconciled  ;  capable  of  renewed  friend- 
ship.    The  parties  are  not  reconcilable. 

2.  That  may  be  made  to  agree  or  be  con- 
sistent; consistent. 

The  diti'eient  accounts  of  the  numbers  of  sliips, 
are  reconcilable.  Arbuthnol. 

3.  Capable  of  being  adjusted  ;  as,  the  differ- 
'  ence  between  the  parties  is  reconcilable,     j 

RECONCI'LABLENESS,  n.  The  qualityj 
of  being  reconcilable;  consistency;  asthe^ 
reconcilabletiess  of  parts  of  Scripture  which 
apparently  disagree. 

2.  Possibility  of  being  restored  to  fi'iendship 
and  harmony. 

RECONCl'LE,  V.  I.  [Fr.  reconcUter  ;  L. 
reconcilio  ;  re  and  concilia  ;  con  and  calo, 
to  calL  fJr.  xaXru.  The  literal  sense  is  to 
call  back  into  union.] 

1.  To  conciliate  anew  ;  to  call  back  into  un- 
ion and  friendship  the  affections  which 
have  been  alienated  ;  to  restore  to  friend-| 
ship  or  favor  after  estrangement  ;  as,  to 
reconcile  men  or  parties  that  have  been  at 
variance. 

Go  thy  way  ;  iirst  be  reconciled  to  thy  broth- 
er—    Matt.  V. 

We  pray  you  in  Christ's  slead,  be  ye  recon- 
ciled to  God.     2  Cor.  v.     Eph.  ii.     Col.  i. 

2.  To  bring  to  acquiescence,  content  or  qui- 
et submission;  with  to;  as,  to  reconciled 
one's  self  to  afflictions.  It  is  our  duty  to 
be  reconciled  to  the  dispensations  of  Provi- 
dence. 

3.  To    make  consistent  or  congruous  ;    to 


Which    but    proportioii'd    to    their  lisht 

place, 
Due  distance  reconciles  to  form  and  j 


fol- 


bring  to  agreement  or  suitableness 
lowed  by  toith  or  to. 

The  ^rcat  men  among  the   ancients   under 
stood  how  to  reconcile  manual  labor  with  aft'airsj 
of  state.  Liicke 

Some   figures  monstrous  and    misshap'd  ap- 
pear. 

Considered  singly,  or  beheld  too  near ; 


race. 
Pope.\ 
4.  To  adjust  ;  to  settle;  as,  to  reconcile  dif-j 
ferences  or  quarrels.  | 

RECONCI'LEU,  pp.  Brought  into  frieinl-; 
ship  from  a  state  of  disagreement  or  en-: 
mity  ;  made  consistent  ;  adjusted.  j 

RECONCI'LEMENT,    n.    Reconciliation; 
renewal  of  friendship.     .Animosities  some- 
times make  reconcilement  iminacticahle. 
2.  Friendship  renewed. 

No  cloud 
Of  anger  shall  remain,  but  peace  assured 
And  reconcilement.  Milton. 

RECONCT'LER,  n.  One  who  reconciles  ; 
(Uie  who  brings  parties  at  variance  into 
renewed  friendship.  f«"- 

2.  One  who  discovers  the  consistence  of 
propositions.  jYorns. 

RECONCILIA'TION,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  re 
:onciliatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at  vari 
ance  ;  renewal  of  friendship  after  disa 
greement  or  enmity. 

Reconciliation  and  friendship  >\  ith  God,  real 
ly  form  the  basis  of  all  rational  and  true  enjoy 
ment.  S.  Miller 

2.  Ill  Scripture,  the  means  by  which  sinnen 
are  reconciled  and  brought  into  a  state  of 
favor  with  God,  after  natural  estrange- 
ment or  enmity;  the  atonement;  expia- 
tion. 

Seventy  weeks  are  determined  upon  thy  peo- 
ple and  upon  thy  holy  city,  to  finish  the  trans- 
gression and  to  make  an  end  of  sin,  and  to| 
make  reconciliation  for  iuiquilv.  Dan.  i.v. 
Heb.  ii. 

3.  Agreement  of  things  seemingly  o))posite, 
ililferent  or  inconsistent.  Rogers. 

RECONCIL'IATORY,  a.  Able  or  tending 
to  reconcile.  Hall. 

REGONCI'LING,  ppr.  Bringing  into  favor 
and  friendship  after  variance  ;  bringing  to 
content  or  satisfaction  ;  showing  to  be 
consistent;  adjusting;  making  to  agree. 

RECONDENSA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
condensing. 

RECONDENSE,  v.  t.  rccomlens'.  [re  and; 
condense.]     To  condense  again.         Boi/le. 

RECONDENS'ED,  pp.  Condensed   anew. 

REeONDENS'IiXG,  ppr.  Condensing 
again. 

REC'ONEtlTE,  a.  [L.  reconditus,  recondo  ; 
re  and  condo,  to  conceal.] 

1.  Secret  :  hidden  from  the  view  or  intel- 
lect ;  abstruse  ;  as  recondite  causes  of 
things. 

2.  Profound;  dealing  in  things  abstruse ;  as 
recondite  studies. 

RECONU'ITORY,  n.  [supra.]  A  reposi- 
tory ;  a  store-house  or  magazine.  [LiltU 
used.]  Ash. 

RECONDUCT',  V.  I.  [re  and  co)u/i(c/.]  To 
conduct  back  or  again.  Dri/den. 

RECONDUeT'ED,  pp.  Conducted  back 
or  again. 

REeONDUeT'lNG,  ppr.  Conducting  back 
or  again. 

RECONFIRM',  v.  t.  [re  and  conjirm.]  T.i 
confirm  anew.  Clarendon. 

RECONJOIN',  ]'.  (.  [re  and  conjW/i.]  To! 
join  or  conjoin  anew.  Boyli 

RECONJOIN' EI),  pp.  Joined  again. 

RE€0NJ01N'ING,ppr.  Joining  anew. 


nd|  RECONNOIT'ER,  v.  t.  [^Fr.  reconnoitre  ;  re 
and  connoilre,  to  know.] 

To  view  ;  to  survey  ;  to  examine  by  the 
eye  ;  particularly  in  military  affairs,  to 
e.xamine  the  state  of  an  enemy's  army  or 
camp,  or  the  ground  for  military  opera- 
tions. 

RECONNOIT'ERED,  pp.  Viewed  ;  exam- 
ined by  personal  observation. 

RECONNOIT  ERING,  ppr.  Viewing;  ex- 
amining by  personal  observation. 

RE€ON(iUER,  V.  t.  recon'ktr.  [re  and  con- 
quer; Fr.  reeonquerir.] 

1.  To  conquer  again  ;  to  recover  by  con- 
quest. Davies. 

2.  To  recover  ;  to  regain.     [A  French  use.] 
RECON'QUERED,  pp.  Conquered  again  : 

regained. 

RECON'QUERING,  ppr.  Conquering 
again ;  recovering. 

RECON'SECRATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  coiise- 
crate.]     To  consecrate  anew. 

RE€ON'SE€RATED,  pp.  Consecrated 
again. 

RECON'SECRATING,  ppr.  Consecrating 
again. 

RE€ONSE€RA'TION,  n.  A  renewed  con- 
secration. 

RECONSID'ER,  v.  t.  [re  and  consider.]  To 
consider  again  ;  to  turn  in  the  mind 
again  ;  to  review. 

2.  To  annul ;  to  take  into  consideration  a 
second  time  and  rescind ;  as,  to  reconsider 
amotion  in  a  legislative  body;  to  recon- 
sider a  vf)le.  The  vote  has  been  reconsid- 
ered, that  is,  rescinded. 

RECONSIDERATION,  n.  A  renewed 
consideration  or  review  in  the  mind. 

■3-  A  second  consideration  ;  annulment  ;  re- 
■scision. 

RECONSID'ERED,  pp.  Considered  again  ; 
rescinded. 

RECONSID' ERING,  ppr.  Considering 
again  ;  rescinding. 

RECON'SOLATE,  v.  i.  To  console  or  com- 
fort again.      [.Vot  in  use.]  ff'otton. 

RECONVENE,  v.  I.  [re  and  coiu'cnc.]  To 
convene  or  call  together  again. 

RECONVE'.NE,  v.  i.  To  assemble  or  come 
together  again. 

RECONVE'NED,  pp.  .\ssembled  anew. 

RECONVE'NING,  ppr.  .\ssemhling  anew. 

RECONVER'SION,  n.  [re  and  conversion.^ 
A  second  conversion.  H'eever. 

RECONVERT',  I'.  ^  [re  and  cojineri.]  To 
convert  again. 

RECONVERT'ED,  pp.  Converted  again. 

RECONVERT'IN(J,  ppr.  Converting  again. 

RECONVEY,  I',  t.  [re  and  convey.]  Tocon- 
vey  back  lU'  to  its  former  place ;  as,  to 
reconveij  goods. 

2.  To  irunsl'er  back  to  a  former  owner;  as, 
to  reconvfi)  an  estate. 

RECON  VKV  ED,  pp.  Conveyed  back :  trans- 
terri'd  to  a  liirnier  owner. 

RECONVKVIN(il,  ppr.  Conveying  back; 
transferring  to  a  fiirmer  owner. 

RECORD',  I',  t.  [L.  recordor.  to  call  to  mind, 
to  remember,  from  it  and  cor,  cordis,  the 
heart  or  mind  ;  Sp.  rccordar,  to  remind,  also 
to  awake  fnuii  sleep  ;  Port,  to  remind,  to 
con  a  lesson,  or  get  by  heart ;  Fr.  recorder, 
to  con  a  lesson,  also  to  record.] 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


1.  To  register  ;  to  enroll ;  to  write  or  enter 
in  a  book  or  on  parclinient,  fur  the  pur 
pose  ol"  preserving'  uutlientic  or  correct 
evidence  of  a  thing ;  as,  to  record  the  pro 
ceedings  of  a  court ;  to  record  a  deed  or 
lease  ;  to  record  historical  events. 

2.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  mem- 
ory ;  as,  to  record  tlie  sayings  of  another 
in  the  heart.  Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  he  remembered. 

So  ev'n  and  morn  recorded  the  third  day. 

MUton. 

4.  To  recite;  to  repeat.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Fairfax. 

5.  To  call  to  mind.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

RECORD',  V.  i.  To  sing  or  repeat  a  tune. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Sliak. 

RK€'ORU,  n.  A  register;  an  authentic  or 
official  copy  of  any  writing,  or  account  of 
any  faints  and  proceedings,  entered  in  a 
hooli  f(U'  preservation  ;  or  the  book  con- 
taining such  copy  or  account;  as  the  »-ec- 
ords  of  statutes  or  of  judicial  courts;  the 
records  of  a  town  or  parish.  Records  are 
jjroperly  the  registers  of  official  transac-' 
tions,  ma<lc  by  officers  appointed  for  the! 
purpose,  or  by  the  officer  whose  proceed-] 
ings  are  directed  by  law  to  be  recorded.     | 

9.  Authentic  memorial  ;  as  the  records  ofj 
past  ages. 

Court  of  record,  is  a  court  vvho.sc  ads  and  ju-i 
(licial  proceedings  are  enrolled  on  parch- 
ment (jr  in  hooks  for  a  perpetual  memori- 
al;  and  their  records  aie  the  highest  evi- 
dence of  liicts,  !Mid  their  truth  cannot  be 
called  in  question. 

Deht  of  record,  is  a  <lebt  which  appears  to  be 
due  by  the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record, 
as  upon  a  judgment  or  a  recognizance. 

Blncksione. 

Trial  hjj  record,  is  where  a  matter  of  record 
is  pl<?aded,  and  the  opposite  party  pleads' 
that  there  is  no  such  record.  In  this  case,i 
the  trial  is  by  itispeciion  of  the  record  it- 
self, no  other  evidence  being  admissil)le. 

lilackstonc 

RECORDATION,  n.  [L.  recordatio.]  Re 
memhrancc.     [Not  in  use.] 

Shak.     If'olton. 

RECORD'ED,  pp.  Registered  ;  ofiicially  en- 
tered in  a  book  or  on  parchment ;  iin|)rint- 
ed  on  the  memory. 

RECOR[)'ER,  n.  A  person  whose  official 
duty  is  to  register  writings  or  transactions ; 
one  who  einolls  or  records. 

2.  An  officer  of  a  city  who  is  keeper  of  the 
rolls  or  records,  or  who  is  invested  with 
judicial  powers. 

3.  Formcily,  a  kind  of  flute,  flageolet  or 
wind  instrument. 

The  figures  of  recorders,  flutes  and  pipes  are 

straight ;  but  the  recorder  hatli  a  less  bore  and  n 

greater  above  ami  below.  Bacon. 

REet)RD'lNG,ppr.  Registering;  enroHing; 

imprinting  on  the  memory. 
RECOUCli',  V.  i.   [re  and  couch.]    To  retire 
aiirtin  to  a  lodge,  as  lions.  Wolton 

RECOUNT',  v.i.  [Fr.  reconler  ;  Sp.  reconiar;! 

It.  racconlare  ;  re  and  count.] 
To  relate  in  detail;  to  recite;  to  tell  or  nar- 
rate the  particulars  ;  to  rehearse.  j 
Say  from  these  glorious  seeds  viiiat  harvest, 
flows,  I 
Recount  our  blessings,  and  compare  our  woes. I 

Dryden.' 


RECOIJNT'ED,  pp.  Related  or  told  in  de- 
tail ;  recited. 

RECOL'NT'ING,  ppr.  Relating  in  a  series; 
narrating. 

RECOUNT'lVIENT,  n.  Relation  in  detail : 
recital.     [Little  used.]  Hhak 

RECOURED,  for  recovered  or  recured.  [JVot 
itsed.]      ^  Spenser. 

RECOURSE,  ?;.  [Fr.  recours;  ll.ricorso;  Sp. 
recurso  ;  1,.  rccur.sas  :  re  and  cursus,  curro, 
to  run.]  Literally,  a  running  back;  a  re- 
turn. 

1.  Return  ;  new  attack.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Brown. 

2.  A  going  to  with  a  request  or  application, 
as  for  aid  or  [)rolection.  Cliildrcn  have  re- 
course to  their  parents  for  assistance. 

i.  Application  of  effijris,  art  or  labor.  The 
gener.-d  hud  recourse  to  stratagem  to  efl(3ct 
his  purpose. 

Our  last  recourse  is  therefore  to  our  art. 

JJrifden. 
1.  Access.     [Little  used.] 
5.  Frerpient  passage. 
RECOURSE,   I'.  I.  To  return. 


Shak. 

[JVot  used.] 

Fox. 

alterinitely. 

Draijton.' 

ricove 


RECOURSEFIJL,  a.    Moving 
[JVot  in  use.] 

RECOVER,  V.I.   [Fr.  recouvrer;  It 

rare  or  ricuperare ;  Sp.   Port,   recobrar ;  I 
recupcro  ;  re  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  regain ;  to  get  or  obtain  that  whic 
was  lost;  as,  to  recover  stolen  goods;  to 
recover  a  town  or  tiMritory  whicli  an  ene- 
my had  taken  ;  to  recover  sight  or  senses ; 
to  recover  health  or  strength  after  sick- 
ness. 

Uavid  recovered  all  that  the  Anialekites  had 
carried  away.    1  Sam.  xxx. 

2.  To  restore  from  sickness ;  as,  to  recover 
one  fiom  leprosy.  2  Kings  v. 

:i.  To  revive  from  apparent  death;  as,  tore 
cover  a  drowned  man. 

4.  To  regain  by  reparation  ;  to  repair  the 
loss  of,  or  to  repair  an  injury  done  by  neg 
lect ;  as,  to  recover  lost  time. 

Good  men  have  lap.se,<  and  failings  to  lament 
and  recover.  Rof^ers. 

5.  To  regain  a  former  state  by  liberation 
from  c'lpture  or  possession 

Tliiil  Ibcy  m.iy  recover  themselves  out  of  the 
snare  of  the  devil.  2  I'im.  ii. 
G.  To  gain  as  a  compensation  ;  to  obtain  m 
return  for  injury  or  deht ;  as,  to  recover 
damages  in  trespass ;  to  recover  debt  and 
cost  in  a  suit  at  law. 
To  reach  ;  to  come  to. 

The  forest  is  not  three  leagues  oil"; 

If  we  recover  tliat,  we're  sure  enough. 

Shak. 
8.  To  obtain  title  to  by  judgment  in  a  coint 
of  law  ;  as,  to  recover  lands  in  ejectment  or 
eotnmon  recovery. 
RECOV'ER,  v.i.  To  regain  health  after  sick- 
ness ;  to  grow  well;  followed  by  of  or 
from. 

Go,  int|uire  of  Baalzebub,  the  god   of  Kkron, 
whether  I  shall  recover  o/this  disease.  2  ICings  i. 

2.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition  af- 
ter misfortune  ;  as,  to  recover  from  a  state' 
of  poverty  or  depression. 

3.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law;  to  succeed 
in  a  lawsuit.  The  plaintif  has  recovered 
in  his  suit. 

RECOVERABLE, a.  That  maybe  regained 
or  recovered.  Goods  lost  or  sunk  in  the 
ocean  are  not  recoverable. 


2.  That  may  be  restored  from  sickness. 

3.  Tiiat  niay  be  brought  back  to  a  former 
condition. 

A  prodigal  course 
Is  like  the  sun's,  but  not  like  his  recoverable. 

4.  Ihatmaybe  obtained  from  a  debtor  or 
possessor.     The  debt  is  recoverable. 

REC0VERI:D,  pp.  Regainc.l;  restored 
obtained  by  jmiicial  decision. 

RECOVERKE',  n.  fn  law,  the  tenant  or 
person  against  whom  a  judgnu^nt  is  ob- 

,,  }?'"Pil ,'"  ';<'i'iinon  recovery.        lilackstone. 

liVui.O\l'Ail\Q,ppr.  Regainmg;  obtaining 
in  returii  or  by  judgment  in  law;  regaiii- 
nig  health. 

RECOVEROR,  n.  In  law,  the  demandant 
or  person  who  obtains  a  judgment  in  his 
favor  in  common  rec-overy.  lilackstone. 

RLCOVERV,  n.  The  act  of  regainimr,  re- 
taking or  obtaining  possession  of  any  thin"- 
lost.  The  crusades  were  intended  for  the 
recover;!  of  the  holy  hind  from  the  Sara- 
cens. We  offi.r  a  reward  for  the  recoveru 
of  stoh'ii  goods. 

2.  Restoration  from  sickness  or  apparent 
<leath.  The  patient  has  a  slow  rccovenj 
(rotn  a  fever.  Recovery  from  a  |)iihnonarV 
aflectioii  issehhnn  to  be  expected.  Direc- 
tions are  given  for  the  rtcoren/ of  drowned 
persons. 

3.  The  cap.-icity  of  being  restored  to  health. 
Tlie  patient  is  past  recovery. 

4.  The  obtaining  of  right  to  somctlfmg  by  a 
verdict  and  judgment  of  court  from  an  op- 
posing party  in  a  sifit ;  as  the  recovery  of 
deht,  damages  and  costs  by  a  plaintif;  the 
recovery  of  cost  by  a  defi-nt'lant ;  the  recot;- 
ery  of  land  in  ejectment. 

Coinmon  recovery,  in  law,  is  a  species  of  as- 
surance by  matter  of  recm-d,  or  a  suit  or 
action,  actual  or  fictitious,  by  which  l:iiids 
are  recovered  against  the  tenant  of  the 
freehold;  which  recovery  binds  all  per- 
sons, and  vests  an  absolute  fee  simple  in 
the  recoveror.  fllackslone. 

REC  RE.WT,  a.  [Norm,  recreant,  coward- 
ly, properly  crying  out,  from  recricr ;  that 
is,  begging.     See  Craven.] 

1.  Crying  for  mercy,  as  a  combatant  in  the 
trial  by  battel;  yielding;  hence,  coward- 
ly ;  mean  spirited.  lilackslone. 

i.  Ajiostate;  false. 

Who  for  so  many  benefits  reeciv'd, 
Turn'd  recreant  to  God,  ingratc  and  false. 

IREC'REANT,  n.  One  who  yield.^  in  com- 
bat and  cries  craven  ;  one  who  betrs  for 
mercy;  hence,  a  mean  spirited,  cowardly 
wretch.  Blackstone. 

RECREATE,  v.  t.  [L.  recreo :  re  and  creo, 
to  create;  Fr.  recreer ;  It.  ricreare ;  Sp. 
recrear.  ] 

1.  To  refresh  after  toil;  to  reanimate,  as 
languid  spirits  or  exhausted  strength  ;  to 
amuse  or  divert  in  weariness. 

raintcrs  when  they  work  on  while  c'ounds, 
place  before  them  colors  mixed  with  blue  and 
green,  to  recreate  their  eyes.  Dniden. 

St.  John  is  sai<l  to  have  recreated  himself 
with  sporting  with  a  tame  partridge.       Taylor. 

2.  To  gratify  ;  to  delight. 

These  ripe  fruits  recreate  the  nostrils  with 

their  aromatic  scent.  Mure. 

i.  To  relieve  ;  to  revive  ;  as,  to  recreate  the 

lungs  with  fresh  air.  Harvey. 


11  E  C 


R  E  C 


R  E  C 


KEC'REATE,  v.  i.  To  take  recreation. 

Addison. 

RE-€REA'TE,  v.  t.  To  create  or  form  anew. 

On  opening  the  campaign  of  1776,  instead  of 

reinforcing,  it   was  necessary  to  re-create  tlie 

army.  Marshall. 

RECREATED,  pp.  Refreshed;  diverted; 
amused ;  gratified. 

RE-CREATED,  pp.  Created  or  formed 
anew. 

RECREATING,  ;);)r.  Refreshing  after  toil ; 
reanimating  the  spirits  or  strength  ;  di- 
verting ;  amusing. 

RE-CRE.VTING,  ppr.  Creating  or  forming 
anew. 

RECREA'TION,  n.  Refreshment  of  the 
strength  and  spirits  after  toil ;  amusement ; 
diversion.  South. 

9.  ReUef  from  toil  or  pain ;  amusement  in 
sorrow  or  (hstress.  Sidney. 

RE-CREA'TION,  n.  A  forming  anew. 

RE€'REATIVE,a.  Refreshing;  giving  new 
vigor  or  animation  ;  giving  relief  after  la- 
bor or  pain  ;  amusing  ;  diverting.    Choose 
such  sports  as  are  recreative  and  healthful. 
Let  the  music  be  recreative.  Bacon. 

RE€'REATIVELY,  adv.  With  recreation 
or  diversion.  Sherwood. 

RE€'REATIVENESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
heing  refreshing  or  diverting. 

RECREMENT,  n.  [L.  recrementum  ;  prob- 
ably re  and  cirno,  to  secrete.] 

Superfluous  matter  separated  from  that 
which  is  useful ;  dross  ;  scoria  ;  spume  ; 
as  the  recrement  of  ore  or  of  the  blood. 

RECREMENTAL,  i     Drossvcou- 

RE€REIVIENT1"TIAL,      [  a.  ^f™^f„>  l}^- 

RECREMENTl'TIOUS,  ^  ^isim,  oi  su 
perfluous  matter  separated  from  that  which 
is  valuable.  Fourcroy. 

RECRIM'INATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  recriminer ;  L. 
re  and  criminor,  to  accuse.] 

1.  To  return  one  accusation  with  another. 

It  is  not  my  business  to  recriminate. 

Stitlingfleet. 

2.  To  charge  an  accuser  with  the  like  crime. 
RECRIM'INATE,  v.  t.  To  accuse  in  return. 

South. 

RECRIMINATING,  ppr.  Returning  one 
accusation  with  another. 

RECRIMINATION,  n.  The  return  of  one 
accusation  with  another. 

2.  In  law,  an  accusation  brought  by  the  ac- 
cused against  the  accuser  upon  the  same 
fact.  Encyc. 

RECRIMINATOR,  n.  He  that  accuses  the 
accuser  of  a  like  crime. 

RECRIMTNATORY,  a.  Retorting  accusa- 
tion. Burke. 

RECROSS',  V.  t.  To  cross  a  second  time. 

Washinglon. 

RECROSS'ED,  pp.  Crossed  a  second  tiine. 

RECROSS'ING,  ppr.  Crossing  a  second 
time. 

RECRUDES'CENCE,  \       [from  L.  recru- 

RECRUDES'CENCY,  ^  "•  descens;  re  and 
crudesco,  to  grow  raw  ;  crudus,  raw.] 

The  state  of  becoming  sore  again.        Bacon. 

RECRUDES'CENT,  a.  Growing  raw,  sore 
or  painful  again.    . 

RECROIT,  v.t.  [Fr.  rer.ruter ;  It.  reclutare  ; 
Sp.  reclular ;  Port,  reclutar  or  recrnlar ; 
from  the  root  of  Fr.  recrot(r<? ;  re  and  croitre, 
to  grow,  L.  crcsco ;  It.  ricrescerc,  to  in- 
crease.] 
i.  To   repair   by  fresh  supplies  any    thin 


wasted.    We  say,  food  recruits  the  flesh  ; 

fresh  air  and  exercise  recruit  the  spirits. 

Her   cheeks   glow   the   brighter,   recr^titing 

their  color.  Irranville. 

2.  To  supply  with  new  men  any  deficiency 

of  troops  ;  as,  to  recruit  an  army. 
RECRUIT,  V.  i.  To  gain  new  supplies  of 

any  thing  wasted  ;  to  gain   flesh,  health, 

spirits,  &.K. ;  as,  lean  cattle  recruit  in  fresh 

pastures. 
2.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  men  ;  to  rai.se 

new  soldiers.  Addison. 

RECRCIT,    n.    The   supply   of  any  thing 

wasted ;  chiefly,  a  new   raised  soldier   to 

supply  the  deficiency  of  an  army. 
RECRUITED,   pp.    Furnished    with    new 

supplies  of  what  is  wasted. 
RECRUITING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  fresh 

supplies;  raising  new  soldiers  for  an  ar 

my. 
RECRCITING,   n.  The  business  of  raising 

new  soldiers  to  supply  the  loss  of  men  in 

an  army 
RECRUITMENT,   n.  The  act  or  business 

of  raising  new  supplies  of  men  for  an  ar- 
my. Walsh. 
RECRYS'TALIZE,   v.  i.    To   crystalize  a 

second  time.  Henry. 

RECT'ANGLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.rectavgidus  ; 

rectus,  right,  and  angidus,  angle.] 

1.  A  right  angled  parallelogram. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  the  product  of  two  lines 
multiplied  into  each  other.  Bailey. 

RECT'ANGLED,  a.  llavitig  right  angles, 
or  angles  of  ninety  degrees. 

RECTANGULAR,  a.  Right  angled  ;  hav- 
ing angles  of  ninety  degrees.  JVotton. 

RECTANGULARLY,  adv.  With  or  at 
right  angles.  Brown. 

RECTIFIABLE,  a.  [from  rectify.]  That 
may  be  rectified  ;  capable  of  being  cor- 
rected or  set  right ;  as  a  rectijiahle  mistake. 

RECTIFICA'TION,   n.  [Fr.    See  Rectify.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  correcting,  amend- 
ing or  setting  right  that  which  is  wrong  or 
erroneous ;  as  the  rectification  of  errors, 
mistakes  or  abuses.  Forties. 
In  chimistry.  the  process  of  refining  or  pu- 
rifying any  substance  by  repeated  distilla- 
tion, which  separates  the  grosser  parts; 
as  the  rectif  cation  of  spirits  or  sulphuric 
acid.                                 JVicholson.     Encyc. 

RECTIFIED,  p;).  Corrected;  set  or  made 
right ;  refined  by  repeated  distillation  or 
sublimation. 

RECTIFIER,  n.  One  that  corrects  or 
amends.  Bailey. 

2.  One  who  refines  a  substance  by  repeated 
distillations. 

3.  An  instrument  that  shows  the  variations 
of  the  compass,  and  rectifies  the  course  of 
a  ship.  Encyc 

RECTIFY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rectifier;  It.  reltificare  ; 
Sp.  rectificar  ;  L.  rectus,  right,  and /acio,  to 
make.] 

To  make  right ;  to  correct  that  which  is 
wrong,  erroneous  or  false  ;  to  amend  ;  as, 
to   rectify  errors,   mistakes  or   abuses;  to 


|3.  To  rectify  the  globe,  is  to  bring  the  sun's 
place  in  the  ecliptic  on  the  globe  to  the 
brass  meridian.  Bailey. 

RECTIFYING,  ppr.  Correcting;  amend- 
ing; refining  by  lepeated  distillation  or 
sublimation. 

RECTILINEAL,   {  ^  [L.  rectus,  right,  and 

RECTILINEAR,  S      linea,\ine.] 

Right  lined  ;  consisting  of  a  right  line  or  of 
right  lines;  straigln;  as  a  rectilinear  fig- 
ure or  course ;  a  rectilinear  side  or  way. 

JVewton. 

RECTILIN'EOUS,  a.  Rectilinear.     Obs. 

Ray. 

RECTITUDE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rectus,  right, 
straight;  h.  rettitudine ;  Sp.  rectitud  ;  lit- 
erally straightness,  but  not  applied  to  ma- 
terial things.] 

In  morality,  rightness  of  principle  or  prac- 
tice ;  uprightness  of  mind  ;  exact  conform- 
ity to  truth,  or  to  the  rules  prescribed  for 
moral  conduct,  either  by  divine  or  human 
laws.  Rectitude  of  mind  is  the  disposi- 
tion to  act  in  conformity  to  any  known 
standard  of  right,  truth  or  justice;  recti- 
tude of  condiicl  is  the  actual  contbrmitj' 
to  such  standard.  Perfect  rectitude  be- 
longs only  to  the  Supreme  Being.  The 
more  nearly  the  rectitude  of  men  approach- 
es to  the  standard  of  the  divine  law,  the 
more  exalted  and  dignified  is  their  char- 
acter. Want  of  rectitude  is  not  only  sin- 
ful, but  debasing. 

There  is  a  sublimity  in  conscious  rectitude — 
in  comparison  with  nliich  the  treasures  of  earth 
are  not  worth  naming.  /.  Hawes. 

RECTOR,  )).  [L.  rector,  from  rego,  rectum, 
to  rule  ;  Fr.  recteur  ;  It.  rettore.] 

\.  A  ruler  or  governor. 

God  is  the  supreme  rector  of  the  world. 

Hale. 
[This  application  of  the  ipord  is  utiusual.] 

2.  A  clergyman  who  has  the  charge  and 
cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  the  tithes,  &c.  ; 
or  the  parson  of  an  unimpropriated  par- 
ish. Blackstone. 

3.  The  chief  elective  officer  of  some  univer- 
sities, as  in  France  and  Scotland.  The 
same  title  was  formerly  given  to  the  pres- 
ident of  a  college  in  New  England,  but  it 
is  now  in  disuse.  In  Scotland,  it  is  still 
the  title  of  the  head  master  of  a  principal 
school. 

4.  The  superior  ofliccr  or  chief  of  a  convent 
or  religious  house ;  and  among  the  Jesuits, 
the  superior  of  a  house  that  is  a  seminary 
or  college.  Encyc. 

RECTOR  A  L,    ?       Pertaining  to  a  rector. 

RECTORIAL,  \  "'  Blackstone. 

RECTORSHIP,  n.  The  ofiice  or  rank  of  a 
rector.  Shak. 

RECTORY,  )!.  A  parish  church,  parson- 
age or  spiritual  living,  with  all  its  rights, 
tithes  and  glebes.  Encyc. 

2.  A  rector's  mansion  or  parsonage  house. 

Encyc. 

RECTRESS,  ?      [h.rectri.r.]  A  governess. 

REC'TRIX,     I  "■  B.  Jonson. 

RECTUM,  71.  [L.]    In   anatomy,   the  third 


rectify  the  will,   the  judgment,  oi.iiiions  :|i     •■'""  '"st  of  the  large  intestines.         Enci/c. 
to  rectifi  disorders.  Hooker.     Addison.  RECU15.\'TION,  n.  [L.  recubo ;  re  and  cubo, 

.  In  chiniisln/,  to  refine  by  repeated  distllla-i'     to  lie  down.] 
lion    or   sublimation,   by   which   the    line  The  act  of  lying  or  leaning.     [Little  used.] 
parts  (if  a   substance  are   separated  from 
the  grosser  ;  as,  to  rectify  spirit  or  wine. 

Encyc. 


Brown . 

RECU'LE,  r.i.  To  recoil.     [jYotused.    See 
Recoil.]  Barret. 


R  E  C 


jiosture 
Young: 


REeUMB',  V.  i.  [L.  recumbo ;  re  and  cumJioJ 

to  lie  down.]     To  lean  ;  to  recline;  to  re-| 

pose.  Mien. 

RECUMB'ENCE,  n.  [Irom  L.  recumbens.] 

The  act  of  reposing  or  resting  m   conli- 

dencc  ^-  •^'"■"' 

RECUlviU'ENCY,  n.  The  posture  of  lean 

ing,  reclining  or  lying.  Brown. 

2.  Rest;  repo.se;  idle  state.  iMcke. 

RECUMB'KNT,  a.    [L.  recumbens.]    Lean 

ing;  recliniijg;  as  the  recumbent 

of  the  Romans  at  their  meals. 
2.  Reposing;  inactive;  idle.  .    ,  „ 

RECUPERA'TION,  n.  [L.  recuperatio.\  He 

covery,  as  of  any  thing  lost. 
RECU'PERATIVE,    )      Tending  to  recov- 
REeU'PERATORY,  S  "'  ery  ;  pertaining  to 

recovery. 
REeUR',  i;.  i.  [L.  recurro;  re  and  curro,  to 

run ;  Fr.  recourir.] 

1.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind. 

Wlicn  any  word  has  been  useil  to  .signify  an 
idea,  tlie  old  idea  will  recur  in  the  mind,  whei: 
the  word  is  heard.  Watts. 

2.  To  resort;  to  have  recourse. 

If  to  avoid  succession  in  eternal  existence, 
they  recur  to  the  punctum  stans  of  the  schools 
they  will  vciy  little  help  us  to  a  more  positive 
idea  of  infinite  duration.  Locke. 

REell'RE,  V.  t.  [re  and  cure.]  To  cure;  to 
recover.     [Aof  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RKCU'RE,  n.  Cure  ;  recovery.  [Ab«  in 
use.]  Knolles. 

REetf'RELESS,  a.  Incapable  of  cure  or 
remedy.     [jVot  in  iise.]  Bp.  Hall. 

RECURRENCE,  )        [See    Recur.]      Re- 

REeUR'RENCY,  S  turn  ;  as  the  recur 
rence  of  error.  Brown. 

2.  Resort  ;  the  having  recourse. 

REeUR'RENT,  a.   [L.  recurrens.]  Return 
ing  from  time  to  time ;  as  recurrent  pains 
of  a  disease.  Harvey 

2.  In  eri/stalogrnphy,  a  recurrent  crystal  is 
one  whose  faces,  being  counted  in  annidar 
ranges  from  one  extremity  to  the  otlicr, 
furnish  two  difl'iMent  numbers  which  sue 
ceed  each  other  several  times,  as  4,  8,  4, 
8,4. 

3.  In  niio/omi/,  the  reci(rr«»!(  nerye  is  a  branch 
of  the  par  vagum,  given  otf  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  thorax,  which  is  reflected  and 
runs  up  along  the  trachea  to  the  larynx. 

H'istar. 

RECUR'SION,  )!.  [L.  recursus,  recurro ;  re 
and  ctHTO,  to  run.]     Return.    [Little  used.] 

Boyle. 
V.  t.    [L.   recurvo  :    re  and 
To  bend  back. 

Pennant. 

REeURV'ATE,  a.  In  botany,  bent,  bowed 
or  curved  downwards  ;  as  a  recurvatc  leaf". 

Martyn. 

2.  BiMit   outwards  ;  as   a   recurvate   prickle, 

awn,  petiole,  calyx  or  corol.  Martyn. 

RECURVA'TION,  >       A  bending  or  flex- 

RE€lIRV'ITY,        \  "■  ure  backwards. 

Brown. 
RECURVE,  t'.  t.  recurv'.    [L.   recurvo,   su- 
pra.]    To  bend  back. 
RECURV  ED,    pp.    Bent   back   or    down- 
wards; as  a  rfrioTfrf  leaf.  Martyn, 
REcURViROSTER,  ji.  [L.  reciiriw,  bent 

back,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
A  fowl  whose  beak  or  hill   bends  upwards, 
as  the  avoset. 


RED 


[L. 


recurvjis.]      BenV 

Derham. 

Non-conformity.     [See 

Coke. 


RECURV'OUS,    a 

backwards. 
RECUSANCY,  n 

Jlecusant.] 

RECU'S.'VNT,  a.  s  as  z.  [L.  reeusans,  recu- 
so,  to  refuse  ;  re  and  the  root  of  catisa,  sig- 
nifying to  drive.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
repel  or  drive  back.] 

Refusing  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of| 
the  king,  or  to  conform  to  the  establish -i 
ed  rites  of  the  church;  as  a  recusant  lord. 

Clarendon. 

RECU'SANT,  Ji.  [supra.]  In  English  his- 
tory, a  person  who  refuses  to  acknowledge 
the  sui)reiiiacy  of  the  king  in  matters  of 
religion  ;  as  a  popish  recusant,  who  ac- 
knowledges the  supremacy  of  the  pope. 

Encyc. 

3.  One  who  refuses  communion  with  the 
church  of  England;  a  non-conformist. 

All  that  are  recusants  of  holy  rites. 

Holy  day. 

RECUSA'TION,  n.  [h.  recusatio.]  Refusal 

2.  In  law,  the   act   of  refusing  a  judge,  or 

challenging  that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause 

on    account    of  his   supposed    partiality 

[This  practice  is  now  obsolete.] 

Blaekstone. 

RECU'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [L.  rccuso.]  To  re-j 
fuse  or  reject,  as  a  judge;  to  challenge 
that  the  judge  shall  not  try  the  cause., 
[The  practice  and  the  icord  are  obsolete.] 

Uighy.^ 

RED,  a.  [Sax.  red,  read,  and  reod,  rude,  red, 
ruddy;  i).rood;  G.  roth;  Sw.rod;  Dan. 
rod  ;  Corn,  rydh  ;  Ir.  ruadh  ;  Arm.  ruydh; 

j  VV.  rhuz,  red,  ruddy  ;  Sans,  rohida  ;  Russ. 
rdeyu,   to   redden ;    Gr.    fpvSpo;,  red,  and 


Ar. 


RECURVATE, 

luri'o,  to  bend. 


po6or,   a   rose,  from   its  color ;    Ar.    ^    , 

warada,  tobe  present,  to  enter,  to  descend, ^ 
to  come,  to  invade,  to  blossom,  to  stain 
with  a  rose  color,  to  bring   to  be  of  a  red 

So- 
color;  deriv.  .s  ,«  a  rose,   the  Gr.  poSoi'  ; 

Ch.  mi   a  rose  ;  Syr.   nearly  the  same ; 

Eth.  (D4J?  warad,  to  descend,  to  bring 
down.  These  .Arabic  and  Ethiopic  words 
are  the  Ilch.  Ch.  HT  to  descend,  to  bring' 
down,  and  this  is  radically  the  same  asj 
nm  «  hich  is  rendered  in  tlcbrew,  to  de- 
scend or  come  down,  to  decline,  to  bring 
down,  to  subdue,  to  have  dominion  ;  Cli.l 
like  senses,  and  to  correct,  to  chastise,  to 
expand  or  open,  to  flow,  to  plow  :  Syr.  to 
go,  to  walk,  to  journey,  I.,  gradior,  also  to 
correct,  to  teach;  [qu.  L.  erudio.]  Thci 
Arabic  gives  the  sense  of  rose,  which  may 
be  from  opening,  as  blossoms,  a  sense; 
coinciding  with  the  Chaldee  ;  and  red  from 
the  same  sense,  or  from  the  color  of  thcj 
ro.se.  The  Greeks  called  the  .Arabian! 
gulf  the  Krythrean  or  Red  sea,  probably 
from  Edom  or  Idiunea  ;  improperly  ap 
])lying  the  meaning  of  Edoiii,  red,  to  the 
sea,  and  this  improper  ap|)lication  h^ 
come  down  to  the  present  time.] 
Of  a  bright  color,  resembling  blood.  Red  is 
a  simple  or  primary  color,  but  of  several 
different  shades  or  hues,  as  scarlet,  crim 
son,  vermilion,  orange  red,  &c.  We  say 
red  color,  red  cloth,  red  flame,  red  eyes,  red 
cheeks,  red  lead,  &c. 


RED 

Red  book  of  the  exchequer,  an  ancient  Eng- 
lish reconl  or  manuscript  containitig  vari- 
ous treatises  relating  to  the  times  before 
the  coiKiuest.  Encyc. 

Red  men,  red  people,  red  children,  the  aborig- 
inals of  .America,  as  distinguished  from 
the  whites.  "  Rnwle. 

RED,  n.  A  red  color  ;  as  a  brighter  color, 
the  best  of  all  the  rerf*.  J^'ewlon. 

RKDACT',  V.  t.  [L.  redac/tw,  redigo  ;  red,  re, 

and  ago.] 
To  force  ;  to  reduce  to  form.     [.\'ot  used.] 

Drummond. 
RED'AN,  n.  [written  sometimes  redcnl  and 
redens ;  said  to  be  contracted  from  E.  re- 
cedens.  Luiiier.] 
In  fortification,  a  work  indented,  or  formed 
with  salient  and  re-entering  angles,  so  that 
one  part  may  flaidc  and  defend  another. 

Lunier.     Encyc. 
RED'ARGUE,  v.  t.    [L.    redarguo  ;    red,  re, 
and  arguo.]     To  retlitc.     [JS'ot  in  use.] 

Hakewill. 

REDARGU'TION,  n.  [supra.]  Refutation  ; 

conviction.     [.V«(  in  use.]  Bacon. 

RED'-BERRIED,  a.  Having  or  bearing  red 

berries  ;  as  red-berried  shrub  cassia. 

MiUer. 
RED-BIRD,  71.  The  popular  name  of  seve- 
ral birds  in  the  U.  States,  as  the  Tanagra 
astiva  or  summer  red-bird,  the    Tanagra 
rubra,   and  the  Baltimore  oriole  or  hang- 
nest. 
RED  BREAST,  n.  A  bird  so   called   from 
the  color  of  its  breast,  a  species  of  Mola- 
cilla.     In  America,   this  name  is  given  to 
the  robin,  so  called,  a  species  of  Turdus. 
RED'BUD,  n.  A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus 
Cercis.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

RED-CHALK,    n.    A    kind    of   clay  iron- 
stone ;  reddle.  Ure. 
RED'-COAT,  71.  .A  name  given  to  a  soldier 
who  wears  a  red  coat.                      Dryden. 
REDDEN,  v.  t.  red'n.  [from  red.]  To  make 
red.                                                       Hryden. 
REDDEN,  V.  i.  red'n.   To  grow  or  become 
red. 

— The  coral  redden  and  the  nihy  glow. 

Pope. 

To  bUish. 
Appius  reddens  at  each  word  you  speak. 

Pope. 

REDDEND  I'M,  n.  In  law,  the  clause  by 
which  rent  is  reserved  in  a  lease. 

REDDISH,  a.  Somewhat  red  ;  moderately 
red.     Lev.  xiii. 

RED  DISHNESS,  n.  Redness  in  a  mode- 
rate degree.  Boyle. 

REDDI  TION,  71.  [L.  mWa,  to  return.]  A 
returning  of  anything;  restitution;  sur- 
render. Howell. 

2.  Explanation  ;  representation.  Milton. 

RED  DITIVE,  a.  [L.  redditivus,  from  red- 
do.] 

Returning  ;  answering  to  an  interrogative  ; 
a  term  of  grammar.  Johnson. 

RED'DLErTi.  [from  rcrf.]   Red  chalk,  com- 
monly used  as  a  pigment.     It  is  a  mine- 
ral of  a  florid  color,  but  not  of  a  deep  red. 
Aic/iotson.     Hill- 

REDE,  n.  [Sax.  ra:d.]  Counsel  ;  advice. 
Obs.  .Shak. 

REDE,  r.  i.  To  counsel  or  advise.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

REDEE'JM,  V.  t.  [L.  rcdimo ;  red,  re,  and 
emo,  to  obtain  or  purchase.] 


RED 


RED 


RED 


1.  To  purchase  back  ;  to  ransom ;  to  liber- 
ate or  rescue  from  captivity  or  bondage, 
or  (Vom  any  obligation  or  liability  to  suf- 
fer or  to  lie  forfeited,  by  paying  an  e(|uiv- 
alent ;  as,  to  redeem  ))risoners  or  captured 
goods  ;  to  redeem  a  pledge. 

2.  To  rejiurchase  wliat  has  been  sold  ;  tore- 
gain  possession  of  a  thing  alienated,  by 
repaying  the  value  of  it  to  the  possessor. 

If"  a  man  [shall]  sell  a  dwelling  house  in  a 
walled  city,  then  he  may  redeem  it  within  a 
whole  year  after  it  is  sold.     Lev.  xxv. 

3.  To  rescue  ;  to  recover  ;  to  deliver  from. 

Th'  Almighty  from  the  grave 
Hath  me  redeemed.  Sandi/f 

Redeem  Israel,  O   God,  out  of  all  his  trouli- 

les.     Ps.  .xxv.     Deut.  vii. 

The    mass    of  earth  not  yet  redeemed   from 

chaos.  ■*>'.  S.  fimith. 

4.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  amends  for. 

It  is  a   chance    which  does   redeem  all  .sor- 
rows. Shak. 
By  lesser  ills  the  greater  to  redeem. 

Cryden. 

5.  To  free  by  making  atonement. 

Tliou  hast  one  daughter 
WTio  redeems  nature  from  Uie  general  curse, 

Shak. 

6.  To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

Which  of  you  will  he  mortal  to  redeem 
Man's  mortal  crime  ?  Mdtcni 

7.  To  save. 

He  could  not  have  redeemed  a  portion  of  his 
time  for  contemplating  the  powers  of  nature. 

>S.  S.  Smith 

8.  To  perform  what  has  been  promised  ;  to 
make  good  by  performance.  He  lias  re- 
deemed his  pledge  or  promise. 

9.  In  law,  to  recall  an  estate,  or  to  obtain 
the  right  to  re-enter  upon  a  mortgaged 
estate  by  paying  to  the  mortgagee  his 
principal,  interest,  and  expenses  or  costs 

Blackslone. 

10.  In  theology,  to  rescue  and  deliver  from 
the  bondage  of  sin  and  the  penalties  of 
God's  violated  law,  by  obedience  and  stif- 
fering  in  the  place  of  the  sinner,  or  by  do 
ing  anil  suffering  that  which  is  accepted 
in  lieu  of  the  sinner's  obedience. 

Cliiist  hath  redeemed  us   from  the  curse  of 
the  law,  being  made   a  curse  for  us.     Gal 
Tit.  ii. 

11.  In  commerce,  to  purchase  or  jiay  the 
value  in  specie,  of  any  promissory  note, 
bill  or  other  evidence  of  tlebt,  given  by  the 
state,  by  a  company  or  corporation,  or  by 
an  individual.  The  credit  of  a  slate,  a 
banking  company  or  individuals,  is  good 
when  they  can  redeem  all  their  stock, 
notes  or  bills,  at  par. 

To  redeem  lime,  is  to  use  more  diligence  in 
the  iiiiproveinent  of  it ;  to  be  diligent  and 
active  in  duty  and  preparation.  Eph.  v. 
REDEE'MABLE,  a.  That  may  be  redeem- 
ed ;  ca|)ablc  of  redemption. 
9.  That  may  be  purchasetl  or  paid  for  m 
gold  and  silver,  and  brought  into  the  pos- 
session of  government  or  the  original 
promiser. 

The  capital  of  the  debt  of  the  United  Stat- 
m.iy  be  considered  in   tlic  liizlit    of  an   annnilyi 
redeemable  at  the  [deasurc   of  the  gOK'rnnient.j 

HomUtvn.l 
llEDEE'MABLENESS,    n.    The  state  of 

being  reedeonmlde. 
REDEEMED,    p;,.    Kansomcd  ;  delivered 
from  bondage,  distress,  penalty,   liability, 


or  from  the  possession  of  another,  by  pay- 
ing an  equivalent.  \ 

KEDEE'MER,  n.  One  who  redeems  or: 
ansoms. 

2.  The  Savior  of  the  world,  Jescs  Christ. 

REDEE'MING, /)pr.  Ransoming;  procur-i 
ing  deliverance  from  captivity,  capture, 
bondage,  sin,  distress  or  liability  to  suffer, 
by  the  [jaynient  of  an  equivalent. 

REDELIB'ERATE,  v.i.  [re  and  deliberate.] 
To  deliberate  aeain. 

REDELIB'ERATE,  v.  t.  To  reconsider. 
[JVot  in  use.] 

REDELIVER,  v.  t.  [re  and  deliver.]  To 
deliver  back.  •^yl'ff'^- 

2.  To  deliver  again ;  to  liberate  a  second 
time. 

REDELIV'ERANCE,  n.  A  second  deliv 
erance. 

REDELIVERED,  pp.  Delivered  back 
liberated  again. 

REDELIVERING,  ppr.  Delivering  back 
liberating  again. 

REDELIVERY,  n.  The  act  of  delivering 
back ;  also,  a  second  delivery  or  libera- 
tion. 

REDEM'AND,  v.  t.  [re  and  demand;  Er. 
redemander.] 

To  demand  back  ;  to  demand  again. 

.Iddison. 

REDEM'AND,  n.  A  demanding  hack 
again. 

REDEM'ANDABLE,  a.  That  may  be  de- 
manded back. 

REDEMANDED,  pp.  Demanded  back  or 
again. 

REDEM'ANDING,  ppr.  Demanding  back 
or  again. 

REDEMI'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [re  and  demise.] 
To  convey  or  transfer  back,  as  an  estate 
in  fee  simple,  fee  tail,  for  life  or  a  term  of 
years.  linci/c. 

REDEMI'SE,  n.  Reconveyance  ;  the  trans- 
fer of  an  estate  back  to  the  person  who 
has  demised  it ;  as  the  demise  and  rede- 
mise of  an  estate  in  fee  siinjile,  fee  tail,  or 
for  life  or  years,  by  mutual  leases. 

Encyc. 

REDEMl'SED,  pp.  Reconveyed,  as  an  es- 
tate. 

REDEMI'SING,  ppr.  Reconveying. 

REDEMP'TION,  »i.  [Fr. ;  It.  redenzionc ; 
Sp.  redeneion ;  from  L.  redemptio.  See 
Redeem.] 

1.  Repurchase  of  cai)tured  goods  or  prison- 
ers ;  the  act  of  procuring  the  deliverance 
of  persons  or  things  from  the  possession 
and  power  of  captors  by  the  payment  of 
an  eipiivalent  ;  ransom  ;  release  ;  as  the 
J•erftm;)/io»^  of  prisoners  taken  in  war;  tl 
redemption  of  a  ship  and  cargo. 

2.  Deliverance  from  bondage,  distress,  or 
from  liability  to  any  evil  or  forfeiture,  ei- 
ther by  money,  labor  or  other  means. 

.3.  Repurchase,  as  of  lands  alienated.  Lev. 
xxv.     Jer.  .\xxii. 

4.  The  liberation  of  an  estate  from  a  mort 
gage;  or  the  purchase  of  the  right  to  re- 
enter uiJiin  it  by  paying  the  principal  stini 
for  which  it  was  inortgageil,  with  interest 
and  cost;  also,  the  right  of  redeeming  and 
re-entering. 

Repurchase  of  notes,  bills  or  other  evi- 
dence of  <lebt  by  paying  their  value  in 
specie  to  tiieir  holders. 


.  In  theology,  the  purchase  of  God's  favor 
by  the  death  and  sufferings  of  Christ;  the 
ran.som  or  deliverance  of  sinners  from  the 
bondage  of  sin  and  the  iienaltiesof  God's 
violated  law  by  the  atonement  of  Christ. 
Dryden.  ATelson. 
In  whom  we  have  redemption  through  his 
blood.     Eph.  i.     Col.  i. 

REDEMP  TIONER,  n.  One  who  redeems 
himself,  or  jiurchases  his  release  from  debt 
or  obligation  to  the  master  of  a  ship  by  his 
services ;  or  one  whose  services  are  sold 
to   pay   the   expenses  of  his  passage   lo 

America. 
REDEMP'TORY,  a.  Paid  for  ransom  ;  as 

Hector's  redempiory  price.  Chapman. 

REDENT'ED,  a.  Formed  like  the  teeth  of 

a  saw ;  indented. 
REDESCEND',  v.  i.    [re  and  descend.]    To 

lescend  again.  Howell. 

REDESCEND'ING,  ;<;»•.  Descending  again. 
RED'EVE,  n.  [red  an<\  eye.]  A  fish  of  a  red 

color,  particularly  the  iris. 
RED'GUIM,  )i.  A  disease  of  new  horn  in- 
fants ;  an  eruption  of  red  pimples  in  early 

infancy.  Good. 

RED-HAIRED,  a.  Having  hair  of  a  red 

or  samlv  color. 
RED'-IU3T,  »!.  Red   with   heat;  heated  to 

rednes.s;  as  rfrf-/io<  iron  ;  red-hot  bsWs. 
RED'lENT,  a.  [L.  rediens,  redeo,  to  return.] 

Returning.  E.  H.  Smith. 

REDIgEST',  v.  t.  To  digest   or   reduce  to 

form  a  second  time.  Kent. 

REDIgEST' ED,  pp.  Digested  again. 
REDIgEST'ING,  ppr.  Digesting  a  second 

time;  reducing  again  to  order. 
REDINTEGRATE,  v.  t.    [L.   redintegro  : 
cd,  re,  and  integro,  from  integer,  whole.] 
To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew  ;  to  restore 

to  a  perfect  stale.  B.  Jonson. 

REDINTEGRATE,  a.  Renewed ;  restored 

to  wholeness  or  a  (lerfect  state.         Bacon. 
REDINTEGRATED,    pp.    Renewed ;  re- 
stored to  entireness. 
REDINTEGRATING,  ppr.   Restoring  to 

a  perfect  state. 

REDINTEGRATION,  n.  Renovation  ; 
restoration  to  a  whole  or  sound  state. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  In  chimistry,  the  restoration  of  any  mixed 
body  or  matter  to  its  former  nature  and 
constitution.  Coxe. 

REDISBURSE,  v.t.  redisbiirs'.  [re  hm\  dis- 
burse.]    To  reptiy  or  refund.  Upenser. 

REDISPOSE,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [re  and  dis- 
pose.]    To  dispose  or  ailjust  again. 

Baxter. 

REDISPO'SED,  pp.  Disposed  anew. 

REDISPO'SING,  ppr.  Disposing  or  adjust- 
ing ane\\'. 

REDISSE'IZIN,  )!.  [re  and  disseizin.]  In 
law,  a  lerit  of  redis.ieizin ,  is  a  writ  to  re- 
cover seizin  of  lands  or  tenements 
at'ainst  aredisseizor. 

REDISSE'IZOR,  n.  [re  and  disseizor.]  A 
per.son  who  disseizes  lauds  or  tenements 
a  second  time,  or  after  a  recovery  of  the 
same  from  him  in  an  action  of  novel  dis- 
seizin. Blackstone. 

RE  DISSOLVE,  v.  t.  redizolv'.  [re  and  dis- 
,so/re.1     To  dissolve  again. 

R I. DISSOLVED,  pp.  Dissolved  a  second 
time. 

REDISSOLV'ING,  ppr.    Dissolving  again. 


RED 


RED 


RED 


REDISTRIB'UTE,  ti.  <.  {re  and  diatribule.] 
To  (lisiiibute  again ;  to  deal  back  again. 

Colgrave. 

REDISTRIBUTED,  pp.  Distiibiited  again 
or  hack. 

REniH'J'RIH'UTING,  ppr.  Distributing 
again  III'  hack. 

REDISTRIBUTION,  n.  A  dealing  back, 
or  a  secon<l  distribution. 

RED'-LEAD,  n.  rerf-M.  [red  and  lead.]  Mi- 
nium, or  ruil  ox>'d  of  load,  conijiosed  of 
88  parts  of  lead  and  12  of  oxygen. 

RED'LV,  adv.  With  redness.  Col/xrave. 

RED'NESS,  n.  [Sax.  readnesse.  See /ff</.] 
The  quahty  of  being  red  ;  red  cohn-. 

Spiclitliir. 

RED'OLENCE,  \      [from  redolent.]  Sweet 

REDOLENCY,^"' scent. 

Boyle.     Murlimer. 

RED'OLENT,  a.  [L.  redolens,  redoleo  ;  red, 
re,  and  uteo,  to  smell.] 

Having  or  diffusing  a  sweet  scent. 

Snndys. 

REDOUBLE,  t>.  t.  rediib'l.    [re  and  donbi<  [ 

1.  To  repeat  in  return.  Spetistr. 

2.  To  repeat  often  ;  as,  to  redouble  blows. 

Shak. 

3.  To  increase  by  repeated  or  continued  ad- 
dition.*. 

Ami  /Etna  rages  with  rednuhVd  heat. 

Mdhon. 
REDOUBLE,  v.  i.  redvb'l.  To  become  twice 
us  much. 

l  he  iiigument  redoubles  upon  us. 

Spectator. 
REDOUBLED,    pp.  redub'ld.    Repeated  in 
return;  repeated  over  and   over;  increas- 
ed by  repeiited  or  contimicil  additions. 
REDOUBLING,    ppr.    redub'ling.    Repeat- 
ing in  return  ;  repeating  again  and  again; 
increasing  by  repeated  or  continued  addi- 
tions. 
REDOUND',  V.  i.  [It.  ridondare ;  L.  rcdun- 
do  ;  red,  re,  and  undo,  to  rise  or  swell,  as 
waves.] 

1.  To  be  sent,  rolled  or  driven  back. 

Tlu?  evil,  ^ooii 
Driven  back,  redouuflfd  a^  a  ilooii  on  those 
From  whoni  it  sprvnig.  Alilton. 

2.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence ;  to  con 
tribute  ;  to  result. 

The  lionor  done  to  our  rcliiiion  ultimately  re- 
dound.'i  to  God,  the  author  of  it.  Rogers. 

3.  To  proceed  in  the  consequence  or  effect 
to  result. 

There  will  no  small  use  redound  from  them 
to  that  manufacture.  Addison. 

REDOUND'ING,  ppr.  Conducing  ;  contrib 
uting  ;  resulting. 

REDOUT',  n.  [It.  ridolto,  a  shelter,  a  re 
treat ;  Sp.  reducto  ;  Port,  rcduto,  reducto  or 
redullo  ;  Fr.  redoute,  reduil ;  I,,  rediictus. 
reduco,  to  bring  back  :  literally  a  retreat. 
The  usual  orthography,  redoubt,  is  egre- 
giously  erroneous.] 

in Jhrlifuation,  an  outwork;  a  small  square 
fort  without  any  defense,  except  in  front : 
used  in  trenches,  lines  of  circumvallation, 
contravallation  and  aj)proaeh,  to  defend 
passages,  &c.  Encye. 


1  to  foes ;  as  a  redoubtable  hero.  Hence  the 
I     implied  sense  is  valiant.  Pope. 

REDOUT'ED,  a.  Eormidable.  [.jVol  in  use.] 
Spenser.     Shak. 
RED'POLE,  n.  A  bird  with  a  red  head  or 

poll,  of  the  gctms  Eringilla. 
REDRAI'T,  V.  t.  [re  and  draft.]  Todraw  or 

draft  anew. 
REDRAFT,  n.  A  second  draft  or  copy. 
2.  In  the  French  commernal  code,  a  new  bill 
ofexcharige  which  the  holder  of  a  ])rotest-j 
ed  bdl  draws  on  the  drawer  or  indorscrs, 
by  which  he  reimburses  to  hicnself  thej 
amount  of  the  protested  bill  witli  costs  and| 
charges.  H'alsh.\ 

REDRAFTED,  pp.  Drafted  again ;  trans- 
cribed into  a  new  copv. 
REDR>AFTIN(i,  ppr.  Redrawing;  drafting! 
or  tninscrihing  again.  1 

REDRAW,  I',  t.  [re  and  draw.]  To  drawl 
I  again.  In  comwierce,  to  draw  a  new  billof  1 
I  exchange,  as  tiie  holder  of  a  protested  bill,' 
i     on  tlie  drawer  or  indorsers.  ft'alsh. 

2.  To  draw  a  second  draft  or  copy.  i 

REDRESS',  r.  t.  [Fr.  redresser  ;  re  and 
dress.] 

1.  To  set  right ;  to  amend. 
In  yonder  sprini",  of  roses, 

Find  what  to  redress  tdl  noon.  Milton. 

[In  this   sense,   as    applied    to   material, 
things,  rarely  used.] 
'i.  To  remedy  ;  to  repair ;  to  relieve   from, 
and  sometimes  to  iiidenuiify  for;  as,  to  ce- 
dress  wrongs ;    to  redress  injuries ;  to  re- 
dress grievances.     Sovereigns   are  bound 
to  protect  their  subjects,  and  redress  their 
grievances. 
:J.  To  ease  ;  to  relieve ;  as,  she  labored  to  re- 
'     dress  my  pain.  Sieliicy.  I 

[We  use  this  verb  before  the  person  or  the  "•   J^"*" 

thing.     We  .-ay,  to  redress  an  injured  ^cr- 
.     son,  or  to  redress  the  injury.     The  latter  is 

most  common.] 
REDRESS',  n.  Reformation  ;  amendmoiit. 
I  For  us  the  more  necessary  is  a  speedy  redress'^ 

1       of  ourselves.  Hooker .1 

I         [This  sense  is noiv  unusual.] 

2.  Relief;  remedy  ;  deliverance  from  wrong,; 
j     injury   or   oppression ;  as   the   ledress   of 

grievances.     We  ap|)lied  to  government, 
I     but  could  obtain  no  redress. 

There  is  occasion  for  redress  when  the  cry  is 
univereal.  Davenant. 

3.  Reparation  ;  indemnification.  [This  sense 
is  often  directly  intended  or  implied  in  re- 
dress.] 

4.  One  who  gives  relief. 
Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redress 
Of  those  whom  fate  pursues  and  wants  op- 
press. Dryden. 

REDRESS'ED,  pp.  Remedied;  set  right; 
relieved  ;  indemnified. 

REDRESS'ER,  71.  One  who  gives  redress. 

REDRESS'ING,  ppr.  Setting  right;  reliev- 
ing ;  indemnifying. 

IREDRESS'IVE,  a.  Affording  relief. 

j  Thomson. 

REDRI':SS'LESS,  a.  Without  amendment; 
without  relief  Sherwood. 

REDSE'AR.  V.  i.  [red  and  sear.]  To  break 
or  crack  when  too  hot,  as  iron   under  the 


REDOUT'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  rrrfowYer.  tojl     hammer  :  a  term  of  workmen.  Moion. 

fear  or  dread,  .'Vrm.  dou<ce(t,do>is:rin.    ThejJRED'SHANK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Sco- 

conunon  orthography   of  this  word  is  in- 1     lopax. 

corre<-t.l  ll2.  A  contemptuous  appellation  for  bare  leg- 

Formidable  ;  that  is  to  be  dreaded ;  terriblej|     ged  persons.  Spenser. 

Vol.  11.  53 


RED'SnORT,  a.  [red  and  shoH.]  Brittle,  or 
breaking  short  when  red  hot,  as  a  metal ; 
a  term  of  workmen. 

REDSTART,  /      [red  and  staH,  Sax.  ateort, 

RED'TAIL.  S  "-a  tail.]  A  bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Molacilla. 

RED'STREAK,  n.  [red  and  streak.]  A  sort 
of  apple,  so  called  from  its  red  streaks. 

Mortimer. 

2.  Cider  pressed  from  the  red  streak  apples. 

Smith. 

REDU'CE,  V.  t.    [L.  redueo  ;  re  and  dueo.  to 

lead  or  bring  ;  1'  r.  reduirc  ;  It.  riduetre  or 

ridurre  ;  Sp.  ridneir.] 

I.  Literally,    to    bring    back ;    as,   to  reduce 

these  bloody  days  again.  Shak. 

[In  this  sense,  not  in  use.] 
To  bring  to  a  former  state. 
It  were  but  Just 
And  equal  to  reduce  me  to  my  dust. 

jmttou  ■ 

3.  To  bring  to  any  state  or  condition,  good 
or  bad  ;  as,  to  reduce  civil  or  ecclesiastical 
affairs  to  order  ;  to  reduce  a  man  to  pov- 
erty ;  to  reduce  a  stale  to  distress;  to  re- 
duce a  substance  to  powder  ;  to  reduce  a 
sum  to  fractions  ;  to  reduce  one  to  despair. 

4.  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thick- 
ness, size,  quantity  or  value  ;  as,  to  reduct 
expenses;  to  reduce  the  quantity  of  any 
thing  ;  t<J  reduce  the  intensity  of  heat;  to 
reduce  the  brightness  of  color  or  light:  to 
reduce  a  smn  or  amount ;  to  reduce  the 
price  of  goods. 

5.  To  lower  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  impair  in  dig- 
nity or  excellence. 

Nothing  so  excellent  but  a  man  may  fasten 
on  something  belonging  to  it,  to  reduce  it. 

Tiltotson. 
bdue  ;  to  bring  into  stdijection.  The 
Romans  reduced  Spain,  Gaul  and  Britain 
by  their  arms. 

7.  To  reclaim  to  order.  Milton. 

8.  To  bring,  as  into  a  class,  order,  genus  or 
species ;  to  bring  under  rules  or  w  ithin 
certain  limits  of  description  ;  as,  to  reduce 
animals  or  vegetables  to  a  class  or  classes; 
to  reduce n^eii  to  tribes;  to  reduce  language 
to  rules. 

0.  In  arithmetic,  to  change  numbers  from 
one  denomination  into  another  without  al- 
tering their  value  ;  or  to  change  numbers 
of  one  denomination  into  others  of  the 
same  value  ;  as,  to  reduce  a  dollar  to  a  hun- 
dred cents,  or  a  himdred  cents  to  a  dollar. 

10.  In  algebra,  to  reduce  eijualions,  is  to  clear 
them  of  all  superfluous  quantities,  bring 
them  to  their  lowest  terms,  and  separate 
the  known  from  the  unknown,  till  at 
length  the  unknown  quantity  only  is  found 
on  one  side  and  the  known  ones  on  the 
other.  Encyc. 

11.  In  metallurgy,  to  bring  back  metallic  sub- 
stances which  have  been  divested  of  their 
form,  into  their  original  state  of  metals. 

Encyc. 

12.  In  surgen/,  to  restore  to  its  proper  place 
or  state  a  r^islocated  or  fractured  bone. 

To  reduce  a  figure,  design  or  draught, lo  make 
a  copy  of  it  larger  or  smaller  than  the 
original,  but  preserving  the  form  and  pro- 
portion. Encyc. 

REDU'CED,  pp.  Brought  back ;  brought  to 
a  former  state  :  brought  into  any  state  or 
condition  ;  diminished  :  subdued  :  impov- 
erished. 


RED 


REE 


REE 


REDU'CEMENT,  n.  Tlie  act  of  biingiiigj 
back  ;  tlie  act  of  diiniiiisliitig ;  tlie  act  of 
subduing ;  reduction.  Bacon. 

[Tliis  word  is  superseded  by  reduction.] 

REDU'CER,  n.   One  that  reduces. 

Sidney. 

REDUCIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  reduced. 
All  the  parts  of  painting  are  reducible  into 
these  mentioned  by  the  author.  Dryden 

REDU'CIBLENESS,  a.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reducible. 

REDU'CING,  ppr.  Bringing  back ;  bringing 
to  a  former  state,  or  to  a  different  state  or 
form;  diminishing;  subduing;  impover- 
ishing. 

REDU€T',  II.  t.  [L.  reductus,  reduco.]  To 
reduce.     [JVot  in  use.]  Ji'arde. 

REDU€T',  n.  In  building,  a  little  place 
taken  out  of  a  larger  to  make  it  more  reg- 
ular and  uniform,  or  for  some  other  con- 
venience. Chamber.i 

REDU€'TION,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   rcductio.' 

1.  The  act  of  reducitig,  or  state  of  being  re- 
duced ;  as  the  reduction  of  a  body  to  pow- 
der ;  the  reduction  of  tilings  to  order. 

2.  Diminution  ;  as  the  reduction  of  the  ex- 
penses of  government ;  the  reduction  of  the 
national  debt. 

3.  Conquest ;  subjugation ;  as  the  reduction 
of  a  province  to  the  power  of  a  foreign 
nation. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  bringing  of  numbers  of 
diflerent  denominations  into  one  denomi- 
nation ;  as  the  reduction  of  pounds,  ounces 
pennyweights  and  grains  to  grains,  or  the 
reduction  of  grains  to  pounds  ;  the  reduc 
lion  of  days  and  hours  to  minutes,  or  of 
minutes  to  hours  and  days.  The  change 
of  numbers  of  a  higher  denomination  into 
a  lower,  as  of  pounds  into  i)ence  or  far 
things,  is  called  reduction  descending ;  the 
change  of  numbers  of  a  lower  denomina- 
tion into  a  higher,  as  of  cents  into  dimes, 
dollars  or  eagles,  is  called  reduction  as 
cending.  Hence  the  rule  for  bringing  sums 
of  different  denominations  into  one  de 
nomination,  is  called  reduction. 

5.  In  algebra,  reduction  of  equations  is  the 
clearing  of  them  of  all  superfluous  quanti 
ties,  bringing  them  to  their  lowest  terms, 
and  separating  the  known  from  the  un 
known,  till  the  unknown  quantity  alone  is 
found  on  one  side,  and  the  known  ones  on 
t  he  other.  Enc;/c. 

0.  Reduction  of  a  fgnre,  map,  ifc.  is  the 
making  of  a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  or 
larger  scale,  preserving  the  form  and  pro 
portions.  Encyc. 

7.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  restoring  a 
dislocated  or  fractured  bone  to  its  former 
]>lace. 

8.  In  metallurgy,  the  operation  of  bringing 
metallic  substances  which  have  been 
changed,  or  divested  of  their  metallic 
form,  into  their  natural  and  original  state 
of  metals.  This  is  called  also  revirif  cation. 

JVictiolson.     Knci/c. 

REDU€'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  reductif.]  Having  the 
power  of  reducing.  Brerint 

REDUCTIVE,  11.  Tliat  which  has  the  pow 
er  of  reducing.  Hale 

REDUC'TIVELY,  adv.  By  reduction:  by 
consequence.  Hammond 

REDUND'ANCE,  >        [L.redundantia,rcd- 

REDUND'ANCY,  S"'  ^mdo.  See  Re- 
dound.] 


3.  A  little  tube   through    which  a  hautboy, 

bassoon  or  clarinet  is  blown. 

An  arrow,  as  made  of  a  reed  beaded. 

Prior. 

Thatch.  Jf'est  of  England. 

REEDED,  a.  Covered  with  reeds. 

Tusser. 
2,  Formed   with  channels  and    ridges  like 

reeds. 
REEDEN,  a.  ree'dn.  Consisting  of  a  reed  or 

reeds  ;  as  reeden  pipes.  Dryden. 

REE'DGRASS,  n.  A  plant,  bur-reed,  of  the 

genus  Sparganium. 
RE-EDIFl€A'TJON,)).  [from  re-crfi/i/.]  Act 

or  operation  of  rebuilding;  state  of  being 

rebuilt.  D^Anvilte,  TVans. 

]KE-ED'IFIED,/jp.  Rebuilt. 
RE-ED'IFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  rMifier ;  re  and  erf- 

jTo  rebuild  ;  to  build  again  after  destrnctiou. 

Milton,. 
RE-ED'IFYING,  ppr.  Rebuilding. 
REE'DLESS,a.  Destitute  ofreeds;  asrecrf- 
I     leas  banks.  May. 

REE'DMACE,    n.    A  plant  of   the  genus 
Ty|)ha.  Lee. 

{llEE'DY,   a.  Abounding   with   reeds ;  as  a 
[     reedy  pool.  Thomson. 

superfluously;   Buperabund-j' j^[^p-|,-^   „_   ^q    „^j-.  j),,„    „■;,  r,r  rift ;  Sw. 

These  words  coincide  in  orthography 


1.  Excess  or  superfluous  quantity  ;  super- 
fluity ;  superabundance  ;  as  a  redundancy 
of  bile. 

Labor  throws  o^  redundancies.        Addison. 

2.  In  discourse,  superfluity  of  words. 

JEnc^c. 

REDUND'ANT,  a.  Superfluous;  exceeding 
what  is  natural  or  necessary  ;  sui)erabund- 
ant;  exuberant;  as  a  redundant  i\a&ni\\.y 
of  bile  or  food. 

Notwithstanding  the  redundant  oil  in  fishes, 
they  do  not  encrease  fat  so  much  as  flesh. 

Arbuthnnt. 
Redundant    words,    in    writing  or   dis- 
course, are  such  as  are  synonymous  with 
others  used,  or  such  as  add  nothing  to  the 
sense  or  force  of  the  exjjrcssion. 

2.  Using  more  words  or  images  than  are  ne 
cessary  or  useful. 

Where  an   author  is  redundant,   m-ark   those 
paragraphs  to  be  retrenclicd.  If  aH 

.3.  In  music,  a  redundant  chord  is  one  which 
contains  a  greater  number  of  tones,  semi- 
tones or  lesser  intervals,  than  it  iloes  in  its 
natural  state,  as  from  fa  to  sot  sharp.  It 
is  called  by  some  authors,  a  chonl  ex 
tremely  sharp.  Encyi 

REDUND'ANTLY,   adv.   With  superfluity 
or    excess 
antly. 

REDU'PLICATE,  v.  i.  [L.  reduplico  ;  re 
and  dnplico.     See  Duplicate.] 

To  double.  Pearson. 

REDUPLICATE,  a.  Double. 

REDUPLICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  doub- 
ling. Dighy. 

REDUPLICATIVE,  a.  Double.  llatis. 

RED'VVING,  »!.  [red  and  mng-.]  A  bird  of 
the  genus  Turd  us. 

REE,  ^       A  small  Portuguese  coin  or  mo- 

RE,  I  "■  ney  of  account,  value  about  one 
mill  and  a  fourth,  American  money 

REE,  )i.  t.  [This  belongs  to  the  root  of  rid, 
riddle,  which  see.] 

To  riddle ;  to  sift;  that  is,  to  separate  or 
throw  oft".     [JVot  in  use  or  local.] 

Mortimer. 

RE-ECH'O,  r.  t.  [re  and  echo.]  To  echo 
back  ;  to  reverberate  again ;  as,  the  hills 
re-echa  the  roar  of  cannon. 

RE-ECHO,  V.  i.  [supra.]  To  echo  back; 
to  return  back  or  be  reverberated  ;  as  an 
echo. 

And  a  loud  groan  re-echoes  from  the  main. 

Pope. 

RE-ECHO,  n.  The  echo  of  an  echo. 

RE-ECH'OED,  pp.  [supra.]  Returned,  as 
sound  ;  reverberated  again. 

RE-ECH'OII\G,  ppr.  Returning  or  rever- 
berating an  echo. 

REECH'Y,  a.  [a  mis-spelling  of  reeky.  See 
Reek.] 

Tarnished  with  smoke;  sooty;  foul;  as  a 
reechy  neck.  Shak. 

REED,  n.  [Sax.  hreod,  read;  G.  rieth  ;  D. 
rift ;  Goth,  raus  ;  Fr.  roseau  ;  Ir.  rcadan  ; 
probably  allied  to  rod.] 

L  The  common  name  of  many  aquatic 
plants  ;  most  of  them  large  grasses,  with 
liollow  jiiinied  stems,  such  .-is  the  com- 
mon reed  of  the  genus  Arundo,  the  bam- 
boo, &c.  The  bur-reed  is  of  the  genus 
Sparganium;  iha  Indian  flowering  reed  of 
the  genus  Carina. 

2.  A  musical  pipe ;  reeds  being  anciently 
used  for  instruments  of  music.        Milton. 


ref. 

with  the  verb  to  rive,  and  if  from  this  root, 
the  jiriniary  sense  is  a  division,  W.  rhiv 
and  rhif.  But  in  Welsh,  rhev  signifies  a 
collection  or  bundle,  and  thick;  rhevu,  to 
thicken  in  conq>ass  :  and  if  from  this  root, 
a  reef  IS  a  fold,  anil  to  reef  in  to  ii_dd.] 

A  certain  portion  of  a  sail  between  the  top 
or  bottom  and  a  row  of  eyelet  holes,  which 
is  folded  or  rolled  up  to  contract  the  sail, 
when  the  violence  of  the  wind  renders  it 
necessary.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF,  H.  [G.  riff;  D.  Hf  a  reef  or  sand 
bank,  a  carcass,  a  skeleton.  Qu.  W.  rhevu, 
to  thicken,] 

,-\  chain  or  range  of  rocks  lying  at  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  contract 
or  reduce  the  extent  of  a  sail  by  rolling  or 
folding  a  certain  portion  of  it  and  making 
it  fast  to  the  yard.  Mar.  DicV. 

REE'F-BAND,  n.  .\  piece  of  canvas  sewed 
across  a  sail,  to  strengthen  it  in  the  part 
where  the  eyelet  holes  are  formed. 

REE'FED,  pp.  Having  a  ])ortioii  of  the  top 
or  bottom  t'olded  and  made  fast  to  the 
yard. 

REE  FING,  pjrr.  Folding  and  making  fast 
to  the  yard,  as  a  portion  of  a  sail. 

REE'F-LINE,  n.  A  small  rope  formerly  us- 
ed to  reef  the  courses  by  being  passed 
tliroui;li  the  holes  of  the  reef  spirally. 

Mar.  Did. 

REE'F-TACKLE,  ji.  A  tackle  upon  deck, 
communicating  with  its  pendant,  and  pass- 
ing lliroiigh  a  block  at  the  top-mast  head, 
and  through  a  hole  in  the  top-sail-yard- 
arm,  is  attached  to  a  cringle  below  the 
lowest  reef;  used  to  pull  the  skirts  of  the 
top-sails  close  to  the  extremities  of  the 
yards  to  lighten  the  labor  of  reefing. 

Mar.  Did. 

!REEK,  n.    [Sax.  rec ;  D.  rook ;  G.  ranch  : 

j     Sw.  rok ;  Dan.  rog.] 

\.  Vapor ;  steam. 

2.  A  rick,  which  see.  Sliak. 


REE 

■reek,  v.  i.  [Sax.  recan,  reocan  ;^  D.  rooken, 
ruiktn;  G.  rauchen  ;  Sw.  ruka ;  Uan. 
roger,  ri)ger,  to  reek,  to  smoke  ;  W.  rhogh, 
to  smell.  Tliis  may  be  from  the  same  root 
as  the  L.  fragro,  and  all  coiiioidmg  with 


the  Ar.  ^.\ 


diffuse   odor.     The  pri 


mary  sense  is  to  send  out  or  emit,  to  e.\ 
tend,  to  reach.  Class  Kg.] 
To  steam  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  emit  vapor;  appli- 
ed especially  to  the  vapor  of  certain  moist 
substances,  rather  than  to  the  smoke  ol 
burning  bodies. 

I  found  me  laid 
In  balmy  sweat,  which  with   his  beams  the 

sun 

Soon  dry'd.and  on  the  reeking  moisture  led. 

MIttin. 
Whose   blood  yet  reeks  on    my    avenging 
sword.  Smith 

REE'KING,  pp-.  Steaming;    emitting  va- 
por. 
REEKY,  a.  Smoky ;  soiled  with  smoke  or 
steam;  foul.  Shak 

REEL,   n.    [Sax.   hreol,  reol.    Sec  Red,  to 
stagger.] 

1.  A  frame  or  machine   tiirimii.'  on  an  axis, 
and  on  which  yarn  is  extended  for  wiiu 
in",    cither    into    skains,    or    from   skains 
on" to  spools  and  quills.     On   a  reel  also 
seamen  wind  their  log-lines,  &c. 

2.  A  kind  of  danco. 

REEL,  V.  I.  To  gather  yarn  from  the  spin- 
dle, mikins 

REEL,  t;.  i.  [Sw.  ragla.  Qii.  Class  Rg,  or  Ar 


\s,      ragala,  to  lean.  Class  Rl.  No.  4.] 
To  stagger ;  to  incline  or  move  in  walking, 
first  to  one  side  and  then  to  the  other;  to 
vacillate. 

He  with  heavy  fumes  opprest, 

ReeVd  from  the  palace  and  retir'd  to  rest. 

Pope 
They  reel  to  and  fro,  and  stagger  like  a  drunk- 
en iiinn.     Ps.  cvii. 
RE-ELEeT',  V.  t.   {re  and  elect.]    To  elect 
again;  as,  to  rc-t?ec(  the  former  governor 

RE-ELECT'ED,  pp.  Elected  again ;  rc- 
choscn. 

RE-ELECT' I NG,  ppr.  Electing  again. 

RE-ELECTION,  n.  Election  a  second 
time,  or  repeated  election  :  as  the  re-elec 
lion  of  a  former  representative.  Sidjl. 

RE-ELI<ilBIL  ITY.  n.  The  capacity  of  be- 
ing re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

RE-EL'l(iIBLE,  a.  [re  and  ellgihle.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  elected  again  to  the  satne 
office. 

RE-EMB>.\RK,  v.t.  [re  and  embark.]  To 
embark  or  put  on  board  again. 

RE-EMB'AKK,  v.i.  To  embark  or  go  on 
board  again. 

RE-EMBAKKA'TION,  >i.  A  putting  on 
board  or  a  going  on  board  again. 

RE-EMBAT'TLE,  v.   t.   [re   and  embattle. 
To  army   again   for  battle ;    to   arrange 
again  in  the  order  of  battle. 

RE  EMBATTLED,  pp.  Arrayed  again  for 
battle. 

RE-EiMBAT'TLING,p/>r.  Arranging  again 
in  battle  arrav. 

RE-EMBOD'Y,  v.  t.  [re  and  embody.]  To 
embodv  again. 

RE-ENA€T',  v.  I.  [re  and  enacl.]  To  enact 
again.  Arbuthnot. 


REE 

RE-ENA€T'ED,  pp.  Enacted  again.  I 

RE-ENACT'ING,   ppr.     Enacting   anew  J 

passing  again  into  a  law. 
RE-ENA€'TION,   n.    The  passing  into  a' 
law  again.  | 

RE-ENACT'MENT,  n.  The  enacting  or| 
passing  of  a  law  a  second  time  ;  the  re-l 
nevval  of  n  law.  Key.      H'healon's  R^>- 

RE-ENFORCE,  v.  t.  [re  and  enforce.]  Toj 
strengthen  with  new  force,  a.ssistance  ori 
support,  as  to  re-enforce  an  argument;] 
but  particularly,  to  strengthen  an  army  or 
a  fort  with  additional  troops,  or  a  navy 
with  additional  ships. 
RE-ENFORCE.U,  pp.  Strengthened  by  ad- 
ditional force,  troops  or  ships. 
RE-EXFORCE.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
enforcing. 

Additional   force  ;  fresh  assistance ;   par- 
ticularly,  additional   troops   or    tbrce    to 
augment  the  strength  of  an   army  or  of 
ships. 
,3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force  by 

soiiiethins  added. 
KE-ENFOilCING,  ppr.    Strengthening  by 

additional  force. 
RE-ENGA'gE,  v.  t.  To  engage  a  second 

time. 
Rl'.-ENGA'tiE,  V.  i.  To  engage  again;  to 
enlist  a  second  time  ;   to  covenant  again. 

Mitford. 
RE-ENJOY',  I'.  /.   [re  and  enjoy.]  To  enjoy 
anew  or  a  second  time.  Pope. 

I  RIMON.IOY'ED,  pp.  Enjoyed  again. 
RE-ENJOY'ING,  n/7r.  Enjoying  anew 
RE-EN.I0Y'3IENT,    n.    A  second  or  re- 
peated enjoyment. 
RE-ENKIN'DLE,    v.   t.   [re  and  enkindle. 
To  enkindle  ajain  ;  to  rekindle.      Taylor 
RE-ENKINi)LED,  pp.  Enkindled  again. 
RE-ENKINDLING,      ppr.       Enkindling 
anew. 

To  enlist  a  second  time. 


RE-ENLIST',  V. 

[See  Re-inlist.] 
RE-ENTER,  v.  t.  [re  and  en^er.]   To  enter 

again  or  anew. 
RE-ENTER,  v.  i.  To  enter  anew. 
RE-EN'TERED,  })p.  Entered  again. 
RE-EN'TERING,  ppr.  Entering  anew. 
2.  Entering  in  return;  as  salient  and   re-en 

tenng  angles.  Encyc. 

RE-ENTHRO'NE,  v.  t.   [re   and  cnlhrmxe.'^- 

To  enthrone  again  ;  to  replace  on  a  throne.' 

Southern.^ 
RE-ENTHRONED,  pp.    Raised  again  to 

a  throne. 
RE-ENTHRO'NING,   ppr.    Replacing  on 

a  throne. 
RE-EN'TRANCE,    n.    [re   and    entrance.] 

The  act  of  entering  again.  Hooker. 

RE'ER  MOUSE,  n.  [Sax.  hreremu.i.]  A  rear- 

mou.se  ;  a  bat. 
RE-ESTABLISH,  v.  t.   [re  and   cstuUish.] 

To   establish   anew ;    to   fix   or    confirm 

again  ;  as,  to  re-establish  a   covenant ;   to 

re-establish  health. 
RE-ESTABLISHED,  pp.  Established   or 

confirmed  again. 
RE-EST.\B  LISHER,  n.  One  who  estab 

lishes  again. 
RE-ESTAB'LISHING,    ppr.    Establishing 

anew  ;  confirming  again.  j 

RE-ESTABLISH MENT,   n.   The   act  ofj[ 

establishing  again ;    the   state    of   being|| 


R  E  F 

re-established ;    renewed     confirmation  ; 
restoration.  Addison. 

RE-ESTATE,  ».  «.  [re  anA  eslaU.]     Tore- 
establish.     [J^ol  used.]  fValler. 
REEVE,  n.  [Sax.  gerefa;  G.  graf]  A  stew- 
ard.    Obs.                                           Dryden. 
REEVE,  n.  A  bird,  the  female  of  the  ruff. 
REEVE,  J!,  t.  In  seamen's  language,  to  pass 
the  end  of  a  rope  through  any  hole   in  a 
block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-bolt,  cringle,  &c. 

Mar.  Did. 
RE-EXAMINA'TION,  n.    A   renewed   or 

repeated  examination. 
RE-EXAM'INE,  v.  t.   [re  anA  examine.]  To 
examine  anew.  Hooker. 

RE-EXAMINED,  pp.  Examined  again. 
RE-EX.\M'INING,  pipr.  Examining  anew. 
RE-EXCHANfiE,  n.  [re  and  exchange.]    A 

renewed  exchange. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  excliange  chargeable  on 
the  redraft  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 

The  rate  of  re-exchange  is  regulated  with  re- 
spect to  the  drawer,  at  the  course  of  exchange 
between  the  place  where  the   bill  of  exchange 
was  payable,  and  the  place  where  it  was  drawn. 
Re-exchanges  cannot  be  cumulated.        JValsh. 
RE-EXPORT,  V.  t.  [re  and  export.]    To  ex- 
port again  ;  to  export  what   has  been  ini- 
jiorted.     In    the    United   States,  a    draw- 
back is  allowed  on  commodities  re-export- 
ed. 
RE-EX'I'ORT,  n.  .\ny   commodity   re-ex- 
ported. 
RE-E.KPORTA  TION,  ii.  The  act  of  ex- 
porting what  has  been  imported. 
RE-EXPORTED,   pp.   Exported  after  be- 
ing imported. 
RE-EXPORTING,    ppr.    Exporting    what 

has  been  imported. 
REFECT',  f.  t.  [L.  refedus,  reficio  ;   re  and 

fano,  to  make.] 
To  refresh  ;  to  restore   after  hunger  or   fii- 
tigue.     [JVot  in  use.]  Brown. 

REFECTION,  n.    [Fr.   from    L.   rifedio.] 
1.  Refreshment  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 

South.     Pope. 


2.  A  spare  meal  or  repast. 


Encyc. 


REFECT'IVE,  a.  Refreshing;  restoring. 

REFECT'IVE,  n.  That  which  refreshes. 

REFECTORY,  n.  [Fr.  refedoire.]  A  room 
of  refreshment ;  properly,  a  hall  or  apart- 
ment in  convents  and  monasteries,  where 
a  moderate  repast  is  taken.  Encyc. 

REFEL',  V.  t.  [L.  refello.]  To  refute;  to 
disprove  ;  to  repress  ;  as,  to  refel  the  tricks 
of  a  sophister.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

REFER',  V.  t.  [L.  refero  ;  re  and  fero,  to 
bear ;  Fr.  referrer ;  It.  referire ;  Sp.  Port. 
referir.] 

I.  To  direct,  leave  or  deliver  over  to  another 
person  or  tribunal  for  information  or  de- 
cision :  as  when  parties  to  a  suit  refer 
their  cause  to  another  court ;  or  the  court 
refers  a  cau.se  to  individuals  for  examina- 
tion and  report.  A  person  whoso  opinion 
is  requested,  sometimes  refers  the  impiirer 
to  another  person  or  other  source  of  iii- 

1     formation. 

i2.  To  reduce  as  to  the  ultimate  end. 

Vou  profess  ami  practice  to   refer   all   things 
to  3fonrseif.  Bacon. 

[3.  To  reduce  ;  to  assign  ;  as  to  an  order,  ge- 
nus or  class.  Naturalists  are  sometimes 
at  a  loss  to  know  to  what  cla.ss  or  genus 
an  animal  or  plant  is  to  be  referred. 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


To  rcfir  one's  self,  to  betake ;  to  apply.  [Lit- 
lie  used.]  Shali. 

REFKR',  V.  i.  To  respect ;  to  have  rela- 
tion. Many  passages  of  Scripture  refer  lo 
the  pecuhar  customs  of  the  orientals. 

2.  To  appeal ;  to  have  recourse  ;  to  apply. 

In  suits  it  is  good  to  refer  to  some  IVicnd  of 
trust.  Bacon. 

3.  To  allude ;  to  have  respect  to  by  intimation 
without  naming.  I  refer  to  a  well  known 
fact. 

REF'ERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  referred; 
capable  of  being  considered  in  relation  to 
something  else.  More. 

%  That  may  be  assigned  ;  that  may  be  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  or  related  to. 

It  is  a  question  among  philosophers,  whether 
all  the  attractions  which  obtain  between  bodies, 
are  referable  to  one  gtMieral  cause.     JVichulson. 

REFEREE',  71.  One  to  whom  a  thing 
referred  ;  particularly,  a  person  appointed 
by  a  court  to  hear,  examine  and  decide  a 
cause  between  parties,  pending  before  the 
court,  and  make  report  to  the  court.  In 
New  England,  a  referee  ditfers  from  an 
arbitrator,  in  being  appointed  by  the  court 
to  decide  in  a  cause  which  is  depending 
before  that  court.  An  arbilrator  is  chosen 
by  parties  to  decide  a  cause  between 
them. 

REF'ERENCE,  n.  A  sending,  disinission 
or  direction  to  another  for  information. 

Swift. 

3.  Relation  ;  respect ;  view  towards. 

The  christian  religion  commands  sobriety, 
temperance  and  moderation,  in  reference  to  our 
appetites  and  passions.  TiUotsnn 

3.  Allusion  to.  In  his  observations  he  ha( 
no  reference  to  the  case  which  has  been 
stated. 

4.  In  law,  the  process  of  assigning  a  cause 
depending  in  court,  for  a  hearing  and  de- 
cision, to  persons  appointed  by  the  cotirt 

REFEREND'ARY,  n.  One  to  whose  de- 
cision a  cause  is  referred.      {J^lol   in  use.' 

Bacon. 

3.  An  officer  who  delivered  the  royal  an 
swer  to  petitiiins.  Harmar. 

REFER'MENT,  n.  Reference  for  decis- 
ion.    [.Vol  used.]  Laud. 

RE-FERMENT',  v.i.  [re  and/ermen/.]  To 
ferment  again.  Blackmore 

REFERRED,  pp.  Distiiissed  or  directed  to 
another;  assigned,  as  to  a  class,  order  or 
cause  ;  assigned  by  a  court  to  persons  a| 
oointed  to  decide. 

UEFER'RIBLE,  a.  That  maybe  referred; 
referable.  Brown. 

REFERRING,  ppr.  Dismissing  or  direct- 
ing to  another  for  information;  alluduig; 
assigning,  as  to  a  class,  (.rder,  cause,  &c. ; 
or  assigning  to  private  persons  for  decis- 
ion. 
RE-FIND,  I'.  <.  [re  nnilfind.]  To  tind  again; 
to  e.\peiience  anew.  Sandys. \ 

REFI'NE,  v.i.  [Fr.  raffiner;  It.  rajjinare ; 
Sp.  Port,  refmar;  re  and_^)ie.] 

1.  To  purify  ;  in  a  general  sense;  applied  to 
liquors,  to  depurate  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  clar- 
ify ;  to  separate,  us  licpior,  from  all  e.\tra- 
neous  matter.  In  this  sense,  the  verb  is 
used  with  propriety,  but  it  is  customary  to 
use^nc. 

2.  Applied  to  metals,  to  separate  the  metallic 
substance  from  all  other  matter,  whethi  1 
another  metal  or  alloy,  or  any  earthy  sub 


stance  ;  in  short,  to  detach  the  pure  met- 
al from  all  extraneous  matter. 

I  will  bring  the  third   part    through   the   fire, 

and  will  rejiiie  them  as  silver  is  refined.     Zech. 

xiii. 

3.  To  purify,  as  manners,  from  what  is 
gross,  clownish  or  vidgar ;  to  polish;  to 
make  elegant.  We  expect  to  see  refined 
manners  in  courts. 

4.  To  i)urify,  as  language,  by  reirioving  vul- 
gar words  and  barbarisms. 
To    purify,   as    taste  ;     to    give    a    tiice 
and  delicate  perception  of  beauty  and  pro- 
priety in  literature  anil  the  art: 

To  purity,  as  the  mind  or  moral  princi- 
ples; to  give  or   ini|ilai!t  in   the  mind 
nice  perception  of  truth,  justice  and  pro- 
priety in  commerce  and  social  intiircourse. 
Tliis  nice  perception  of  what  is  right  con- 
stitutes rectitinle  of  principle,  or  moral  re 
tinemeiit  of  mind  ;   and    a   coricspondenl 
practice  of  social  duties,  constitutes  recti 
turle    of    conduct    or    purity     of    morals. 
Hence  we  speak  of  a  refined  mind,  refined 
morals,  refined  principles 

To  refine  the  heart  or  soul,  to  cleanse  it  from 
all  carnal  or  evil  affections  anil  desii;es, 
and  implant  in  it  holy  or  heavenly  afiec- 
tioiis. 

REFI'NE,  y.  i.  To  improve  in  accuracy 
delicacy,  or  in  any  thing  that  constitute; 
excellence. 


G.  Purity  of  mind  and  morals ;  nice  percep- 
tion and  observance  of  rectitude  in  moral 
principles  and  practice. 

7.  Purity  of  heart ;  the  state  of  the  heart  pu- 
rified from  sensual  and  evil  affections. 
This  refinement  is  the  effect  of  christian 
princif)les. 

8.  Artificial  practice ;  subtilty ;  as  the  rt- 
fineinents  of  cunning.  Rogers. 

9.  Aficctation  of  nicety,  or  of  elegant  im- 
provement; as  the  re^Jiemenis  of  reason- 
ing or  philosophy. 

REFI'N13R,  n.  One  that  refines  metals  or 
other  things.  Bacon. 

2.  An  improver  in  purity  and  elegance  ;  a.« 
a  refiner  of  language.  Sivift. 

3.  An  inventor  of  superfluous  subtiltiesf 
one  is  who  over  nice  in  discrimination,  in 
argument,  reasoning,  philosophy,  &c. 

REFI'NERY,  n.  The  place  and  apparatus 
for  refining  metals. 

REFI'NING,  ppr.  Purifying;  separating 
from  alloy  or  any  extraneous  matter ;  pol- 
ishing ;  improving  in  accuracy,  delicacy 
or  purity. 

REFIT',  v.t.  [re  and/(.]  To  fit  or  prepare 
again  ;  to  repair;  to  restore  after  damage 
or  decay  ;  as,  to  refit  ships  of  war. 

REFIT'TED,  pp.  Prepared  again  ;  repair- 
ed. 
'^ijREFIT'TING,  ppr.    Repairing  after  dam- 
age or  decay. 


Chaucer  rf/;HC(i  on  Boccace  and  mended  his,, j^,,VpLE€T,  v.t.  [L.  refiecto ;  re  mid  flecto, 


stories.  Dryden 

Let  a  lord  but  own  the  happy  lines,  | 

How  the  wit  brightens,  liow  the  sense  re^nes .' 

Pope. 
To  become  pure  ;  to  be  cleared  of  fecu- 
lent matter. 

So  the  pure  limpid  stream,  whfn    foul    with 

stains. 
Works  itscdf  clear,  and  as  it  runs,  refines. 

Addison. 
3.  To  affect  nicety.     Mi.'ii   sometimes  refine 
in  speculation  beyond  the  hunts  of  practi- 
cal truth. 

He  makes  another  paragraph   about  our  re- 
fining in  controversy.  Atterbury. 
REFI'NED,  ;>/>.  Purified;   separated   from 
extraneous  matter ;    assayed,   as  metals ; 
clarified,  as   liquors;  polished;  separated 
from  what  is  coarse,  rude  or  improper. 
REFI'NEOLY,  ado.  With    affected   nicety 
orelegiincr.  Dryden. 
REFI'NEDNESS,    n.    State   of  being  re 
fined;  purity;  refinement;    also,  affected 
puritv.           "  Barrow. 
REFI'NEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  purifying 
by  separating  from  a  substance  all  extra- 
neous matter  ;  a  clearing  from  dros.s,  dregs 
or  recrement ;  as  the  refinement  of  metals 
or  liquors. 
3.  The  state  of  being  pure. 

The  more  bodies  are  of  a  kin  lo  spirit  in  sub- 
tilty and  refinement,  the  moio  ditl'usivc  are 
they.  .Vonis. 

3.  Polish  of  language;  elegance;  purity. 
Vroin    the    civil    war  to   this   time,    I  doubt 

whether  the  corruptions  in  our  language  have 
not  equaUnl  its  refinements.  Swift. 

4.  Polish  of  manners;    elegance ;  nice  ob- 
servance of  the  civilities  of  social   inter- 


to  bend  ;  Fr.  refiechir ;  It.  rifiettere.] 
To  throw    back;  to    return.      In    the   rain- 
bow, the  rays  of  light  are  reflected  as  well 
as  refracted. 

Bodies  close  together  reflect  their  own  color. 

Drydert. 
REFLECT',  v.i.  To  throw  back  light;  to 
return  rays  or  beams  ;  as  a  refiecting  mir- 
ror or  gem.  Shak. 
i2.  To  hend  back.                                   Bentley. 
3.  To  throw  or  turn  back  the  thoughts  ujjou 
the  past  operations  of  the  mind  or  upon 
past  events.     We  reflect  with  pleasure  on 
a  generous  or    heroic   action ;   we   reflect 
with  pain  on  our  follies  and  vices  ;  we  re- 
flect on  our  former  thoughts,   meditations 
and  o|)inions. 
1.  To  coirsider  attentively  ;  to  revolve  in  the 
mind  ;  to  contemplate  ;  as,  I  will  reflect  on 
this  subject. 

And  as  I  much  reflected,  much  I  mourn'd. 

Prior. 
In  every  action,  reflect  upon  the  end. 

Taylor. 
[To  reflect  on  things/»?«rf,  is  not  strictly 
po.ssibic,  yet  the  word  is  often  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  meditate  and  contemplate.] 
.'>.  To  bring  reproach. 

Errors  of  wives  reflect  on  husband  still. 

Dry  den. 

To  reflect   on,  to  cast  censure  or  reproach. 

1  do   not  reflect  in  the  least  on  the  memory 

of  his  late  majestv.  Sutifl. 

REFLECTED,  pp.  Thrown  back  ;  return- 

eil  ;  as  reflected  light. 
REFLECT'ENT,    a.    Bending    or     flying 
back;  as  the  ray  descendent,  and  ray  rf- 
flectent.  t)igby. 

course  and  of  graceful  rieci.riim.     7f;;^«f-:|RV.FLECT'IBLE,  a.  That   may  be  reflect- 
«ie<i(  of  manners  is  ollcn  found  in  persoiisi      rd  or  thrown  back.  Gregory. 

RKFLECT'IN(;.  ppr.  Throwing  back. 
3.  Turniiig  back,  as 


of  corrupt  morals. 
5.  Purity  of  t.aste  ;  nice  [)erception  of  beau- 
ty and  propriety  in  literature  and  the  arts. 


back,  as   thoughts  upon   them- 
selves or  upon  past  events. 


R  E  F 

3.  Refledht^  on,  casting  rensiii-e  or  reproach. 

REI'LECT'INGLY,  adv.  With  reflection; 
with  ceiisiirc.  Surift. 

REKLEC'TION,  n.  [irom  refect.]  The  act 
of  throwing  hacl<  ;  an  tlm  re/ledion  of  light 
or  colors.  The  angle  of  incidence  and 
the  angle  oV rejltrtion  are  always  equal. 

2.  The  act  of  bending  hack.  Bcuttey. 

3.  That  which  is  reflected. 

As  Ihe  .sun  in  water  we  can  bear, 

Yet  not  tliu  sun,  but  liis  reflection  there. 

Drydai. 

4.  The  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  it 
turns  its  views  back  upon  itself  and  its 
operations  ;  the  review  or  reconsideration 
of  past  thoughts,  opinions  or  decisions  of 
the  mind,  or  of  past  events.  Encyc. 

.5.  Tliouglit  thrown  back  on  it.self,  on  the 
past  or  on  the  absent ;  as  melanclioly  rc- 
Jleclions ;  delightful  rejlrxlions. 

.lob's  reflections  on  his  once  flourishing  es- 
tate, at  the  same  time  atjlicled  anil  encouraged 
him.  Jlllnbun/. 

().  The  expression  of  thought. 

7.  Attentive  consideration  ;  meditation  ;  con- 
templation. 

This  delight  grows  anil  iniiiroves  under 
thought  and  reflection.  South. 

8.  Ceusme  ;  reproach  cast. 

He  died,  and  oh  !   may  no  reflection  shed 
Its  pois'nous  venom  on  the  royal  dead. 

Prior. 
REFLRCT'IVE,    o.    Throwing   back   im- 
ages ;  as  a  reflective  mirror. 

In  Ihc  reflective  stream  the  sighing  bride, 
Viewing  her  charms  imp.iir'd-^  Prior. 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind, 
or  things  past ;  as  rejlective  reason. 

REFLECT'OR,  n.  One  who  reflects  or 
consi.h'rs.  Boyle. 

2.   That  which  reflects. 

RE'FLEX,  n.  [L.  rejlcxus.]  Directed  hack  ; 
as  a  reflex  act  of  the  soul,  the  turning  of 
the  intellectual  eye  iiiwani  upon  its  own 
actions.  //„/^ 

2.  Desit-natnig  the  pans  of  a  painting  illu- 
mmalc-d  by  light  refle(!tod  from  amjther 
part  of  the  sanu;  picture.  Encyc. 

3.  In  botimy,  Innn  hack  ;  reflected. 
REFLEX',  n.  Reflection.     [.Vot  used.] 

Hooker 
REFLEX',  V.  t.  To  reflect.  Sliak. 

2.    i'.)  bend  back  ;  to  turn  back.     [Little  us- 
„  *   •  J  Gresroni. 

REFLEXIBIL'ITV,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reflexihle  or  capahle  of  beiuir  rellect- 
ed  ;  as  the  rejleribilily  nf  lUn  rays' of  light. 

UEFLEX'IBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
flected or  thrown  hack. 

The  light  of  the  sun  consists  of   rays  differ- 
ently refranuible  and  rcflctible.  Cheung 
REFLEX'ION.     [&>,<,  Reflection.]  " 
RKl'^LEXTTY,    n.    Capacity  of  being   re- 
flected.                                                    ° 

REFLEXIVE,  a.  Having  respect  to  some- 
thing past. 

Assurance  reflexive  cannot  be  a  divine  faith. 

REFLEX'IVELY,  adv.  In  ^Z^l^,^ 
backward.  Got',  of  the  Tongue 

RE'FLOAT,  n.  [remKlfnat.]  Reflux;  ?bb- 
a  fl'iwuig  back.     [Little  used.]  Bacon 

REFLORESOENCE,  n.  [re  and  fores- 
cence.]     A  blossoming  anew. 


11  E  F 

REFLOURISIi,     i).  (.     refur'ish.     [re.   and 

flourish.]     To  flourish  anew.  Milton 

REFLOUR'ISUING,      ppr.       Flourishing 

again. 
REFLOVV,  u.i.  [«•  andy/oic]  To  flow  back; 

to  ebb. 
REFLOWING,  ppr.  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

„„ .  Darwin. 

REFLUCTUA'TION,  n.   A  flowing  back. 
REF'LUENCE,   )  [from   refue7it.]       A 

REF'LUENCY,  \  "•     llowing  hack. 

Alountague. 
REF'LUENT,  a.  [L.  refuens  ;  re  ami  fuo.] 

1.  Flowing   back;   ebbing;    as   the  refluent 
tide. 

2.  Flowing  back  ;  returning,  as  a  fluid  ;  a 


R  E  F 

re-formation  of  a  column  of  troops  into  a 

i,   ';•'"""■  '^'P'^'c.  Milford. 

jKEFOKM  ED,  ///;.  Corrected  ;  amended  ; 
restored  to  a  good  state  ;  as  a  reformed 
profligate  :   tin;  reformed  church. 

RE-F()R,M|:D,  pp.    Forme.l  anew. 

REFORMER,  ;,.  «)tie  who  eftects  a  refor- 
mation or  amendment;  as  a  reformer  of 
manners  or  of  abuses. 

2.  One  of  those  who  commenced  the  refor- 
mation of  religion  Com  [lopish  corruption  ; 
as  Luther,  jMelancthon,  Zuinglius  and  Cal- 
vin. 

^REFORM'ING,   ppr.    Correcting    what   is 
j     wrong;  amending;  restoring  to   a   good 

,  ,  -- „,  ..- ,  <..-      state. 

rifuettt  blood.  .'Mi«Wi;ioi.(  KE'-FOR^ll.N'G,  ppr.  Forminsr  anew 

REFLUX,    n.    [Fv.  from  L.  refu.rus.]     A  Kl^fORiM'I.ST,  n.   One  who  Ts  of  the  re- 
flowing  back;  the  returning  of  a  fluid  ;  asj      formed  religion.  Howell. 

2.  One   who  proposes  or  favors  a  political 


the  flux  and  reflux o(  the  tides;  the  flux 
and  refux  of  Kuripus.  Brown 

REFO'CILLATE,  v.  t.  [It.  refocillare  ;  S|). 
rrfocilar;  h.  refocillo ;  re  auii  the  root  of 
focus.]  To  refresh ;  to  revive ;  to  give 
new  vigor  to.     [Little  used.]  Aubreu 

REF0C1LLA'T10N,«.  The  act  of  refresh- 
ing or  giving  new  vigor;  restoration  of 
strength  by  refreshment.     [Little  used.] 

Middleton. 

REFOMENT',  v.  t.  [re  m\i\  foment.]  To  fo- 
ment anew  ;  to  warm  or  cherish  again. 

Cotgrave. 

2.  To  excite  anew. 

REFOMENT'ED,  pp.  Fomented  or  incit- 
ed anew. 

REFOMENT'ING,  ppr.  Fomenting  anew  ; 
exciting  again. 

REFORM',  v  t.  [Fr.  reformer;  L.  refor- 
mo  ;  re  and/ormo,  to  form.] 

1.  To  change  from  worse  to  better  ;  to 
amend  ;  to  correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former 
good  state,  or  to  bring  from  a  bad  to  a 
good  state  ;  as,  to  reform  a  profligate  man  ; 
to  reform  corrupt  manners  or  morals. 

The  example  alone  of  a  vicious  prince  will 
corrupt  an  age,  but  that  of  a  good  one  will  not 
reform  it.  Swijl. 

2.  To  change  from  bad  to  good  ;  to  remove 
that  which  is  bad  or  corrupt  ;  as,  to  re- 
form  abuses;  to  reform   the  vices  of  the 

age. 

REFOR.M',  r.i.  To  abandon  that  which  is 
evil  or  corrupt,  and  return  to  a  good  slate; 
to  be  amended  or  corrected.  A  man  of 
settled  habits  of  vice  will  seldom  reform. 

RE'-FORiM,  V.  t.  [re  aiid/orm;  witii  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable.]  To  form  again  : 
to  create  or  shape  anew. 

REFOR.M',  n.  Reformation  ;  amendment 
of  what  is  (hifectivc,  vicious,  corrupt  or 
depraved  ;  ;is  the  reform  of  parliamentary 
elections;  reform  of  government. 

REF  ORMATION,  n.  The  act  of  reform- 
ing ;  correction  or  amendment  of  life, 
maimers,  or  of  any  thing  vicious  or  cor- 
rupt; as  the  reformation  of  manners;  ref- 
ormation of  the  age  ;  reformation  of  abuses. 
Satire  lashes  vice  into  reforinaiion. 

Drydcn. 
By  way  of  eminence,  the  change  of  reli- 
gion from  the  corruptions  of  popery  to  its 
primitive  ]inrity,  begun  by  Luther,  A.  D 
1517. 

RE-FORMA  TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
anew;  a  second  forming  in  order;  as  the 


reform. 
JREFORTIFICA'TION,    n.     A    fortifving 
I     a  second  time.  Milford 

REFOR'TIFf,    v.l.    [re  am\  fortif,.]     -Yo 

fortify  anew.  J      JJ  i 

REFOS'SION,  n.  The  act  of  digging  up. 

REFOUND',  V.L  [re  auA found.]  ToVoimd' 
or  cast  anew.  H'arlon 

REFRACT',  t-.  t.  [L.  refractus,  refringo ;  re 

^     a.ui\frango,  to  break.] 

|To  break  the  natural  course  of  the  rays  of 

I  light  ;  to  cause  to  deviate  from  a  direct 
course.  A  dense  medium  refracts  the 
rays  of  light,  as  they  pa.ss  into  it  from  a 
rare  medium. 

REFRACTA'RIAS,   n.   A  mineral. 

REFRACTED,  pp.  Turned  from  a  direct 
course,  as  rays  of  light. 

2.  a.  In  botany,  bent  back  at  an  acute  angle; 
as  a  refracted  corol.  Martun 

REFRACT'ING,  ;,;>r.  Turning  from  a  di - 
rcct  course. 

2.  a.  That  turns  rays  from  a  direct  course ; 
as  a  refracting  mediuiri. 

jREFRAC'TION,  „.  The  deviation  of  a 
moving  body,  chiefly  rays  of  liirht,  from  a 
direct  course.  This  is  occasioned  bv  tlic 
difllirent  densities  of  the  mediums  throiio-b 
which  light  passes.  ° 

Refraction   out  of  a.   rarer   medium    into    a 
denser,  is  made  towards  the  perpendicular. 

r.  .c     i-  .  .Vewton. 

Jiefraction  may  be  caused  by  a  body's  (allins; 

obliquely  out  of  one  medium  into  another.       '^ 

n  r       •  Encyc. 

Kefraclion  double,  the  separation  of  a  ray' of 

light   into  two  separate   part.s  by   passing 

through  certain  transparent  me'diums.  as 

the  Iceland  crystal.     All   crystals,  except 

those   whose    primitive    form    is  either  a. 

cube    or    a   regular  octahedron,    exhibit 

I     doid)le  refraction. 

jREFRACT'IVE,    a.    That  refracts  or  has 

po\ver  to   refract  or  turn   from  a   direct 

course  ;  as  refractive  densities.        .Vewton 

REFRACT  ORLNESS,  n.  [from  refractory.] 

Perverse  or  sullen  obstinacy  in  opposition  or 

disobedience. 

I    never  allowed   any   man's   refractoriness 
against  the  privileges  and  orders  of  the  house. 

REFRACTORY,  a.  [Fr.  refradai\"-'t. 
rejractanus.  from  refragor,  to  resist;  re 
and  fragor,  from/ra;igo.] 

1.  Sullen  or  perverse  in  opposition  or  diso- 
bedience ;  obstinate   in   non-compliance ; 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


R  E  F 


as  a  refractory  child  ;  a  refractory  servant. 
Raging  appetites  lliat  are 
Most  disobedient  and  refractory.  Shak. 

2.  Unmanageable  ;  obstinately  unyielding  ; 
as  a  refractory  beast. 

3.  Apidicd  to  metals,  difficult  of  fusion  ;  not 
easily  yielding  to  the  force  of  heat. 

REFRACT'ORY,  n.  A  person  obstinate  in 
opposition  or  disobedience.  Hall. 

2.  Obstinate  opposition.     [jVot  used.] 

Taylor. 

REFRA'GABLE,  a.  [L.  refragor;  re 'and 
frango.] 

That  may   be  refuted,  that  is,  broken. 

REFRA'IN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  re/rf)icr ;  It.  rinfre 
nare ;  L.  refrceno  ;  re  and  frccno,  to  curb 
frtrnum,  a  rein.     See  Rein.] 

To  hold  back ;  to  restrain ;  to  keep  from 
action. 

My  son — refrain  thy  foot  from  tlieir   path 
Prov.  i. 

Then  Joseph  could  notrefrain  himself  before 
all  them  that  stood  by.     Gen.  xlv. 

REFRA'IN,  I',  i.  To  forbear;  to  abstain; 
to  keep  line's  self  from  action  or  interfer- 
ence. 

Refrain  from  these  men  and  let  them  alone 
Acts  V. 

REFRA'IN,  re.  [Fr.  refrein.']  The  burden 
of  a  song  ;  a  kind  of  musical  repetition. 

JMinson. 

REFRA'INED,  pp.  Held  back ;  restrained. 

REFRA'INING,  ppr.  Holding  back  ;  for 
bearing. 

REFRA'ME,  f.  <.  [re  a.m\  frame.]  To  fraiiio 
again.  Hakewill. 

REFRANtilBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  refrangible.] 

The  disposition  of  rays  of  light  to  be  refract- 
ed or  turned  out  of  a  direct  course,  in 
passing  out  of  one  transparent  body  or 
medium  into  another.  JVewton. 

REFRAN'OIBLE,  a.  [L.  re  and  frango,  to 
break.] 

Capable  of  being  refracted  or  turned  out  of 
a  direct  course  in  passing  from  one  medi- 
um to  another ;  as  rays  of  hght.        Locke. 

REFIIENA'TION,  n.  [See  Refrain.]  The 
act  of  restraining.     [J\ot  used.] 

REFRESH',  I',  t.  [Fr.  rafraichir  ;  re  and 
fraichir,  from  fraiche,  fresh  ;  It.  rinfrescare ; 
Sp.  Port,  rc/rcscar.     See  Fresh.] 

1.  To  cool ;  to  allay  heat. 

A  dew  coming  after  a  heat  refresheth.  Ecclus. 

2.  To  give  new  strength  to ;  to  invigorate ; 
to  relieve  after  fatigue ;  as,  to  refresh  the 
body.  A  man  or  a  beast  is  refreshed  by 
food  and  rest.     Ex.  xxiii. 

3.  To  revive ;  to  reanimate  after  depression  ; 
to  cheer ;  to  enliven. 

For  they  have  refreshed  my  spirit  and  yours 
1  Cor.  xvi. 

4.  To  improve  by  new  touches  any  thing 
impaired. 

The  rest  refresh  the  scaly  snakes.       Dryden. 

5.  To  revive  what  is  drooping  ;  as,  rain  re- 
fre.<!hcs  the  plants. 

REFRESH',  n.  Act  of  refreshing.  [JVot 
used.]  Daniel. 

REFRESH'ED,  pp.  Cooled  ;  invigorated  ; 
revived  ;  cheered. 

REFRESHER,  n.  He  or  that  which  re 
freshes,  revives  or  invigorates.     Thomson. 

REFRESH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Cooling;  invig- 
orating; reviving;  reanimating. 

REFRESH'ING,  n.  Refreshment  ;  relief 
after  fatigue  or  suffering.  Mortimer. 


REFRESH'MENT,  n.  Act  of  rcfre.shing; 
or  new  strength  or  vigor  received  after  fa- 
tigue ;  relief  after  suffering  ;  applied  to  the 
body. 

2.  New  life  or  animation  after  depression  ; 
ipplied  to  the  mind  or  spirits. 

3.  That  which  gives  fresh  strength  or  vigor, 
as  food  or  rest.  South.     Sprat. 

REFRET',  n.  The  burden  of  a  song. 

Dirt. 

REFRIG'ERANT,  a.  [Fr.  See  Refrigerate.] 
Cooling  ;  allaying  heat.  Bacon. 

REFRIG'ERANT,  n.  Among  physicians,  a 
medicine  which  abates  heat  and  refreshes 
the  patient. 

REFRIGERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  refrigero ;  re 
and  frigus,  cold.]  To  cool ;  to  allay  the 
heat  of;  to  refresh.  Bacon. 

REFRIti'ERATED,  pp.  Cooled. 

REFRIG'ER.-VTING,  ppr.  Allaying  heat ; 
cooling. 

REFRIgERA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  cool- 
ing ;  the  abatement  of  heat ;  state  of  be- 
ing cooled.  Bacon. 

REFRIg'ERATIVE,  a.  Cooling. 

REFRRi'ERATIVE,  n.  A  remedy  that  al- 
lavs  heat. 

REFRIG'ERATORY,  a.  Cooling  ;  miti- 
gating heat. 

REFRIti'ERATORY,  n.  In  distillation,  a 
vessel  filled  with  cold  water,  through 
which  the  worm  passes;  by  which  means 
the  vapors  are  condensed  as  they  pa.ss 
through  the  worm. 

2.  Any  thing  internallv  cooling.      Mortimer. 
REFlilGE'RlUM,  n."[L.]  Cooling  refresh- 
ment ;  refrigeration.     [JS/ot  in  use.] 

SoKth. 

RY.FT,  pp.  oC  reave.  Deprived;  bereft.  [JVot 

in  use.]  Shak. 

Q.  pret.  of  reave.   Took  away.     [.Yot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
REFT,  )i.  A  chink.     [See  Rift.] 
REF'UtiE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  refugium,  refu- 

gio  ;  re  and  fugio,  to  flee.] 
1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  dis- 
tress. 
— Rocks,  dens  and  caves,  but  I  in  none  of  these 
Find  place  or  refuge.  .Milton. 

We  have  made  lies  our  refuge.     Is.  xxviii. 
— We  might  have  strong  consolation,  who  have 
fled  for  refuge  to  lay  hold  on  the  hope  set  be- 
fore us.     Heb.  vi. 

That  which  shelters  or  protects  from 
danger,  distress  or  calamity ;  a  strong 
bold  which  protects  by  its  strength,  or  a 
sanctuary  which  secures  safety  by  its  sa- 
credness;  any  place  inaccessible  to  an  en- 
emy. 

The  high  hills  are  a  refuge  for  the  wild  goat.s. 
Ps.  civ. 

The  Lord  also  will  be  a  refuge  for  the  oppress- 
ed.    Ps.  ix. 

3.  An  expedient  to  secure  protection  or  de- 
fense. 

This  last  old  man — 
Their  latest  refuge  was  to  send  to  him. 

Shah 

4.  Expedient,  in  general. 
Light  must  be  supplied,  among  graceful  refu- 
ges, by  terracing  any  story  in  danger  nf  daik- 
ness.  "  M'litton. 

Cities  of  refuge,  among  the  Israelites,  certain 
cities  appointed  to  secure  the  safety  of 
such  persons  as  might  commit  homicide 
without  design.  Of  these  there  were 
three  on  each  side  of  Jordan,    .losh.  xx 


REP'UgE.    v.  t.     To   shelter  ;  to   protect. 

REFUGEE',  n.  [Fr.  refugii.]  One  who 
flies  to  a  shelter  or  place  of  safety. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who,  in  times  of  persecution  or  polit- 
ical commotion,  flees  to  a  foreign  country 
for  safety  ;  as  the  French  refugees,  who 
left  France  alter  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantz,  and  settled  in  Flanders  and 
America ;  the  refugees  from  Hispaniola, 
in  I7!''.i  ;  and  the  American  refugees,  who 
left  their  country  at  the  revolution. 

REFUL'GENCE,  I        [L.  refidgens,   reful- 

REFUL'GENCY,  ^"-  gco  ;  re  and  fulgeo, 
to  shine.]     A  flood  of  light ;  splendor. 

REFUL'GENT,  a.  Casting  a  bright  light: 
shining ;  splendid  ;  as  refulgent  beams  ; 
refulgent  light ;  refulgent  arms. 

A  conspicuous  and  refulsent  truth.        Boyle. 

REFUL'gENTLY,  adv.' With  a  flood  of 
light ;  with  great  brightness. 

REFUND',  V.  t.  [L.  refando  ;  re  and  fundo, 
to  pom.]     To  pour  back. 

Were  the  humors  of  the  eye  tinctured  with 
any  color,  they  would  refund  that  color  upon  the 
object.      \^UnuRual  or  obsolete. '\  ^ay. 

To  repay;  to  return  in  payment  or  com- 
pensation for  what  has  been  taken  ;  to 
restore  ;  as,  to  refund  money  taken  wrong- 
fully; to  refund  luoney  advanced  with  in- 
terest ;  to  refund  the  amount  advanced. 

REFUNDED,  pp.  Poured  back  ;  repaid. 

REFUNDING,  ;)/;r.  Pouring  back;  return- 
ing by  i).iyn)ent  or  compensation. 

REFU'SABLE,  a.  s  as :.  [from  refuse.] 
Tliat  may  be  refused.  Young. 

REFU'SAL,  n.  s  as  ;.  The  act  of  refusing  ; 
denial  of  any  thing  demanded,  solicited 
or  offered  fur  acceptance.  The  first  refu- 
sal is  not  always  proof  that  the  request 
will  not  bo  ultimately  granted. 

2.  The  right  of  taking  in  preference  to  oth- 
ers ;  tlie  choice  of  taking  or  refusing  ;  op- 
tion ;  ine-emption.  We  say,  a  tnan  has 
the  refusal  of  a  farm  or  a  horse,  or  the  re- 
fusal of  an  emploviiient. 

REFU'SE,  t'.  (.  sas;.  [Fr.  refuser ;  Arm. 
reusi,  reusein  ;  It.  rifiuiare,  rifusare ;  Sp. 
rehusar  ;  Port,  refusar  ;  L.  recuso  ;  re  and 
the  root  of  causor,  to  accuse  ;  caxisa, 
cause.  The  primary  sense  of  causor  is  to 
drive,  to  throw  or  thrust  at,  and  recuso  is 
to  drive  back,  to  repel  or  repulse,  the 
sense  of  re/use.] 

1.  To  deny  a  request,  demand,  invitation  oi* 
command  ;  to  decline  to  do  or  grant  what 
is  solicited,  claimed  or  commanded. 

Thus  Edom  rrfifed  to  give  Israel  passage 
through  hi-  l>order-     Num.  xx. 

2.  To  decline  to  accept  what  is  offered  ;  as, 
to  refuse  an  ortice ;  to  refuse  an  offer. 

If  they  refuse  to  take  the  cup  at  thy  hand — 
Jer.  xxv. 

3.  To  reject ;  as,  to  refuse  instruction  or  re- 
proof    Prov.  X. 

The  stone  wdiich  the  builders  refused  is  be- 
come the  head  of  the  corner.     Ps.  cxviii. 

[Note. —  Hefuse    expresses    rejection    more 
strongly  than  decline.'] 
REFU'SE,  1'.  ).  sasr.  To  decline  to  accept ; 
not  to  comply. 
Too  proud  to  ask ,  to  humble  too  refuse. 

Garth. 
KEF'USE,  a.  [Fr.  rc/iw,  refusal,  denial,  and 

that  which  is  denied.] 
Literally,  refused:  rejected;  hence,  worth- 
less; of  no  value  ;  left  as  tmworthy  of  re- 


REG 


REG 


REG 


ception ;  as   the  refuat  parts  of  stone  or 
limber. 
Please  to  bestow  on  him  the  refuse  letters. 

Spectator. 

REF'USE,  n.  That  which  ia  refused  or  re- 
jected as  useless  ;  waste  niattei'. 

Hooker.     Bacon.     Addison. 

REFU'SE,  n.  Refusal.     Obs.  Fairfax. 

REFU'SED,  pp.  Denied ;  rejected ;  not  ac- 
cepted. 

REFU'SER,  »i.  One  that  refuses  or  rejects. 

Taylor. 

REFU'SING,  ppr.  Denying ;  declining  to 
accept ;  rejecting. 

REFU'TAJJLE,  a.  [from  refute.]  That  may 
be  refuteil  or  disproved  ;  that  may  be 
proved  false  or  erroneous. 

REFU'TAL,  n.  Refutation.     [jYot  used.] 

REFUTA'TION,  n.  [L.  refutatio.  See  Re 
fute.] 

The  act  or  process  of  refuting  or  disproving ; 
the  act  of  ])roving  to  be  false  or  errone- 
ous ;  the  overthrowing  of  an  argument, 
opinion,  testimony,  doctrine  or  theory,  by 
argument  or  countervailing  proof 

Bentley. 

REFU'TE,  D.  «.  [Fr.refuler;  L.  refulo ;  're_ 
and  futo,  obs.  The  primary  sense  of 
futo,  is  to  drive  or  thrust,  to  beat  back. 
Class  Bd.] 

To  disprove  and  overthrow  by  argument, 
evidence  or  countervailing  proof;  to  prove 
to  be  false  or  erroneous  ;  to  confute.  We 
say,  to  refute  arguments,  to  refute  testimo- 
ny, to  refute  opinions  or  theories,  to  refute 
a,  dispiJtanl. 

There  were  so  many  witnesses  to  these  two 
miracles,  that  it  is  impossible  to  refute  such 
niultitudes.  Mddisvn. 

REFU'TED,  pp.  Disproved  ;  proved  to  be 
false  or  erroneous. 

REFU'TER,  ti.  One  that  refutes. 

REFU'TING,  ppr.  Proving  to  bo  false  or 
erroneous ;  confuting. 

REGA'IN,  V.  t.  [re  and  gain  ;  Fr.  regagner.] 

To  gain  anew  ;  to  recover  what  has  escap- 
ed or  been  lost.  Milton. 

REGA'INED,  ;)/).  Recovered  ;  gained 
anew. 

REGA'INING,  ppr.  Gaining  anew  ;  recov 
ering. 

RE'GAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  rcgahs,  from  rei, 
Sans,  raja,  connected  with  rcgo,  to  gov 
em;  Sax.  reran  or  reccan,  to  say,  to  reck, 
to  reckon,  to  rule,  to  direct  ;  the  root  of 
right,  L.  rectus,  Sax.  rcht.  See  Reck  and 
Reckon.] 

Pertaining  to  a  king;  kingly;  royal;  as  a 
regal  title ;  regal  authority  ;  i-egal  state, 
pomp  or  splendor  ;  regal  power  or  sway. 
But  we  say,  a  royal  or  kingly  government 
not  a  regal  one.  We  never  say.  a  regal 
territory,  regal  dominions,  regal  army,  or 
regal  navy.  Regal  exjiresses  what  is 
more  personal. 

RE'GAL,  n.  [Fr.  regale.]  A  musical  instru 
ment.  Bacon. 

REGA'LE,  n.  [Fr.  regale.]  The  preroga 
tive  of  monarchy.  Johnson. 

REGA'LE,  n.  [See  the  verb,  below.]  A 
magnificent  entertainment  or  treat  given 
to  embassadors  and  other  persons  of  dis- 
tinction. Eiicijc. 

REGA'LE,  v.t.  [Fr.  regalcr  ;  Sp.  regular, 
to  regale,  to  refresh,  entertain,  caress,  ca- 
jole, delight,  cherish  ;  regalarse,  to  enter- 


tain one's  self,  to  take  pleasure,  also  to  mell, 
to  be  dissolved  ;  Port,  regalar,  to  regale,  to 
treat  daintily,  to  delight;  Jt.  regalare,  lo 
present  with  gifts,  to  regale,  to  season. 
This  word  is  probably  a  compound  of  re 
and  the  root  of  Jt.  galtoria,  a  transport  of 
]oy,  gallare,  to  exult,  g^a/a,  ornament.  Port. 
galhofi,  mirth,  good  cheer,  Sp.  gallardo 
gay,  Fr.  gaillard,  &c.  In  Kuss.  jaluyu 
signifies  to  regale',  to  gratify  with  pros 
ents,  to  visit,  Ate.  'I'hc  primary  sense  is 
to  excite,  to  rouse  and  be  brisk,  or  to  shoot 
leap,  dart  or  rush.  We  probably  see  the 
same  root  in  the  Eng.  gale,  gallant,  Gr. 
ayaXJ-icuo,  Fr.  joti,  Va\<^.  jolly,  and  in  many 
other  words.] 
To  refresh  ;  to  entertain  with  something 
that  delights;  to  gratify,  as  the  senses; 
as,  to  regale  tlie  taste,  the  eye  or  the  ear 
The  birds  of  the  forest  regale  us  with 
their  songs. 
REGA'LE,  v.t.  To  feast;  to  fare  sumptu- 
j     ously. 

IREGA'LED,  pp.   Refreshed  ;  entertained 
I     gratified. 
REGALEMENT,  ji.  Refreshment ;  enter 

tainment  ;  gratification. 
REGA'LIA,  n.  [L.  liom  rex,  king.]  Ensigns 
of  royalty  ;    the  apparatus   of  a  corona- 
tion ;  as  the  crown,  scepter,  &c. 
U.  in  law,  the  rights  and  i)rerogatives  of  a 
king.  Blackslone. 

REG.\'LING,   ppr.    Refreshing ;  entertain- 
ing ;  gratifying. 
REGAL'ITY,  n.  [t'rom  L.  regalis  ;  It.  reallh  ; 
Fr.  ruyaute.]    Royalty  ;  sovereignty  ;  king 
ship. 

He  came  partly  in  by  the  sword  and  bad  bigb 
courage  in  all  points  utrcgality.  Bacon 

iRE'GALLY,  adv.  In  a  royal  manner. 

.Milton 
REGWRD,  v.t.  [Fr.  regarder;  It.  riguar- 
dare  ;  from  Fr.  garder,  to  guard,  keep, 
defend  ;  It.  gunrdare,  to  guard,  to  look, 
view,  behold,  to  beware,  to  take  heed,  lo 
discern.  The  jn-imary  sense  of  guard  is 
to  drive  ofl^  or  repel,  and  thus  to  )>rolcct, 
or  to  holil,  keep,  retain;  probably  the 
former.  To  regard  is  to  extend  or  direct 
the  eye  to  an  object,  or  to  hold  it  in  view. 
We  observe  a  somewhat  similar  |)rocess 
of  deriving  the  sense  of  looking,  in  the  It, 
seorto,  seen,  perceived,  prudent,  guitled 
convoyed,  wary,  crafty,  discerning,  ami 
as  a  noun,  an  abridgment  ;  scorta,a  guide 
an  escort,  a  guard.] 

1.  To  look  towards;  to  point  or  be  direct- 
ed. 

It  is  a  peninsula  which  regarjeth  the  main 
land.  Sandys. 

2.  To  observe ;  to  notice  with  some  partic- 
ularity. 

If  much  you  note  him, 
Vou  offend  him  ;  feed  and  regard  him  not. 

Shak 

3.  To  attend  to  with  respect  and  estimation  ; 
to  value. 

This  aspect  of  mine, 
The  best  regarded  virgins  of  your  clime 
Have  lov'd.  Shak. 

To  attend  to  as  a  thing  that  afl'ects  our 
interest  or  happiness  :  to  fix  the  mind  on 
as  a  matter  of  importance.  He  does  not 
regard  the  pain  he  feels.  He  does  not  re- 
gard the  loss  he  has  suffered.  He  regards 
only  the  interest  of  the  connnunity. 
To  esteem  ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  aflfec 


tion.     The  people  regard  their  pastor,  and 
treat  him  with  great   kindness.     2  Kings 
iii. 
G.  To  keep  ;  to  observe   with   religious  or 
solemn  attention. 

He  that   ref^ardeih  the  day,  regardeth  it  lo 
the  Lord.     Kom.  xiv. 

7.  To  attend  to  as  something  to  influence 
our  conduct. 

He  that  regardeth  tlic  clouds  shall  not  reap. 
Eccles.  xi. 

8.  To  consider  seriously  ;  to  lay  to  heart. 

They  regard  not  the  work  of  the  Lord.   Is.  v. 

9.  To  notice  with  pity  or  concern.  Deut. 
xxviii. 

10.  To  notice  favorably  or  with  acceptance ; 
to  hear  and  answer. 

He  will  regard  the  prayer  of  the  destitute. 
Ps.  cii. 

11.  To  love  and  esteem  ;  to  practice  ;  as,  to 
regard  iniquity  in  the  heart.     Ps.  Ixvi. 

12.  To  resjiect  ;  to  have  relation  to.  The 
argument  does  not  regard  the  question. 

To  regard  the  person,  to  value   for  outward 

honor,  wealth  or  power.     Matt.  xxii. 
REGARD,   n.    [Fr.  regard;  It.   riguardo.] 

1.  Look;  aspect  directed  to  another. 

Hut  her  v\ilb   stern   regard   he  thus  repellM. 
[.\'early  or  iiuite  obsolete.']  Milton. 

2.  Attention  of  the  mind  ;  respect  in  rela- 
tion to  siimething.  He  has  no  regard  to 
the  interest  of  society  ;  his  motives  arc 
wholly  selfish. 

3.  Respect ;  esteem  ;  reverence  ;  that  view 
of  the  mind  which  springs  from  value,  es- 
timabli!  qualities,  or  any  thing  that  excites 
admiration. 

W  illi  some  regard  to  what  is  just  and  riijht 
They'll  lead  their  lives.  Milton. 

To  iiim  they  had  regard,   because  of  long 

time  he  had   bewitched  thein   witfi  sorceries. 

Acts  viii. 

4.  Respect;  account. 
Change  was  lhou;;ht  necessary,  in  regard  of 

the  injury  the  church  received  by  a  number  of 
things  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

5.  Relation  ;  reference. 
To  persuade  Iheru  to  |>ursuc  and  pcreevcrc  in 

virtue,  in  regard  to  themselves;  in  justice  and 
goodness,  in  regard  to  their  neighbors  ;  and 
piily  towards  God.  JVatts. 

C>.  Note  ;  eminence  ;  account. 

Mac  Kcrlagh  was  a  man  of  meanest  regard 
among  Ibem.  Spenstr. 

7.  Matter  demanding  notice.  ,'ipenser. 

8.  Prospect  ;  object  of  sight.  [.Vol  proper 
nor  in  use.]  Shaft. 

0.  In //if /ores/ /flira,  view;  inspection. 

Court  of  regard,  or  surrey  of  dogs,  a  forest 
court  in  l^ngland,  held  every  third  year 
for  the  lawing  or  exjieflitation  of  njastils, 
that  is,  for  cutting  otl"  the  daws  and  ball 
of  the  fore  feet,  to  prevent  them  from  run- 
ning afler  i\eer.  lilackstone. 

REGAKDABLE,  a.  Observable;  worthy 
of  notice.  Broun.     Cnrew. 

REG'ARD.VNT,  a.  In  law,  a  xijlain  re- 
gardant is  one  annexed  to  the  manor  or 
land.  Blackslone. 

2.  In  heraldry,  looking  behind,  us  a  lion  or 
other  beast.  Encyc. 

REGARDED,  pp.  Noticed;  observed;  es- 
teemed ;  respected. 

REG  AKDER.  n.  One  that  regards. 

2.  In  law.  the  regarder  of  the  forest  is  an 
otlicer  whose  business  is  to  view  the  forest, 
inspect  the  officers,  and  inquire  of  all  of- 
fenses and  defaults.  Eng. 


REG 


REG 


REG 


REGARDFUL,   a.    Taking   notice ;  lieed 
All  ;  iibsi'iving  with  care  ;  attentive. 

Let  a  man  he  vei-y  temlci  and  ref^anlful  of 
every  pious  motion  made  by  the  Spirit  of  God 
on  his  heart.  South. 

REGARDFULLY,  adv.  Attentively ;  heed- 
lully. 

2.  Respectfully.  Shak. 

REGARDING,  ppi:  Noticing  ;  consiilei- 
iiig  witli  care  ;  attending  to  ;  observing  ; 
esteeming  ;  caring  for. 

9.  Respectinff  ;  concerning  ;  relating  to. 

REGARDLESS,  u.  Not  looking  or  attend 
ing   to;    lieetlless  ;    negligent;    careless; 
as  regaidtcss  of  life  or  of  health ;  regard- 
less of  danger  ;  regardless  of  consequen- 
ces. 

Regardless  of  the  bliss  wherein  he  sat. 

Mllon 

2.  Not  regarded  ;  slighted.  Spectator.', 

REG^ARDLESSLY,  adv.  Heedlessly  ;  care 
lessly  ;  negligently. 

REG  ARDLESSNESS,  n.  Heedlessness; 
inattention  ;  negligence.  Ithitlock. 

RE(;A'TA.     I      [It.  regatta.]    In  Venice,  a 

REGAT'TA,  ^  ""  grand  rowing  match  in 
which  many  boats  are   rowed  for  a  prize. 

REGATH'ER,  v.  t.  To  gather  or  collect  a 
second  time.  B.  Truinbxdl.\ 

REGATII'ERED,  pp.  Collected  again. 

R1:GATH'ERING,  ppr.  Gathering  a  second 
time. 

REG'EL,  }      A  fixed  star  of  the  first  iuag-| 

REGIE,   \  "■  nitiide  in  Orion's  left  foot. 

RE'tiENCY,  n.  [L.  regens,  from  rfg-o,  to 
govern.] 

1.  Rule;  authority;  government.      Hooker. 

2.  Vicarious  government.  Temple. 

3.  The  district  under  the  jurisdicti<jn  of  a 
vicegerent.  jMillon. 

4.  The  body  of  men  entrusted  with  vicari-| 
ens  government  ;  as  a  regency  constituted 
during  a  king's  minority,  insanity,  or  ab- 
sence from  the  kingdom. 

RE(JEN'ERACY,n.  [See  Regenerale.]  The 
state  of  being  regenerated.  Hammond. 

REGEN'ERATE,  v.  t-  [L.  regenero;  re  and 
genera.     See  Generate.] 

1.  To  generate  or  produce  anew  ;  to  repro- 
duce. 

Through    all    the     soil    a    genial    ferment 

spreads. 
Regenerates  the  plants  and  new  adorns  the 

meads.  Blackmore. 

2.  In  theology,  to  renew  the  heart  by  a 
change  of  affections;  to  change  the  heart 
and  affections  from  natural  enmity  to  the 
love  of  God;  to  implant  holy  affections 
in  the  heart.  Scott.     Addison 

REgEN'ERATE,  a.  {V..  regeneratus.]    Re- 
produced. Shak. 
9.  liornanew;  renovated  in  heart ;  changer 
from  a  natural  to  a  spiritual  state. 

Milton.     IVake. 
REliEN'ERATED,  pp.  Reproduced. 
2.  Renewed  ;  born  again. 
REgEN'ERATENESS,    n.   The  state  of 

being  regenerated. 
REGEN'ERATING,  ppr.  Reproducing. 
2.  Renovating  the  nature  by  the  iinplanta 

tion  of  holy  affections  in  the  heart. 
REgENERA'TION,  n.  Reproduction ;  the 

act  of  producing  anew. 
2.  In   theology,  new  birth   by  the  grace  of 

(Joil  ;  that  change  by   which  the  will  and 

natural  cumity  of  man  to  God  and  his  law 


are  subdued,  and  a  principle  of  supreme 
love  to  God  and  his  law,  or  holy  affec- 
tions, are  implanted  in  the  heart. 

He  saved  us  by  the  washing  of  regeneration 
and  renewing  of  the  Holy  Spirit,     lit.  iii. 

REGEN'ERATORY,  a.  Renewing  ;  having 
the  power  to  renew  ;  tending  to  repro- 
duce or  renovate.  Faher. 

RE'CiENT,  a.  [L.  regens,  from  rego,  to 
rule.] 

[1.  Ruling;  governing;  as  a  regent  principle. 

:  Hale. 

i2.  Exercising  vicarious  authority.       Milton. 

IC^ueen  regent,   a  queen  who  governs;   op- 

i     posed  to  queen  consort. 

RE'GENT,  n.  A  governor  ;  a  ruler  ;  in  a 
geneial  sense ;  as  Uriel,  regent  of  the  sun. 

Milton. 

2.  One  invested  with  vicarious  authority  ; 
one  who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  minor- 
ity, absence  or  disability  of  the  king. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  colleges,  a  teacher  of  arts  and  sciences, 
having  pupils  under  his  care,  generally  of 
the  lower  classes ;  those  who  instruct  the 
higher  classes  being  called  professors. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  English  universities,  a  master  of  arts 
under  five  years  standing,  and  a  doctor 
liudertwo.  Encyc. 

5.  In  the  state  ofJVew  York,  the  member  of  a 
corporate  burly  winch  is  invested  with  the 
superintendence  of  all  the  colleges,  acade- 
mics and  schools  in  the  state.  This  board 
consists  of  twenty  one  members,  who  are 
called  "  tlie  regents  of  the  university  of 
the  state  of  New  York."  They  are  ap- 
pointed and  removable  by  the  legislatme. 
They  have  power  to  grant  acts  of  incor- 
poration for  colleges,  to  visit  and  inspect 
all  colleges,  academies  and  schools,  and 
to  make  regulations  for  governing  the 
same.  Stat.  .V.  York. 

RE'tiENTESS,  n.  A  protectress  of  a  king- 
dom. Colgrnve. 

RE'gENTSHIP,  n.  The  power  of  govern- 
ing, or  the  oHice  of  a  regent. 

2.  Deputed  authority.  Slink. 

REgERM'INATE,  v.i.  [re  awl  germinate.] 
To  germinate  again. 

Perennial  plants  regerminate  several  years 
successively.  Lee. 

REgERM'I'NATING,  ppr.  Germinating 
anew. 

REgERMINA'TION,  Ji.  A  sprouting  or 
germination  anew. 

REgEST',  71.  A  register.     [jYot  in  use.] 

Milton. 

REG'IBLE,  a.  Governable.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Did. 

REGTCIDE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  regicida  ;  Fr. 
cide  ;  L.  rex,  king,  and  rrrrfo,  to  siny.] 

L  A  king-killer  ;  one  who  murders  a  king. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  king.       Pope. 

REtVIMEN,  ?!.  [L.  from  rcgo,  to  govern.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  regulation  of  diet  with  aj 
view  to  the  preservation  or  restoration  oil 
health;  or  in  a  more  general  senses,  the' 
regulation  of  all  the  non-natin-als  for  the 
same  purposes.  Encyr. 

2.  Any  regulation  or  remedy  which  is  in- 
tended to  produce  beneficial  effects  byi 
gradual  operation.  Hume.\ 

3.  In  grammar,  government  :  that  ])arf  ofl 
synta.\  or  construction,  which  regulates! 


the  dependency  of  words,  and  the  altera- 
tions which  one  occasions  or  requires  in 
another  in  connection  with  it ;  the  words 
governed. 

4.  Orderly  government;  system  of  order. 

REti'IMENT,  n.  [L.  regimen.]  In  military 
affairs,  a  body  of  men,  either  liorse,  foot 
or  artillery,  commanded  by  a  colonel  or 
lieutenant  colonel  and  major,  and  consist- 
ing of  a  number  of  companies,  usually 
from  eight  to  ten. 

9.  Government ;  mode  of  ruling  ;  rule  ;  au- 
thority ;  as  used  by  Hooker,  Hale  and 
others.     [W holly  obsolete.] 

REG'IMENT,  v.  t.  To  form  into  a  regi- 
ment or  into  regiments  with  proper  offi- 
cers.    [A  military  tise  nfthe  word.] 

Washington.     Smollet. 

REgIMENT'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  as   regimental   officers  ;  regimental 

REGIMENTALS,  n.  plu.  The  uniform 
wiirn  by  the  troo])sof  a  regiment. 

REti'IMENTED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  regi- 
ment ;  incorporated  with  a  regiment. 

Washington. 

RE6ION,  n.  re'jun.  [Fr.  Sp.  region  ;  It.  re- 
gione;  L.  regio  ;  Ir.  crioch,  with  a  prefix  ; 
from  the  root  of  ;frtr/j,  reek,  L.  rego.] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  or  space  of  indefinite  ex- 
tent, usually  a  tract  of  considerable  ex- 
tent. It  is  sometimes  nearly  synonymous 
with  country ;  as  all  the  region  of  Argob. 
Deut.  iii. 

Me  had  dominion  over  all  the  region  on  this 
side  the  river.     1  Kings  iv. 

So  we  speak  of  the  airy  region,  the  ethe- 
rial  regions,  the  upper  regions,  the  lower 
regions. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region  or  district  of 
country.     Matt.  iii. 

■J.  A  part  of  the  body;  as  the  region  of  the 
heart  or  liver. 

4.  Place  ;  rank. 

He  is  of  too  high  a  region.     [Unusual.'\ 

Shak. 

REG'ISTER,  7i.  [Vt.registre,regitre ;  Low 
L.  regislrum,  from  regero,  to  set  dowu  in 
writing;  re  and  gero,  to  carry.  But  Spcl- 
raan  considers  the  word  as  formed  of  re 
and  Norm,  gister  or  giser,  to  lay,  and 
equivalent  to  repository.] 

1.  A  written  account  or  entry  of  acts,  judg- 
ments or  j)roceedings,  for  preserving  and 
conveying  to  future  times  an  e.xact  knowl- 
edge of  transactions.  The  word  appro- 
priately denotes  an  official  account  of  the 
prrjceeilings  of  a  public  body,  a  prince,  a 
legislature,  a  court,  an  incorporated  com- 
pany and  the  like,  and  in  this  use  it  is  sy- 
nonynious  with  record.  But  in  a  lax 
sense,  it  signifies  any  account  entered  on 
paper  to  preserve  the  remembrance  of 
what  is  done. 

2.  The  book  in  which  a  register  or  record  is 
kept,  as  a  jiarish  register  ;  also,  a  list,  as 
the  register  of  seamen. 

3.  [Low  L.  rrgistrarius.]  The  officer  or  per- 
son whose  business  is  to  write  or  enter  in 
a  book  accounts  of  transactions,  particu- 
larly of  the  acts  and  |ii-ocecdings  of  courts 
or  other  public  bodies  ;  as  the  register  of 
a  court  crf  probate  ;  a  register  of  deeds. 

In  chimistry  and  the  arts,  an  aperture  witli 
a  lid,  stopper  or  sliding  plate,  in  a  furnace, 


REG 


REG 


REG 


stove,  &c.  for  regiilnting  tlin  adniissLou  of 
air  ami  ihe  licat  of  tin;  fire. 

5.  The  innor  jiart  of  the  mold  in  which  types 
are  cast. 

6.  In  printivfr,  tlie  correspondence  of  col- 
umns on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  sheet. 

7.  A  sliding  piece  of  wood,  used  as  a  stop  in 
an  organ. 

Parish  re^ster,  a  hook  in  which  are  record- 
ed the  baptisms  of  children  and  the  mar- 
riages and  burials  of  the  parisli. 

Register  ship,  a  shij)  which  obtains  permis- 
sion to  trade  to  the  Spanish  West  Indies 
and  is  registered  before  sailing.        Encyr.] 

REli'ISTER,  V.  t.  To  record  ;  to  write  in  a 
book  for  preserving  an  exact  account  of 
facts  and  proceedings.  The  Greeks  and 
Romans  rfgisicrerf  the  names  of  all  cliildren 
born. 

3.  To  enroll  ;  to  enter  in  a  list.  Milton. 

REti'ISTERSUlP,  n.  The  office  of  regis- 
ter. 

REO'ISTRAR,  n.  An  ofiitierinthe  English 
universities,  who  has  the  keeping  of  all 
the  public  records.  llncyc. 

REGISTRATION,  n.  The  act  of  inserting 
in  a  register.  }f'alsh. 

REt'J'ISTRY,  ji.  The  act  of  recording  or 
writing  in  a  register. 

2.  The  place  where  a  register  is  kept. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  recorded.  Temple 
[Fr.]  Regulation.    [.Vol 

Bacon, 
•gle,  rule,  L.  re- 


froni 


REG'LEMENT,  n. 

xiseil.] 
REG  LET,  )i.  [Fr. 

gnla,  regn.] 
A  ledge  of  wood  exactly  planed,   used   by 

printers  to  separate  lines   and  make  the 

work  more  open. 
REG'NANT,  a.  [Fr.  from  regner,  L.  regno, 

to  reign.] 

1.  Reigning  ;  exercising  regal  authority ;  as 
a  queen  regnunt.  The  modern  plirase  is 
queen  regent.  If  oHon. 

2.  Ruling;  predonjinant ;  prevalent ;  having 
the  chief  power;  as  vices  regnant.  Wt 
now  say,mg'J!(j|o'  vices.  Smjl. 

REGORGE,  i\  (.  regorj'.  [Fr.  regorger ;  re 
and  gorge.] 

1.  To  vomit  up  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ; 
to  throw  back  or  out  again.  Hnyumrd. 

2.  To  swallow  again.  Dn/den. 

3.  To  swallow  eagerly.  Milton. 
REGRA'DE,  v.  i.  [L.  regredior;  re  and  gra 

dior,  to  go.]    To  retire  ;  to  go  back.     [A'ot 

used.]  Hates. 

REGR'AFT,  v.  t.  [re  and  graft.]    To  graft 

again.  Bacon. 

REGR  AFTED,  pp.  Grafted  again. 
REGR^AFTING,  ppr.  Grafting  anew. 
REGR'ANT,  v.  t.  [re  and  grant.]  To  grant 

back.  •lytiff'^- 

REGR" ANT,  )i.  The  act  of  gra-iting  back 

to  a  former  proprietor. 
REGR>ANTED,  ;)p.  Granted  back. 
REGR'ANTING,  ppr.  Granting  back. 
REGRA'TE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  regratter,  to  scratch 

again,  to  new-vamp,  to  regrale,  or  drive  a 

huckster's  trade  ;  re  and  gratter,  to  grate, 

to  scratch,  to  rake.] 

1.  To  offend  ;  to  shock.     [Little  used.] 

2.  To  buy  provisions  and  sell  them  again  in 
the  same  market  or  fair ;  a  practice  which, 
by  raising  the  price,  is  a  public  offense 
and  punishable.  Regrating  differs  from 
cngrossins  and  monopolizing,  whicli  sJgni- 

Vol.  II. 


fy  the  buying   the  whole  of  certain  arti-f 

cles,  or  large  quantities,  and  tioni  fore-\ 

stalling,  which  signifies  the   purc-hase   of 

provisions  on  the  way,  before  ihcy  reach 

the  market.  Blackslone. 

REGRA'TER,    n.    One   who   buys  provis 

ions  and  sells  them  in  the  same  market  or 

fair. 
REGRA'TING,  ppr.  Purchasing  provisions 

and  selling  them  in  the  same  market. 
REGREE'T,  v.  t.  [re  and  greet.]    To  greet 

again  ;  to  resalute.  Shak. 

REGREET,  n.  A   return  or  exchange  of 

salutation.  Shak. 

REGREE'TED,  pp.    Greeted  again   or  in 

return. 
REGREE'TING,  ppr.  Greeting  again  ;  rc- 

sahiting. 
RE'GKJ)SS,  n.    [Fr.  regiis ;    L.  regressus. 

regredior.] 
i.  Passage  back  ;  return  ;  as  ingress  and  re- 
gress. 
2.  The  i)ower  of  returning  or  passing  back. 
REGRESS',  V.  i.  To  go  hack  ;  to  return  to 
a  former  place  or  stale.  Broun. 

REGREH  SION,    n.    The  act  of   ])assiiig 

hack  or  returning.  Brown. 

REGRESS'IVE,  a.  Passing  back  ;  return 


REGRESS'IVELY,  adv.  In  a  backward 
way  or  manner  ;  by  return.  Johnson. 

RI'.GRET',  n.  [Fr.  regret  ;  either  from  the 
root  of  grate,  or  more  directly  from  the 
root  of  Sp.  Port,  gritar.  It.  gridare,  Sw. 
grSia,  Ice.  groet,  Dan.  grccder,  Goth,  grie- 
tan,  W.  gri/diaw,  to  scream  or  cry  out,  to 
utter  a  rough  sound  ;  in  some  dialects,  to 
weep  or  lament.  But  grate  and  Sp.  gritar 
are  probably  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow;  pain  of  mind.  We  feel 
regret  at  the  loss  of  friends,  regret  for  our 
own  tnisfortunes,  or  for  the  misfortunes  of 
others. 

Never  any  prince  expressed  a  more  lively  re- 
gret for  the  loss  of  a  servant.  Clarendon 
Her  piety  itself  would  blame, 
If  her  regrets  should  waken  thiae.         Prior. 

2.  Pain  of  conscience ;  remorse ;  as  a  pas- 
sionate regret  at  sin.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Dislike;  aversion.  [JVot  proper  nor  in  use.] 

Decay  of  Piety. 
REGRET',  V.  t.  [Fr.  regrelter.]  To  grieve  at ; 
to  lament;  to  be  sorry  for;  to  repent. 
Cilinly  he  look'd  on  either  life,  and  here 
S^iw  nothing  to  regret,  or  there  to  fear. 

Pope 
2.  To  be  uneasy  at.    [.Yot  proper  nor  in  use.] 

Glanville. 
REGRETFUL,  a.  Full  of  regret. 

Fanshaw. 
REGRET'FULLY,  adv.  With  regret. 

Greenhill. 
REGRET'TED,;)/).  Lamented. 
REGRETTING,  ppr.  Lamenting ;  grieving 

at ;  rejientiiig. 
REGUERDON,   n.  regerd'on.    [re  and  Fr. 

guerdon,  a  reward.     See  Reward.] 
A  reward  ;  a  recompense.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
REGUERDON,  v.  t.  regerd'on.  To  reward. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

REG'ULAR,  a.    [Sp.  id.;   Fr.   regulier;  L. 
regularis,  from  regula,  a  rule,  from  reg-o,  to 
rule.] 
1.  Conformed  to  a  rule;  agreeable  to  an  es- 
tablished rule,  law  or  principle,  to  a  jire- 

54 


scribed  mode  or  to  established  custoinary 
forms  ;  as  a  regular  ejiic  poem  ;  a  regular 
verse  in  poeti-)  ;  a  regular  piece  of  music: 
regular  practice  ol'  law  or  medicine  ;  a  reg- 
ular plan  ;  a  regular  building. 

2.  Go\erne<l  by  rule  or  rules;  steady  oruni- 
form  in  a  course  or  practice  ;  as  regular  in 
diet ;  regular  in  attending  on  divine  wor- 
ship. 

3.  In  geovtftry,  a  regular  figure  is  one  whose 
sides  and  angles  are  equal,  as  a  square,  a 
cube,  or  an  equilateral  triangle.  Regular 
figures  of  more  than  three  or  four  sides 
are  usually  called  regular  polygons. 

Encyc. 

4.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  estab- 
lished forms  or  disciiiline;  as  a  regular 
physician. 

5.  -Methodical;  orderly;  as  a  rco-i/?«r  kind  of 
sensuality  or  indulgi^nce.  Law. 

(i.  Periodical  ;as  the  rcg'H/ar  return  of  day  and 
night  ;  a  regular  trade  wind  or  monsoon. 

7.  Pursued  w  ith  uniformity  or  steadiness : 
as  a  regular  trade. 

8.  Belonging  to  a  monastic  order  ;  as  regu- 
lar clergy,  in  distinction  from  the  secular 
clergy. 

Regidur  troops.  Troops  of  a  permanent  army  ; 
opposed  to  vtilltia. 

REG'ULAR,  n.  In  a  monastery,  one  who  has 
taken  the  vows,  and  who  is  bound  to  fol- 
low the  rules  of  the  order.  Encyc. 

2.  A  soldier  beloniring  to  a  jieiniancnt  army. 

REGULAR'ITY,'»i.Agiecahleness  to  a  rule 
or  to  established  order  ;  as  the  regularity 
of  legal  proceedings. 

2.  Blethod  ;  certain  order.  Regularity  is  the 
life  of  business. 

3.  Conformity  to  certain  principles;  as  the 
regularity  of  a  figure. 

4.  Steadiness  or  uniformity  in  a  course;  as 
the  regularity  of  the  motion  of  a  heavenly 
body.  There  is  no  regularity  in  the  vicis- 
situdes of  the  weather. 

REG'ULARLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  accord- 
ant to  a  rule  or  establishe<I  mode  ;  as  a 
physician  or  lawyer  regularly  admitted  to 
I)ractice  ;  a  verse  regularly  tbrmed. 

2.  In  uniform  order ;  at  certain  intervals  or 
periods ;  as  day  and  night  regularly  re- 
turning. 

3.  Methodically;  in  due  order;  as  affairs 
regularly  performed. 

REG  ULATE,  v.  t.  To  adjust  by  rule,  meth- 
od or  established  mode  ;  as,  to  regulate 
weights  and  measures ;  to  regulate  the  as- 
size of  bread  ;  to  regidate  our  moral  con- 
duct by  the  laws  of  God  and  of  society; 
to  regulate  our  manners  by  the  customary 
forms. 

2.  To  put  in  good  order ;  as,  to  regulate  the 
disordered  .state  of  a  nation  or  its  finances. 

.3.  To  subject  to  rules  or  restrictions ;  as,  to 
regulate  trade  ;  to  regulate  diet. 

REG'ULATED,;);!.  Adjusted  by  rule,  meth- 
od or  forms  ;  put  in  good  order;  subjected 
to  rules  or  restrictions. 

REG'l'LATING,  ppr.  Adjusting  by  rule, 
method  or  forms  ;  reducing  to  order;  sub- 
jecting to  rules  or  restrictions. 

REGULATION,  n.  The  act  of  regulating 
or  reducing  to  order.  Ray. 

2.  A  rule  or  order  prescribed  by  a  superior 
for  the  management  of  some  business,  or 
for  the  government  of  a  company  or  so- 
cietv. 


R  E  H 


R  E  I 


R  E  I 


REG'ULATOR,  n.  One  who  regulates. 

2.  The  small  spring  of  a  watch,  which  regu- 
lates its  motions  by  retarding  or  accele- 
rating them. 

3.  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  regulatesj 
its  movements. 

REG'ULINE,  «.  [Si,-e  Regulus.]  Pertaining 
to  regukis  or  pure  metal. 

Bodies  which  wc  can  reduce  to  the  metallic 
or  reguline  state.  Lavoisier. 

REG'ULIZE,  V.  t.  To  reduce  to  reguhis  or 
pure  metal ;  to  separate  pure  metal  from 
extraneous  matter. 

REG'ULUS,  n.  [L.  a  petty  king;  Fr. regule. 
For  the  plural,  some  authors  write  reguli, 
and  others  regutuses.] 

In  chimistrij,  the  finer  or  pure  part  of  a  me- 
tallic substance,  which,  in  the  melting  of 
ores,  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  crucible. 

Encyc.     Lavoisier. 

REGURG'ITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  regorger ;  L.  re 
and  gurges.] 

To  throw  or  pour  back,  as  from  a  deep  or 
hollow  place ;  to  pour  or  throw  back  in 
great  quantity.  Graunl.     Bentley. 

REGURG'ITATE,  v.  i.  To  be  thrown  or 
poured  back.  Harvey. 

REGUR(i'ITATED,;)p.  Thrown  or  poured 
back. 

REGURGITATING,  ppr.  Throwing  or 
pouring  hack. 

REGURGITATION,™.  The  act  of  pouring 
back. 

2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again  ;  reabsorp- 
tion.  Sliarp. 

REHABIL'ITATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  rehabiliter ;  re 
and  habiliter.] 

To  restore  to  a  former  capacity ;  to  rein- 
state ;  to  qualify  again  ;  to  restore,  as  a 
delinquent  to  a  former  right,  rank  or  jiriv- 
ilege  lost  or  forfeited ;  a  term  of  the  civil 
and  canon  law.  Chambers. 

REHABILITATED,  pp.  Restored  to  a  for 
mer  rank,  right,  privilege  or  capacity  ;  re 
instated. 

REHABILITATING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a 
former  right,  rank,  privilege  or  capacity  ; 
reinstating. 

REHABILITATION,  n.  The  act  of  rein- 
staling  in  a  former  rank  or  capacity  ;  res- 
toration to  former  rights.  Walsh. 

REHE'AR,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  reheard,  [re 
and  hear.] 

To  hear  again  ;  to  try  a  second  time ;  as,  to 
rehear  a.  cause  in  the  court  of  king's  bench. 

REHE'ARD,  pp.  Heard  again. 

IIEHE'ARING,  ppr.  Hearing  a  second  time. 

REHE'ARING,  )i.  A  second  hearing. 

Mdison. 

2.  In  law,  a  second  hearing  or  trial. 

REHEARSAL,  n.  rehers'al.  [from  rehearse.] 

1.  Recital;  repetition  of  the  words  of  anoth- 
er or  of  a  written  work  ;  as  the  rehearsal 
of  the  Lord's  prayer.  Hook 

'I.  Narration;  a  telling  or  recounting,  as  of 
particulars  in  detail ;  as  the  rehearsal  of  a 
soldier's  adventures. 

■').  The  recital  of  a  piece  before  the  public 
exhibition  of  it ;  as  the  rehearsal  of  a  con 
edy.  Dryden. 

REHEARSE,  v.  t.  rehers'.  To  recite  ;  to  re- 
peat the  words  of  a  passage  or  composi 
tioii ;  to  repeat  the  words  of  another. 

\Vhei\  the  words  were  heard  which  David 
spoke,  ihtiy  rcUeurscd  thcmhelbre  Saul.  1  Sam 
\vii. 


2.  To  narrate  or  recount  events  or  transac 
tions. 

There  shall  they  rehearse  the  righteous  acts 
of  the  Lord.  Judg.  v.  Acts  xi. 

3.  To  recite  or  repeat  in  private  for  experi- 
ment and  improvement,  before  a  public 
representation  ;  as,  to  rehearse  a  tragedy. 

REHEARSED,  pp.  rehers'cd.  Recited  ;  re- 
(jeatcd  ;  as  words  ;  narrated. 

REHEARSER,  n.  rehers'er.  One  who  re- 
cites or  narrates. 

REHEARSING,  ppr.  rehers'ing.  Reciting  ; 
repeating  words  ;  recounting  ;  telling  ; 
narrating. 

RE'IGLE,  n.  [Fr.  regie,  rule.]  A  hollow  cut 
or  channel  tor  guiding  any  thing;  as  the 
reigle  of  a  side  post  for  a  flood  gate. 

Carew. 

RF.IGN,  I!,  i.  rant.  [L.  regno,  a  derivative  of 
rego,  rcgnum  ;  Fr.  regner ;  It.  regnare  ;  Sp. 
rei/nar.] 

1.  'to  po.ssess  or  exercise  sovereign  power 
or  authority  ;  to  rule  ;  to  exercise  govern- 
ment, as  a  king  or  emperor  ;  or  to  hold  the 
supreme  power.  George  the  third  reign- 
ed over  Great  Britain  more  than  fifty 
years. 

Beliold,  a  king  shall  reign  in  righteousness. 
Is.  xxxii. 
To  be  predominant ;  to  prevail. 

Pestilent  diseases  which  couunoiily  reign  in 
simimer  or  autumn.  Bacon 

3.  To  rule;  to  have  superior  or  uncontrolled 

dominion.     Rom.  vi. 
[This  word  is  never  applied  to  the  e.xercise 
of  supreme  power  by  a  legislative    body 
or  the  e.xecutive  administration,  in  the  U. 
States.] 
REIGN,  Ji.  rane.   [Fr.  regne ;    L.  regnum.] 
\.  Koyal  authority;  supreme  power;  sove- 
reignty. 

He  who  Uke  a  father  held  his  reign. 

Pope. 
The  time  during  which  a  king,  queen  or 
emperor  possesses  the  supreme  authority. 
The  Spanish  armada  was  equipped  to  in- 
vade England  in  the  reign  of  queen  Eliz- 
abeth. Magna  Charta  was  obtained  in  the 
reign  of  king  John. 
Kingdom;  dominion. 

Saturn's  sons  received  the  threefold  reign 
Of  heav'n,  of  ocean,  and  deep  hell  beneath. 

Prior. 
Power ;  influence.  Chapman. 

Prevalence. 
REIGNING,  ppr.  ra'ning.  Holding  or  exer- 


3. 


as  king,  queen  or  emperor. 

2.  a.  Predominating  ;  prevailing  ;  as  a  reign- 
ing vice  or  disease. 

REIMBARK.     [See  Re-embark.] 

REIMBOD'Y,  i'.  i.  [re  and  imbody  or  em- 
body.] 

To  imbody  again  ;  to  be  formed  into  a  body 
anew.  Boyle. 

REIMBURS'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  re- 
paid. 

A  loan  has  been  made  of  two  millions  of  ilol- 
lars,  reinibursahlt  in  ten  years.  Jianiillon. 

REIMBUHSE,  v.t.  reimburs'.  [Fr.  renibonrs- 
er  ;  re  and  einbonrser ;  en,  in,  and  bourse,  u 
purse;  ll.  rimborsare ;    S\i.  re-embotsar.] 

To  refund  ;  ro  reidace  in  a  treasury  or  in  a 
(irivate  coffer,  an  equivalent  to  the  stun 
taken  from  it,  lost  or  expended  ;  as,  to  n  - 
imbursK  the  expenses  of  a  war  or  a  canal. 


The  word  is  used  before  the  person  «x- 
pending,  or  the  treasury  from  which  the 
advances  are  made,  or  before  the  expenses. 
We  say,  to  reimburse  the  jndividual,  to  re- 
imburse the  treasury,  or  to  reimburse  the 
expenses.  To  reimburse  the  person,  is  to 
re|)ay  to  him  his  losses,  expenses  or  ad- 
vances; to  reimburse  the  treasury,  is  to  re- 
fund to  it  the  sum  drawn  from  it;  to rei»n- 
burse  hrsscs  or  expenses,  is  to  repay  tliem 
or  make  them  good. 

REIMBURSED,  pp.  Repaid;  refunded; 
made  good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

REIMBURSEMENT,  n.reimburs'ment.  The 
act  of  repaying  or  refunding  ;  repayment; 
as  the  reimbursement  of  principal  anil  in- 
terest. Hamilton. 

REIMBURS'ER,  n.  One  who  repays  or  re- 
funilh  what  has  been  lo.st  or  expended. 

REIMBURS'ING.  ppr.  Repaying;  refund- 
mg  ;  making  good,  as  loss  or  expense. 

REIMPLANT',  j'.  (.  [re  and  implant.]  To 
implant  again.  Taylor. 

RELMPLANT'ED,  pip.  Implanted  anevv. 

HEIM  PL.'iNT'ING.  ppr.  Inqrlanting  again. 

REIMPORTU'NE,  i-.  t.  [re  and  importune.] 
To  importune  again. 

REIMPORTU  N ED.  pp.  Importuned  again. 

REIMPORTU'NING,  ppr.  Importunuig 
again. 

REIMPREG'NATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  impreg- 
nate.] 

To  iiiipresnate  again.  Brown. 

REIMPREG'NATED,  pp.  Impregnated 
again. 

REIMPREG'NATING,  ppr.  Impregnating 
again. 

REIMPRESS',  V.  t.  [re  and  impress.]  To  im- 
l)ress  anew.  Buckminster. 

REIMPRESS'ED,  pp.  Impressed  again. 

REIMPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  again. 

REIMPRES'SION,  n.  A  second  or  repeat- 
ed impression. 

REIMPRINT',  V.  t.  [re  and  imprint.]  To 
imprint  again. 

REIMPRINT'ED,pp.  Imprinted  again. 

REIMPRINT'ING,   ppr.  Imprinting  anew. 

REIN,  n.  [Fr.  rene.  from  rcsne.  The  It.  re- 
dine  is  evidently  from  the  L.  retina,  reti- 
naculum, Sp.  rienda.  If  contracted  from 
the  Latin,  it  is  from  retineo,  othern  ise  from 
the  root  o(  arrest.] 

\.  The  strap  of  a  bridle,  fastened  to  the  curb 
or  snaffle  on  each  siile,  by  which  the  rider 
of  a  horse  restrains  and  governs  him. 

2.  The  instrument  of  curbing,  restraining  or 
governing  ;  government.   "  Shak. 

To  give  the  reins,  to  give  license;  to  leave 
without  restraint.  Pope. 

To  take  the  reins,  to  take  the  guidance  or 
government. 

REIN,  V.  t.  To  govern   by  a  bridle. 

.1/17(071. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  control.  Shak. 

Klj.lNDEEK,  n.   [Sax.   hrana.     See   Rune.] 

.A.  species  of  the  cervine  genus;  mure  cor- 
rectly written  ranedeer,  or  rather  rane, 
which  is  the  true  name. 

REINFECT',  v.t.  [re  and  !H/re(.]  To  infect 
again. 

REINFECT' ED,  pp.  Infected  again. 

Ri: INFECT' ING,  ppr.  Infecting  again. 

REINFEC'TIOUS,  a.  Capable  of  infecting 
again.  Vaughan.   .Med.  Repos. 

REINFORCE,  v.t.  [re  and  oi/ore<.]  To  give 
ucw  force  to ;  to   strengthen  by  new  as- 


R  E  I 


R  E  J 


R  E  J 


distance  or  supitort.  [It  is  written  also 
rc-tafoTci'  ;  but  rehiforce  seems  now  to  be 
tbo  most  coimnon.] 

RElNFOKClii), /*;>.  Strengthened  by  addi 
tioiml  liirco. 

UKINPORCEMENT,  n.  New  force  added  ; 
fresh  su|)|,hes  of  strengtii  ;  particularly, 
additional  troops  or  ships. 

REINFORCENG,  ppr.  Adding  fresli  force 
to. 

REINGRA'Tl  ATE,w.«.  To  ingratiate  again. 

Mitford. 

REINGRA'TIATE,  v.t.  [re  and  ingrntiate.] 
To  ingratiate  again  ;  to  recommend  again 
to  favor.  Herbert. 

REINGRA'TIATED,  pp.  Reinstated  in  fa- 
vor. 

REINGRA'TIATING,  ppr.  Ingratiatin'j 
again. 

REINHAB'IT,  v.  t.  [re.  and  inhnhit.]  To  in- 
habit again.  Mede. 

REINHAB'ITED,/)/).  Inhabitcil  again. 

REINIIAB'ITING, />/?/•.  Inhabiting  a  second 
time. 

REINLESS,  a.  Without  rein;  witliout  re 
straint;  unchecked. 

REINLIST',  r.  t.  or  i.  [re  and  Mist.']  To  in- 
list  again.  Marshall. 

[It  is  written  also  re-enlisl.^ 

REINLIST'ED.pp.  Inlistcd  anew. 

REINLIST  IN(;.  m>r.   Iidisting  anew. 

REINLIriT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  inlisting 
anew:  the  act  of  engaging  again  in  niili 
tary  service. 

REINQUI'RE,  V.  t.  To  inquire  a  second 
time.  Brown. 

REINS,  n.  phi.  [Fr.  rein,  rognon ;  L.  ren, 
rents  ;  It.  rene,  arnione  ;  Sp.  rinones.] 

1.  Tlie  kidney.'i;  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

3.  Ill  Scriphire,  the  inward  parts  ;  the  heart, 
or  seat  of  the  affections  and  passions.  I's, 
Ixxiii. 

REINSERT',  «.  (.  [re  and  tnser*.]  To  insert 
a  second  time. 

REINSERT'ED,  pp.  Inserted  again. 

REINriERT'lNG, /)/»■.   Inserting  again. 

REINSER'TION,  n.  A  second  insertion. 

REINSPECT',  I',  t.  [re  and  inspect.]  To  in- 
spect again,  as  provisions. 

REINSPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  inspeetinj 
a  second  time.  Laics  of  Cunn 

REINSPI'RE,  V.  t.  [re  and  inspire.]  To  in- 
spire anew.  Millon. 

REINSPrREI),  pp.  Inspirc<l  again. 

Dryden. 

REINSPI'RING, /jpr.  Inspiring  again. 

REINSTALL',  v.  t.  [re  and  install.]  To  iii 
stall  again;  to  seat  anew.  Milton. 

REINSTALL'ED,  pp.  Installe.l  anew. 

RKINSTALL'ING,  ppr.  Installing  again. 

REINSTALL'MENT,  Ji.  A  second  install 
inent. 

REINSTA'TE,  v.  t.  [re  and  instate.]  To 
I)lace  again  in  possession  or  in  a  former 
state  ;  to  restore  to  a  state  from  which  one 
had  been  removed  ;  as,  to  reinstate  a  king 
in  the  possession  of  the  kingdom;  to  rein- 
stnte  one  in  the  affcrlioiis  of  his  family. 

REINSTA'TED,/*/;.  Replaced  in  possession 
or  in  a  former  stalp. 

REINSTATEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  put 
ting  in  a  former  state  ;  re-establishment. 

Marshall. 

REINSTATING,  ppr.  Replacing  in  a  for- 
mer state ;  putting  again  in  possession. 


REINSU' RANGE,  n.  [re  andinsurance.  See 

Sure.] 
An  insurance  of  property  already  insured  ;  a 

second    insurance  of  the  .same   jiroperty. 

Such    reinsurance    is    i)ermitte<l    by    the 

French  conmiercial  code  ;  but  in  England 

is  prohibited  by  statute,  except  when  the 

first  underwriter  is  insolvent.  H'alsh. 

REINSC'RE,  v.t.  [re  and  t»i«i(rf.]  To  insure 

the  sam(!  property  a  second  time  by  other 

underwriters. 

The  insurer  may  cause  the  property  insured 

to  be  reinsured  by  other  persons. 

Walsh.     French  Com.  Code. 
REINSU'RED,  pp.  Insured  a  second  time 

by  other  persons. 
REINSIT'RING,    ppr.    Insuring   a    second 

time  bv  other  persons. 
KEI.N  TEGRATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  reintegrer ;  L. 

redintegro ;  red,  re,  and  inlcgro,  from  inte- 
ger.] 
To  renew  with  regard  to  atjy  state  or  quali 

ty  ;  to  restore.     [lAtth  used.l  Bacon. 

REINTER'ROGATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  interro 

gate.] 
To   interrogate   again  ;  to   question  repeat 

ediy.  Cotgrave. 

REINTIiRO'NE,  I'.  «.  [re  and  nt/Arone.  See 

Enthrone.] 
To  replac(;  on  the  throne.  Herbert. 

REINTIIIIO'NED,  pp.  Placed  again  on  the 

throne. 
REINTIIRO'NING,  ppr.  Replacing  on  the 

throne. 
REINTURO'NIZE,    v.  I.    To    reinthrone. 

r  ^^^  in  usf.l 
REINVEST',  v.*.   [re  and  invest.]  To  invest 

anew. 
REINVEST'ED,  pp.  Invested  again. 
REINVEST'ING,  ppr.   Investing  anew. 
REINVEST'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  invest- 
ing anew  ;  a  second  or  repeated  invest- 
ment. 
REINVIG'ORATE,  v.  I.   To  revive  vigor 

ill ;  to  reanimate. 
REIT,  71.  Sedge  ;  sea  weed.  Bailey. 

REITERATE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  reiterer ;  L.  re  and 

itero,] 
To  repeat;  to  repeat  again  and  again;  as 

reiterated  crimes  ;  to  rei<ern<c  requests. 

Milton. 
REIT'ERATED,  pp.    Repeated  again  and 

again. 
REIT'ERATING,    ppr.     Repeating   again 

and  again. 
REITERATION,  n.  Repetition.         Boyle. 
KE.IECT',   v.t.  [L.  rejicio,  rejectus ;  re  and 

jncio,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  anything  useless  or 
I     vile. 

2.  To  cast  ofl". 

Have  I  rejected  tlio.se  that  nic  ador'd  ? 

Brown. 
13.  To  cast  oft";  to  forsake.   .Tcr.  vii. 

4.  To  refuse  to  receive  ;  to  slight ;  to  des-j 
pise.  [ 

Because  thou  hast  rejected  knowledge,  I  will 
reject  thee.    Hos.  iv.    1  Sam.  xv.  ' 

5.  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  to  reject  a  prayerj 
or  request.  j 

G.  To  refuse  to  accept ;  as,  to  reject  an  offer.] 
iREJECT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  "be  rejecied.j 
REJE€TAMENT'A,  n.  [from  L.  rejeclo.].. 
j  Things  thrown  out  or  away.  [Ill  formed.^\ 
!  Fleming} 


REJE€TA'NEOUS,  a.  [from  the  L.]  Not 
chosen  or  received  ;  rejected.  More. 

REJECTED,  pp.  Tlirown  away  ;  cast  off ; 
refiised;  slighted. 

REJECT'ER,  n.  One  that  rejects  or  re- 
liises.  Clarke. 

REJE€T'  ING,  ppr.  Throwing  away;  casting 
off;  refusing  to  grant  or  accept ;  slight- 
ing. 

RE.lEe'TION,  n.  [h.  rejectio.]  The  act  of 
throwing  .away ;  the  act  of  casting  off  or 
forsaking  ;  refusal  to  accept  or  grant. 

Bacon. 

REJECT'IVE,  a.  That  rejects,  or  tends  to 
cast  off. 

REJE€T'MENT,  n.  Matter  thrown  away. 

Eaton. 

REJOICE,  V.  i.  rcjois'.  [Fr.  rejouir,  rejouis- 
sant ;  re  and  jouir,  to  enjoy  ;  Arm.  joauQ- 
zaal  ;  It.  gioire  ;  Sp.  regocijar,  to  rejoice  : 
Sp.  Port,  gozar,  to  enjoy  ;  gozo,  joy.  In 
most  of  till'  dialects,  the  last  radical  of  jo^ 
is  lost;  but  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
retain  it  in  ;,  which  is  a  jialatal  letter. 
Hence  this  word  seems  to  be  the  D.jui- 
chen,  to  rejoice,  to  shout;  G.  jauchzen. 
(in.  the  Dan.  hiijer,  to  rejoice;  huj,  a 
shout,  joy,  ri'joieing,  which  is  the  English 
hue,  in  hue  and  cry  ;  Fr.  hucr  and  huchcr. 
Amidst  such  changes  of  letters,  it  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  primary  elements. 
But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  jiriniary 
sense  is  to  shout,  or  to  be  animated  or  ex- 
cited.] 

To  experience  joy  and  gladness  in  a  high 
degree;  to  be  exhilarated  with  lively  and 
]ileasural)le  sensations;  to  exult. 

When  the  righteous  are  in  autliority,  the  peo- 
ple rejoice  ;  but  wlien  the  wicked  heareth  rule, 
the  people  mourn.     Prov.  .\xix. 

I  will  rejoice  in  thy  salvation.     Ps.  ix. 

REJOICE,  V.  I.  rejois'.  To  make  joyful ;  to 
gladden  ;  to  animate  with  lively  jiieasura- 
ble  sensations  ;  to  exhilarate. 

Whoso  loveth  wisdom  rejniceth  his  father. 
Prov.  xxix. 

Wliilc  she,  great  saint,  rejoices  heaven. 

Prior. 
REJOICED,  pp.  Made  glad  ;  exhilarated. 
REJOIC'ER,  n.  One  that  rejoices. 

Taylor. 
REJOICING,   ppr.    Animating  with  glad- 
ness ;  exhilarating  ;  feeling  joy. 
REJOICING,    n.   The   act   of"  expressing 
joy  and  gladness. 

The  voice  of  rejoicing  and  salvation  is  in  tlie 
tabernacles  of  the  righteous.     Ps.  cxviii. 
2.  The  subject  of  joy. 

Thy  testimonies  have  I  taken  as  an  heritage 
forever,  for  they  are  the  rejoicing  of  my  heart. 
Ps.  cxix. 
.3.  The  experience  of  joy.     Gal.  vi. 
REJOICINGLY,  adv.' With  joy  or  exulta- 
tion. Sheldon. 
REJOIN',  V.  t.  [re  and  join;  Fr.  rejoindre.] 

1.  To  join  again;  to  unite  after  separation. 

Broicn. 

2.  To  meet  one  aiiain.  Pope. 
REJOIN  ,  I'.  I.  To  answer  to  a  repl}'. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  low  pleadings,  to  answer,  as  the  de- 
fendant to  the  plaintifs  replication. 

liEJOIND'ER,  71.  An  answer  to  a  reply; 
or  in  general,  an  answer. 

2.  In  law  pleadings,  the  defendant's  answer 
to  the  plaintif's  replication. 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


11E.T0IN'ED,    pp.    Joined    again;   leuni- 

ted. 
RKJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  again;  answer- 
ing a  plaintif's  replication. 
REJOINT',  V.  t.  [re  and  joint.]  To  reunite 
joints.  Barrow. 

REJOLT,  n.  [re  and  jo/(.]  Areacting  jolt  or 
shock.     [Nol  used.]  South. 

REJOURN,  V.   t.    rrjuni'.    [Fr.   reajourner. 

See  Adjourn.] 
To  adjourn  to  another  hearing  or  inquiry. 
[Not  used.]  Burton. 

REJUDGE,  v.t.  rejuj'.  [re  &nd  judge.]     To 
judge  again;  to  re-examine;   to  review; 
to  call  to  a  new  trial  and  decision. 
Rejudge  his  acts,  and  dignify  disgrace. 

Pope. 
REJUDG'ED,  pp.  Reviewed  ;  judged  again. 
REJUDG'ING,  ppr.  Judging  again. 
REJUVENES'CENCE,  I       [L.  re  and  ju- 
REJIIVENES'CENCY,  S       venescens;  ju- 

venis,  a  youth.] 
A  renewing  of  youth;   the  state   of  bein 

young  again.  Paus.  Trans. 

REKIN'DLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  kindle.]  To  kin- 
dle again  ;  to  set  on  fire  anew.        Cheipie. 
•2.  To  inflame  again  ;  to  rouse  anew.    Pope. 
REKIN'DLED,  pp.  Kindled  again ;  inflam- 
ed anew. 
REKIN'DLING,  ppr.  Kindling  again  ;   in- 
flaming anew. 
RELA'ID,  pp.  Laid  a  second  time. 
RELAND',  V.   t.    [re   and   laiid.]    To   land 
a^ain ;    to  ])ut   on   land  what  had   been 
shipped  or  embarked.  Judge  Seivall. 

RELAND',  V.  i.    To  go  on  shore  after  hav- 
ing embarked. 
RELAND'ED,  pp.  Put  on  shore  again. 
RELAND'ING,  ppr.  Landing  again. 
RELAPSE,  V.  i.   relaps'.  [L.  relapsus,  rela- 

bor,  to  slide  back  ;  re  and  labor,  to  slide.] 
I.  To  slip  or  slide  back;  to  return. 
^).  To  fall  back ;  to  return  to  a  former  state 
or  practice ;  as,  to  relapse  into  vice  or  er- 
ror after  amendment. 
3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  recovery  or  a 
convalescent  state  ;  as,  to  relapse  into  a 
fever. 
RELAPSE,  n.  relaps'.    A  sliding  or  falling 
back,  particularly  into  a  former  bad  state, 
cither  of  body  or  of  morals ;  as  a  relapse 
into  a  disease  from  a  convalescent  state  ; 
::  relapse  into  a  vicious  course  of  life.     [In 
the  sense  of  a  person  relapsing,  not  used.] 
RELAPS'ER,    n.    One  that   relapses   into 

vice  or  ermr. 
RELAPS'ING,  ppr.  Sliding  or  falling  back, 

as  into  disease  or  vice. 
RELA'TE,  V.  I.   [L.  relatus,  refero ;  re  and 

fero,  to  produce.] 
I.  To  tell ;  to  recite  ;  to  narrate  the  partic-j 
ulars  of  an  event;  as,  to  relate  the  story  of 
Priam  ;  to  relate  the   adventures  of  Don 
Quixote. 
3.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore.     [.Vol  in  use.] 
:5.  To  ally  by  connection  or  kindred. 
To    relate    one's    self,  to  vent    thoughts  in 

words.     [III.] 
RELA'TE,  V.  i.  To  have  reference   or  re- 
spect ;  to  regard. 

All  negative  words  relate  to  positive  ideas. 

Locke. 

RELATED,  pp.  Recited  ;  narrateii. 
y.  a.  Allied  by  kindred  ;  connected  by  blood 
or  alliance,  particularly  by  consanguinity  ; 


in  the  first   or  second 


relation   or   reference ;    con- 
n.  [Fr.   from    L.  relalio,   Te- 


as a  ijerson  related 
degree. 

RELA'TER,  n.  One  who   tells,  recites  or 
narrates;  a  historian.  Milton.     Swift. 

RELA'TING,  ppr.  Telling;    reciting;  nar- 
rating. 

2.  a.  Having 
cerning. 

RELATION, 

fero.] 
I.  The  act  of  telling;  recital;  account;  nar 

ration  ;  narrative  of  facts  ;  as  a  historical 

relation.     We  listened  to   the  relation  of 

his  adventures. 

3.  Respect ;  reference  ;  regard 
I  have  been  importuned    to   make   some  oli- 

servations  on  this  art,  in  relation  to  its  agree- 
ment with  poetry.  Dryden. 
Connection  between  things;  mutual  re- 
spect, or  what  one  thing  is  with  regard  to 
another ;  as  the  relation  of  a  citizen  to 
the  state  ;  the  relation  of  a  subject  to  the 
supreme  authority  ;  the  relation  of  hus- 
band and  wife,  or  of  master  and  servant ; 
the  relation  of  a  state  of  probation  to  a 
state  of  retribution. 

4.  Kindred  ;  alliance  ;  as  the  relation  of  pa- 
rents and  children. 

Belations  dear,  and  all  the  charities 
Of  father,  son  and  brother,  first  were  known. 

Alilton. 
A  person  connected  by  consanguinity  or 
aflinity ;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman.  He 
passed  a  mouth  with  his  relations  in  the 
country. 

Resemblance  of  jihenomena  ;  analogy. 
7.  In  o-fo»ie(n/,  ratio;  proportion. 
REL.A'TIONAL,  a.  Having  relation  or  kin- 
dred. 

We  might  be  tempted  to  take   these  two  na- 
tions for  relational  stems.  Tookc. 
RELATIONSHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being 
related  by  kindred,  aflinity   or  other  alii 
ance.       "                                              Mason 
[This  word  is  generally  tautological  and 
11  fclcss  1 
REL'ATIVE,  a.  [Fr.  relaiif;  L,   relatiinis.] 

1.  Having  relation ;  respecting.  The  argu- 
ments may  be  good,  but  they  are  not  rela- 
tive to  the  subject. 

2.  Not  absolute  or  existing  by  itself;  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  or  respecting  some- 
thing else. 

Every  thing  sustains  both  an  absolute  and  a 
relative  capacity ;  an  absolute,  as  it  is  such  a 
thing,  endued  with  such  a  nature  ;  and  a  rela- 
tive, as  it  is  a  part  of  the  universe,  and  so  stands 
in  such  a  relation  to  die  whole.  South.' 

3.  Incident  to  man  in  society ;  as  relative 
rights  and  duties. 

4.  Particular  ;  positive.     LVot  in  tiss.] 

Shak. 

Relative  mode,  in  music,  the  mode  which  the 
composer  interweaves  with  the  principal 
mode  in  the  flow  of  the  harmony. 

Encyc. 

Relative  terms,  in  logic,  terms  which  imply 
relation,  as  giianiian  and  ward ;  master 
and  servant;  luisband  and  wife. 

Relative  word,  in  grannnar,  a  word  wliicl 
relates  to  another  word,  called  its  antece- 
dent, or  to  a  sentence  or  member  of  a 
sentence,  or  to  a  series  of  sentences. 

REL'ATIVE,  71.  A  person  connected  by 
blood  or  affinity  ;  strictly,  one  allied  by 
blood  ;  a  relation ;  a  kinsman  or  kii>swo 
Dian. 


R  E  L 

Confining  our  care  either  to  ourselves  and 
relatives.  Fell. 

2.  That  which  has  relation  to  something 
else.  Locke. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  word  which  relates  to  or 
represents  another  word,  called  its  ante- 
cedent, or  to  a  sentence  or  iriember  of  a 
sentence,  or  to  aseriesof  sentences,  which 
constitutes  its  antecedent.  "He  seldom 
lives  frugally,  who  lives  by  chance."  Here 
ivho  is  the  relative,  which  represents  he, 
the  antecedent. 

"Judas  declared  him  innocent, icfttcA he 
could  not  be,  had  he  deceived  his  disci- 
ples." Porteus.  Here  ivhich  refers  to  i«- 
nocent,  an  adjective,  as  its  antecedent. 

"Another  reason  that  makes  me  doubt 
of  any  innate  practical  principles,  is,  that 
I  think  there  cannot  any  one  moral  rule 
be  proposed,  whereof  a  man  may  not  just- 
ly demand  a  reason  ;  ivhich  would  he  per- 
fectly ridiculous  and  absurd,  if  they  were 
imiate,  or  so  much  as  self-evident,  which 
every  innate  principle  must  needs  be." 

Locke. 
If  we  ask  the  question,  what  would  be 
ridiculous  and  absuid,  the  answer  must 
be,  whereof  a  man  may  justly  demand  a  rea- 
son, and  this  part  of  the  sentence  is  the 
antecedent  to  which.  Self-evident  is  the 
antecedent  to  which,  near  the  close  of  the 
sentence. 
RELATIVELY,  adv.  In  relation  or  re- 
spect to  something  else;  not  absolutely. 

Consider  the  absolute  aflections  of  any  being 

as  it  is  in  itself,  before  you  consider  it  relative- 

ly.  Watts. 

REL'ATIVENESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 

relation. 
RELATOR,  n.  In  law,  one  who  brings  an 
information  in  the  nature  of  a  quo  warran- 
to. Blackstone. 
RELAX',  v.t.  [L.  relaxo  ;  re  and  la.xo,  to 
slacken  ;  Fr.  rehicher,  retascher ;  It.  rilas- 
sare  ;  Sp.  relaiar.     See  Lax.] 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  rigid ; 
as,  to  relax  a  rope  or  cord ;  to  relax  the 
muscles  or  sinews  ;  to  relax  the  reins  in 
rifling. 

2.  To  loosen  ;  to  make  less  close  or  firm  ; 
as,  to  relax  the  joints.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous ;  to  re- 
mit or  abate  in  strictness  ;  as,  to  relax  a 
law  or  rule  of  justice  ;  to  relax  a  demand. 

Swift. 

4.  To  remit  or  abate  in  attention,  assiduity 
or  labor  ;  as,  to  relax  study  ;  to  relax  ex- 
ertions or  efforts. 

.5.  To  unbend;  to  ease;  to  relieve  from  close 
attention  ;  as,  conversation  relaxes  the 
student  or  the  mind. 

t>.  To  relieve  from  consti[>ation ;  to  loosen; 
to  open  ;  as,  medicines  relax  the  bowels. 

7.  To  open  ;  to  loose.  Milton. 

8.  To  make  lancnid. 


REL.AX',  V.  i.  To  abate  in  severity  ;  to  be- 
come more  miki  or  less  rigorous. 
In  others  she  relax'd  again. 
And  govevu'd  with  a  looser  rein.  Prior. 

2.  To  remit  in  close  attention.     It  is  uscfid 
for  the  student   to  relax  often,   and  give" 
himself  to  exercise  and  annisements. 
RELAX',  n.  Relaxation.     [Xot  used.] 

Feltham. 
RELAX' ABLE,  a.  That  may  bo  remitted. 
[j  Barrow. 


11  E  L 

RELAXA'TION,  n.  [Fr.fcomL.relaxatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  slackoning  or  remitting  ten-| 
sioii ;  as  a  relaxation  of  the  imisclos,  fihers' 
or  iiurves  ;  a  relaxation  of  th«  whole  sys- 
tem. Bacon.     Encyc. 

2.  Cessation  of  restraint.  Burnet. 

3.  Keinission  or  abatement  of  rigor ;  as  a 
relaxation  of  the  law.  Sivijl.'. 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application;  as 
a  relaxation  of  mind,  study  or  business. 

.').  An  opening  or  loosening.  I 

RELA.X'A'nVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
relaxing.     [See  Laxative.]  B.  Jonson. 

REI.AX'ED,  j>p.  Slackened  ;  loosened  ;  nt-, 
mitted  or  abated  in  rigor  or  in  closeness  ;' 
made  less  vigorous;  languid. 

RELAX'ING,  /)/))■.  Slackening;  loosening; 
remitting  or  abating  in  rigor,  severity  orj 
attention ;  rendering  languid. 

REL.\'Y,  n.  [Fr.  retold.]  A  supply  of  horses 
placed  on  the  road  to  be  in  readiness  to 
reli(!ve  others,  that  a  traveler  may  proceed 
without  delay. 

2.  Hunting  dogs  kept  in  readiness  at  certain 
places  to  pursue  the  game,  when  the  dogs' 
that  have  been  in  pursuit  arc  weary.  | 

RELAY,  V.  (.  [re  aiH\  lai/.]  To  lay  again  ; 
to  lay  a  second  time  ;  as,  to  relai/  a  |)avc-' 
mcnt.  Smollett. 

RELA'YING,  ppr.  Laying  a  second  time. 

RELE'ASE,  V.  t.  [This  is  usually  derived 
from  Er.  reldcher,  to  slacken,  to  relax,  It.i 
rilassarc  and  rilasciare,  and  these  wonls 
havf  the  s(;nsc  of  release  ;  but  the  English! 
word  has  not  the  sense  of  relax,  but  of  cf 
and  lea,ie,  from  Fr.  laisser,  Eng. /e<,  a  word 
that  has  no  coimection  with  relax.  So  in 
G.  freilassen,  1).  vrijlaaten ;  free  and  let.i 
If  it  is  from  relach.tr,  it  has  undergone  a! 
strange  alteration.]  1 

\.  To  set  free  from  restraint  of  any  kind,  ei- 
ther physical  or  moral ;  to  liberate  from 
prison,  confinement  or  servitude.  Matt. 
XV.     i\Iaik  XV. 

2.  To  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  grief, 
&c. 

'3.  To  free  from  obligation  or  penalty  ;  as, 
to  release  one  from  debt,  from  a  protnisej 
or  covenant.  | 

1.  To  (juit ;  to  let  go,  as  a  legal  claim ;  as,: 
to  release  a  debt  or  forfeiture.     Dent.  .\v. 

.").  To  discharge  or  relin(|uisli  a  right  to! 
lands  or  tenements,  by  conveying  it  to  an- 
other that  has  some  right  or  estate  in  pos- 
session, as  when  the  person  in  remainder 
releases  his  right  to  the  tenant  in  posses- 
sion ;  when  one  co-jiarcener  releases  his; 
right  to  the  other ;  or  the  mortgagee  re-! 
leases  his  claim  to  the  mortgager.  I 

(i.  To  relax.     [.Vo(  hi  use.]  Hooker. 

RELE'ASE,  n.  Liberation  or  discharge 
from  restraint  of  any  kind,  as  from  con- 
finement or  bondage. 

2.  Liberation  from  care,  pain  or  any  bin-! 
den.  [ 

3.  Discharge  from  ohiigation  or  responsibil- 
ity, as  from  debt,  penalty  or  claim  of  any' 
kind ;  acquittance.  \ 

4.  In  law,  a  release  or  deed  of  release  is  a 
conveyance  of  a  man's  right  in  lands  or] 
tenements  to  another  who  has  some  es-l 
tate  in  possession  ;  a  quitclaim.  The  ef- 
ficient words  in  such  an  instrument  are,| 
"remised,  released,  and  forever  quitclaim-l 
ed."  Blackstone), 


R  E  L 

RELE'ASED,  jwp.  Set  free  from  confine-, 
ment ;  freed  from  obligation  or  liability  ; 
freed  from  pain  ;  quitclaimed. 

RELE'ASE.MENT,  n.  The  act  of  releasing 
from  confinement  or  obligation.       Milton. 

RELE'ASER,  n.  One  who  releases. 

RELE'ASING,  ppr.  Liberating  from   con 
finement  or  restraint ;    freeing  from  obli- 
gation or   responsibility,  or  from  pain  or 
other  evil ;  quitclaiming. 

REL'EGATE,  v.  t.  [U.  relego ;  re  ami  lego. 
to  send.]     To  banish  ;  to  send  into  exile. 

REL'EGATED,  pp.  Sent  into  exile. 

REL'EGATLIVG,  ppr.  Banishing. 

RELEGA'TION,  n.  [L.  relegatio.]  The 
act  of  banishment;  exile.  Jlyliffe. 

RELENT',  v.i.  [Vr.ralentir;  Sp.  relenter ; 
It.  rallentare  ;  Sp.  ablnndar  ;  I'ort.  ahran 
dar ;  the  two  latter  from  blando,  L.  blan 
dus,  which  unites  the  L.  hlandus  with  len 
tits.     The  English  is  from  )t  and  L.lenliis. 
gentle,  pliant,  slow,  the   primary  sense  of 
which  is  soft  or  yielding.     The  L.  Ie7us  isj 
|>robably  of  the  same  family.    See  Bland.]\ 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  become  less  rigid  or  hard  ; 
to  give. 

In  some  houses,  sweetmeats  will  relent  inore 
than  in  others.  Bacon. 

Wlicn  op'ning  buds  salute  the  welcome  day, 
j\»d  earth  reUniing  feels  the  genial  ray. 

Pope. 
[This  sense  of  the  word  is  admissihle  in 
poetry,  but  is  not  in  common  vse.] 

2.  To  grow  moist ;  to  deliques(;e  ;  applied' 
to  .salts  ;   as  the  relenting  of  the  air.  ] 

Bacon.\ 

Sail  of  tartar — placed  in  a  cellar,  will  begin  to: 
ruhiil.  Boyle. 

[This  sense  is  not  in  use.] 
To  become  less  intense.     [Little  used.] 

Sidney.] 
4.  To   soften  in   temper  ;  to   become   morej 
mild   and    tender  ;    to    feel    compassion. 
[Thisis  the  usual  sense  of  the  iford.] 
Can  you  bt-liold 
Mv  tears,  and  not  once  relent  ?  Shak. 

RELENT',  V.  t.  To  slacken. 

.\nd    oftentimes    he  would  rchiU   his   pace. 
()!).■<.  .Sjicn.ier. 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  mollify.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RELENT',  pp.  Dissolved.     Obs. 
REI.,E.\T',  ?i.  Remission  ;  stay. 


R  E  L 


Ob.t.         I 

Spenser.' 

RELEXT'ING,   ppr.    Softeifing  in  temper  : 

becoming  more  mild  or  compassionate.      | 

RELENT'ING,    n.    The  act   of  becoming 

more  mild  or  compa.ssionate. 
RELENTLESS,  a.  I'nmoved  by  pity  ;  mi-' 
pitying ;    insensible    to   the   distresses  of 
others;  destitute  of  tenderness;  as  a  prey 
to  relentless  despotism. 

For    this    th'   avenging  pow'r     employs   his 
darts,  '     ''  I 

Thus  will  persist,  relenllcs.i  in  his  ire. 

Dryden.l 

Relentless  thoughl.^,  in  Milton,  may  sig-{ 
nify  unremitted,  intently  fixed  on  disqui-l 
eting  objects.  Johnson.^ 

[This  sense  of  the  uord  is  unusual  and 
not  to  be  countenanced.] 
RELESSEE',  n.    [See  Release.]     The  per 

son  to  whom  a  release  is  executed. 
RELESSOR',  >!.  The  person  who  executes 
a  release. 

There  must  be  a  privity  of  estate  between 
the  relessor  and  relessee.  Blackstone. 


REL'EVANCE,   )        [See  Relevant.]     The 

RELEVANCY,  ^ "'  state  of  being  rele- 
vant, or  of  afTording  relief  or  aid. 

2.   I'ertiiM'ncc  ;  applicableness. 

•3.  In  Scots  law,  sufficiency  to  infer  the  con- 
clusion. 

REL'EVANT,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  relever,  to 
relieve,  to  advance,  to  raise  ;  re  and  lever, 
to  raise.] 

L  Relieving  ;  lending  aid  or  support. 

Pownall. 

2.  Pertinent ;  applicable.  The  testimony  is 
not  relevant  to  the  case.  The  argument 
is  not  relevant  to  the  question.  [This  is 
the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  now  generally 
used.] 

3.  Sufficient  to  support  the  cause. 

Scots  Law. 

RELEVA'TION,  n.  A  raising  or  lifting  up. 
[.Vo<  in  use.] 

RELI'ANCE,  n.  [from  re/i/.]  Rest  or  re- 
])Ose  of  mind,  resulting  from  a  full  belief 
of  the  veracity  or  integrity  of  a  person,  or 
of  the  certainty  of  a  fact;  trust;  confi- 
dence ;  dependence.  We  may  have  per- 
fect reliance  on  the  promises  of  God  ;  wo 
have  reliance  on  the  testimony  of  witness- 
es ;  we  i)lacc  reliance  on  men  of  ktiown 
integrity,  or  on  the  strength  and  stability 
of  goveriunent. 

REL'IC,  n.  [Fr.  reliefue ;  L.  reliquue,  from 
relini/uo,  to  leave;  re  and  linrjuo.] 

1.  That  which  remains;  that  which  is  left 
after  the  loss  or  <lecay  of  the  rest ;  as  the 
relics  of  a  town  ;  the  relics  of  magnifi- 
cence ;  the  rc/ics  of  antiquity.  The  rf/i'ts  of 
saints,  real  or  pretendcil.  are  held  in  great 
veneration  by  the  catholics. 

2.  The  body  of  a  deceased  person  ;  a  corpse. 
[Usu(Uly  in  the  plural.]         Dryden.     Pope. 

REL'ICT,  n.  [L.  relictus,  relicta,  from  relin- 
quo,  to  leave.] 

A  widow;  a  woman  whose  husband  is doail. 

.Vy>/-o/.     Garth . 

RELIE'F,  )i.  [Fr.  relief;  It.  rilevo,  rilievo, 
from  rilcvare,  to  raise,  to  lift,  to  remove  ; 
Sp.  relieve,  rclrvar ;  re  and  Ihvar,  to  raise.] 

L  The  removal,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  any 
evil  that  atilicts  the  body  or  mind  ;  the 
removal  ur  alleviation  of  pain,  grief,  want, 
care,  anxiety,  toil  or  distress,  or  of  any- 
thing opprcs^•ive  or  bunlensome,  by  which 
some  ease  is  obtained.  Rest  gives  relief 
to  the  body  when  weary  ;  an  anodyne 
gives  relief  from  pain  ;  the  .sympathy  of 
friends  .-itfords  some  relief  to  the  distress- 
ed ;  a  loan  of  money  to  a  man  embarrassed 
may  aflbril  him  a  temporary  relief;  med- 
icines which  will  not  ciM"ca  disease,  some- 
times give  a  partial  relief.  \  complete  re- 
lief from  the  troubles  of  life  is  never  to  bo 
expected. 

That  which  mitigates  or  removes  piiin, 
grief  or  other  evil.  Dryden. 

3.  Th(!  dismission  of  a  sentinel  from  his  post, 
whose  place  is  supplied  by  another  sol- 
dier ;  also,  the  person  who  takes  his 
place. 

In  sculjiture,  &c.  the  projecture  or  prom- 
inence of  a  figure  above  or  beyond  the 
ground  or  plane  on  which  it  is  formed. 
Relief  is  of  three  kinds;  high  relief  [alto 
relievo  :]  low  relief  [basso  reliei-o  ;]  and 
demi  relief  [rffmf  relievo.]  Tlie  difierence 
is  in  the  degree  of  projecture.    High  relief 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


R  E  L 


is  flirmeJ  from  nature,  as  when  a  figure 
projects  as  much  as  the  life.  Low  relief  \s 
when  the  figure  projects  but  hltle,  as  in 
medals,  festoons,  foliages  and  other  or- 
naments. Demi  relief  is  when  one  half 
of  the  figure  rises  from  the  plane. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  painting,  the  appearance  of  projection, 
or  the  <Iegree  of  boldness  which  a  figure 
exliibits  to  the  eye  at  a  distance. 

6.  In  feudal  law,  a  fine  or  composition  whicli 
the  heir  of  a  tenant,  holding  by  knight's 
service  or  other  tenure,  paid  to  the  lord 
at  the  death  of  the  ancestor,  for  the  privi- 
lege of  taking  up  the  estate  whicli,  on 
strict  feudal  principles,  had  lapsed  or  fall- 
en to  the  lord  on  the  death  of  the  tenant. 
This  relief  consisted  of  horses,  arms,  mon- 
ey and  the  like,  the  amount  of  which  was 
originally  arbitrary,  liul  afterwards  fi.\ed 
at  a  certain  rate  by  law.  It  is  not  paya- 
ble, unless  the  heir  at  the  death  of  his 
ancestor  had  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty 
one  years.  Blackstone.     Kncyc. 

7.  A  remedy,  partial  or  total,  for  any  wrong 
suffered  ;  redress  ;  indenniification.  He 
applied  to  chancery,  but  could  get  no  re- 
lief. He  petitioned  the  legislature  and 
obtained  relief. 

8.  The  exposure  of  any  thing  by  the  prox- 
imity of  something  else.  Johnson. 

KELI'ER,  n.  [fi-om  rely.]  One  who  relies, 
or  places  full  confidence  in. 

IIELIE'VABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
lieved ;  that  may  receive  relief  Hale. 

RELIEVE,  I'.  I.  [Fr.  relever  ;  L.  relevo. 
See  Relief] 

1.  To  free,  wholly  or  partially,  from  pain 
grief,  want,  anxiety,  care,  toil,  trouble, 
burden,  oppression,  or  any  thing  that  is 
considered  to  be  an  evil ;  to  ease  of  any 
thing  that  pains  the  body  or  distresses  the 
mind.  Repose  relieves  the  wearied  body  ; 
a  supply  of  provisions  relieves  a  family  in 
want ;  medicines  may  relieve  the  sick  man, 
even  when  they  do  not  cure  him.  We  all 
desire  to  be  relieved  from  anxiety  and  from 
heavy  taxes.  Law  or  duty,  or  both,  re- 
quire that  we  should  relieve  the  poor  and 
destitute. 

2.  To  alleviate  or  remove  ;  as  when  we  say, 
to  relieve  pain  or  distress ;  to  relieve  the 
wants  of  the  poor. 

3.  To  dismiss  from  a  post  or  station,  as  sen- 
tinels, a  guard  or  ships,  and  station  oth- 
ers in  their  ])lace.  Sentinels  are  generally' 
j'e/icyei/ every  two  hours;  a  guard  is  usu-l 
ally  relieved  once  in  twenty  four  hours.       ! 

4.  To  right ;  to  ease  of  any  burden,  wrong' 
or  oppression  by  judicial  or  legislative 
interposition,  by  the  removal  of  a  griev- 
ance, by  indemnification  for  losses  and 
the  like. 

.").  To  abate  the  inconvenience  of  any  thing 
by  change,  or  by  the  inter|iosition  of  some- 
thing dissimilar.  The  mrxm  relieves  the 
luster  of  the  sun  with  a  niikler  light. 

The  poet  must  not  encumber  his  poem  witli 
too  inucli  business,  but  sometimes  reliene  the 
subject  with  a  moral  reflection.  Addison 

(j.  To  assist ;  to  support. 

Parallels  or  like  relations  alternately  relieve 
each  other ;  wlien  neitlicr  will  pass  asunder 
yet  are  they  plausible  to^etlier.  Brown. 


RELIE'VED,  pp.  Freed  from  pain  or  oth- 
er evil ;  eased  or  cured  ;  aided  ;  succor- 
ed ;  dismissed  from  watching. 

3.  Alleviated  or  removed  ;  as  pain  or  dis- 
tress. 

RELIEVER,  n.  One  that  relieves  ;  he  or 
that  which  gives  ease. 

RELIE'VIlXG,  ppr.  Removing  pain  or  dis- 
tress, or  abating  the  violence  of  it ;  eas- 
ing; curing;  assisting;  distuissing  from  a 
post,  as  a  sentinel ;  supporting. 

RELIE'VO,  n.  [It.]  Relief;  prominence  of 
figures  in  statuary,  architecture,  &.c. ;  ap- 
parent prominence  of  figures  in  painting. 

RELIGHT,  V.  t.  reli'le.  [re  and  light.]  To 
light  anew  ;  to  illuminate  again. 

i.  To  rekindle  ;  to  set  on  fire  again. 

RELIGHTED,   pp.    Lighted  anew;  rekin 

(lied.  ; 

RELIGHTING,  ppr.  Lighting  again;  re- 
kindling. 

RELItJION,  n.  relij'on.  [Fr.  Sp.  religion ; 
It.  retigione  ;  L.  religio,  from  religo,  to  bind 
anew  ;  re  and  ligo,  to  bind.  This  word 
seems  originally  to  have  signified  an  oath 
or  vow  to  the  gods,  or  the  obligation  of 
such  an  oath  or  vow,  which  was  held 
very  sacred  by  the  Romans.] 

1.  Religion,  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense, 
includes  a  belief  in  the  being  and  perfec- 
tions of  God,  in  the  revelation  of  his  will 
to  man,  in  man's  obligation  to  obey  his 
commands,  in  a  state  of  rewanl  and  i)un- 
ishment,  and  in  man's  accountableness  to 
God  ;  and  also  true  godliness  or  piety  of 
life,  with  the  practice  of  all  moral  duties. 
It  therefore  comprehends  theology,  as  a 
system  of  doctrines  or  principles,  as  well 
as  practical  piety ;  for  the  practice  of 
moral  duties  without  a  belief  in  a  divine 
lawgiver,  and  without  reference  to  his 
will  or  connnands,  is  not  religion. 

2.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  theology,  is  god- 
liness or  real  piety  in  jn-actice,  consisting 
in  the  performance  of  all  known  duties  to 
God  and  our  fellow  men,  in  obedience  to 
divine  command,  or  from  love  to  God  and 
his  law.     James  i. 

Religion  will  attend  you — as  a  pleasant  and 
useful  companion,  in  every  proper  place  and 
every  temperate  occupation  of  life. 

Buckininsler. 

3.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  virtue,  or  moral- 
ity, consists  in  the  performance  of  the  du-[ 
ties  we  owe  directly  to  God,  from  a  \n\n-\ 
ciple  of  obedience  to  his  will.  Hence  we| 
oi\eu  speak  of  religion  and  virtue,  as  dif- 
ferent branches  of  one  system,  or  the  du- 
ties of  the  first  and  second  tables  of  the 
law.  ! 

T.et  us  w  itii  caution  indulge  the  supposilion,' 
that  morality  can  be  maintained  without  relisi-, 
ion.  U'd^liiii^tnn: 

4.  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship.  In  this 
sense,  religion  comprehends  the  belief  and 
worship  of  pagans  and  iVIulmnunedans,' 
as  well  as  of  christians  ;  any  religion  con- 
sisting in  the  belief  of  a  superior  power  or 
])Owers  governing  the  workl,  and  in  the 
worship  of  such  power  or  powers.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  religion  of  the  Turks,  of 
the  Hindoo.s,  of  the  Indians,  &c.  as  widl 
as  of  the  christian  )c/tgio».  We  spe;ik  of 
false  religion,  as  well  as  of  true  religion. 

5.  The  ritesof  religion  ;  in  the  plural.  | 

Milton. 


RELIG'IONARY,  a.  Relating  to  religion  ; 
pious.     [JVot  used.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

RELIO'lONIST,  n.  A  bigot  to  any  relig- 
ious persuasion.  Swift. 

RELIG'IOUS,  a.  [Fr.  religieux ;  L.  relig- 
iosus.] 

1.  i'ertaining  or  relating  to  religion  ;  as  a 
religious  society ;  a  religious  sect ;  a  re- 
ligiojis  place  ;  religious  subjects. 

2.  Pious  ;  godly  ;  loving  and  reverencing 
the  Supreme  Being  and  obeying  his  pre- 
cepts ;  as  a  religious  man. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  practice  of  religion  ;  as  a 
religious  life. 

4.  Teaching  religion :  containing  religious 
subjects  or  the  doctrines  and  precepts  of 
religion,  or  the  discussion  of  topics  of  re- 
ligion ;  as  a  religious  book. 

5.  Exact;  strict;  such  as  religion  requires; 
as  a  religious  observance  of  vows  or  |)rom- 
ises. 

0.  Engaged  by  vows  to  a  monastic  life ;  as 
a  religious  order  or  fraternity. 

7.  Appropriated  to  the  performance  of  sa- 
cred or  religious  duties;  as  a  religions 
house.  Law. 

RELIG'IOUS,  n.  A  person  bound  by  mo- 
nastic vows,  or  sequestered  from  secular 
concerns  and  devoted  to  a  life  ofpiety  and 
devotion;  a  monk  or  friar;  a  nun. 

RELIli  lOUSLY,  adv.  Piously  ;  with  love 
and  reverence  to  the  Supreme  Being ;  in 
obedience  to  the  divine  commands. 

Drayton. 

2.  According  to  the  rites  of  religion.     Shak. 

3.  Reverently  ;  with  veneration.         Duppa. 

4.  Exactly ;  strictly  ;  conscientiously  ;  as  a 
vow  or  promise  religiously  observed. 

RELIGIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  religious. 

RELIN'aUISH,  v.t.  [L.  relinquo ;  re  and 
linijuo,  to  leave,  to  fail  or  faint ;  from  the 
same  root  as  liqueo,  liquo,  to  melt  or  dis- 
solve, deliquium,  a  fainting,  Ir.  leagham, 
to  melt.  Hence  the  sense  is  to  withdraw 
or  give  way  ;  to  relinquish  is  to  recede 
from.  It  is  probably  allied  to  fag  and 
slack ;  W.  llac,  llaciaiv,  to  slacken  ;  llegu, 
to  flag.     Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  It 
may  be  to  forsake  or  abandon,  but  it  does 
not  necessarily  express  the  sense  of  the 
latter.  A  man  may  relinqtiish  an  enter- 
prise for  a  time,  or  with  a  design  uever  to 
resume  it.  In  general,  to  relinquish  is 
to  leave  without  the  intention  of  resum- 
ing, and  equivalent  to  forsake,  but  is  less 
emphatical  than  abandon  and  desert. 

They   placed   Iri-^h  tenants   on  the  lands  re* 
Ihiquislied  by  the  English.  Davies. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  withdraw  from  ;  as,  to 
relimiui.'ih  the  practice  of  intemperance  ; 
to  relinquish  the  rites  of  a  church. 

Hooker. 

3.  To  give  up;  to  renounce  a  claim  to  ;  as, 
to  relinquish  a  debt. 

To  relinijuish  back,  or  to,  to  give  u]);  to  re- 
lease; to  surrender;  as,  to  relinquish  a 
cluim  to  another. 

RELINUUISIIKD,  p;j.  Left:  (|uitted  ;  giv- 
en up. 

RELINQUISHER,  n.  One  who  leaves  or 
quits. 

RELIN'QUISHLNG,  ppr.  Quitting;  leav- 
ing ;  giving  up. 


»,  E  L. 

RELINQUISHMENT,  n.  The  act  of  leav- 
ing or  quitting  ;  a  forsaking  ;  the  renounc- 
ing ii  claim  to. 

REJ.'IUL'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  rtliqmire,  from  L. 
rc/i/i'/uo.J 

A  depository  for  relics;  a  casket  in  which 
reli.w  an;  kept.  .    £"^2/C: 

RELIU'UIUATE,    v.  t.    [re  aad  hquidate.\ 

To  li<iui(l,it(;  anew ;  to  adjust  a  second  time. 

REl.lU'UllJATED,  pp.    Liquidated  again. 

RELIU'L'l  DATING,      ppr.       Liquidating 

RKLICiUIDA'TION,  n.  A  second  or  re- 
newed liquidation  ;  a  renewed  adjust- 
ment. Hamilton. 

RELISH,  n.  Taste;  or  rather,  a  pleasing 
taste  ;  that  sensation  of  tlie  organs  which 
is  experienced  when  we  take  food  or 
drink  of  au  agreeahle  flavor.  Difleirnt 
persons  have  differeiit  rdishis.  Relish  is 
often  iiatnial,  and  often  the  eftect  of  habit. 

2.  Liking  ;  delight ;  appetite. 

We  Ikivc  such  a  relislt  for  faction,  as  to  liavc 
lost  that  of  wit.  JldiUsun 

3.  Sense;  the  faculty  of  perceiving  excel- 
lence ;  tasle  ;  as  a  rdish  for  fine  writing, 
or  a  relish  of  tine  writing.  Addison  uses 
both  of  M\i\for  after  relish. 

4.  That  which  gives  pleasure  ;  the  power  of 
pleasing. 

When  liberty  is  gone, 
Life  grows  insipid  and  has  lost  its  rdish. 

Addismi 

5.  Cast ;  manner. 

It  preserves  souie  rdish  of  old  writing. 

Pope 

6.  Taste;  a  small  quantity  just  perceptible. 

Devotion,  palience,  courage,  fortitude, 
I  have  no  rdifh  of  them.  Shak 

REL'ISH,  V.  I.  To  give  au  agreeable  taste 
to. 
A  sav'ry  bit  that  serv'd  to  rdish  wine. 

Dry  lien. \ 

2.  To  like  the  taste  of;  as,  to  relish  venison. 

3.  To  be  gratified  with  the  enjoyment  or 
use  of. 

He  knows  how  to  prize  his  advantages  and 
to  relish  the  honors  which  he  enjoys. 

Mierhurii. 

Men  of  nice  palates  would  not  relish  .\rislot- 

le,  as  dressed  up  by  the  schoolmen.  Baker. 

REL'ISH,  V.  i.    To  have  a  pleasing  taste. 

The  greatest  dainties  do  not  always  relish. 

2.  To  give  pleasure. 

Had  I  been  the  finder-out  of  this  secret,  it 
would  not  have  relished  among  my  other  (lis 
credits.  Shak. 

3.  To  have  a  flavor. 

A  theory  which,  how  much  soever  it  may  rd- 
ish of  wit  and  invention,  hath  no  foundation  in 

H  'oodward. 

having 


R  E  M 


R  E  M 


RELU'CENT,   a.    [L.   rtlucens,  reluceo;  rtj  REMA'IN,  f.  i 

and  luceo,  to  shine.] 
Shining  ;  transjiarent  ;  clear  ;   pellucid  ;  as 

a  relucenl  stream.  Thomson 

RELL'CT',  V.  I.  [L.  reluctor  ;  re  and  ludor, 

to  struggle.]  To  strive  or  struggle  against. 

[I/iltle  used.] 


[L. 


rcvianeo 

o   - 


re  and  maneo. 


Gr.  itno,  ftiiiu  ;  Pers.    •  JvJL-«   mandan, 


:iiid 


\*.jl.x  manidaii,    to    remain,  to 


RELUCT'ANCE,  )       [literally  a  straining 
RELUCT'ANCY,  S  "'  or  striving  against.] 
Unwillingness;  great   opposition   of  mind; 
repugnance  ;  with  to  or  against ;  as,  to  un- 
dertake a  war  with  rtliidance.     He  has  a 
great  reluctance  to  this  measure. 
Bear  witness,  hcav'n,  with  what  rduciancy 
Her  helpless  innocence  1  doom  to  die. 

Dryden. 

RELUCT'ANT,  a.  Striving  against;  un- 
willing :  much  opposed  in  heart. 

Reluctant  now  1  touch'd  the  trembling  string. 

Tickdl. 

2.  Unwilling  ;  acting  with  slight  repug- 
nance ;  coy.  Milton 

3.  Proceeding  from  an  unwilling  mind  ; 
granted  with  reluctance  ;  as  reluctant  obe- 
dience. Mitford. 

RELUeT'ANTLY,  <«/!■.  With  opposition 
of  heart;  unwillingly.  What  is  uiiderta 
ken  reluctantly  is  seldom  well  performed. 

RELUCT'.\TE,  v.  t.  To  resist ;  to  struggle 
against.  Decay  of  Pietij. 

RELUCTA'TION,  n.  Repugnance  ;  resist 
ance.  Bacon. 

RELUCT'ING,  ppr.  Striving  to  resist. 

2.  a.  Averse ;  unwilling. 

iRELU'ME,  v.t.  [Vv.rallumer;  L.  re  and /u 
men,  light.]     To  rekindle  ;  to  light  again. j 

Pope:^ 

RELUMED,  pp.  Rekindled  ;  lighted  again., 
RELU'MINE,  v.t.    [It.  ralluminure ;  L.  rc- 

lumino;  re  and  lumen,  light,  from  luceo,  to 

shine.] 

1.  To  light  anew;  to  rekindle.  Shak. 

2.  To  illiiininate  again. 
RELU'MINED,   jip.    Rekindled;    ilhimina- 

tcd  anew. 
RELU  MING,    ppr.     Kindling   or   lighting 
anew. 


Gnstablc ; 


nature. 
REL'ISHABLE,    a. 

agreeable  taste. 
RELISHED,    pp.     Giving    an    agreeable 

taste  ;  received  with  pleasure. 
RELIVE,  V.  i.  reliv'.  [re  and  live.]     To  live 

again  ;  to  revive.  Spenser. 

RELIVE,    ti.  /.    reliv'.     To   recall   to  life. 

[J\'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RELO.'VN,  r.  (.  [re  and  loan.]  To  loan  again  : 

to  lend  what  has  been  lent  and  repaid. 
RELOAN,  n.  A  second  lending  of  the  same 

monev.  President's  Message 

RELO.VNED,  pp.  Loaned  again. 
RELO.VNING,  ppr.  Loaning  again. 
RELOVE,  V.  t.  [re  and  love.]  To  love  in  re- 
turn.   l.\~ot  in  use.]  Boyle. 


RELU'MINTNG,  ;)pr.  Rekindling;  enlight- 
ening anew. 

RELY',  V.  i.  [re  and  lie,  or  from  the  root  of 
He,  lay.] 

To  rest  on  something,  as  the  mind  when 
satisfied  of  the  veracity,  integrity  or  abili- 
ty of  persons,  or  of  the  certainty  of  facti 
or  of  evidence  ;  to  have  confidence  in  ;  to 
trust  in;  to  depend  ;  with  o».  W'c  i-ely  on 
the  promise  of  a  man  who  is  known  to  be 
upright ;  we  relij  on  the  veracity  or  fideli- 
ty of  a  tried  friend;  a  prince  relies  on  ihej 
affections  of  his  subjects  for  support,  and 
on  the  strength  of  his  army  for  success  in 
war:  above  all  things,  we  relfionihe  mer- 
cy and  promises  of  God.  That  which  is 
the  ground  of  confidence,  is  a  certainty  or' 
full  conviction  that  satisfies  the  mind  and: 
leaves  it  at  rest,  or  undisturbed  by 
doubt. 

Because  tliou  hast  rdied  on  the  king  of  .Syria, 
and  not  relied  on  the  Lord  thy  God —  2 
Chron.  xvi. 

RELY'ING,  ppr.  Kejiosing  on  something, 
as  the  mind  ;  confiding  in  ;  trusting  in  ; 
depending. 

REM.A'DE,  prcl.  and  pp.  of  remake. 


be  left,  to  delay,  to  be  like,  to  dismiss,  to 
leave.  The  sense  seems  to  be  to  draw- 
out  in  time,  or  to  be  fixed,  or  to  continue. 
See  analogies  in  leave.  The  sense  of  like- 
ness may  be  a  drawing.] 

1.  To  continue;  to  le.st  or  abide  in  a  place 
for  a  time  indefinite.  They  remained  a 
month  in  Rome.  We  remain  at  an  inn 
for  a  night,  for  a  week,  or  a  longer  time. 

liemuin  a  widow  at  thy  father's  house,  till 
Shelah  my  son  he  grown.     Gen.  .xxxviii. 

2.  To  be  left  after  others  have  withdrawn  ; 
to  rest  or  abide  in  the  .same  place  when 
others  remove,  or  are  lost,  destroyed  or 
tiikcn  away. 

Noah  only  remained  alive,  and  they  that  were 
with  him  in  the  ark.     (ieii.  \ii. 

3.  To  be  left  after  a  part  or  others  have  past. 
Let  our  remaining  time  or  years  be  em- 
ployed in  active  duties. 

4.  To  continue  unchanged,  or  in  a  particu- 
lar state.  He  nmani*  stupid  ;  he  remains 
ill  a  low  state  of  health. 

.■).  Not  to  be  lost ;  not  to  escape  ;  not  to  be 
forgotten. 

All  my  w isdom  remained  with  ine.  Ecdu-i. 
To  be  left,  out  of  a  greater  number  or 
quantity.  Part  of  the  debt  is  paid  ;  that 
which  rimaitis  will  be  on  interest. 

That  which  remaineth  over,    lay   up  for  you 
to  be  kept  till  the  morning.     Ex.  xvi. 
To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised. 
There  remains  one  argument  which  has 
not  been  considered. 

That  an  elder  brother  has  power  over  his 
brethren,  remains  to  be  [irovcd.  Locke. 

To  continue  in  the  same  state. 
Childless  thou  art,  childless  remain. 

Jilillon. 

REMA'IN,  r.  /.  To  await;  to  be  left  to;  as, 
j     the   easier   conipiest   now   remains   thee. 
I     [This  is  elliptical  for  remains  to  thee.     Re- 
main is  not  |)roperly  a  transitive  verb.] 
REM.\  IN,  Ji.  That  which  is  left ;  a  corpse; 

also,  abode.     [.\'ot  used.] 
REMA  INDER,  n.  .\ny  thing  left  after  the 
separation  and  removal  of  a  part. 

If  these  decoctions  be  repeated  till  the  water 
comes  ofl"  clear,  the  remainf/er  yields  no  salt. 

..Irbuthnot. 
The  last  remainders  of  unhappy  Troy. 

Dryden. 

2.  Helics  ;  remains  ;  the  corpse  of  a  human 
being.     [.\o/  noic  used.]  Shak. 

3.  That  w  hich  is  left  after  a  part  is  past ;  as 
the  remainder  of  the  day  or  week  ;  the 
remainder  of  the  year;  the  remainder  o( 
life. 

4.  The  sum  that  is  left  after  subtraction  or 
after  any  deduction. 

In  law,  an  estate  limited  to  take  effect  and 
be  enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  deter- 
mined. A  grants  land  to  15  for  twenty 
years;  remainder  to  I)  in  fee.  If  a  mail 
by  deed  or  will  limits  his  books  or  furni- 
ture to  A  for  life,  with  remainder  to  B,  this 
remainder  is  good.  Blackstone. 

A  writ  of  formedon  in  remainder,  is  a  writ 
which  lies  where  a  man  gives  lands  to  an- 
other for  life  or  in  tail,  with  remainder  to 


REM 


REM 


REM-ARKABLENESS,  n.  Observable- 
ness  ;  worlliiness  of  remark  ;  the  quality 
of  deserving  particular  notice. 

Hammond. 
this  case,  the  'reniahider'-|  REM^ARKABLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  de- 
bis  writ  of  forniedon  in 
Blackstone. 


a  third  person  in  tail  or  in  fee,  and  he  who, 
has  the  particular  estate  dies  without  is- 
sue heritable,  and  a  stranger  intrudes  uponj 
him  in  remainder  and  keeps  him  out  of 
possession  ;  in 
man  shall  have 
the  remainder. 
REMAINDER,  a.  Remaining ;  refuse  ;  left ; 
as   the    remainder  biscuit;    the  remainder 
viands.     Ohs.  Shak. 

REMAINDER-MAN,  n.  In  law,  he  who 
has  an  estate  after  a  particular  estate  is 
determined.  Blaekstone. 

REMAINING,  ppr.  Continuing;  resting; 
abiding  for  an  indefinite  time  ;  being  lelt 
after  separation  and  removal  of  a  part,  or 
after  loss  or  destruction,  or  after  a  part  is 
passed,  as  of  time. 
REMA'INS,  ji.  phi.  That  which  is  left  af- 
ter a  part  is  separated,  taken  away  or  de- 
stroyed ;  as  the  remains  of  a  city  or  house 
demolished. 
2.  A  dead  body  ;  a  corpse.  Pope. 

The  singular,  remain,  in  the  like  sense, 
and  in  the  sense  of  abode,  is   entirely  ob- 
solete. Shak. 
REMA'KE,  V.  t.   pret.  and  pp.  remade.    [ 

and  make.]     To  make  anew. 
REMAND,  V.  t.   [Ft.    remander ;  L.  re  and 

mando.] 
To  call  or  send  back  him  or  that  which  is 
ordered  to  a  place  ;  as,  to  remand  an  offi- 
cer  from  a  distant  place;  to   rema^id  an 
envoy  from  a  foreign  court. 
REM'ANDED,  pp.  Called  or  sent  back. 
REM'ANDING,    ppr.    Calling   or   sending 

back. 
REM'ANENT,  n.  [L.remanens.]    The  part 
remaining.     [Little  used.     It  is  contracted 
into  remnant.] 
REM'ANENT,  a.  Remaining.  [Little  used.] 

Taylor. 
REM' ARK,  n.   [Fr.  remarque  ;  re  and  mark.] 
Notice  or  observation,  particularly  notice 
or  observation  expressed  in  words  or  wri 
ting  ;  as  the  remarks  of  an  advocate  ;  the 
remarks  made   in  conversation  ;  the  judi- 
cious or  the  uncandid  remarks  of  a  critic 
A  remark  is  not  always  expressed,  for  we 
say,  a  man  makes  his  remarks  on  a  preach- 
er's sermon  while  he  is  listening  to  it.    In 
this  case  the  notice  is  silent,  a  mere  act  of 
the  mind. 
REM'ARK,  V.  t.   [Fr.  remarqxter.]    To   ob- 
serve; to  note  in   the   mind;  to  take  no- 
tice of  without   expression.     I   remarked 
the   manner   of  the   speaker ;  I  remarked 
his  elegant  expressions. 
2.  To  express  in  words  or  writing  what  one 
thinks  or  sees;  to  express  observations; 
as,  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  what  has  been 
before  remarked. 
X  To   mark  ;  to  point  out  ;  to   distinguish. 
[.Wit  in  use] 

His  manacles  remark  him.  Milton. 

REM>ARKABLE,  a.  [Fr.  remarijuahle.]  Ob- 
servable ;  worthy  of  notice. 

'Tis  remarkable  that  they 
Talk  most,  who  have  the  least  to  say. 

Prior. 
'.'.  Extraordinary  ;  luiusual  ;  that  deserves; 
j)articular  notice,  or  that  may  excite  ad- 
miration or  \von<ler ;  as  the  remarkable 
prcsirvation  of  lives  in  shipwreck.  The 
lUuk  day  in  iMay,  1790,  ^vas  a  remarkable 
uhetiomcuon. 


gree  worthy  of  notice ;  as,  the  winters  of 
1825,  1826  and  1828  were  remarkably  free 
from  snow.  The  winter  of  1827  was  re 
markable  for  a  great  (juantity  of  snow. 

2.  In  an  extraordinary  manner. 

REMARKED,  pp.  Noticed ;  observed  ;  ex 
pressed  in  words  or  writing. 

REM'ARKER,  n.  An  observer  ;  one  wlioj 
makes  remarks.  If  atts., 

REMARKING,  ppr.  Observing  ;  taking 
notice  of;  expressing  in  words  or  wri- 
ting. 


pp. 


Married   again    or  a 


REMARRIED, 

second  time. 

REMAR'RY,  v.  i.  [re  and  marry.]  To  mar- 
ry again  or  a  second  time.  Tindal 

REMAR'RYING,  ppr.  JIarrying  again  or 
a  secon<l  time. 

REMAS'TI€ATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  maslicale. 
To  chew  or  masticate  again  ;  to  chew 
over  and  over,  as  in  chewing  the  cud. 

REMAS'TIeATED,  pp.  Chewed  again  or 
repeatedly. 

REMAS'TIeATING,  ppr.  Chewing  again 
or  over  and  over. 

REMASTICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  masti- 
cating again  or  repeatedly. 

REME'DIABLE,  a.  [from  remedy.]  That 
may  be  remedied  or  cured.  The  evil  is 
believed  to  be  remediable. 

REME'DIAL,  a.  [L.  remedialis.]  Aflbrding 
a  remedy  ;  intended  for  a  remedy,  or  for 
the  removal  of  an  evil. 

The  remedial  part  of  law  is  so  necessary  a 
consequence  of  the  declaratory  and  dlrectoiy 
that  laws  without  it  must  be  very  vague  and  iui- 
perfect.     Statutes  are  declaratory  or  remedial. 

Blackstone 

REME'DIATE,  in  the  sense  of  remedial,  is 
not  in  use. 

REM'EDIED,  pp.  [from  remedy.]  Cured 
healed  ;  repaired. 

REMED'ILESS,  a.  [In  modern  books,  the 
accent  is  placed  on  the  first  syllabic,  whicl 
would  be  well  if  there  were  no  deriva- 
tives ;  but  remedilessly,  remedilessness,  re- 
quire the  accent  on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  Not  admitting  a  reniedy  ;  incurable  ;  des 
perate  ;  as  a  remediless  disease. 

]2.  Irreparable  ;  as,  a  loss  or  damage  is  remedi- 
less. 

3.  Not  admitting  change  or  reversal  ;  as  a 
remediless  doom.  Milton. 

4.  Not  admitting  recovery  ;  as  a  remediless 
delusion.  Soulk. 

REMED'ILESSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or 
degree  that  precludes  a  remedy. 

Clarendon. 
REMED'ILESSNESS,    n.    Incurableness, 
REM'EDY,  JI.  [L.  remedium  ;  re  and  merfeor, 
to  heal  ;  Fr.  remede.' 
That  which  cures   a  disease;  any  medi- 
cine or  application  which  inits  an   end  to! 
disease  and   restores  healtli  ;  with/or;  as 
a  remedy  for  the  gout. 
That  which  counteracts   an  evil  of  any 
kind  ;  with/or,  to  or  against ;  usually  with 
fur.     (.'ivil  government    is  the   remedy  for 
the  evils  of  natural  liberty.     What  remedy 
can     be     provided   for    cMravagniice     in 
dress?     Ti:e  man  who  shall  invent  an  el' 


REM 

fectual  remedy  for  intemperance,  will  de- 
serve every  thing  from  his  fellow  men. 

3.  That  which  cures  uneasiness. 
Our  griefe  how  swift,  our  remedies  hovi  sXov,- . 

Prim- 

4.  That  which  repairs  loss  or  disaster ;  repa- 
ration. 

In  tlie  death  of  a  man  tliere  is  no  remedy. 

U'isdom. 
REiM'EDY,  V.  t.  [Ft.  remedier.']    To  cure ; 
to  heal ;  as,  to  remedy  a  disease. 

2.  To  cine ;  to  remove,  as  an  evil ;  as,   to 
remedy  grief;  to  remedy  the  evils  of  a  war. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  remove  mischief;  in  a  very 
general  sense. 

REM'EDYING,  ppr.  Curing;  healing;  re- 
moving ;  restoring  from  a  bad  to  a  good 
state. 
REMELT',  V.  t.  [re  and  melt.]    To  melt  a 

second  time. 
REMELT'ED,  pp.  Melted  again. 
REMELT' IN G,  ppr.  Melting  again. 
REMEMBER,  r.t.  [Norm.  ren?c»nfrre ;  Low 
L.  )-tmemoror ;  re  and  mcmoror.     See  Mem- 
ory.] 
1.  To  have  in  the  mind  an  idea  which  had 
been  in   the  mind  before,   and  which  re- 
curs to  the  mind  without  effort. 

We  are  said  to  remember  any  thing,  when  the 
idea  of  it  arises  in  the  mind  with  the  conscious- 
ness  that  we  have  had  this  idea  before. 

Watfs. 
When  we  use  eft'ort  to  recall  an  idea,  we 
are  said  to  recollect  it.  This  distinction  is 
not  always  observed.  Hence  remember  is 
often  used  as  synonymotis  with  recollect, 
that  is,  to  call  to  mind.  We  say,  we  can- 
not remember  a  fact,  when  we  mean,  we 
cannot  rerollecl  it. 

Remember  the  days  of  old.     Deut.  xxxii. 
To  bear  or  keep  in  mind ;  to  attend  to. 
Remember  what  I  warn  thee  ;  shun  to  taste. 

Milton. 

4.  To  preserve  the  memory  of;  to  preserve 
from  being  forgotten. 

Let  them  have  their  wages  duly  paid, 
And  something  over  to  remetnber  me. 

Shak. 

5.  To  mention.     [.Yot  in  use.]  Ayliffe. 
G.  To  put   in  mind  ;  to  remind ;  as,  to   re- 
member one  of  his  duty.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Clarendon. 

7.  To  think  of  and  consider;  to  ineditate. 
Ps.  Ixiii. 

8.  To  bear  in  mind  with  esteem  ;  or  to  re- 
ward.    Eccles.  ix. 

9.  To  bear  in  mind  with  praise  or  admira- 
tion ;  to  celebrate.     1  Chron.  xvi. 

10.  To  bear  in  mind  with  favor,  care,  and 
regard  for  the  safety  or  deliverance  of 
anyone.     Ps.  Ixxi\.     Gen.  viii.     Gen.  xix. 

11.  To  hear  in  mind  with  intent  to  reward 
or  punish.     3  .lohu  10.     Jer.  xxxi. 

12.  To  bear  in  mind  w  ith  confidence ;  to 
trust  in.     Ps.  xx. 

1.3.  To  bear  in  mind  with  the  purpose  of  as- 
sisting or  relieving.     Gal.  ii. 
14.  To   bear  in   njind  with  reverence  ;    to 


otiey. 

Hnnember  lliy   Creator  in  the   days  of  thy 
youth.     Eccles.  xii. 
15.  To  bear  in  mind  with  regard;  to  keep 
as  sacred  ;  to  oliserve. 

Remember  the  .•^ahhath  day,  to  keep  it  holy. 
Ex.  XX. 
To  remember  merry,  is  to  exercise  it.    Hnb. 
iii. 


R  E  M 

REMEMBERED,  pp.  Kept  in  mind ;  re- 
Cdllii  ted. 

REMEMBERER,  n.  One  that  remembers. 

IVotton. 

REMEMBERING,  ppr.  Having  in  mind. 

REMEM'BRANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Tlie  retain- 
ins  i.r  liaving  in  mind  an  idea  whu-h  lad 
been  present  l)eforc,  or  an  idea  wliicli  had 
been  previously  received  from  an  object 
when  present,  and  vvliich  recurs  to  the 
mind  afterwards  witliout  the  presence  ot 
its  object.  Technically,  rimemhrance  dif- 
fers from  reminiscence  and  recollection,  as 
the  former  implies  that  an  idea  occurs  to 
the  mind  spontaneously,  or  without  much 
mental  exertion.  The  latter  imply  the 
power  or  the  act  of  recalling  ideas  which 
do  not  spontaneously  recur  to  the  mind. 

The   righteous   shall  be   in  cveilastiLg  re- 
memhranee.     Ps.  cxii. 

Remembrance  is  when  tlio  same  idea  recurs 
without  the  operation  of  the  like  object  on  the 


extcnral  sensory. 


Locke. 


Transmission  of  a  fact  from  one  to  an 
other. 

Titan 
Among  the  heav'iis  th'  immortal  fact  dis- 

play'd, 
Lest  the  remembrance  of  his  grief  should  fail. 

..itidisan. 

3.  Account  preserved;  sometliiug  to  assist 
the  memory. 

Those  proceedings  and  remembrances  are  in 
the  Tower.  -ffa/e. 

4.  Memorial. 

But  in  remembrance  of  so  brave  a  deed, 
A  tomb  and  funeral  honors  1  decreed. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  token  by  which  one  is  kept  in  the  mem- 
ory. 

Keep  this  remembrance  for  thy  Julia's  sake.] 

Shak.\ 

6.  Noticeof  something  absent. 

Let  your  remembrance  still  apply  to  Banquo. 

Shak. 

7.  Power  of  remembering  ;  limit  of  time 
within  which  a  fact  can  be  remembered  ; 
as  when  we  say,  an  event  took  place  be- 
fore our  remembrance,  or  since  our  remem- 
brance. 

8.  Honorable  memory.     [JK'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

9.  Admonition.  Shak. 

10.  Memorandum  ;  a  note  to  lielp  the  mem- 
ory. Chillingicorlli. 

REMEMBRANCER,  n.  One  that  rettiinds, 

or  revives  the  remembrance  of  any  thing. 

God  is  present  in  the    consciences    of  good 

and  bad  ;  he  is  there   a   remembrancer  to  call 

our  actions  to  mind.  Taylor. 

a.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England, 
whose  business  is  to  record  certain  pa- 
pers and  proceedings,  make  out  processes, 
&c.  ;  a  recorder.  The  officers  bearing 
this  name  were  formerly  called  clerks  of 
the  remembrance.  Encyc. 

REMEM'ORATE,  v.t.  [L.  rememoraJus,  re- 
memoror.] 

To  remember ;  to  revive  in  the  memory. 
f.Vof  in  use.] 

REMEMORA'TION,  n.  Remembrance. 
f  JVo/  in  vse 


REM 

To  remove  back  again  to  a  former  place  or 
state  ;  to  return.     [See  Migrate.]      Boyle. 

REMUJKA'TION,  n.  Renjoval  back  again  ; 
a  migration  to  a  former  place.  Hale. 

REMIND,  v.t.  [re  and   mi7ul.]    To  i)Ut 
mind ;  to  bring   to  the   remembrance  of; 
as,  to  remind  a  person  of  his  promise 

2.  To  bring  to  notice  or  consideration.  The 
infirmities  of  old  age  remind  us  of  our 
niortalitv. 

REMINDED,  pp.  Put  in  mind. 

REMIiVDlNG,  ppr.  Putting  in  mind;  call- 
ing attention  to. 

REMliVIS'CENCE,  ri.  [Fr.  from  L.  remin- 
iscens,  rcminiscor,  Gr.  firaonai.  i^ee  Mem- 
ory.] 

1.  That  facidty  of  tlie  mind  by  which  ideas 
formerly  received  into  it,  but  forgotten, 
are  recalled  or  revived  in  the  memory. 

£7ic^c.' 

2.  Recollection  ;  recovery  of  ideas  that  had 
escaped  from  the  memorv-  Hale. 

REMINISCEN'TIAL,  a.  "Pertaining  to  re- 
ininisi'ence  or  recollection.  Jiroivn. 

REMISE,  t'.  t.  s  aa  z.  [Fr.  remise,  from  re- 
mettre  ;  L.  remissns,  remillo ;  re  and  miHo,jl 
to  send.] 

To  give  or  grant  back  ;  to  release  a  claim ; 
to  resign  or  surrender  by  deed.     A  B  hathl'g 
remised,  released,  and  forever  tiuitc-liiimed[| 
to  BC,  all  his  riglit  to  the  manor  of  Dale. j 

Blackstone. 

REMI'SED,  pp.   Released. 

REMI'i^lNG,  ppr.  Surrendering  by  deed. 

REMl.SS',  a.  [Fr.  remis ;  L.  remissus,  su- 
pra.] 

I.  Slack  ;  dilatory  ;  negligent ;  not  perform- 
ing duty  or  business;  not  complying  with 
engageinents  at  all,  or  not  in  due  time  ;  as 
to  be  remiss  in  attendance  on  official  du- 
ties ;  remiss  in  pavment  of  debts. 

•2.  Slow  ;  slack ;  languid.  JFoodward. 

,3.  Not  iiiten.-^e. 

These  nervous,  bold  ;  those  languid  and  re- 

\  miss.  lioscummnn . 

iREMISS'lBLE,  a.  That  may  be  remitted 
or  for>;ivi-n.  Frlthnm. 

REMISSION,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  remissio, 
from  remillo,  to  send  back.] 

1.  Abatement;  relaxation  :  moderation;  as' 
the  remission  of  extreme  rigor.         Bacon.] 


REM 

business,  duty  or  engagement  in  the  prop- 
er tmie  or  with  the  requisite  industry. 

Denhnm.     Arbuthnot. 
REMIT',  V.  I.  [L.  remillo,  to  send  back;  re 
and  milto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  rem.ettre ;  It.  rimet- 
tere ;  Sp.  rtmitir.] 

1.  To  relax,  as  intensity  ;  to  make  less  tense 
or  violent. 

So  willingly  doth  God  remit  his  iie. 

Milton . 

2.  To  forgive ;  to  surrender  the  right  ol 
I  pmiisliing  a  crime  ;  as,  to  remit  jiunish- 
1  nient.  Dnjden. 
j3.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault  or  crime. 

Whose  soever  sins  ye  remit,  tliey  are  remit- 
I      ted  to  them.     John  xx. 
4.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

In  grievous  and  inhuman  crimes,  offenders 
should  be  remitted  to  tlieir  prince.  Hayward. 
To  refer  ;  as  a  clause  that  remitted  all  to 
the  bishop's  discretion.  Bacon. 

To  send  back. 

The  pris'uer  was  remitted  to  the  guard. 

Dryden . 
To  transmit  money,  bills  or  other  thing  in 
payment  for  goods  received.  Aniericaii 
merchants  remit  money,  bills  of  exchange 
or  some  species  of  stock,  in  payment  for 
British  goods. 
To  restore. 

In   ibis  case,  the  law  remits  him  to  his  an- 
cient and  more  certain  right.  Blackstone. 
REMIT',  I',  i.  To  slacken  ;  to  become  less 
intense  or  rigorous. 

When  our  passions  remit,  the  vehemence  of 
our  speech  remits  too.  Broome. 

So  we  say,  cold  or  heat  remits. 
2.  To  abate  in  violence  for  a  time,  without 
intermission  ;  as,  a  fever  remits  at  a  certain 
hour  every  day. 
REMIT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  remitting  to 
!     custody. 

|2.  Forgiveness  ;  pardon.  Milton. 

iREMlT'TAL,  n.  A  remitting;  agivingup; 
surrender ;    as   the   remittal    of   the   first 
1     fruits.  Swift. 

REMITTANCE,  n.  In  commerce,  the  act 
I  of  transmitting  money,  bills  or  the  like,  to 
I  a  distant  place,  in  return  or  payment  for 
I     goods  purcba.sed. 

2.  The  sum  or  thing  remitted  in  payment. 

Mdison. 


7. 


REMER'CIE,  ( 
REMER'CY, 


v.t. 


REM'IGRATE,  v.  i. 
migro,  to  migrate.] 

Vol.  II. 


[Fr.     rcmercier.]      To 

thank.     [j\'ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

[L.  rcmigro;   re   and 


sion  of  colli  ;  the  remission  of  close  study 
or  of  labor.  Woodicard.     Locke. 

3.  Release  ;  discharge  or  relinquishment  of 
a  claim  or  right;  as  the  remission  of  a  tax 
or  duty.  Mdison. 

4.  In  medicine,  abatement ;  a  temporary  sub- 
sidence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  dis- 
ease or  of  jjuin.  as  distinguished  from  jn- 
termission,  in  which  tlie  disease  leaves  the 
patient  entirely  for  a  time. 


Abatement ;  diminution   of  intensity ;  aSjREMlT'TED,     pp.     Relaxed;    forgiven; 
the  remission  of  the  sun's  heat ;  the  remis-       pardoned  ;  sent  back  ;  referred  ;  given  up; 

transmitted  in  payment. 
REMIT  TER,  n.  One  who  remits,  or  makes 

remittance  tor  payment 
.1 


In  laic,  tlic  restitution  of  a  more  ancient 
and  certain  right  to  a  person  who  has 
right  to  lands,  but  is  out  of  possession  and 
hath  aflerwards  the  freehold  cast  upon 
him  by  some  subsequent  defective  title, 
by  virtue  of  which  he  enters.  Blackstone. 
One  tliat  pardons. 


Forgiveness;  pardon;  that  is,  the  giving  REM'N.^NT,  n.  [contracted  from  remanent 
upof  tlie  punishment  due  to  a  crime;  asjl     See  iJemain.] 

the  remmion  of  sins.     Matt.  xxvi.     Ileb.,  1.  Residue;  that  which  is  left  afterthe  sep- 
aration, removal  or  destruction  of  a  part. 

The  remnant  that  arc  left  of  the   captivity. 
Nch.  i. 

That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  done, 
performed,  told  or  pas.sed. 
j       The  remnant  of  my  tale  is  of  a  length 

1  o  tire  your  patience.  Dryden. 

I       M  here  I  may  iliink  the  remnant  of  my  thoughts. 
I  Shak. 

IREM'NANT,  a.  Remaining;  yet  left. 


0.  The  act  of  sending  back.     [AoU"«  i/«e.] 
REMISS  LV,    adv.    Carelessly  ;  negligent-: 

ly  ;  wilhuut  close  attention.  Hooker.. 

2.  "Slowly  ;  slackly  ;  not  vigorously  ;  not  wiilil 

ardor.  Clarendon.i 

REMISS'NF.SS,  n.    Slackness  :  slowtiess  ;( 

carelessness  :  negligence  ;  want   of  ardor 

or  vigor  ;  coldness;  want  of  aider  ;  want 

of  punctuality 


want  of  attention  to  any 


R  E  M 


R  E  M 


REM 


And  quiet  dedicate  her  remnant  life 
To  the  just  duties  of  a  humble  wile.     [Little 
vscd.'l  Prior. 

RE.AIOD'EL,  !'.  t.  [re  and  model]  To  mod- 
el or  fashion  anew. 

REMOD'ELED,  pp.  Modeled  anew. 

REMOD'KLLXG,  ppr.  MtMlolins  again. 

REMOLD,  V.  I.  [re  and  mold.]  To  mold  or 
shape  anew. 

REMOLDED,  pp.  Molded  again. 

J.  Barlow. 

REMOLDING,  ppr.  Molding  anew. 

REMOLTEN,  a.  or  pp.  [re  and  molten,  from 
viell.]     Melted  again.  Bacon. 

REMON'STRANCE,  n.  [Fr.  remontrance. 
See  Remonstrate.] 

1.  Show;  discovery.     [J^ot  in  rise.]       Shak. 

2.  E.xpostiilation ;  strong  representation  of 
reasons  against  a  irieasure,  either  piihlic 
or  private,  and  when  addressed  to  a  pnb- 
lic  body,  a  prince  or  magistrate,  it  may  he 
accompanied  with  a  petition  or  snpplica- 
tion  for  the  removal  or  prevention  of  some 
evil  or  inconvenience.  A  party  aggrieved 
presents  a  remonstrance  to  the  legisla- 
ture. 

3.  Pressing  suggestions  in  opposition  to  a 
measure  or  act;  as  the  remonstrances  of 
conscience  or  of  justice.  Rogers. 

4.  Expostulutory  counsel  or  advice  ;  re- 
proof Enci/c. 

REaiON'STRANT,  a.  E.xpostnlatory ;  urg- 
ing strong  reasons  against  an  art. 

REMON'STRANT,  n.  One  wlio  remon- 
strates. The  appellation  of  remonstrants 
is  given  to  the  Arminians  who  remon- 
strated against  the  decisions  of  the  Synod 
of  Dort,  in  l(il8.  Encyc. 

REMON'STUATE,  v.i.  [L.  remonstro ;  re 
and  monstro,  to  show  ;  Fr.  remontrcr.  See 
Muster.] 

1.  To   exhibit   or    present   strong   reasons 
against  an  act,  measure  or  any  course  of 
proceedings;   to    expostulate.      Men    re 
monstrale   by    verbal  argimient,   or   by  a 
written  exjiosition  of  reasons. 

2.  To  suggest  urgent  reasons  in  opposition 
to  a  measure.  Conscience  remonstrates 
against  a  profligate  life. 

REMON'STRATE,  v.  t.  To  show  by  a 
strung  representaiinn  of  reasons. 

REMON'STRATIiNG,  ppr.  Urging  strong 
reasons  against  a  measure. 

REMONSTRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
monstrating.    [Little  used.] 

REMON'STRATOR,  n.  One  who  remon 

strates. 
REM'ORA,  n.  [L.  from   re  and   moror,   to 

delay.] 

1.  Delay;  obstacle;  hinderancc.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

2.  The  sucking  fish,  a  species  of  Erlieneis, 
which  is  said  to  attach  itself  to  the  bottom 
or  side  rif  a  ship  and  retard  its  motion. 

REM'ORATE,  v.  t.  [L.  remoror.]  To  hin- 
der ;  to  delay.     [JVot  in  use.] 

REMORD',  V.  t.  [L.  reviordeo ;  re  and  mor- 
dco,  to  gnaw.] 

To  rebuke  ;  to  excite  to  remorse.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Skelton. 

REMORD',  V.  i.  To  feel  remorse.     [JVot 
use.]  Ebjot. 

REMORD'ENCY,  n.  Compunction;  re- 
morse.  Killingbeck 


remors'.  [h.  rcmorsvs,  from  REMOVABIL'ITY,  ii.  The  capacity  of  be- 
ing removable  from  an  oflice  or  station ; 
capacity  of  being  displaced. 

REMOVABLE,  a.  [fromremoTC.]  Thatmay 
be  removed  from  an  office  or  station. 

Such  curate  is  removable  at  the   pleasure  of 
the  rector  of  the  mother  church.  Ayliffe. 

i2.  That  may  be  removed  from  one   place  to 
another. 

REMOVAL,    71.    The  act  of  moving  from 
one  place  to  another  ibr  residence  ;  as  the 

j     removal  of  a  family. 

|2.  The  act  of  displacing  from   an  office  or 
post. 

3.  The  act  of  curing  or  putting  away ;  as  tbe 
j'rmoi'a/ of  a  disease. 

4.  The  state  of  being  removed;  cliange  of 
j)lace.  Locke. 

5.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  as  the  re- 
moval of  a  grievance. 

REMOVE,  V.  t.  [L.  rcmoDco;  re  and  moveo, 
to  move;  Fr.  remuer ;  It.  rimuovere ;  Sp. 
remover.] 
L  To  cause  to  change  place  ;  to  put  from  its 
place  in  any  manner;  as,  to  remoi'e  a 
liiiilding. 

Tlioii  slialt  not  remove  thy  neighbor's  land- 
mark. Deut.  xix. 
2.  To  displace  from  an  office. 
:i.  To  take  or  put  away  in  any  manner;  to 
cause  to  leave  a  person  or  thing;  to  ban- 
ish or  destroy  ;  as,  to  remove  a  disease  or 
complaint. 

Bemore  sorrow  from  thine  heart.     Eccles.  xl. 

4.  To  carr)'  from  one  court  to  another  ;  as, 
to  remove  a  cause  or  suit  by  appeal. 

5.  To  take  from  the  present  state  of  being; 
as,  to  remove  one  by  death. 

REMOVE,  j;.   i.  To  change    place   in   any 
manner. 

2.  To  go  from  one  place  to  another.     Prior. 

3.  To  change  the  place  of  residence ;  as,  to 
remove  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia. 

[A^ofe.  The  verb  remove,  in  most  of  its  applica- 
tions, is  synonymous  with  move,  but  not  in  all. 
Thus  we  do  not  apply  remove  to  a  mere  change 
of  posture,  without  a  chani^e  of  place  or  the 
seat  of  a  thing.  A  man  moves  his  bead  when 
he  turns  it,  or  his  finger  when  he  bends  it,  but 
he  does  not  remove  it.  Bemove  usually  or  al- 
ways denotes  a  change  of  place  in  a  body,  but 
we  never  apply  it  to  a  regular  continued  course 
or  motion.  ^V  e  never  say,  the  wind  or  water 
or  a  shin  removes  at  a  certain  rale  by  the  hour ; 
but  we  cay,  a  ship  was  removed  from  one  place 
in  a  harbor  to  another.  Afove  is  a  generic  term, 
incluciing  the  sense  of  remove,  which  is  more 
generally  applied  to  a  cbani;e  from  one  station 
01  permanent  position, stand  or  seat,  to  anotlier 
station.] 

REMOVE.  71.  Cliange  of  place.     Chapman. 

2.  Translation  of  one  to  the  (jlace  of  another. 

Shak. 

3.  State  of  being  removed.  Loike. 

4.  Act  of  moving  a  man   in  chess  or  other 
game. 

Di'partm-e  ;  a  going  away.  IValhr. 

The  act  of  changing  place;  removal. 

Bacon. 
A  step  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

A  freeholder  is  but  one  remove  from  a  legis- 
lator. .Iddi.son. 
8.  Any  indefinite   distance;   as  a  small  or 
great  remove.  Rogers. 
as,  to  remounl'i).  The  act  of  putting  a  horse's  shoes  on  dif- 
I     ferent  feet.  Swift. 
10.  A  dish  to  be  cliimged  while   the  rest  of 
the  course  remains.                         Johnson. 


REMORSE,  71. 

remordco.] 

1.  The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a' 
sense  of  guilt ;  compunction  of  conscience 
for  a  crime  committed.  Clarendon. 

2.  Sympathetic  sorrow;  pity;  comiiassion. 

Curse  on  th'  unpard'niiig  prince,  whom  tears 

can  draw 
To  no  remurse.  Drydfn. 

[This  sense  is  ncarhj  or  quite  obsolete.] 
REMORS'ED,  a.  Feeling  remrjrse  or  com- 
punction.    [Ao<  used.]  Bp.  Hall. 
REMORSEFUL,  o.  remors'/ul.  Full  of  re- 
morse. Bp.  Hull. 

2.  Compassionate  ;  feeling  tenderly.  [A'ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  Pitiable.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chapman. 
REM0RSELE;SS,  a.   remors'less.     Unpity- 

ing ;  cruel;  insensible  to  distress;  as  the 

remorseless  deep.  JMilton. 

Hemorseless  adversaries.  South. 

REMORSELESSLY,  adv.  remors'lessti/. 
Without  remorse.  South. 

REMORSELESSNESS,  n.  re7nors'lessne,is. 
Savage  cruelty  ;  insensibility  to  distress. 

Beaum. 
REMO'TE,  a.  [L.  remains,  rcmoveo  ;  re  and 

?not'fO,  to  move.] 
L  Distant  in  place  ;  not  near  ;    as   a   remote 
country  ;  a  remote  people. 

Give  me  a  life  remote  from  guilty  courts. 

Granville. 

2.  Distant  in  time,  past  or  future  :  as  remote 
antiquity.  Every  man  is  apt  to  think  the 
time  of  his  dissolution  to  be  remote. 

3.  Distant ;  not  inunediate. 

It  is  not  all  remote  and  even  apparent  good 
that  affects  us.  Locke. 

4.  Distant;  primary;  not  proximate;  as  the 
remote  cau.scs  of  a  disease. 

5.  Alien;  foreign;  not  agreeing  with;  as  a 
proposition  remote  tVom  reason.         Locke. 

G.  Abstracted  ;  as  the  mind  i)laced  by 
thought  amongst  or  remote  Irom  all  bodies. 

Locke. 

7.  Distant  in  consanguinity  or  afllnity ;  as  a 
remote  kinsman. 

8.  Slight;  inconsiderable;  as  a  remote  anal- 
ogy between  c.ises  ;  a  remote  resemblance 
in  form  or  color 

REMO'TELY,  «(/r.  At  a  distance  in  space 

or  time  ;  not  nearly. 
:2.  At  a  distance  in  consanguinity  or  affin 

ity- 

3.  Slightly  ;  in  a  small  degree  ;  as,  to  be  re 
moteli/  aflicted  by  an  event. 

REMO'TENESS,  n.  State  of  being  distant 
in  space  or  time  ;  distance;  as  the  remote 
jiess  of  a  kingdom  or  of  a  star;  the  cetnofc 
7ieM  of  the   deluge  frotn  oiu' age  ;  there 
moleness  of  a  future  event,  of  an  evil  or  of 
success. 
2.  Distance  in  consanguinity  or  aflinity 
•3.    Distance  in    O|ieration   or  efficiency;  as 
the  remoteness  of  Ciiu.-:es. 

4.  Slightness  ;  siiiallni^ss;  as  remoteness  of] 
rcsemlilaix'c. 

REMO'TIO.N,  n.  The  act  of  removing  ;  the 
state  of  being  removed  to  a  distance. 
[Little  used.]  Shak.     Brown 

REMOUNT',  V.   t.    [Fr.   rcmonter ;    re   ami 
?Kon(cr.]     To  mount  again 
a  horse. 

REMOUNT',  V.  i.  To  mount  again  ;  tore- 
ascend,  fi  oodward. 


REN 


REN 


REN 


1. 


3. 


7. 


8. 


,      rx;- II  UKMAVIGATE     V    I     fre   and   navisale.\Y\.  To  nuike  or  cause  to  be,  by  some  iiiflu- 
SusceptibiUty  of  being  -'"ovea.  J^Vo'  KbjNAV  1^^^^^^^^  enco  upon  a  thing,   or   by  some  change; 

t^lanvme.,     pj^^.-,;,,  ,^,,g.,„  "  °  as.  to  rtnrfcr  a  person  more  Kule   or  more 

RENAV'IGATED,   pp.   Navigated  again; 

sailed  over  anew. 
RENAV'KJATING,  ppr.  Navigating  again 
RENCOIJN'TER,  7i.  [Vr.  rmconlre;  re  and 
enconlrt ;  tn  and   conlrc,   against.]     Lite- 
rally, a  ineelin;;  of  two  bodies.     Hence, 
A  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest. 
The  josllini^  ehicl's  in  ludc  icHco»»!(f)' join. 

Glanville  ! 
A  casual  eondiat  ;  a  sudden  contest  or 
fight  without  prcnicdiiation  ;  as  between 
individuals  or  small  parties. 
A  casual  action  ;  an  engagement  between 
armies  or  tl(!ets. 

The  confederates  fliould— outnumber  the  ene 
my  in  all  rencoiinltrs  and  cng;igenienls. 

Jldcluion 
4.  Any  cond)at,  action  or  engagement. 
RENCOUN'TER,  r.  t.  To  meet   unexpect- 
edly  without  enmity   or  hostility.     [This 
use  is  found  in  some  recent  publications, 
but  is  not  comnu)n.] 
■2.  To  attack  hand  to  hand.  Spenser. 

RENeOUN'TER,  i'.  i.  To  meet  an  enemy 

une.\pecledly. 
2.  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision. 
'3.  To  sUirn)ish  with  another. 
!4.  To  fii;ht  hand  to  hand.  Johnson. 

REND,  »'.  /.  prct.  and  pp.  rent.  [Sax.  ren- 
dan,  hrcnil'in  ;  Ir.  rannam.  rnmiaim  ;  W. 
rhfinu  ;  Arm.  ranmi,  to  divide,  and  crenna 
to  abridge,  whence  Eng.  entnny,  L.  ere- 
na.  Qu.  L.  ccrno,  Gr.  xfivu.  Class  Rn.  No. 
4.  8.  13.  1(!.] 
1.  To  sejiarate  any  substance  into  parts  with 
force  orsiulden  violence  ;  to  tear  asunder  : 
to  split ;  as,  powder  rends  a  rock  in  blast- 
ing ;  lightning  rends  an  oak. 
An  empire  from  its  old  foundation  rent. 

Vri/den. 

I  rend  my  tresses,  and  my  breast  I  wound. 

Po])e 

Neither  rend  your  clothes,  lest  ye  die.  Lev.  x. 
I3.  To  separate  or  part  with  violence. 

I  will  surely  rend  the  kingdom  from  thee. 
1  Kings  xi. 
To  rend  the  heart,  in  Scripture,  to  have  bitter 

sorrow  for  sin.     Joel  ii. 
To  rend  the  heavens,  to  appear  in  majesty 

Is.  Ixiv. 
Rend  ditVers  somewhat  from  lacerate.     AVel 
never  sav,  to  lacerate  a  rock  or  a  kingdoni, 
when  wc  mean  to  express  splitting  or  di- 
vision.    Lacerate  is  properly  ajiplicable  to 

the  tearing  off  of  small  pieces  of  a  thing,  „.  ^,„ 

as    to  lacerate   the  body  with  a   whip  or  Ire]\j/deZVOUS,  r.  <.  To  assemble  or  bring 
scourge  ;  or  to  the  tearing  of  the  flesh  or  j     together  at  a  certain  place.  Echard. 

other  thing  without  entire  separation.  reN'DEZVOU.-=IXG,  ppr.  Assembling  at  a 

END'ER,  ...  [from  rend.]    One  that  tears'l     |,„rticular  place. 

by  violence.  I  REN'DIBLE,   a.  That  may  be  yielded  or 

EN'DER,  V.  t.  [Fr.   rendre;    It.   rcndere;       ,„,,endered. 

Sp.rendir;  Port,  render.     This  is   proba-|  .^    'i<i,.,t  may  be  translated.     [Little  used  in 
blv  the  L.  reddo,  with  n  casually  inserted.]  1   '  ^.^f^^^  sense.')  Howell. 

To  return  ;  to  pay  back.  | 

See  that  none  render  evil  for  evil  to  any  man. 
1  Thcss.  V. 
,  To  intlict,  as  a  retribution. 

I    will   render  vengeance   to   my    enemies. 

Dent,  xxxii. 

.  To  give  on  demand  ;  to  give  ;   to   assign. 

The  slu'>sard  is  wiser  in  his  own  conceit,  than 

seven   nien^that   can   render  a  reason.     J'rov. 

xxvi. 


n. 

in  use.  J  , 

REMOVED,  pp.  Changed  in  place  ;  carrie.l 
to  a  distance  ;  displaced  from  office  ;  pla- 
ced far  off. 
2.  a.  Remote  ;  separate  from  others. 

REMdVEDNESS,    n.  State  of  being   le- 
ninved;  remotenes.s.  '»'""' 

REMOVER,  n.  One  that  removes ;  as  a  re 
mot-er  of  landmarks.  Uacon. 

REMOVING,  ppr.  Changing  place;  carry- 
ing or  going  from  one  place  to  another; 
displacing;  banishing. 
REMUNERABILTTY,  n.  The  capacity  of 

being  rewarded. 
REMU'NERABLE,  a.    [from   remunerate.] 
That  may  be  rewarded  ;  lit  or  proper  to 
bo  recompensed. 
REMU'NERATi;,  v.  t.    [L.   remunero;    re 

and  munero,  from  muims,  a  gili.] 
To   reward;  to  recomi)cn.sc;  to  requite;  in 
a  good  sense  ;  to  jjay  an  equivalent  to  for 
any  service,  loss,  expense  or  other  sacri- 
fice ;  as,  to   remunerate  llic  troops  of  an 
army  for  their  services  and  sulTerings;  to 
remunerate  men  for  labor.     The  i)ious  suf- 
ferer in  ihi.;  life  will  be  remunerated  in  the 
life  to  come. 
REMU'NERATED,  pp.  Rewarded  ;    com- 
pensated. 
REMUNERATING,  ;);)r.  Rewarding;  re 

compeiising. 
REMUNER.VTION,  »i.    Reward;    recom 
peiise  ;  the   act  of  paying   an  equivalent 
for  services,  loss  or  sacrifices.  Shak 

2.  The  equivalent  given  for  services,  loss  01 

sufiFerings. 
REMU'NERATIVE,    a.   Exercised   in   re- 
warding; that   bestows  rewards;    as   re 
munerative  justice.  Boyle. 

REMU'NERATORY,  a.   Affording  recom- 
pense ;  rewarding.  Johnson. 
REMUR'MUR,  v.  t.  [L.  remurmuro  ;  re  and 

murnmro.] 
To    utter   back    in  murmurs;    to  return   in 
murmurs  ;  to  repeat  in  low  hoarse  sounds. 

Dry  den 

The  tremblini;  trees  in  every  plain  and  wood, 
Her  fate  remurmur  to  the  silver  flood. 

Pope. 

REMUR'MUR,  v.  i.  To    murmur  back  ;  to 
returner  echo  in  low  rumbling  sounds. 
The  realms  of  Mars  reiiiurmur'd  all  around. 

Dnjden. 

REMUR'MURED,  pp.  Uttered  back  in  mur- 
murs. 

REMUR'MURING,  ppr.  Uttering  back  in^ 
low  sounds. 

RE'NAL,  a.  [L.  renalis,  from  renes,  the  kid- 
neys.] 

Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins;  as  the 
renal  arteries. 

REN'ARD,  11.  [Fr. ;  G.rcineke.]  A  fox ;  a 
name  used  in  fables,  but  not  in  common 
discourse.  Dryden. 

RENAS'CENCY,  n.  The  state  of  springing 
or  being  produced  again.  Brown 

RENAS'CENT,  a.  [h.  renascens,  renascor 
re  and  nascor,  to  he  born.] 

Springing  or  rising  into  being  again  ;  repro- 
duced. 

RENAS'CIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  repro- 
duced :  that  may  spring  again  into  being. 


unsafe  ;  to  render  him  solicitous  or  cau- 
tious ;  to  render  a  fortress  more  secure  or 
impregnable  ;  to  render  a  ferocious  ani- 
mal more  mild  and  tractable. 
To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into 
anothiM-;  as,  to  render  Latin  into  English. 
We  say,  to  rentier  a  word,  a  sentence,  a 
book,  or  an  author  into  a  diti'erent  lan- 
guage. Locke. 
l6.  To  surrender;  to  yield  or  give  up  the 
command  or  |K)s.session  of ;  as,  to  render 
one's  self  to  his  enemies. 

K.  Charles.     Clarendon. 
[Less  used  than  surrender.] 
To   afford  ;   to   give  for  use  or  benefit. 
Washington  rendered  great  service  to  his 
country. 
To  represent  ;  to  exhibit. 

He  did  render  him  the  most  unnatural 
That  liv'd  amongst  men.     [ JVot  in  use.] 

Shal:. 
To  render  back,  to  return  ;  to  restore. 
RENDER,  n.  A  surrender;  a  giving  up. 

Shak. 
■2.  A  return  ;  a  payment  of  rent. 

Ill  those  early  tiiiies,  the  kind's  household 
was  supported  hy  specilic  renders  of  corn  and 
other  victuals  from  the  tenants  of  the  demains. 

Blachstone. 
,3.  An  account  given.  Shak. 

REN'DERABLE,  a.  That  may  be  render- 
ed. Sherwood. 
RENDERED,  pp.  Returned  ;    paid   back ; 
given  ;  assigned  ;  made  ;  translated  ;  sur- 
rendered ;  afforded. 
REN'DERING,    ppr.     Returning  ;     giving 
hack;    assigning;    making;    translating; 
surrendering ;  affording. 
[RENDERING,  n.  Version  ;  translation. 

Lowth. 

REN'DEZVOUS,n.  [Fr.  rctidez  vous,reudey 

yourselves,  repair  to  a  |)lace.     This  word 

is  anglicized,  and  may  well  be  pronounced 

as  an  English  word.] 

1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of 
troops,  or  the  place  where  they  assemble ; 
or  the  port  or  place  where  sliijis  are  or- 
dered to  join  company. 

2.  A  place  of  meeting,  or  a  sign  that  draws 
men  together.     [Rarely  used.]  Bacon. 

3.  An  assembly;  a  meeting.     [Rarely  used.] 
REN'DEZVOUS,  v.  i.  To  assemble  at  a  par- 
ticular place,  as  troops. 

The  place   where  the  Gauls  and  Bruti  had 
i      remtezvoused.  Alfred's  Orosiius,  Trans. 

B.  Trumbull.     HuuU.  Horn.  Hist. 


RENDL'TION,  n.    [from  render.]  The  act 
of  yielding  possession  ;  surrender. 

Fairfax. 
2.  Translation.  South. 

REN'EG.\DE,  I      [Sp.  Port. rcneg-arfo,  from 
iRENEGA'DO,  \"-renegar,  to  deny;  L.  re 
I     and  iieg-o,  to  deny  ;  It.  ri;ieg-a(o;  Fr.   reni- 
(     gat :  primarily  an  apostate.] 
II.  An  apostate  from  the  faith.  Addison. 


REN 


2.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy  ;  a  deserter. 

.^rbuthnot.i 

3.  A  vagabond.     [This  is  the  sense  in  which 
'  tkis  word  is  mostly  used  in  popular  lan- 
guage.] 

RENE'GE,  v.  t.  [L.  renego.]  To  deny,  to 
disown.     Obs.  Shak. 

RENE'tiE,  V.  i.  To  deny.     Obs.  Shak. 

RENERVE,  V.  t.  renerv'.  [re  and  nerve.]  To 
nerve  again  ;  to  give  new  vigor  to. 

J.  Barloiv. 

RENERV'ED,  pp.  Nerved  anew. 

RENERV'ING,  ppr.  Giving  new  vigor  to. 

RENEW,  V.  t.  [L.  renovo ;  re  and  novo,  or 
re  and  new.] 

1.  To  renovate  ;  to  restore  to  a  former  state, 
or  to  a  good  state,  after  decay  or  deprava- 
tion; to  rebuild;  to  repair. 

Asa  renewed  the  altar  of  the  Lord.   2  Chron. 
sv. 

2.  To  re-establish  ;  to  confirm. 

Let  us  go  to  Gilgal  and  renew  the  kingdom 
there.  1  Sam.  xi. 

3.  To  make  again  ;  as,  to  renew  a  treaty  or 
covenant.  .  , 

4.  To  repeat;  as,  to  renew  expressions  ol 
friendship;  lo  renew  a  promise;  to  renew 
an  attempt.  ,        ,     •        r 

5.  To  revive ;  as,  to  renew  the  glories  ot  ai 
ancestor  or  of  a  former  age.  Shak 

6.  To  begin  again.  ^  .  ^, , 

The  last  great  age  renews  its  hnish  d  conrse. 

Dri/ilen . 

7.  To  make  new  ;  to  make  fresh  or  vigor- 
*  ous  ;  as,  to  renew  youth  ;  to  renew  strength  ; 

to  renew  the  face  of  the  earth.  Ps.  ciii.  Is. 
xl.    Ps.  civ. 

8.  In  theologt/,  to  make  new  ;  to  renovate  : 
to  transform  ;  to  change  from  natural  en- 
mity to  the  love  of  God  and  his  law  ;  to  o 
implant   holy  affections  in   the  heart ;  to 
regenerate. 

Be  ye  transformed  by  the  renewing  of  your 

mind."  Rom.  xii.  Eph.  iv. 
RENEW'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  renewed  ; 

as  a  lease  renewable  at  pleasure.         Swifl.' 
RENEWAL,  n.  Tlie  act  of  renewing  ;  the 

act  of  forming  anew;  as  the  renewal  of  a 

treaty. 

2.  Renovation;  regeneration. 

3.  Revival ;  restoration  to  a  former  or  to  a 
good  state. 

RENEWED,  p;j.  Made  new  again;  repair- 
ed ;  re-established  ;  repeated  ;  revived  ; 
renovated  ;  regenerated. 


IIENEW'EDNESS,   n.  State  of  being  re-1 

newed.  Hammond.i 

REN  EWER,  n.  One  who  renews.  | 

Sherwood.^ 
RENEWING,  ppr.  Making  new  again ;  re-I 

pairing  ;    re-establishing  ;   repeating  ;   re 

viviiig  ;  renovating. 
2.  n.  Tending  or  adapted  to  renovate. 
RENEWING,   n.  The  act  of  making  new 

renewal. 
REN'IEORM,  a.  [L.  nnes,  tlie  kidneys,  and 

form.] 
Having  the  former  sliape  of  the  kidneys. 

Kirwan. 
REN'ITENCE,  I  [L.  renilens,  rcnilnr,  to 
REN  ITENCY,  I"'  resist;  re  and  7iilor,  to 

struggle  m-  strive.] 
1.  The  resistam-t;  of  a  body  to  pressure  ;  the 
eifi'rt  of  matter  to  resume  the  place  or 
form  from  which  it  lias  been  driven  by  the 


REN 

impulse  of  other  matter  ;  the  effect  of  elas 
ticity.  quincy 

2.  Moral  resistance  ;  reluctance. 

We  find  a  renitency  in  ourselves  to  ascribe 
life  and  irritability  to'thu  cold  and  motionless 
fibers  of  plants.  Darwin. 

REN'ITENT,  a.  Resisting  pressure  or  the 
etTect  of  it ;  acting  against  impulse  by  elas- 
tic force.  Ii"ll- 
RENNET,  71.  [G.  rinnen,  to  run,  to  cur- 
dle ;  D.  nmnen,  ronnen,  to  curdle  or  coag- 
ulate ;  Sa.\.  gerunncn,  coagulated.] 
The  concrete<rmilk  found  in  the  stomach  of 
a  sucking  quadruped,  particularly   of  tin 
calf     It  is  also  written  runnel,  and  this  is 
the  preferable  orthography.               Eneyc. 
RENNET,           l„     A  kind  of  apple. 
REN'NETING,  ^  "•                          MoHimer. 
jRENOUNCE,  V.  t.  renoims'.   [Fr.  renoncer 
1     L.   renunciu :  re   and  nuncio,   to   declare, 
!     from  the  root  oi'nomea,  name.] 
\l.  To  disown;  to  disclaim;  to   reject;  as    a 
j     title  or  claim  ;  to  refuse  to   own   or  ac- 
I     knowledge  as  belonging  to  ;  as,  to  renounci 
a  title  to  land  or  a  claim  lo  reward  ;  to  re- 
nounce all  pretensions  to  appUiuse. 
To   deny;  to  cast  oft";  to  reject;  to  dis- 
claim; as  an  obligation  or  duty  ;  as,  lo  re- 
nounce allegiance. 

To  cast  ofl'  or  reject,  as  a  connection  or 
po.ssession  ;  to  forsake  ;  as,  to  renounce  the 
world  and  all  its  cares.  Shik. 

We  have  renounced  the  hidden  things  of  dis- 
honesty. 2  Cor.  iv. 
RENOUNCE,  i;.  i.  renouns'.  To  declare  a 
renunciation. 

He  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make  it  good, 
By  one  rfebellious  act  renounces  to  my  blood 
[LVot  in  use.]  Dryden 

In  cards,  not  lo  follow  suit,  when  the  per 
son  has  a  card  of  the  same  sort. 
RENOUNCE,  ji.  renouns'.  The  dechning  lo 

follow  suit,  when  it  can  be  done. 
RENOUN'CED.pp.  Disowned  ;  denied  ;  re 

jecte<l :  disclaimed. 
RENOUNCEMENT,  n.  renouns' ment.  The 
act  of  disclaiming  or  rejecting  ;  reminria- 
tion.  Shak.\\ 

RENOUN'CER,  n.  One  who  disowns  or  dis- 
claims. 
RENOUN'CING,  ppr.  Disowning ;  disclaim- 
ing ;  rejertiiig. 
RENOUN'CING,  n.  The  act  of  disowning 
1     disclaiming,  denying  or  rejecting.   • 
jREN'OVATK,  r.  I.  [L.  rtHOi'o  ;  re  and  noi'o. 


REN 

from  the  extensive  praise  of  great  achiev- 
ments  or  accomplishments. 

Giants  of  old,  men  of  renown.  Gen.  vi.  Num. 


to  make  new  ;  novus,  new.] 
To  renew  ;  to  restore  to  the  lirst  state,  or  to 
a  good   slate,  after  decay,  destruction  or 
depravation.     It  is  synonymous  with  re- 
new, except  in  its  fourth  definition,   supra. 

RENOVATED,/)/'-  Renewed;  made  new, 
fresh  or  vigorous. 

REN'OVATING,  ppr.  Renewing. 

RENOVA'TION,  n.  [Er.  IVom  \..  renovatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  renewing  ;  a  imikiug  new  aftcir 
decay,  destruction  or  depravation  ;  re- 
newal ;  as  the  renovation  of  the  heart  by 
grace. 

There  is  something  inexpressibly  pleasing  ir 
the  annual  renovation  of  the  world.       Jiamhicr 

A  slate  of  being  renewed. 

Bacon.     .Milton 
RENOWN',  11.  [Fr.  renomnU:e  ;  re  and  nom 

mcr,  to  name  ] 
Fame  ;  celebrity ;  exalted  reputation  derived 


RENOWN',  V.  t.  To  make  famous. 
Soft  elocution  does  thy  style  renown. 

Dry  din. 
A  bard  whom  pilfer'd  pastorals  renown. 

Pope 
[This  verb  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 
RENOWN'ED,  a.  Famous  ;  celebrated  for 
I     great  and  lieroic  acliievments,  for  distin- 
guished  qualities  or   for  grandeur  ;  emi- 
nent ;  as  renowned  men  ;  a  renowned  king: 
a  renowned  city.  Milton.     Dryden. 

RENOWN'EDLV,   adv.  With  fame  or  ce- 
lebrity. 
RENOWN'LESS,  a.  Without  renown  ;  in- 
I     glorious. 
RENT,/)/),  of  n)i(/.  Torn  asunder;  split  or 

burst  by  violence  ;  torn. 
RENT,   n.    [from  reud.]   A  fissure ;  a  break 
j     or  breach  made  by  force;  as  ii  rent  made 

in  the  earth,  in  a  rock  or  in  a  garment. 
2.  A  schism  ;  a  separation ;  as  a  rent  in  the 
'     church.  If^ite. 

RENT,  V.  t.  To  tear.     [See  Rend.] 
RENT,    r.  i.    To  rani.     [Abi  in  use.] 
i  Hudibras. 

IrENT,  n.   [Fr.  rente,  from  rendre ;  It.   reji- 
j     dita  ;  .Sp.   renta ;  D.  Dan.  G.  rente ;  Sw. 

ranta.] 
:A  sum  of  money,  or  a   certain   amount  of 
other  valuable  thing,  issuing  yearly  from 
lands  iir  tenements  ;  a  compensalion  or  re- 
turn, in  the  nature  of  an  acknowledgment, 
for  the  possession  of  a  corporeal  inherit- 
ance. Blacksione. 
Rents,  at  common  law,  are  of  three  kinds  ; 
rent- service,     rent-charge,     and     rent-seek. 
Rent-service  is  when  some  corporal  service 
is  incident  to  it,  as  by  fealty  and  a  sum  of 
money  ;  rent-charge  is  when  the  owner  of 
the  rent  has  no  future  interest  or  reversion 
expeclaut  in  the  land,  but   the   rent   i.s' re- 
served  in  the  deed  by  a  clause  of  distress 
for  rem  in   ariear;  rent-seek,  dry  rent,  is 
rent  reserved   by   deed,  but  without  any 
clause  of  distress.     There  are  also  rents  of 
assize,  certain  established    rents   of  free- 
holders and  co|)y-lioldeis  of  manors,  which 
cannot   be   varied  ;  railed   also   quit-rcid.i. 
These   when    payable   in  silver,  are  called 
white  rents,  in  contradislini-lion  to  rents  re- 
served in  work  or  the  baser  metals,  called 
black  rents,  or  blaik  mnil.     Rack-rent  is  a 
rent   of  the  I'uH  value  ol"tlie  tenement,  or 
near  it.     A  fee  farm  rent  is  a  rent-charge 
issuing  out  i)f  an  estate  in  fee,  of  at  least 
one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands  at  the 
time  of  its  reservation.  Bliickstone. 
RENT,  V.  t.  To  lease ;  to  grant  the  posses- 
sion and  enjoyment  of  lands  or  teneinenls 
fur  a  i-onsideratlon  in   the  nature  of  rent. 
The  owner  of  an  estate  or  house  rents  it  to 
a  tenant  for  a  term  nf  years. 
2.  To  take  ami  ludd  by  lease  the  possession 
of  land  or  a  tenement,  for  a  consideration 
in  the  nutun!  of  rent.     The  tenant  rents 
his  estate  for  a  vear. 
RENT,  V.  i.   To  "be  leased,  or  let  for  rent ; 
as,  an  estate  or  a  tenement  rents  for  five 
1      hundred  dollars  a  year. 
iRENT'AHLE,  a.  That  inav  be  rented. 
iRENT'AtiE,  «.  Rent.     [.Vot  used.] 


II  E  P 


REP 


R  E  P 


RENT'AL,  n.    A  scliednlc  or  account  of 

rents. 
RENT'ED,  ;*;>.  Leased  on  rent. 
RENTER,  n.  One  wlio  leases  an  estate; 

more  generally,  the   lessee  or  tenant  who; 

takes  an  estate  or  tenement  on  rent. 
RENT'ER,  V.  I.    [Fr.  rcntmire  ;  L.  relraho, 

retrnhert;  re  ami  traho,  to  draw. J 

1.  To  fine-draw  ;  to  sew  to-jetlier  the  e<lgesl 
of  two  [Hcces  of  cloth  without  donbling 
them,  so  that  the  soani  is  scarcely  visihie.l 

2.  In  tapeslni,  to  work  new  warp  into  a 
piece  ol  damaged  tapestry,  and  on  this  to 
restore  the  original  pattern  or  design. 

Encyc. 

3.  To  sew  up  artfully,  as  a  rent. 
REN'TEREU,  ;)/).  Fine-drawn;  sewed  art- 
fully together. 

REN'TERER,  »i.  A  fine-drawer. 
REN'TERING,  ppr.  Fine-drawing  ;  sewing 

artfully  together. 
RENT'ING,  ppr.  Leasing  on  rent;  taking 

on  rent. 
RENT-ROLL,   n.   [rent  and  roll.]  A  rental 

a  list  or  arcount  of  rents  or  income. 
RENUNCLA'TKjN, /(.  [L.rcnunnatw.]  The 
act  of  renouncing;    a  disowning;  rejec 
lion.     [See  Renounce.]  Taylor. 

RENVERSE,  II.  /.  reavers'.  [F'r.  rtnverser.] 
To  reverse.     [J^ol  used.]  Spenser. 

RENVERSE,  o.   renvcrs'.    In  heraldrtj,   in- 
verted ;  set  with   the   head   downward   or 
contrary  to  the  natural  posture.        Encyc. 
RENVERSEMENT,  n.  renvers'ment.   The 
act  of  reversing.     [.Vot  m  use.]       Slnkcly. 
REOBTA'IN,  V.  t.   [re  am\  obtain.]  To  ob- 
tain again. 
REOBTA'INABLE,  a.  That 

tained  again. 
REOBTA'INED,  pp.  Obtained  again. 
REOBTA'INING,  ppr.  Obtaining  again. 
REOIM'O'SE,  V.  f.  s  as  :.  To  oppose  ag.iin 
RICORDA'IN,  t;.  t.  [re  and  ordain;  Fr.  rt-\ 

ordon  ner.  ] 
To  ordain  again,  as  when  the  first  ordina- 
tion is  defective. 
REORDA'INED,  pp.  Onlaincd  arain. 
REORDATMNG,  ppr.  Ordamins" again. 
REORDINA'TION,  n.    A   second  ordina- 
tion. Merhuni. 
REORGANIZATION,   n.  The  act  of  or- 
ganizing  anew  ;   as  repeatcid  reor^anixa- 
lion  of  the  troops.  Mnrshall. 
REOR'GANiZE,  v.t.  [re  and  organize.]  Tc 
organize  anew  ;  to  rc<luce  again  to  a  reg- 
idar  body,  or  to  a  system  ;  as,  to  reorgan- 
ize a  society  or  an  anny. 
KEOR'GANIZED,  pp.  Organized  anew. 
REOK'GANIZING,  ppr.  Organizing  anew 
REPAU'IFIED,  pp.    I'acified  or  appeased 

again. 
REFAC'IFY,  v.t.  [re  and  pacify.]  To  paci- 

fv  aiiain. 
REPAC'IFYING,  ;>;»■.  Pacifying  again. 
REPACK;,  V.  t.   [re  and  pack.]    To   pack 
second  lime;  as,  to  repack  beef  or  pork. 
REPACK' ED,;?p.  Packed  again. 
REPACK'ER,  n.  One  that  repacks. 
REPACKING,  ppr.  Packing  anew. 
REPA'ID, /j;).  oi' repay.  Paid  back. 
REPA'IR,  11.  t.  [Fr.  reparer;  L.  rcparo ;  re 

and  puro,  to  prepare.     See  Pare.' 
1.  To  restore  to  a  soinid  or  good  state  after 
decay,  injury,  dilapidation  or  partial  de 


struction;  as,  to  repair  a  house,  a  wall  or|iREP.^RTEE',  n.  [Fr.  rcparlie,  i'rom  rcpurlir, 


may   be  ob- 

Sltcrwood. 


a  .ship  ;  to  repair  roads  and  bridges.  Tei 
perance  anil  diet  may  repair  a  broken  orl 
enfeebled  constitution.     Food  repairs  the! 
daily  waste  of  the  body. 

2.  To  rebuild  a  part  decayed  or  destroyed ; 
to  fill  up  ;  as,  to  repair  a  breach. 

3.  To  make  amends,  as  for  an  injury,  by  an 
e(juivalent ;  to  indemnify  for;  as,  to  repair 
a  loss  or  damage. 

REPA'IR,  n.  Restoration  to  a  sound  or  good 
state  after  decay,  waste,  injiu'y  or  partial 
destruction;  supply   of  loss;    reparation 
as,  materials  are  collected  for  the  repair  of 
a  clnn'ch  or  a  city 

REPA'IR,   1'.  i.  [Fr.  repairer.]  To  go  to  ;  to 
betake  one's  self;  to  resort;  as,  to  repair 
to  a  sanctuary  for  safety. 
Go,  aiuanl  llic  winds  iiad  to  the  shades  repair. 

Pope 

REPA'IR,  n.  The  act  of  betaking  one's  self 
to  any  place  ;  a  resorting  ;  abode, 

Dryden. 

REPAIRABLE,  a.  That  may  be  repaired  ; 
reparable. 

REPA'IRED,  pp.  Restored  to  a  good  or 
sound  state;  rebuilt;  made  good. 

REPA'IRER,  n.  One  who  repairs,  restores 
or  makes  amends ;  as  the  repairer  of  de- 
cay. Dryden. 

REPA'IRING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  sound 
slate;  rebuilding;  making  amends  for  loss 
or  injury. 

REP,VND',  a.  [L.  repandus.]  In  botany,  a 
repand  leaf  is  one,  the  rim  of  which 
terminated  by  angles  having  siinises  be- 
tween tlicm,  inscribed  in  the  segment  of  a 
circle;  or  which  has  a  bonding  or  waved 
margin,  wilhout  any  angles;  or  which  is 
bordered  with  numerous  minute  angles 
and  small  segments  of  circles  alternately 
Martyn.     Lee.     Smith 

REPAND'OUS,  a.  [supra.]  Bent  upwards  ; 
conve.vedlv  crooked.  Brown 

REP'ARABLE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  reparabitis. 
See  Repair.] 

1.  That  may  be  rejiaired  or  restored  to  a 
sound  or  good  state  ;  as,  a  house  or  wall 
is  not  reparable. 

2.  That  may  be  retrieved  or  made  good;  as, 
the  loss  is  reparable. 

3.  That  may  lie  siipjilicil  by  an  equivalent; 
as  a  reparable  injury. 

REP'ARABI.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  .idmit- 
ting  of  restoration  to  a  gooil  slate,  or  ol 
aniemls,  siip|)ly  or  indemnification. 

REPARA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  repairing; 
restoration  to  soundness  or  a  good  state  ; 
as  the  reparation  of  a  bridge  or  of  a  high- 
way. 

'2.  Supply  of  what  is  wasted  ;  as  the  repara- 
tion of  decaying  health  or  strength  after 
disease  or  exhaustion. 
Amends;  indemnification  for  lo.ssordam- 
.age.  A  loss  may  be  too  great  for  repura 
lion. 
Amends;  satisfaction  for  injm\v. 

I  am  sensible  of  llic  sciindal  I  luivc  given  by 
my  loose  writini^s,  and  make  what  reparation  I 
a  111  able.  Dryden. 

REPARATIVE,  a.  That  repairs;  restoring 
to  a  sound  or  good  state;  that  amends  de- 
fect or  makes  good.  Taylor. 

REPARATIVE, )!.  That  which  restores  to 

a  good  state ;  that  which  makes  amends 

Wollon.     Keltkwell 


3. 


4. 


to  divide,  to  share,  to  reply  ;  re  and  partir 

to  divide.] 
A  smart,  ready  and  witty  reply. 
Cupid  was  as  bail  a.s  he ; 
Hear  but  Ihc  youngster's  repartee.        Prior. 
REPARTEE',  v.  i.  To  make  smart  and  witty 

leplies.  Prior. 

REP'.XSS,  v.t.  [Fr.  repaiser ;  It.  ripassare ; 

re  and  pass.] 
To  pass  again  ;  to  pass  or  travel  back  ;  as,  to 
I     repass  a  bridge  or  a  river ;  to  repa.is  the 
I     sea.  Pope. 

REPASS,   V.  i.  To   pass   or  go   back  ;    to 
I     move  back  ;  as  troops  passing  and  repass- 
I     ing  before  our  eves. 
REP'ASSED,  /j/j. "Passed  or  traveled  back. 
REP'ASSIN(;.  ppr.   Passing  back. 
REP' .AST,  n.  [Fr.  repas,  from  repailre  ;  L.  re 

and  pasco,  to  feed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food  ;  or  the  food  taken  ; 
a  meal. 

From  dance  to  sweet  repast  they  turn. 

Milton. 
A  repast  without  luxury.  Johnson, 

2.  Food  ;  victuals. 
Go,  and  get  me  some  repast.  Shak. 

REP'AST,  V.  t.  To  feed  ;  to  feast.         Shak. 

REPASTURE,    11.    Food ;   entertainment. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

REP.\'Y,  V.  t.   [Fr.  rcpayer;    re  and  pay.] 

1.  To  pay  back;  to  refund;  as,  to  repay 
money  borrowed  or  ailvanced. 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital ;  in  a  good  or 
bad  sense  ;  as,  to  repay  kindness  ;  to  repay 
an  injury. 

Benefits  which  cannot  be  repaid — are  not 
commonly  I'ound  to  increase  affection. 

Rambler. 

3.  To  recompense,  as  for  a  loss.  Milton. 

4.  To  compensate ;  as  false  honor  repaid 
in  contempt.  Bacon. 

REPAYABLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  repaid  or 
refunded  :  as  money  lent,  repayable  at  the 
end  of  si.\ty  days. 

REPA'VING,  ppr.  Paying  back;  compen- 
sating ;  requiting. 

REPA'YMENT,  7i.  The  act  of  paying  back  ; 
reimbursement. 

2.  The  money  or  other  thing  repaid. 

RF.P1'.'.\L,  r.  t  [Fr.  xippeler,  to  recall  ;  re 
and  appcler.   L.  appello  ;  ad  and  pctlo.] 

1.  To  recall.   [OhsoUle  as  it  respect.1  persons.] 

Shak. 

i2.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  will,  law  or  statute  ; 
to  revoke ;  to  abrogate  by  an  authorita- 
tive act,  or  by  the  same  power  that  madi; 
or  enacted  ;  as,  the  legislature  may  repeal 
at  one  session,  a  law  enacted  at  a  preced- 
ing one. 
REPEAL,  n.  Recall  from  e.\ile.  [Xol  in 
'     use.]  Shak. 

2.  Revocation ;  abrogation  ;  as  the  repeal  of 
a  statute. 

REPEALABIL'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing repcalable. 
iREPEA'LABLE,  a.  Capable   of  being  re- 
pealed ;  revocable  by  the  same  power  that 
1     enacted.     It  is  held  as  a  sound  principle, 
I     that  charters  or  grants  which  vest  rights 
I     in  individuals  or  corporations,  are  not  rc- 
I    pcalable  without  the  consent  of  the  grant- 
ees, unless  a  clause  reserving  the  right  is 
inserted  in  the  act. 
REPE  ALED,  pp.  Revoked  ;  abrogated. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


REl'E'ALER,  n.  One  that  repeals. 
REPEALING,   ppr.    Revoking  ;   abrogat- 

intf. 
R1':PE'AT,  v.  I.  [Ft.  repeler  ;  It.  ripetere ; 
Sp.  repetir  ;  L.  repeto  ;  re  and  peto,  to  make 
at  or  ilrive  towards.  This  verb  ought  toj 
he  written  repcte,  in  analogy  with  compete,] 
and  with  repetition.] 

1.  To  do,  make,  attempt  or  utter  again  ;  toj 
iterate ;  as,  to  repeat  an  action  ;  to  repeat] 
an  attempt  or  exertion  ;  to  repeat  a  word 
or  diseuurse ;  to  repeat  a  song  ;  to  repeal 
an  argument. 

3.  To  try  again. 

I  the  danger  will  repeat.  Dryden. 

3.  To  recite  ;  to  rehear.se. 

He  repeated  some  lines  of  Viigil.         Waller. 

To  repeat  signals,  in  the  navy,  is  to  make  the 
same  signal  which  the  admiral  or  com- 
mander has  made,  or  to  make  a  signal 
again.  Mar.  Diet. 

REPE'AT,  71.  In  music,  a.  mark  directing  a 
l)art  to  be  repeated  in  performance. 

2.  Repetition. 

REPE'ATED,  pp.  Done,  attempted  or  spo- 
ken aaain  ;  recited. 

REPE'ATEDLY,  adv.  More  than  once; 
again  and  again,  indefinitely.  He  has 
been  repeatedly  warned  of  his  danger. 

REPE'ATER,  n.  One  that  repeats ;  one 
that  recites  or  rehearses. 

2.  .V  watch  that  strikes  the  hours  at  will,  by 
the  compression  of  a  spring. 

REPE'ATING,  ppr.  Doing  or  uttering 
again. 

REPED.VTION,  n.  [Low  L.repedo;  re  and 
pes,  the  foot.]  A  stepping  or  going  back. 
[.IVot  in  use.]  More. 

REPEL',  V.  t.  [L.  reptllo  ;  re  and  pello,  to 
drive.] 

1.  To  drive  back;  to  foixe  to  return  ;  to 
check  advance ;  as,  lo  repel  an  enemy  or 
an  assailant. 

Hippomedon  repetVdlhe  hostile  tide.      Pope. 
And  virtue  may  repel,  though  not  invade. 

Drydeyi. 

2.  To  resist ;  to  oppose  ;  as,  to  repel  an  ar- 
gument. 

REPEL',  t'.  i.  To  act  with  force  in  opposi- 
tion to  force  impressed.  Electricity  some- 
times attracts  and  sometimes  repels. 

2.  In  medicine,  to  check  an  afflu.x  to  a  part 
of  the  body. 

REPELLED,  pp.  Driven  back;  resisted. 

REPEL'LENCY,  n.  The  principle  of  re 
])ulsion  ;  the  quality  of  a  substance  whicl 
expands  or  separates  particles  and  enlar 
ges  the  volume  ;  as  the  repeltency  of  heat. 

Black. 

2.  The  quality  that  repels,  drives  back  or 
resists  approach  ;  as  the  rcpellency  of  the 
electric  fluid. 

3.  Repulsive  quality.  Forster. 
REPEL'LENT,  a.    Driving  back;  able  orl 

tending  to  repel. 
REPEL'LENT,  7i.  In  7nedicine,  a  medicine 

which  drives  back  morbid  humors  into  the 

mass  id'  the  blood,  from  which  they  were; 

unduly  secreted  ;  or  which   |)rcvents  such 

an  alilux  of  fluid  to  a  part,  as  would  raise 

it  to  a  tumor  ;  a  discutient. 

ICnci/r.  Quinct/.  Parr^ 
REPEL'LER,  n.  He  or  that  which  repel.-i. 
REPELLING,  ;);»•.    Driving   back;resist- 

iirg  advance  or  approach  eliectually. 


RE'PENT,  a.  [L.  repo,io  creep.]  Creeping;] 
as  a  repent  root.  1 

REPENT',  V.  i.  [Fr.  repentir  ;  It.  pentire,, 
pentirsi;  Sp.  arrepentirse  ;  L.  re  and  /)ffin-| 
j(co,  from  pezna,  pain,  Gr.  noivtj.  See 
Pain.] 

1.  To  feel  pain,  sorrow  or  regret  for  some- 
thing done  or  spoken ;  as,  to  repent  that 
we  have  lost  irmch  time  in  idleness  or 
sensual  jileasurc ;  to  repent  that  we  have 
injured  or  wounded  the  feelings  of  a 
friend.  A  person  repents  only  of  what  he 
himself  has  done  or  said. 

2.  To  ex])ress  sorrow  for  something  past. 

Enobarbus  did  before  thy  face  repent. 

Slmk. 
To  change  the  mind  in  consequence  of: 
the  inconvenience  or  injury  done  by  past 
conduct.  I 

Lest  peradventure  the  people  repent  wheni 
they  sec  war,  and  they  return.     Ex.  xiii.  [ 

4.  Jipplicd  to  the  Supreme  Being,  to  change 
the  course  of  providential  dealings.  Gen. 
vi.     Ps.  cvi. 

In  theology,  to  sorrow  or  be  pained  for 
sin,  as  a  violation  of  God's  holy  law,  a' 
dishonor  to  his  character  and  govern-! 
ment,  and  the  foulest  ingratitude  to  a 
Being  of  infinite  benevolence. 

Except  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all  likewise  perish. 
Luke  xiii.  Acts  iii. 
REPENT',  v.t.  To  remember  with  sorrow; 
as,  to  repent  rash  %vords  ;  to  repent  an  in- 
jury done  to  a  neighbor ;  to  repent  follies 
and  vices.  [See  Repentance.] 
With  the  rccij)rocal  pronoun.  [Fr.  se  re- 
pentir.] 

No  man  repented  him  of  his  wickedness. 
Jer.  viii. 
[This  form  of  expression  is  now  obsolete.] 
REPENT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Sorrow  for  any 
tiling  done  or  said  ;  tlic  pain  or  grief  wliicjy 
a  person  experiences  in  consequence  of 
the  injury  or  inconvenience  produced  by 
his  own  conduct. 

In  theology,  the  pain,  regret  or  allliction 
which  a  person  feels  on  account  of  his 
past  conduct,  because  it  exposes  him  to 
punishment.  This  sorrow  proceeding 
merely  from  the  fear  of  punishment,  is 
called  legal  repentance,  as  being  excited  by 
the  terrois  of  legal  penalties,  and  it  may 
exist  without  an  amendment  of  lile. 

3.  Real  penitence  ;  sorrow  or  deep  contri- 
tion for  sin,  as  an  ofiense  and  dishonor  lo 
God,  a  violation  of  his  holy  lau-,  and  the 
basest  ingratitude  towards  a  Being  of  in- 
finite benevolence.  This  is  called  cvan 
gelical  repentance,  and  is  accompanied  and 
followed  by  amendment  of  life. 

Repentance  is  a  change  of  mind,  or  a  conver- 
sion from  sin  to  God.  Hammond. 

Godly  sorrow  workelh  repentance  to  salva^ 
tion.     2  Cor.  vii.     Matl.  iii. 

Repentance  is  the  relinquishment  of  any 
practice,  from  conviction  that  it  has  odcnded 
God.  Johnson 

REPENT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Sorrowful  for  past, 
conduct  or  words. 

2.  Sorrowful  for  sin.  Milton. 

3.  Expressing  or  showing  sorrow  for  sin; 
as  repentant  tears;  repentant  ashes:  re- 
pentant sighs.  Shak.     Pope., 

REPENT' .\NT,    n.    One  who  repents  ;  a 

penitent.  [ 

2.  One  that  exjiresscs  sorrow  for  sin.  | 

Lightfoot.: 


REPENT'ER,  n.  One  that  repents. 

REPENTING,  ppr.  Grieving  for  what  is 
past ;  feeling  pain  or  contrition  for  sin. 

REPENT'ING,  n.  Act  of  repenting.  Hos. 
xi. 

REPENT'INGLY,  adv.   With  repentance. 

REPEOPLE,  V.  I.  [re  and  people ;  Fr.  re- 
peupler.] 

To  people  anew ;  to  furnish  again  with  a 
stock  of  people.  The  world  after  tiie 
flood  was  repeopled  by  tlie  descendants  of 
one  family. 

REPEOPLED,  pp.  Stocked  anew  with  in- 
habitants. 

REPeOPLING,  ppr.  Furnishing  again  with 
a  stock  of  inhabitants. 

REPEOPLING,  n.  [supra.]  The  act  of 
furnishing  again  with  iidiabilaiits. 

Hale. 

REPEReUSS',  V.  t.  [L.  repercutio ;  re  and 
percutio  :  per  and  quatio,  to  shake,  to  beat.] 
To  beat  back.  Bacon. 

REPEReUS'SION,     n.      [L.    repercussio.] 

1.  The  act  of  driving  back  ;  reverberation  ; 
as  the  repercussion  of  sound. 

2.  In  music,  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
sound.  Encyc. 

REPERCUSS'IVE,  a.  Driving  back  ;  hav- 
ing tiie  power  of  sending  back  ;  causing  to 
reverberate  ;  as  repercussive  rocks. 

Paltison. 

2.  Repellent ;  as  a  repercussive  medicine. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  Driven  back  ;  reverberated.         Thomson. 
REPERCUSS'IVE,  n.  A  repellent.     Ohs. 

Bacon. 
REPERTI"TIOUS,  a.  [from  L.  repertus,  re- 

perio.]     Found  ;  gained  by  finding.     [J\'ot 

in  use.]  Did. 

REPERTORY,  n.  [Fr.  repertoire ;  L.reper- 

torium,  from  reperio,  to  find  again  ;  re  and 

aperio,  to  uncover.] 

1.  A  jilacc  in  which  things  are  disposed  in 
an  orderly  manner,  so  that  they  can  be 
easily  found,  as  the  index  of  a  book,  a 
common-place  book,  &c. 

2.  A  treasury  ;  a  magazine. 
REPETEND',    ii.    [L.   repelendus,   ripeto.] 

The  parts  of  decimals  continually  repeat- 
ed. 
REPETI"TIOi\,  n.  [L.  repetitio.     See  Re- 
peal. ] 

1.  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering  a  second 
time  ;  iteration  of  the  same  act,  or  of  the 
same  words  or  sounds.  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  reciting  or  rehearsing;  the 
act  of  reading  over.  Shak. 

3.  Recital.  Chapman. 


4.  Recital   from  memory,  as   distinct  from 
reading. 

5.  In  mujic,  the  art  of  repeating,  singing  or 
playing  the  same  part  a  second  time. 

Ena/c. 
tj.  In  rhetoric,  reiteration,  or  a  repeating  the 

same  woril,  or  tlu;  same  sense  in  dilferent 

words,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  deeper 

iivi|ircssion  on  the  audience. 
REPETI'TIONAL,      )      Containing  rep- 
REPETI"TIONARY,  J  "' etiiion.     [Little 

used.] 
REPI'NE,  V.  i.  [re  and  pine.]  To  fret  one's 

self;  to  be   discontented  ;  to    feel    inward 

discontent   which   preys   on   the   spirits  ; 

with  at  or  again.it.     It  is  our  duty  never  to 
I     repine  at  the  allotments  of  Providence. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


2.  To  complain  discontentedly;  to  mnrmur.j 

jMiiltiluiJc's  r(j)ine  ul  the  want  of  that  winch, 
nothing  but  idleness  hinders  them  from  enjoy- 
ing Kamblerj 

3.  Tti  envy.  Johnson.' 
REl'I'NER,  n.    One  that  repines  or  mur- 
murs. ,/.    /-    1  I 

REl'I'NING,  ppr.  Fretting  one's  self;  feel-; 

iiig   (llsrontent  that   preys  on  the  spirits  ; 

compiainiMf^ ;  niurnuirinf;. 
2.  a.  Disposed  to  murmur  or  complain  ;  as 

a  repining  temper. 
REl'I'NING,  n.  The  act  offretting  or  feel- 
ins  discontent  or  of  murmuring. 
^  Burnet.] 

REPl'NINGLY,  adv.  Witli  murmuring  orj 

romplaint.  Hall.\ 

REPl.A'CE,     1'.  t.     (Fr.    replacer :   re   and 

place.  ] 
1.  To  put  again  in  the  former  place  ;  as,  to 

replace  a  liook. 

The  earl — was  replaced  in  his  government. 

Bacon. 


REPLE'TF,  «    [L.  rf;)/f(u6-,  )c  and  pIco,  toj  REPLYING,    p/ir.    Answering    eillier  in 
fill.]     Completely  llllcd  ;  full.  :     words  or  writing. 

His  woids  «;//«(«  with  guile.  ^///(o,,.  REPOL'lSIl,  v.i.  [Fi:  repolir ;  re  and  pol- 

REPLE'TION,    n.    [Fr.    from   L.   npltlio.]       ish.]     To  polisli  again.  Z>o;iiie. 

1.  The  state   ol  lieing  completely  filled;  or  REPOL'ISliEI), /);y.  Poh^hcd  again. 

lundant  fullness.  Bacon.  KEPOL'l.SllJiNG,  ppr.  Polishing  anew. 


2.  To  put  in  a  new  place.  Dryden. 

3.  To  repay  ;  to  refiiiid  ;  as,  to  replace  a  sum 
of  money  horrowed. 

4.  To  put  a  competent  siilistitutc  in  the  place 
of  another  displaced  or  of  sometliiiig  lost. 
The  paper  is  lost  and   cannot  he  replaced. 

REPL.'V'CED,  jip.  Put  again  in  a  former 
place;  supplied  hy  .i  suhstitute.  Thus  in 
petrifaction,  the  animal  or  v<:getablc  siih- 
staiice  gradually  wastes  away,  and  is  re- 
placed by  sile.x. 

REPLA'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  replac- 
ing. 

REPLACING,  ppr.  Putting  again  in  a 
former  place  ;  supplying  the  jilace  of  with 
a  substitute. 

REPLA'IT,  t'.  t.  [re  ami  plait]  To  plait  or 
fold  again  ;  to  fold  one  part  over  anoth(!r' 
again  and  again.  Dryden.\ 

REPLA'lTEi),  /)/).  Folded  again  or  often. 

REPLA'ITING,  ppr.  Folding  again  or  of- 
ten. 

REPLANT',  r.  t.  [Fr.  replanler ;  re  and 
plant.]     To  plant  again.  Bacon. 

REPLANT'ABLE,  a.  That  may  be  plant- 
ed again.  Colfrave. 

REPLANTA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  planting 
again. 

REPLANT'ED,  pp.  Planted  anew. 

REPLANT'ING,  ppr.  Pluniinff  airain. 

REPLE'AU,  V.  t.  [re  and  plead.]  To  plead 
again. 

REPLE'ADER,  )i.  In  law.  a  second  plead- 
ing or  course  of  pleadings;  or  the  power 
of  pleading  again. 

Whenever  a  repleader  is  granted,  (ho  plead- 
ings must  begin  de  novn.  Blackstone. 

REPLEN'1811,  V.  t.  [Norm,  replener,  to  till ; 
It.  riempire;  L.  re  imA plemts,  full.] 

1.  To  fill;  to  stock  with  numbers  or  abund- 
ance. The  magazines  are  replenished 
with  corn.  The  springs  are  replenished 
with  water. 

Multiply  and  replenish  the  earth.     Gen.  i. 

2.  To  finish  ;  to  complete.     [JVot  in  %ise.] 

Shak. 

REPLEN'ISH,  v.i.  To  recover  former  full- 
ness. Bacon. 

REPLEN'ISIIED,  pp.  Filled  ;  abundantly 
supplied. 

REPLEN'ISIIING,  pp-.  Filling;  supplying 
with  abundance. 


superabu 

2.  In  ?ne(iianc,  fullness  of  blood  ;  plethora. 

Coze. 

REPLE'TIVE,  a.  Filling  ;  replenishing. 

C'o(grai'c. 

REPLP:V'IABLE,  «.  [Hce Replevy.]  Inlaw, 
that  may  be  rei)levied. 

REPLEV'IED,  pp.  Taken  by  a  writ  of  re- 
plevin. 

REPLEVIN,  n.  [See  Replevy.]  An  action 
or  remedy  granted  on  a  distress,  by  which 
a  |)erson  whose  cattle  or  goods  are  dis- 
trained, has  them  returned  to  his  own' 
possession  upon  giving  security  to  try  tliej 
right  of  taking  in  a  suit  at  law,  and  if  that 
should  be  determined  against  liim,  to  re- 
turn the  cattle  or  goods  into  the  possession 
of  the  distrainor.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  writ  by  which  a  distress  is  replevied. 

REPLEV'ISARLE,  a.  That  may  be  re- 
plevied ;  liiit  little  used,  being  sui.erseded 
by  repleviablc. 

REPLI'.V'V,  V.  t.  [re  and  pledge,  Norm. 
}degg  ovplcvy,  whence  in  Law  L.  replegiab- 
ilis  and  rt ptvgiare.] 

To  take  back,  by  a  writ  for  ihat  purpose, 
cattle  or  goods  that  have  b(!en  distrained, 
upon    giving 
distraining   i 


REPORT,  v.t.  [Vr.rapporler:  L.  reporto,  liy 
can  y  back  ;  re  and  porlo,  to  hear.] 

1.  To  bear  or  bring  back  an  aiisw  er,  or  to  re- 
late what  li.is  been  iliscovcred  b_\  a  person 
sent  to  examine,  explore  or  investigate; 
as,  a  messenger  reports  to  liis  employer 
what  he  has  seen  or  ascertained.  The 
committee  reported  the  whole  number  of 
votes. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell. 

They  reported  his  good  deeds  before  nie. 
Nell.  vi.     Acts  iv. 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another  ;  to 
circulate  i)ublicly,  as  a  story  ;  as  in  the 
common  phrase,  it  is  reported. 

It  is  reported  among  the  liealhen,  and  Gash- 
mu  saith  it,  that  thou  and  the  Jews  tliiiik  to 
rebel.     Nch.  vi. 

In  this  form  of  expression,  it  refers  to 
the  suh.sequent  clause  of  the  sentence  ; 
"  that  thou  and  the  Jews  think  to  rebel,  is 
reported.'''' 

4.  To  give  an  official  account  or  statement ; 
as,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  reports  to 
congress  annually  the  amount  of  revenue 


and  expenditure. 

5.  To  give  an  account  or  statement  of  ca.ses 

ecunty   to  try  the  right  of      and  decisions  in  a  court  of  law  or  chan- 

a  suit  at  law,  and  if  tliatll     eery. 


should  be  determined  against  the  plaintif,!  t 
to   return    the   cattle   or   goods   into   the 


To  return,  as  sound  ;  to  give  back. 


Bacon. 


hands  of  the  distrainor.  In  this  case,  the 
person  whose  goods  are  distrained  be- 
comes the  plaintif,  and  the  person  dis- 
training the  ilefendaiU  or  avowant. 

Blackstone. 

•2.  To  bail. 

REPLEV  VING,  ;y)r.  Rct.iking  a  distress. 
[See  Rej)lcry.] 

REPLK'A'TION,  n.  [L.  replicatlo.  See 
Repli/.]  An  answer ;  a  reply.  Particu- 
larly", 

2.  iu'laiv  pleading.';,  the  reply  of  the  plaintif 
to  the  defendant's  plea. 

3.  Return  or  reiiercussion  of  sound.  [A'o/ 
vscd.]  Shak 

REPLI'ER,  n.  One  who  answers;  he  that' 
speaks  or  writes  in  return  to  something 
spoken  or  w  ritlen. 

REPLY',  J',  i.  [Vr.  repliquer ;  J,.replico;  re 
and  plica,  to  fold,  that  is,  to  turn  or  send 
to;  l[.  rrplicnre  ;  Sp.  rcpficar.  '^cc  .Ipply, 
Employ  and  Ply.] 

1.  To  answer;  to  make  a  return  in  winds 
or  writing  to  something  said  or  written  by 
another. 

O    man,  who  art   thou  that  readiest  against 
God  ?     liom.  ix. 

2.  In  law,  to  answer  a  defendant's  plea. 
The  defendant  (deads  in  bar  to  the  plain- 
tif's  declaration  ;  llie  plaintif  re;)/if«  tothe 
defendant's  plea  in  bar. 

REPLY',  V.  I.  To  return  for  an  answer. 
He  knows  not  what  to  reply. 

REPLY',  n.  [Fr.  repliijue;  \t.  replica.]  An 
answer;  that  which  is  said  or  written  in 
answer  to  wliat  is  said  or  written  by  an- 
other. 

2.  .\  book  or  pamphlet  written  in  answer  to 
auotlier. 


To  he  reported,  or  usually,  to  he  reported  of,  to 
be  well  or  ill  spoken  of;  to  be  mentioned 
with  rcs[iect  or  reproach.  Acts  xvi.  Rom. 
iii. 

REPORT.  V.  i.  To  make  a  statement  of 
facts.  The  committee  will  report  at  twelve 
o'clock. 

REPORT,?!.  An  account  returned  :  a  state- 
ment or  relation  of  diets  given  in  reply  to 
inquiry,  or  by  a  person  authorized  to  ex- 
amine and  make  return  to  his  employer. 
From  Thetis  sent  as  spies  to  make  report. 

Waller. 

2.  Rumor;  common  fame  ;  story  circulated. 
Report,  though  often  originating  in  fact, 
soon  becomes  incorrect,  and  is  seldom  de- 
serving of  credit.  When  we  have  no  evi- 
dence but  popular  report,  it  is  prudent  to 
suspend  our  opinions  in  regard  to  the 
facts. 

3.  Repute  ;  public  character  ;  as  evil  report 
and  good  report.     2  Cor.  vi. 

Cornelius   was   of  good  report   among   the 
I      Jews.     Acts  X. 
14.  Account ;  story  ;  relation. 

It  was  a  true  report  that  I  heard  in  my  own 
land  of  thy  acts  and  of  tliy  wisdom.     1  Kings  x. 
i5.  Sound  ;  noise;  as  the  report  of  a  pistol  or 
cannon.  Bacon. 

G.  .\ii  account  or  statement  of  a  judicial 
I  opinion  or  decision,  or  of  a  case  argued 
I  and  determined  In  a  court  of  law,  chance- 
I  ry,  &.C.  The  books  containing  such  state- 
ments are  also  called  reports. 
An  official  statement  of  facts,  verbal  or 
written  ;  imrlicularly,  a  statement  in  writ- 
ing of  proceedings  and  facts  exhibited  by 
an  otTicer  to  his  superiors;  as  ihe  reports 
of  the  heads  of  departincuts  to  congress. 


R  E  P 


REP 


REP 


of  a  master  in  chancery  to  the  court,  of 
committees  to  a  legislative  bodv  and  the 
like. 

REPORTED,  pp.  Told,  related  or  stated  in 
answer  to  inquiry  or  direction  ;  circulat- 
ed in  popular  rumors ;  reputed  ;  stated 
officially. 

REPORTER,  n.  One  that  gives  an  ac 
count,  verbal  or  written,  official  or  unoffi- 
cial. 

3.  An  officer  or  person  who  makes  state- 
ments of  law  proceedings  and  decisions 
or  of  legislative  debates. 

REPORTING,  ppr.  Giving  account ;  relat- 
ing ;  presenting  statements  of  facts  or  of 
adjudged  cases  in  law. 

REPORTINGLY,  adv.  By  report  or  com- 
mon fame. 

REPO'SAL,  Ji.  s  as  z.  [from  repose.]  The 
act  of  reposing  or  resting.  Shak. 

REPO'SE,  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [Fr.reposer;  re  and 
poser,  to  put;  It.  riposare  ;  Sp.  reposar; 
L.  repotio,  reposui.] 

1.  To  lay  at  rest. 

— After  the  toil  of  battle,  to  repose 

Your  wearied  virtue.  Millon. 

2.  To  lay  ;  to  rest,  as  the  mind,  in  confidence 
or  trust ;  as,  to  repose  trust  or  confidence 
in  a  person's  veracity. 

;J.  To  lay  up;  to  deposit;  to  lodge  ;  as  peb- 
bles reposed  in  cliffs.  IVoodward. 

4.  To  place  in  confidence. 
REPO'SE,  V.  i.  To  lie  at  rest ;  to  sleep. 

Within  a  thicket  I  repos'J.  Chapman. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  I  repose  on  the 
faith  and  honor  of  a  friend. 

3.  To  lie  ;  to  rest;  as  trap  reposing  on  sand. 
REPO'SE,  n.  [Fr.  repos.]  A  lying  at  rest. 

2.  Sleep  ;  rest  ;  cpiiet.  Milton.     Shak. 

3.  Rest  of  mind;  tranquillity;  freedom  from 
uneasiness. 

4.  Cause  of  rest. 

After  great  lights    must   be  great    shadows, 
which  we  call  reposes.  Dryden. 

5.  In  poetry,  a  rest ;  a  pause.  Encyc. 

6.  In  painting,  harmony  of  colors,  as  when 
nothing  glaring  appears.  Gilpin. 

REPO'SED,  pp.  Laid  at  rest  ;  placetl  in 
confidence. 

REPO'SEDNESS,  n.  State  of  being  at 
rest. 

REPO'SING,  ppr.  Laying  at  rest ;  placing 
in  confidence;  Iving  at  rest  ;  sleeping. 

REPOS'IT,  )'. /.  [h.\epositus,  repuno.]  To 
lay  up  ;  to  lodge,  as  for  safety  or  preser- 
vation. 

Others  reposit  their  young  in  holes. 

Dtrham 

REPOS'ITED,  pp.  Laid  up ;  deposited  for 
safety  or  preservation. 

REPOS'ITING,  ppr.  Laying  up  or  lodging 
for  safety  or  iireservation. 

REPOSP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  replacing; 
as  the  reposition  of  a  bone.  IViseman. 

REPOS' ITORY,  n.  [L.  repositorium,  from 
repono.] 

A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be  deposit- 
ed for  saffty  or  preservation.  A  granary 
is  a  rejio.iitory  I'ur  corn,  an  arsenal  for  arms. 
The  mind  or  memory  is  called  the  reposi 
lory  of  ideas.  Locke 

REI'OSSESS',  V.  t.  [re  and  possess.]  To 
possess  again. 

Nor  .sh.ill  my  (iilhcr  repossess  the  land. 

Pope 


To  repossess  one'j  eclj]  to  obt.iin  possession 
again. 

REPOSSESS'ED,  pp.  Possessed  again. 

REPOSSESS'ING,  ppr.  Possessing  again 
obtaining  possession  again. 

REPOSSES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  possess- 
ing again  ;  the  state  of  possessing  again 

REPOUR,    V.  I.    [re  and  pour.]      To  pour 
again. 

REPREHEND',  v.t.  [I.,  reprehendo ;  re  and 
prehendo,  to  seize;  Fr.  reprendre.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove. 

Pardon  ine  lor  reprehending  thee.  Shak. 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  censure. 
1  nor  advise,  nor  reprehend  the  choice. 

Philips. 

•3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

This  color  will  be  reprehended  or  encounter- 
ed, by  iinpuling  to  all  excellencies  in  composi- 
tions a  kind  of  poverty.     [jVut  in  iise.l 

Bacon. 

4.  To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  a  fault ;  with 
of;    as  Aristippus,    being  reprehended   of 


luxury.  Bacon 

REPREHENDED,  pp.  Reproved  ;  bla- 
med. 

REPREHEND'ER,  n.  One  that  repre- 
hends ;  one  that  blames  or  reproves. 

Hooker. 

REPREHEND'ING,  p;)r.  Reproving;  bla- 
ming. 

REPREHENSIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  re- 
prehensus.] 

Blamable  ;  culpable  ;  censurable  ;  deserv- 
ing reproof;  applied  to  persons  or  things  ; 
as  ri  reprehensible  person  ;  reprehensible 
conduct. 

REPREHEN'SIBLENESS,  n.  Blamahlc- 
ness ;  culpableness. 

REPREHEN'SIBLY,  adv.  Culpably;  in  a 
maimer  to  deserve  censure  or  reproof 

REPREHENSION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  repre- 
hensio.] 

Reproof;  censure  ;  open  blame.  Faults  not 
punishable,  mav  deserve  reprehension. 

REPREHEN'SIVE,  a.  Containing  reproof 

South. 

REPREHEN'SORY,  a.  Containing  reproof 

Boswell. 

REPRESENT',  v.t.  sas:.  [Vt.representer; 
L.  reprcesento  ;  re  and  Low  L.  preesento, 
from  prasens,  present.] 

1.  To  show  or  exhibit  by  resemblance. 

Before  him  burn 
Seven  lamps,  as  in  a  zodiac,  representing 
TTie  heavenly  fires.  Milton. 

2.  To  describe  ;  to  exhibit  to  the  mind  in 
words. 

The  managers   of  the  bank  at  Genoa  have 
been  represented  as  a  second  kind  of  senate. 

Jlddisiin. 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  show  by  action ;  as  a 
tragedy  well  represented.  Johnson. 

4.  To  personate  ;  to  act  the  character  or  to 
fill  the  place  of  another  in  a  play  ;  as,  to 
represent  the  character  of  king  Richard. 

5.  To  supply  the  ])lace  of;  to  act  as  a  sub- 
stitute ibr  another.  The  parliament  of 
Great  Britain  represents  the  nation.  The 
congress  of  the  United  States  represents 
the  ])eople  or  nation.  The  senate  is  con- 
sidered as  representing  the  slates  in  their 
corporate  capacity. 

C.  To  show  by  arguments,  reasoning  or 
statement  of  facts.     The  memorial  repre- 


sents the  situation  of  the  petitioner.  He- 
present  to  your  son  the  danger  of  tin  idle 
life  or  proffigate  comjiany. 

7.  I'o  stand  in  the  place  of,  in  the  right  of 
inheritance. 

All  the  branches  inherit  the  same  share  that 
their  root,  whom  they  represent,  would  have 
done.  Blackstone. 

REPRESENT'ANCE,  n.  Representation; 
likeness.     [JVbt  used.]  Donne. 

REPRESENT' ANT,  n.  A  representative. 
LVotinuse.]  H'otton. 

REPRESENTATION,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
])resenting,  describing  or  showing. 

2.  That  which  exhibits  by  resemblance  ; 
image,  likeness,  picture  or  statue  ;  as  re- 
presentalio7is  of  God.  Siillingfeet. 

).  Any  exhibition  of  the  form  or  operations 
of  a  thing  by  something  resembling  it. 
A  map  is  a  representatiern  of  the  world  or 
a  part  of  it.  The  terrestrial  globe  is  a 
representation  of  the  eanh.  An  orrery  is 
a  representation  of  the  planets  and  their 
revolutions. 

4.  Exhibition,  as  of  a  play  on  the  stage. 

5.  Exhibition  of  a  character  in  theatrical 
performance. 

G.  Verbal  description  ;  statement  of  argu- 
ments or  facts  in  narration,  oratory,  de- 
bate, petition,  admonition,  &c.  ;  as  the 
representation  of  a  historian,  of  a  witness 
or  an  advocate. 

7.  The  business  of  acting  as  a  substitute  for 
another  ;  as  the  representation  of  a  nation 
in  a  legislative  body. 

8.  Representatives,  as  a  collective  body.  It 
is  expedient  to  have  an  able  representation 
in  both  houses  of  congress. 

ji).  Public  exhibition. 

|I0.  The  standing  in  the  place  of  another,  as 
an  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  taking  by  in- 
heritance. Blackstone. 

REPRESENT' ATIVE,  a.   [Fr.  representa- 

«!7-l 
I.  Exhibiting  a  similitude. 


They  own  the  legal  sacrifices,  though  repre- 
sentative, to  be  proper  and  real.  Mterbnry. 
Bearing  the  character  or  power  of  anoth- 
er ;  as  a  council  representative  of  the  peo- 
ple. Swifl. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  n.  One  that  e.v- 
liibits  the  likeness  of  another. 

A  stalue  of  Rumor,  whispering  an  idiot  in  the 
ear,  who  was  the  representative  of  credulity. 

Addison. 

I.  In  legislative  or  other  business,  an  agent, 
deputy  or  substitute  who  supplies  the 
place  of  another  or  others,  being  invest- 
ed with  his  or  their  authority.  An  attor- 
ney is  the  representative  of  his  client  or 
em|>loyer.  A  member  of  the  house  of 
conunons  is  the  representative  of  his  con- 
stituents and  of  tlic  nation.  In  matters 
c<inccrning  his  conslituents  only,  he  is 
supposed  to  be  bound  by  their  instructions, 
but  in  the  enacting  of  laws  for  the  nation, 
he  is  supposed  not  to  he  bound  by  their 
instructions,  as  he  acts  for  the  whole  na- 
tion. 

3.  In  tair,  one  that  .stands  in  the  jiloce  of  an- 
other as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeed- 
ing to  an  estate  of  inheritance,  or  to  a 
crown. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  exhibited  or 
shown. 


REP 

This   doctrine  supposes  the   perfcctious   of| 
God  10  be  the  representalives  to  us  of   what- 
ever we  perrcivf  in  the  creatures.  Locke. 
REPRESENTATIVELY,    adv.     In    the 
character  of  another ;  by  a  represeiitaiive. 

Barrow. 

2.  By  substitution  ;  by  delegation  of  power. 

•'  Sandys. 

REPRESENTATIVENESS,  v.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  represeiitutive. 

Dr.  Burnet  observes  that  every  thought  is  at- 
tended with  consciousness  and  representative- 
ness  Spectator. 

REPRESENT'ED,  pp.  Shown  ;  exhibited  ; 
personated;  described;  stated;  havnig 
sub.stitutes. 

REPRESENT'ER,  n.  One  who  shows, 
exhibits  or  describes. 

3.  A  representative  ;  one  that  acts  by  dei)\i- 
tation.     [Liltle  xmd.]  Smjl. 

REPRESENT'ING,  ppr.  Sliowins  ;  ex- 
hibiting ;  describing  ;  noting  in  another's 
character  ;  acting  in  the  place  of  another. 

REPRESENT'MENT,  n.  Representation: 
image  ;  an  idea  proposed  as  exhibiting  the 
likeness  of  something.       Taylor.     Brown. 

REPRESS',  V.  t.  [L.  repressus,  reprivio  ;  re 
and  premu,  to  i)ress.] 

1.  To  crush;  to  quell  ;  to  put  down;  to  sub 
due  ;  to  suppress ;  as,  to  rejiress  seditioti 
or  rebellion  ;  to  repress  the  hrst  risings  of 
discontent. 

2.  To  check  ;  to  restrain. 

Such  kings 
Favor  the  innocent,  repress  the  bold. 

Waller. 


REP 


REPRESS',  n.  The  act  of  subduing.     [JVo/ 

in  use.] 
REPRESSED,  pp.  Crushed;  subdued. 
REPRESS'ER,  n.  One  that  crushes  or  suh 

dues. 

REPRESS'ING,  ppr.  Crushing ;  subduing  ; 
checking. 

REPRES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  subduing: 
as  the  repression  of  tumults.       K.  Charles 

2.  Check  ;  restraint. 

REPRESS'lVE,  a.  Having  power  to  crush 
tending  to  subdue  or  restrain. 

REPRIE'VAL,  n.  Respit;  reprieve.  [Ao( 
in  use.]  Overbury. 

REPRIE'VE,  V.  t.  [I  know  not  the  origin 
of  this  word,  unless  it  is  the  French  re- 
prendre,  repris.  In  Norm,  rcpriont  is  ren- 
dered reprieved  deductions,  and  reprises 
deductipns  and  duties  yearly  paid  out  of 
lauds.] 

1.  To  respit  after  sentence  of  death  ;  to  sus- 
pend or  delay  the  execution  of  for  a  time  ; 
as,  to  reprieve  a  criminal  for  thirty  days. 

He  reprieves  the  sinner  from  time  to  time. 

Rogers. 

2.  To  grant  a  respit  to  ;  to  relieve  for  a  time] 
from  any  suffering. 

Company,  though  it  may  reprieve  a  man 
from  his  melancholy,  yet  cannot  secure  a  niau 
from  his  conscience.  South. 

REPRIE'VE,  n.  The  temporary  suspen- 
sion of  the  execution  of  sentence  of  death 
on  a  criminal.  Clarendon. 

2.  Respit ;  interval  of  ease  or  relief 
All  tliat  I  ask  is  but  a  shorl  reprieve. 
Till  I  forget  to  love,  and  leam  to  grieve. 

Denham. 

REPRIE'VED,  pp.  Respited  :  allowed  a 
longer  time  to  live  than  the  sentence  of 
death  permits. 

Vol.  II. 


REPRIE'VING,  ppr.  Respiting  ;  suspend- 
ing the  execution  of  (i>r  a  time. 

REP'RIMAND,  V.  I.  [Fr.  reprimander.  If 
this  word  is  from  L.  reprimo,  it  must  be 
fornied  from  the  piirtici|)le  reprimendus.] 

1.  To  rc|.rove  severely  ;  to  reprehend ;  to 
chide  for  a  fault. 

(icrmanicus  was  severely  reprimanded  by 
Titieiius,  lor  traveling  into  lig>pt  without  bis 
permission.  Jirhvlhnot. 

2.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially,  in  exe- 
cinioii  of  a  sentence.  The  court  ordered 
the  (illiccr  to  be  reprimanded. 

REPRIMAND,  n.  Severe  reproof  for  a 
liiult ;  ie])rehension,  private  or  public. 

Spectator. 

REP'KIMANDED,  pp.  Severely  reproved. 

REPRIMANDING,  ppr.  Reproving  se- 
verely. 

REPKiNT',  V.  t.  [re  and  print.]  To  priiit 
again  ;  to  print  a  second  or  any  new  edi- 
tion. Pope. 

2.  To  renew  the  imiiression  of  any  thing. 
'I'lie    business   of  redemption  is — to  reprint 
(Jod's  image  on  the  soul.  South 

RE'PRINT,  71.  A  second  or  a  new  edition 
of  a  book.  Review  of  (Iriesbach. 

REPRINT'ED,  pp.  Printed  anew;  impress- 
ed again. 

REPRINTING,  ppr.  Printing  again;  re 
newing  an  impression. 

REPRl'SAL,  71.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  represaiUes ; 
It.  ripresaglia  ;  Sp.  represalia  ;  Fr.  repren- 
dre,  repris,  to  retake  ;  re  and  prendre,  L 
prendo.] 

1.  The  seizure  or  taking  of  any  thing  from 
an  enemy  by  way  of  retaliation  or  indem- 
nification for  something  taken  or  detained 
by  him. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  to 
indemnify  an  owner  for  something  of  his 
which  the  enemy  has  seized.  Reprisals 
may  consist  of  persons  or  of  goods.  Let- 
ters of  marque  and  reprisal  may  be  ob- 
tained in  order  to  seize  the  bodies  or 
goods  of  the  subjects  of  an  offending  state, 
until  satisfaction  shall  be  made. 

Blackslojte 

.■3.  Recaption  ;  a  retaking  of  a  man's  own 
goods  or  any  of  his  family,  wife,  child  or 
servniit,  wrongfully  :aken  from  him  or  de 
tained  by  another.  In  this  case,  the  own- 
er may  retake  the  goods  or  persons 
wherever  he  finds  them.  Blackslone. 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  a  commis 
sion  granted  by  the  supreme  authority  of  a 
state  to  a  subject,  empowering  him  to 
pass  the  frontiers  [marque,]  that  is,  enter 
an  enemy's  territories  and  capture  the 
goods  and  persons  of  the  enemy,  in  return 
fVir  goods  or  persons  taken  by  him. 

4.  The  act  of  retorting  on  an  enemy  by  in- 
flicting suffering  or  death  on  a  prisoner 
taken  from  liini^  in  retaliation  of  an  act  of 
inhumanitv.  Vattet. 

REPRI'SE,"™.  s  as  :.  [Fr.]  A  taking  by 
way  of  retaliation.     Obs.  IJryden. 

REPill'SE,  V.  t.  s  ast.  To  take  again.  Obs. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  recompense  ;  to  pay.     Obs.        Grant. 

REPRI'ZES,  n.  phi.  In '/oic,  yearly  deduc- 
tions out  of  a  manor,  as  rent-charge,  rent 
seek,  &c.  Jones. 

REPRO.VCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reprocher  ;  It.  rini- 
procciare  ;  from  the  same  root  as  approach, 
and  Fr.  proche,  near,  L.  prox,  in  proximus. 

56 


REP 

from  a  root  in  Class  Brg,  signifying  to 
thrust  or  drive  ;  probably  pi.] 

1.  To  censure  in  terms  of  opprobrium  or 
contempt. 

Mezenlius  with  his  ardor  warni'd 
His  fainung  friends,  rcprvach'd  their  shame- 
ful flight, 
Repell'd  Uic  victors.  Drijden. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  lan- 
guage. 

Tliat  shame 
There  sit  not,  and  reproach  us  as  unclean. 

Milton. 

3.  To  upbraid  ;  to  suggest  blame  for  any 
thing.  A  man's  conscience  will  reproach 
him  for  a  criminal,  mean  or  unworthy  ac- 
tion. 

4.  To  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt.     Luke 


REPROACH,  n.  Censure  mingled  with  con- 
tempt or  derision;  coiitiiinclious  or  op- 
probrious language  towards  any  i)erson  ; 
abusive  reflections  ;  as  foul-mouthed  re- 
proach. Shak. 

2.  Shame  ;  infamy  ;  di.sgrace. 
Give  not  thine  heritage  to  reproach.    Joel  ii. 

Is.  iv. 

3.  Object  of  contempt,  scorn  or  derision. 
Come,  and  let  us  build  up  llie  wall  of  Jeru- 
salem, ihat  we    may    be  no   more  a  reproach. 
Nell.  ii. 

4.  That  which  is  the  cause  of  shame  or  dis- 
grace.    Gen.  XXX. 

REPROACHABLE,  a.  Deserving  reproach. 

2.  Opprobrious;  scurrilous.     [J\'ot proper.] 

Elyot. 

REPROACHED,  pp.  Censured  in  terms  of 
contempt ;  upbraided. 

REPROACHFUL,  u.  Expressing  censure 
with  contempt  ;  scurrilous  ;  opprobrious; 
as  reproachful  words.  Shak. 

2.  Shameful  ;  bringing  or  casting  reproach  ; 
infamous  ;  base  ;  vile  ;  as  reproachful  con- 
duct ;  a  reproachful  life. 

REPROACHFULLY,  adv.  In  terms  of  re- 
proach ;  opprobriously  ;  scurrilously.  1 
Tim.  v. 

2.  Shamefully  ;  disgracefully  ;  contemptu- 
ously. 

REPROBATE,  a.  [L.  reprobatus,  reprobo, 
to  disallow  ;  re  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

1.  Not  enduring  proof  or  trial  ;  not  of  stand- 
ard (lurity  or  fineness;  disallowed;  re- 
jected. 

Reprobate  silver  shall  men  call  them,  because 
tlic  Lord  hath  rejected  them.     Jer.  vi. 

2.  Abandoned  in  sin  ;  lost  to  virtue  or 
grace. 

They  profess  that  they  know  God,  but  in 
works  deny  him,  being  abonjinable  and  disobe- 
dient, and  to  every  good  work  reprobate.  Tit.  i. 

3.  Abandoned  to  error,  or  in  apostasy.  2 
Tim.  iii. 

REP  RORATE,  n.  A  person  abandoned  to 
sin  :  one  lost  to  virtue  and  religion. 

1  acknowledge  myself  a  reprobate,  a  villain, 
a  traitor  to  the  king.  Raleigh. 

REP  ROBATE,  v.  t.  To  disapprove  with 
detestation  or  marks  of  extreme  dislike; 
to  disallow  :  to  reject.  It  expresses  more 
than  disapprove  or  disallow.  We  disap- 
prove of  slight  faults  and  improprieties; 
we  reprobate  what  is  mean  or  criminal. 
2.  In  a  milder  sense,  to  disallow. 

Such  an  answer  as  this,  is  reprobated  and 
disallowed  of  in  law.  Jlyliffe. 


REP 


REP 


REP 


3   To  abandon   to  wickedness  and  eternal 
'  destruction.  Hammond. 

4.  To  abandon  to  liis  sentence,  without  bope 
of  pardon. 

Drive  him  out 
To  reprobated  exile.  Southern. 

REPROBATED,  pp.  Disapproved  with  ab- 
horrence ;  rejected  ;  abandoned  to  wick- 
edness or  to  destruction. 

REP'ROBATENESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing reprobate. 

REP'ROBATER,  71.  One   that  reprobates. 

REP'ROBATING,  ppr.  Disapproving  witl] 
extreme  dishke  ;  rejecting  ;  abandoning 
to  wickedness  or  to  destruction. 

REPROBATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rcpro 
batio,] 

1.  The  act  of  disallowing  with  detestation, 
or  of  expressing  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  act  of  abandoning  or  state  of  being 
abandoned  to  eternal  destruction. 

When  a  sinner  is  so  hardened  as  to  feel  no 
remorse  or  misgiving  of  conscience,  it  is  con- 
sidered as  a  sign  of  reprobation.  Encyc. 

3.  A  condemnatory  sentence  ;  rejection. 

Set  a  brand  of  reprobation  on  dipt  poetry 
and  false  coin.  Dryden. 

REPROBA'TIONER,  n.  One  who  aban- 
dons others  to  eternal  destruction. 

South. 
REPRODU'CE,  V.  t.  [re  and  produce.]    To 
produce  again  ;  to  renew  the  production 
of  a  thing  destroyed.     Trees  are  reprodu 
ml  by  new  shoots  from  the  roots  or  stump  ; 
.ind  certain  animals,  as  the  polype,  are  re- 
produced from  cuttings.  Encyc. 
llEPRODU'CED,  pp.  Produced  anew. 
REPRODU'CER,  11.  One  or  that  which  re- 
produces. Burke 
REPRODU'CING,  ppr.  Producing  anew. 
REPRODU€'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  reproducing  that   which  has  been  de- 
stroyed ;  as  the  reproduction  of  plants  or 
animals  from  cuttmgs  or  slips.     The  re- 
production of  several  parts  of  lobsters  aiid 
crabs  is  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in 
natural  history.  Encyc. 
REPROOF',  n.  [from  reprove.]    Blame  ex- 
pressed to  the  face  ;  censure  for  a  fault : 
reprehension. 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof,  who  merit  praise. 

Pope. 
He  that  hateth  reproof  is  brutish.     Pros.  xii. 
2.  Blame  cast  ;  censure  directed  to  a  per- 
son- ,    ,,, 
REPROVABLE,  a.    [from  reprove.]    Wor- 
thy of  reproof;  deserving   censure;  bla- 
mablo.  Taylor. 
REPROVE.  V.  t.  [Fr.  rcprouver  ;  L.  reprobo  ; 
re  and  probu,  to  prove.] 

1.  To  blame;  to  censure. 

1  will  not  reprove   tliec   for  thy  sacrifices— 
Ps.  1. 

2.  To   charge  with   a   fault  to  the  face ;  to 
chide  ;  to  rcpreliciul.     Luke  iii. 

3.  To  blame  for  ;  with  nf;  as,  to  reprove  one 
0/ laziness.  Careu: 

4.  To  convince  of  a  fault,  or  to  niake  it  man 
ifcst.     Jolin  xvi. 

5.  To  refute;  to  disprove,     [yot  in  use.] 

Skak.i 
(J.  To  excite  a  sense  of  guilt.     Tlic  heart  or 

conscience  reproves  us. 
7.  To    manifest    silent    disapprobation     or 
blame. 

The  vicious  cannot  bear  the  presence  of  (lie 
good,   whoso   very   looks  reprove    them,   anil 


whose  life  is  a   severe,  though  silent   admom-||  Unless,  subsequent  to  the  purchase  or  cort; 

lion.  Buckminster.'A      tract,  the  devisor  republishes  his  will. 

REPROVED,   pp.    Blamed;    reprehended;  Blackstone. 

convinced  of  a  fault.  REPUB'LISHED,  pp.  Published  anew. 

REPROVER,  n.  One  that  reproves;  he  or  IREPUB'LISHER,  n.  One  who  repubhshes. 

that  wliich  blames.     Conscience  is  a  bold  JREPUB'LltiHING,  ppr.  Publishing  again. 
■rprorer.  6'o«(ft.|!REPU'DlABLE,  a.  [from  repudiate.]  That 


REPROVING,  ppr.  Blaming;  censuring. 
REPRU'NE,  v.l.  [re  anA  prune.]  To  prune] 

a  second  time.  Evelyn. 

REPRU'NED,  pp.  Pruned  a  second  time. 
REPRU'NING,    ppr.     Pruning    a    second 

lime. 
REPTILE,  a.  [Fr.  from   L.  reptilu,  from 

repo,  to  creep,  Gr.   f  prtu ;    It.  rtttile  ;   Sp. 

reptil.     See  Creep.     The  primary  sense  is 

probably  to  rub  or  scrape,  or  to  seize  " 


Creeping;  moving  on  the  belly,  or   with 
many  small  feet. 

2.  Groveling;  low  ;  vulgar  ;  as  a re;)We  race 
or  crew  ;  reptile  vices.  Burk 

REP'TILE,  n.  An  animal  that  moves  on 
its  belly,  or  by  means  of  small  short  legs, 
as  earth-worms,  caterpillars,  snakes  and 
the  like. 

In  zoology,  the  reptiles  constitute  an  or- 
der of  the  class  Amphibia,  including  all 
such  as  are  furnished  with  limbs  or  artic- 
ulated extremities,  as  tortoises,  lizards 
and  frogs.  Linne. 

A  groveling  or  very  mean  person  ;  a  term 
of  contempt. 

REPUB'LK;,  n.  [L.  respuUica;  res  and 
publica ;   public  affairs.] 

1.  A  commonwealth  ;  a  state  in  which  the 
exercise  of  the  sovereign  power  is  lodged 
in  representatives  elected  by  the  ])eople. 
In  modern  usage,  it  differs  from  a  ilemoc- 
racy  or  democratic  stale,  in  which  the 
people  exercise  the  powers  of  sovereignty 
in  person.  Vet  the  democracies  of  Greece 
are  often  called  republics. 

Common  interest ;  the  public.  [JVot  in 
use.l  ■^-  Jonson. 

Republic  of  letters,  the  collective  body  of 
learned  men. 

REPUB'LICAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  repub- 
lic; consisting  of  a  conimonvvealth  ;  as  a 
republican  constitution  or  government. 

2.  Consonant  to  the  principles  ot  a  republic  ; 
as  republican  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  re- 
publican manners. 

REPUB'LICAN,  n.  One  who  favors  m 
prefers  a  republican  form  of  govern 
ment. 

REPUBLICANISM,  n.  A  republican  form 
or  system  of  government. 

2.  Attachment  to  a  republican  form  of  gov- 
ernment. Burke. 

REPUB'LICANIZE,  v.  t.  To  convert  to  re- 
publican principles;  as,  to  repnblicanixe 
the  rising  generation.  Ramsay. 

REPUBLICATION,  n.  [re  and  publica- 
tion.] 

L  A  second  publication,  or  a  new  publica- 
tion of  something  before  published. 

3.  A  second  publication,  as  of  a  former  will, 
renewal. 

If  there  be  many  testaments,  the  last  over- 
throws all  the  former ;  but  the  republimtiou  o( 
a  foniier  will,  revokes  one  of  a  later  date,  and 
establishes  the  first.  Jllackstone. 

REPUB'LISH,  J'.  /.  [re  and  publish.]  To 
publish  a  second  time,  or  to  publish  a 
new  edition  of  a  work  before  published 

i2.  To  publish  anew. 


may  be  rejected  ;  fit  or  projier  to   be  put 

away. 
REPUDIATE,  v.t.  [Fr.   repudier ;    L.  re- 
pudio  ;  re  and  one  of  the  roots  in  class  Bd, 

wliich  signifies   to   send  or  thrust.]     To 

cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 
Atheists — repudiate  all  title  to  the  kingdom  of 

heaven.  Bentley. 

2.  Appropriately,  to  put  away;  to  divorce; 

as  a  wife. 
REPUDIATED,    pp.    Cast  off;  rejected; 

discarded ;  divorced. 
REPUDIATING,  ppr.  Casting  off;  reject- 
ing ;  divorcing. 
REPUDIATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  repudia- 

tio.]     Rejection. 
2.  Divorce  ;  as  the  repudiation  o{  n  wife. 

Arbuthnot. 
jREPUGN,  n.  repu'ne.  [L.  repugno ;  re  and 

pugno.] 
ITo  oppose  ;  to  resist.     [JVo<  used.]        Elyot. 
REPUG'NANCE.  ^        [Fr.  repugnaiice  ;  It. 
REPUG'NANCY,  P'  n>Mj?)mjiia,-    L.    re- 

pugnantia,  from  repugno,  to  resist;  re  and 

pugno,  to  fight  ^ 
1 


Opposition  of  mind  ;  reluctance  ;  unwill- 
ingness. Shak.  Lhyden. 
2.  Opposition  or  struggle  of  passions  ;  resist- 
ance. South. 
Opposition  of  principles  or  qualities;  in- 
consistency ;  contrariety. 

But  where  difference  is  without  repugnancy, 

that  which  hath  been  can  be  no    prejudice  to 

that  which  is.  Hooker. 

REPUGNANT,    a.    [Fr.   from    L.   repug- 

nayis.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  contrary  ;  inconsistent ;  prop- 
erly followed  by  to.  Every  sin  is  repug- 
nant to  the  will  of  Cod.  Every  thing 
morally  wrong,  is  repugnant  both  to  the 
honor,  as  welfas  to  the  interest  of  the  of- 
fender. 

2.  Disobedient :  not  obsequious.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

R  r.PUG'NANTLY,  adv.  With  opposition; 
n  coin radif  til  n.  Brotcn. 

REPUL'LUl.ATE.  r.  i.  [L.  re  and  pullulo, 
to  bud.]     To  bull  again.  Hoioell. 

REPULLULA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bud- 
ding again. 

REPULSE,  n.  rejiuls'.  [L.  repulsa,  from  re- 
pello  ;  re  and  jiello,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  being  checked  in  advancing,  or  driven 
back  bv  force.  The  enemy  met  with  a 
repidse  and  retreated. 

3.  Refusal ;  denial.  Bailey. 
REPULSE,  I!,   t.   repuls'.    [L.   repulsus,  re- 

pcllo.] 
To  repel ;  to  bcr.t  or  drive  back ;  as,  to  re- 
pulse an  assailant  or  advancing  enemy. 

Knolles.     ^lilton. 

REPULS'ED,  pp.  Repelled;  driven  back. 
ItEPULS'ER,    n.     One   that    repulses    or 

drives  back.  Sherwood. 

REPULS'ING,  ppr.  Driving  back. 
REPUL'SION,  n.  In  phti-fics,  the  power  of 

repelling  or  driving  off';   that  property  of 


REP 

bodies  which  causes  them  to  recede  from 
each  other  or  avoid  coming  in  contact. 

Enci/c.\ 

2.  The  act  of  repelling.  .  „ 

REPULSIVE,  a.  llepelUng;  driving  oH, 
or  keei)ing  from  approach.  The  repulsive 
imwer  of  tlic  electric  fluid  is  remarkable. 

2.  Cold  ;  reserved  ;  forbidding ;  as  repulsive 
manners.  „,  ,.       ., 

REPULS'lVENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of  be- 
ing repulsive  or  forbidding.     ,      .      .      , 

REPULS'ORY,  a.  Repulsive;  drivingback. 

REPUR'CHASE,  v.  t.  [re  and  purchase.] 
To  buy  again  ;  to  buy  back  ;  to  regain  by 
purchase  or  expense.  Hale. 

REPUR'CHASE,  »i.  The  act  of  buying 
again ;  the  purchase  again  of  what  has 
been  sold. 

REPURCHASED,    pp.    Bought   hack    or 
a"ain;  regained  by  expense  ;  as  a  throne 
repurchased  with  the  blood  oi"  enemies. 
'  Sliak. 

REPUR'CHASING,  ppr.  Buying  back  or 
again;  regaining  by  the  payment  of  a 
price. 

REP'UTABLE,  o.  [from  rcpule.]  Being  in 
good  repute  ;  held  in  esteem  ;  as  a  reputa 
hie  man  or  character ;  reputable  conduct. 
It  expresses  less  than  respectable  ami  Hon 
arable,  denoting  the  good  opinion  of  men, 
without  distinction  or  groat  qualities. 

2.  Consistent  with  reputation  ;  not  mean  or 
disgraceful.     It  is  evidence  of  extreme  dc 
pravity  that  vice  is  in  any  case  reputable. 

In  the  article  of  danger,  it  is  as  reputable  to 
elude  an  enemy  as  to  defeat  one.  Broome 

REP'UTABLENESS,  n.  The  quahty  of 
being  reputable. 

REP'UTABLY,  adv.  With  reputation; 
without  disgrace  or  discredit ;  as,  to  fill  an 
office  reputablij. 

REPUTA'TION,  n.   [Fr.  from  E.  reputatio.] 

1.  Good  name  ;  the  credit,  honor  or  charac- 
ter which  is  derived  from  a  favorable  pub- 
lic opinion  or  esteem.  Reputation  is  a  va 
uable  species  of  property  or  right,  which 
should  never  be  violated.  With  tlie  loss 
of  reputation,  a  man  and  especially  a  wo 
man,  h>ses  most  of  the  enjoyments  of  life. 

The  best  evidence  of  reputation  is  a  man's 
whole  life.  Jlmes. 

2.  Character  by  report ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense ;  as,  a  man  has  the  reputation  of 
being  rich  or  poor,  or  of  being  a  thief 

Mdison. 
REPU'TE,  V.  t.  [L.  reputo ;  re  and  puto,  to 

think ;  Fr.  reputer.] 
To  think  ;  to  account ;  to  hold  ;  to  reckon. 
The  king  was  reputed  a  prince  most  prudent 

Shak 
Wherefore  are  we  counted  as  beasts,  and  re- 
puted vile  in  your  sight .'     Job  xviii. 
REPU'TE,  n.  Reputation  ;  good  character: 
the  credit  or  honor  derived  from  common 
or  public  opinion;  as  men  of  repute, 

2.  Character ;  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as  a  man  held 
in  bad  repute. 

3.  Established  opinion ;  as  upheld  by  old 
repute.  MUton 

REPU'TED,  pp.  Reckoned  ;  accounted. 
REPlI'TEDIiY,  adv.  In   common   opinion 

or  estimation.  Barrow. 

REPU'TIOI.ESS,     a.    Disreputable;      dis 

graceful.  Shak 


R  E  a 


4. 


REPU'TING,  ppr.   Thinking;   reckoning: 
accounting. 


REQUEST',  n.  [Fc.requele ;  L.  requisitits, 
requiro  ;  re  and  quwro,  to  seek  ;  It.  richies- 
ta  ;  Up.  requesta.  See  Quest,  (Question.] 
The  expression  of  desire  to  some  person 
for  something  to  be  granted  or  done  ;  an 
asking  ;  a  peiilion. 

H  trnan  sioud  u])  to  make  request  for  his  life 
to  Esther  the  queen.     Esth.  vii. 
Prayer;  the  expression  of  desire  to  a  su 
perior  or  to  the  Almighty.     Phil.  iv. 
3.  The  thing  asked  for  or  requested. 

1  will  both  hear  and  );rant  you  your  requests. 

Shali. 
He  g.ive  (hem  their  request ;  but  sent  lean- 
ness ialo  tlieir  soul.  Ps.  cvi. 
A  state  of  being  desired  or  held  In  such 
estimation  as  to  be  sought  after  or  pursu- 
ed. 

Knowledge  and   fame  were    in  as  great  re- 
quest  as  wealth  among  us  now.  Temple. 

In  request,  in  demand  ;  in  credit  or  reputa- 
tion. 

Coriolanus  bcinj;;  now  in  no  request.      Shale. 
Request  expresses  less  earnestness  than  en 
treaty  and    supplication,    and    supposes    a 
right  in  the  iierson  requesteil  to  deny  or 
refuse  to  grant.     In  tliis  it  differs  from  de- 
mand. 
REQUEST',  V.  I.  [Fr.  requHer.]     To  ask 
to  solicit;  to  express  desire  for. 

The  weight  of  the  golden  ear-rings  which  he 
requested,  was  a  thousand  and   seven  liundied 
shekels  of  gold.     Judges  viii. 
2.  To  express  desire  to  ;    to  ask.     Wo  re- 
quested a  friend  to  accompany  us. 
Court   of  requests,  in    England,   a  court   of 
equity  for  the  relief  of  such  persons  as  ad- 
dressed his  majesty  by  supplication  ;  abol- 
ished by  Stat.  IC  and  17  Ca.  1.         Encyc. 
2.  A  court  of  conscience  for  the  recovery  of 
small  debts,   held  by  two  aldermen  and 
four  commoners,  who  try  causes   by  the 
oath  of  parties  and  of  other  witnesses. 

Blackstone. 
REQUEST'ED,  ;)p.  Asked;  desired  ;  soh 

cited. 
REQUEST'ER,  n.  One   who   requests;   a 

p;'tltloner. 
REQUESTING,  ppr.  Asking;  petitioning. 
REQUICK'EN,  v.  t.  [re  and  quicken.]     To 
n  .iniinate  ;  to  give  now  life  to.  Shak. 

REQUICK'ENED,  pp.  Reanimated. 
REQUICK'ENING,  ppr.  Reanimating ;  in- 
vigorating. 
RE'QUIEM,  n.  [L.]  In  the  Romish  church, 
a  hymn  or  mass  sung  for  the  dead,  for  the 
rest  of  his  soul ;  so  called  from  the  first 
word.  Encyc. 

Rest ;  quiet ;  peace.     [M)t  in  use.] 

Sandys. 
REQUI  ETORY,  n.  [how  h.requietorium.] 
A  scpulcher.     [jVot  in  use.]  Jf'eever. 

REQUI'RABLE,  a.  [from  require.]  That 
may  be  required  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  de 
manded.  Hale. 

REQUI'RE,  V.  t.  [L.  requiro  ;  re  and  qum 
ro,  to  seek  ;  Fr.  Sp.  requerir.  See  Query.] 
1.  To  demand  ;  to  ask,  as  of  right  and  by 
authority.  We  require  a  person  to  do  i 
tiling,  and  we  require  a  thing  to  be  done. 
Why  then  doth  my  lord  require  this  thing 
1  Chron.  xxi. 

To  claim;  to  render  necessary  ;  as  a  du- 
ty or  any  thing  indispensable  ;  as,  the  law 
of  God  requirc.i  strict  obedience. 
To  ask  as  a  favor  ;  to  request. 


3. 


R  E  a 

I  was  ashamed  to  require  of  the  king  a  hand 
of  soldiers  and  Iiorsemcn  to  lielp  us  against  the 
enemy  in  the  way.     Ezra  viii. 
[//(  this  sense,  the  word  is  rarely  used.] 
j4.  To  call  to  account  for. 

I  will  require  my  flock  at  their  hand.     Ezek. 
I      xxxiv. 

5.   To  make   necessary;    to   need;    to  de- 
!     mand. 

I  The  king's  busmess  required  haste.     1  Sam. 

I      xxi. 
G.  To   avenge ;   to  take  satisfaction  for.     1 

Sam.  XX. 
REQUI'RED,    pp.     Demanded;     needed; 

necessurv. 
REQUI' REM ENT,   7i.    Demand;    requisi- 
tion. Scott.     Chalmers. 
This  ruler  was  one  of  those  who  believe  that 
they  can  till  up  every  requirement  contained  in 
the  rule  of  righteousness.  J.  M.  Mason. 
The  Bristol  water  is  of  service  where  the  se- 
cretions exceed  the  requirements  of  health. 

Encyc. 

REQUI'RER,  n.  One  who  requires. 

REQUIRING,  ppr.  Demanding  ;  needing. 

REQ'UISITE,  a.  sasz.  [h.  requisiius,  from 
requiro.] 

Required  by  the  nature  of  things  or  by  cir- 
cumstances ;  necessary;  so  needful  that 
It  cannot  be  dispensed  with.  Repentance 
and  faith  are  requisite  to  salvation.  Air  Is 
requisite  to  support  life,  lleat  is  requisite 
to  vegetation. 

REQ'UISITE,  n.  That  which  is  necessary; 
something  indispepsable.  Contentment 
is  a  requisite  to  a  happy  life. 

God  on  his  part  has  declared  the  requisites 
on  ours ;  what  we  must  do  to  obtain  blessings, 
is  the  great  business  of  us  all  to  know.     Wake. 

REQ'UISITELY,  adv.    Necessarily;   in   a 

I     requisite  manner.  Boyle. 

jREQ'UISITENESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

!     requisite  or  necessary ;  necessity.     Boyle. 

REQUISI'TION,  71.  [Fr. ;  \X..  requisizione. 
See  Require.] 

Demand;  application  made  as  of  right.  Un- 
der the  old  confederation  of  the  American 
stat(!s,  congress  often  made  requisitions 
on  the  states  for  money  to  supply  the 
treasury  ;  but  they  had  no  power  to  en- 
force their  requisitions,  and  the  states  neg- 
lected or  partially  complied  with  therii. 

Hamilton. 

REQUIS'ITIVE,  a.  Expressing  or  Imply- 
ing demand.  Harris. 
REQUIS'lTORY,  a.  Sought  for;  demand- 
ed.    [Little  used.] 
REQUI'T.\L,  »i.  [from  requite.]  Return  for 
any  office,  good  or  bad  ;  in  a  good  sense, 
compensation  ;  recompense  ;  as  the  requi- 
tal of  services ;  in  a  bad  sense,  retaliation 
or  punishment,   as    the    requital   of   evil 
deeds. 
2.  Return  ;  reciprocal  action. 

No  merit  their  aversion  can  remove. 
Nor  ill  requital  can  efface  their  love. 

Waller. 

REQUITE,  v.t.  [from  quit,  L.  cedo;  Jr. 
cuitighim,  to  requite;  cuileach,  recom- 
pense.] 
I.  To  repay  either  good  or  evil ;  in  a  good 
sense,  to  recompense  ;  to  return  an  equiv- 
alent in  good  ;   to  reward. 

i  also  will  requite  you  this  kindness.  2  Sam, 
ii.     1  Tim.  V. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


In  a  bad  sense,  to  retaliate  ;  to  return 
evil  for  evil  ;  to  punish. 

Jo^epli    will  certainly  requite  us  all  the  evil 
which  we  did  to  him.     Gen.  1. 
2.  To  do  or  give  in  return. 

He  hath  requited  nie  evil  for  good.     1  Sam. 

XXV. 

REQUl'TED,  pp.  Repaid;  recompensed; 
rewnrdtMl. 

REQUI'TER,  n.  One  who  requites. 

REUUl'TING,  ppr.  Recompensing;  re- 
warding; giving  in  return. 

RE'RE  MOUSE,  71.  [Sax.  hreremus.]  A  bat 
fSee  Rear-moiise.] 

Rfi-RESOLVE,  V.  t.  re-rezolv'.  To  resolve 
a  seeond  time. 

RE'RE-WARl),  n.  [rear  and  ward.]  The 
part  of  an  army  that  marches  in  the  rear, 
as  the  guard  ;  the  rear  guard.  [The  latter 
orthography  is  to  be  preferred.]  Num.  x. 
Is.  Hi. 

RESA'IL,  V.  .  or  i.  [re  and  sail.]  To  sail 
back.  Pope 

RESALE,  n.  [re  and  sale.]  A  sale  at  sec- 
ond hand.  Bacon 

2.  A  second  sale;  a  sale  of  what  was  before 
sold  to  the  possessor. 

RESALU'TE,  v.  t.  [L.  resaluto ;  re  and  sa- 
Into,  to  salute  ;  Fr.  resaliier.] 

1.  To  salute  or  greet  anew.  Millon 

2.  To  return  a  salutation. 
RESALU'TED,  pp.  Saluted  again. 
RESALU'TING,  ppr.  Saluting  auew. 
RESCIND',  v.t.  [L.  rescindo ;  re  and  scin- 

do,  to  cut ;  Fr.  rescinder.] 

1.  To  abrogate;  to  revcike  ;  to  annul;  to 
vacate  an  act  by  the  enacting  authority  or 
by  superior  authority ;  as,  to  rescind  a 
law,  a  resolution  or  a  vote  ;  to  rescind  an 
edict  or  decree;  to  rescind  a  judgment. 

2.  To  cut  otr.     [JVot  used.] 
RESCISSION,  n.  resizh'on.    [Fr.  rescision, 

from  L.  rescissus.] 

1.  The  act  of  abrogating,  annulling  or  va- 
cating ;  as  the  rescission  of  a  law,  decree 
or  judgmeiit. 

2.  A  cutting  off. 
RESCIS'SORY,  a.  [Fr.  rescisoire.]  Having 

power  to  cut  off  or  to  abrogate.       Selden 
RES'€OUS,  in  law.    [See  Rescue.] 
RESCRl'BE,  V.  I.  [L.  rescribo  ;  re  and  scri 

bo,  to  write.] 
1.  To  write  back.  •'illliff^- 

'Z  To  write  over  again.  Howell.] 

RE'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  rescriplum,  rescribo.]] 
The  answer  of  an  emperor,  when  con- 
sulted by  particular  persons  on  some  dif- 
ficult question.  This  answer  serves  as  a 
decision  of  the  question,  and  is  therefore 
equivalent  to  an  edict  or  decree.  Encyc. 
RESCRIP'TIVELV,  adv.  By  rescript.  [Un- 
usual.] Burke. 
RES'CUABLE,  a.  That  may  be  rescued. 

Gayton. 
RESCUE,  V.  t.  res'cu.  [Norm,  resrure,  to 
rescue  ;  rcscous,  retaken,  rescued,  relieved  ; 
Fr.  recourre,  recous ;  (|u.  from  recouvrer,  to 
recover.  The  Italian  riscattare,  Sp.  res- 
catar,  Port,  resgatar,  to  redeem,  to  rescue, 
is  cojnpoinided  of  re  and  cattnre,  to  gel 
The  Fr.  recous  is  evidently  the  It.  riscossa, 
recovery,  riscosso,  recovered,  from  riscuo- 
lere,  to  redeem,  ransom,  regain,  esca])e 
exact,  or  recover,  contracted  in  Fr.  re- 
courre, from  ri  or  re  and   It.     scuotere.  to 


shake  :  scoMrt,  a  shaking;  L.  re  and  ^un-nRESE'IZING,  ppr.  Seizing  again. 
lio.]  I'RESEIZURE,  n.  rese'zhur.  A  second  Seiz- 

To  free  or  deliver  from   any  confinement,:!     ure  ;  the  act  of  seizing  again.  Bacon. 


violence,  danger  or  evil  ;  to  liberate  from' 
actual  restraint,  or  to  remove  or  withdraw 
from  a  state  of  exposure  to  evil;  as,  to 
rescue  a  prisoner  from  an  officer;  to  res- 
cue seamen  froin  destruction  by  ship- 
wreck. 

So  the  people  rescued  Jonathan  that  he  died 
not.     1  Sam.  xiv.     xxx.     Ps.  xxxv. 

Cattle  taken  by  distress  contrary  to  law,  may 
be  rescued,  by  the  owner,  while  on  tlieir  way  to 
the  poimd.  Blackstone 

Estimate  the  value  of  one  soul  rescued  from 
eternal  guilt  and  agony,  and  destined  to  grow 
forever  in  the  knowledge  and  likeness  of  God. 
.i.  Dickinson 
RES'CUE,  n.  [See  the  Verb.]  Deliverance 
from  restraint,  violence  or  danger,  by 
force  or  by  the  interference  of  an  agent. 
3.  In  law,  rescue  or  rescous,  the  forcible  re- 
taking of  a  lawful  distress  from  the  dis- 
trainor, or  from  the  custody  of  the  law  ; 
also,  the  forcible  liberation  of  a  defend- 
ant from  the  custody  of  the  officer,  in 
which  cases,  the  remedy  is  by  writ  of  res- 
cous. But  when  the  distress  is  unlawful- 
ly taken,  the  owner  may  lawfully  make 
rescue. 

The  rescue  of  a  prisoner  from  the  court,  is 
punished  with  perpetual  imprisonment  and  for- 
feiture of  goods.  Blackstone. 

RES'CUED,  pp.  Delivered  from  confine- 
ment or  danger ;  or  forcibly  taken  from 
the  custody  of  the  law. 

RES'CUER,  n.  One  that  rescues  or  retakes. 

Kent. 

RES' CVl^G,  ppr.  Liberating  from  restraint 
or  danger  ;  forcibly  taking  from  the  cus- 
tody of  the  law. 

RESEARCH,  n.  reserch'.  [Fr.  recherche.] 
Diligent  inquiry  or  examination  in  seeking 
facts  or  principles  ;  laborious  or  continued 
search  after  truth  ;  asresearchcs  of  human 
wisdom.  Rogers. 

RESEARCH,  t'.  t.  reserch'.  [Fr.  rcchercher  ; 
re  and  chercher.] 

1.  To  search  or  examine  with  continued 
care;  to  seek  diligently  for  the  truth. 

It  is  not  easy  to  research  with  due  distinc- 
tion, in  the  actions  of  eminent  personages,  both 
liow  much  may  have  been  blemished  by  the  en- 
vy of  others,  and  what  was  corrupted  hy  their 
own  felicity.     lUitusual.]  IVotton. 

2.  To  search  again  ;  to  examine  anew. 
RESEARCHER,  n.  reserch'er.  One  who  dil- 
igently inquires  or  examines. 

RESE'AT,  V.  t.  [re  and  seat.]  To  seat  or 
set  again.  Dryden. 

RKSK.\TRD.  pp.  Seated  again. 
RESE'ATING,  ppr.  Seating  again. 
RESECTION,  n.   [L.  rescclio,  rescco.]  The 
act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotgravc. 

RESF^E'K,  V.  t.  pret.  and  i)p.  resought.  [re 

and  seek.] 
To  seek  again.  J.  Barlow 

RESE'IZE,  V.  t.   [re  and  seize.]     To   seize 
again  ;  to  seize  a  second  time.        Spen.ser. 
2.  In  law,   to   take   possession   of  lainls  and 
tenements  which  have  been  disseized. 

Whereupon  the  sherif  is  commanded   to  ? 
seize  the  land  and  all  the  chattels  thereon,  ai 
keep  the  same  in  his  cvistody  till  the  arrival  of 
the  justices  of  assize.  BlackstoJie. 

RESEIZED,  pp.  Seized  again. 
IRESE'IZER,  Ji.  One  who  seizes  again. 


RESELL',  V.  t.  To  sell  again  ;  to  sell  what 
has  been  bought  or  sold.       HTieaton,  v.  4. 

RESEMBLABLE,  a.  [See  Resemble.]  That 
may  be  compared.     [JVb<  in  use.] 

Gower. 

RESEM'BLA.\CE,  it.  [Fr.  ressemblance.  See 
Resemble.] 

1.  Likeness ;  similitude,  either  of  external 
form  or  of^ qualities.  We  observe  a  resem- 
blance between  persons,  a  resemblance  in 
shape,  a  resemblance  in  manners,  a  resem- 
blance in  dispositions.  Painting  and  po- 
etry bear  a  great  resemblance  to  each  other, 
as  one  object  of  both  is  to  please. 

Dryden. 

2.  Something  similar;  similitude ;  represent- 
ation. 

These  sensible  things  which  religion  hath 
allowed,  are  resemblances  formed  according  to 
things  spiritual.  Hooker. 

Fairest  resemblance  of  thy  Maker  fair — 

JUUton. 
RESEM'BLE,  v.t.  sasz.  [Ft. ressembler ;  It. 
rassembrare  ;  Sp.  asemejar  ;    Port,  assemel- 
har.     See  .Similar.] 

1.  To  have  the  likeness  of;  to  bear  the  si- 
luilitiule  of  something,  either  in  form,  fig- 
ure or  qualities.  One  man  may  resemble 
another  in  features ;  he  may  resemble  a 
third  person  in  temper  or  deportinent. 

Kach  one  resembled  the  children  of  a  king. 
Judges  viii. 

2.  To  liken ;  to  compare ;  to  represent  as 
like  something  else. 

The  torrid  parts  of  Africa  are  resembled  to  a 
libbard's  skin,  the  distance  of  who.se  spots  rep- 
resents the  dispersed  situation  of  the  habita- 
tions. Brerewood. 

RESEM'BLED,  pp.  Likened;  compared. 

RESEMBLING,  ppr.  Having  the  fikeuess 
of;  likening;  ciuiiparing. 

RESEND',  V.  I.  pret.  and  ])p.  resent,  [re  and 
send.] 

To  send  again;  to  send  back.     [,Vo<  in  xise.] 

Shak. 

RESENT',  V.  I.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  ressentir,  to  per- 
ceive again,  to  have  a  deep  sense  of;  re 
and  senlir,  to  perceive,  L.  sentio  ;  It.  risen- 
tire,  to  resent,  to  hear  again,  to  resound  ; 
Sp.  resentirse,  to  resent,  also  to  begin  to 
give  way  or  to  fail;  resenlimiento,  resent- 
ment, a  flaw  or  crack.] 

1.  To  take  well;  to  receive  with  sati.sfac- 
tion.     Obs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  take  ill ;  to  consider  as  an  injury  or 
affront ;  to  be  in  some  degree  angry  or 
provoked  at. 

Thou  with  scorn 
And  anger  would'st  resent  the  offer'd  wrong. 

Milton. 

RESENT  ED,  pp.  Taken  ill ;  being  in  some 
measure  angry  at. 

RESENT'ER,  n.  One  who  resents;  one 
that  feels  an  injury  deeply.  M'otton. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  one  that  takes  a  thing 
well.     06s. 

RESENTFUL,  a.  Easily  provoked  to  an- 
ger;  of  an  irritable  temper. 

RESENT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  ill ;  feeling  an- 
gry at. 

RESENT'INGLY,  adv.  With  a  sense  of 
wrong  or  affront ;  with  a  degree  of  anger. 

2.  With  deep  sense  or  strong  perception. 
Obs.  More. 


RES 

RESKNT'IVE,  a.  Easily  provoked  or  irri- 
tated ;  quick  to  feel  an  iujury  or  nf'-""'- 
^  Thomson 

RESENT'MENT,  n.   [Fr.  reaaentimenl ;  It. 
riserdimento ;  Sp.  resentimienlo.] 

I.  Tilt;  excitement  of  passion  which  pro 
cee.ls  fn.n,  a  sense  of  wrong  "ffere.l  to 
ourselves,  or  to  thoso  who  rtre  connected 
with  us;.inK.T.  Tins  word  usual  y  ex- 
presses less  exciten.ent  thar.  antra;  though 
it  is  often  synonymous  with  it.  It  ex- 
presses nuich  less  than  .oralh,em>,perahon, 
knd  Mienation.  In  tins  use,  rcscn(Hie«<  is 
not  the  sense  or  perception  o(  mjury,  hut 
the  excitement  which  is  the  effect  ot  it. 
Can  heavenly  minds  such  high  resmtmeni 
show .'  Ihiidtii. 

2   Strong  perception  of  good.     [JVo(  in  use  ^ 

More. 
RESERVA'TION,  n.  s  as  z.  [Fr.  from  L 
reseivo.] 

1.  The  act  of  reserving  or  keeping  back  or 
in  the  mind ;  reserve ;  concealment  or 
withholding  from  disclosure;  as  mental 
reservation. 

2.  Something  withheld,  either  not  expressed 
or  disclosed,  or  not  givcm  up  or  brought 
forward. 

With  reservation  of  a  huniiicil  knights. 

Shak. 
In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  not 
sold  with  the  rest,  is  cnlled  a  reservntion. 

3.  Custody  ;  state  of  being  treasureil  up  or 
kept  in  store.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  a  clause  or  part  of  an  instrument 
by  which  something  is  reserved,  not  con- 
ceded or  granted  ;  also,  a  proviso. 

Mental  reservation  is  the  withholding  of  ex- 
pression or  disclosure  of  something  that 
affects  a  proposition  or  statement,  and 
which  if  disclosed,  would  materially  vary 
its  import.  , 

Mental  reservations  are  the  refuge  ol  hypo- 
crites. Eneyc. 

RESERV'ATIVR,   a.  Keeping;  reserving. 

RESERV'ATORY,  n.  [from  reserve.]  A 
place  in  which  things  are  reserved  or  kept. 

Woodward. 

RESERVE,  D.  I.  rezerv'.  [Fr.  reserver ;  L.  re 
servo  ;  re  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  in  store  for  future  or  other  use  ; 
to  withhold  from  present  use  for  another 
purpose.  The  farmer  sells  his  corn,  re- 
serving only  what  is  necessary  for  his  fam 

ily. 

Hast  thou  seen  the  treasures  of  hail,  which  1 
liave  reserved  against  the  day  of  trouble  ?    Job 
xxxviii. 
3.  To  keep;  to  hold;  to  retain. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  for  ever  .'  Jer.  iii. 
3.  To   lay  up  and   keep  for  a  future  time 
2  Pet.  ii. 

Reserve  your  kind  looks  and  language  for 
private  hours.  Swift. 

RESERVE,  11.  reie»-u'.  That  which  is  kept 
for  other  or  future  use;  that  which  is  re- 
tained from  present  use  or  disposal. 

The  virgins,   besides  the  oil  in   tlieir  lamps, 

carried  likewise  a  reserve  in  some  other  vessel 

for  a  continual  supply.  TUlotson 

%  Something   in  the   mind    withheld   from 

disclosure. 

However  any  one  may  concur  in  the  general 
scheme,  it  is  still  with  certain  reserves  and  rievi 
ations.  Addison 


RES 


|3.  Exception ;  something  withheld. 
Is  koowledge  no  de»pis'd.' 
Or  envy,  or  what  reserve  forbids  to  taste  ? 

Milton. 
4.  Exception  in  favor. 

Eacli  has  some  darling  lust,  which  pleads  for 
a  reserve.  Rogers 

,5.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or  actions; 
backwardness  ;  caution  in  personal  be- 
havior. Reserve  may  proceed  from  mod- 
esty, bashfuhiess,  jirudence,  prudery  or 
sullenness.  .  .  •  , , 

My  soul  surpiis'd,  and  from  her  sex  disjoin  d, 
Left  all  reserve,  and  all  the  sex  behind. 

Prior 

6.  In  laiv,  reservation.  . 

In  reserve,  in  store ;  in  keeping  for  other  or 
future  use.  He  has  large  quantities  of 
wheat  in  reserve.  He  has  evidence  or  ar 
guments  in  reserve.  1 

Body  of  reserve,  in  military  affairs,  llie  third 
or  last  line  of  an  army  drawn  up  for  bat-| 
tie,  reserved  to  sustain  the  other  lines  as: 
occasion  may  require ;  a  body  of  troops 
kept  for  an  exigency. 
RESERV'ED,  pp.  Kept  for  another  or  fu 

tore  use ;  retained. 
3.  a.  Restrained  from  freedom  in  words  or 
actions  ;  backward   in  conversation  ;  not 
I     free  or  frank. 

To  all  obliging,  yet  reserved  to  all.       Walsli 
Notliine  reserv'd  or  sullen  was  to  see. 

Dryden 

RESERVEDLY,  adv.  With  reserve;  with 
backwardness  ;  not  with  openness  or 
frankness.  fVoodward. 

•2.  Scrupulously  ;    cautiously  ;   coldly. 
i  Pope. 

IrESERV'EDNESS,  ?i.  Closeness;  want 
frankness,  openness  or  freedom.     A  man 
may  guard  himself  by  that  silence  and  re- 
servediiess  which  every  one  may  innocent- 
ly practice.  South. 
iRESEKV'ER,  n.  One  that  reserves. 
JRESERV'ING,  ppr.  Keeping  back;  keep 
ing  for  other  use  or  for  use  at  a  future 
time  ;  retaining. 
RESERVOIR',  n.  [Fr.]  A  place  where  any 
thins  is  kept  in  store,  particularly  a  place 
where  water  is  collected  and  kept  for  use 
when  wanted,  as  to  supply  a  fountain,  a 
canal  or  a  city  by  means  of  aijuediiots,  or 
to  drive  a  mill-wheel  and  the  like;  a  cis- 
tern ;  a  mill-pond  ;  a  bason. 
RE'SET,  11.  Ill  Scots  law,  the  receiving  am' 
harboring  of  an  outlaw  or  a  criminal. 

Eneyc. 

RESET  TLE,  v.  t.  [re  and  settle.]  To  settle 

Kgain.  Swijt 

To  install,  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

RESET'TLE,  v.  i.  To  settle  in  the  ministry 

a  second  time  ;  to  be  installed. 
RESET'TLED,  pp.  Settled  again  ;  install- 
ed- ,.       ,. 
RESET'TLEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  settling 

or  composing  again. 

The  resctttemcnt  of  my  discomposed  soul. 

A''orris 

•2.  The  state  of  settling  or  subsiding  again 
as  the  rcseWemcni  of  lees.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  second  settlement  in  the  ministry. 

RESETTLING,  ppr.  Settling  again;  in 
stallins. 

RESHIP  ,  I'.  (.  [re  and  ship.]  To  ship  again 
to  ship  what  has  been  conveyed  by  wate 
or  imported  ;  as  coffee  and  sugar  imported 


RES 

into  New  York,  and  reshipped  for   Ham- 

liuri.'.  „  .  .     . 

RESUIP'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  shipping  or 
loading  on  board  of  a  ship  a  second  time  ; 
the    shipping   for  exportation    what  has 
been  imported. 
•i.  That  which  is  rcshipjied. 
RESIHP'PEI). /)/'■  Shipped  again. 
RESIIIP'PINU, /<wr.  Shipping  again. 
JKE'SIANCE,  n.  (Hee  Resiant.]  Residence; 
'     abode.     Obs.  Bacon. 

RE'SIANT,  a.  [Norm,  resiant,  resseanl,  from 

the  L.  resideo.     See   Reside.] 
IResident;    dwelling;   present    in    a    place. 
Otis.  Knolles. 

RESl'DE,  v.i.  »as2.  [Vr.  resider ;  U  resi- 
deo, resido  ;  re  and  .ledeo,  to  sit,  to  settle.] 
L  To  dwell  permuiioiuly  or  for  a  length  of 
time;  to  have  a  settled  aho<le  for  a  time. 
The  peculiar  uses  of  this  word  are  to  be 
noticed.  When  the  word  is  applied  to  the 
natives  of  a  state,  or  others  who  dwell  in 
it  as  permanent  citizens,  we  use  it  only 
with  reference  to  the  part  of  a  city  or 
country  in  which  a  man  dwells.  We  do 
not  sav  generallv,  that  ICnglislimen  re^de 
in  England,  hut'a  particular  citizen  resides 
in  London  or  York,  or  at  such  a  house  in 
such  a  street,  in  the  Strand,  &c. 

When  the  word  is  applied  to  strangers 
or  travelers,  we  do  not  say,  a  man  resides 
in  an  inn  for  a  night,  but  he  resided  in 
Londcui  or  Oxford  a  month  or  a  year ;  or 
he  may  reside  in  a  foreign  country  a  great 
i)art  of  his  life.  A  man  lodges,  stays,  re- 
mains, abiiles,  for  a  day  or  very  short 
time,  but  reside  implies  a  longer  time, 
though  not  definite. 
[2  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  liquors;  to  set- 
'tle.     Obs.  Boyle. 

[In  this  sense,  subside  is  now  used.] 
IRES'IDENX'E,  «.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  abiding 
or  dwelling  in  a  jilace  for  some  continu- 
ance of  time;  as  the  jtsWenceof  an  Amer- 
ican in  France  or  Italy  for  a  year. 

The   ronfessor  had  often  made  considerable 
residences  in  Normandy.  Hale, 

■i.  The  place   of  abode  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  hab- 
itation. . 

Caprca  had  been— the  residence  of  Tibenus 

for  several  years. 

I3.  That  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  liquors. 

Oli.i.  Bacon. 

I.  Ill  Me  canon  and  common  law,  the  abode 

of  a  jiaison  or  incumbent  on  his  benefice  ; 

opposeil  to  non-residence.  Blarkstone. 

RES'IDENT,  n.   [\..  residens  ;  Fr.  resident.] 

Dweirmg  'U-  having  an  abode  in   a  place  for 

a  continuance  of  time,  hut  not  definite  ;  as 

a    minister   resident    at   the    court  of  St. 

James.      -V  U   is  now    resident  in  South 

America. 

RES  lUENT,  11.  One  who  resides  or  dwells 

in  a  ])lace  for  some  time.      A  B  is  now  a 

resident  in  London. 

A  public  minister  who  resides  at  a  foreign 
court.  It  is  usually  applied  to  ministers 
of  a  rank  inferior  to  that  of  embassadors. 

Kncyc. 
RESIDENTIARY,  a.  Having  residence. 

More. 
RESIDEN'TL\RY,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who 
keeps  a  certain  residence. 

Ecdes.  Canons. 
RESIDER,  n.  One  who  resides  in  a  partic- 
I    ular  place.  S<"f- 


RES 


RES 


RES 


RESIDING,  ppr.  Dwelling  in  a  place  fori 
some  contiuuatice  of  time. 

RE.-^ID'UAL,  a.  Remaiiiing  after  a  pan  is 
taken.  Davy. 

RESID'UARY,  a.  [L.  residuus.  See  Re- 
side.] 

Pertaining  to  the  residue  or  part  remaining ; 
as  the  residuary  advantage  of  an  estate. 

Ayliffe. 

Residuary  legatee,  in  law,  the  legatee  to 
whom  is  bequeathed  the  part  of  goods  a/id 
estate  which  remains  after  deducting  all 
the  debts  and  specific  legacies. 

Blackstone. 

RES'IDUE,    n.    [Fr.  residu ;  L.  residuus.] 

1.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  taken, 
separated,  removed  or  designated. 

The  locusts  shall  eat  the  residue  of  that  which 
has  escaped.    Ex.  x. 

The  residue  of  them  will  I  deliver  to  the 
sword.     Jer.  xv. 

2.  The  balance  or  remainder  of  a  debt  or  ac- 
count. 

RESID'UUM,  n.  [L.]  Residue  ;  that  which 
is  left  after  any  process  of  separ.ition  or 
purification.  Chimislry.     Metallurgy. 

2.  In  law,  the  part  of  an  estate  or  of  goods 
and  chattels  remaining  after  the  payment 
of  debts  and  legacies.  Blackstone. 

RESIE'GE,  v.  t.  [re  and  siege.]  To  seat 
again  ;  to  reinstate.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RESIGN,  V.  t.  rezi'ne.  [Fr.  resigner ;  L.  re- 
signo ;  re  and  signo,  to  sign.  The  rad- 
ical sense  of  5tg->i  is  to  send,  to  drive,  hence 
to  set.  To  resign  is  to  send  back  or  send 
away.] 

1.  To  give  up ;  to  give  back,  as  an  oflSce  or 
commission,  to  the  person  or  authority 
that  conferred  it ;  hence,  to  surrender  an 
office  or  charge  in  a  formal  manner;  as,  a 
military  officer  resigns  his  commission  ;  a 
prince  resigns  his  crown. 

Phoebus  resigns  his  darts,  and  Jove 

His  thunder,  to  the  god  of  love.       Denham. 

2.  To  withdraw,  as  a  claim.  He  resigns  all 
pretensions  to  skill. 

3.  To  yield;  as,  to  resign  the  judgment  to 
the  direction  of  others.  Locke 

4.  To  yield  or  give  up  in  confidence. 

What  more  reasonable,  than  that  we  should  in 
all  things  resign  ourselves  to  the  will  of  God  ? 

TVlotson. 

5.  To  submit,  particularly  to  Providence. 

A  firm,  yet  cautious  mind  ; 
Sincere,  though   prudent ;  constant,  yet  re- 
sign'd.  Pope. 

ti.  To  submit  without  resistance  or  murmur. 

Shak. 

RE'SIGN,  V.  t.  To  sign  again. 

RESIGN,  71.  Resignation.     Obs. 

RESIGNA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  re- 
signing or  giving  up,  as  a  claim  or  pos- 
session ;  as  the  resignation  of  a  crown  or 
commission. 

2.  Submission  ;  unresisting  acquiescence  ; 
as  a  blind  resignation  to  the  authority  of 
other  men's  opinions.  Locke. 

y.  Quiet   submission  to  the   will  of  Provi 
<lence ;  submission  without  discontent,  and 
with  entire  acquiescence  in  the  divine  dif 
•   ]i(;ns;uions.     Tliis  is  christian  resignation. 

RESIGNED,  pj).  Given  up;  surrendered; 
yiehieil. 

2.  o.  Submissive  to  the  will  of  God. 

RESIGNEDLY,  ndi:   With  submission. 


RESIGNER,  n.  One  that  resigns. 

RESIGNING,  ppr.    Giving  up  ;  surrender 
ing  ;  submitting. 

RESIGNMENT,  n.  The  act  of  resigning. 
Obs. 

RES'ILAH,  )(.  An  ancient  patriarchal  com. 

RESIL'iENCE,  )       s  asz.  [L.  resilient,  re 

RESIL'IENCY,  ^  "'  silio;  re  and  salio,  to 
spring.] 

The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  back,  or  the 
act  of  rebounding ;  as  the  resilience  of  a 
ball  or  of  sound.  Bacon. 

RESIL'IENT,  a.  [L.  resilicns.]  Leaping  or 
starling  back  ;  rebounding. 

RESILL'TION,  n.  [L.  resilio.]  The  act  of 
springing  back  ;  resihence. 

RES'IN,  71.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  resine;  L.  It.  Sp.  res- 
ina  ;  Ir.  roisin  ;  Gr.  pijr'inj,  probably  from 
psu,  to  flow.] 

An  inflammable  substance,  hard  when  cool, 
but  viscid  when  heated,  exsuding  in  a  fluid 
state  from  certain  kinds  of  trees,  as  pine 
either  spontaneously  or  by  incision.  Res 
ins  are  soluble  in  oils  and  alcohol,  and  are 
said  to  be  nothing  but  oils  concreted  by 
combination  with  oxygen.  Resins  differ 
from  gums,  which  are  vegetable  mucilage  ; 
anil  they  are  less  sweet  and  odorous  than 
balsams.        Eneyc.    J\''icholson.    Fourcroy. 

RESINIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  resinaa.xiAfero,  lo 
produce.] 

Yielding  resin  ;  as  a  resiniferous  tree  or  ves 
sels.  Gregory. 

RES'INIFORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  res- 
in. C'ic. 

RESINO-ELEeTRle,    a.    Containing  or 
exhibiting  negative  electrieity,or  that  kind 
which  is  produced  by  the  friction  of  resin 
ous  substances.  Ure. 

RES'INO-EXTRAC'TIVE,  a.  Designating 
extractive  matter  in  which  resin  predoni 
inates. 

RES'INOUS,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities 
of  resin;  like  resin.  iJcsinows  substances 
are  combustible. 

Resinous  electricity,  is  that  electricity  which 
is  excited  oy  rubbing  bodies  of  the  resin 
ous  kind.     This  is  generally  negative. 

RES'INOUSLY,  adv.  By  means  of  resin  ; 
as  resinousbj  electrified.  Gresrory. 

RES'INOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
resinous.  > 

RESIPIS'CENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.resipisco, 
from  resipio  ;  re  and  sapio,  to  taste.] 

Properly,  wisdom  derived  from  severe  expe- 
rience ;  hence,  repentance.     [Little  i(*t' 

RESIST,  V.  t.  rezisV.  [L.  resisto;  re  and 
sisto,  to  stand  ;  Fr.  resister ;  Sp.  resistir ; 
It.  resistere.] 

1.  Literally,  to  stand  against;  to  withstand  : 
hence,  to  act  in  opposition,  or  to  oppose 
A  dam  or  mound  resists  a  current  of  wa- 
ter passively,  by  standing  unmoved  and  in- 
terrupting its  progress.  An  army  resists 
the  progress  of  an  enemy  actively,  by  en 
countering  and  defeating  it.  We  resist 
measures  by  argument  or  remonstrance. 

Why   doth  he  yet  find  fault .'   for  who  hath 
resisted  his  will  ?     Rom.  ix. 

2.  To  strive  against ;  to  endeavor  to  coun- 
teract, defeat  or  frustrate. 

Ye  do  always  resist   the  Holy  Spirit.     Acts 
vii. 

3.  To  batflo  ;  to  disajipoint. 
God  resistetli  the  proud,  but  givoth  grace  to 

the  humble.     James  iv. 


RESIST',  V.  i.  To  make  opposition.     Shak. 

RESIST  ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  resisting ; 
opposition.  Resistance  is  passive,  as  that 
of  a  fixed  body  which  interrupts  the  pas- 
sage of  a  moving  body ;  or  active,  as  in 
the  exertion  of  force  to  -slop,  repel  or  de- 
feat progress  or  designs. 

2.  The  quality  of  not  yielding  to  force  or 
external  impression  ;  that  power  of  a 
body  which  acts  in  opposition  to  the  im- 
pulse or  pressure  of  another,  or  which 
prevents  the  effect  of  another  power;  as 
the  resistance  of  a  ball  which  receives  the 
force  of  another  :  the  resistance  of  wood 
to  a  cutting  instrument;  the  resistance  of 
air  to  the  motion  of  a  cannon  ball,  or  of 
water  to  the  motion  of  a  ship. 

RESIST' ANT,  n.  He  or  that  which  resists. 

Pearson. 

RESIST'ED,  pp.  Opposed;  counteracted; 
withsiiinil. 

RESIST'ER,  n.  One  that  opposes  or  with- 
stands. 

RESISTIRII/ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
sisting. 

The  name  body,  being  the  complex  idea  of 
extension  and  resistibUity  together  in  the  same 
subject —  Locke. 

2.  Qiiaiity  of  being  resistible;  as  the  resisti- 
bUity of  grixre.  Hammond. 

RESIST'IBLE,  a.  That  may  be  resisted  ; 
as  a  resistible  force ;  resistible  grace. 

Hale. 

RESIST' ING, p;7r.  Withstanding; opposing. 

Resisting  inedium,  a  substance  whicli  oppos- 
es the  pa.ssage  of  a  body  through  it. 

RESISTIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  re- 
sist. B.  Jonson. 

RESIST'LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  efl'ectu- 
ally  opposed  or  withstood  ;  irresistible. 
Mesistless  in  her  love  as  in  her  hate. 

Dry  den. 

2.  That  cannot  resist ;  helpless.         Spenser. 

RESIST'LESSLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
opposed  or  denied.  Blnckwall. 

RESOLD,  pp.  of  resell.  Sold  a  second  time, 
or  sold  after  being  bought. 

RES'OLUliLE,  a.  s  as  :.  [re  and  L.  solubi- 
lis.     See  Re.'iolve.] 

That  may  he  melted  or  dissolved  ;  as  bodies 
resoluble  by  fire.  Boyle. 

RESOLUTE,  a.  [Fr.  resolu;  It.  resoluto. 
The  Latin  resolutus  has  a  diflerent  signi- 
fication.    See  Re.iolve.] 

Having  a  fixed  purpose  ;  determined  ; 
hence,  bold  ;  firm ;  steady  ;  constant  in 
pursuing  a  purpose. 

Edward  is  at  hand, 
Ready  to  fight;  therefore  be  resolute.     Shak. 

RES'OLTJTELY,  adv.  With  fixed  purpose  : 
firmly  ;  steadily  ;  with  steady  ])ersever- 
ance.  Persist  resolutely  in  a  course  of 
virtue. 

2.  Boldly  ;  firmly. 

Some  of  these  facts  he  examines,  some  he 
resolutely  denies.  Swift. 

RES'OLUTENESS,  n.  Fixed  purpose; 
firm  determination  ;  unshaken  firmness. 

RESOLUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  resolutio. 
See  Resolve.] 

|1.  Tlie  act,  operation  or  process  of  separat- 
ing the  jmrts  v\  hich  compose  a  complex 
idea  or  a  mixed  Imdy  ;  the  act  of  reducing 
any  compound  or  combination  to  its  com- 
ponent iiarts  ;  analysis  ;  as  the   resolutio'i 


RES 


RES 


RES 


oi  complex  ideas  ;  tlie  resolution  of  any 
material  siibstuiice  by  cliiniical  operations. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  unravoliiif;  or  <lis- 
einaiigliiif;  pcrplexitie^',  or  of  dissipating 
obscurity  in  moral  subjects  ;  as  the  resolu- 
tion ol  (lifiicull  questions  in  moral  science. 

3.  Dissolution;  the  niuural  process  of  sepa- 
rating the  component  parts  of  bodie.s. 

Digby. 

4.  In  music,  the  tesolutiim  of  a  dissonance, 
is  the  carrying  of  it,  according  to  rule, 
into  a  consonance  in  the  subsequent 
chord.  Enajc. 

5.  In  mediciJie,  the  disappearing  of  any  tu- 
mor without  coming  to  suppuration  ;  tiie 
dispersing  of  inflammation. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 
<i.  Fixed  purpose  or  determination  of  mind  ; 
as  a  resolution  to  reform  our  lives;  a  res- 
olution to  undertake  an  expedition. 

Locke. 
7.  The   effect   of  fixeil   purpose  ;  firmness, 
steadiness  or  constancy  in  execution,  ini 
plying  courage. 

They  who  governed  the  parliament,  had  the 
resoluti&n  to  act  those  monstrous  things. 

Claraidvn. 

S.  Determination  of  a  cause  in  a  court  of 

justice  ;  as  a  judicial  resolution.  Hale. 

[Ihit  this  word  is  now  seldom  used  to 

express  the  decision  ofu  judieiul  tribunal. 

We  use  judgment,  decision  or  decree.] 

9.  The  determination  or  decision  of  a  legis- 
lative body,  or  a  formal  proposition  ofltjr- 
ed  for  legislative  determination.  We  call 
that  a  resolution,  which  is  reduced  to 
form  and  ofl'crcd  to  a  legislative  house  for 
consideration,  and  we  call  it  a  resolution 
when  adopted.  We  say,  a  member  mov- 
ed certain  resolutions  ;  the  house  ])roceed- 
ed  to  consider  the  resolutions  offered 
they  adopteil  or  rejected  the  resolutions. 

10.  The  formal  determination  of  any  corpo- 
rate body,  or  of  any  association  of  indi- 
viduals ;  as  the  resolutions  of  a  town  or 
other  meeting. 

11.  In  algebra,the  resolution  of  an  ef|ualion, 
is  the  siiiiie  as  reduction;  the  bringing  of 
the  unknown  tjuainity  by  itself  on  one 
side,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the 
other,  without  destroying  the  equation,  by 
which  is  found  the  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity.  Day's  .filgebra. 

12.  Relaxation  ;  a  weakening.   Obs.   Brown. 
RE^jOLU'TlONER,  n.    One  who  joins  in 

the  declaration  of  others.     [JVo<  in  use.] 

Burnet. 
RES'OLUTIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to 

dissolve  or  relax.  [^jXul  muchuscd.] 

Johnson 
RESOLVABLE,  a.  That  may  be  resolved 

or  reduced  to  first  principles. 
RESOLVE,  v.t.  rezolv'.  [h.  resolvo  ;  re  and 

solvo,  lo  loose  ;  Fr.  resoudre  ;  It.  risolvtre 

Sp.  rcsolver.] 

1.  To   separate  the   component   parts  of  a 
compound   substance ;  to   reduce  to   fir 
priiici|iles ;  as.  to  resolve  a  body    into  its 
component  or  constituent  parts  ;  to  resolve 
a  body  into  its  elements. 

2.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complex  idea ; 
to  reduce  to  simple  parts  ;  lo  analyze 

'i.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complicated 
question  ;  to  unravel  ;  to  disentangle  of 
perplexities;  to  remove  obscurity  by  anal- 
ysis ;  to  clear  of  difliculties ;  to  explain ; 


as,  to  resolve  questions  in  moral  science  a 
to  resolve  doubts;  to  resolve  a  riddle. 

4.  To  inlbrin  ;  to  free  lioiii  doubt  or  per 
plexity  ;  us,  to  rewtoethe  conscience. 

Hcsolve  iiie,  strangers,  whence  and  what  you 
are  ?  iJryUt-n. 

5.  To  settle  in  an  opinion  ;  to  make  certain. 
Long  since  wc  v»ert  reaolv'd,  cl  your  truth, 
Your  laidilul  sci  vice  and  yotii  toil  in  war. 

ShaS. 
C.  To  confirm  ;  to  fix  in  constancy. 

Quit  presently  (he  chapel,  or  renolvc  you 
I'or  more  amazement.     \^Unu»ual.\       Shak. 

7.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve.  Jlrbuthnul. 

8.  To  tiDriii  or  constitute  by  resolution,  vote 
or  determination  ;  as,  the  bouse  resolved 
itsell  into  a  committee  of  the  whole. 

y.  In  music,  to  resolve  a  discoid  or  disso- 
nance, is  to  carry  it,  according  to  rule 
into  a  consonance  in  the  subsequent 
chord.  Rousseau.     Encyc 

10.  In  medicine,  to  disperse  or  scatter;  to 
discuss  ;  as  inflammation  or  a  tumor. 

11.  To  relax  ;  to  lay  at  ease.  fipenser. 

12.  In  algebra,  to  resolve  an  equation,  is  lo 
bring  all  the  known  quantities  to  one  side 
of  the  equation,  and  the  unknown  quanti- 
ty to  the  other. 

RESOLVE,  v.i.  rezolv'.  To  fix  in  opinion! 
or  purpose  ;  to  determine  in  mind,  llei 
resolved  to  abandon  his  vicious  course  of 
life. 

2.  To  determine  by  vote.     The  legislature 
resolved  to  receive  no  petitions  after  a  cer- 
tain day. 
To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  become  fluid. 

\\'Iien  llic  blood  stagnates  in  any  part,  it  fir.st 
coagulates,  then  resulves  and  turns  a!kalir4c 

.^rbulhiiot. 
To  separate  into  its  component  parts,  or 
into  distinct  principles ;  as,  water  resolves 
into  vapor  ;  a  substance  resolves  into  gas. 

5.  To  be  settled  in  opinion. 

Let  men  resolve  of  that  as  they  please.     [  Un- 
nstial.]  Locke. 

RESOLVE,    71.    rezolv'.    Fixed  purpose   of 

mind  ;  settled  determination  ;  resolution.  1 

He  strait  revokes  his  bold  resulre.      JJenhoiti.l 

2.  Legal  or  oflicial  determination  ;  legisla-, 
tive  art  concerning  a  private  person  or; 
corporation,  or  concerning  some  private, 
business.  Public,  acts  <d'  a  legislature  re-' 
ppect  the  state,  and  to  give  them  validity,' 
the  bills  for  such  ads  must  ]iass  through! 
all  the  legislative  lorms.  Ilcsulves  are 
usually  private  acis,  ami  are  often  passed] 
with  less  formality.  Resolves  may  also 
be  the  acts  of  a  single  branch  of  the  legis-i 
latiirc  ;  w  hereas  public  acts  must  be  pass- 
ed by  a  majority  of  both  branches.  | 
^m.  Legislatures.'. 

■i.  The  determination  of  any  corporation  or 
association  ;  resolution. 

RESOLV'ED,  pp.  Separated  into  its  com- 
piniciit  parts;  analyzed. 

2.  Determined  in  purpose  ;  as,  I  am  resolved 
not  to  keep  company  with  gamesters. 
This  phrase  is  properly,  '•  1  liave  resolved ;" 
as  we  say,  a  jicison  is  deceased,  for  has 
deceased ;  he  is  retired,  for  has  retired. 
In  these  phrases,  the  participle  is  rather 
an  adjective. 

3.  Determined  oflicially  or  by  vote. 
RESOLVEDLY,    adv.    With  firmness  of! 

purpose.  Grew.] 

RESOLV'EDNESS,  7i.  Fixedness  of  pur- 
pose; firmness ;  resolution.  Decay  of  Piety. \ 


RESOLVENT,  n.  That  which  has  the 
power  of  causing  solution.  In  medicine, 
that  which  has  power  to  disperse  inflam- 
mation andjireveut  the  suppuration  of  tu- 
mors ;  a  discutient.  C'oxc     Encyc. 

RESOLV  ER,  n.  One  that  resolves  or 
lorms  a  firm  purpose. 

RESOLV  'iNG,  ppr.  Separating  into  cofn- 
poneni  puns;  analyzing;  removing  per- 
plexities or  obscurity ;  discussing,  as  tu- 
mors; determining. 

RESOLV 'I^G,  ji.  The  act  of  determining 
or  lorming  a  fixed  purpose;  a  resolution. 

Clarendon. 

RES'ONANCE,  n.  a  as  :.  [L.  resonans.]  A 
resounding  ;  a  sound  returned  from  the 
sides  of  a  hollow  instrument  of  music ; 
reverberated  sound  or  sounds.  Encyc. 

'i.  A  sound  returned. 

RES'ONANT,  a.  [h.  resonans ;  re  and  sono, 
to  sound.]  Resounding  ;  returning  sound  ; 
echoing  back.  Milton. 

RESORB',  v.t.  [L.  rcsorbeo ;  re  and  sorbeo, 
to  drink  in.]     To  swallow  up.         Young. 

RESORB'ENT,  a.  Swallowing  up. 

M'oodhull. 

RESORT',  v.i.  sasz.  [Fr.ressorlir;  re  and 
sortir,  to  go  or  come  out.] 

1.  To  have  recourse ;  to  apply  ;  to  betake. 

The  king  thought  it  time  to  resort  to  other 
couasels.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  go  ;  to  repair. 

The   people  resort  to   him   again.     Mark  x. 
John  xviii. 

3.  To  fall  back. 

The  inheritance  of  tlic  son  never  resorted  to 
the  mother.     Obs.  Hale. 

RESORT',  71.  The  act  of  going  to  or  mak- 
ing application  ;  a  betaking  one's  self ; 
as  a  resort  to  other  means  of  defense  ;  a 
resort  to  subterfuges  ibr  evasion. 

2.  Act  of  visiting. 

Join  w  ith  me  to  forbid  him  her  resort.     Shak. 

3.  Assembly  ;  meeting.  Dryden. 

4.  Concourse ;  frequent  assembling ;  as  a 
place  ol' resort.  Swijl. 

."5.  The  place  frequented ;  as,  alehouses  are 
the  resorts  of  the  idle  and  dissolute. 

().  Spring ;  active  power  or  movement ;  a 
Valticism.     [.\'ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

Last  resort,  ultimate  means  of  relief;  also, 
final  tribunal ;  that  from  which  there  is 
no  appeal. 

RESORT'ER,  n.  One  that  resorts  or  fre- 
quents. 

RESORT'ING,  ppr.  Going  ;  having  re- 
course ;  betaking ;  frequenting. 

RESOUND',  V.  t.  s  as  z.  [L.  resono  ;  re  and 
sono,   to   sound;  Fr.   resonncr ;  It.   risuo- 
nure  ;  Sp.  resonar.]    To  send  back  soiind ; 
to  echo. 
And  Albion's  cliffs  resound  the  rural  lay. 

Pope. 

2.  To  sound ;  to  jiraiso  or  celebrate  with 
the  voice  or  the  sound  of  instruments. 

.Vi7/o)i. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  extol  with  sounds  ;  to 
spread  the  fame  of. 

The  man  for  wisdom's  various  arts  renowTi'd, 
Long  exercis'd  in  woes,  0  muse,  resound. 

Pope. 

RESOUND',  V.  i.  To  be  echoed  ;  to  be  sent 

back,   as   sound  ;   as,   common   fame   rr- 

sounds  back  to  them.  South. 

•2.  To  be  much  and  loudly  nientioned. 

'  Millon. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


RE'SOUND,  V.  t.  [re  and  sound ;  with  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable.]  To  snuiiil 
again.  Jones. 

RESOUND',  n.  s  as  z.  Return  of  sound ; 
echo.  Beaum. 

RESOUND' ED,  pp.  Echoed  ;  returned,  as 
sound  ;  celebrated. 

RESOUNDING,  ppr.  Echoing;  returning, 
as  sound. 

RESOURCE,  ?i.  [Fr.  ressource  ;  re  and 
source.] 

1.  Any  source  of  aid  or  support;  an  expe- 
dient to  which  a  person  may  resort  tor 
assistance,  safety  or  supply  ;  means  yet 
untried  ;  resort.  An  enterprising  man 
finds  resources  \n  his  own  mind. 

Pallas  view'd 
His  foes  pursuing  ami  liis  friends  pursu'd, 
Used  threat'nings  iriix'd  with  prayers,  his  last 
resource.  JJryden. 

2.  Resources,iu  the  plural,  pecuniary  means ; 
funds ;  money  or  any  jiroperty  that  can 
be  converted  into  supplies  ;  means  of 
raising  money  or  supplies.  Our  national 
resources  for  carrying  on  war  are  abund- 
ant. Commerce  and  manufactures  fur- 
nish ample  resources. 

RESOURCELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  resour- 
ces.    [A  ivord  not  to  be  countenanced.] 

Burke. 

RESOW,  V.  t.  pret.  resolved ;  pp.  resowed  or 
resown.     [re  and  sow.]     To  sow  again. 

Bacon. 

RESOWED,  >  a 

RESOWN,     \  PP-  S°"^"  ''"''^^- 

RESPE'AK,  v.t.  pret.  respoke;  pp.  respo- 
ken,  respoke.     [re  and  speak.] 

1.  To  answer  ;  to  speak  in  return  ;  to  reply. 
[Uttle  used.]  Shak. 

2.  To  speak  again  ;  to  repeat. 
RESPECT',  V.  t.    [L.  respecto,  or  respectus, 

from  respicio ;  re  and  specio,  to  view  ;  Fr. 
respecter  ;  It.  rispeitare  ;  Sp.  respetar.] 

1.  To  regard ;  to  have  regard  to  in  design 
or  pmpose. 

In  orchards  and  gardens,  we  do  not  so  much 
respect  beauty,  as  variety  of  ground  for  fruits, 
trees  and  herbs.  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  regard  to,  in  relation  or  connec- 
tion ;  to  relate  to.  The  treaty  particularly 
respects  our  commerce. 

3.  To  view  or  consider  with  some  degree  of 
reverence  ;  to  esteem  as  possessed  of  real 
worth. 

I  always  loved  and  respected  Sir  William. 

Su'ifi. 

4.  To  look  towards. 

Palladius  adviseth  the  front  of  his  house 
should  so  respect  the  soulli.     [JVut  in  use.] 

Brown. 
To  respect  the  person,  to  suffer  the  opinion 
or  judgment  to  be  influenced  or  biased  by 
a  regard  to  the  outward  circumstances  of 
a  ])erson,  to  the  prejudice  of  right  and 
equity. 

Thou  shalt  not  respect  the  person  of  the  poor. 
Lev.  xix. 

Neither   doth    God   respect  any  person.      2 
Sam.  \iv. 
RESPECT',  ?!.    [L.  respectus ;  Fr.  respect.] 

1.  Regard;  attention.  Shnk. 

2.  Th.Tt  estimation  or  honor  in  which  men 
liold  the  distinguished  worth  or  substan 
ti;il  good  ipialitics  of  others.  It  expressc; 
le:-s  than  nvcrrnre  and  veneration,  wliich 
regard  ciders  and  superiors  ;  whereas 
respect  muy  regard  juniors  and  inferiors. 


iiespect  regards  the  qualities  of  the  mind 
or   the  actions  which  characterize  those 
qualities. 
Seen  without  awe,  and  serv'd  without  respect. 

Prior. 

3.  That  deportment  or  course  of  action 
which  proceeds  from  esteem  ;  regard  ; 
due  attention  ;  us,  to  treat  a  person  with 
respect. 

These  same  men  treat  the  sabbath  with  lit- 
tle respect.  jVclson 

4.  Good  will ;  favor. 

The  Lord  had  respect  to  Abel  and  his  offering 
Gen.  iv. 

5.  Partial  regard ;  undue  bias  to  the  preju- 

j     dice  of  justice  ;  as  the  plirase,  respect  of 

I     persons.     1  Pet.  i.     James  ii.     Prov.  .\.\iv 

it).  Respected  character ;  as  persons  of  the 
best  respect  in  Rome.  Shak. 

'7.  Consideration  ;  motive  in  reference  to 
something. 

AVhatever  secret  respects  were  likely  to  move 
them —  Hooker 

8.  Relation  ;  regard  ;  reference  ;  followed 
by  of,  but  more  properly  by  to. 

They  believed  but  one  Supreme  Deity 
which,  with  respect  to  the  benefits  men  receiv 
cd  from  him, hud  several  titles.  TiUotson. 

RESPECTABIL'ITY,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  respectable ;  the  state  or  quali- 
ties which  deserve  or  command  respect. 
CumherUind.     Kelt. 

RESPECT' ABLE,  a.  [Fr.;  It.  rispeltahik; 
Sp.  respetahle.] 

1.  Possessing  tlie  worth  or  qualities  which  de- 
serve or  command  re.spect ;  worthy  of  es- 
teem and  honor  ;  as  a  respectable  citizen  ; 
respectable  company. 

No  government,  any  more  than  an  individual, 
will  long  be  respected,  without  bemg  truly 
respectable.  Federalist,  Madison. 

2.  In  popxdar  language,  this  word  is  much 
used  to  express  wliat  is  moderate  in  de- 
gree of  excellence  or  in  number,  but  not 
despicable.  We  say,  a  respectable  dis- 
course or  performance,  a  respectable  audi- 
ence, a  respectable  number  of  citizens  con- 
vened. 

RESPECT'ABLENESS,  n.  Respectability. 

RESPECTABLY,  adv.  With  respect  : 
more  generally,  in  a  manner  to  merit  res- 
pect. 

2.  Moderately,  but  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
despised. 

RESPECT'ED,  pp.  Held  in  honorable  es- 
timation. 

RESPECT'ER,  m.  One  that  respects  ; 
chiefly  used  in  the  phrase,  respecter  of  per- 
sons, which  signifies  a  person  who  re- 
gards the  external  circumstances  of  others 
in  his  judgment,  and  suffers  his  opinion 
to  be  biased  by  them,  to  the  prejudice  of 
candor,  justice  and  equity. 

I  perceive  that  God  is  no  respecter  of  persons. 
Acts  X. 

RESPECT'FUL,  a.  Marked  or  character- 
ized by  respect ;  as  respectful  deportmetit. 
AVith  humble  Joy  and  with  respecifid  fear. 

Prior. 

RESPECTFULLY,  adv.  With  re.spect;  in 
a  manner  comporting  with  due  estima- 
tion. Drijdcn. 

RESPECT'FULNESS,  n.  The  (juality  of 
being  respectful. 

RESPECT'ING,  ppr.  Regarding;  having 
regard  to  ;  relating  to.  Tliis  word,  like 
concerning,  has  reference  to  a  single  word 


or  to  a  sentence.  In  the  sentence,  "his 
conduct  respecting  us  is  con.n.endal)le," 
respecting  has  reference  to  conduct.  But 
when  we  say,  "respectit.g  a  further  iippro- 
pnaiiou  of  money,  it  is  to  be  observed, 
tliat  the  resi'urces  of  the  country  are  inad- 
etpiate,"  respecting  hiis  relerence  to  the 
«  hole  subsequent  clause  or  sentence. 
RESPECT'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  respectif;  It.  m- 
pettivo.  ] 

1.  Reliitive  ;  having  relation  to  something 
else;  not  absolute ;  as  the  respective  con- 
nections of  society. 

2.  Particular  ;  relating  to  a  particular  per- 
son or  thing.  Let  each  man  retire  to  his 
respective  ))lace  of  aboile.  The  officers 
were  (bund  in  their  respective  quarters ; 
they  ajipeared  at  the  head  of  their  respect- 
ive regiments.  Let  each  give  according 
to  his  respective  proportion. 

3.  Worthy  of  respect.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

4.  Careful ;  circumspect  ;  cautious  ;  atten- 
tive to  consequences  ;  as  respective  and 
wary  men.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hooker 

RESPECT'IVELY,  adv.  As  relating  to 
each;  particularly;  as  each  belongs  to 
each.  Let  each  man  respectively  perform 
his  duty. 

The  iinpressioDsfrom  the  objects  of  the  senses 
do  mingle  respectively  every  one  with  its  kind. 

Bacon . 

2.  Relatively  ;  not  absolutely.  Raleigh. 

•3.  Partialiv  :  with  respect  to  private  views. 
Obs. 

4.  With  respect.     Obs.  Shak. 

RESPECT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  respect; 
without  regard  ;  without  reference.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Drayton. 

RESPECT'LESSNESS,  n.  The  slate  of 
having  no  respect  or  regard ;  regardless- 
liess.     [Little  used.]  Shelton. 

RESPERSE,  v.  t.  respers'.  [L.  respersus, 
respergo  ;  re  and  spargo,  to  sprinkle.]  To 
sprinkle.     [Rarely  used.]  Taylor. 

RESPER'SION,  n.  [L.  rc«^crsto.]  The  act 
of  sprinkling.  Johnson. 

RES'PIRABLE,  a.  [from  respire.]  That 
may  be  breathed  ;  fit  for  respiration  or 
for  the  support  of  animal  life  ;  as  respira- 
ble  air.    Azotic  gas  is  not  respirable. 

RESPIRATION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  respira- 
tio.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  ;  the  act  of  inhaling 
air  into  the  lungs  anrl  again  exhaling  or 
expelling  it,  by  which  animal  life  is  sup- 
ported. The  respiration  of  fishes,  [for 
these  caiuiot  live  long  without  air,]  ap- 
pears to  be  performed  by  the  air  contain- 
ed in  the  water  acting  on  the  gills. 

2.  Relieffniui  toil.  Mlton. 
RESPIRATORY,  a.  Serving  for   respira- 
tion :  as  respiratory  organs.         Asiat.  Res. 

RESPI  RE,  J'.  ('.  [Fr.  respirer ;  L.  respiro ; 
re  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  ;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs 
and  exhale  it,  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing animal  life. 

2.  To  catch  breath.  Spenser. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  take  rest  from  toil.       Milton. 
RESPIRE,   V.  t.    To  exhale  ;    to   breathe 

out ;  to  send  out  in  exhalations. 

B.Jonson. 


RESPl'RED,   pp.    Breathed;  inhaled   and 

exlialeil. 
RESPIRING,     ppr.      Breathing;    taking 

breath. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


llES'PIT,  n.  [Vr.repit.]  Pause;  tempora- 
ry iuterniission  of  labor,  or  of  any  process 
or  operation  ;  interval  of  rest. 

Some  pause  and  respit  only  1  require. 

Denhain. 

2.  In  law,  reprieve  ;  temporary  suspension 
of  the  execution  of  a  capital  ofl'onder. 

Milton.     Prior. 

3.  Delay  ;  forbearance  ;  proloiiftation  of  time 
for  the  payment  of  a  debt  beyond  the  le- 
gal time. 

4.  The  ilelay  of  appearance  at  court  grant- 
ed to  a  jury,  beyojid  tlie  proper  term. 

Blackstone. 
RES'PIT,  V.  t.  To  relieve  by  a  pause  or  in- 
terval of  rest. 

To  respit  his  day-labor  with  repast. 

Arilton 

2.  To  suspend  the  execution  of  a  crimiiiul 
beyond  the  time  limited  by  the  sentence  ; 
to  delay  for  a  time.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  give  delay  of  appearance  at  (■<)iirt  ;  as, 
to  respit  a  jury.  lilackstone. 

RES'PITED,  pp.  Relieved  from  labor;  al- 
lowed a  temporary  suspension  of  execu- 
tion. 

RES'PITING,  ppr.  Relieving  from  labor ; 
suspending  the  execution  of  a  capital  of- 
fender. 

RESPLEN'DENCF:,  )       [L.    resplcmlens, 

RESPLENDENCY,  S  "■  resplendco  ;  re  and 
sptendeo,  to  shine.] 

Brilliant  luster  ;  vivid  brightness  ;  splen- 
dor. 

Son  !  thou  in  whom  my  glory  I  behold 
In  full  resplendence,  heir  of  all  my  might. 

Milton. 

RESPLEN'DENT,  a.  [supra.]  Very  bright; 
shining  with  brilliant  luster. 

With  royal  arras  and  resplendent  gold. 

.Spenser. 

RESPLEN'DENTLY,  adv.  With  brilliant 
luster  ;  with  great  brightness. 

RESPLIT',  i;.  t.  [re  and  split.]  To  split 
again. 

RESPOND',  V.  i.  [Fr.  repondre  ;  It.  rispon 
dere  ;  Sp.  responder ;  L.  respondeo  ;  re  and 
spondee,  to  promise,  that  is,  to  send  to 
Hence  respondeo  is  to  send  back.] 

1.  To  answer  ;  to  re|)ly. 

A  new  alfliction  strings  a  new  chord  in  the 
heart,  which  re.Hponds  to  some  new  note  of 
complaint  within  the  wide  scale  of  human  woe. 

JSuckminslei- 

2.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

To  every  theme  responds  thy  various  lay. 

Urounif: 

3.  To  be  answerable  ;  to  be  liidile  to  make 
payment  ;  as,  the  defendant  is  held  to 
respond  in  dam.iges. 

RESPOND',  tJ.  t.  To  answer  ;  to  satisfy  by 
payment.  The  surety  was  held  to  respond 
the  judgment  of  court.  The  goods  at- 
tached sliall  be  held  to  nspond  the  judg- 
ment. Seds:wicl{,  jMnss.  Rep 
RESPOND',  71.  A  short  antli(-m  interrupt- 
ing the  njiddle  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not 
to  proceed  till  the  anthem  is  ended. 

Wheatly. 
2.  An  answer.     [JVot  in  ^lse.^ 

Ch.  Reli^.  Appeal 
RESPOND'ED,  pp.    Answered  ;    satisfied 

bv  |iaym<'iit. 
RESPOND'ENT.  a.   Answering;  that  an- 
swers to  ilemand  or  expectation. 

— W  oalth  respondent  to  payment  and  contri 
butions.  Macon 

Vol.  II. 


RESPONDENT,  n.  One  that  answers  in 
a  suit,  particularly  a  chancery  suit. 

2.  In  the  .Hchools,  one  who  maintains  a  thesis 
in  reply,  and  whose  ])rovince  is  to  refute 
objections  or  overthrow  arguments. 

ffatts. 

RESPOND'ING,  ppr.  Answering;  corres- 
pondii]g. 

RESPONS'AL,  a.  Answerable ;  responsi- 
ble.    [Ao(  in  use.]  Heylin. 

RESPONS'AL,  n.  Response;  answer. 

Brevint. 

2.  One  who  is  responsible.     [A'ot  in  vse.] 

Barroic 

RESPONSE,  ?i.    respons'.    [L.  respon.tnm. 

1.  An  answer  or  reply  ;  particularly,  an 
oracular  answer. 

The  answer  of  the  people  or  congrega- 
tion to  the  priest,  in  the  litany  and  other 
jiarts  of  divine  service.  Addison. 

3.  Reply  to  an  objection  in  a  formal  dispu- 
tation. Halls. 

4.  Ill  the  Romish  church,  a  kind  of  antliem 
sung  after  the  morning  lesson. 

.■).  In  afiigite,  a  rcpolitiDii  of  the  given  sub- 
ject by  another  p;irt.  Busby. 
RI'.SI'ONSIBIL'ITY,  n.  [from  responsible.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  accountable  nr  an- 
swerable, as  for  a  trust  or  office,  or  for  a 
debt.  Burke.     Paley. 

It  is  used  in  the  jilural ;  as  heavy  respon- 
sibilities. Johnson's  Rep. 

2.  Ability  to  answer  in  payment;  means  of 
paying  contracts. 

RESPONS'IBLE,  a.  [from  L.  responsus, 
respondeo.] 

1.  Liable  to  account ;  accountable  ;  answer- 
able ;  as  for  a  trust  reposed,  or  for  a  debt. 
We  are  all  i-esponsible  for  the  talents  en 
trusted  to  us  by  our  Creator.  A  guardian 
is  responsible  for  the  faithful  discharge  of 
his  duty  to  his  ward.  The  surety  is  re 
sponsible  for  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Able  to  discharge  an  obligation  ;  or  hav 
ing  estate  adequate  to   the  payment  of  i 
debt.     In  taking  bail,  the   officer  will  as- 
certain whether   the  proposed  surety  is  a 
responsible  man. 

RESPONS'IBLENESS,  n.  State  of  being 
liable  to  answer,   repay  or  account 
sponsibility. 

2.  Ability  to  make  payment  of  an  obligation 
or  demand. 

RESPON'SION,  n.  [L.  response]  The  act 
of  answering.     [JVot  used.] 

RESPONSIVE,  a.  Answering  ;  making 
reply. 

2.  Correspondent ;  suited  to  something  else. 
The  vocal  lay  responsive  to  the  stiings. 

Pope 

RESPONS'ORY,  a.  Containing  answer. 

RESPONS'ORY,  n.  A  response;  the  an- 
swer of  the  peojile  to  the  priest  in  the  al 
ternate  speaking,  in  church  service. 

REST,  n.  [Sax.  rest,  rcesl,  quiet  or  a  lying 
down  ;  Dan.  G.  Sw.  rast ;  D.  rust.  The 
German  has  also  rvhe,  Sw.  ro,  Dan.  roc, 
rest,  repose.  In  W.  araus,  and  arosi,  sig- 
nify to  stay,  stop.  wait.  This  Teutonic 
word  cannot  be  the  L.  resto,  if  the  latter 
is  a  compound  of  re  and  sto  ;  but  is  an 
original  word  of  the  Class  Rd,  Rs.  See 
the  Verb.] 

1.  Cessation  of  motion  or  action  of  any 
kind,  and  applicable  to  any  body  or  being; 
as  rest  frotn  labor  ;  rest  from  mental  eser- 

67 


tion  ;  rest  of  body  or  mind.  A  body  is  at 
rest,  when  it  ceases  to  move  ;  the  riiind  is 
at  rest,  when  it  ceases  to  be  di.sturbed  or 
agitated;  the  sea  is  never  at  re.e<.     Hence, 

2.  Quiet ;  repose  ;  a  state  free  from  motion 
or  disturbance  ;  a  state  of  reconciliation 
to  God. 

I.eam  of  nie,  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in 
heart;  and  ye  shall  find  rest  to  your  souls. 
Matt.  xi. 

3.  Sleep  ;  as,  retire  to  rest. 

4.  Peace;  national  quiet. 
The  land   had  rest  eighty  years.     Judg.  iii. 

Deut.  xli. 

5.  The  final  sleep,  death.  Dn/den. 
f).  A  place  of  quiet ;  permanent  habitation. 

Ve  are  not  as  yet  come  to  tlie  rest,  and  to  the 
inheritance  which  the  Lord  your  God  giveth 
you.     Ueut.  xii. 

7.  Any  place  of  repose. 
I  In  dust,  our  hnal  rest,  and  native  home. 

Milton . 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  leans  or  lies  for 
support.     1  Kings  vi. 

Their  \izorri  clos'd,  their  lances  in  the  rest. 

Dry  den. 
1).   In   podry,  a  short  pause  of  the  voice  in 
rea<ling ;  a  cesiira. 

10.  In  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  a  body 
in  the  same  place. 

11.  Final  hope. 
Sea   lighls  have  been   final  to  the  war  ;  but 

this  is,  when  princes  set  up  their  rest  upon  the 
battle.     Obs.  Bacon. 

12.  Cessation  from  tillage.     Lev.  .\xv. 

13.  The  gospel  church  or  new  covenant 
state  ill  which  the  people  of  God  enjoy 
repose,  and  Christ  shall  be  glorified.  Is. 
xi. 

14.  In  music,  a  pause ;  an  interval  during 
which  the  voice  is  intermitted  ;  also,  the 
mark  of  such  intermission. 

REST,  n.  [Fr.  reste,  from  rester,  to  remain, 
L.  resto.] 

1.  That  which  is  left,  or  which  remains  af- 
ter the  separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact 
or  in  contemplation  ;  remainder. 

Religion  gives  part  of  its  reward  in  hand,  the 
present  comfort  of  having  done  our  duty,  and 
for  the  rest,  it  offers  us  the  best  security  that 
heaven  can  give.  7\llntsnn. 

2.  Others ;  those  not  included  in  a  proposi- 
tion or  description.  [In  this  sense,  rest  is 
a  noun,  hut  with  a  singular  termination 
expressing  plurality.] 

Plato  and  the  rest  of  the  philosophers — 

Slillingfleet. 
Arm'd  like  the  rest,  the  Trojan  prince  appears. 

Dryden. 
The  election  hath  obtained  it  and  the  rest 
were  blinded.  Rom.  xi. 
REST,  !'.  i.  [Sax.  restan,  hrestan,  to  pause, 
to  cease,  to  be  quiet ;  D.  ru.^ten  ;  G.  ras- 
ten  ;  Sw.  rasta.  See  Class  Rd.  No.  81. 
82.] 

1.  To  cease  from  action  or  motion  of  any 
kind  ;  to  stop  ;  a  word  applicable  to  any 
body  or  being,  and  to  any  kind  of  motion. 

2.  To  cease  from  labor,  work  or  perform- 
ance. 

God  rested  on  the  seventh  day  from  all  his 
woik  which  he  had  made.     Gen.  ii. 

So  the  people  rested  on  the  seventh  day.  Ei. 
xvi. 
To  be  quiet  or  still ;  to  be  undisturbed. 

There  rest,  if  any  test  can  haibor  there. 

Milton . 
To  cea.se  from  war  ;  to  be  at  peace. 

And  the  land  resfeij  from  war.    Josh.  xi. 


RES 


RES 


RES 


8, 


•>, 


All  who  before  him  dil  ascend  the  tlirone,      I 

LaboiM  to  draw  three  res(i«e  nations  on.         ] 

Jioscunimon.\ 

2.  Unyielding;  as resfi/' stubbornness. 

L'Estrange. 

3.  Being  at  rest,  or  less  in  action.     [J\'ot  in] 
vse.]  Broimi: 

REf^t'IF,  n.  A  stubborn  horse, 
the  final  sleep;  to   die  or   beJREST'lPNKSS,  n.  Obstinate  reluctance  or; 

indisposition  to  move.  [ 

2.  Obstinate  unwillingness.  Bacon.i 

KKSTINC'TION,  n.    [L.   restindio,  reatin  j 
guo  ;  re  an(\  eitinguo.]  The  art  of  quench- 
ing or  extinguisbnig. 
REST'ING,  ppr.  Ceasing  to   move  or  act  ; 
ceasing  to  be  moved   or    agitated  ;  lying  ; 
leaninn  ;  standing  ;  depending  or  relying. 
REST'l'NG-PI.ACE,  n.  A  place  Tor  rest. 
as,  to  res(  RESTINGUI^H,    v.  t.    [L.  rtstinguo  ;    re 
To  quench  or  extinguish. 


To  he  quiet  or  tranquil,  as  the  mind  ;  not 
to  he  agitated  by  fear,  anxiety  or  other 
passion. 

To  lie  ;  to  repose  ;  as,  to  rest  on  a  bed. 
To  sleep  ;  to  slumber. 
Fancy  then  retires 
Into  her  private  cell,  when  nature  rests. 

Milton 

To   slee| 
dead. 

Glad  I'd  lay  me  down. 
As  in  my  mother's  lap  ;  there  I  should  rest. 
And  sleep  secure.  Milton. 

To  lean  ;  to  recline  for  support  ;  as,  to 
rest  the  arm  on  a  table.  The  truth  of  re- 
ligion rests  on  divine  testimony. 

10.  To  stand  on  ;  to  be  supported  by  ;  as,  a 
column  rests  on  its  pedestal. 

11.  To  be  satisfied  ;  to  acquiesce 
on  heaven's  determination.  Jlddison. 

12.  To  lean  ;  to  trust ;  to  rely  ;  as,  to  rest  on 
a  man's  promise. 

13.  To  continue  fixed.     Is.  li. 

14.  To  terminate  ;  to  come  to  an  end.  Ezek. 


15.  To  hang,  lie  or  be  fixed. 

Over  a  tent  a  cloud  shall  rest  by  day. 

Milton 

16.  To  abide  ;  to  remain  with. 

They  said,  the  spirit  of  Elijah    doth  rest  on 
Elisha.     2  Kings  ii.     Eccles  vii. 

17.  To  be   calm   or   composed   in  mind ;  to 
enjoy  peace  of  conscience. 

REST,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rester.]     To  be  left ;  to  re- 
main.    Obs.  Milton. 
REST,  V.  t.  To  lay  at  rest ;  to  quiet. 
Your  piety  has  paid 
All  needful  rites,  to  rest  my  wandering  shade. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  place,  as  on  a   support.     We  rest  our 
cause  on  the  truth  of  the  Scripture. 
Her  weary  head  upon  your  bosom  rest. 

Waller 
RESTAG'NANT.  a.  [L.  restagnans.]  Stag- 
nant;  remainiug  without   a  flow  or  cur- 
rent.    [jVot  much  used.]  Boyle. 
RESTAG'NATE,  v.  i.  [L.restagno;  re  and 

stagno,  to  stagnate.] 
To  stand  or  remain  without  flowing. 

Wiseman 

[This  word  is  superseded  by  stagnate.' 

RESTAGNA'TION,  n.  Stagnation,  which 

see. 
REST' ANT,  rt.   [V..  restans,  resto.}    \nhota- 
n;i,  remaining,  as  footstalks  after  the  fruc- 
tification has  fallen  off.  Lee.t 
KESTAURA'TION,  n.    [L  restauro.]  Res- 
toration to  a  former  good  state.  I 
[The  present  orthography  is  restoration' 
which  see.] 
REST'ED,  pp.  Laid  on  for  support. 
RESTEM',  V.  t.    [re  and   stem.]    To   force 


and  extinguo.] 

Field. 
RES'TITUTE,    v.  t.    [L.   restiluo ;    re  and 

staluo,  to  set.] 
To  restore  to  a  former  state.     [Aoi  vsed.] 

Ui)cr. 
RESTITUTION,  n.  [L.  restitutio.]  The 
act  of  returmng  or  restoring  to  a  person 
s(Mne  thing  or  right  of  whicli  lie  has  been 
unjustly  deprived;  as  the  resi)7uh'o(i  of  an- 
cient rights  to  the  crown.  .Spenser. 
Rtstitulion  is  made  by  restoring  a  spe- 
cific thing  taken  away  or  lost. 

2.  The  act  of  making  good,  or  of  giving  an 
equivalent  for  any  loss,  damage  or  injury  ; 
indemnification. 

He  restitution  to  the  value  makes.  ! 

Sandys. 

3.  The  act  of  recovering  a  former  state  or 
posture.     [Umisual.]  Grew.' 

Restitution  of  all  things,  the  putting  the, 
world  in  a  holy  and  happy  state.     Actsiii.' 

RES'TITUTOR,  )(.  One  who  makes  resli-! 
tution.     [Little  used.] 

RESTIVE,  RESTIVENESS.  [See  Res- 
lif.] 

REST'LESS,  o.  [from  rest ;  Sax.  restleas.] 


continuallv   moving 


[ 
back  against  the  current.  Shal;.\ 

REST'FIjL,  a.  [from  rest.]  Quiet ;  being  at 
rest.  Skak, 

REjvT'FULLY,  adv.  In  a   state   of  rest  or 
quiet.  Herbert. 

REST-HARROW,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ononis. 

REST'IF,  a.  [Fr.  relif;  It.   reslivo,  reslio 
fniin  L.  resio.] 

1.  llnwilhng  to  go,  or  only   running  back 
obstinate  in   refusing  to   move  forward 
stuhborn  ;    as   a  resiif  steed.      It   seems 
originally  to  have  been  used  of  liorses  that 
would  not  be  driven  forward.     It  is  some- 
times written  restive^ 


1.  Unquiet ;    uneasy 
as  a  restless  child. 

2.  Being  witliout  sleep  ;  uneasy. 
Restless  he  pass'd  the  remnant  of  the  night. 

Dryd£ti 

3.  Passed    in   unquietness  ;  as,   the   patient 
as  had  a  restless  night. 

4.  Uneasy  ;  unquiet ;  not  satisfied  to  be  at 
rest  or  in  peace  ;  as  a  restless  prince  ;  rest- 
less ambition  ;  restless  passions. 

Uneasy  ;  turbulent ;  as  restless  subjects, 
tj.  Unsettled  ;     disposed    to     wander   or   to 
change  place  or  condititui. 

— Uestless  at  home,  and  ever  prone  to  range 

Dryden 

REST'LESSLY,  adv.  Without  rest ;  un- 
([uietly. 

When  the  mind  casts  and   turns   itself  rest- 
lessly from  one  thing  to  another.  South. i 

REST'LESSNESS,  n.  Uneasiness;  un-' 
quietness  ;  a  state  of  disturbance  or  agi- 
tation, either  of  body  or  mind. 

2.  Want  of  sleep  or  rest ;  uneasiness.  i 

Harvey 

3.  Motion  ;  agitation  ; 
the  magnetic  needle 

RESTO  RABLE,  a. 
1     may  be  rcsmreil    to 


as  the  restlessness  ol" 

Ifvyle. 

[from  restore.]    Thai 

a  former  good  coiidi- 


lion  ;  as  rcstorable  land. 


i>u-ijl 


RESTO'RAL,  n.  Restitution.  [Ao<  in  use.] 

Barrow. 

RESTORA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  restauration;  L, 
restavro.] 

1.  The  act  of  replacing  in  a  former  state. 

Beliold  the  different  cluiies  agree. 
Rejoicing  in  thy  restoration.  Dryden. 

So  we  speak  of  the  restoration  of  a  man 
to  his  ofiice,  or,to  a  good  standing  in  so- 
ciety. 

2.  Renewal  ;  revival  ;  re-establishment ;  as 
the  restoration  of  friendship  between  ene- 
mies ;  the  restoration  of  peace  after  war ; 
the  restoration  of  a  declining  commerce. 

3.  Recovery;  renewal  of  health  and  sound- 
ness ;  as  restoration  from  sickness  or  from 
insanity. 

Recovery  from  a  lap.se  or  any  bad  state; 
as  the  restorntion  of  man  from  apostasy. 

5.  In  theology,  universal  restoration,  the  final 
recovery  of  all  men  from  sin  and  aliena- 
tion I'roni  God.  to  a  state  of  happiness; 
universal  salvation. 

In  England,  the  return  of  king  Charles 
11.  in  K.riO,  and  the  re-estabhshment  of 
iiioiiarihy. 

RE,STO'KATIVE,  o.  That  has  power  to 
renew  sneiiiith  and  vigor.  Encyc. 

RESTORATIVE,  n.  A  medicine  effica- 
cious in  restoring  strength  and  vigor,  or  in 
recruiting  the  vital  powers.        Arbuthnot. 

RESTO'RE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  restaurer  ;  It.  restau- 
rare  ;  Sp.  Pfiit.  restaurar  ;  L.  restnuro. 
This  is  a  compound  of  re  and  the  root  of 
store,  story,  history.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set,  to  lay  or  to  throw,  as  in  Gr.  sipio;, 
solid.) 

To  return  to  a  person,  as  a  specific  thing 
w  liich  he  has  lost,  or  w  liich  has  been  ta- 
ken from  him  and  unjustly  detained.  We 
restore  lost  or  stolen  goods  to  the  owner. 

Now  therefore  restore  to  the  man  his  wife. 
Gen.  XX. 

2.  To  replace ;  to  return  ;  as  a  person  or 
tiling  to  a  former  place. 

Pharaoh  shall  restore  thee  to  thy  place. 
Gen.  xl. 

3.  To  bring  back. 
The  fadicr  banish'd  virtue  shall  restore. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  bring  back  or  recover  from  lapse,  de- 
generacy, declension  or  ruin  to  its  former 
state. 

— Loss  of  Eden,  tUl  one  greater  man 

Restore  it,  and  regain  the  blissful  scat. 

Milton. 

— Our  fortune  restored  after  the  severest  af- 
flictions. Prior. 
To  heal ;  to  cure  ;  to  recover  from  dis- 
ease. 

His  hand  was  restored  whole  like  as  the  oili- 
er.    Matt.  xii. 
G.  To  make  restitution  or  satisfaction   for  a 
tiling  taken,  by  returning  something  else, 
or  something  of  difi'ereiit  value. 

Ho  shall  restore  five    oxen    for  an  ox,   and. 
four  sheep  for  a  sheep.     Ex.  xxii. 
To   give    for   satisfaction    for   pretended 
wrongs  somethitig  not  taken.     Ps.  Ixi.\. 
t<.  To  repair;  to  nhiiilil  ,  .is,  to  restore  autj 
to  build  Jerusalem.     Dan.  i.v. 

9.  To  revive;  to  resuscitate;  to  bring  back 
to  life. 

Whose  son  he  had  restored  to  life.     2  Kings 
viii. 

10.  To  return  or  bring  back  after  absence. 


Heb.  xiii. 


RES 

11.  To  brine  to  a  sense  of  sin  and  amend- 
ment of  lite.     Gal.  vi. 

12.  To  renew  or  re-establish  after  interrup- 
tion ;  as,  |ieace  is  restored.  Friendslni) 
between  the  parlies  is  restored. 

13.  To  recover  or  renew,  as  passages  of  an 
author  obscured  or  corrupted  ;  as,  to  re- 
store the  true  reading. 

RE'-STOllE,  v.t.  [re  and  store.]  To  store 
again.  The  goods  taken  out  were  re- 
stored. 

IIESTO'REI),  pp.  Returned;  brought 
back;  retrieved;  recovered;  cured;  re- 
newed ;  re-established. 

UESTO'REiMENT,  n.  The  act  of  re.stor- 
ing:  restoration.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

REt5"TO'REK,  n.  One  that  restores  ;  one 
that  returns  what  is  lost  or  unjustly  de- 
tained ;  one  who  repairs  or  re-establishes. 

RESTO'RING,  ppr.  Returning  what  is  lost 
or   taken;    bringing     back;    recovering 
curing;   renewing;    repairing;    re-estab- 
lishing. 

RESTR.\'IN,  v.t.  [Fr.  restraindre  :  It.  ris- 
trignere,  restringere ;  Sp.  restrihir,  res- 
Iringer ;  L.  restringo ;  re  an<l  stringo,  to 
strain.  The  letter  .g  appears  from  the  par- 
ticiple to  be  casual ;  stringo,  for  strigo. 
Hence  strictus,  strict,  stricture,  if  the  two 
letters  st  are  removed,  the  word  rigo  coin- 
cides exactly,  in  primary  sense,  with  L. 
rego,  rectus,  rigid,  and  the  root  of  reach, 
stretch,  straight.] 

1.  To  liold  back ;  to  check  ;  to  hold  from 
action,  proceeding  or  advancing,  either 
by  physical  or  moral  force,  or  by  any  in- 
terposing obstacle.  Thus  we  restrain 
horse  by  a  bridle  ;  we  restrain  c.ittle  from 
wandering  by  fences  ;  we  restrain  water 
by  dams  and  dikes ;  we  restrain  men 
from  crimes  and  trespasses  by  laws;  wc 
restrain  young  people,  when  we  can,  by 
arguments  or  counsel;  we  restrain  men 
and  their  passions  ;  we  restrain  the  ele- 
ments ;  we  attempt  to  restrain  vice,  but 
not  always  with  success. 

li.  To  repress ;  to  keep  in  awe ;  as,  to  re- 
strain offenders. 

3.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  or  repress ;  as, 
to  restrain  excess. 

4.  To  abridge ;  to  binder  from  unlimited 
enjoyment ;  as,  to  restrain  one  of  his 
pleasure  or  of  his  liberty. 

Clarendon.     Shak. 

5.  To  limit ;  to  confine. 

Not  only  a  luetapliysical  or  natural,  but  a 
moral  universality  is  also  to  be  restrained  by  a 
part  of  the  predicate.  Watts. 

G.  To  withhold  ;   to  forbear. 

Tlioii  restrainest  prayer  before  God.     Job  xv. 

RESTR.^'IN.'VBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
restrained.  Brown. 

RESTRAINED,  pp.  Held   back  from  ad 
vancing   or    wandering ;    withheld  ;     re-l 
pressed;  suppressed;  abridged  ;  confined. 

RESTRA'INEDLY,  arfu.  With  restraint; 
with  limitation.  Hammond. 

RESTRA'INER,  n.  He  or  that  which  re- 
strains. Brown. 

RESTRAINING,  ppr.  Holding  back  from 
proceeding  ;  checking  ;  repressing  ;  hin- 
dering frotn  motion  or  action  ;  suppress- 
ing. 

2.  a.  .Abridging;  limiting;  as  a  restraining 
statute. 


RES 

RESTRAINT,    n.    [frotn    Fr.   restreint.] 
1.    Tire  act  or  operation  of  holding   back  or 

hindering  from   motion,  in  any  manner 

hinderaiice  of  the   will,  or  of  any  action, 

physical,  moral  or  mental. 
i.  Abridgment  of  hberty  ;  as  the  restraint  of 

a  man  by  imprisonment  or  by  duress. 

3.  Prohibition.  The  commands  of  God 
should  be  efiectual  restraints  upon  our  evil 
passions. 

4.  Limitation  ;  restriction. 
If  all  were  "ranted,  yet  it  must  be  maintained, 

williin  any  bold  restraints,  far  otherwise  than 
it  is  received.  Broum. 

5.  That  which  restrains,  hinders  or  re 
presses.  The  laws  &rerestraints  upon  in 
justice. 

RESTRICT',  I!,  t.  [L.  restrictus,  from  re- 
sliingo.  See  Restrain.] 

To    limit;    to  confine;    to   restrain    within 
bounds;  as,  to  restrict  words  to  a  particii 
lar  meaning  ;  to  restrict  a  patient  to  a  cer- 
tain diet. 

RESTRICTED,  pp.  Limited ;  confined  to 
bounds. 

RESTRICTING,  ppr.  Confining  to  limits, 

RESTRICTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  restric- 
tus.] 

1.  Limitation  ;  confinement  within  bounds. 
This  is  to  have   lire    same  restriction    .as   all 

other  recreations.  Gov.  of  the  Tonf;ue. 

Restriction  of  u^ords,  is  the  limitation  of 
their  signification  in  a  particular  manner 
or  degree. 

2.  Restraint ;  as  restrictions  on  trade. 
RESTRICT'IVE,  a.  [Fr.  restrictif]  Having 

the  quality   of  limiting   or  of  expressing 
limitation  ;  as  a  reslrirtive  particle. 

2.  Imposing  restraint;  as  restrictive  laws  of 
trade. 

3.  Styptic.     [Not  used.]  Wiseman 
RESTRICT'IVELY,  adv.   With  limitation. 

Got',  of  the  Tongue 

RESTRINuE,  V.  t.  restrinj'.  [L.  restringo, 
supra.]  To  confine  ;  to  contract;  to  as 
tringe. 

jRESTRlN'OENCY,  n.  Tlie  quality  or  pow- 
er of  contracting.  Petty. 

RESTRIN'gENT,  (t.  Astringent;    styptic, 

RESTRlN'fiENT,  n.  A  medicine  that  op- 
erates as  an  astringent  or  styptic.     Harvey. 

RESTRI'VE,  II.  i.  [re  a.ni\  strive.]  To  strive 
anew.  SackvUle. 

REST'Y,  a.  The  same  as  restive  or  restif, 
of  which  it  is  a  contraction. 

RESUBJEC'TION,  n.  [re  and  suhjeclion.] 
A  .second  subjection.  Bp.  Hall. 

RESITBLIM.VTION,  n.  A  second  sublima- 
tion. 

RESUBLI'ME,  v.  t.  [re  and  sublime.]  To 
sublime  again  ;  as,  to  rcsu6/imc  mercurial 
sublimate.  N'ewton. 

RESl  BLI  MED,  pp.  Sublimed  a  second 
time. 

RESUBLI'MING,  ppr.  Subliming  again. 

^RESUDA'TION,  n.  [L.  resudatus,  resudo : 
re  anil  sudo,  to  sweat.]  The  act  of  sweat- 
in?  again. 

RESULT',  v.i.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  resulter ;  L.  re- 
sulto,  resilio ;  re  and  salio,  to  leap.]  To 
leap  back  ;  to  rebound. 

The   huge  round   stone,  resulting    with    a 
bound—  Pope 

2.  To  proceed,  spring  or  rise,  as  a  conse- 
quence, from  facts,  arguments,  premises, 
combination  of  circumstances,  consulta- 


RES 

tion  or  meditation.  Evidence  results  from 
testimony,  or  from  a  variety  of  concurring 
circumstances;  pleasure  results  from 
friendship  ;  harmony  results  from  certain 
accordances  of  sounds. 

Pleasure  and  peace   naturally  result  from  a 
holy  and  good  life.  Tillolson. 

To  come  to  a   conclusion  or  determina- 
tion.    The  council  resulted  in  recommend- 
ing harmony  and  peace  to  the  parties. 
RESULT',    n.    Resilience;    act   of    flying 
back. 

Sound  is  produced  between   the  string  and 
the  air,  by  the  return  of  the  result  of  the  string. 

Bacon. 

2.  Consequence  ;  conclusion  ;  inference  ef- 
fect;  tiiat  which  proceeds  naturally  or 
logically  from  facts,  premises  or  the  state 
of  things;  as  the  resii// of  reasoning;  the 
result  of  reflection ;  the  result  of  a  consul- 
tation or  council ;  the  result  of  a  legisla- 
tive debate. 

3.  Consequence  or  effect. 
The  misery  of  sinners  will  be  the  natural  re- 
sult ot  iheir  vile  affections  and  criminal  indul- 
gences. J-  Lathrop. 

4.  The  decision  or  determination  of  a  coun- 
cil or  deliberative  assembly  ;  as  the  result 
of  an  ecclesiastical  council. 

.Vei»  England. 

RESULT'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  resulting. 

RESULT'ANT,  n.  In  mechanics,  a  force 
which  is  the  combined  eflect  of  two  or 
more  forces,  acting  in  different  direc- 
tions. 

RESULT'ING,  ppr.  Proceeding  as  a  con- 
sequence, effect  or  conclusion  of  some- 
thing ;  coming  to  a  determination. 

2.  In  law,  resulting  use,  is  a  use  which  re- 
turns to  him  who  raised  it,  after  its  expi- 
ration or  during  the  impossibility  of  vest- 
ing in  the  person  intended. 

RESU'MABLE,  a.  s  as  ;.  [from  resume.] 
That  may  be  taken  back,  or  that  may  be 
taken  up  again. 

RESU'ME,  V.  t.  s  as  :.  [L.  resumo ;  re  and 
sumo,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  back  what  has  been  given. 
The  sun,  like  this  from  which  our  sight  we 

have, 
Gaz'd  on  too  long,  resumes  the  light  he  gave. 

Denham. 
To  take  back  what  has  been  taken  away. 
They  resume  what  has  been  obtained  fraudu- 
lently. Davenant. 

3.  To  take  again  after  absence ;  as,  to  re- 
sume a  seat. 

Reason  resum'd  lier  place,  and  passion  fled. 

Dryden, 

4.  To  take  up  again  after  interruption;  to 
begin  again  ;  as,  to  resume  an  argument  or 
discourse.  [This  is  now  its  most  frequent 
use.] 

RESU'MED,  pp.  Taken  back  ;  taken  again  ; 

begun  again  after  interruption. 
RESU'MING,  ppr.    Taking   back;    taking 

again  ;  beginning  again  after  interruption. 
RESUM'MON,    V.  t.    To   summon  or  call 

again. 

2.  To  recall ;  to  recover.  Bacon. 
RESUM'MONED,  pp.   Summoned  again  ; 

recovered 

RESUM'MONING,  ppr.  Recalling;  recov- 
ering. 

RESUMPTION,  Ji.  [Fr.  from  L.  resump- 

I    tus.] 


RET 


RET 


RET 


The  act  of  resuming,  taking  back  or  taking 
affain  ;  as  the  rtsumplion  of  a  grant. 

RESL'MP'TIVE,  a.  Taking  back  or  again. 

RESU'PINATE,  a.  [L.  resupinatus,  resupi- 
no ;  re  and  sxipino,  supinus,  lying  on  tlie 
back.] 

In  botany,  reversed ;  turned  upside  down. 
A  resupinate  corol  is  when  the  upper  lip 
faces  the  ground,  and  the  lower  lip  the 
sky.  A  resupinate  leaf  is  when  the  upper 
surface  becomes  the  lower,  and  the  con 
trary ;  or  when  the  lower  disk  looks  up- 
ward. Martyn.     Lee. 

aESUI'INA'TION,  n.  [supra.]  the  state 
of  lying  on  the  back  ;  the  state  of  being 
resupinate  or  reversed,  as  a  corol. 

RESU'PINE,  a.  Lying  on  the  back. 

RESURRECTION,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  from 
L.  resurrectus,  resurgo ;  re  and  surgo,  to 
rise.] 

\  rising  again ;  chiefly,  the  revival  of  the 
dead  of  the  human  race,  or  their  retiun 
from  the  grave,  particularly  at  the  general 
judgment.  By  the  resurredion  of  Christ 
we  have  assurance  of  the  future  resurrec- 
lion  of  men.     1  Pet.  i. 

In  the  resurrection,  tliey  neither  marry,  nor 
are  given  in  marriage.     Matt.  xxii. 

RESURVEY,  v.  t.  [re  and  survey.]  To  sur- 
vey again  or  anew  ;  to  review.  Shale. 

RESUR'VEY,  n.  A  second  survey. 

RESURVEYED,  pp.  Surveyed  again. 
RESURVEYING,    ppr.    Surveying   anew; 
reviewing. 

RESUS'CITATE,  v.i.  [L.  resuscito ;  re  and 
suscito,  to  raise.] 

1.  To  revivify;  to  revive;  particularly,  to 
recover  from  apparent  death  ;  as,  to  re- 
suscitate a  drowned  [lerson  ;  to  resuscitate 
withered  plants. 

3.  To  reproduce,  as  a  mixed  body  from  its 
ashes.  Chimistry. 

RESUSCITATED,  pp.  Revived;  revivi- 
fied ;  reproduced. 

RESUS'CITATING,  p/«-.  Reviving;  re- 
vivifying ;  reproducing. 

RESUSCITA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  reviv- 
ing from  a  state  of  apparent  death ;  the 
state  of  being  revivified.  Pope. 

2.  The  reproducing  of  a  mixed  body  from  its 
ashes.  Chimislry. 

HESUS'CITATIVE,  a.    Reviving;    revivi- 
fying ;  raising  from  apparent  death  ;  rc- 
])roducing. 
ft  ETA' I L,  (      ,    [Fr.  retainer  ;  re  and  tail- 
IIE'TAIL,  \  "■      ler,  to  cut ;  It.  i-ilagliare.] 
i.  To  sell   in   small   quantities  or   parcels, 
from  the  sense  of  cutting  or  dividing;  op- 
posed to  selling  by  ichoksale ;  as,  to  retail 
cloth  or  groceries. 
)>.  To  sell  at  second  hand.  Pope. 

3.  To  tell  ill  broken  parts;  to  tell  to  many; 
as,  to  redri/ slander  or  idle  reports. 

RE'T.ML,  n.  The  sale  of  commodities  in 
small  quantities  or  parcels,  or  at  second 
hand.  Addison. 

UF.T.\'ILKD,  pp.   Sold  in  small  quantities. 

RIl'A'lLER,  (         [This    word,    like    the 

RIVTAILER,  <!  "'  noun  retail,  is  often, 
perhaps  generally  accented  on  the  first 
syll.ible  ill  Aniorica.] 

One  who  sells  goods  by  small  quantities  or 


pii 


,rls 


RETAILING,  ppr.  Selling  in  small   quan 
titles. 


RETA'IN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  reltnir ;  It.  ritenere  ;^ 
^\i.  relener ;  L.  retineo ;  re  and  leneo,  toi 
hold.]  I 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  in  possession  ;  not  toi 
lose  or  part  with  or  dismiss.  The  mcmo-l 
ry  retains  ideas  which  facts  or  arguments 
have  suggested  to  the  mind.  ' 

They  did  not  lilve  to  retain  God  \a  theiri 
knowledge.     Rom.  i.  i 

2.  To  keep,  as  an  associate  ;  to  keep  from 
departure. 

Whom   I   would   have   retained    with    n 
Phil.  U. 

3.  To  keep  back ;  to  hold. 

An  executor  may  retain  a  debt  due  to  him 
from  the  testator.  Blockstonf. 

To  hold  from  escape.  Some  substances 
retain  heat  much  longer  than  others 
Metals  readily  receive  and  transmit  heat 
but  do  not  long  retain  it.  Seek  cloths 
that  retain  their  color. 
To  keep  in  pay  ;  to  hire. 

A  Benedictine  convent  has  now  retained  the 
most  learned  lather  of  their  order  to  write  in  its 
defense.  Adilison 

To  engage  ;  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid  ;  as, 
to  retain  a  counselor. 
RETA'IN,  V.  i.  To  belong  to  ;   to  depend 
on  ;  as  coldness  ini.\ed  with  a  somewhat 
languid  relish  retaining  to  bitterness. 

Boyle. 
[Not  in  use.     We  now  use;)er/atn.] 
2.  To  keep;  to  continue.     [JSi'ot  in  use.] 
RET  A' IN  ED,  pp.   Heid;    kept  in  possess- 
ion ;  kept  as  an  associate ;  kept  in    pay ; 
kept  from  escape. 
RETA'INER,  n.  One  who  retains;  as  an 
executor,  who  retains  a  debt  due  from  the 
testator.  Blackslune. 

2.  One  who  is  kept  in  service  ;  an  attend- 
ant ;  as  the  retainers  of  the  ancient  princes 
and  nobility. 

3.  An  adherent;  a  dependant ;  a  hanger  on. 

Shak. 

4.  A  servant,  not  a  domestic,  but  occasion- 
ally attending  and  wearing  his  master's 
livery.  Encyc.     Cowel. 

Among  lawyers,  a  fee  paid  to  engage  a 
lawyer  or  counselor  to  maintain  a  cause. 
The  act  of  keeping  dependants,  or  being 
in  dependence.  Bacon. 

RETA'INING,  ppr.  Keeping  in  possession; 
keeping  as  an  associate ;  keeping  from 
escape  ;  hiring  ;  engaging  by  a  fee. 

RETA'IvB,  II.  1.  pret.  retook  ;  pp.  retaken, 
[re  and  take.]  To  take  again.      Clarendon. 

2.  To  take  from  a  captor ;  to  rcca|iture  ;  as, 
to  retake  a  ship  or  prisoners. 

RETA'KER,  n.  One  who  takes  again  what 
has  been  taken  ;  a  recaptor.  Kent. 

RETA'KING,  ppr.  Taking  again  ;  taking 
from  a  captor. 

RETA'KING,  ji.  A  taking  again  ;  recap- 
ture. 

RETAL'IATE,  v.  t.  [Low  L.  retalio ;  re 
and  tatio,  from  talis,  like.] 

To  return  like  for  like  ;  to  repay  or  requite 
by  an  act  of  the  same  kind  as  has  been 
received.  It  is  now  seldom  used  except 
in  a  bad  sense,  that  is,  to  return  evil  for 
evil ;  as,  to  retaliate  injuries.  In  war,  en- 
emies often  retaliate  the  death  or  inhuman 
treatment  of  prisoners,  the  burning  of 
towns  or  the  plunder  of  goods. 

It  is  unlucky  to  be  obliged  to  retaliate  the 
injuries  of  authors,  whose  works  arc   so  soon 


forgotten  that  we  are   in   danger  of  appearing 

the  first  aggressors.  Swift. 

RETAL'L\TE,  v.  i.  To  return  like  for  like : 

as,  to  retaliate  upon  an  enemy. 
RETAL'IATED,  pp.  Returned,  as  like  for 

like. 
RETAL'IATING,  ppr.  Returning,  like  for 

like. 
RETALIATION,  n.  The  return  of  like  for 

like  ;  the  doing  that  to  another  which  he 

has  ilone  to  us;  requital  of  evil.         South. 
2.  In  a  good  sense,  return  of  good  for  good. 
God  takes  what  is  done  to  others  as  done  to 

himself,  and  by  protnise  obliges  himself  tc  full 

retaliation .  Calamy. 

[This,  according  to  modern  usage,  is 
harsh.] 

RETALIATORY,  a.  Returning  like  for 
like;  as  retaliatory  measures;  retaliatory 
eilicts.  Canning.     H'alsh. 

RET'ARD,  v.t.  [Fr.  retarder;  L.  retardo ; 
re  and  ta.'do,  to  delay ;  tardus,  slow,  late. 
See  Target.] 

1.  To  diminish  the  velocity  of  motion  ;  to 
hinder  ;  to  render  more  slow  in  progress  ; 
as,  to  retard  the  march  of  an  army  ;  to  re- 
tard the  motion  of  a  shiji.  The  resist- 
ance of  all  retards  the  velocity  of  acannon 
ball.     It  is  opposed  to  accelerate. 

2.  To  delay  ;  to  put  oti";  to  render  more 
late  ;  as,  to  retard  the  attacks  of  old  age  ; 
to  retard  a  rupture  between  nations.  My 
visit  was  retarded  by  business. 

RET'ARD,  V.  i.  To  stay  back.  [ATot  in 
Mse.]  Brown. 

RETARDATION,  n.  The  act  of  abating 
the  velocity  of  motion ;  hinderance ;  the 
act  of  delaying  ;  as  the  retardation  of  the 
motion  of  a  ship  ;  the  retardation  of  hoary 
hairs.  Bacon. 

RETARDED,  pp.  Hindered  in  motion: 
delayed. 

RET>ARDER,  n.  One  that  retards,  hinders 
or  flelays. 

RETARDING,  ppr.  Abating  the  velocity 
of  motion;  hindering;  delaying. 

RETARDMENT,  n.  The  act  of  retarding 
or  delaying.  Cowley. 

RETCH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hrescan  ;  Dan.  rekker, 
to  reach,  to  stretch,  to  retch,  to  vomit;  the 
same  word  as  reach  ;  the  present  orthogra- 
phy, retch,  being  wholly  arbitrary.  See 
Reach.] 

To  make  an  effort  to  vomit ;  to  heave  :  as 
the  stomach;  to  strain,  as  in  vomiting; 
properly  to  reach. 

RETCHLESS,  careless,  is  not  in  use.  [See 
Reckless.]  Dryden. 

RETEC'TION,  n.  [L.  retectus,  from  relego, 
to  uncover  ;  re  and  iego,  to  cover.] 

The  act  of  disclosing  or  producing  to  view 
something  concealed  ;  as  the  retection  of 
tht;  native  color  of  the  bod  v.  Boyle. 

RETENT',  ?i.  That  which  is  retained. 

Kinoan. 

RETENTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  relentio,  re- 
tineo ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.]  The  act  of 
retaining  or  keeping. 

2.  The  power  of  retaining ;  the  faculty  of 
the  mind  by  which  it  retains  ideas. 

Locke. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  power  of  retaining,  or 
that  state  of  contraction  in  the  solid  or 
vascular  ])urts  of  the  body,  by  which  ihcy 
hold  their  proper  contents  and  prevent  iu- 


il  E  T 

vohiiuary   evacuations;    uiid^ie  retention 
of  some  natural  discharge. 

Encyc.     Coxe. 

4.  Theactof  witliliolding;  restraint.     Shak. 

5.  Custody  ;  coiifiiioniont.     LVot  in  use.] 

RETEN'TIVE,   a.   [Fr.  retentif.]     Having 
tlie  power  to  retain  ;  as  a  retentive  memo- 
ry ;   the   retenlive    faculty  ;     tlie    retentive 
force  of  the  stomach ;  a  body  retentive  ol 
heat  or  moisture. 
RETEN'TIVKNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  re- 
tention ;  as  retcniiveness  of  memory. 
RET'ICENCE,  {       [Fr.  reticence,  from   L. 
RET'ICENCY,  ^       »c<tcc(i<;a,    reticeo ;      re 

and  <oceo,  to  he  silent.] 
Concealment  by  silence.  In  rhetoric,  aposi- 
opesis  or  suppression  ;  a  figure  liy  which 
a  person  really  speaks  of  a  thing,  while 
he  makes  asliow  as  if  he  would  say  noth- 
ing on  the  subject.  Encyc. 
RET'I€LE,  n.     [L.  reticulum,  from  rete,  a 

net.]    A  small  net. 
2.  A  contrivance  to  measure  the  quantity  ofj 
an  eclipse  ;  a  kind  of  micrometer.        Jlsh.i 
RETICULAR,  «.  [supra.]  Having  the  form 
ofanetorof  net-work;  formed  with  in- 
terstices ;   as  a  reticular   body    or   mem- 
brane. Encyc. 
In  anatomy,  the  reticvlar  body,  or  rete  muco- 
sum,  is  the  layer  of  the  skin,  intermediate 
between  the    cutis  and  the   ciiticle,   the 
principal  seat  of  color  in  man  ;  the  reticu- 
lar membrane  is  the  same  as  the  cellular 
membrane.  Par 
RETICULATE,      }       [L.  reticulatus,  from 
RETI€'ULATED,  ^  "•  rete,   a   net.]     Net- 
ted ;    resembling   net-work  ;   having   dis 
tinct  veins  crossing  like  net-work  ;  as   a 
reticulate  corol  or  petal.                     Martyn. 
RETICULA'TION,  n.    Net-work  ;  organi- 
zation of  substances  resembling  a  net. 

Darwin. 
RET'IFORM,  a.  [L.  retiformis ;  rete,  a  net. 

amiforma,  form.] 
Ha\ing  the  form  of  a  net  in  Icxtme  ;  com- 
posed of  crossing  lines  and  interstices;  as 
the  reliform  coat  of  the  eye.  Ray. 

RET'INA,  n.  [L.  from  re(e,  a  net.]  \n  a7mt- 
omy,  one  of  the  coats  of  the  eye,  being  an 
expansion  of  the  optic  nerve  over  the 
bottom  of  the  eye,  where  the  sense  of  vis- 
ion is  first  received.  Encyc. 
RETINASPHALT',  n.  A  bituminous  "or 
resinous  substance  of  a  yellowish  or  red- 
dish brown  color,  found  in  irregular  pie- 
ces very  light  and  shining.  [See  Retinile.]] 
RET'INiTE,  n.  [Or.  pjjnr,,  resin.]  Pitch- 
stone  ;  stone  of  fusible  pitch,  of  a  resinous 
appearance,  compact,  brown,  reddish,! 
gray,  yellowish,  blackish  or  bluish,  rarely 
homogeneous,  and  often  containing  crys- 
tals of  feldspar  and  scales  of  inica.  It  is 
the  pechstein  porphyry  or  obsidian  of  the 
Germans.     It  is  called  also  retinasphalt. 

Ure.     Cyc.i 
RET'INUE,  n.  [Fr.  retenue,  from  retenir,  to 
retain,  L.  retineo  ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.]     1 
The  attendants  of  a  prince  or  distinguishedj 
personage,  chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  e.\- 
cursicin  ;  a  train  of  persons.  Dryden. 

RETIRA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  from  retirer,  to  with- 
draw ;  Sp.  rcfirada.  a  retreat.] 
In  forlijication,  a   kind  of  retrenchment  in 
the   body   of  a   bastion   or  other  work. 


RET 

which  is  to  be  disputed  inch  by  inch,  af- 
ter the  defenses  are  dismantled.  It  usu- 
ally consists  of  two  faces,  which  make  a 
re-entering  angle.  Encyc. 

KETI'RE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  retirer ;  re  and  tirer,  to 
draw  ;  It.  rilirare  ;  Sp.  retirar.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  retreat ;  to  go  from  com- 
pany or  from  a  public  place  into  privacy ; 
as,  to  retire  from  the  world;  to  retire  from 
notice. 

2.  To  retreat  from  action  or  danger;  as,  to 
retire  from  battle. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  a  public  station.  Gen. 
Washington,  in  171)0,  retired  to  private 
life. 

4.  To  break  up,  as  a  eotnpany  or  assembly 
The  company  retired  at  eleven  o'clock. 

To  depart  or  withdraw  for  safety  or  for 
pleasure.  Men  retire  from  the  town  in 
summer  for  health  and  pleasure.  But  in 
South  Carolina,  the  planters  retire  fron 
tlieir  estates  to  Charleston,  or  to  an  isle 
near  the  town. 
(5.  To  recede ;  to  fall  back.     The  shore  of 

the  sea  retires  in  bays  and  gulfs. 
RETI'RE,     V.  t.     To    withdraw  ;    to  take 
away. 

He  retired  himself,  his  wife  and  children  into 
a  forest.  Sidney. 

.\s  when  the  sun  is  present  all  the  year, 
.\nd  never  doth  retire  his  golden  ray. 

Davies. 
[This  transitive  use  of  retire  is  now  ob- 
solere.] 
RETI'RE,  n.    Retreat;  recession;  a  with- 
drawing.    Obs.  Shak.     Bacon. 
'i.  Retirement;  place  of  privacy.     Oh.i. 

Milton. 
RETI'RED,  a.  Secluded  from  nnicli  socie- 
ty  or   from    public   notice  ;  private.     He 
lives  a  retired  life;  he  has  a  retired  situa- 
tion. 
2.  Secret  ;  private  ;  as  retired  speculations. 
■i.  Withdrawn.  Locke. 

RETI'REDLY,  «f/i'.  In  solitude  or  privacy. 

Sherirood. 

RETI'REDNESS,  n.  A  state  of  retirement; 

solitude  ;  ))rivacy  or  secrecy.       .Itlirbun/. 

RETI'REMENT,  n.  The  act  of  withtlraw- 

ing  from  company  or  from  public  notice 

or  station.  Milton. 

2.  The   state  of  being  withdrawn  ;  as   the 
retirement  of  the  mind  from  the  senses. 

Locke. 

3.  Private  abode ;  habitation  secluded  from 


much  society  or  from  public  life. 

Caprea  had  been  the  retirement  o(  .\a!i»»iui. 

.iddison. 
Retirement  is  as  necessary  to  me  as  il   will 
be  welcome.  Washington. 

Private  way  of  life. 
Retirement ,  rural  quiet,  friendship,  books, 
Piogrcssive  virtue  aud  approving  heaven. 

Thomson 
RETIRING,   ppr.   Withdrawing  ;  retreat- 
ing ;  going  into  seclusion  or  solitude. 
2.  a.  Reserved  ;  not  forward  or  obtrusive  : 

as  retiring  modesty  ;  retiring  manners. 
RETOLD,  pre/,  and  pp.  of  retell ;  as  a  story 

retold. 
RETORT',  v.t.   [L.   retortus,   relorqueo ;  re 
and  torqueo,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  throw  hack  ;  to  reverberate. 

And  thev  retort  that  heat  again 

To  the  first  giver.  Shak. 

2.  To  return  an  argument,  accusation,  een- 


RET 

sure  or  incivility ;  as,  to  retort  the  charge 
of  vanity. 

He  pass'd  through  hostile  scorn  ; 
.\nd  with  retorted scotn,  his  back  he  tum'd. 

Afilton. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  back ;  as  a  retorted  line. 

liacon. 

RETORT',  V.  i.  To  return  an  argument  or 
charge  ;  to  make  a  severe  reply.  He  re- 
torted upon  his  adversary  with  severity. 

RETORT',  n.  The  return  of  an  argument, 
charge  or  incivility  in  reply ;  as  the  re(orf 
courteous.  Shak. 

2.  In  chimistry,  a  spherical  vessel  with  its 
neck  bent,  to  which  the  receiver  is  fitted  ; 
used  in  distillation.  Enci/c 

RETCmT'ED,  pp.  Returned  ;  thrown  back  : 
bent  back. 

RETORT'ER,  n.  One  that  retorts. 

RETORT'ING,  ppr.  Returning  ;  throwing 
back. 

RETORTION,  n.  The  act  of  retorting. 

Spenser. 

RETOSS',  I',  t.  [re  and  toss.]  To  toss  back. 

;  Pope. 

RETOSS'ED,  pp.  Tossed  back. 

RETOSS'ING,  ppr.  Tossing  back. 

RETOUCH,  v.t.  retuch'.  [re  ai^d  touch.]  To 
improve  by  new  touches;  as,  to  retouch  a 
picture  or  an  essay.  Dryden.     Pope. 

RETOUCHED,  pp.  retuch'ed.  Touched 
again  ;  improved  bv  new  touches. 

RETOUCHING,  pp'r.  retuch'ing.  Improv- 
ing by  new  touches. 

RETRA'CE,  v.t.  [Fr.  retracer ;  re  and  tra- 
cer, to  trace.] 

1.  To  trace  back;  to  go  back  in  the  same 
path  or  course  ;  as,  to  retrace  one's  steps  ; 
to  retrace  one's  proceedings. 

2.  To  trace  back,  as  a  line. 
I        Then  if  the  line  of  Turnus  you  retrace. 

He  springs  from  Inachus  of  Argive  race. 

Dryden. 
RETRA'CED.   pp.  Traced  back. 
RETRA'CING,  ppr.  Tracing  hack. 
RETRACT',  v.t.    [Fr.  relracter ;  Norm,  re- 
I     traicter ;  L.  retraclus,  retraho ;  re  aiul  iraho, 
[     to  draw.] 

1.  To  recall,  as  a  declaration,  words  or  say- 
1     ing  ;  to  disavow;  to  recant  ;  as,  to  retract 
an  accusation,  charge  or  assertion. 

I  would  as  freely  have  retracted  the  charjc  of 
idolatry,  as  I  ever  made  il.  Slillini^ett. 

To  take  back  ;  to  rescind.    [Littit  used.] 

H'oodicard. 

3.  To  draw  back,  as  claws. 
RETRACT',  V.  i.  To  take  back  ;  to  unsay  ; 

to  withdraw  concession  or  declaration. 
She  will,  and  she  will  not ;  she  grants,  denies. 
Consents,  retracts,  advances,  and  then  flies. 

Granoille. 
RETRACT',  »i.  Among  Aoraemeij,  the  prick 

of  a  hor.se's  foot  in  nailing  a  shoe. 
RETRACTABLE,  a.  That  may  be  retract- 
ed or  recalled. 
RETRACTA'TION,  n.  TFr.  from  L.  rctrac- 

taiio.] 
The  recalling  of  what  has  been   said  ;  re- 
cantation ;  change  of  opinion  declared. 

South. 
RETRACT'ED,   pp.    Recalled  ;  recanted  ; 

disavowed. 
RETRACT'IBLE,  a.  That  may  he  ilrawn 
hack  ;  retractile.  Journ.  o/ Science. 

RETRACT'lLE,     a.     Capable    of   being 
I    drawn  back. 


RET 


RET 


RET 


A  walrus  with  fiery  eyes — retractile  from  ex- 
ternal injuries.  Pennant. 

RETRACT'ING,  ppr.  Recalling;  disavow- 
ing ;  recantinf;. 

RETRACTION,  n.  [from  retract.]  The 
act  oi  withdrawing  something  advanced, 
or  changing  something  done. 

Woodward. 

9.  Recantation  ;  disavowal  of  the  truth  of 
what  has  been  said  ;  declaration  of  change 
of  opinion.  Sidney. 

3.  Act  of  withdrawing  a  claim. 

Other  men's  insatiable  desire  of  revenge 
hath  beguiled  church  and  state  of  the  benetit 
of  my  retractions  or  concessions. 

K.  Charles 

RETRACT'IVE,  a.  Withdrawing;  taking 
froiti. 

RETRACT'IVE,  n.  That  which  withdraws 
or  takes  from. 

RETRA'ICT,  71.  Retreat.  Obs.  [See  Re 
treat.]  Bacon 

RETRA'IT,  n.  [It.  rilratto,  from  ritrarre,  to 
draw.]  A  cast  of  countenance  ;  a  picture 
Obs.  Spenser 

RETRAX'IT,  n.  [L.  rctrnho,  retraxi]  In 
law,  the  withdrawing  or  open  renuncia 
tion  of  a  suit  in  court,  by  which  the  plain- 
tif  loses  his  action.  Blackstone 

RETRE'AT,  n.  [Fr.  retraite,  from  retraire  ; 
re  and  traire,  to  draw  ;  L.  retractus,  retra- 
ho  ;  re  and  traho  ;   It.  ritratta.] 

1.  The  act  of  retiring  ;  a  withdrawing  of] 
one's  self  from  any  place. 

But  beauty's  triumph  is  well  tim'd  retreat. 

Pope. 

2.  Retirement ;  state  of  privacy  or  seclusion 
from  noise,  bustle  or  company. 

Here  in  the  calm  still  mirror   of  retreat. 

Pope. 

3.  Place  of  retirement  or  privacy. 

He  built  his  son  a  house  of  pleasure — and 
spared  no  cost  to  make  it  a  delicious  retreat 

L'Estrange 

4.  Place  of  safety  or  security. 

That  pleasing  shade  they  sought,  a  soft  re- 
treat 

From  sudden  April  show'rs,  a  shelter  from 
the  heat.  Dryden 

5.  In  militani  affairs,  the  retiring  of  an  army 
or  body  of  men  from  the  face  of  an  ene 
mv  or  from  any  ground  occupied  to  a 
greater  distance  from  the  enemy,  or  froii 
an  advanced  position.  A  retreat  is  prop- 
erly an  orderly  march,  in  which  circum- 
stance it  differs  from  sxjlight.  Enci/c 

0.  Tlie  withdrawing  of  a  ship  or  fleet  from 
an  enemy;  or  the  order  and  disposition 
of  ships  declining  an  engagement. 

7.  The  beat  of  the  drum  at  the  tiring  of  the 
evening  gun,  to  warn  soldiers  to  forbear 
firing  and  the  sentinels  to  challenge. 

Encyc. 

RETRE'AT,  v.  i.  To  retire  from  any  posi- 
tion or  place. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  a  private  abode  or  to 
any  secluded  situation.  Milton. 

3.  To  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  or  security ; 
as,  to  retreat  into  a  den  or  into  a  fort. 

4.  To  move  back  to  a  place  before  occupi 
ed  ;  to  retire. 

The  rapiil  currents  drive, 
Towards  the  retreating  sea,  their  furious  tide. 

.Milton 

5.  To  retire  from  an  enemy  or  from  any  ad- 
vanced position. 


RETRE'ATED,  as  a  passive  participle, 
though  used  by  Milton,  is  not  good  Eng- 
lish. 

RETRENCH',  v.  I.  [Fr.  relrancUr ;  re  and 
Irancker,  to  cut ;  It.  trincea,  a  trench  ;  trin- 
cerare,  to  intrench  ;  trinciare,  to  carve;  W. 
irycu,  to  cut.] 

1.  To  cut  off;  to  pare  away. 

And  thy  exuberant  parts  retrench.  Denham. 
To  lessen  ;  to  abridge  ;  to  curtail ;  as,  to 
•etrench  superfluities  or  e.\penses. 

Merbury. 

3.  To  confine;  to  limit.     [JVol prope    \ 

Addison. 

RETRENCH',  v.  i.  To  live  at  less  expense 
It  is  more  reputable  to  retrench  than  to 
live  embarrassed. 

RETRENCH'ED,  ;)j9.  Cut  oft";  curtailed; 
liminished. 

RETRENCH'ING,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  cur- 
tailing. 

RETRENCH'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  relranche- 
meat ;  Sp.  atrincheramiento.] 

I.  The  act  of  lopping  ofl";  the  act  ofremov 
ing  what  is  superfluous;  as  the  retrench 
ment  of  words  or  lines  in  a  writing. 

Dryden.     Jlddison. 
The  act  of  curtailing,  lessening  or  abridg 
ing  ;  diminution  ;  as  the   retrenchment  of 
expenses. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  any  work  raised  to 
cover  a  post  and  fortify  it  against  an  en- 
emy ;  such  as  fascines,  gabions,  sand- 
bags and  the  like.  Ena/c. 
Numerous  remains  of  Roman  retrenchments, 
constructed  to  cover  the  countiy — 

D'Mnville,  Trans. 

RETRIB'UTE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  retribuer ;  L.   re- 

tribuo ;  re  and  Iribuo,  to  give  or  bestow.] 
To  pay  back  ;  to  make  payment,  compensa- 
tion or  reward  in  return ;  as,  to  retribute 
one  for  his  kindness  ;  to  retribute  to  a 
criminal  what  is  proportionate  to  his  of- 
fense. Locke. 
RETRIB'UTED,  pp.    Paid  back  ;  given  in 

return  ;  rewarded. 
RETRIB'UTER,  n.  One  that  makes  retri- 
bution. 
RETRIB'UTING,  ;)p/-.  Requiting;  makinj 

repayment  ;  rewarding 
RETRIBUTION,    n.    [Fr.]     Repayment 
return  accommodated  to  the  action  ;  re- 
ward ;  com|)ensation. 

In  good  offices  and  due  retributions,  we  may 
not  be  pinching  and  niggardly.  Hall. 

A   gratuity  or  present  given  for  services 
in  the  place  of  a  salary.  Encyc. 

3.  The  distribution  of  rewards  and  punish- 
ments at  the  general  judgment. 

It  is  a  strong  argument  for  a  state  o(  retribu- 
tion hereatler,  that  in  this  norlil  virtuous  per- 
sons are  very  often  unfortunate,  and  vicious 
persons  prosperous.  Spectator. 

RETRIB'UTIVE,    }       Repaying  ;reward- 

RETRIB'UTORY,  (,  "'  ing  for  good  deeds, 
and  punishing  for  offenses ;  as  retributire 
justice.  ■ 

RETRIE'VABLE,  a.  [from  rttiievc.]  That 
may  he  retrieved  or  recovered.  Gray. 

RETRIE'VE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rctrouver,  to  fnid 
again;  ll.  ritrovare.     See  Troner.] 

1.  To  recover  ;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injury 
to  a   former  good  state  ;  af,  to  retricrc  the 
credit  of  a   nation ;  to  retrieve  one's 
acter  ;  to  retrieve  a  decayed  fortune. 

''2.  To  repair. 


Accept  my  sorrow,  and  retrieve  my  fall. 

Prior 
To  regain. 
With  late   repentance   now   they   would  re- 
trieve 
The  bodies  they  forsook,  and  wish  to  live. 

Dryden . 
To  recall ;  to  bring  back ;  as,  to  retrieve 
men  from  their  cold  tiivial  conceits. 

Berkeley 
RETRIE'VE,  n.   A  seeking  again;  a  dis- 
coverv.     [JVol  in  use.]  B.  Jonson 

RETRIEVED,  pp.    Recovered  ;  repaired  : 

regained ;  recalled. 
RETRIEVING,  ppr.   Recovering  ;  repair- 
ing ;  recalling. 
RETROACTION,  n.    [L.  retro,  backward, 
and  action.] 

1.  Action  returned,  or  action  backwards. 

2.  Operation  on  something  past  or  preced- 
ing. 

RETROACTIVE,  a.  [Fr.  retroactif;  L. 
retro,  backward,  and  active.] 

Operating  by  returned  action  ;  affecting 
what  is  past ;  retrospective.  Beddoes. 

A  retroactive  law  or  statute,  is  one  which 
operates  to  affect,  make  criminal  or  pun- 
ishable, acts  done  prior  to  the  passing  of 
the  law. 

RETROACTIVELY,  adv.  By  returned 
action  or  operation  ;  by  ojierating  on 
something  past.  H'heaton. 

RETROCE'DE,  v.  I.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
cedo,  to  give  ;  Fr.  relroceder.] 

To  cede  or  giant  back;  as,  to  relrocede  a  ter- 
ritory to  a  furmcr  proprietor. 

RETROCE'DED,  pp.  Granted  back. 

RETROCE'UING,  ppr.  Ceding  back. 

RETROCES'SION,  n.  A  ceding  or  grant- 
ing back  to  a  former  proprietor. 

Jim.  State  Papers. 
The  act  of  going  back.  More. 

RETRODUCTION,  n.  [L.  retroduco  ;  retro, 
hack,  and  d^(.co,  to  lead.]  A  leading  or 
bringing  hack. 

RET'ROFLEX,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
Jtexus,  bent.] 

In  botany,  bent  this  way  and  that,  or  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  usually  in  a  distorted 
manner  ;  as  a  retro/lex  branch.         Mnrtyn. 

RET'ROFRAGT,  /        [L.    retro,   hack, 

RETROFRACT'ED,  S  and/mdu*,  bro- 
ken.] 

Reduced  to  hang  down  as  it  wore  by  force 

so  as  to  appear  as  if  broken  ;  as  a  retro- 

fract  peduncle.  Mnrtyn. 

Bent  back  towards  its  insertion,  as  if  it 

were  broken.  Lee. 

RETROGRADA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Retro- 
grade.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  backwards;  applied 
to  the  apparent  motion  of  the  planets. 

Ray. 

2.  A  moving  backwards  ;  decline  in  excel- 
lence. .V.  Chipman. 

RETROGRADE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  retro- 
gradior  ;  retro,  backwards,  and  gradior, 
to  go.] 

1.  Going  or  moving  backwards.  Bacon. 

2.  In  astronomy,  apiuircntly  moving  back- 
waril  and  ciuitrary  to  the  succession  of 
the  signs,  as  a  plan'et.  Harris. 

3.  Declining  tVom  a  better  to  a  worse  state. 
char-'IRET'ROGRADE,   v.  i.     [Fr.   retrograder  ; 

|]     L.  relrogradior ;  retro  and  g-mrfjor,  to  go.] 
i!     To  go  or  move  backward.  Bacon. 


RET 


R  E  T 


R  E  U 


RETROGRES'SION,  n.  The  act  of  going 
Jiuikw.iid.  Brown 

RETK0(;RESS'IVE,  a.  Going  or  moving 
Ijackward  ;  dei-liniiig  from  a  more  (jerfect 
to  II  less  perli'ct  state. 

Geography  Is  at  tiiacs  retrogressive. 

Pinkerlon. 

RETROMIN'gENCY,  n.  [L.  relro,  back- 
ward, and  mingo,  to  discharge  urine.] 

Tlie  act  of  ((nahty  of  discliarging  the  con- 
tents of  tlie  bladder  backwards. 

Brown. 

RETROMIN'(iENT,  a.  Discharging  the 
urine  biickwanls. 

RETROMIN'(';ENT,  n.  In  zoologtj,  an  an- 
imal that  discharges  its  urine  backwards. 
The  retromiiigents  are  a  division  of  ani 
inals  whose  chajacteristic  is  that  they 
disiharge  their  urine  backwards,  botli 
mah'  and  female.  Encyc. 

RETROPUL'SIVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
pulsus,  pello,  to  drive.]  Driving  back  ;  re- 
pelling. Mtd.  Repos. 

RETROR8ELY,  ttdv.  rdrors'hj.  [L.  ntror- 
sum,  backward.]  In  a  backward  direction  ; 
as  a  stem  retrorsely  aculeate.  Eaton. 

Ri:T'R()SPEeT,  n.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
spi.iio,  to  look.] 

A  looking  back  on  things  past ;  view  or  con-, 
teiiipliitiiin  of  something  past.  The  retro- 
spect of  a  lilc  well  spent  aftbrds  peace  of 
mind  III  (dil  aac. 

RETROSI'EC'TION,  »i.  The  act  of  look- 
ing back  on  things  past. 

2.  The  faculty  of  looking  back  on  past 
tfinigp.  Swijl. 

RETROSPE€T'IVE,  a.  Looking  back  onj 
pa>t  events  ;  as  a  retrospective  view. 

2.  Having  reference  to  what  is  past ;  affect-i 
ing  things  past.  A  penal  statute  can  have! 
no  retrospective  eftecl  or  operation.  ' 

RETROSPECTIVELY,  adv.  By  way  of 
retrospect 

RETROVER'SION,  n.  A  turning  or  falling 
backwards  ;  as  the  retroversion  of  the  ute- 
rus. 

RKT'ROVERT,  v.  t.  To  turn  back. 

RET'ROVERTED,  o.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
verto,  to  turn.]     Turned  back. 

Lawrence,  Lect.     Med.  Repos. 

RETRU'DE,  t!  /.  (  L.  relrvdo  ;  re  and  trudo, 
to  thrust.]     To  thrust  back.  More.' 

RETUND',  V.  t.  [L.  retundo  ;  re  and  tundo, 
to  beat.] 

To  blunt;  to  turn;  as  an  edge;  to  dull;  as, 
to  retund  the  edge  of  a  weapon.  Ray. 

RETURN,  v.i.  [Fr.  retourner ;  re  and  tuiir- 
ner,  to  turn,  L.  torno ;  It.  ritornare ;  Sp. 
retornar.^ 

\.  To  come  or  go  back  to  the  same  place. 
The  gentleman  goes  from  the  country  to 
London  a.\u\returns,  or  the  citizen  of  Lon- 
don rides  into  the  country  and  returns. 
The  blood  propelled  from  the  heart,  pass- 
es through  the  arteries  to  the  extremities 
of  the  body,  and»e(i(ri!s  through  the  veins. 
Some  servants  are  good  to  go  on  errands, 
but  not  good  to  return. 

2.  To  come  to  the  same  state ;  as,  to  return 
from  bondage  to  a  state  of  freedom. 

Locke. 

3.  To  answer. 

He  saiil,  and  thus  the  queen  of  heaven  re- 
luni'il.  Pope. 

4.  To  come  again  ;  to  revisit. 


Thou  to  mankind 
Be  good  and  friendly  still,  and  oft  return. 

Milton. 
To  appear  or  begin  again  after  a  period- 
ical revolution. 

With  the  year 
Seasons  return,  but  not  to  me  returns 
Day—  Milton. 

6.  To  show  fresh  signs  of  mercy. 

Return,  O  Lord,  deliver  my  soul.    Ps.  vi 
To  return  to  God,  to  return  jrom  ivickedncss, 
to  repent  of  sin  or  wandering  from  duty. 

•Scripttirc. 
RETURN',  V.  t.  To   bring,  carry   or   send 
back ;  as,  to  return  a  borrowed  book  ;  to 
return  a  liired  horse. 

2.  To  repay  ;  as,  to  return  borrowed  money. 

3.  To  give  In  recompense  or  requital. 
In  any  ytXse,  return  him  a  trespass-offering. 

1  Sam.  vi. 

The  Lord  shall  return  thy  wickedness  upon 
thy  own  head.    1  Kings  ii. 

4.  To  give  back  in  reply  ;  as,  to  return  an 
answer. 

5.  To  tell,  relate  or  communicate. 
And  Moses  relumed  llie  words  of  the  people 

to  the  Lord.  Kx.  xix. 

To  retort ;  to  recriminate. 

If  you  are  a  malicious  reader,  you  return  up- 
on me,  that  1  affect  to  be  thought  more  impar- 
tial than  t  am.  Dry  den. 

To  render  an  account,  usually  an  ofScial 
account  to  a  superior.  Officers  of  the  ar- 
my and  navy  return  to  the  commander  the 
mimber  of  men  in  companies,  regiments, 
&c. ;  they  return  the  number  of  men  sick 
or  capable  of  duly  ;  they  return  the  quan- 
tity of  ammunition,  provisions,  &c. 

8.  To  render  back  to  a  tribunal  or  to  an  of- 
fice;  as,  to  return  a  writ  or  an  execution. 

9.  To  report  oHicially  ;  us,  an  ofticer  returns 
his  proceedings  on  the  back  of  a  writ  or 
precept. 

10.  To  send  ;  to  transmit ;  to  convey. 
Instead  of  a  ship,  he  should  levy  money  and 

return  the  same  to  the  treasurer  for  his  majes- 
ty's use.  Clarendon. 
RETURN',  71.  The  act  of  coming  or  going 
back  to  the  same  place. 
Takes  little  journeys  and  makes  quick  return.''. 

Dry  den. \ 
i.  The  act  of  sending  back  ;  as  the  return  of; 
a  borrowed  book  or  of  money  lent. 
The  act  of  putting  In  the  former  place. 

4.  Retrogression  ;  the  act  of  moving  back.    ! 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  coming  back  to  a 
former  state  ;  as  the  refiirn  of  health. 

6.  Revolution  ;  a  periodical  coming  to  the 
same  point ;  as  the  return  of  the  sun  to  the' 
tropic  of  Cancer.  } 

7.  Periodical  renewal  ;  as  the  return  of  the 
seasons  or  of  the  year.  j 

8.  Repayment;  reimbursement  in  kind  or  in 
something  equivalent,  for  money  expend-) 
ed  or  advanced,  or  for  labor.  One  occu-' 
patlon  gives  quick  returns;  in  others,  the! 
returns  are  slow.  The  returns  of  the  cargo! 
were  in  gold.  The  farmer  has  jefurni  in' 
his  crops. 

9.  Profit  ;  advantage. 

From  these  few  hours  we  spend  in  prayer,  the 
return  is  great.  Taylor. 

10.  Remittance  ;  payment  from  a  distant 
place.  Shak. 

11.  Repayment;  retribution;  requital. 

Is  no  return  due  from  a  grateful  breast  ? 

Dryden.' 


12.  Act  of  restoring  or  giving  back ;  restitu- 
tion. Soutfi. 

13.  Either  of  the  adjoining  sides  of  the  front 
of  a  house  or  ground-plot,  is  called  a  rc- 
turn  side.  Moion. 

14.  Ill  law,  the  rendering  back  or  delivery 
of  a  writ,  precept  <ir  execution,  to  the 
proper  ofhcer  or  court ;  or  the  certificate 
of  the  oflicer  executing  it,  indorsed.  We 
call  the  transmission  of  the  writ  to  the 
proper  officer  or  «ourt,  a  return  ;  and  we 
give  the  same  name  to  the  certificate  or  of- 
ficial account  of  the  officer's  service  or 
proceedings.  The  sherif  or  his  subordi- 
nate officers  make  return  of  all  writs  and 
precepts.  We  use  the  same  language  for 
the  sending  back  of  a  commission  with 
the  certificate  of  the  commissioners. 

1.5.  A  day  In  bank.  The  day  on  which  the 
d(-fendant  Is  ordered  to  appear  In  court, 
and  the  sherif  is  to  bring  in  the  writ  anil 
report  his  proceedings,  is  called  the  return 
of  the  writ.  Blackstone. 

IG.  In  mililary  and  naval  affairs,  an  official 
account,  report  or  statement  rendered  to 
the  conimaniler;  as  the  return  of  men  fit 
for  duty  ;  the  return  of  the  number  of  the 
sick  ;  the  return  of  provisions,  ammuni- 
tion, &c. 

RETURNABLE,  a.  That  may  be  returned 
or  restored. 

2.  In  law,  that  Is  legally  to  be  returned,  de- 
hvered,  given  or  rendered  ;  as  a  writ  or 
precept  returnable  at  a  certain  day  ;  a  ver- 
dict returnable  to  the  court  ;  an  attach- 
ment returnable  to  the  king's  bench. 

RETURN'-DAY,  n.  The  day  when  the  de- 
fendant is  to  appear  In  court  and  the  sherif 
is  to  return  the  writ  and  his  proceedings. 

RETURN'ED,  pp.  Restored  ;  given  or  sent 
back  ;  repaid  ;  brought  or  rendered  to  the 
proper  court  or  officer. 

RETURN'ER,  n.  One  who  returns;  one 
that  repays  or  remits  money. 

RETURN'ING,  ppr.  Giving,  carrying  or 
sending  back  ;  coming  or  going  back  ; 
making  report. 

RETURN'ING-OFFICER,  n.  The  officer 
whose  duty  It  is  to  make  returns  of  writs, 
precepts,  juries,  &c. 

RETURN'LESS,  a.  Admitting  no  return. 
[Little  used.]  Chapman. 

RETU'SE,  a.  [L.  retusus,  relundo.]  In  hot- 
any,  a  r</Hse  leaf  is  one  ending  in  a  blunt 
sinus,  or  whose  apex  is  bhmt.  This  term 
is  ap]>lied  also  to  the  seed. 

Martyn.    Lte. 

REUNION,  n.  A  second  union:  union 
formed  anew  after  separation  or  di.scord  ; 
as  a  reunion  of  parts  or  particles  of  mat- 
ter ;  a  reunion  of  jiarlies  or  sects. 

2.  In  medicine,  union  of  parts  separated  by 
wounds  or  accidents.  Parr. 

RETjNI'TE.  r.  t.  [re  and  unite.]  To  unite 
again;  to  join  after  separation.  Shak. 

2.  To  reconcile  alter  variance. 

REUNITE,  v.  i.  To  be  united  again;  to 
join  and  cohere  again. 

REUNITED,  pp.  United  or  joined  again; 
reconciled. 

REUNITING,  ppr.  Uniting  again  ;  recon- 
ciling. 

RI'.US'SITE,    n.    [from    Reuss,  the    place 

vvliere  it  is  found.] 
A  salt  found  in  the  form  of  a  mealy  efflor- 


REV 


REV 


REV 


oscGDce,  or  crystalized   in   flat  six  sided 
prisms,  and  in  acicular  crystals.  Cyc. 

REVK,   n.    [Sax.  gerefa.]    The   bailif  of  a 
It  is  usually  written 


reveler ;  L.  revelo  ;  re 


South. 

I  [Fr.  reveillcr,  to  awake  ;  re 
■  n.  and  veillcr,  to  watch  ;  con- 
(       trncted    from   L.    vigilo 


[Sax, 
franchise  or  manor, 
reeve. 
REVE'AL,  V.  t.   [Fr 
and  t'f/o,  to  veil.] 

1.  To  di&close  ;  to  discover;  to  show;  to 
mnke  known  something  before  unknown 
or  concealed  ;  as,  to  reveal  secrets. 

2.  To  di.sclose,  discover  or  make  known  from 
heaven.  G(jd  has  been  pleased  to  reveal 
his  will  to  man. 

'J  he  wiath  of  God  is  revealed  from  heaven 
against  all  ungodliness  and  unrighteousness  of 
men.  Kora.  i. 

REVE'AL, n.  A  revealing;  disclosure.  [JMol 
in  use.]  Brown. 

REVE'ALED,  pp.  Disclosed;  discovered; 
made  known  ;  laid  open. 

REVE'ALER,  n.  One  that  discloses  or 
makes  known. 

2.  One  that  brings  to  view.  Dryden. 

REVE'ALING,  ppr.  Disclosing  ;  discover 
iiig  ;  making  known. 

REVE'ALMENT,  n.  The  act  of  revealing. 
[Little  xised.] 

REVEILLE,  , 

REVEILLE', 

REV'ELLY,  ' 
See  IVatch.] 

In  military  affairs,  the  beat  of  drum  about 
break  of  day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is  time 
for  the  soldiers  to  rise  and  for  the  senti- 
nels to  forbear  challenging.  Encyc 

[This  word  might  well  bo  anglicised  rev'- 
ellij.] 

RE^'EL,  V.  i.  [D.  revelen,  to  rave  ;  from  the 
root  of  L.  rabo,  rabio,  to  rage,  whence 
rabies,  rabid;  Dan.  raaben,  to  bawl,  to 
clamor  ;  Sw.  ropa  ;  allied  to  rove,  rapio  ;  Ir. 
rioboid,  a  spendthrift ;  lioboidim,  to  riot  or 
revel.] 

1.  To  feast  with  loose  and  clamorous  mer- 
riment ;  to  carouse  ;  to  act  the  bacchan- 
alian. 

Antony,  that  revels  long  o'uights.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  playfully  or  without  regularity. 
REV'EL,  n.  A  feast  with  loose  and  noisy 

jollity.  Shak. 

Some  men  ruin  the  fabric  of  their  bodies  by 

incessant  revels.  Rambler. 

REVEL',  V.  t.  [L.  revello;  re  and  vello,  to 

To  draw  back  ;  to  retract ;  to  make  a  revul- 
sion, Harvey.     Friend. 
REVELA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revelaitcs, 

revelo.  See  Reveal.] 
].  The  act  of  disclosing  or  discovering  to 
others  what  was  before  unknown  to  them 
appropriately,  the  disclosure  or  communi- 
cation of  iruth  to  men  by  God  himself,  or 
by  his  authorized  agents,  the  prophets  and 
apostles- 

How  that  by  revelation  he  made  known  to 
me  the  mystery,  .as  1  wrote  before  in  few  words. 
Eph.  iii.  2  Cot.  xii. 
;>.  That  which  is  revealed ;  appropriately, 
the  sacred  truths  which  God  has  commu- 
nicated to  man  for  his  instruction  and  di- 
rection. The  revelntions  of  God  are  con- 
tained in  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
3.  The  Apocalypse  ;  the  last  book  of  the 
sacred  canon,  containing  the  prophecies  of 
St.  .lohn. 


IREV'ELER,  n.  [See  Revel]  One  who  feasts 
with  noisy  merriment.  Pope. 

REVELING,    ppr.    Feasting    with    noisy 

merriment ;  carousing. 
REVELING,  n.  A  feasting  with  noisy  iner- 

iment ;  revelry.    Gal.  v.    1  Pet.  iv. 
REV'EL-ROUT,  n.  [See  Rout.]  Tumultu- 
ous festivity.  Rowe. 
2.  A   mob ;   a   rabble  tuiriultuously   assem- 
bled ;  an  unlawful  assembly.       Ainsworth. 
REVELRY,  ?i.  Noisy  festivity  ;  clamorous 
jollity.                                                    Milton. 
REVEN'DICATE,  v.  I.  [Fr.  revendiquer;  re 
and  vendiquer,  to  claim  or  challenge,  L. 
vindico.     See  Vindicate.] 
To  reclaim  what  has  been  taken  away ;  to 
claim    to  liave   restored   what  has  been 
seized. 

Should  some  subsequent  fortunate  revolution 
deliver  it  from  the  conqueror'.s  yoke,  it  can  re- 
vendicate  them.  Vattel,  Tians. 

REVEN'DICATED,   pp.     Reclaimed;   re- 
gained :  recovered. 
REVEN  DI€ATING,  ppr.  Reclaiming;  re- 

deinanding;  recovering. 
REVENDI€A'T10N,   n.    [Fr.]  The  act  of 
reclaiming  or  demanding  the  restoration 
of  any  thing  taken  by  an  enemy ;  as  by 
right  of  postliminium. 

The  endless  disputes  which  would  spring  from 
the  revendication  of  them,  have  introduced  a 
contrary  practice.  Vattel,  Trans. 

REVENGE,  v.  t.  revenj'.  [Fr.  revancher,  ven- 
ger  ;  Sp.  vengar ;  Port,  vingar;  L.  vindei, 
vindico  ;  It.  vendicare.     See  ^'indicate.] 
\.  To  inflict  |>ain   or  injury  in  return  for  an 
injury  received. 

[J^'ote.  This  word  and  avenge  were  formerly 
used  as  synonymous,  and  it  is  so  used  in  the 
common  version  of  the  Scripture,  and  applied 
to  the  Supreme  Being.  "  O  Lo\ti— revenge  me 
of  my  persecutors.''  Jer.  xv.  In  consequence 
of  a  distinction  between  avenge  and  revenge, 
which  modern  usage  has  introduced,  the  appli- 
cation of  this  word  to  the  Supreme  Being  ap- 
pears extremely  harsh,  irreverent  and  offensive. 
Revenge  is  now  used  in  an  ill  sense,  for  the  in 
fliction  of  pain  maliciously  or  illegally  ;  avenge 
for  inflicting  just  punishment.] 
According  to  modern  usage,  to  inflict  pain 
deliberately  and  maliciously,  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  justice  and  humanity,  in  re- 
turn for  injury,  pain  or  evil  received  ;  to 
wreak  vengeance  spitefully  on  one  who 
injures  or  ofiends.  We  say,  to  revenge  an 
injury  or  insult,  or  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun,  to  revenge  ourselves  on  an  enemy 
or  for  an  injury,  that  is,  to  take  vengeance 
or  satisfaction. 
3.  To  vindicate  by  punishment  of  an  enemy 
The  gods  are  just  and  will  revenge  our  cause. 

Dryden 
[According    to    modern   usage,  avenge 
should  here  be  substituted  for  revenge.] 
REVENGE,  n.  retJenj'.  [Vr.  revanche  ;  Arm 
revanch.] 

1.  Return  of  an  injury;  the  deliberate  inflic 
tion  of  pain  or  injury  on  a  i)ersoii  in  return 
for  an  injury  received  from  liim. 

J\[ilton.     Dryden. 

2.  According  to  modern  usage,  a  malicious  or 
spiteful  infliction  of  pain  or  injury,  con- 
trary to  the  laws  of  justice  and  Christian- 
ity, "in  return  for  an  injury  or  ofl'en.sc.  Re- 
venge is  dictated  by  passion  ;  vengeance  by 
justice. 

3.  The  passion  which  is  e.\cited  by  an  nijury 


done  or  an  affront  given  ;  the  desire  of  in- 
flicting pain  on  one  who  has  done  an  in- 
jury ;  as,  to  glut  revenge. 

Revenge,  as  the  word  is  now  under- 
stood, is  always  contrary  to  the  precepts 
of  Christ. 

The  indulgence  o[  revenge  tenis  to  make  men 
more  savage  and  cruel.  Karnes. 

REVENti'ED,  pp.  Punished  in  return  for  an 
njury;  spitefully  punished.  The  injury  is 
revenged. 
REVENGEFUL,  a.  revenj'ful.  Full  of  re- 
venge or  a  desire  to  inflict  pain  or  evil 
for  injury  received  ;  spiteful  ;  malicious ; 
wreaking  revenge. 

If  thy  revengeful  heart  cannot  forgive. 

Shak. 
2.  Vindictive  ;  inflicting  punishment. 
May  my  hands 
Never  brandish  more  revengeful  steel. 

Shak. 
REVENGEFULLY,  adv.   revenj'fully.    By- 
way of  revenge  ;  vindictively ;    with   the 
spirit  of  revenge.  Dryden. 

REVENgEFULNESS,  n.  revenj'fulness. 
Vindictiveness.  More. 

REVENGELESS,  o.  revenj'less.  Um-eveng- 
ed.  Marsion. 

REVEN()EMENT,n.  revenj'ment.  Revenge : 
return  of  an  injury.     [lAttle  used.] 

Spenser. 
REVENG'ER,  n.  One  who  revenges  ;  one 
who  inflicts  pain  on  another  spitefully  in 
return  for  an  injury.  Spenser. 

2.  One  who  inflicts  just  punishment  for  in- 
'     juries.     [Less  proper.]  Bentley. 

REVENtJ'lNG,  ppr.  Inflicting  pain  or  evil 

spitefully  for  injury  or  aiTront  received. 
2.  Vindicating ;  punishing. 
REVENG'INGLY, adv.  With  revenge ;  with 
the  spirit  of  revenge  ;    vindictively. 

Shak. 

REV'ENUE,  )i.  [Fr.  revenu,  from  revenir,  to 

return,  L.  revenio  ;  re  and  venio,  to  come.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  annual  rents,  prof- 
its, interest  or  issues  of  any  species  of 
property,  real  or  personal,  belonging  to  an 
individual  or  to  the  public.  VVhen  used 
of  individtials,  it  is  equivalent  to  income. 
In  modern  usage,  income  is  applied  more 
generally  to  the  rents  and  profits  of  indi- 
viduals, and  revenue  to  those  of  the  state. 
In  the  latter  case,  revenue  is 

2.  The  annual  jiroduce  of  taxes,  excise,  cus- 
toms, duties,  rents,  &c.  which  a  nation  or 
state  collects  and  receives  into  the  treas- 
ury for  public  use. 

3.  Return ;  reward  ;  as  a  rich  revenue  of 
praise. 

4.  A  fleshy  lump  oii  the  head  of  a  deer. 

Encyc. 

REVERB',  V.  t.  To  reverberate.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

REVERBERANT,  «.  [h.  reverberans.  See 
Reverberate.] 

Returning  sound  :  resounding  ;  driving  back. 

Shak. 

REVERBERATE,  v.  t.  [L.  reverbero ;  re 
ami  verlie.ro,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  return,  as  sound;  to  send  back;  to 
echo  ;  as,  an  arch  reverberates  the  voice. 

Shak. 

2.  To  send  or  beat  back  ;  to  repel ;  to  re- 
flect :  as,  to  reverberate  rays  of  light. 

Stvtfl. 


REV 


3.  To  send  or  drive  back ;  to  repel  from  side 
to  'ide  ;  as  flume  reverberated  m  a  furnace. 

REVERB'ERATK,  v.i.  To  be  .irlvcn  back  ; 
to  be  repelled,  as  rays  olllgbt,  or  »^^^'^ 

2.  To  resound.  .  , , 

And  even  at  han.l,  a  drum  is  ready  brae  d, 
T)mt  shiJl  reverberate  all  as  well  as  1'"'|^^^ 

REVERBERATE,  a.   I^^"^''''^'^"'- ^Aat. 

REVERB' ERATED,;>p.  Driven  back;  sent 
back;  driven  fin.n  side  to  side. 

REVF:RB'ERATING,;>;)r.  Driving  or  send- 
ing back  ;  reflecting,  as  light ;  ecbomg,  as 

REVERBERA'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  from  reverb 

Tbe  act  of  driving  or  sending  back  ;  particii 
larly,  the  act  of  reflecting  light  and  beat 
or  repelling  sound.  Tims  we  speak  c.ti 
the  reverberation  of  the  rays  ol  light  troni 
an  object,  the  reverberation  of  sound  in 
echoes,  or  the  reverberation  of  heat  or 
flame  in  a  furnace. 
REVERB'ERATORY,  a.  Returning  or 
driving  back ;  as  a  reverberatory  furnace  or 
kiln.  •^"^o" 

REVERB'ERATORY,  n.  A  furnace  with  a 
kind  of  dome  that  rcflect-s  the  flame  upon 
a  vessel   placed   within   it,  so  as  to  sur- 
round it.  JVicholson. 
REVE'RE,  V.  I.  [Ft.  reverer;  It.rewnje;  L. 

revertor ;  re  and  rercor,  to  f(?ar.] 
To  regard  with  fear  mingled    with  respect 
and  afledion  ;  to  venerate  ;  to  reverence 
to  honor  in  estimation. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  whom  he  rather  revered  as 
his  father,  than  treated  as  his  partner  in  the  em- 
pire- ,    ,  Mdison. 
REVE'RED,  pjt.  Regarded  with  fear  ming 

led  with  respect  and  affection. 
REV'ERENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rewerenda.J 
1.  Fear  mingled  with  respect  and  esteem; 
veneration. 

When  quarrels  and  factions  are  carried  opcn-| 
Iv  it  is  a  si"n  that  the  reverence  of  government 

is  lost'  •^'"''•"• 

The  fear  acreptabie  to  God,  is  a  filial  fear,  an 
awful  reverence  of  the  divine  nature,  proceeding 
from  a  just  esteem  of  his  perfections,  which  pro- 
duces in  us  an  inclination  to  his  service  and  an 
unwillingness  to  otl'end  him.  Rogers. 

Reverence  is  nearly  eiiuivalent  to  venera- 
tion, but  expresses  something  less  of  the 
same  emotion.  It  diftcrs  from  awe,  which 
is  an  emotion  compounded  of  fear,  dread 


REV 

Tliey  will  r«ticrcnce  my  son.  Matt.  xxi. 
Let  the  wife  sec  that  she  reverence  her  bus 

band.  Eph.  v.  .    ,      .  ,    , 

REVERENCED,   pp.  Regarded  with  fear 

mingled  with  respect  and  afl'cction. 
REV'ERENCER,  n.  One  that  regards  with 

reverence.  fiwiji. 

REV'ERENCINO,   ppr.    Regarding    with 
!     fear  mixed  with  respect  and  affcclion. 
IREV'EREND,  a.   [Fr.  from  L.  reverendus.} 

1.  Worthy  of  reverence  ;  entitled  to  respect 
'  minirled  with  fear  and   affection  ;  as  rev- 
erend anil  gracious  senators.  Shnk. 

A  reverend  sire  anions  them  came.     Milton. 

[This  epithet  is,  1  believe,  never  applied 
to  the  Supreme  15eing,  or  to  his  laws  or 
institutions.     In  lieu  of  it  we  use  venera- 

2.  A  title  of  resjiect  given  to  the  clergy  or 
ecclesiastics.     We  style  a  clergyman  rev 
erend;  a  bishop   is   styled   right  reverend 
an  archbishop  hios<   reverend.     The   lelig 
ions  in  catholic  countries,  are  .«tyled  rerer 
end  fathers  ;  abbesses,  prioresses,  &,c.  rev 
erend   mothers.       In    Scotland,    as    in    tbe 
United  States,  the  clergy  are  indiviilually 
styled  reverend.     A   synod  is   styled    veri/ 
reverend,  !i\u\  the  general  assembly  vciitra- 

bte.  ■E"<-.r- 

REVERENT,  n.  Expressing  reverence, 
venerution  or  submission  ;  as  reverent 
words  or  terms  :  a  reverent  posture  in 
prayer ;  reverent  behavior. 
2.  Sui)missive  ;  humble  ;  impressed  with 
reverence. 

'Ihcv  prostrate  fell  before  him  reverent. 

•'  "^  MUton. 

JREVEREN'TIAL,  a.  [fromrewroice.]  Pro- 
ceeding from  reverence,  or  expressing  it  • 
as  reverential  fear  or  awe  ;  reverential  grat 
itude  or  esteem. 

Religion— consisting  in  a  reverential  esteem 
of  things  sacred.  f^outh. 

REVEREN'TIALLY,    adv.     With    rever- 
ence, or  show  of  reverence.  lirown 


REV'ERENTLY,    adv.    With    reverence 
with  respectful  regard. 

Chide  him  for  faults,  and  do  it  reverently. 

Shak 

With  veneration  ;  with  fear  of  w  hat   i: 
great  or  terrifying. 

So  revcrcndij  men  quit  the  open  air. 
When  tiiund'cr  speaks  the  angry  Gods  abroad. 

Drt/dcn. 
REVERER,  «.  One  who  reveres  or  vene- 
rates. 
REVERIE.     [See  i?frc(7/. 


is  an  emotion  compounded  of  fear,  dread  i^^'^^;l  Re>arding   with   fear 

or  terror,  -Uh  ad.niration  o     somed^^^  ,„^,  affection  ;  vene- 


great,  but  not  necessarily  implying  love  or| 
affection.  We  feel  reverence  tor  a  parent. 
and  for  an  upright  magistrate,  but  we 
stand  in  nice  of  a  tyrant.  This  distinction 
may  not  always  be  observed. 

2.  An  act  of  respect  or  obeisance; 
courtesy.     2  Sam.  ix.      Dryden 

3.  A  title  of  the  clergy. 

4.  A  poetical  title  of  a  father. 
REV'ERENCE,  v.  t.  To  recard 


a  bow  or 

.    Fairfax. 

Shak 

Shak 

with  rev 


erence ;  to  regard  with  fear  mingled  with 
respect  and  atfectiou.  We  reverence  supe 
riors  for  llieir  age,  their  authority  and 
their  virtues.  We  ought  to  nrercnrc  par- 
ents and  upright  judges  and  magistrates. 
We  ought  to  reverence  the  Supreme  Be- 
ino-,  his  word  and  his  ordinances. 
'Those  that  1  reverence,  those  1  fear,  the  wise 

Shak 

Vol.  II. 


mixed  with  respect  and  affection  ;  vene- 
rating. 

REVFRS'AL,  a.    [See  Reverse.]    Intende 
to  reverse;  implving  reverse.  Bnnicl. 

REVERS'AL,  ji.  "[from  reverse.]  A  change 
or  overthrowing  ;  as  the  reversal  <f  - 
judgment,  which  amounts  to  an  oflicia 
declaration  that  it  is  false.  So  we  speak 
of  the  reversal  of  an  attainder  or  of  an 
outlawry,  by  which  the  sentence  is  ren- 
dered void.  Blaekslone. 

REVERSE,  V.  t.    revers'.     [L.  reversus,  re- 
verto  ;  re  anri  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn    ujiside  down;  as,   to 
pvramid  or  cone.  -      , 

o    To  overturn;  to   subvert;  as,   to  reverse 
the  state.  ''»/'«• 

3.  To  turn  back ;  as  with   swift  wheel   re- 
verse. •*^'^''"'- 

58 


REV 

4.  To  turn  to  the  contrary ;  as,  to  rtverse  the 
i     scene. 
i  Or  affeclatiops  quite  reverse  the  soul. 

Pope. 

5.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other : 
as,  to  rcrtrse  the  distinctions  of  -good  and 
evil.  Rogers. 

G.  In  law,  to  overthrow  by  a  contrary  de- 
cision ;  to  make  void  ;  to  annul ;  as,  to  re- 
verse a  judgment,  sentence  or  decree. 
Judgmenis  are  reversed  by  writs  of  error: 
and  for  certain  causes,  may  be  reversed 
without  such  writs. 

7.  To  recall.     [Xot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

REVERSE,  V.  i.  revers'.    To  return.     [Xot 

i     in  use.]  Spenser. 

REVERSE,  n.  revers'.  Change  ;  vicissi- 
tude ;  a  turn  of  affairs  ;  in  a  good  sense. 

By  a  strange  reverse  of  things,  Justinian's 
law,  which  for  many  ages  was  neglected,  now 
obliiins-  Baker. 

2.  Change  for  the  worse  ;  misfortune.  By 
an  unexpected  rever.ie  of  circumstances, 
an  aflluent  man  is  reduced  to  poverty. 

3.  A  contrary  ;  an  opposite. 
The  performances  to  which  God  has  annexed 

the  promi.ses  of  eternity,  are  just  the  reverse  of 
all  the  pursuits  of  sense.  Rogers. 

4.  [Fr.  revers.]  The  reverse  of  a  medal  or 
coin  is  the  second  or  back  side,  opposite 
to  that  on  which  the  head  or  principal 
figure  is  impressed.  Encyc. 

REVERSED,  pp.  Turned  side  for  side  or 
I     end  for  end  ;  changed  to  the  contrary. 
j2.  In  laiv,  overthrown  or  annulled. 
|3.  a.  In  botany,  resupinaie;  having  the  upper 
1     lip  larger  aud    more  expanded   tb.-in    the 
lower;  as  a  rererserf  cor<d.  Bigtlnu: 

REVERS'EDLY,  adv.  In  a  reversed  man- 
1     ner.  '''""th. 

JREVERSELESS,  n.   revers'lcss.    Not  to  he 
I     reverserl :  irreversible.  Seward. 

jREVERSELY,  adv.   revers'ly.    On  the  oth- 
er hand  :  on  the  opposite.  Pearson. 
REVERSIBLE,  a.  That  may  be  reversed  ; 

as  a  reversible  judcment  or  sentence. 
REVERS  ING,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down  ; 
subverting;    turning  the  contrary   way; 
anmillitiff. 
REVERSION,    n.    [Fr.  from  L.   rerersio.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  returning;  appropri- 
ately, in  law,  the  returning  of  an  estate  to 
thegratitor  or  his  heirs,  after  a  particular 

]     estate  is  ended.     Hence, 

2.  The  residue  of  an  estate  left  in  the  graiit- 
I     or,  to   commence  in  possession  after  tbe 

determination  of  the  particular  estate 
granted.  Thus  when  there  is  a  gift  in 
I  Tail,  the  reversion  of  the  fee  is,  without  any 
special  reservation,  vested  in  the  doii(  r  by 
act  of  law.  Btackstone. 


Z  ^rU.^<:i":7:i  3.  S;ic;e:;ion  ;  nght  to  mture  possession  or 
-^„:_i  !     enjovment. 

4.  Ill  algebra,  reversion  of  series,  a  kind  of 
i     reversed  operation  of  an  intinite  series. 

Encyc. 

REVERSIONARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  re- 

j     version,   that  is,  to  he  enjoyed  in  silices- 

I     sion,  or  after  the  determination  of  a  partic- 

rnierse  a!     ular  estate;  as  a  reversionary  interest   or 

Tnnple.l      right. 

REVER  SIONER.  n.  The  person  who  has 
a  reversii-n,  or  who  is  entitled  to  lands  or 
tenements,  after  a  particular  estate  grant- 
ed is  determined.  Btackstone. 


REV 


REV 


REV 


REVERT',  v.t.  [L.  reverto  ;  re  and  verto,  to 
turn.] 

1.  To  turn  back  ;  to  turn  to  the  contrary  ;  to 

reverse. 

Till  happy  chance  revert  the  cruel  scene. 

Prinr 

[Instead  of  revert,  in  this  sense,  reverse  is 
generally  used.] 

2.  To  drive  or  turn  back  ;  to  reverberate ; 
as  a  stream  reverted.  Thomson. 

REVERT',  V.  i.  To  return ;  to  fall  bark. 

1.  In  law,  to  return  to  the  proprietor,  after 
the  determination  of  a  particular  estate. 
A  feud  granted  to  a  man  for  life,  or  to  liini 
and  liis  issue  male,  on  his  death  or  failure 
of  issue  male,  reverted  to  the  lord  or  pro- 
prietor. 

REVERT',  n.  In  musk,  return  ;  recur- 
rence;  antistrophy.  Peacham. 

REVERT'ED,  pp.  Reversed;  turned  back 

REVERT'ENT,  n.  A   medicine   which  re 
stores  the  natural   order  of  the  inverted 
irritative  motions  iir  the  animal  system. 

Darwin. 

REVERT'IBLE,  a.  That  may  revert  or  re- 
turn. 

REVERT' ING,  ppr.  Turning  back  ;  re- 
turning. 

REVERT'IVE,  a.  Clianging  ;  reversing. 

Thomson 

REV'ERY,  n.    [Fr.   reverie,  from   rever,   to 
dream,  to  rave,  to  be  light  headed.     It  i 
often  written  in  English  as  in  French.] 

1.  Properly,  a  raving  or  delirium  :  but  its 
sense,  as  generally  used,  is  a  loose  or  ir- 
regular train  of  thoughts,  occurring  in 
musing  or  meditation  ;  wild,  extravagant 
conceit  of  the  fancy  or  imagination.  There 
are  reveries  and  extravagancies  which  pass 
through  the  minds  of  wise  men  as  well  as 
fools.  Addison. 

2.  A  chimera;  a  vision. 
REVEST',  !'.  ;.  [Fr.revHir;  Low  L.  renes- 

tio  ;  re  and  vestio,  to  clothe.] 

1.  To  clothe  again.  Ifotton. 

'i.  To  reinvest ;  to  vest  again  with  posses- 
sion or  office  ;  as,  to  revest  a  magistrate 
with  authority. 

3.  To  lay  out  iii  something  less  fleeting  than 
money  ;  as,  to  revest  money  in  stocks 

REVEST',  V.  i.    To  take  effect  again,  as  a 

title  ;  to  return  to  a  former  owner  ;  as,  the 

title  or  right  revests  in  A,  after  alienation. 

REVEST'ED,  pp.  Clothed  again;  invested 

anew. 
REVEST'IARY,  Ji.  [Fr. revestiaire,  from  h. 

rei'estio.] 
The  place  or  apartment  in  a  church  or  tem- 
ple where  thedrcss(;s  arc  deposited  ;  now 
contracte<!  into  vesln/.  Camden. 

REVET'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  revUerrtent,  the  li 

ning  of  a  ditch,  from  revetir,  supra.] 
In  fortification,  a  strong  wall  on  the  outside 
of  a    r.inipart,   intended  to    support    the 
earth. 
REVl'KUATE,    v.i.    [re   and  vibrate.^    To 

vibrate  hack  or  in  return. 
REVIHUA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  vibrating 

back. 
REVIG'TION,  n.  [L.   re   and   vivo,  victum, 
to  live.]     Return  to  life.     [JVot  used.] 

Brown 
REVICTUAL,  V.  t.  revit'l.    [re  and  victual.' 
To  furnish  again  with  provisions. 

Raleigh. 


iREVICTUALED,    pp.  reviVld.    Furnished 

'      with  victuals  again. 

REVICTUALING,  ppr.  revit'ling.  Supply- 
ing again  with  provisions.  { 

REVI'E,  v.t.  [re  and  I't'c]  To  accede  to  the 
proposal  of  a  stake  and  to  overtop  it ;  an 
old  phrase  at  cards.     Obs.  li.  Jonson. 

REVI'E,  V.  i.  To  return  the  challenge  of  a 

wager  at  cards  ;  to  make  a    ri'tort.     Ohs.\ 

Trial  of  the  seven  Bishops. 

REVIEW,  \\  t.  mm',  [re  and  it'eic ;  or  Fr. 
revoir,  rent.] 

1.  To  look  back  on.  Denham. 

|2.  To  see  again. 

1  shall  revieiv  Sicilia.  .Shak. 

3.  To  view  and  examine  again  ;  to  recon- 
sider ;  to  revise  ;  as,  to  review  a  manu- 
script. It  is  said  that  Virgil  was  prevent- 
ed by  death  tiom  reviewing  the  jEneis. 

A.  To  retrace. 

Shall  1  the  long  laborious  scene  review? 

Pope. 

~).  To  survey  ;  to  inspect  ;  to   examine   the 

state  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  troops; 

as,  to  review  a  regiment. 

REVIEW,  n.  rem'.  [Fr.  rciiHf,  from  reuoir; 

re  and  voir,  from  L.  video,  to  sec.] 

1.  A  second  or  repeated  view  ;  a  re-exam- 
ination ;  resurvey  ;  as  a  review  of  the 
works  of  nature  ;  a  review  of  life. 

2.  Revision  ;  a  second  exanjination  with  a 
I  view  to  amendnient  or  improvement;  asl 
I  an  author's  rciuVic  of  his  works. 
!3.  In  military  affairs,  an  examination  or  in-1 
I  spection  of  troo|>s  under  arms,  by  a  gene- 
I  ral  or  connnander,  for  the  ])urpose  of  as- 
j  certaining  the  state  of  their  discipline, 
I     equipments,  &c. 

4.  In  literature,  a  critical  examination  of  a 
new  publication,  with  remarks. 

5.  A  periodical  pamphlet  containing  exam- 
inations or  analyses  of  new  publications  ; 
as  the  Critical  lieview. 

Commission  of  review,  a  commission  granted 
by  the  British  king  to  revise  the  seiucnce 
of  the  court  of  delegates.  Encyc. 

REVIEW'ED,  pp.  Resurveyed  ;  re-cxam- 
itied  ;  inspected  ;  critically  analysed. 

REVIEWER,  n.  One  that  reviews  or  re- 
examines;  an  iiisi)cctor  ;  one  that  critical- 
ly examines  a  new  publicatiiJii,  and  com- 
niuiucates  his  opinion  upoii  its  merits. 

REVIEW'ING,  ppr.  Lookmg  hack  on  ;  see- 
ing again  ;  revising  ;  re-examming  ;  in- 
specting, as  an  army  ;  critically  examin- 
ing and  remarking  on. 

REVIG'ORATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  vigor.]  To 
give  nesv  vigor  to.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

REVI'LE,  11.  (.  [re  and  vile.  Kivilant  is 
found  in  the  Norman.] 

To  reproach ;  to  treat  with  opprobrious  and 
contemptuous  language. 

She  revitelh  him  to  his  face.  SwiJI. 

Thou  shall  not  revile  the  s;od9.     Ex.  xxii. 
Blessed  are  ye    when   men    shall   rivite  you. 
Matt.  v. 

REVI'LE,  n.  Reproach  ;  contumely  ;  con- 
temptuous language.     [J^'ol  in  use.] 

jMilton. 

REVl'LED,  pp.  Reproached;  treated  with 
opprobrioiis  or  contemptuous  language.     ] 

REVI'LEMENT,  n.  Reproach;  coiiteiupt- 
uous  language.  -Wore] 

REVI'LER,  ?i.  One  who  reviles  auoth  r; 
one  who  treats  another  with  cuntcinptuous 
language. 


REVI'LING,  ppr.  Reproaching;  treating: 
with  language  of  contempt. 

REVI'LING,  n.  The  act  of  reviling  or  treat- 
ing with  reproachful  words.     Is.  li. 

REVl'LINGLY,  adv.  With  reproachful  or 
contemptuous  language  ;  with  opprobrium. 

REVIN'UI€ATE,  v.t.  To  vindicate  again; 
to  reclaim  ;  to  demand  and  lake  back 
what  has  been  lost.  Mtford. 

REVI'SAL,  II.  [fromrmse.]  Revision;  the 
act  of  reviewing  and  re-examining  for 
correction  and  improvement :  as  the  re- 
visal  of  a  manuscript  ;  the  reviaal  of  a 
proof  sheet. 

REVI'SE,  v.t.  s  as  z.  [h.  revisus,  reviso,  to 
revisit;  re  and  viso,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1.  To  review ;  tore-examine;  to  look  over 
with  care  for  correction  ;  as,  to  revise  a 
writing  ;  to  revise  a  proof  sheet.         Pope. 

2.  To  review,  alter  and  amend  ;  as,  to  revise 
statutes. 

REVI'SE,  n.  Review  ;  re-examination. 

Boyle. 

3.  Among  printers,  a  second  proof  sheet;  a 
proof  sheet  taken  after  the  first  correc- 
tion. 

REVI'SED,  pp.  Reviewed  ;  re-examined 
for  correction. 

REVI'SER,  n.  One  that  revises  or  re-ex- 
iiniiies  for  correction. 

REVrsliXG,  ppr.  Reviewing;  re-examin- 
ing for  correction. 

REVI'SION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  reviewing; 
review  ;  reexaminaiiou  for  correction  ;  as 
the  revision  of  a  book  or  writing  or  of  a 
prool'sheet;  a  revision  of  statutes. 

2.  Enumeration  of  inhabitants.  Tooke. 

REVI'SIONAL,      {         Pertaining   to   re- 

KEVI'SIONARY,  S   "'    vision. 

REVIS'IT,  v.  t.  4  as:.  [Fr.  revisiter ;  L. 
revisito  ;  re  and  visilo,  from  viso,  to  see  or 
visit.]     To  visit  again. 

Let  the  pale  sire  revisit  Thebes.  Pope. 

REVISITA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  revisit- 
ing. 

REVIS'lTED,  pp.  Visited  again. 

REVIS'ITIiNG,  ppr.  Visiting  again. 

REVI'SOR,  H.  Ill  Russia,  one  who  has  ta- 
ken the  iiumher  ol'  inluihitants.         Tooke. 

REVI'VAL,  n.  [from  revive.]  Return,  re- 
call or  recovery  to  life  from  death  or  ap- 
parent death  ;  as  the  revival  of  a  drowned 
person. 

2.  Return  or  recall  to  activity  from  a  state  of 
languor;  as  the  revival  of  spirits. 

3.  Recall,  return  or  rcco\ery  from  a  state  of 
neglect,  oblivion,  obscurity  or  depression  ; 
as  the  revival  of'lcttcr^  or  learning. 

4.  Renewed  and  more  active  attention  to 
religion;  an  awakening  of  men  to  their 
s])irilual  concerns. 

REVIVE.  1'.  J.  [Fr.  revivre;  L.  revivisco ; 
re  and  I'iro,  to  live.] 

1.  To  return  to  life;  to  recover  life. 
The  soul  of  the  child  came   into  him  again, 

and  he  rt-vivnl.     1  Kin^.s  xvii.     Kom.  xiv. 

2.  To  recover  new  life  or  vigor ;  to  be  re- 
animated alter  depression. 

Whi'n  he  saw  the  wagons  which  Joseph  had 
sent  to  carry  him,  the  spirit  ol"  Jacob  their  fa- 
ther revived,     (ien.  xlv. 

3.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect,  ob- 
livion, obscurity  or  (lcpi(!ssion.  Learning 
revived  in  l''.uro)ie  after  the  middle  ages. 

4.  In  chiinl.itry,  to  recover  it.s  natural  state, 
us  a  metal. 


REV 


REV 


REV 


Sin  revives,  when  the  conscience  is  awaken- 1     we  speak  of  the  revocation  of  a  will,  of  aj 

ed  by  a  conviction  of  eiiilt.     Rom.  vii.         I     "•"*';  "'•'"'^^'^'^'ff''^- 
REVI'VK,  V.  t.  To  bring  ;igain  to   life  ;  to  RLVO'Kb,  v.  I.   [It.  rtvoquer ;    L.  reroco; 

roiiiiiinato.  Milton.       re  and  voco,  to  call.]  ' 

2.  To  raise  from  languor,  depression  or  dis-  1.  1  o  recall ;  to  repeal ;  to  reverse.  A  law, 
courageinent ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  revive  the  decree  or  scriteiice  is  revoked  by  the  saraej 
spirits  or  courage.  authority  which  enacted  or  passed  it.     A 

3.  To  renew  ;  to  "bring  info  action  after  a  1  charter  or  grant  which  vesu-i  rights  in  aj 
suspension';  as,  to  revive  a  project  or  j  corporation, cannot  !..■  legally  rfnofrcrf  vvith-i 
scheme  that  had  been  laid  aside.  out  the  conscuit  ol  the  corporation.     A  de- 

4.  To  renew  in  the  mind  or  memory;  to  re-      vise  may  be  revokid  by  the   devi.sor,  a  use 
'  pjjji  by  the  grantor,  and  a  will  by  the   testator. 

The  mind  has  the  power  in  many  cases  to  2-   T-  check  ;  to  repress;  as,  to  ret«.*e  rage. 
revive  ideas  or  perceptions,  which  it   has  once  I      [Ao/  in  use.]  itpenser. 

1,3^  Locke.  3.  To  draw  back. 

5.  To'recover  fi-om  a  state  of  neglect  or  de-  j  ^-;"S::;-J"l;^ir^l:r^,^i„. 
pression  ;  as,  to  revive  letters  or  learning.  1      „.„„^.„„,  ,     "  i)a^>s. 

6.  To   recomfort;    to  quicken;    to   "-efresh  li^pjy^),^^,  ■'^.  ,.    To  renounce  at  cards. 

with  joy  or  hope.  .    ,     „    ,  IllKVO'KK,  n.   The   act   of  renouncing  at 

Wilt  thou  nol  iTDire  us  again  ?     Ps.  Ixxxv.  .i 

7.  To  bring  again  into  notice.  RKVo'kKD.  pp.  Repealed  ;  reversed. 

iJeiiwe  thehbels  born  to  die.  ^""^-  RFA'O'KEMENT,    n.    Revocation  ;  rever 

8.  In  chimistri),  to  restore   or  reduce  toils:     sji|.     \  Little  used.]  Shak. 
natural  state  or  to  its  metallic  state;  as,  IREVO'KING,  ppr.  Reversing;  repealing, 
to  revive  a  metal  after  calcination.                 REVOLT',  ii.  i.  [Fr.   revolter  ;  It.  rivoltare 

REVI'VED,  pp.  Brought  to  life  ;  reanima- 1     ri  anAvoltare,  to  turn  ;  from  L.  revolvo ;  re 

ted  ;    renewed  ;    recovered  ;    quickened  ;  j     and  volvo,  to  turn,  Eng.  wallow.] 

cheered  ;  reduced  to  a  metallic  state.  1.  To  fall  off  or  turn  from  one  to  another. 

REVl'VER,  n.    That  which  revives  ;  that  Stiak 

which  invigorates  or  refreshes  ;  one  that  2.  To  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection  to 

redeems  from  neglect  or  depression.  one's  prince  or  state  ;  to  reject  the  autlior- 

REVIV'IFl€ATE,    v.t.  [Fr.   revivifier  ;  L.       ity   of  a  sovereign;  as   a' province  or 

re  and   vivifico ;  vivus,  alive,  and  facio,  to      number  of  people.     It  is  not  applied  to  in- 

make.]  dividuals. 

To  revive  ;  to  recall  or  restore  to  life.     [Lit-  Tijg  Edomitcs  revolted  from  under  the  hand 

«c  u.serf.]  ofJu.lah.     2  Chron   xxi. 

REVIVIFICA'TIOX,  n.  Renewal  of  life  ;  3.  To  chanse.     [jVot  iji  use.]  Shak. 

restoration  of  life:  or  the  act  of  iecHllingll4    In  Scripture,  to  disclaim   allegiance  and 

to  life.  Spectator.      subjection  to  God  ;  to  reject  the  govern- 

2.  In  chvnisiry,  the  reduction  of  a  metal  to      nient  of  the  King  of  kings.     Is.  xx.xi. 

its  metallic  state.  I  REVOLT',  v.  t.  To  turu  ;  to  put  to  flight ; 

REVIV'IFY,  v.  t.  [Fr.  revivifier.]    To  recall       to  overturn.  Burke. 

to  life  ;  to  reanimate.  Stackhouse.  o.  To  shock;  to  do  violence  to;  to  cause  to 

2.  To  give  new  life  or  vigor  to.  |      shrink  or  turn  awav  with  abhorrence  ;  as, 

REVI' VINO,  ;;;)r.  Bringing  to   life  again  ;      to  i-fTO/<  the  mind  or  the  feelings.  j 

reanimating  ;  renewing  ;  recalling   to  the!  -^,,,1^  ,,„nest  pride  of  their  purer  religion  had 

memory  ;  iccovcriiig  Irom   neglect  or  de-        retvlteil  the  Babylonians.  Mitford. 

pression;  icfrcsliing  with  joy  or  hope  ;  re-  REVOLT',  re.  Desertion;  change  of  sides  ; 

ducing  to  a  metallic  state.  nwre.  correctly,  a  renunciation  of  allegi- 

REVIVlS'CENCE,  r    Renewal  of  life;  re-       ^^^e  and   subjection     to  one's   prince  or 
REVIVIS'CENCY,  S    ■tuintohfe.  government:  as  the  m'oM  of  a  province  of 

Burnet.'      {|,p  Roman  empire. 
REVIVIS'CENT,    a.    Reviving  ;  regaining  o    Gross  dei)arture  from  duty.  Shak 

or  restoring  life  or  action.  Darwin.  •:^_  \n  g„ipture,  a   rejection  'of  divine   gov- 

REVrVOR,  )i.  In   law,   the   reviving  of  a  1     ernment;  departure  from  God;  disobedi- 

suit  which  is  abated  by  the  death  of  anyi      ence.     Is.  lix. 

of  the  parties.     This  is  done  by   a    hill   of  4.  A  revolter.     [JSTolinuse.]  Shak. 

revivor.  B'«e*s'one.  iRiivOLT'ED.    pp.    Having  swerved  from 

REVOCABLE,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ;ci'OcaWK«.  I     allegiance  or  duty.  Milton. 

See  Revoke.]  ij.j    shocked;  grossly  oflTended. 

That  may  be  recalled  or  revoked;  that  may  REVOLTER,  n.  One  who  changes  sides; 

be   repealed   or  annulled;  as  a   revocable)     a  deserter.  Mterbun/. 

edict  or  grant.  |2    One  who  renounces  allegiance  ami  suh- 

REV'OeABLENESS,    n.    The   quality  of     jection  t<i  his  prince  or  state. 

being  revocable.  3    j„  Scripture,  one  who  renounces  the  au- 


REV'OCATE,  V.  t.  [L.  rcvoco :  re  and  voco, 
to  call.l     To  recall ;    to  call   back.     [J\ot 


tlinrity  aiul  laws  of  God.     Jer.  vi.  Ilos.  ix. 
^       „      ,    ,  .         REVOLT  ING,  ;)/)r.  Changing  sides ;   de- 

m  use.     see  Revoke.]  j     gprtiii''. 

REVOCA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revocatio.]  2.  Disclaiming  allegiance  and  subjection  to 

1.  The  act  of  recalling  or  calling  back  ;  as  j     a  prince  or  state, 
the  revocation  of  Calvin.  Hooker.  ,'.i.  Rejecting  the  authority  of  God 

2.  State  ofhring  recalled.  Hoieell.  i.  a.  Doing  violence,  as  to  the  feelings;  ex- 

3.  Repeal;  reversal;  as  the  refoca/iW  of  tlie||     citing  abhin-rence. 
edict  of  Nantz.     A  law  may  cease  to  ope-jjREV'OLUTE.    a.    [L.  revolutus,   from   re 
rate  without   an   express   revocation.     I^o }    volvo.] 


In  botany,  rolled  back  or  downwards;  as 
revolute  foliation  or  leafing,  when  the  sides 
of  the  leaves  in  the  bud  are  rolled  spi- 
rally back  or  towards  the  lower  surface ; 
a  revolute  leaf  or  tendril ;  a  revolute  corol 
or  valve.  Martyn      Lee. 

REVOLUTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  revoluius, 
revolvo.] 

\.  In  physics,  rotation  ;  the  circular  motion 
of  a  boily  on  its  axis;  a  course  or  motion 
which  brings  every  point  of  the  surface 
or  periphery  of  a  l3orly  back  to  the  place 
at  which  it  began  to  tnove  ;  as  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  wheel ;  the  diurnal  revolution  of 
the  earth. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  body  round  any  fixed 
point  or  center;  as  the  annual  revolution 
of  the  earth  or  other  planet  in  its  orbit 
round  the  center  of  the  system. 

3.  Motion  of  any  thing  which  brings  it  to 
the  same  point  or  state  ;  as  the  revolution 
of  day  and  night  or  of  the  seasons. 

4.  Continued  course  marked  by  the  regular 
return  of  years ;  as  the  revolution  of  ages. 

5.  Space  measured  by  some  regular  return 
of  a  revolving  body  or  of  a  state  of  things  ; 
as  the  revolution  of  a  day.  Dryden. 

(5.  In  politics,  a  material  or  entire  change  in 
the  constitution  of  government.  Thus  the 
revolution  in  England,  in  1688,  was  pro- 
duced by  the  abdication  of  king  James  II. 
the  establishment  of  the  house  of  Orange 
upon  the  throne,  and  the  restoration  of 
the  constitution  to  its  primitive  state.  So 
the  revolutions  in  Poland,  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  in  France,  con- 
sisted in  a  change  of  constitution.  We 
shall  rejoice  to  hear  that  the  Greeks  have 
effected  a  revolution. 
Motion  backward.  .Milton. 

This  word  is  used  adjectively,  as  in  the 
phrase,  revolution  principles. 

Mdison.     Smollet. 

REVOLUTIONARY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
revolution  in  government ;  as  a.  revolution- 
ary war  ;  revolutionary  crimes  or  disasters. 

Burke. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  a  revolution  ;  as  rev- 
otntionnri/  measures. 

REVOLU  TIONER,  n.  One  who  is  enga- 
ged in  effecting  a  revolution ;  a  revolu- 
tionist. Ramsay. 

2.  In  England,  one  who  favored  the  revo- 
lution in  1088.  Smollet. 

REVOLUTIONIST,  n.  One  engaged  in 
effecting  a  change  of  government ;  the  fa- 
vorer of  a  revolution.     Burke.   S.S.Smith. 

REVOLUTIONIZE,  r.  t.  To  effect  a 
change  in  the  form  of  a  political  constitu- 
tion ;  as,  to  revolutionize  a  government. 

Ames. 

2.  To  effect  an  entire  change  of  principles  in. 

'I  he  i^ospel,  if  received  in  truth,  has  rerolu- 

iionized  his  soul.  /.  -V.  .\fason. 

REVOLUTIONIZED,  pp.  Changed  in 
constitutional  form  and  principles. 

REVOLUTIONIZING,  ppr.  Changing  the 
form  and  principles  of  a  constitution. 

REVOLV'ENCY,  n.  State,  act  or  principle 
of  revolving;  revolution. 

Its  own  revottency  upholds  the  world. 

Cowper. 

REVOM'IT,  V.   t.    [re   and  vomit;    Fr.  re- 

j'omi'r.] 
To  vomit  or  pour  forth  again  ;  to  reject  from 

the  stomach.  HakewiU. 


R  E  W 

REA^OM'ITED,  pp.  Vomited  again. 
REVOM'ITING,  ppr.  Vomiting  again. 
REVUL'SION,  n.    (Fr.   iVoin   L.    revulms 
revello ;  re  ami  veUo,  to  pull.] 

1.  Ill  medicine,  the  ai-t  of  turning  or  diverting 
a  flux  of  humors  or  any  cause  of  disease, 
from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

En  eye. 

2.  The  act  of  holding  or  drawing  back. 

Brown. 
REVUL'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  povv'er  of  re- 
vulsion. 
REVUL'SIVE,  »i.  That  which  has  the  pow- 
er of  diverting  humors  from  one  part  to 
another. 
2.  That  which  has  the  power  of  withdraw- 
ing. F^il- 
REW,  n.  A  row.     [Mt  in  tise.         Spenser. 
REWARD',  V.  t.  a  as  aw.   [Norm,  regardcr, 
to  allow  ;  regardes,  fees,   allowances,  per- 
quisites, rewards;  .'-fgari/fi,  awarded.     In 
these  words  there  appears  to  be  an  alli- 
ance with  regard.     But   in   the   Fr.  and 
Norm,  guerdon,  a  reward,  and  guerdonncr, 
to  reward,  this  alliance  iloes    not  appear. 
So  the  Italian  gwiderdonare,  to  reward,  isj 
evidently  a  compound  of  the  L.  dono  with 
another  word,  .ind   apparently    with   the 
Sax.  wither,  G.  wider  and   ivieder,  D.  we- 
der,  answering  to  L.  re,   denoting  return. 
The    Spanish    and    Portuguese  have  the 
Latin  word  with    a  different  prefix ;  Sp. 
galnrdon,  a  reward;  galardonar,  to  reward  ; 
Port,  gatardam,   galadoar.     The   Armorie 
has  garredon,  garredoner.    Rew-ard  appears 
to  be  from  the  Norman.]  ] 
To  give  in  return,  either  good  or  evil. 

Thou  hast  rewarded  me  good,  whereas  I 
have  rewarded  thee  evil.     1  Sam.  xxiv. 

Hence,  when  good  is  returned  for  good, 
reward  signifies  to  repay,  to  recompense, 
to  compensate.  When  evil  or  sufteriiig  is 
returned  for  injury  or  wickedness,  reioard 
signifies  to  punish  with  just  retribution, 
to  take  vengeance  on,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  case. 

I  will  render  vengeance  to  my  enemies ;  and 
will  reward  them  that  hate  me.     Deut.  xxxii. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  come  in  the  glory  of 
his  Father,  with  his  angels,  and  then  he  shall 
reward  every  man  according  to  his  works. 
Matt.  xvi. 

In  the  latter  ])assage,  reward  signifies  to 
render  both  good  and  evil. 
REWARD',  71.  Recompense,  or  equivalent 
return  for  good  done,  fm-  kindness,  for 
services  and  the  like.  Rewards  may  con- 
sist of  money,  goods  or  any  return  of  kind- 
ness or  happiness. 

The  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  reward.  1 
Tim.  v. 

Great  is  your  reward  in  heaven.  Matt.  v. 
Rewards  and  punishments  presuppose 
moral  agency,  and  something  voluntarily 
doni,  well  or  ill;  without  which  respect, 
though  we  may  receive  good,  it  is  oidy  a 
benefit  and  not  a  reward. 
',1.  The  fruit  of  men's  labor  or  works. 

The  dead  know  not  any  thing,  neither  have 
they  any  more  a  reward      Eccles.  ix. 
:i.  A  bribe  ;  a  gift  to  pervert  justice.     Deut. 

xxvii. 
4.  A  sum  of  money  offered  for  taking  or  de 
tecting  a  criminal,  or  for  recovery  of  any 
thing  lost. 


R  H  E 


5.  Punishment;  a  just  return  of  evil  or  suf- 
I     fering  tin-  wickedness. 

Only  with  thine  eyes  shalt  thou  behold  and 
see  the  reward  of  the  wicked.     Ps.  xci. 

0.  Return  in  human  applause.     Matt.  vi.       i 

7.  Retin-u  in  jov  and  comti>rt.     Ps.  xix.         j 

REWARD'AB'LE,    a.    That    may   be    re-: 

j     warded  ;  worthy  of  recompense.  [ 

Hooker.     Taylor. 

REWARD'ABLENESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  worthy  of  reward.  Goodman. 

REW.IrD'ED,  pp.  Requited;  recom- 
pensed or  punished. 

REWARD' ER,  n.  One  who  rewards;  one 

that  requites  or  recompenses.     Heb.  xi.     | 

Addison.     Swift.\ 

REWARD'ING,  ppr.  Making  an  equiva- 
lent return  for  good  or  evil;  requiting; 
recompensing  or  punishing. 

■REWORD,  v.f.    [re  and  word.]     To  repeat 

I     in  tlie  s.-iine  words.      [jVot  in  use.]      Shak. 

REVVRl'TE.  V.  I.  To  write  a  second  time. 

REWRIT'TEN,  pp.  Written  again.  ! 

Kent. 

IrEYS,  n.  The  master  of  an  Egyptian  bark 

RHAB'ARBAR.\TE,  a.  [See  Rhubarb.] 
Impregnated  or  tinctured  with  rhubarb. 

Floi/er.: 

RHABDOL'OUV,  n.  [Gr.  paS8os,  a  stufl'  or 

wand,  andXoyoj,  discourse.]  j 

The  act  or  art  of  computing  or  numbering, 

by  Napier's  rods  or  Napier's  bones. 

Jones.' 

RHAB'DOMANCY,  n.  [Gr.  paSSoj,  a  rod, 
and  ixavtiia,  divination.] 

Divin.uion  bv  a  rod  or  wand.  Brown. 

IRHAPSOD'le,        I  „      [from       rhapsody.] 

'RllAPSOD'I€AL,  ^  "■     Pertaining     to     or 

I     consisting  of  rhapsody  ;  unconnected. 

]  Mason.     Martin. 

RHAP'SODIST,  n.  [from  rhapsody.]  Onej 
that  writes  or  speaks  without  regular  de-' 
pendence  of  one  part  of  his  discourse  on 
another.  ffatts.' 

One  who  recites  or  sings  rhapsodies  tor  a[ 
livelihood  ;  or  one  who  makes  and  repeatsi 
verses  extempore. 

3.  .\nciently,  one   whose  profession  was  to] 
recite  the  verses  of  Homer  and  other  po-, 
ets. 
RHAP'SODY,  n.  [Gr.  po+wSia ;    pa.tru,   to 

sew  or  unite,  and  iobrj,  a  song.] 
Originally,  a  discourse  in  verse,  sung  or  re- 
hearsed by  a  rhapsodist ;  or  a  collection 
of  verses,  particularly  those  of  Homer.  In 
modern  usage,  a  collectiun  of  passages, 
thoughts  or  authorities,  composing  a  new 
piece,  hut  without  necessary  dependence 
or  natural  connection.  Locke,     ffatts. 

RHEIN-BERRY,  n.  Buckthorn,  a  plant. 

Johnson. 

RHE'NISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  river 
Rhine,  or  to  Rheims  in  France  ;  as  Rhem.sh 
wine  ;  as  a  noun,  the  wine  |)rndnced  on 
the  hills  about  Rheims,  which  is  reniark- 
able  as  a  solvent  of  iron.  Encyc. 

RHE'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Rhieti,  or  to  Rhajtia,  their  country  ;  as  the 
Rliitian  .\lps,  now  the  country  of  Tyrol 
and  the  Grisons. 

RHE'TOR.  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  pijrwp,  an  ora-j 
tor  or  speaker.] 

A  rlietorician.     [Little  used-]        Ilatmnond. 


R  H  I 

iRHET'ORle,  n.  [Gr.  p^ropixij,  from  pfo,  to 
s|)eak,  to  flow,  contracted  from  ptruj  or 
pf9u,  Eiig.  to  read.  Tlie  primary  sense  is 
to  drive  or  send.  See  Read.] 
1.  The  art  of  speaking  with  propriety,  ele- 
gance and  force. 

Locke.     Dryden.     Encyc. 
3.  The  power  of  persuasion  or   attraction  ; 
that  which  allures  or  charms.     We  speak 
of  the  rhetoric  of  the  tongue,  and  the  red- 
one of  the  heart  or  eyes. 

Sweet  ^ilent  rhetoric  of  persuading  eyes. 

Daniel. 

RHETORICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  rhetoric  : 

as  the  rhetorical  art. 


2.  Containing  the   rules  of  rhetoric;  as  a 
rhetorical  treatise. 

3.  Oratorial ;  as  a  rhetorical  flourish.     More. 
RHETOR'le.\LLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 

rhetoric;  according  to  the  rules  of  rheto- 
ric ;  as,  to  treat  a  subject   rhetorically  ;  a 
discourse  rhetorically  delivered. 
RHETOR'IC.VTE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  orator. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

RHETORICA'TION,  n.  Rhetorical  am- 
plification. LYot  in  use.]  JVaterland. 
RHETORP'OIAN,  n.  [Fr.rhetoricitn.]  One 
who  teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric,  or  the 
principles  and  rules  of  correct  and  elegant 
speaking. 

The  ancient  sophists  and  rhetoricians,  who 
had  young  auiUtOrs,  lived  till  they  were  a  hun- 
dred year.s  old.  Bacon. 
3.  One  well  versed  in  the  rules  and  princi- 
ples of  rhetoric. 
3.  .'Vn  orator.     [Less  proper.]              Dryden. 
RHETORI'CIAN,    a.     [See    the    Noun.] 
Suiting  a  master  of  rhetoric.   [JVot  in  use.] 

Blacktnore. 
RHET'ORIZE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  orator. 

Cot  grave. 
RHET'ORIZE,  v.  t.  To  represent  by  a  fig- 
ure of  oratory.  Milton. 
RHEUM,  n.   [Gr.  ptvua,  from  psu,  to  flow.] 
1.  An  increased  and  often  inflammatory  ac- 
tion of  the  vessels  of  any  organ  ;  but  gen- 
erally applied  to  the  inflammatory  action 
of  the  mucous  glands,  attended  with  in- 
creased discharge  and  an  altered  state  of 
their  excreted  fluids.  Parr. 
A  thin  serous  fluid,  secreted  by  the  mu- 
cous "lands,  &,c. ;  as  in  catarrh.        Shak. 
RHEFMAT'lC,    a.    [L.   rhcuinaticus ;    Gr. 
pfvuarixoi,-,  from  prv/io,  rheum,  which   see.] 
Pertaining  to   rheumatism,  or  partakins  of 
its  nature  ;  as  rheumalic   paius  or   ati'cc- 
tions. 
RHEU'M.\TISM,  n.  [L.  rhcumatismus  ;  Gr. 
pft'^aTiofioj,   from  pfv.ua,   a  watery  humor, 
from  ptio,  to  flow ;  the  ancients  supposing 
the  disease  to  inoceed  from  a  defluxion  of 
humors.] 
.\    painful   disease    affecting    muscles    and 
joints   of  the  human    body,    chiefly    the 
larger  joints,  as  tlie  hips,  knees,  shoulders, 
&c.                                            Eniyc.     Parr. 
RIIEU'MY,  a.  [from  r/ieum.]  Full  of  rheum 
or  watery  matter  ;  consisting  of  rheum  or 
pan;ikin'.'  of  its  nature. 
3.  .\lTcctcd  with  rheum.                       Drydt-n. 
3.  Abounding  with  sharp  moisture;  causing 
rheum.  Shak. 
RIHME.  [See  Rliyme.] 
RHI'NO,  n.  A  cant  word  for  gold  anil  sil- 
ver, or  money.                              tragsiaffc. 


R  H  U 


R  II  Y 


R  I   B 


UHINOCE'RIAL,     a.     [from     rhinoceros.] 

Peiliiiiiiiig  to  llie  rhinoceros;  resembling 
tli<;  ihinciceros.  Tatter. 

RHlN(JC'KROS,  «.  [Fr.  rhinoceros  or  rhi- 
nocerot  ;  h.  S\i.  riiioccronl>i ;  L.  rhinoceros ; 
Gr.  (jiroxtfjuj,  iiose-liorii  ;  p"',  tlie  nose,  W. 
rhi/n,  a  |n)iiit,  ;iii(l  xit>ai,  a  liorii.] 

A  gciiuti  of  quudrupeils  oflwo  species,  one 
of  wlni-li,  tlie  unicorn,  lias  a  single  liorn 
growing  alinnst  erect  froin  the  iiose.  This 
animal  when  full  (.'riiwn,  is  said  to  be  Vi 
feet  in  lengtli.  There  is  another  species 
with  two  horns,  the  bicornis.  They  are 
natives  (if  A.-ia  ■■mil  Aliioa.  Enci/c 

RHINOCEROS  hllM),  «.   A  bird    of   the 
genus  Buceros,  having  a  crooked  horn  on 
the  forehead,  joined  to  the  upper  mandi 
ble. 

RHO'DIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an 
isle  of  the  Mediterranean ;  as  Rhodian 
laws. 

RHO'DIUM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discover- 
ed among  grains  of  crude  platinum. 

RHODODENDRON,  n.  [Gr.  (loior,  a  rose 
and  bivhfjoi',  a  tree.] 

The  dwarl'rosi-bay.  Evelijn. 

RHO'DONITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  red,  rid 
dish,  or  yellowish  while  color,  and  splin 
tery  fracture,  occurring  compact  or  fi- 
brous in  the  Hartz,  at  Strahlberg,  &c. 

Phillip.1. 

RHOR'TIZITE,  I  ^     A    mineral  occurring 

RHET'IZITE,  \  "■  in  masses  or  in  radia- 
ted concretions,  ami  of  a  white  i-olor. 

RHOMB,  n.  [Vr.  rhombc ;  E.  rhombus;  Gr. 
pouSoi,  from  (ifuSio,  to  turn  or  whirl  round, 
to  wander,  to  roam  or  rove  ;  literally,  a  de- 
viating square.] 

In  geometry,  an  oblique  angled  parallelo- 
gram, or  a  qua<lrilateral  figure  whose 
sides  are  equal  and  parallel,  but  the  an- 
gles unequal,  two  of  the  angles  being  ob- 
tuse and  two  acute.  It  cmisists  of  two 
equal  and  right  cones  imited  at  the  has(-. 
Encijc.     Harris. 

RHO.'\lB'le,  a.  Having  the  figure  of  a 
rhomli.  Grew. 

RHOiVl'BO,  n.  A  fish  of  the  turlmt  kind. 

Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 

RHOM'BOID,  n.  [Gr.  po.uffoj,  rhomb,  and 
iiiof,  form.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figme  having  some  resem- 
blance to  a  rlionih  ;  or  a  (puulrilateral  fig- 
ure whose  opposite  sides  and  angles  are 
equal,  but  which  is  neither  equilateral  nor 
eipiiangular.  Encyc.l 

2.  a.   In   anatomy,  the  rhomhnij  muscle  is  a! 
thin,  broad    and   obliquely    square   flesliy 
muscle,  between  the  basis  of  the  scapula  I 
and  the  spina  ilorsi.  Enri/c.'i 

RHOMBOID'AL,  a.  Haviiig  the  shape  oia 
rhomboid,  or  a  shape  approachins  it. 

fVoodward. 

KHO!\lB-SPAR.  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish 
white,  occurring  massive,  disseminated 
and  crystalized  in  rhomboids,  imbedded 
in  chlorite  slate,  limestone,  &c.  It  con- 
sists chiefly  of  carbonates  of  lime  and 
magnesia.  (Jre. 


bard  ;  the  palmated,  or  true  Chinese  rhu-j 
barb;  the  compact  or  Tartarian;  the  un- 
dulated, or  waved-lealecl  Clnnese  rhu- 
barb; and  the  rihe.H,  or  currant  rlinbarh  of 
mount  Eibanus.  Tlie  root  is  medicinal 
anil  much  used  as  a  moilerate  cathartic. 


RHYTHM,  }  „    [Gr.  pve^oj.]    In  mujriV, 

RHVTH'MUS,  S  "•  variety  in  the  move- 
ment as  to  quickness  or  slowness,  or 
length  and  shortness  of  the  notes  ;  or  rath- 
er the  proportion  which  the  parts  of  the 
motion  have  to  each  other.  Encyc. 


RHUB'.VRBARIN  E,  n.    .\   vegetable  sub-  2.  Meter;  verse;  number. 

stance  ohtained  from  rhubarb.  ! 

Journ.  oj" Science. 

RHUMB,  n.  [from  rhomb.]  In  navigation, 
a  vertical  circle  of  any  given  |ilace,  or  the 
inter.section  of  such  a  circle  wilh  the  hori- 
zon ;  in  which  last  serine,  rhumb  is  the 
same  as  a  point  of  the  compass. 

RHUMB-LINE,    n.    In    navigation,   a    line 


Howell. 
pvOfuxoi ;     L. 


RHU'BARB,    n.    [Pers.     Os3  0,    rawand.  i^^"^'.'^'f"'LKSS,  «.  Destitute  of  rhyme;  not 

.5  J  Ij     havmg  consonance  ol  sound.  Hall. 

In  Syr.  raiionV.     It  seems  to   be  a  coni-j  RHV'MEu,       i      One  who  makesrhymes; 

pound  word,  latinized  rhaharbanim.]  RHY'MIST,       >  ii.a  versifier;  a  poor  poet. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum,  of  several  spe-  RHY'M.^TER,  )  Johnson.     Dryden.i 

cies;  as  the  rhapontic,  or  common  rhu- JRUY'MIC,  a.  Pcrtaiuing  to  rhyme.  | 


RHYTHMICAL,     a.     [Gr. 

rhythmiciis.] 
Having  proportion  of  sound,  or  one  Eoiind 
proportioned  to  another  ;  liarmonical. 

Johnson. 
Duly   regulated   by   cadences,   accents 
I      and  quantities.  Busby. 

REAL,  n.  .A  Spanish  coin.     [See.  Real.] 
prolonged  from  any  point  of  the  compass^  REAL,  n.  [from   royal.]    A   royal;   a   gold 
on  a  nautical  chart,  e.fcept  from  the  tinn-      coin  of  the  value  often  shillings  .■•terline, 
cardinal  points.  i      fonrierly  current  in  Britain.  Encyc. 

RH^  ME,  /       [Sa.\.  rim  aiulgerim,  number  ;'  RIANT,  «.  [Er.  from  nVe,  to  laugh.]  Laugh- 
RIME,       J    '  riman,  10  number  ;  ^e-ri»Ha»!, I]     ing  ;  exciting  laughter.      [.Yot  anglicized.] 
id. ;    riman  and  ryman,  to   give   place,  to'I  Jiuck. 

open  a  way,  to  make   room;    Sw.    Dan.  RIB,  n.  [Sax.  n'i  or  ribb ;  Ice.  rif;  G.  rip- 
■"'    •'■-'■■•   '■•    -'  ■'       /)C  ;  D.  ni,  a  rib  or  rafle:- ;  Sw.  ri/icji,  rib 
or  side  bone  ;  Dan.   rlbbe    or  ribbeen,   rib- 
bone ;    Riiss.    rebro,    a    rib   or  side.     This 
word,  like  the  L.  casta,  signifies  side,  bor- 
der, extremity,  whence   the  compound  in 
Sw.  Dan.  i-ib-bone,  that    is,  side-bone.     It 
may  be  allied  to  the  L.  ripa.     The   sense 
of  We  is  generally  from  extending.] 
1.  A  bone   of  animal  bodies  which  forms  a 
part  of  the  frame  of  the  thorax.     The  ribs 
in  the  human  body    are   twelve  on   each 
side,   proceeding    from   the   spine  to   the 
sternmn,  or  towards  it,  and  serving  to  in- 
close and  jirotect  tin-  heart  and  lungs. 
In  ship  biiUJing,  a  piece  of  timber  which 
j     forms  ur  strengthens  the  side  of  a  ship. 
j  Ribs   of  a   parrel,    aie    short    pieces  of 

I     plank,    having  holes   through  which   are 
[     reeved  the  two  parts  of  the  parrel-rope. 
I  Mar.     Did. 

3.  In  botany,  the  continnaiioii  of  the  petiole 
along  the  middle  of  a  leaf,  and  from  which 
the  veins  take  their  rise.  Martyn. 

4.  In  clolh,  a  prominent  line  or  rising,  like  a 
rib. 

.5.  Something  long,  thin  and  narrow;  a 
strip.     [W.rhib.] 

RIB,  r.  t.  To  furnish  with  ribs.  In  7;wnH- 
faclures,  to  form  with  rising  lines  and 
channels;  as,  to  rib  cloth;  whence  we 
say,  ribbed  cloth. 

"2.  To  inclose  with  ribs.  Shak. 

n.  [Er.  riband;  It.  ribnldo,  a 
rogue,  and  as  an  adjective,  poor,  beggarly  ; 
Arm.  riband,  a  fornicator.  Qii.  D.  rabout, 
rabanw,  a  rogue  or  rascal.  .-Vccording  to 
the  Italian,  this  word  is  a  compound  of  ri 
or  re,  and  baldo.  bold,  oi  Sp.  Laldio,  idle, 
lazy,  vagrant,  untillcd.  But  the  real  com- 
position of  the  word  is  not  ascertained.] 

.•V  low,  vulgar,  brutal  wretch  ;  a  lewd  fellow. 
Shak.     Spenser.     Pope. 

RIB'ALD,  a.  Low;  base;   mean.         Shak. 

RIB'ALDISH,  a.  Disposed  to  ribaldry. 

Hall. 

RIBALDRY,  n.  [It.  ribalderia.]  Mean, 
vulgar  language ;  chiefly,  obscene  lan- 
guage. Dryden.     Swift. 

RIB'.\N,  )(.  In  heraldry,  the  eighth  part  of 
a  bend.  Encyc. 

RIBBED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  ribs; 
as  ribbed  with  steel.  Sandys. 

3.  Inclosed  as  with  ribs.  Shak. 


nni ;  D.  rym  ;  (i.  reim ;  ^V.  rhiv  ;  Ir.  rimli 
or  reomh.  The  Welsh  word  is  rendered 
also,  that  divides  or  separates,  and  the 
Sax.  rim  seems  to  be  conni'cted  with  room, 
from  opening.spreading.  The  deduction  of 
this  word  from  the  Greek  ^ivOnoi,  is  a  pal- 
pable error.  The  true  orthography  is' 
rime  or  ryme  ;  but  as  rime  is  hoar  I'rost,  and 
rhyme  gives  the  true  pronunciation,  it  may; 
be  convenient  to  continue  the  jiresent  or- 
thography.] 

,  In  poetry,  the  correspondence  of  sounds 
in  the  terminating  words  or  .'iyllahles  of 
two  verses,   one   of  which   succeeds    the 
other   immediately,   or  at   no   great    dis-  "-, 
lance. 

For  rhyme  wilh  reason  may  dispense. 

And  soiind  has  right  to  govern  sense. 

Prior. 

To  constitute  this  correspondence  in 
single  words  or  in  syllahles,  it  is  nece.-J.sa- 
ry  that  the  vowel,  and  the  final  articula- 
tions or  consonants,  should  he  the  same, 
or  have  nearly  the  same  sound.  The  ini- 
tial consonants  may  be  dill'erent,  as  in 
find  and  mind,  jitiv  and  drew,  cause  and 
laws. 
A  liarmonical  succession  of  sounds. 

Tlie  youth  with  song-*  and  rhymes. 

Some  dance,  sonic  haul  the  rope.     Dcnham. 
'i.  Poetry  :  a  poem. 

He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme.    I  ■,,,,,,  ,  ,, 

4.  A  word  of  sound  to   answer  to  another 

word. 
Rhyine  or  reason,  number  or  sense. 
liiU  Iroin  that  lime  unto  tlii-*  season, 
!  Ikk!  noitlu-T  rfii/me  nor  reason. 
RHYME,  I',  i.  To  accord  in  sound. 
Hut  fiigolcd  his  iioljoiis  as  tlicy  t'eli. 
And  if  they  rliym'd  and  lattl'd,  all  was  well 

Ztryden 
2.  To  make  verses. 

There  march'd  the  bard  and  blockhead  side 

by  side. 
Who    rhym'd  for  hire,    and   ]>atroniz'd    for 
pride.  Pope. 

RHYME,  V.  t.  To  luit  into  rhyme.     If'ilson. 


Youns 


Spenser. 


R  I  C 


li  I  C 


R  I  C 


3.  Marked  or  formed  with  rising  lines  and 
channels  ;  as  ribbed  cloth. 

RIB'IN,  n.  [W.  ihibin,  a  row  or  streak,  a 
dribblet;  rhib,ii\.;  jr.  ruibin  :  Fr.ruban; 
Arm.  rubanou.  Tliis  word  has  no  connec- 
tion with  band,  and  the  common  orthog- 
raphy is  grossly  erroneous.] 

1.  A  fillet  of  silk  ;  a  narrow  weh  of  silk  us- 
ed for  an  ornament,  as  a  badge,  or  for  fast- 
ening some  part  of  female  dress. 

Dry  den. 

2.  In  naval  architecture,  a  long  narrow  flexi- 
ble piece  of  timber,  nailed  upon  the  out- 
side of  the  ribs  from  the  stem  to  the  stern- 
post,  so  as  to  encompass  the  ship  length- 
wise ;  the  principal  are  the  floor  ribin  and 
the  breadth-ribin.  Mar.  Diet. 

RIB'IN,  I'.  (.  To  adorn  with  ribins. 

Beau  in. 

RIB'ROAST,  V.  t.  [rib  and  roast.]  To  beat 
sonndlv  ;  «  burlesque  word.  Butler. 

RIB'ROASTED, /'/J-  Soundly  beaten. 

RIB  ROASTING,  ppr.  Beating  soundly. 

RIBWORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Plant- 
ago. 

Rie,      ?    as  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdic- 

RICK,  S  ti""i  "I"  •'1  district  over  wliich  gov- 
ernment is  exercised,  as  in  bishoprick ;  Sax. 
qjne-ric,  king-ric.  It  is  the  Gothic  reiki, 
dominion,  Sax.  rice  or  ric  ;  from  the  same 
root  as  L.  rego,  to  rule,  and  region. 

RIe,  as  a  termination  of  names,  denotes  rich 
or  poweiful,  as  in  Alfric,  Frederick,  like 
the  Greek  Poli/criiles  and  Plutarrhus.  It 
is  the  first  syllable  of  Richard;  Sax.  nc, 
rice.     [See  Rich.] 

RICE,  Ji.  [Fr.  riz  or  ris;  It.  riso;  Sp.  Port. 
arroz  ;  G.  reis  or  reiss  ;  D.  ryst ;  Dan.  ris  ; 

5j£ 

L.  oryza ;  Gr.  opvfa;    Eth.  rez;   Ar.    ;  ,\ 

—  f 
arozon,  from  the  verb    •.\ 

contracted,  or  to  be  firmly  fixed.  The 
word  is  common  to  most  of  the  Asiatics. 
Persians,  Turks,  Armenians  and  Tartars.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Oryza,  and  its  seed. 
The  calyx  is  a  bivalvular  uniflorous  glume  : 
the  corol  bivalvular,  nearly  equal,  and  ad- 
hering to  the  seed.  There  is  only  one 
species.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  all 
warm  climates,  and  the  grain  forms  a 
large  portion  of  the  food  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. In  America,  it  grows  chiefly  on  low 
moist  land,  which  can  be  overflowed.  It 
is  a  light  food,  and  said  to  be  little  apt  to 
produce  acidity  in  the  stomach.  Indeed 
it  seems  intended  by  the  wise  and  benev- 
olent Creator  to  be  the  proper  food  of  men 
in  warm  climates. 
RICE-BIRD,  I      A  bird  of  the  United 

RICE-BUNTING,  S  ""  States,  the  Emberiza 
oryzivora ;  so  named  from  its  feeding  on 
rice  in  the  S.  Stales.  In  New  England, 
it  is  called  bob-lincoln.  tVilson. 

RICH,  a.  [Fr.  nclic  ;  Sp.  rico  ;  It.  ricco ;  Sax. 
ric,  rice,  ricca ;  I),  ryk  ;  G.  reich  ;  Sw.  rik  ; 
Dan.  rig,  ritg.  This  word  in  Saxon  sig- 
nifies great,  noble,  jiowerful,  as  well  as 
rich.  It  is  probable  therefore  it  is  con- 
nected witli  ric,  dominion,  L.  rego,  regnum, 
Eiig.  reach,  region,  from  eitending.] 
1.  Wealthy  ;  opident ;  possessing  a  largo 
portion  of  land,  goods  or  money,  or  a 
larger  portion   than  is  connnon  to  other 


JJ 
araza,  to  be 


9. 

s 
10. 


men  or  to  men  of  like  rank.  A  farmei* 
may  be  rich  with  property  which  would 
not  make  a  nobleman  rich.  An  annual  in- 
come of  £500  sterling  would  make  a  rich 
vicar,  but  not  a  rich  bishop.  Men  more 
willingly  acknowledge  others  to  be  richer, 
than  to  be  wiser  than  themselves. 

Ahrain  was  very  rich  in  cattle,  in  silver  and 
in  gold.     Gen.  .xiit. 

2.  Splendid  ;  costly  ;  valuable  ;  precious  ; 
sun]ptuous;  as  a  ricft  dress;  an'cA  border; 
a  rich  silk  ;  rich  furniture;  a  rich  present. 

3.  Abundant  in  materials;  yielding  great 
rpiantities  of  any  thing  valuable  ;  as  a  rich 
mine ;  rich  ore. 

4.  Abounding  in  valuable  ingredients  or 
qualities;  as  a  rich  odor  or  flavor;  rich 
sjiices.  Waller.     Baker. 

So   we  say,  a  r(c/t  description ;  a  dis 
course  rich  in  ideas. 

5.  Full  of  valuable  achievments  or  works. 
Each  minute  shall  be  rich  in  some  great  ac- 
tion. Rome 

G.  Fertile  ;  fruitful ;  capable  of  producin" 
l.irge  crops  or  quantities  ;  as  a  rich  soil  ; 
rich  land  ;  rich  mold.  Philips. 

7.  Abundant ;  large  ;  as  a  rich  crop. 

8.  Abundant ;  affording  abundance  ;  plenti- 
ful. 

The  gorgeous  East  with  richest  hand 
Pours  on  her  sons  barbaric  pearl  and  gold. 

.l\Iiltmi. 
Full  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as  a  rich  land- 
irape  ;  a  rich  prospect. 

Abounding  with  elegant  colors;  as  a  n'c^ 
picture. 

11.  Plentifully  stocked;  as  pastures  rich  in 
flocks. 

12.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  perfect ;  as  a  rich  color. 

13.  Having  something  precious;  as  a  grove 
of  rich  trees.  .Milton. 

14.  Abounding  with  nutritious  qualities;  as 
a  rich  diet. 

15.  Highly  seasoned;  as  rich  paste;  a  rich 
dish  of  food. 

16.  Abounding  with  a  variety  of  delicious 
food  ;  as  a  rich  tabic  or  entertainment. 

17.  Contaming  abundance  beyond  wants;  as 
a  rich  treasury. 

18.  In  music,  full  of  sweet  or  harmonious 
sounds. 

19.  In  Scripture,  abounding;  highly  endow- 
ed with  spiritual  gifts;  as  rich  in  faith 
James  ii. 

20.  Placing  confidence  in  outward  prosper 
ity.    Matt.  xix. 

21.  Self-righteous  ;  abounding,  in  one's  own 
I     opinion,  with  spiritual  graces.     Rev.  iii. 

Rich  in  mercy,  spoken  of  God,  full  of  mercy, 
I  and  ready  to  bestow  good  things  on  sinfu 
j     men.    Eph.  ii.    Rom.  x. 

The  tick,  used  as  a  noun,  denotes  a  rich  man 
I  or  person,  or  more  frequently  in  the  i)lu- 
I     ral,  rich  men  or  persons. 

The  rich  hath  many  friends.   Prov.  xiv. 
RICH,  V.  t.  To  enrich.    [J\/'ot  used.  See  En- 
rich.] Gower. 
RICH'ED.  pp.  Enriched.     [JVol  used.] 

Shak 

RICH'ES,  71.  [Fr.  richesse  ;  h.ricchezza  ;  Sp 

riqueza.     This  is  in  the  singular  immber 

in  fact,  but  treated  as  the  plural.] 

I.   Wealth  ;  opulence  ;  affluence  ;  possessions 

of  l.iiid,  goods  or  money  in  abundance 

Riches  do  not  consist  in  having  more  gold  anc 
silver,  but  in  having  more  in  proportion  than  our] 
neighbors.  Locke. 


2.  Splendid  sumptuous  appearance. 

The   riches    of  heav'n's  pavement,  trodden 
gold.  Milton. 

3.  In  Scripture,  an  abundance  of  spiritual 
blessings.    Luke  xvi. 

The  riches  of  God,  his  fullness  of  wisdom, 
power,  mercy,  grace  and  glory,  Eph.  i.  ii. ; 
or  the  abundance  supplied  by  his  works. 
Ps.  civ. 

The  riches  of  Christ,  his  abundant  fullness  of 
spiritual  and  eternal  blessings  for  men. 
Eph.  iii. 

The  riches  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  consist  less 
in  a  full  treasury  than  in  the  proiluctive- 
ness  of  its  soil  and  manufactures,  and  in 
the  industry  of  its  inhabitants. 

RKyll'LY,  «(/i'.  With  riches;  with  opulence; 
with  abundance  of  goods  or  estate;  with 
ample  funds ;  as  a  hospital  richly  endow- 
ed. 

In  Belmont  is  a  lady  richly  left.  Shak. 

2.  Gayly;  splendidly;  magnificently;  asrich- 
ly  dre.«sed  ;  richly  ornamented. 

3.  Plenteously  ;  alMindanlly  ;  amply  ;  as,  to 
be  richly  paid  fur  services.  The  reading 
of  ancient  authors  will  richly  reward  us 
for  the  perusal. 

4.  Truly  ;  really  ;  abundantly  ;  fully  ;  as  a 
chastisement  richly  deserved.         Addison. 

RICII'NESS,  n.   Opulence  ;  wealth. 

Sidney. 

2.  Finery  ;  splendor.  Johnson. 

3.  Fertility  ;  fecundity  ;  fruitfulness  ;  the 
qualities  which  render  productive  ;  as  the 
n'cAiiess  of  a  soil.  Addison. 

4.  Fullness  ;  abundance;  as  the  n'cAneis  of  a 
treasury. 

o.  Quality  of  abounding  with  something  val- 
uable ;  as  the  richness  of  a  mine  or  an 
ore  ;  the  richness  of  milk  or  of  cane-juice. 

6.  Abundance  of  any  ingredient  or  quality  ; 
as  the  richness  of  spices  or  of  fragrance. 
Abundance  of  beautiful  scenery  ;  as  the 
richness  of  a  landscape  or  prospect. 

8.  Abundance  of  nutritious  qualities  ;  as  the 
richness  of  diet. 

9.  Abundance  of  high  seasoning;  as  the  rich- 
tiess  of  cake. 

10.  Strength;  vividness;  or  whatever  con- 
stitutes perfection  ;  as  the  richness  of  color 
or  coloring. 

11.  Abundance  of  imagery  or  of  striking 
ideas;  as  richness  of  description. 

RICK,  n.  [Sax.  hreac  or  hrig ;  Ir.  cruach ; 
W.  crug,  a  rick,  an  impostem,  a  heap,  a 
stack,  a  hillock  ;  crngaw,  to  heap  or  pile,  to 
swell,  to  grow  into  an  impostem.  It  co- 
incides with  the  G.  riicken,  D.  rug,  the 
back,  Eng.  ridge.] 

A  heap  or  pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the  field  or 
open  air,  but  sheltered  with  a  kind  of  roof. 
In  America,  we  usually  give  this  name  to 
a  long  pile;  the  round  and  conical  pile  be- 
ing culled  stark.  In  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, it  is  said  this  name  is  given  to  small 
piles  of  corn  in  the  field.  Mortimer. 

RICK'ETS.  )i.  [In  technical  language, racA- 
itis,  Gr.  pa;);iri5,  from  pa;);!?,  back  or  spine, 
Eng.  rack,  applied  to  the  neck  piece  of 
meat ;  S().  raquitio,  the  rickets.  See  Rack 
and  Ridge.] 

A  disease  which  aft'ects  children,  and  in 
which  the  joints  become  knotted,  and  the 
legs  and  spine  grow  crooked.  As  the 
child  advances  in  life,  the  head  iscnlarg 


R  I  D 


RID 


RID 


ed,  the  lliorax  is  compressed  on  the  sides, 
and  iIjc;  !<tRriiuiii  rises.  Encyc. 

RICK'KTY,  a.  Attected  with  rickets. 

Jhhuthnot. 

2.  Weak  ;  feeble  in  the  joints  ;  ini|)(M  feet. 
RlC'OCHKT,  n.  [Fr.  ilu.  k  and  drake.)     In 

gunnery,  the  firing  of  fjuns,  moilars  nr 
howitzers  with  small  charges,  and  ele- 
vated a  few  degrees,  so  as  to  carry  the 
balls  or  shells  just  over  the  parapet,  Jind 
cause  them  to  roll  along  the  opposite  ratii- 
parl.  This  is  called  ricochet-firing,  and 
the  batteries  are  called  ricochet-batteries. 

Eticyc. 

R}t),pret.ofride. 

RID,  V.  t.  prel- rid;  pp.  id.  [Sax.  ohreddan 
or  hreddan;  1).  redden;  <«.  retten  or  erret 
ten;  Dan.  redder;  allied  j)ruhal)ly  to  W. 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  drain,  that  is,  to  se| 
arate  or  drive  off,  whence  riddle.  See 
Class  Rd.  No.  63.  CO.] 

1.  To  free ;  to  deliver ;  properly,  to  sepa- 
rate, and  thus  to  deliver  or  save. 

That  he  might  rid  hiin  out  of  their  liaml.x. 
Gen.  xxxvii. 

1  will  n'J  you  out  of  their  bondage.  Ex.  vl. 

3.  To  separate  ;   to  drive  away. 

I  will  rid  evil  beasts  out  of  the  land.    Lev 
xxvi. 
[This  use  is  not  common.] 

3.  To  free;  to  clear;  to  disencumber  ;  as,  to 
rid  one  of  his  care.  It  is  not  easy  to  rid 
the  sea  of  pirates.  B.  Jonson. 

Resolv'd  at  once  to  rid  himself  of  pain. 

l>ryden 

4.  To  dispatch. 

For  willingness  rids  away.  Shak 

.J.  To  drive  away;  to  remove  by  violence; 

to  destroy. 

Ah  death's   men  !  you  have   rid  this  .sweet 

young  prince.  Sliak. 

RID,  pp.  or  a.  Free  ;  clear  ;  as,  to  be  rid  of 

trouble. 
To  get  rid  of,  to  free  one's  self.  Addison. 

RID'DANCE,  n.  Deliverance  ;  a  setting 
free;  as  riddance  from  all  adversity. 

Hooker 

2.  Disencumbrance.  Shnk. 

3.  The  act  nf  clearing  away.  Millun.\ 

Thou  shalt  not  make  clean  riddance  of  llic 
corners  of  thy  field.  Lev.  xxiii. 
RIDDEN,  ((  f.  ., 

KID,  IPP-oCnde. 

liWDlKG,  ppr.  Freeing;  cleoring  ;  disen- 

cumheriiig. 
RID'DLE,  »i.  [Sax.  hriddd;  W.  rhidyU,from 

rhidiuw,    to    secrete,    to    separate  ;    Corn. 

ridar  itr  krodar ;  Arm.  rw/e// or  croezr  ;  Ir. 

criatlinr,  a  riddle  ;  cnilham,   to   shake  ;  G. 

ridtetn,  to  shake,  to  riddle;  W.  rri/du,  to 

shake;  allied   to  rid  and  to  cradle,   from 

driving.     See  Cradle.] 
An  iiistrnmeiit  for  cleaning  grain,  being  a 

large    sieve    with    a   perforated    bottom, 

which  permits  the  grain   to  pass  througl 

it,  but  retains  the  chaff. 
RID'DLE,  V.  t.  To  separate,  as  grain  Iron 

the  chaff  with  a  riddle  ;  as,  to  riddle  wheat. 

[JVote.  The  machines  now  used  have  near- 
ly superseded  the  riddle.] 

RID'DLE,  n.  [Sr\.  radelse  ;  D.raadzel;  G 
rdlhsel ;  from  Sax.  rav/en,  1).  raaden,  G 
rnlhen,  to  counsel  or  advise,  also  to  guess. 
See  Read.] 

1.  An  enigma  ;  something  proposed  for  con- 
jecture, or  that  is  to  be  solved  by  conject 


ure  ;  a  puzzling  question  ;  an  ambiguous] 
proposition.  Judges  xiv.  Milton\ 

2.  Any  thing  ambiguous  or  puzzling.  { 

Hudibras.\ 

RID'DLE,  V.  t.  To  solve;  to  explain;  but 
we  generally  use  unriddle,  which  is  more 
proper. 

liiddle  me  this,  and  guess  him  if  you  can. 

Dryden 

RID'DLE,  V.  i.  To  speak  ambiguously,  ob- 
scHirely  or  enigmatically.  Shak. 

KIDDLER,  II.  One  who  speaks  ambigu- 
ously or  obscurely.  Home. 

RID'DLINGLY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
ridille  ;  secretly.  Donne. 

RIDE,  V.  i.  pret.  rode  or  rid  ;  pp.  rid,  rid- 
den. [Sax.  ridan  ;  G.  reiten  ;  D.  rydcn  ;  Sw. 
rida  ;  Dan.  lider ;  VV.  rhedu,  to  run;  L. 
rheda,  a  chariot  or  vehicle  ;  Hindoo,  ralha,\ 
id. ;  Sax.  rad,  a  riding  or  a  rood  ;  Ir.  ratba,\ 
riadh,  a  running  ;  reatham,  to  run  ;  ridire,\ 
a  knight ;  allied  to  reaAy,  G.  bereit ;  bereiteii,] 
to  ride,  and  to  get  ready.  See  Ready.  Class 
Rd.  No.  5.  and  9.]  [ 

1.  To  be  carried  on  horseback,  or  on  any 
beast,  or  in  any  vehicle.  We  ride  on  a 
horse,  on  a  camel,  in  a  coach,  chariot, 
wagon,  &c. 

2.  To  be  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid.  A  ship  rides^ 
at  anchor ;  the  ark  rode  on  the  flood;  aj 
balloon  rides  in  the  air.  | 

Jle  rode  on  a  cberub  and  did  lly  ;  yea,  he  didl 
fly  on  the  wint^s  of  the  wind.     Ps.  x\iii.  ' 

3.  To  be  supported  in  motion. 

Strong  as  the  axle-tree  I 

On  which  heaven  rides.  Shak.l 

4.  To  practice  riding.  He  rides  often  for  his, 
health.  | 

5.  To  manage  a  horse  well.  i 
He  rode,  he  fenc'd,  he  mov'd  with  graceful 

ease.  IJryden.\ 

G.  To  be  supported  by  something  subser- 
vient ;  to  sit. 

On  whose  foolish  honesty  ! 

My  practices  rid  easy.  Shak. 

To  ride  easy,  in  seaman^s  language,  i.s  when 
a  ship  does  not  labor  or  feel  a  great  strain 
on  her  cables. 

To  ride  hard,  is  when  a  ship  pitches  violent- 
ly, so  as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts  and 
liull. 

To  ride  out,  as  a  gale,  signifies  that  a  ship 
does  not  drive  during  a  storm.  • 

RIDE,  V.  t.  To  sit  on,  so  as  to  be  carried  ;' 

as,  to  ride  a  horse.  I 

They  ride  the  air  in  whirlwind,  .Milton.l 

2.  To  manage  insolently  at  will :  as  in  priesl-i 
ridden.  \ 

The  nobility  could    no  longer  endure  to  be 
ridden   by  bakers,  coblers  and  brewers.  j 

Swift.] 

3.  To  carry.     [Local.]  ' 

RIDE,  n.  An  excursion  on  horseback  or  in 
a  vehicle.  ! 

2.  A  sadille  horse.     [Local.]  Grose. 

■i.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  ortlirough  a  ground 
for  the  amusement  of  riding;  a  riding. 

RIDER,  «.  One  who  is  borne  on  a  horse  or; 
other  beast,  or  in  a  vehicle. 

2.  One  who  breaks  or  manages  a  horse. 

Shak. 

3.  The  matrix  of  an  ore.  Gregory. 

4.  An  inserted  leaf  or  an  additional  clause, 
as  to  a  bill  in  parliament.  | 

5.  In  ship  building,  a  sort  of  interior  rib  fixedi 
occasionally  in  a  ship's  hold,  opposite  to' 


some  of  the  timbers  to  which  they  are 
bolted,  aiiiJ  reaching  from  the  keel^on  to 
the  beams  of  the  lower  deck,  to  strengthen 
her  frame.  .Mar.  Diet. 

RIDiiE,  71.  [Sax.  rig,  ricg,  hric,  hricg,  the 
baik  ;  Sw.  rygg ;  D.  ntg ;  G.  rucken  ;  Ice. 
hriggur.  The  Welsh  have  rhig,  a  notch 
or  groove,  and  rhyc,  a  trench  or  furrow 
between  ridges.  '1  he  Dutch  has  rttA*,  a 
ridge,  chain  or  series,  and  the  Dan.  rcKe 
is  a  row,  rank,  range,  a  file,  and  a  ridge, 
from  the  root  of  reAAcr,  to  reach.  If  con- 
nected with  the  latter  word,  the  primary 
sense  is  to  draw  or  stretch,  L.  ru^o.] 

1.  The  back  or  top  of  the  back.      Hudibras. 

2.  A  long  or  continued  range  of  hills  or 
mountains:  or  the  upper  part  of  such  a 
range.  We  say,  a  long  nVg-e  of  hills,  or 
the  highest  ridge.  Milton.     Ray. 

3.  A  steep  elevation,  eminence  or  protuber- 
ance. 

Part  rise  in  crystal  wall,  or  ridge  direct. 

Afilton. 
A  long  rising  land,  or  a  strij)  of  ground 
thrown  up  by  a  plow  or  left  between  fur- 
rows. I's.  Ixv.  Mortimer. 
The  top  of  the  roof  of  a  building. 

Mozon. 

(>.  Any  long  elevation  of  laud. 

7.  Ridges  of  a  horse's  mouth,  are  wrinkles 
or  risings  of  flesh  in  the  roof  of  the  tnouth. 

Far.  Diet. 

RID(;E,  r.  t.  To  form  a  ridge;  as  bristles 
that  ridge  the  back  of  a  boar.  Milton. 

2.  In  till'ige,  to  form  into  ridges  with  the 
plow.  The  farmers  in  Connecticut  ridgt 
their  land  for  maiz,  leaving  a  balk  be- 
tween two  ridges. 

.3.  To  wrinkle.  Cou'per. 

RIDti  IL,         }       The   male   of  any   beast 

RIDfi  LING,  S  "■  half  gelt.  Encyc. 

RlDti  Y,  a.  Having  a  ridge  or  ridges;  ris- 
ing in  a  ridge.  Dryden. 

RIp'KULK,  )i.  [Fr.  from  L.  ridicutum, 
from  rideo,  to  laugh  or  laugh  at ;  Fr.  rider, 
to  wrinkle,  to  bend  the  brow ;  Arm.  reden- 
7ia.] 

1.  Conteinptueus  laughter  ;  laughter  with 
some  degree  of  contempt  ;  derision.  It 
expresses  less  than  scorn.  Ridicule  is 
aimed  iit  what  is  not  only  laughable,  but 
improper,  absurd  or  despicable.  Sacred 
subjects  should  never  be  treated  with  rirf- 
icule.     [See  Ludicrous.] 

Ridicule  is  too  rough  an  entertainment  for  the 
polished  and  refined.  It  is  banished  from 
France,  and  is  losing  ground  in  England. 

I^amea. 

2.  That  species  of  writing  which  excites 
contempt  with  laughter.  It  differs  from 
burles<jue,  which  may  e.xcite  laughter  with- 
out coiUen;pt,  or  it  may  provoke  derision. 

Ridicule  and  derision  are  not  exactly  the 
same,  as  derision  is  applied  to  persons 
only,  and  ridicule  to  persons  or  things. 
We.  deride  the  man,  but  ridicule  the  man 
or  his  performances. 

RID  leULE,  V.  t.  To  laugh  at  with  expres- 
sions of  contempt :  to  deride. 

2.  To  treat  with  contemptuous  merriment , 
to  expose  to  contempt  or  derision  by 
writing. 

RID'ICI'LE.  a.  Ridiculous.     [.Vot  in  use.] 

RIDICULED,  pp.  Treated  with  laughter 
and  comenipt ;  derided. 


R  I  F 


RIG 


RID'I€ULER,  n.  One  that  ridicules. 

"■  Chesterjidd 

RID  leULING,  ppc.  Laughing  at  in  con- 
teiii|it;  exposing  to  contempt  and  dens- 
ion.  ..     ,         ,       ... 

RIDl€'ULOUS,  a.  [h.  ndicuhis ;  It.  ndico- 

loso.] 

That  may  jnstlv  excite  laughter  with   con 
tempt ;  as    a  ridiculous   dress ;  ridiculous 
behavior.     A  fop  and  a  dandy  are  ridicu 
lous  in  their  dress. 

RIDICULOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  wor 
thy  of  contemptuous  merriment ;  as  a  man 
ridicuhusli)  vain.  , 

RIDl€'ULOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  ridiculous;  as  the  ridiculousiiess  of 
worshiping  idols. 

Rl'DING,  ppr.  [from  ride. \  Passing  or  trav- 
eling on  a  beast  or  in  a  vehicle  ;  floating. 

2.  a.  Employed  to  travel  on  any  occasion. 

No   suffragan   bishop  shall   have  more    than 
one  riding  a\>\rintor.  ^'inj'ff' 

Rl'DING,  ?i.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  o 
tlirough  a  ground,  for  the  diversion  of  ri 
ding  therein.  Sidnei/.     Enajc. 

3.  [corrupted  froin  Irithing,  third.)  One  ot 
the  three  intermediate  iiirisdirtions  be- 
tween a  three  and  a  hundred,  into  which 
the  county  of  York,  in  England,  is  divid- 
ed, anciently  under  the  governinent  ot  a 
reeve.  Blackstonc. 

RI'DING-CLERK,  n.  In  England,  one  of 
the  six  clerks  in  chancery.  -^sh. 

RI'DING-eOAT,  Ji.  A  coat  for  riding  on  a 
journey.  Swift. 

Ri'DING-HABIT,  n.  A  garment  worn  In 
females  when  they  ride  or  travel. 

Guardian. 

RI'DING-HOOB,  "•  A  hood  used  by  fe- 
males when  they  ride ;  a  kind  of  cloke 
with  a  hood. 

RI'DING-SCHOOL,  n.  A  school  or  place 
where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught.  It  may 
in  some  places  be  called  a  riding-house. 

RIDOT'TO,  n.  [It.  from  L.  reductus.]  A 
public  assembly. 

,  A    musical    enlu —  \.  . 

singing  and  dancing,  in  the  latter  of  which 
the'~whole  company  join.  Busby 

RIE.     [See  Rye.] 

RIFE,  a.  [Sa.x.  ri^f .     Qu.  Heb.  n3T  to  mul 

'ip'y-l  .,    .  J     c      ■  ; 

Prevailing  ;  prevalent.     It  is  used  ot   epi-, 

demic  diseases. 

The  plague  was  then  rife  in  Hungary. 

'     "  Knotles. 

RI'FELY,  adv.  Prevalently;  frequently. 

It  was  rifely  reported  that  the  Turks  were 
coming  in  a  great  fleet.  Fnolles. 

RI'FENESS,  n.  Frequency  ;  prevalence. 

,flrbuthnot. 

RIFF'RAFF,  n.  [Fr.  rifler ;  G.  rnffen,  to 
sweep  ;  Dan.  rips,  raps.]  Sweepings  ;  ref- 
use. .„  W"" 

RI'FLE,  r.  I.  [Fr.  rifler,  to  rtfe,  to  sweep 
away ;  allied  probably  to  friper  and  gn- 
veler  ;  G.  raffen,  to  sweep  ;  riffeln,  to 
hatchd.  Tliis  is  one  of  the  family  of  »-i;>, 
rive,  reap,  ruffe,  L.  rapio,  W.  rheibiaw,  D 
JT/1C7I,  to  grate,  Eng.  rub,  &c.] 

1.  To   seize   and  bear   away   by    force;  to 
snatch  away. 

Till  tiim'  sliall  rifle  ev'rj'  youthful  grace. 

Pope. 

2.  To  strip;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  plunder. 

■Noil  have  riy/tJ  my  master.  VEflrunge. 


RIG 

a.    Wanton  ;  lewd. 


RI'FLE,  7>.  [Dan.  ri^e  or  ry??c,  the  n/e  of  a;  RIG'GISH,    a.    Wanton  ;  lewd.     [^Tot  in 
fham^'lfr^:  ^'^rwo^"  .^  "'  R^^f  (^LE    .  .To  move  one  way  and  tLc 

Jl^be'3  t^j'^^r^^^^  r/g'hT,  f  ^<fie^...  ...,  D.  r^, 

groove.) 
A  gun  about  the  usual  length  and  size  of  a 


M.usket,  the  inside  of  whose  barrel  is  n 
fled,  that  is,  grooved,  or  formed  with  spi- 
ral channels. 

RI'FLE,  V.  t.  To  groove  ;  to  channel. 

RI'FLED,  pp.  Seized  and  carried  away  by 
violence;  pillaacd;  channeled. 

RI'FLEMAN,  n.  A  man  armed  with  a  ri- 

RIFLER,  n.  A  robber;  one  that  seizes  and 

hears  away  bv  violence. 
RI'FL1NG,>;)V.    Plundering;  seizing  and 

carrying  away  by  violence;  grooving. 
rift;  «.    [fromrire.]    A    cleft ;  a   fissure; 
an  opening  made  by  riving  or  splitting. 
'  MMon.     Dnjden. 

RIFT  J'  (.  To  cleave;  to  rive;  to  split;  as, 
to  rifl  an  oak  or  a  rock.        Milton.     Pope. 
RIFT,  V.  i.  To  burst  open  ;  to  split. 
Timber— not  apt  to  rift  with  ordnance. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  belch  ;  to  break  wind.     [Local] 

RIFT'ED,  pp.  Split:  rent:  cleft. 

RIFTING,  p/^r.  Splitting;  cleaving;  burst- 
ing. 

RIG,  n.  [Sax.]  A  ridge,  which  see. 

iRlG,  V.  I.  [Sax.  wrigan,  to  put  on.  to  cover 
whence  Sax.  hragle,  a  garment,  contract- 
ed into  rail,  in  night-rail.] 
To  dress;  to  put  on  ;  when  ajiphcd  to 
persons,  not  elegant,  but  rather  a  ludicrous 
word,  to  express  the  putting  on  of  a  gay, 
flaunting  or  unusual  dre.=s. 

Jack   was  rigged  out  in  his  gold   and  silver 
lace,  with  a  fether  in  his  cap.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  furnish  with  apparatus  or  gear  :  to  fit 
with  tackling 


G.  recW  ;  Dan.  rigtig ;  Sw.  ricktig  :  It. 
retio  ;  Sp.  recto  ;  L.  rectus,  iVoni  the  mot  of 
rego,  properly  to  strain  or  stretch,  whence 
straight ;  Sax.  recan.  See  Class  Rg.  No. 
IK  -iti.  47.] 
Properly,  strained  ;  stretched  to  straigbt- 
ness ;  lience, 

1.  Straight.  A  right  line  in  geometry  is  the 
shortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  or  ima- 
gined between  two  points.  A  right  line 
may  be  horizontal,  perpendicular,  or  in- 
clined to  the  plane  ol  the  horizon. 

2.  In  morals  and  religion,  just;  equitable: 
accordant  to  the  standard  of  truth  and 
justice  or  the  will  of  God.  That  alone  is 
right  in  the  siglit  of  God,  which  is  conso- 
nant to  his  will  or  law  ;  this  being  the 
only  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice. 
In  social  ami  ))olitical  affairs,  thai  is  right 
which  is  consonant  to  the  laws  ami  cus- 
toms of  a  country,  provided  these  laws 
and  customs  are  not  repugnant  to  the  l.iws 
of  God.  A  man's  intentions  may  bert^W, 
though  his  actions  may  be  wrong  in  con- 
sequence of  a  defect  in  judgment. 

3.  Fit  ;  suitable  ;  proper  ;  becoming.  In 
I  things  indifferent,  or  which  are  regulated 
;     by  no    positive   law,  that  is  right   which  is 

best  suited  to  the  character,  occasion  or 
purpose,  or  which  is  fitted  to  produce 
some  good  effect.  It  is  right  for  a  rich 
man  to  dress  himself  and  his  family  in  ex- 
pensive clothing,  which  it  wiuild  not  be 
right  for  a  poor  man  to  jiurchase.  It  is 
right  for  every  man  to  choose  his  own 
time  for  eating  or  exercise. 

i?ig;i(  is  a  relative  term  ;  what  may  be 
right  for  one  end,  may  be  wrong  for  an- 
other. 


3    To  rig  a  sliFp,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  4    l„-,wful ;  as  the  right  heir  of  an  estate. 


fit  the  shrouds,  stays,  braces,  &c.  to  then 
puniic  assemoiy.  ji     respei-tive  masts  and  yards.        Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A    musical    entertainment   consisting   of  rig,  n.  [See  the  Verb.]    '^'■■■ 
_-..,„:„„  or,,)  .Innnlnor  ill  the  latter  of  which  I     ^^^. 


Dress;  also,  blus-li 


2.  A  romp  ;  a  wanton  ;  a  strumpet. 

To  run  the  rig.  to  play  a  wanton  trick. 

To  run   the  rig  ttpon,' to  practice  a  sportive 

trick  on. 
RIG,  v.i.  To  play  the  wanton. 
RIGADOON',     «.     [Fr.  rigodon.]     A    gay 
brisk  dance  performed  by  one  couple,  and 
said  to  have  been  borrowed  from   Prov- 
ence in  France.  Encyc. 
RIGA'TION,  n.  [L.  rigatio,  from  rigo,  Gr. 

fi^iXi-'.     See  Rain.] 
The  act  of  watering  ;  but  irrigation  is  gene- 

rallv  used. 
RIG'GED,    pp.    Dressed  ;   furnished   wilfi 

shrouds,  stavs,  &c.  as  a  ship. 
RIG'GER,  Ji.'Onc  that  rigs  or  dresses;  out 
whose  occupation  is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  1 

RIG'GING,    ppr.     Dressing  ;    fitting   witl 
dirouds,  braces,  &c.  . 

RIG'GING,  n.  Dress;  tackle;  particularly, 
the  ropes  which  support  the  masts,  ..xlrnd 
and  contract  the  sails.  &c.  of  a  ship,  i  Ins 
is  of  two  kinds,  !<landing  riirgmg,  as  the 
shrouds  and  stav.s.  and  rijn"i»a-  rigging, 
such  as   braces,   sheets,   halliards,   clcw- 

;     ,-      „    c,„  .liar.  Uict. 

I     lines,  &c. 


Tine;  not  erroneous  or  wrong;  accord- 
ing to  fact. 

11  there  be  no  prospect  beyond  the  grave,  the 
intercnce  is  certainly  light,  "  let  us  eat  and 
drink,  for  to-morrow  we  die."  Locke. 

Correct  ;  passing  a  true  judgment  ;  not 
mistaken  or  wrong. 

You  are   right,  justice,  and  you   weigh   this 

well.  Shak. 

Not  left ;  most  convenient  or  dextrous ; 

as  the  right  hand,  which  is  generally  most 

strong  or  most  convenient  in  use. 

.  Most  favorable  or  convenient. 

The  lady  has  been  disappointed  on  the  right 
side.  Spectator. 

9.  Properly  jilaced,  disposed  or  adjusted  ; 
orderly :  well  regulated. 

10.  Well  performed,  as  an  art  or  act. 

11.  Most  direct ;  as  the  right  way  from  Lon- 
don to  Oxford. 

12.  Riing  on  the  same  side  as  the  right 
blind  ;  as  the  right  side. 

13  Reing  on  the  right  hand  of  a  person 
whose  face  is  towards  the  mouth  of  a 
river:  as  the  rig/i(  hank  of  the  Hudson. 

RIGHT,  adv.   In  a  right  or  straight  line; 

]     directly. 

1  l,rt  thine  eyes  look  riff')/ on.     Prov.  iv. 

2.  Accordini:  to  the  law  «r  will  of  God,  or 
to  the  standard  of  truth  and  justice;  as,  to 

I     judge  right. 


R  I  G 


R  I  G 


R  I  G 


3.  According  to  auy  rule  of  art. 

You  with  strict  discipline  instructed  right. 

Roscommon. 

4.  According  to  fact  or  trutb  ;  as,  to  tell  a 
story  right. 

5.  In  a  great  degree;  very;  as  right  hum- 
ble ;  right  noble  ;  right  valiant.  [Obsoles- 
cent or  inelegant.] 

6.  It  is  prefixed  to  titles ;  as  in  right  honora- 
ble ;  right  reverend. 

RIGHT,  is  used  clliptically  for  it  is  right, 
what  you  say  is  right,  it  is  true,  &c. 

Bight,  cries  hi."  lordship.  Pope. 

On  the  right,  on  the  side  with  the  right  band. 

RIGHT,  n.  Conformity  to  the  will  of  God, 
or  to  his  law,  the  perfect  standard  of 
truth  and  justice.  In  the  literal  sense, 
right  is  a  straight  line  of  conduct,  and 
wrong  a  crooked  one.  Right  therefore  is 
rectitude  or  straightness,  and  perfect  rec- 
titude is  found  only  in  an  infinite  Bcii 
and  his  will. 

2.  Conformity  to  human  laws,  or  to  other 
human  standard  of  truth,  propriety  or 
justice.  When  laws  are  definite,  right 
and  wrong  are  easily  ascertained  and  un- 
derstood. In  arts,  there  are  some  princi- 
ples and  rules  which  determine  what  is 
right.  In  many  things  indifferent,  or  left 
without  positive  law,  we  are  to  judge 
what  is  right  by  fitness  or  propriety,  by 
custom,  civility  or  other  circum.stances. 

3.  Justice;  that  wlijch  is  due  or  proper;  as, 
to  do  right  to  every  man. 

Long  love  to  her  has  borne  the  faithful  knight 

done  hill 


had   fortune 

Dry  (ten. 
conformity    witl 


And   well   deservM, 
right. 

4.  Freedom   from   error ; 
truth  or  fact. 

Seldom  your  opinions  err. 

Your  eyes  are  always  in  the  right.  Pruyr. 

5.  Just  claim  ;  legal   title  ;  ownership  ;  the 
.   legal  power  of  exclusive  possession  and 

enjoyment.  In  hereditary  iiionarcliies, 
right  to  the  throne  vests  in  the  heir  on  the 
decease  of  the  king.  A  deed  vests  the 
right  of  possession  in  the  purchaser  of 
land.  Right  and  possession  are  very  dif- 
ferent things.  We  often  have  occasion  to 
demand  and  sue  for  rights  not  in  possess- 
ion. 

6.  Just  claim  by  courtesy,  customs,  or  the 
principles  of  civility  and  decorum.  Every 
man  has  a  right  to  civil  treatment.  The 
magistrate  has  a  right  to  respect. 

7.  Just  claim  by  sovereignty;  prerogative. 
God,  as  the  author  of  all  things,  has  a 
right  to  govern  and  dispose  of  them  at  his 
pleasure. 

8.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one 

Born  free,  he  eous;ht  his  right.  Dryden. 

9.  Property  ;  interest. 

A  subject  in  his  prince  may  claim  a  right. 

Dryden 

10.  Just  claim  ;  immunity;  privilege.  All 
men  have  a  right  to  the  secure  enjoyment 
of  life,  personal  safety,  liberty  and  proper- 
ty. We  deem  the  right  of  trial  by  jury 
invaluable,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
crimes.  Rights  are  natural,  civil,  polit- 
ical, religious,  personal,  and  public. 

11.  Authority;  legal  power.  AVe  have  no 
right  to  disturb  others  in  the  enjoyment  of 
their  religious  opinions. 

12.  In  the  United  Stales,  a  tract  of  land  ;  or  a 
share  or  proportion  of  property,  as  in  a 
mine  or  manufactorv. 

Vol.  II. 


13.  The  side  opposite  to  the  left  ;  as  on  the 
right.     Look  to  the  right. 

To  rights,  in  a  direct  line;  straight.  [L'n- 
risual.]  H'oodward. 

2.  Directly  ;  soon. 

To  set  to  rights,   )  to  put  into  good  order  ;  to 

To  put  to  rights,  I  adjust ;  to  regulate  what  is 
out  of  order. 

Bill  of  rights,  a  list  of  rights  ;  a  paper  con- 
taining a  declaration  of  rights,  or  the  dec 
laration  itself. 

H'rit  of  right,  a  writ  which  lies  to  recover 
lands  in  fee  simple,  unjustly  withheld  from 
the  true  owner.  Blackslone. 

RIGHT,  V.  t.  To  do  justice  to;  to  relieve 
from  wrung ;  as,  to  right  an  injured  per 
son.  Taylor. 

2.  In  scanten^s  language,  to  right  a  ship,  is  to 
restore  her  to  an  upright  position  from  a 
careen. 

To  rigid  the  helm,  to  place  it  in  the  middle  of 
le  ship. 

RIGHT,  r.  i.  To  rise  with  the  masts  erect, 
a  ship. 

RIGHTED,  pp.  Relieved  from  injustice ;  set 
upright. 

RIGHTEN,  V.  t.  [SsiX.  gerihtan.]  To  do  jus- 
tice to.     Obs. 

RIGHTEOUS,  a.  ri'chus.  [Sax.  rihlwise  , 
right  and  ivise,  manner,  as  in  otherwise, 
lengthwise.] 

1.  Just  ;  accordant  to  the  divine  law.  Ap 
plied  to  persons,  it  denotes  one  who  is  ho- 
ly in  heart,  and  observant  of  the  divine 
commands  in  practice  ;  as  a  righteous  man 
Applied  to  things,  it  denotes  consonant  to 
the  divine  will  or  to  justice  ;  as  a  righteous 
act.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  theology,  and 
applied  to  God,  to  his  testimonies  and  to 
his  saints. 

The  rigldeous,  in  Scripture,  denote  the 
servants  of  God,  the  saints. 

3.  Just;  equitable;  merited. 
And  1  thy  righteous  doom  will  bless. 

Dryden. 

RiGHTEOUSLY,  adv.  ri'chtisly.  Justly  ;  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  justice  ;  equi- 
tably ;  as  a  criminal  righteously  condemn- 
ed. 

Thou  slialt  judge  the  people  righteously.  Ps 
Ixvii. 

RIGHTEOUSNESS,  n.    ri'chusness.    Puri 
ty  of  heart  and  rectitude  of  life  ;  conform 
ity  of  heart  and  life   to    the  divine  law. 
Righteousness,  as   used    in  Scripture  am 
theology,   in  which   it  is  chiefly   used,  is 
nearly    equivalent    to   holiness,   coinpre 
bending  hidy  jirinciples  and  aflections  of 
heart,  and  conformity  of  life  to  the  divine 
law.     It  includes  all  we  call  justice,  hon 
esty  and   virtue,   with   holy  affections ;  in 
short,  it  is  true  religion. 

2.  Applied  to  God,  the  perfection  or  holinr 
of  ids   nature  ;  exact   rectitude;  faithful- 
ness. 

3.  The   active    and    passive    obedience    of 
Christ,  by  which  the  law  of  God  is  fulfilled 
Dan.  ix. 

}.  Justice  ;  equity   between  man  and  man. 

Luke  i. 
.5.  The  cause  of  our  justification. 

The  Lord  our  righteouJiness.     Jer.  xxiii. 
RIGHTER,    n.    One  who  sets  right;    one 

who  dies  justice  or  redresses  wrong. 
RIGHTFUL,  a.  Having  the  right   or  just 

claim   according  to  established   laws ;  as 

59 


the  rightful  heir  to  a  throne  or  an  estate. 

2.  Being  by  right,  or  by  just  claim;  as  a 
rightful  lord  ;  rightful  property  ;  rightful 
judge. 

3.  Just;  consonant  to  justice  ;  as  a  rightful 
cause  :  a  ng/i(/u/ war.  Prior. 

RIGHTFULLY,  adv.  According  to  right, 
law  or  justice  ;  as  a  title  rightfiUly  vested. 

RIGHT!' ULNESS,  Ji.  Justice;  accordance 
with  the  rules  of  ri};ht ;  as  the  rightfulness 
of  a  claim  to  lands  or  tenements. 

2.  Moral  rectitude. 

But  still  althoURh  we  fail  of  perfect  rig/i</ti/- 
ness.     {.Vol  usual.]  Sid7iey 

RIGHT-HAND,  n.  The  hand  opposite  to 
the  left,  usually  the  .strongest,  most  con- 
venient or  dextrous  band,  and  hence  its 
name  in  other  languages,  as  well  as  in 
ours. 

RIGHTING,  ppr.  Doing  justice  to  ;  setting 
upright. 

RIGHTLY,  adv.  According  to  .justice  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  divine  will  or  moral  recti- 
tude ;  as  duty  rightly  performed. 

2.  Properly ;  fitly ;  suitably  ;  as  a  person 
rightly  named. 

.3.  According  to  truth  or  fact  ;  not  erro- 
neously.    He  has  rightly  conjectured. 

4.  Honestly  ;  uprightly.  Sha/i. 

5.  Exactly. 
Thou  didst  not  rightly  sec.  Dryden. 

6.  Straightly  ;  directly.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

Ascham. 

RIGHTNESS,  n.  Correctness  :  conformity 
to  truth  or  to  the  divine  will,  which  is  the 
standard  of  moral  rectitude.  It  is  impor- 
tant that  a  luan  should  have  such  persua- 
sion of  the  righlness  of  his  conscience  as  to 
exclude  rational  doubt.  South. 

2.  Straightness;  as  the  righlness  of  a  line. 

Bacon. 

RIG'ID,  a.  [Fr.  rigide :  It.  Sp.  rigido ;  L. 
rigidus,  from  ri'gfo  ;  Gr.  ptyou,  to  he  stiff; 
piyio;,    stiff,    whence  h.  frigeo,  frigidus : 

Eth.  4  TO,  Heb.  i'jl  to  be  still,  to  be  stifi" 
or  rigid.  Class  Rg.  No.  3.  27.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  strain  or  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  Stiff;  not  pliant;  not  easily  bent.  It  is 
applied  to  bodies  or  substances  that  are 
naturally  soft  or  flexible,  but  not  fluid. 
We  never  say,  a  rigid  stone  or  rigid  iron, 
nor  do  we  say,  rigid  ice  ;  but  we  .say,  an 
animal  body  or  lind),  when  cold,  is  rigid. 
Rigid  is  then  opposed  to  flexible,  but  ex- 
piesses  less  than  ivflexible. 

2.  Strict  in  opinion,  practice  or  discipline  ; 
severe  in  temper  :  opjiosed  to  lax  or  in- 
dulgent ;  as  a  rigid  father  or  master ;  a 
rigid  officer. 

3.  Strict ;  exact ;  as  a  rigid  law  or  rule  ; 
rigid  discipline;  rigid  criticism. 

Seveiely  just  ;    as   a   rigid  sentence   or 

judgment. 
5.  Exactly  according  to  the  sentence  or  law ; 

as  rigid  execution. 
RIiilD'ITY,  n.  [Fr.   rigidile;  h.  rigiditas.] 

1.  StiflTness  ;  want  of  pliability  ;  the  cpiality 
(.f  not  being  easily  bent.  Arhulhnot. 

2.  A  brittle  hardness,  as  opposed  to  ductility, 
malhability  and  sojlness.  Ena/c. 

3.  Si  iflhess  of  appearance  or  manner ;  want 
of  ease  or  airv'  elegance.  Jt'otton. 

RIG'IDLY,  adv.  Stiffly  :  iinphantly. 


R,  I  L 


R  I  N 


R  I  N 


2.  Severely ;  strictly ;  exactly  ;  without  lax- 
ity, indulgence  or  abatement ;  as,  to  judge 
rigidly  ;  to  criticize  rigidly  ;  to  execute  a 
law  rigidly. 

.RIG'IDNESS,  n.  Stiffness  of  a  body;  the 
quality  of  not  being  easily  bent  ;  as  the 
■rigidness  of  a  limb  or  of  flesh. 

2.  Seventy  of  temper;  strictness  in  opinion 
or  practice ;  but  expressing  less  thau  inflex- 
ibility. 

RIG'LET,  ?!.  [Fr.  from  l..regula,rego.]  A 
flat  thin  piece  of  wood,  used  for  picture 
frames;  also  used  in  printing,  to  regulate 
the  margin,  &c. 

RIG'MAROLE,  n.  A  repetition  of  stories; 
a  succession  of  stories.  Goldsmith. 

RIG'OL,  n.  A  circle  ;  a  diadem.  Shnk. 

RIG'OLL,  n.  A  musical  instrument  consist- 
ing of  several  sticks  bound  together,  but 
separated  by  beads.  Encyc. 

RIG'OR,  n.  [L.  from  ng-eo,  to  be  stiff';  Ft. 
rigueur.] 

1.  Stiffness;  rigidness;  as  Gorgonian  ngor. 

Mitton. 

2.  In  mtdicine,  a  sense  of  chilliness,  with  con- 
traction of  the  skin  ;  a  convulsive  shucl- 
deriug  or  slight  tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit 
of  a  fever.  Coxe.     Encyc.     Parr. 

?,.  Stiffness  of  opinion  or  temper;  severity; 
sternness. 

All  his  rigor  is  turned  to  grief  and  pity. 

Denhnin. 

4.  Severity  of  life  ;  austerity ;  voluntary  sub- 
jnission  to  pain,  abstinence  or  mortifica- 
tion. Fdl. 

5.  Strictness  ;  exactness  without  allowance, 
latitude  or  indulgence  ;  as  the  rig-orof  crit 
icism;  to  execute  a  law  witli  rigor;  to  en 
force  moral  duties  with  rigor. 

C.  Violence  ;  fury.     [M>t  in  use.]      Spenser 

7.  Hardness  ;  solidity.      [Unusual.] 

Dryden. 

8.  Severity;  asperity;  as  t)ie  rigors  of  a  cold 
winter. 

RIG'OROL'S,  a.  [Fr.   rigoureux.]    Severe 
allowing  no  abatement   or  mitigation  ;  as 
a  rigorous  officer  of  justice. 

9.  Severe  ;  exact ;  strict  ;  without  abate- 
ment or  relaxation  ;  as  a  rigorous  execu- 
tion of  law  ;  an  enforcement  of  rigoi-ous 
discipline. 

.J.  Exact ;  strict ;  scrupulously  accurate ;  as 

a  jTg'oroKS  definition  or  demonstration, 
•i.  Severe  ;  very  cold  ;  as  a  rigorous  winter. 
RIG'OROUSLY,    adv.    Severely  ;    without 
relaxation,  abatement  or  mitigation  ;  as  a 
sentence  rigorously  executed. 
X  Strictly  ;  exactly ;  with  scrupulous  nicety ; 
rigidly. 

The  people  would  examine  his  works  more 
rigorously  tljaii  liiinself.  Dryden 

RIG'OROUSNESS,    n.     Severity   without 
relaxation  or  mitigation  ;  exactness. 

^sh. 
2.  Severity. 

RILL,  n.  [In  G.  rille,  W.   rhill,  is  a  groove 
trench,  channel,  the  root  of  drill.     In  Sw. 
strila  is   to   run   or   glide  ;  Dan.  ryller,  to 
ramble.] 
A  small  brook ;  a  rivulet ;  a  streamlet. 

Milton 
RILL,  1'.  i.  To  run  in  a  small  stream,  or  in 
(iticanilets.  Prior. 

lllLL'l'7r,  n.  A  small  stream  ;  a  rivulet. 

Drayton. 


5. 


RIM,  n.  [Sax.  rima  and  rcoma,  a.  riui,  a 
ream  ;  W.  rhim  and  rhimp,  a  rim,  edge, 
termination  ;  hence  crimp,  a  sharp  ridge ; 
crimpiaw,  to  form  into  a  ridge,  also  lo 
pinch.  Rim,  like  ramp,  ramble,  is  from  ex- 
tending ;  the  extremity.  In  Kuss.  kroma 
is  a  border.] 

1.  The  border,  edge  or  margin  of  a   thing 
as  the  rim  of  a  kettle  or  bason  ;  usually 
applied  to  things  cireidar  or  curving. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen. 

Broivn. 

RIM,  V.  t.  To  put  on   a  rim  or  hoop  at  th< 

border. 
RIME,  n.  [Sax.  rim,  nimdier  ;  W.  rhir 
This  is  the  more  correct  orthography,  but 
I  rhyme  is  commonly  used,  which  see.] 
RIME,  n.  [Sax.  him  ;  Ice.  hrym  ;  D.  rym 
\  The  French  write  this/nmus,  Anu.frim  ; 
I     probably   allied  to  cream.     In  G.  it  is  reif, 

1).  ryp.] 
White  or  iioar  frost ;  congealed  dew  or  va- 
por. Bacon. 
RIME,  n.  [L.  rima;  Sw.  remna,  whence 
I  remna,  to  split ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of 
!  rive.] 
A  chirdi ;  a  fissure  ;  a  rent  or  long  aperture. 

[J\ot  inuse.] 
'RIME,  V.  i.  To  freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar 
I     frost. 

IRl'MOSE,  ?      [L.  rimosus.  from  riina.]     In 
!RI'W(  >US,  I  "■  botany,  chinky  ;    abDOuding 
I     witli  clefts,  cracks  or  chinks;  as  the  hark 
!     of  trees. 
RIM'PLE,  n.    [Sax.   hrympelli.]    A  fold  or 

wrinkle.     [See  Rumple.] 
RIM'PLE,  I',  t.  To  rumple  ;  to  wrinkle. 
RIM'PLiNG,  n.  Undulation. 
RI'MY,    a.    [from  rime.]    Abounding   with 
rime;  frosty.  Harvey 

RIND,  n.  [Sslx.  rind  orhrind  ;G.rinde  ;  Gs: 

ptio;;   \V.  nof)i,  skin.] 
The    bark   of  a  plant ;  the    skin    or  coat  of 
fruit  that  may  be  pared  or  peeled  off;  al- 
so, the  inner  bark  of  trees. 

Dryden.     Milton.     Encyc 
RIND,  11.  t.  To  bark  ;  to  decorticate.     [JVot 

in  w.se.] 
RIN'DLE,  11.  [from  the  root  of  run ;  Dan. 
rinder,  to  flow.]     A  small  water  course  or 
gutter.  Ash 

RING,  n.  [Sax.  ring  or  hring ;  D.  ring  or 
kring  ;  G.  D.  S w.  ring,  a  circle ;  Sw.  kriiig. 
about,  around.  This  coincides  with  ring. 
to  sound,  and  with  wring,  to  twist  ;  G. 
ringen,  to  ring  or  sound,  and  to  wrestle. 
The  sense  is  to  strain  or  stretch,  and  »i  is 
probably  not  radical.  The  root  then  be- 
longs to  Class  Rg.] 
1.  A  circle,  or  a  circular  line,  or  any  thing  in 
the  form  of  a  circular  liiieiir  hoop.  Thus 
we  say  of  men,  they  formed  themselves  in- 
to aring,  to  see  a  wrestling  match.  Rings 
of  gold  were  made  for  the  ark.  Ex.  xxv. 
Rings  of  gold  or  other  material  are  worn 
on  the  fingers  and  sometimes  in  the  ears, 
as  ornaments. 
8.  A  circular  course. 

I'lace  me,  O  place  me  in  the  dusty  ring. 
Where  youthful  chaiinteers  contend  for  j;lorv. 

.Smith. 
RING,  n.  [from  the  verb.]    .\  sound  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  soimd  of  metals;  as  then'/igjio 
of  a  bell. 
'i.  Any  loud   sound,   or  the  sounds  of  nu 
nierous  voices ;  or  sound  continued,   re 


peated  or  reverberated  ;  as  the  n'ng- of  ac- 
clamations. Bacon. 

3.  A  chime,  or  set  of  bells  harmonically 
tuned.  Prior. 

RING,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  rung.  [Sax.  rin- 
gan,  hringan  ;  G.  D.  ringen  ;  Sw.  ringa  : 
Dan.  ringer.] 

To  cause  to  sound,  particularly  by  striking 
a  metallic  body  ;  as,  to  ring  a  bell.  This 
word  expresses  appropriately  the  sound- 
ing of  metals. 

RING,  v.l.  [from  the  noun.]  To  encircle. 

Shak. 

2.  To  fit  with  rings,  as  the  fingers,  or  as  a 
swine's  snout.  Farmers  ring  swine  to 
prevent  their  rooting. 

And  ring  these  fingers  with  thy   household 
worms.  Shak. 

RING,  V.  i.  To  sound,  as  a  bell  or  other  so- 
norous body,  particularly  a  metallic  one. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  practice  the  art  of  making  music  with 
bells.  Holder. 

3.  To  sound ;  to  resound. 
With  sweeter  notes  each  rising  temple  rwng. 

Pope. 
To  utter,  as  a  bell;  to  sound. 

The  shardborii  heetle  with  his  drowsy  hums. 
Hath  rung  night's  yawning  peal.  Shak. 

To  tinkle ;  to  have  the  sensation  of  sound 
continued. 

My  ears  still  ring  with  noise.  Dryden. 

To  be  filled   with   report   or   talk.     The 
whole  town  rings  witli  his  fame. 

RING'-BOLT,  n.  An  iron  bolt  with  an  eye 
to  which  is  fitted  a  ring  of  iron. 

Mar.  Did. 

RING-BONE,  n.  A  callus  growing  in  the 
hollow  circle  ^nf  the  little  pastern  of  a 
horse,  just  above  the  coronet.      Far.  Diet. 

RING'Dt)VE,  n.  [G.  ringeltanbe.]  A  spe- 
cies of  pigeon,  the  Columba  palumbus,  the 
largest  of  the  European  species.       Enci/c. 

RIN^'ENT,  a.  [L.  ringor,  to  make  wry  fa- 
ces, that  is,  to  wring  or  twist.] 

In  botany,  a  ringcnt  or  labiate  corol  is  one 
which  is  irregular,  monopetalous,  with 
the  border  usually  divided  into  two  parts, 
called  the  upper  and  lower  lip  ;  or  irregu- 
lar and  gaping,  like  the  mouth  of  an  ani- 
mal. Martyn.     Smith. 

RINGER,  n.  One  who  rings.  [In  the 
sense  ni' ivringer,  not  used.] 

RING'ING,  ppr.  Causing  lo  soimd,  as  a 
bell:  sounding:  fitting  with  rings. 

RING'ING,  ?i.  The   act   of  sounding  or  of 


To   conduct.      [lAtth 


causing  to  sound. 
RING'LEAD,    v.  t 

used.  ] 
RINGLEADER,  n.  [ring  am]  leader.]  The 
leader  of  any  association  of  men  engaged 
in  violation  of  law  or  an  illegal  enter- 
prise, as  rioters,  mutineers  and  the  like. 
This  name  is  derived  from  the  practice 
which  men  associating  too])pose  law  have 
sometimes  adopted,  of  signing  their  names 
to  articles  of  agreement  in  a  ring,  that  no 
one  of  their  number  might  be  distinguish- 
ed as  the  leader. 
RING' LET,  11.  [(/nil.  of  ring.]  A  small  ring. 

Pope. 
\  curl  ;  particularly,  a  curl  of  hair. 
He  golden  tresses  in  wanton  ringlets  wav'd. 

.Villon . 
A  circle. 


b3. 


R  I  O 

To  dance  our  ringleta  in  tlie  whisUin?  wind. 

Shak. 


IIING'-OUSEL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
TurJus,  (T.  torquaius,)  iiil;al>itlng  the 
hilly  and  mountainous  parts  of  G.  Britain. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

RING'-STREAKED,  a.  [ring  and  streak.] 
Having  cinular  streaks  or  lines  on  the 
bodv ;  as  ring-streaked  goals.     Gen.  xxx. 

RING'-TAIL,  n.  [ring  and  tail]  A  kind  ol 
kite  with  a  wfiitish  tail.  Bailcij 

2.  A  small  quadrilateral  sail,  set  on  a  small 
mast  on  a  ship's  tafterel. 

IIING'-WORM,  n.  [ring  and  worm.]  A  cir- 
cular eruption  on  tlie  skin  ;  a  kind  of  tet- 
ter.   [We/yes  serpigo.  Sauvages.] 

H'iseman.     Purr. 

KINSE,  V.  I.  rins.  [Sw.   rensa  or   rena,  to 
cleanse  or  purify  ;  Dan.  renser,  to   clean 
to  purge,  to  purify,  to  scour  ;  Sax.  D.  G. 
rein,   clean;  Fr.  rincer ;  Arm.  rinsa,  rin 
sein.      Our  common    people    pronounce 
this  word  rcns,  retaining  their  native  pro 
nunciation.     This   is  one   of  a  thousand 
instances  in  wliich  the  purity  of  our  ver- 
nacular language  has  been  corrupted  by 
those  who  have  understood  French  bettor 
than  their  mother  tongue.] 

1.  To  wash  ;  to  cleanse  by  washing.  But 
in  present  usage, 

2.  To  cleanse  with  a  second  or  repeated  ap- 
plication of  water,  after  washing.  We 
distinguish  washing  from  rinsing.  Hash- 
ing is  performed  by  rubbing,  or  with  the 
use  of  soap ;  rinsing  is  perforu)ed  with 
clean  water,  without  much  rubbing  or  the 
use  of  soap.  Clothes  are  rinsed  by  dip- 
ping and  dasliiug.;  and  vessels  are  rinsed 
by  dashing  water  on  them,  or  by  slight 
rubbing.  A  close  barrel  may  be  rinsed, 
but  cannot  well  be  ivashed. 

RINS'ED,  pp.  Cleansed  with  a  second  wa- 
ter ;  cleaneil. 

RINS'ER,  n.  One  that  rinses. 

UlNS'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing  with  a  second 
water. 

RIOT,  n.  [Norm,  riotli  ;  It.  riutla  ;  Fr. 
riote,  a  brawl  or  tumult.  The  W.  hrotli. 
brioth,  commotion,  may  be  from  the  same 
root  with  a  prefix,  which  would  connect 
this  word  with  bn/dia7t,  hri/diitw,  to  li(;at,  to 
boil.  The  Spanish  has  albvnilo,  and  Fort 
alvoroto,  in  a  like  sense.  In  Uanish,  ridter 
is  to  drink  hard,  to  riot.  The  primary 
sense  is  probably  noise  or  agitation.] 

1.  In  a  g'e»ien(/.9eH.5f,  tumult ;  uproar  ;  hence 
technically,  In  Itiiix,  a  riotous  as.sembling  of 
twelve  persons  or  more,  and  not  dispers- 
ing upon  proclamation.  Blackstone. 

The  detinition  of  riot  must  depend  on 
the  laws.  la  Connecticut,  the  assend)ling 
of  three  persons  or  more,  o  do  an  unlaw- 
ful act  by  violence  against  the  pers^m  or 
property  of  another,  and  not  dispersing 
upon  proclamation,  is  declared  to  be  a  riot. 
In.  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire, 
the  nund)er  necessary  to  constitute  a  riot 
is  twelve. 

2.  Uproar ;  wild  and  noisy  festivity. 

Milton. 

3.  Excessive  and  expensive  feastins.  2 
Pet.  ii.  ^ 

4.  Luxury. 

The  Iamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day. 

Pope. 


R  I  P 

Brought  to  j>erfection  in  growth  Or  to  tlie 
best  state  ;  mature  ;  fit  Jbr  use  ;  as  ripe 
fruit ;  ripe  corn. 

Advanced  to  perfection  ;  matured  ;  as 
n'/;e  judgment,  or  ripe  in  judgment. 

3.  Finished;  consummate  ;  as  a  rt/;t  scholar. 

4.  Brought  to  the  point  of  takmg  etVect  ; 
matured  ;  ready  ;  prepared  ;  as  things  just 
ripe  for  war.  Addison- 

5.  Fully  fjualilied  by  improvement ;  prepar- 
ed ;  as  a  student  ripe  for  the  university  ;  a 
sainl  ripe  for  heaven.  Fell.     Uryden. 

().  Resembling  the  ripeness   of  fruit  ;  as  a 

ripe  lip.  Shuli. 

7.  Complete  ;  proper  for  use. 
When  lime  is  ripe.  Shak. 

8.  Maturated  ;  suppurated;  as  an  abscess  or 
tumor. 

RIPE,  I',  i.  To  ripen  ;  to  grow  ripe ;  to  be 
matincd.     [.Yot  used.    See  Ripen.] 

Shak. 
RIPE,  V.  t.  To  mature  ;  to  ripen.     [J\'ot  us- 
ed.] Shak. 
RIPELY,  cuiv.  Maturely;  at  the  fit  time. 

Shak. 
RIPEN,  V.  i.  ri'pn.  [Sax.  ripian  ;  D.  rypen  : 
G.  reifen.] 

1.  To  grow  ripe;  to  be  matured;  as  grain 
or  fruit.  Grain  ripens  best  in  dry  weather. 

2.  To  ai)|)roach  or  come  to  perfection  ;  to 
be  fitted  or  prepared  ;  ns,  a  project  is  ri- 
pening for  execution. 

RIPEN,  V.  t.  ri'pn.  To  mature  ;  to  make 
ripe  ;  as  grain  or  fruit. 

'i.  To  mature  ;  to  fit  or  prepare  ;  as,  to  ripeyi 
one  for  heaven. 

3.  To  bring  to  perfection  ;  as,  to  ripen  the 
judgment. 

RI'PP^.NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ripe  or 
brought  to  that  state  of  perfection  which 
fits  for  use :  maturity  ;  as  the  ripeness  of 
grain. 

2.  Full  growth. 
Time  which  made  tJiem  their  fame  outlive. 
To  Cowley  scarce  did  ripeness  give.  Denhain. 

3.  Perfection  ;  completeness  ;  as  the  ripeness 
of  virtue,  wisdom  or  judgment. 

4.  Fitness;  qualification.  Shak. 

5.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as 
of  an  ulcer  or  abscess. 

C.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  as  the  liptness  of 
a  project  for  execution. 

RIPHEAN,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  certain 
mountains  in  tlie  north  of  Asia,  probably 
signifving  snowy  mountains. 

RIPil'.R.  >        In  old  laics,  one  who  brings 

RIPPER,  S  "■  fisli  to  market  in  the  inland 
country.  Cowel. 

RIPPED,  pp.  Torn  or  cut  off  or  out;  torn 
open. 

RIP'PER,  n.  One  who  tears  or  cuts  open. 

RI1"PI.\'G,  ppr.  Cutting  or  tearing  off  or 
open  ;  tearing  up. 

RIP' PING,  )i.   A  tearing. 

2.  A  discovery.     Obs.  Spenser. 

RIPPLE,  r.i.  [In  Dan.  ripper  is  to  stir  or 
agitate  ;  in  G.  ri^c  is  a  hatchel  ;  and  rif- 
feln,  to  hatchel ;  in  Sax.  gerljitd  is  wrink- 
led.    Ripple  is  probably  allied  to  rip.] 

iTo  fret  on  the  surface ;  as  water  when  agi- 
tated or  running   over  a  rough    bottom, 
appears  rough  and  broken,  or  as  if  ripped 
RIPE,     a.     [Sax.   7-ipe,  gerip :    D.  iijp ;    G.  |     or  torn. 

reif.     The  Saxon  word  signifies  harvest,!  RIPPLE,  v.  f.    [G.  ri^c/ii,  to  hatchel.]     To 
a  reap  or  reaping  :  n'/)a,  a  h.-iiulful  of  corn  ;       <'lean,  as  fiax.  Rf'V- 

ripan,  to  rea[) :  ripian,  to  ripen.]  \\2.  To  agitate  the  surface  of  water. 


R  I  P 

To  run  riot,  to  act  or  move  without  Control 
or  restraint.  Swift. 

RI'OT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rioter;  It.  riotture.]  To 
revel  ;  to  run  to  excess  in  feasting,  drink- 
ing or  other  sensual  indulgences. 

2.  To  luxuriate  ;  to  be  highly  excited. 

No  pulse  ihat  riots,  and  no  blood  that  glows. 

Pope 

3.  To  banquet  ;   to  live  in  luxury  ;  to  en- 
joy- 
How  base   is   tlic  ingratitude  which  forgets 

tlic  benefactor,  while  it  is  rioting  on  the  bene 
lit !  Dwight. 

To  raise  an   uproar  or  sedition. 

Johnson. 

RI'OTER,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  loose 
festivity  or  excessive  feasting. 

2.  Ill  law,  one  guilty  of  meeting  with  others 
to  do  an  unlawful  act,  and  declining  tore- 
tire  upon  |)roclamation. 

RIOTING,  ppr.  Reveling  ;  indulging  in 
excessive  feasting. 

RI  OTING,  n.  A  reveling. 

RI'OTISE,  »i.  Dissoluteness;  luxury.  [M)t\ 
in  u.ii.]  Spenser.\ 

RIOTOUS,    a.    [It.  riottoso.]     Luxurious 
wanton  or  licentious  in    festive  indulgen- 
cies  ;   as  riotous  eaters  of  flesh.     Prov 
xxiii. 

2.  Consisting  of  riot ;  tumultuous  :  parta- 
king of  the  nature  of  an  unlawful  assem- 
bly ;  seditious. 

3.  Guilty  of  riot;  applied  to  persons. 
RI'OTOUSLY,  ndi:  With  excessive   or  li- 
centious luxury.  Eeclus. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  an  unlawful  assembly  ; 
tiimultuou.sly  ;  seditiously. 

RI'OTOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  riotous. 

RIP,  V.  t.  [Sax.  i-^jpan,  ri/ppan,  hri/pan  ;  Sw. 
rifv'i ;  Dan.  river.  This  belongs  to  the 
great  family  of  Sax.  renjian,  L.  rapio,  Ir 
rcab'im,  Eiig.  rtnpand  rive;  allied  perhaps 
to  the  L.  crepo,  Fr.  crcver.] 

I.  To  separate  by  cutting  or  tearing  ;  to 
tear  or  cut  open  or  off;  to  tear  off  or  out 
by  violence ;  as,  to  rip  open  a  garment  by 
culting  the  stitches  ;  to  rip  off  the  skin  of 
a  beast ;  to  rip  open  a  sack  ;  to  rip  off 
the  shingles  or  ilupboards  of  a  house  ;  to 
rip  up  a  floor.  We  never  use  Ulcerate  in 
these  seiLses,  but  apply  it  to  a  partial  tear- 
ing of  the  skin  anti  fiesh. 
To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tear- 
ing. Otway. 
He'll  rl})  the  fat,-!!  secret  from  her  heart. 

Granville. 

3.  To  tear  up  for  search  or  disclosure  or  for 
alteration  ;  to  search  to  the  bottom  ;  witi 


2. 


up. 
Y  ou  rip  tip  tlie  original  of  Scodand. 

Spenser. 
They  ripped  tip  all   that  had   been  done  from 
the  bcsjinning  of  the  rebellion.  Clarendotl. 

4.  To   rip  out,  as  an  oath.     [This  .seems  to 
be  the  D.  rocpen.  Sax.  hreopan,  to  cry  out 
allied  to  L.  nepo,  Vr.  crever.] 
RIP.  n.    .\   tearing  ;  a  place  torn  ;  lacera- 
tion. Mdison. 

2.  A  wicker  basket  to  carry  fish  in 

Coicc^ 

3.  Refuse.     [J\'ot  in  use  or  local. 
[Sax.   ripe,  gerip :    D.  ryp ;    G. 


R  I  S 


R  I  S 


R  I  S 


RIP'PLE,  n.  Tlie  fretting  of  the  surface  of 
WMter;  little  curling  waves.  1 

2.  A  large  comb  or  hatchel  for  cleaning;! 
flax.  1 

RIPPLING,  ppr-   Fretting  on  the  surface. 

RIP'PLING,  n.  The  ripple  dashing  on  the' 
shore,  or  the  noise  of  it.  Pennant. 

9.  The  act  or  method  of  cleaning  flax;  a 
hatcheling. 

RIPT,  pp.   for  ripped. 

RIP'TOVVELL,  )i.  A  gratuity  given  to  ten- 
ants after  they  had  reaped  their  lordV 
corn.  Bailey.     Todd. 

RISE,  V.  i.  rize.  pret.  rose  ;  pp.  risen  ;  pron. 
roze,  rizn.  [Sax.  arisaii ;  D.rijzen  ;  Goth. 
reisan,  in  ur-reisan,  to  rise,  and  ur-raisyan, 
to  raise.     See  Raise.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  upward  in  any  manner ; 
to  ascend ;  as,  a  fog  rise*  from  a  river  or 
from  low  ground  ;  a  fish  rises  in  water; 
fowls  me  in  the  air  ;  clouds  rise  from  the 
horizon  towards  the  meridian;  a  balloon 
rises  above  the  clouds. 

2.  To  get  up;  to  leave  the  place  of  sleep 
or  rest ;  as,  to  rise  from  bed. 

3.  To  get  up  or  move  from  any  recuinbent 
to  an  erect  posture  ;  as,  to  rise  after  a  fall 

4.  To  get  up  from  a  seat ;  to  leave  a  sitting 
posture  ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sofa  or  chair. 

5.  To  spring  ;  to  grow  ;  as  a  plant ;  hence, 
to  be  high  or  tali.  A  tree  rises  to  the 
highth  of  UO  feet. 

6.  To  swell  in  quantity  or  extent ;  to  be 
more  elevated ;  as,  a  river  rises  after  a 
rain. 

7.  To  break  forth  ;  to  appear  ;  as,  a  boi 
rises  on  the  skin. 

8.  To  appear  above  the  horizon  ;  to  shine 
as,  the  sun  or  a  star  rises. 

He  maketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on 
the  good.     Matt.  v. 

9.  To  begin  to  exist ;  to  originate  ;  to  come 
into  being  or  notice.  Great  evils  some- 
times rise  from  small  imprudences. 

10.  To  be  excited  ;  to  begin  to  move  or  act; 
as,  the  wind  rose  at  12  o'clock. 

11.  To  increase  in  violence.  The  wind  con- 
tinued to  rise  till  3  o'clock. 

12.  To  appear  in  view  ;  as,  to  rise  up  to  the 
reader's  view.  Addison. 

13.  To  appear  in  sight ;  also,  to  appear  more 
elevated;  as  in  sailing  towards  a  sliore, 
the  land  rises. 

14.  To  change  a  station ;  to  leave  a  place  ; 
as,  to  rise  from  a  siege.  Knolles 

15.  To  spring ;  to  be  excited  or  produced. 
A  thought  now  rises  in  my  mind. 

16.  To  gain  elevation  in  rank,  fortune  or 
public  estimation ;  to  be  promoted.  Men 
may  rise  by  industry,  by  merit,  by  favor, 
or  by  intrigue. 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  some  by  virtue  fall. 

Shak 
When  the  wicked  rise,  men  hide  themselves. 
Prov.  xxviii. 

17.  To  break  forth  into  public  commotions  ; 
to  make  open  opposition  to  goverrunent 
or  to  assemble  and  oppose  government 
or  to  assemble  in  arms  for  attacking  an- 
other   nation.      The   Greeks    have   risen 
against  their  oppressors. 

No  moto  sliall  nation  against  nation  rise. 

Pope 

18.  To  be  e.vcited  or  roused  into  action. 
Rise  up  to  the  battle.     Jcr.  xlix. 


19.  To  make  a  hostile  attack ;  as  when  a 
man  riselh  against  his  neiglibor.  Deut. 
x.xii. 

Also,  to  rebel.     2  Sam.  xviii. 

20.  To  increase  ;  to  swell ;  to  grow  more  or 
greater.  A  voice,  feeble  at  first,  rises  to 
thunder.  The  price  of  goods  rises.  The 
heat  rises  to  intensity. 

21.  To  be  improved  ;  to  recover  from  de- 
pression ;  as,  a  family  may  rise  after  mis- 
fortune to  o|)ulence  anri  splendor. 

22.  To  elevate  the  style  or  manner;  as,  to 
rise  in  force  of  expression;  to  rise  in  elo 
quence. 

33.  To  be  I 


evived  from  death. 
The  dead  in  Christ  shall  rise  first.     1  Thess. 
iv. 

24.  To  come  by  chance.  Spenser 

25.  To  ascend  ;  to  be  elevated  above  the 
level  or  surface;  as,  tlie  ground  rises  grad 
ually  one  hundred  yards.  The  Andes 
rise  more  than  20,000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean  ;  a  mountain  in  Asia  is  said 
to  rise  still  higher. 

2C.  To  proceed  from. 

A  scepter  sliall  rise  out  of  Israel.    Num.  xxiv. 

27.  To  have  its  sources  in.  Rivers  me  in 
lakes,  ponds  and  springs. 

28.  To  be  moved,  roused,  excited,  kindled 
or  inflamed,  as  passion.  His  wrath  rose 
to  rage. 

20.  To  ascend  in  the  diatonic  scale  ;  as,  to 
rise  a  tone  or  semitone. 

30.  To  amount.  The  public  debt  rises  to  a 
hundred  millions. 

31.  To  close  a  session.  AVe  say,  congress 
will  rise  on  the  4th  of  Marcli ;  the  legisla- 
ture or  the  court  will  rise  on  a  certain 
day. 

This  verb  is  written  also  arise,  which  see. 
In  general,  it  is  indifferent  which  orthog- 
raphy is  used;  but  custom  lias,  in  some 
cases,  established  one  to  the  exclusion  ol 
the  other.  Thus  we  never  say,  the  price 
of  goods  arises,  when  we  mean  advances, 
but  we  always  say,  the  |irice  rises.  We 
never  say,  the  ground  arises  to  a  certain 
altitude,  and  rarely,  a  man  arises  into  an 
office  or  station.  It  is  hardly  possible  to 
class  or  define  the  cases  in  which  usage 
has  established  a  difference  in  the  ortlioj^ 
raphy  of  this  verb.  A  knowledge  of 
these  cases  must  be  acquired  by  observa 
tion. 

RISE,  Ji.  rise.  The  act  of  rising,  either  in 
a   literal   or   figurative  sense;  ascent;  a; 
the  rise   of  vapor   in  the  air ;  the  7-ise  ol' 
mercury  in  the  barometer  ;  the  rise  of  wa- 
ter in  a  river. 

i.  The  act  of  springing  or  mounting  from 
the  ground  ;  as  tlie  rise  of  the  feet  in  leap- 
ing. 

3.  Ascent ;  elevation,  or  degree  ot  ascent  ; 
as  the  rise  of  a  hill  or  mountain. 

4.  Spring  ;  source  ;  origin ;  as  the  rise  of  a 
stream  in  a  mountain.  All  sin  has  its 
rise  in  the  heart. 

5.  Any  place  elevated  above  the  common 
level ;  as  a  rise  of  land. 

6.  Appearance  above  the  horizon;  as  the 
rise  of  the  sun  or  a  star. 

7.  Increase  ;  advance;  as  a  rise  in  the  price 
of  wheat. 

8.  Advance  in  rank,  honor,  property  or 
fame.     Observe  a   man  after   his  rise  to 


■    ofBce,  or  a  family  after  its  rise  from  obscu- 
rity. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  on  the  same  key ;  a 
swelling  of  the  voice. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  in  the 
!     diatonic  scale  ;  as  a  rise  of  a  tone  or  semi- 
tone. 

11.  Increase;  augmentation. 

12.  [D.  rys ;  from  the  verb.]  A  bough  or 
branch.     [.Not  in  use.^  Chaucer. 

RIS'EN,  pp.  [See  Rise'.] 

'Rl'SER,    n.    One  that   rises;  as   an  early 

j     riser. 

j2.  Among  joiners,  the   upright   board   of  a 

I     stair. 

RISIBILITY,  n.  [from  mi6/e.]  The  quaU- 
ty  of  laughing,  or  of  being  capable  of 
laughter.  Risibility  is  peculiar  to  the  hu- 
man species. 

2.  Proiieness  to  laugh. 

RI'SIBLE,  a.  [Fr.  risible  ;  L.  risibilis,  from 
rirfeo,  rist,  to  laugh.     Hec  Ridiculous.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing. 
Man  is  a  risible  animal. 

Laughable  ;  capable  of  exciting  laughter. 
The  description  of  FalstaflTin  Sirakspeare, 
exhibits  a  risi6/e  scene.  Risible  differs 
from  ludicrous,  as  species  from  genus ; 
ludicrous  expressing  that  which  is  play- 
ful and  sportive  ;  risible,  that  which  may 
excite  laughter.  Risible  differs  from  ri- 
diculous, as  the  latter  implies  something 
mean  or  contemptible,  and  risible  does  not. 
RI'SING,  ppr.  Getting  up  ;  ascending  ; 
mounting  ;  springing  ;  proceeding  from  ; 
advancing  ;  swelling  ;  increasing;  appear- 
ing above  the  horizon  ;  reviving  from 
death,  &c. 

2.  Increasing  in  wealth,  power  or  distinc- 
tion ;  as  arisin/^  state  ;  a  rising  character. 

RI'SING,  n.  The  act  of  getting  up  from 
any  recumbent'  or  sitting  posture. 

2.  The  act  of  ascending ;  as  the  rising  of 
vapor. 

3.  The  act  of  closing  a  session,  as  of  a  public 
body  ;  as  the  risi7ig  of  the  legislature. 

4.  The  a|)pearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star 
above  the  horizon. 

5.  The  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead  ;  res- 
urrection.    Mark  ix. 

t).  A  tumor  on  the  body.     Lev.  xiii. 

7.  An  as.sembling  in  opposition  to  govern- 
ment ;  insurrection  ;  sedition  or  mutiny. 

RISK,  n.  [Pr.  risipie  ;  Ann.  risql ;  Sp  ricsgo  ; 
Port,  risco;  It.  risrkio,  risk,  danger,  peril  ; 
Fr.  risquer,  Arm.  risqla,  Sp.  arriesgar,  Port. 
arriscar,  to  risk.  Tin;  sense  is  a  pushing 
forwani,  a  rushing,  as  in  rnsh.  Qii.  Dan. 
dristig,  bold,  rush;  drisler,  to  dare:  Sw. 
drisla,  to  trust,  to  he  hold,  hardy  or  rash. 
Ill  Portuguese,  risco  signifies  not  only 
hazard,  but  a  stroke,  a  dash,  and  with 
painters,  delineation  ;  riscar  signifies  to 
dash  or  strike  out  with  a  pen,  to  erase. 
The  -primary  sense  then  is  to  throw  or 
dash,  or  to  rush,  to  drive  forward.  See 
Peril,  Rash  and  Rush.] 
I.  Hazard  :   danger  ;    peril  ;    exposure    to 


harm,  lie,  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  saved  a 
drowning  man. 
2.  In  commerce,  the  hazard  of  loss,  either  of 
ship,  goods  or  other  property.  Hence, 
risk  signifies  also  the  degree  of  hazard  or 
danger  ;  fi)r  the  premiums  of  insurance 
are  calculated  upon  the  risA'.  The  uinler- 
writers  now  take  risks  at  a  low  premium. 


R  I  V 


R  I  V 


R  O  A 


To  run  a  risk,  is  to  incur  hazard  ;  to  encoua 

ter  ilaiigor. 

RISK,  V.  I.  To  hazard;  to  endimjjer ;  toex- 
posu  to  injury  or  loss  ;  ns,  to  risk  (foods  on 
board  of  a  ship ;  to  risk  one's  person  in 
battle  ;  to  risk  one's  fame  by  a  publica- 
tion;  to  risk  life  in  defense  ofrijjhts. 

3.  Ti)  venture  ;  to  dare  to  undertake  ;  as,  to 
risk  a  buttle  or  cotnbat. 

RISK'KD,  pp.  Hazarded;  exposed  to  inju- 
ry or  loss. 

RISK'ER,  n.  One  who  hazards. 

RlriK'lNG,  ppr.  Hazarding;  exposing  to 
injury  or  loss. 

RISSE,  obsolete  pret.  of  rise.         B.  Jonson. 

RITIi,  n.  [Fr.  rit,  rite;  L.  ritus ;  It.  Sp. 
rito  ;  Sans,  riti,  service.] 

The  manner  of  performing  divine  or  solenni 
service  as  eslublished  by  law,  precept  or 
custom  ;  formal  act  of  religion,  or  other 
solemn  duty.  The  rites  of  the  Israelites 
were  numerous  and  expensive  ;  the 
n'te*  of  modern  churches  are  more  simple. 
Funeral  rites  are  very  different  in  differ- 
ent countries.  The  sacrament  is  a  holy 
rite.  Hammond. 

RITORNEL'LO,  n.  [It.  from  ritoruo,  re- 
turn, or  ritontare,  to  return.] 

In  viusic,  a  repeat;  the  burden  of  a  song,  or 
the  repetition  of  a  verse  or  strain. 

RIT'UAL,  a.  [It.  rituale.]  Pertaining  to 
rites;  consisting  of  rites  ;  as  n7un<  service 
or  sacrifices.  Prior. 

2.  Prescribing  rites  ;  as  the  ritual  law. 

RIT'UAL,  n.  A  book  containing  the  rites 
to  be  observed,  or  the  manner  of  perform- 
ing divine  service  in  a  particular  church, 
diocese  or  the  like.  Enctjc. 

RIT'UALIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  ritual. 

Gres^orijJ^ 

RIT'UALLY,  adv.  By  rites;  or  by  a  par- 
ticular rite.  .Seidell. 

RIV'AuE,  n.  [Fr.  from  rive,  bank.]  A 
bank,  shore  or  coast.     [jVol  in  use.] 

Spoiser. 

RI'VAL,  n.  [I,,  rivnlls ;  Fr.  Sp.  rival;  h. 
rivate ;  Ir.  rwblach  :  Heb.  3n  to  conteiul 
to  strive  ;  Dan.  rives,  to  strive  ;  Sp.  rifa 
strife,  raffle  ;  rifar,  to  dispute,  quarrel  oi 
raffle,  and  to  split  a  sail.  Ciu.  to  rive  or 
rip.     See  Raffle.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  puistiit  of  the  same  object 
as  another ;  one  .striving  to  reach  or  oh 
tain  something  which  another  is  attempt 
ing  to  obtain,  and  which  one  only  can 
possess;  a  competitor ;  as  rivals  in  love; 
nvo/*fora  crown.  Love  will  not  patient 
ly  l)ear  a  rival. 

2.  One  striving  to  equal  or  exceed  another 
in  excellence;  as  two  rivals  in   eloquence. 

.3.  An  antagonist;  a  competitor  in  any  pur 

suit  or  strife. 
RI'VAL,  a.  Having  the  same  pretensions  oi 
claims  ;  standing  in  competition  for  supe 
riority  ;  as  rival  lovers  ;  rival  claims  or  pro 
tensions. 

Equal  in  years  and  rival  in  renown. 

Dryden 
RI'VAL,  V.  t.  To  stand  in  competition  with 
to  strive  to  gain  the  object  which  another 
is  contending  for;  as,  to  rival  one  in  love. 
2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel;  to  emulate. 
To  rival  tliiindei  in  its  i-apiil  course. 

Dry  den. 

RI'VAL,  V.  i.  To  be  competitors,     {^iot  in 

use.]  Shak. 


RIVAL'ITY,  n.  Rivalry.     [JVot  in  nse.] 

Sliak. 

RI'VALRY,  n.  [from  nVa/.]  Competition  ;  a 
strife  or  effort  to  obtain  an  object  which 
another  is  pursuing  ;  us  rivalry  ni  love  ;  or 
an  endeavor  to  equal  or  surpass  another 
in  some  excellence  ;  emulation  ;  as  rivalry 
for  superiority  at  the  bar  or  in  the  senate. 

Rl'VALSHIP,  ;i.  The  state  or  character  of 
a  rival.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Strife  ;  contention  for  superiority  ;  emu- 
lation ;  rivalry. 

RIVE,  V.  t.  pret.  rived;  pp.  rived  or  riven. 
[Dan.  revner,  to  split;  river,  to  pluck  off  or 
away,  to  rake ;  Sw.  rifva,  to  pull  asunder, 
to  burst  or  rend,  to  rake,  to  tear ;  Ice. 
ri/a,  Sw.  refva,  a  chink  or  crevice  ;  Fr. 
crever,  whence  creunssf, crevice;  Russ.  rvu  ; 
allied  to  L.  rumpo,  rnpi.  It  may  be  allied 
to  the  family  of  L.  rapio,  reap,  rip.] 

To  split;  to  cleave  ;  to  rend  asunder  by 
force;  as,  to  rive  timber  for  rails  or  shin- 
gles with  wedges ;  the  riven  oak ;  the  riven 
clouds.  Dnjden.    Milton. 

Tlie  scolding  winds 
Have  riv'd  the  knotty  oaks.  Shak. 

RIVE,  V.  i.  To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

Freestone  rives,  splits  and  breaks  in  any  di- 
rection. fVoodward. 

RIV'EL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  gerijled,  wrinkled  ;  tVom 
the  root  of  Dan.  river,  to  draw,  to  wrest, 
Sw.  rifva.  This  word  is  obsolete,  but 
shrivel,  from  the  same  root,  is  in  use.  It 
may  be  allied  to  ruffle.] 

To  contract  into  wrinkles  ;  to  shrink  ;  as  riv- 
eted fruits ;  rii'cled  flowers. 

Dryden.     Pope. 

RIV^'EN,  pp.  of  rii^e.  Split;  rent  or  burst 
asuiKler. 

RI'VER,  n.  One  who  rives  or  splits. 

RIV'ER,  n.  [Fr.  riviere;  Arm.  rifyer;  Corn. 
njvier  ;  It.  riviera  ;  from  L.  rivus,  rivulus  ; 
1).  rivier.  The  Italian  word  signifies  a 
river,  and  a  bank  or  shore,  L.  ripa,  Sp.  ri 
hera. ] 

1.  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a  chan- 
nel on  land  towards  tlie  ocean,  a  lake 
or  another  river.  It  is  larger  than  a  rivu- 
let or  brook  ;  but  is  ap|)lied  to  any  stream 
from  the  size  of  a  mill-stream  to  that  of 
the  Danube,  Maraiion  and  Mississippi. 
We  give  this  name  to  large  streams  which 
admit  the  tide  and  mingle  salt  water  with 
fresh,  as  the  rivers  Hudson,  Delaware  and 
St.  Lawrence. 

2.  A  large  stream  ;  copious  flow ;  abund- 
ance;  as  ritif  r.s  of  blood  ;  ni'era  of  oil. 

RIV'ER-DRAGO^f.  n.  A  crocodile;  a  name 
given  by  Milton  to  the  king  of  Egypt. 

RIVERET,  n.  A  small  river.  [.\ot  in  use.] 

RIV'ER-GOD,  n.  A  deity  supposed  to  pre- 
side over  a  river,  as  its  tutelary  divinity  ; 
a  naiad.  Lempriere. 

RIV  ER-IIORSE,  n.  The  hippopotamus,  an 
iiniiiial  iiiliabitins;  rivers.  JMiltonJ 

RIV'ER- WATER,  ii.  The  water  of  a  river, 
as  distinguished  from  rain-water. 

RIV'ET,  V.  t.  [It.  rihadire ;  Port  rebitar. 
These  are  compounds  of  a  verb  with  re  tor 
a  prefix.  The  Spanish  has  roblar.  The 
French  river,  and  Arm.  riva  or  rinva, 
would  seem  to  be  the  Heb.  2n  to  drive.] 
To  fasten  with  a  rivet  or  with  rivets;  as, 
to  rivet  two  pieces  of  iron. 
To  clinch ;  as,  to  rivet  a  pin  or  bolt. 

Moxon. 


3.  To  fasten  firmly  ;  to  make  firm,  stroug  ot 
immovable;  as,  to  rivet  frieudsliip  or  af- 
fection. Alterbury. 
Rivet  and  nail  me  where  I  stand,  ye  pow'rs. 

'  Congreve. 

RIV'ET,  n.  A  pin  of  iron  or  other  metal 
with  a  head,  driven  through  a  piece  of 
timber  or  metal,  and  the  point  bent  or 
spread  and  beat  down  fast,  to  prevent  its 
being  drawn  out  ;  or  a  pin  or  bolt  clinch- 

I     ed  at  both  ends. 

RIV  ETKll  pp.  Clinched;  made  fast. 

RIVETING,  ppr.  Clinching  ;  fastening 
firmly. 

RIVULET,  n.  [L.  rivulus.]  A  small  stream 
or  brook  ;  a  streamlet. 

By  fountain  or  by  shady  rivulet, 

He  sought  them.  Milton. 

RIXA'TION,  n.  [L.  rixaiio,  from  rizor,  to 
brawl  or  ijuarrcl.] 

A  brawl  or  (jiiarrel.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

,RIX-DOL'LAR,n.  [G.  reichslhaler ;  D.ryks- 
daalder  ;  Sw.  riksdaltr ;  Dan.  rigsdaler  ; 
the  dollar  of  the  realm.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Germany,  Denmark  and 
Sweden,  of  diflerent  value  in  different 
places.  In  Hainlnirg  and  some  other  parts 
of  Germany,  its  value  is  the  same  as  the 

I     American  dollar,  or  4-(Jd.  sterling.    In  oth- 

[     er  parts  of  Germany,  its  value  is  ii-tid.  sler- 

1     ling,  or  about  78  cents. 

R0A(,'H,  n.   [Sax.  reohrhe,  hrcoce  ;  G.  roche  ; 

I     Dan.  rokke  ;  Sw.   rocka  ;  Fr.  rougel,  from 

I     the  root  of  rouge,  red.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Cyprinus,  found  in  fresh 

;  water,  easily  caught  and  tolerably  good 
for  food. 

.Js  sound  as  a  roach,  is  a  phrase  supposed  to 

I     have  been  originally,  as  sound  as  a   rock, 

'     (Fr.  roche.) 

jRO.AD,  71.  [Sax.  rod,  rade,  a  ride,  a  passing 
or  traveling  on  horseback,  a  way,  a  road, 

[  corresponding  with  the  G.  reise,  D.  reis, 
Dan.  rejse,  Sw.  rtsa  ;  but  in  the  sense  of  a 
place  for  anchoring  ships,  the  Fr.  has  rade, 

j     Sp.  rada,  G.  D.  reede,  Sw.  redd,  Dan.  rede, 

[  reed.  In  the  sense  of  way,  the  Spanish 
has  rauta,  \V.  rhawd,  all  connected  with 
ride,  W.  rhedu,  to  run,  and  L.  gradior, 
W.  rhodiau;  to  walk  or  go.  The  Slavonic 
has  brud,  and  the  Bohemian  brod,  a  way. 
See  Grade.] 

1.  An  open  way  or  public  passage;  ground 
appropriated  for  travel,  forming  a  commu- 
nication between  one  city,  town  or  place 
and  another.  The  word  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  highways,  and  as  a  generic  term 
it  includes  highway,  street  and  lane.  The 
military  roads  of  the  Romans  were  paved 
with  stone,  or  I'ormed  of  gravel  or  peb 
bles,  and  some  of  them  remain  to  this  day 
entire. 

2.  A  place  where  ships  may  ride  at  anchor 
at  some  distance  from  the  shore  ;  some- 
times called  roadstead,  that  is,  a  place  for 
riding,  meaning  at  anchor. 

3.  A  journey.  [Not  used,  but  we  still  use 
ride  as  a  noun  ;  as  a  long  ride  ;  a  short 
ride;  the  same  word  differently  written.] 

Milton. 

4.  An  inroad  ;  incursion  of  an  enemy.  [.Vot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

On  the  road,  passing  ;  traveling.  Law. 

ROADER,       )       Among  seamen,  a  vessel 

ROADSTER,  ^    '  riding  at  anchor  in  a  road 

or  bay.  Mar.  Did. 


li  O  A 


ROB 


ROB 


KOADJfTEAl).     [See  Road.] 
llOAOWAY,  n.  A  bighvvay.  [Tautological.] 

Shak. 
ROAM,  V.  i.  [If »«  is  radical,  this  word  seems 

to  he  coiinecled  with  ramble,  L.  ramus.  In 

W.  rhamu  is  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to  vault ; 

whence  rhamani,  a  rising  boldly,  romance  ; 

rhem,  rhum,  something  projecting ;  rhim, 


Ar. 


Class  Rm.  No.  5. 


rim,  the  exterior  part  of  a  thin 

to  exceed,  to  depart 

See  also  No.  9.  and  2.3.]  j 

To  wander;  to  ramble;  to  rove;  to  walk  or, 
move  about  from  i)lace  to  place  withouti 
any   certain   purpose   or   direction.     The 
wolf  and  the  savage  roam  in  the  forest. 
Daplme  roaming  through  a  thorny  wood. 

Shak. 

ROAM,  V.  t.  To  range  ;  to  wander  over  ;  as, 
to  roam  the  woods ;  but  the  phrase  is  el- 
liptical. Milton. 

ROAMER,  n.  A  wanderer ;  a  rover :  a  ram- 
bler ;  a  vagrant. 

ROAMING,  ;)pr.  Wandering;  roving. 

ROAMING,  n.  The  act  of  wanflering. 

ROAN,  a.  [Fr.  rattan.]  A  roan  horse  is  one! 
that  is  of  a  bay,  sorrel  or  dark  color,  with 
spots  of  gray  or  white  thickly  interspersed.! 

Far.  Did.' 

ROAN-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Sor-1 
bus  ;  the  mountain  ash.  Lee.l 

ROAR,  V.  i.  [Sax.  rarian,  to  roar  ;  W.  rkawr,' 
the  roaring  of  the  sea.] 

1.  To  cry  with  a  full,  loud,  continued  sound  ; 
to  bellow,  as  a  beast;  as  a  roaring  bull ;  a 
roaring  lion.  Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  as  in  distress. 

The  suff'ring  chiet" 
lioar'd  out  for  anguish.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cry  aloud  ;  to  bawl ;  as  a  child. 

4.  To  cause  a  loud  continued  sound.  We 
say,  the  sea  or  the  wind  roars  ;  a  company 
roar  in  acclamation. 

5.  To  make  a  loud  noise. 

The  brazen  throat  of  war  had  ceas'd  to  roar. 

Milton. 
ROAR,  n.  A  full  loud  sound  of  some  con 
tiuuancc  ;  the  cry  of  a  beast ;  as  the  roar 
of  a  lion  or  bull. 

2.  The  loud  cry  of  a  child  or  person  in  dis- 
tress. 

3.  Clamor  ;  outcry  of  joy  or  mirth  ;  as  a  roai\ 
of  laughter.  He  set  the  comi)any  in  a 
roar. 

4.  The  loud  continued  sound  of  the  sea  in  a: 
storm,  or  the  bowling  of  a  tempest. 

Philips., 

.5.  Any  loud  sound  of  some  continuance;  asi 

the  roar  of  cannon.  1 

ROARER,  n.  One  that  roars,  man  or  bcast.j 

ROARING,  ppr.  Crying  like  a  bull  or  lion  ; 

uttering  a  deep  loud  sound.  I 

ROARING,  n.  The  cry  of  a  lion  or  other! 

beast ;  outcry   of  distress.   Job   iii. ;  loud 

contiiMied  sound  of  the  billows  of  the  sea 

or  of  u  tempest.  Is.  v. 

ROARY,  a.  Uewy  ;  more  properly  rory. 

ROArfT,   V.  t.    [W.  rhostiaw  ;    Ir.   rostam  ,' 

Arm.    rosia;    Fr.   ri'ilir ;    It.    arrostire ;  D. 

rooslcn  ;  G.   rostcn  ;  Sw.  rosta  ;  Dan.   ris-\ 

/(■)•,  to  roast,  and  risi,  a  gridiron,   (J.   rost. 

If  Ihc  verb   is  from  the  noun,  the  sense  is 

to  dre.ss  or  cook  on  a  gridiron  or  grate,  and 

rist,  rost,   coincide  in  cleuients    with    L. 

rastdlum,  a  rake.     If  the  verb  is  the  root, 


tlie  sense  probably  is  to  contract  or  ciisp, 
or  to  throw  or   agitate,   hence    to  make 
rough.     The   Welsh   has    also  crasu,    to! 
roast,    from    eras.    This    coincides  with 
crisp.] 
I.  To  cook,  dress  or  prepare  meat  for  the  ta- 
ble by  exposing  it  to  heat,  as  on  a  spit,  in 
a  bake-pan,  in  an  oven  or  the  like.     We 
now  say,  to  roast  meat  on  a  spit,  in  a  pan 
or  in  a  tin  oven,  &c. ;  to  bake  meat  in  an| 
oven  ;  to  broil  meat  on  a  gridiron. 
To  prepare  for  food  by  exposure  to  heat; 
as,  to   roast  apples  or  potatoes ;  to  roast 
eggs. 

3.  To  heat  to  excess  ;  to  heat  violently 
Roasted  in  wrath  and  lire.  Shak. 

4.  To  dry  and  |)arch  by  exposure  to  heat ; 
as,  to  roast  coffee. 
In  metallurgy,  to  dissipate  the  volatile 
parts  of  ore  by  heat. 

6.  In  common  discourse,  to  jeer ;  to  banter 


severely. 
ROAST,  71. 
ROAST,  a. 

beef. 
ROAST,  n, 


Scott. 
That  which  is  roasted, 
[for  roasted.]  Roasted ;  as  roast 


In  the  phrase,  to  rule  the  roast, 

this  word  is  a  corrupt  pronunciation   of 

the  G.  rath,  counsel,  Dan.  D.  raad,  Sw. 

rild. 
RO.ASTED,  pp.  Dressed  by  exposure  to  heat 

on  a  spit. 
ROASTER,  n.  One  that  roasts  meat ;  also, 

a  gridiron. 
2.  A  pig  for  roasting. 
ROASTING,  ppr.  Prei)aring  for  the   table 

by  exposure  to  heat  on  a  spit;  drying  and 

parching. 
2.  Bantering  with  severity. 
ROASTING,  n.  A  severe  teasing  or  banter- 


ROB,  n.   [Sp.  rob;  Ar.    ^\,    rauba,  to  be 

thick.] 
The  inspissated  juice   of  ripe   fruit,    mixed 

with  honey  or  sugar  to  the  consistence  of 

a  conserve.  Sp.  Diet. 

ROB,  I',  t.  [G.  rauben  ;  D.  rooven  ;  Sw.  rnffa 

and   rbfva ;    Dan.  rOi'er ;    It.  rubare ;  Sp 

robar ;  Vort.  roubar ;    Pers. 


B'BINS,  I      [rope  ami  bands.]  Short 

PE-BANDS,  ^"-flat    plaited    pieces  of 


bodan.  This  word  has  the  elements  of  W. 
rhaib,  a  snatching.  Sax.  reajian,  L.  rapio, 
Fr.  ravir.  Class  Rb.  No.  26.  27.  29.  30.] 
I.  In  law,  to  take  from  the  person  of  another 
feloniously,  forcibly  and  by  putting  him 
in  fear  ;  as,  to  ro5  a  passenger  on  the  road 

Blackstone 
.  To  seize  and  carry  from  any  thing  by  vi- 
olence and  with  felonious  intent ;  as,  to 
rob  a  coach  ;  to  rob  the  mail. 
.   To    plunder;  to    strip  unlawfully;  as,  to 
rob  an  orchard;  to  rob  a  man  of  his  just 
|(raise. 
.  To  take  away  by  oppression   or  by  vio- 
lence. 

Rob  not  the  poor  because  he  is  poor.  Prov 
xxii. 
.  To  take  from ;  to  deprive.  .A  large  tree 
robs  smaller  plants  near  it  of  their  nour- 
ishment. 
G.  In  a  loose  sense,  to  steal ;  to  take  pri- 
vately without  permission  of  the  owner. 

Tooke. 
i7.  To  withhold  what  is  duo.  Mai.  iii. 


ROBAL'LO,  «.  A  fish  found  in  Mexico, 
which  affords  a  most  delicate  food. 

Clavigero- 

ROB'BE,  n.  [G.]  The  sea  dog  or  seal. 

ROB'BED,  pp.  Deprived  feloniously  and  by 
violence;  plundered;  seized  and  carried 
away  by  violence. 

ROB'BER,  n.  In  laio,  one  that  takes  goods 
or  money  from  the  person  of  another  by 
force  or  menaces,  and  with  a  felonious  in- 
lent.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  one  who  takes  that  to 
which  he  has  no  right ;  one  who  steals, 
plunders  or  strips  by  violence  and  wrong. 

ROB'BERY,  71.  In  law,tl\e  forcible  and  felo- 
nious taking  from  the  person  of  another  an} 
money  or  goods,  putting  him  in  fear,  that 
is,  by  violence  or  by  menaces  of  death  or 
personal  injury.  ffoMtn/ differs  from Mf/?, 
as  it  is  a  violent  telonious  taking  from  the 
person  or  presence  of  another ;  whereas 
thejl  is  a  felonious  taking  of  goods  pri- 
vately from  the  person,  dwelling,  &c.  of 
another.  These  words  should  not  be  con- 
founded. 

2.  A  plundering  ;  a  pillaging  ;  a  taking  away 
by  violence,  wrong  or  oppression. 

ROB'BING,  ppr.  Feloniously  taking  from 
the  person  of  another;  putting  biui  in 
fear;  stripping;  plundering;  taking  from 
another  unlawfully  or  by  wrong  or  op- 
pression. 

ROB'] 

ROP 

rope  with  an  eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs 
to  tie  the  upper  edges  of  square  sails  to 
their  yards.  jMar.  Diet. 

ROBE,  n.  [Fr.  robe  ;  Sp.  ropa  ;  Port,  roupa; 
Ir.  ro6«  ;  It.  ro6a,  a  robe,  and  goods  or  es- 
tate ;  far  roba,  to  get  money ;  robone,  a 
long  gown ;  robbiccia,  trifles,  idle  stuff 
The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  words  signi- 
fy clothing  in  general,  cloth,  stuff,  wear- 
ing apparel,  also  a  loose  garment  worn 
over  the  rest,  a  gown  ;  Sp.  ropage  is  wear- 
ing apparel,  drapery;  roperia,  the  trade  of 
dealers  in  clothes.  In  Sp.  and  Port,  then 
the  word  coincides  with  the  Fr.  drap,  Eng. 
drapery  am\  frippery .  In  Sax.  reaf'is  cloth- 
ing in  general,  and  spoil,  phmder,  from 
reqfian,  to  roi.  From  these  facts,  let  the 
reader  judge  whether  this  word  hail  its 
origin  in  rubbing,  like  wearing  apparel,  or 
from  stripping,  the  name  being  originally 
given  to  skins,  the  primitive  clothing  of 
ru<le  nations.] 

1.  .\  kind  of  gown  or  long  loose  garment 
worn  over  other  dress,  particularly  by  per- 
sons in  elevated  stations.  The  robe  is 
properly  a  dress  of  state  or  dignity,  as  of 
princes,  judges,  priests,  &c.  See  Ex.xxix. 
55.  I  Sam.  xxiv.  4.  Matt,  xxvii.  28. 

2.  A  splendid  female  gown  or  garment. 
2  Sam.  xiii. 

3.  An  elegant  dress;  splendid  attire. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  vesture  of  purity  or  right- 
eousness, and  of  hapi)iness.  Job  xxix. 
Luke  XV. 

ROBE,  II.  /.  To  put  on  a  robe ;  or  to  dress 
with  magnificence  ;  to  army. 

Pope.     Thomson. 
2.  To  dress;  to  invesst,   as  with   beauty  or 
elegance  ;  as  fields  cofctrf  with  green. 

Such  was  his  power  over    die  expression  of 
his  countenance,  that  he  could   in  an  inst;nit 


ROC 

shake  off  the  sternness  of  winter,  and  robe  it  in 
the  brightest  piniles  of  spring.         ^  Wirt. 

RO  BED,  pp.  Dressed  with  a  robe ;  arrayed 
with  elegance. 

ROIVERSMAN,     (       Jii   the    old    statutes 

ROH'KRTSMAN,  p-  of  England,  a  bold 
stout  robber  or  iiit:bt  thief,  said  to  be  so 
called  from  Hobinhood,  a  famous  robber. 

Johnson. 

ROB'ERT,  }„    A  plantofthegetius 

HKKB  ROBERT,  S  Genmium  ;  stork's 
bill.  Fam.  of  Plants.     Ainsivorth. 

ROB'ERTINE,  n.  One  of  an  order  of 
monks,  so  callfil  from  Robert  Flower,  the 
founder,  A.  D.  1187. 

ROB'IN,  n.  [L.  ruhemla,  from  rubeo,  to  be 
red.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genns  Motacilla,  called  also 
redbreast.  This  is  the  English  application 
of  the  word. 

i.  In  the  United  States,  a  bird  with  a  red 
breast,  a  species  of  Turdus. 

ROBIN-GyyUFELLOVV,  n.  An  old  do- 
mestic goblin.  Dering 

ROB'ORANT,  o.  [L.  roborans,  roboio.] 
Slreiif;lbciiing. 

ROB'ORANT,  11.  Amedicine  that  strength- 
ens; but  conuhorant  is  gcncrully  used. 

ROHORA'TION,  n.  [from  L.  roboro,  from 
robur,  strengtb] 

A  strengtliening.     [Litlle  used.]  Coles. 

ROBO'REOlJS,  a.  [L.  roboreus,  from  robur, 
strength,  and  an  oak.] 

IMade  ofOak.  Diet- 

ROBUST',  a.  [L.  robustus,  from  robur, 
strength.] 

1.  Strong;  lusty;  sinewy;    muscular;   vig 
orous  ;  tbreeful ;  as  a  robust  body  ;  robust 
youth.     It   implies    full 
healtli. 

2.  Sound  ;  vigorous  ;  as  robust  health 

3.  Violent ;  rough  ;  rude. 

Roiup  loving  ihiss 
Is  haul' J  about  in  gallantry  robust. 

Thomscn. 

4.  Requiring  strength  ;  as  robust  employ- 
ment. Locke. 

[Note.  This  is  one  of  the  woids  in  which  « c 
observe  a  strong  tendency  in  practice  to  ac- 
centuate the  first  syllable,  as  in  oecesf  ;  and 
there  are  many  sitnations  of  the  word  in  which 
this  is  the  preferable  pronunciation.  Mobus- 
iious  is  extremely  vulgar,  and  in  the  U.  Stales 
nearly  obsolete.] 

ROBUST'NESS,  n.  Strength;  vigor,  or 
the  condition  of  the  body  when  it  has  full 
firm  flesh  and  sound  health.         .Irbuthnol. 

RO€'AMBOLE,  }        [from     the    French.] 

ROK'AMBOLE,  \  "'  A  sort  of  wild  garlic, 
the  Allium  scorodoprasum,  growing  natu- 
rally in  Denmark  and  Sweden.  It  has  a 
heart-shaped  root  at  the  side  of  the  stalk. 

Encijc.l 

ROCHE-ALUM,  )!.  [Fr.  rochc,  a  rock.  '  It 
oiiiiht  to  be  written  and  called  rock-alum.] 

Rock-alum,  a  purer  kind  of  alum. 

Morlhner. 

Rochdle  salt,  tartrate  of  jiotasli  and  soda. 

ROCIl'ET,  n.  [Fr.  roc/id  ;  It.  roccetto,  rnc-\ 
chctto  ;  Sax.  rocc  ;  G.  rock  ;  D.  rok.  Thirs 
coincides  in  origin  w\l]>  frock.] 

A  stnplice  ;  the  white  upper  garment  of  a 
priest  worn  while  officiating.     Cleaveland. 

ROCH'ET,  Ji.  A  fish,  the  roach,  which 
see. 

ROCK,  II.  [Fr.  roc  or  rocht  ;  It.  rocca,  a 
rock,  and  a  distaff;  Sp.  roca :  Port,   roca, 


ROC 


ROD 


rocha;  Arm.roch;  Basque, arroca.     Drop- 'ROCK-tRYS'TAL,  n.    The  most  i<eifect 


ping  the  first  letter  of  crag,  rcjck  would 
seem  to  be  the  same  word,  and  so  named' 
from  brciiking  and  the  consequent  rough- 
ness, corresponding  with   Gr.   poj;ia,    as 


crag'  does  with  crack  ;  Ar. 


garaka. 


to  burst,  crack,  tear,  cfi^c.  So  L.  rupes 
from  the  root  of  rumpo,  to  break  or  burst 
If  this  is  not  the  origin  ofrork,  1  know  not 
to  what  root  to  assign  it.  Sec  Class  Rg. 
No.  :?4.] 

1.  A  large  mass  of  stony  matter,  usually 
compounded  of  two  or  inore  simple  min- 
erals, either  bedded  in  the  earth  or  resting 
on  its  surface.  Sometimes  rocks  compose 
the  principal  part  of  huge  mountains ; 
sometimes  huge  rocks  lie  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  in  detached  blocks  or  masses 
Under  this  term,  mineralogists  class  all 
mineral  substances,  coal,  gypsum,  salt, 
&c. 

2.  In  Scripture,  figuratively,  defense  ;  means 
of  safety  ;  protection  ;  strength  ;  asylum. 

The  Lord  is  my  nick.     2  Sam.  xxii. 

3.  Firmness;  a  firm  or  immovable  founda 
tion.     Ps.  xxvii.     Malt.  vii.  and  xvi.  j 

4.  A  species  of  vultur  or  condor.  Encyc' 

5.  A  fabulous  bird  in  the  Eastern  talcs. 
ROCK,  n.  [Dan.  ro/c  ;  Sw.  roc*;  D.rokken; 

G.  rocken  ;  It.  rocca  ;  Sp.  rueca.  The  lat- 
ter is  rendered  a  distaff,  a  winding  or 
twisting,  and  the  fish  of  a  mast  or  yard. 
The  sense  is  probably  a  rack  or  fraiiie.] 
A  distaff  used  in  spinning  ;  the  slalV  or  frame 
about  which  flax  is  arrangeil,  from  wliicli 
the  thread  is  drawn  in  spiiming 


variety  of  silicious  earth  or  quartz  ;  limpid 
quartz.  When  purest  it  is  white  or  color- 
less, but  it  is  found  of  a  grayish  or  yellow- 
ish white,  ])ale  yellow  or  citrine.  Its  most 
usual  form  is  that  of  hexagonal  jjrisms, 
surmounted  by  hexagonal  jiyramids. 

Kincan.     Cltaveland. 

ROCK'-DOE,  ti.  A  species  of  deer.     Greiv. 

liOCK'KD,  pp.  [from  roct,  the  verb.]  Mov- 
ed one  way  and  the  other. 

ROCK'ER,  n.  One  who  rocks  the  cradle; 
also,  the  curving  piece  of  wood  on  which 
a  cradle  or  chair  rocks. 

ROCK'ET,  /!.  [Dan.  raA-c^  raAcHe,  a  rocket, 
cracker  or  squib ;  G.  rackelc ;  probably 
from  the  root  of  crack  and  racket,  Fr. 
craipier,  craqucter.] 

An  artificial  fire-work,  consisting  of  a  cylin- 
drical case  of  pajier,  filled  with  a  compo- 
sition of  combustible  ingredients,  as  niter, 
charcoal  and  sulphur.  This  being  tied  to 
a  stick  and  fired,  ascends  into  the  air  and 
bursts.  Encyc. 

R()CK'P;T,  n.  [L.  eruca.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Brassica.  There  is  also  the  fcojs- 
/«r(/ roe/ic/, of  the  genus  Reseda;  the  corn 
rocket  and  the  sta  rocket,  of  the  genus  Bu- 
nias ;  the  marsh  rocket,  the  water  rocket, 
and  the  winter  rocket,  of  the  genus  Sisym- 
brium ;  and  the  dame's  violet  rocket,  of  the 
genus  Ilesperis.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

ROCK'-FISH,  n.  A  species  of  Gobius. 

ROCK'INESS,  n.  [from  rocky.]  State  of 
abounding  with  rocks. 

ROCK'ING,  ppr.  Moving  backwards  and 
forwards. 

IIOCK'LESS,  a.  Being  without  rocks. 

Dryden. 


rocquer  or  roqutr ;  S\v.  raglu,  to  reel;  W. 
rhocian,  to  rock  ;  rhoc,  a  shooting  or  mov- 


flesh  and   sour,d  R^t'K,   v    t.    [Dan.   rokker,   to   move    stir, 

waj;,  rack,  advance:  G.  rucken  ;   Old    r^>;-j  ROCK'-OIL,  n.  Another   name  for   petrol 

or  petroleum. 

ROCK -PItiEON,  n.  A  pigeon  that  builds 
her  nest  on  a  rock.  Mortimer. 

ROCK' -ROSE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cistus. 

ROCK-RUBY,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  garnet,  w  hen  it  is  of  a  strong,  but 
not  a  deep  red,  and  has  a  cast  of  blue. 

HiU. 

ROCK'-SaLT,  n.  Fossil  or  mineral  salt ; 
salt  dug  from  the  earth  ;  muriate  of  soda. 
But  in  America,  this  name  is  sometimes 
given  to  salt  tliat  comes  in  large  crystals 
from  the  West  Indies,  which  salt  is  form- 
ed by  evaporation  from  sea  water,  in 
large  basons  or  cavities,  oil  the  islos.  Hex- 
ahedral  rock-salt  occurs  foliateil  and  fi- 
brous. Urc. 

ROCK'-WOQD,  n.  Liguiform  asbestus. 

Cyc. 

ROCK'-WoRK,  n.  Stones  fixed  in  mortar 
in  imitation  of  the  asperities  of  rocks, 
foruiiiig  a  wall. 

2.  A  natural  wall  of  rock.  Addison. 

ROCK'Y,  a.  [from  ror*.]  Full  of  rocks;  as 
a  rocky  mountain  ;  a  rocky  sliore. 

2.  Resembling  a  rock  ;  as  the  rocky  orb  of  a 
ibield.  Milton. 

'3.  Very  hard  ;  stony  ;  obdurate ;  insuscep- 
tible of  impression  ;  as  a  rocky  bosom. 

Shak. 

ROD,  n.  [Sax.  rorf;  Dan.  rode;  D.  roede, 
roe  ;  G.  ruthe  and  rcis.  In  Danish,  rod  is  a 
root;  and  I  suppose  rod.  root,  L.  radius, 
ray,  radijc,  root,  and  Dan.  Su\  rad,  to  be 
of  one  fainiiv.     The  sense  is  a  shoot,  from 


ing  different  ways;    Ar.     „  ,    to   shake, 

to  tremble,  to  agitate.  This  latter  verb  in 
Ch.  Syr.  signifies  to  desire,  to  long  for, 
that  is,  to  reach  or  stretch,  Gr.  optyu;  and 
it  may  be  a  different  word.] 
To  move  backward  and  forward,  as  a 
boily  resting  on  a  foundation  ;  as,  to  rock 
a  cradle  ;  to  rock  a  chair;  to  rock  a  moun-l 
tain.  It  differs  from  shake,  as  denoting  al 
slower  and  more  uniform  motion,  or  larg- 
er movements.  It  differs  from  swing,] 
which  expresses  a  vibratory  motion  of 
something  suspemled. 

A  rising  earthquake  rock'd  the  ground. 

Dryden 

.To  move  backwards  and   forwards  in  ai 

cradle,  chair,  &c.;  as,  to  rock  a   child  to 

sleep.  Dryden.: 

3.  To  lull  to  quiet.  I 

Sleep  rocA- thy  brain.     [Vnusual.'\        Shak.] 

ROCK.  I'.  I.  To  be  moved  backwards   andj 

forwards;  to  reel. 

The  rocking  town 
Suppl.iuts  their  footsteps.  Philips. 

ROCK'-ALUM,  JI.  The  purest  kind  of  alum. 

[See  Rorhc-alum.] 

ROCK'-BASO.N',  7i.  A  cavity  or  artificial'; 
bason  cut  in  a  rock  lor  the  purpose,  as  is|i 
supposed,  of  collecting  the  dew  or  rain  for' 
ablutions  and  purifications  prescribed  by  I 
the  druidical  religion.         Grosier.     Encyc.\ 

ROCK  BUTTER,  n.  A  snbsulphite  ofahi-i 
mil),  oozing  from  aluminous  rocks.      O'/c.l 


ROE 


R  O  I 


R  O  L 


extending.     Tlie  Russ.  prut,  a  rod,  is  prob-j 
ably  the  same  word  with  a  prefix.]  j 

1.  The  shoot  or  long  twig  of  any  woodyj 
plant ;  a  branch,  or  the  .stem  of  a  shrub  j 
as  a  rod  of  hazle,  of  birch,  of  oak  or  hicko- 
ry.    Hence, 

2.  An  instriinient  of  punishment  or  correc- 
tion ;  chastisement. 

I  will  chasten  him  with  the  rod  of  men.     2 
Sam.  vii.     Prov.  x. 

3.  DiscipUne ;  ecclesiastical  censures.  1 
Cor.  iv. 

4.  A  kind  of  scepter. 

The  rod  and  bird  of  peace.  Shak. 

5.  A  pole  for  angling ;  something  long  and 
slender.  Gay. 

6.  An  instrument  for  measuring  ;  but  more 
generally,  a  measure  of  length  containing 
five  yards,  or  sixteen  feet  and  a  half;  a 
pole;  a  perch.  In  many  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  rod  is  universally  used  for  pole 
or  perch. 

7.  In  Scripture,  a  staflf  or  wand.  1  Sam. 
xiv. 

8.  Support. 

Thy  rod  and  thy  staff,  they  comfort  me.     Ps. 
xxiii. 

9.  A  shepherd's  crook.     Lev.  xxvii. 

10.  An  instrument  for  threshing.     Is.  xxviii. 

11.  Power;  authority.     Ps.  cxxv. 

12.  A  tribe  or  race.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

Rod  of  iron,  the  mighty  power  of  Christ. 
Rev.  xix.     Ps.  ii. 

RODE.  pret.  of  ride ;  also,  a  cross.  [See 
Rood.] 

ROD'OMONT,  n.  [Fr.  id.;  Ir.  rodomonle, 
a  bully;  Ir.  raidhmeis,  silly  stories,  rodo- 
montade ;  roithre,  a  babbler,  a  prating  fel- 
low ;  roifhreachl,  silly  talk,  loquacity,  rhet- 
oric ;  from  radham,  to  say,  tell,  relate,  VV. 
adrawz.  The  Ir.  radh.  radham,  are  the 
Sax.  reed,  speech,  and  rcedan,  to  read.  See 
Read.  The  last  syllable  may  be  the  Fr. 
monter,  to  mount,  and  the  word  then  sig- 
nifies one  that  speaks  loftily.  Hence  the 
name  of  Ariosto's  hero.] 

A  vain  boaster.  Herbert. 

ROD'OMONT,  a.  Bragging  ;  vainly  boast 

'•IR. 
RODOMONTA'DE,  n.  [Fr.  id.;    It.  rodo- 

montata.     See  Rodomont.] 
Vain  boasting ;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting ; 

rant. 

I  could  show  that  the  rodomontades  of  Al- 
manzor  are  neither  so  irrational  nor  impossible 

Vryden. 

RODOMONTA'DE,    v.  i.    To    boast;    to 

brag  ;  to  bluster  ;  to  rant. 
RODOMONT'ADIST,  ?        A      blustering 
RODOMONTA'DOR,  i        boaster;      one 

that  brags  or  vaunts.  Terry.     Todd. 

ROE,  ?        [Sax.   ra   or  raa,  rage  or 

ROEBUCK,  \  "■  hnrge  ;  G.  reh  and  rehbock  ; 

Dan.  raa  or  raabuk  ;  Sw.  rSbock.] 

1.  A  species  of  deer,  the  Cervus  capreolus, 
with  erect  cylindrical  branched  horns, 
forked  at  the  simimit.  This  is  one  of  the 
smallest  of  the  cervine  genus,  but  of  ele 
gant  shape  and  remarkably  nimble.  It 
])refers  a  mountainous  country,  and  herds 
in  families.  Encyc. 

2.  Hot,  the  feiiiale  of  (lie  Imrt.  Sandys.\ 
ROl',  n.  [G.  rogcri  ;   Dan.  rogn,  rami ;  thatj 

which    IS   ejected.      So    in  Dan.    roge    is: 
spittle.] 
The  seed  or  spawn  of  fishes.    The  i-oe  of  the 


male  is  called  soft  roe  or  milt ;  that  of  the 

female,  hard  roe  or  spawn.  Encyc. 

RO'E-STONE,  71.  Called  also  oolite,  which 

see. 
ROGA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rogoiio ;  rogo, 

to  ask.] 

1.  Litany ;  supplication. 

He  pcrlecteth  the  rogations  or  litanies   be- 
fore in  use.  Hooker. 

2.  In  Roman  jurisprudence,  the  demand  by 
the  consuls  or  tribunes,  of  a  law  to  he 
passed  by  the  people. 

ROGATION-WEEK,  n.  The  second  week 
before  Whitsunday,  thus  called  from  the 
three  fasts  observed  therein  ;  viz.,oii  Mon- 
day, Tuesday,  and  Wednesday,  called  ro- 
gation-days, "because  of  the  extraordinary 
prayers  then  made  for  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  or  as  a  preparation  for  the  devotion 
ofthe  Holy  Thursday.  Did. 

ROGUE,  n.  rOg.  (Sax.  earg,  arg,  idle,  stu- 
pid, mean ;  eargian,  to  become  dull  or 
torpid ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  arg,  evil,  crafty, 
wicked;  Gr.  apyoj.  Hence  Cimbric  argur, 
and  Eng.  rogue,  by  transposition  of  let- 
ters. The  word  a'rga,  in  the  laws  of  the 
Longohards,  denotes  a  cuckold.  Spel. 
voc.  Jlrga.] 

1.  In  law,  a  vagrant;  a  sturdy  beggar;  a 
vagabond.  Persons  of  this  character  were, 
by  the  ancient  laws  of  England,  to  be  pun- 
ished by  whipping  and  having  the  ear 
bored  with  a  hot  iron.       Encyc.     Spenser. 

2.  A  knave ;  a  dishonest  person ;  applied 
now,  I  believe,  exclusively  to  males.  This 
word  comprehends  thieves  and  robbers, 
but  is  generally  applied  to  such  as  cheat 
and  defraud  in  mutual  dealings,  or  to 
counterfeiters. 

The  rogue  and  fool  by  tits  is  fair  and  wise. 

Pope 

3.  A  name  of  slight  tenderness  and  endear- 
ment. 

Alas,  poor  rogue,  I  think  indeed  she  loves. 

Shak 

4.  A  wag.  Shak 
ROGUE,  V.  i.  rog.  To  wander ;  to  play  thej 

vagabond.     [Litlh  used.]  Spenser.', 

2.  To  play  knavish  tricks.     [Little  used.]      j 

Johnson. 
ROGUERY,  n.  The  life  of  a  vagrant.  [A'bu: 

little  used.]  Donne. 

2.  Knavish  tricks;  cheating;  fraud;  dis- 
honest practices. 

'  i  is  no  scandal  grown, 
For  debt  and  roguery  to  quit  the  town. 

Drydeti. 

3.  Waggery ;  arch  tricks ;  mischievousness. 
ROGUESHIP,  n.  The  qualities  or  person- 
age of  a  rogue.  Dryden. 

ROGUISH,  a.  Vagrant;  vagabond.  [J^'ear- 
ly  obsolete.]  Spenser. 

2.  Knavish  ;  fraudulent ;  dishonest.  [This 
is  the  present  sense  ofthe  tvord.]  Swift. 

3.  Waggish  ;  wanton  ;  slightly  mischievous. 

Mdison. 

ROGUISHLY,  adv.  Like  a  rogue  ;  knav- 
ish I  v  ;  wantonly. 

ROGUISHNESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  a 
rogue  ;  knavery  ;  mischievousness. 

12.  Archness ;  sly  cunning ;  as  the  roguish- 
ness  of  a  look. 

ROGUY,  a.  Knavish ;  wanton.  [Ao<  iti 
jiic.l  L' Estrange. 

ROIL,  V.  t.  [Tliis  is  the  Ann.  Irella.  I'r. 
brouiller,  embrouiller,  It.  biogtiare,  iinbrog- 


liare,  Sp.  embrollar.  Port,  embrulhar ;  pri 
marily  to  turn  or  stir,  to  make  imricate, 
to  twist,  wrap,  involve,  hence  to  mix,  con- 
found, perplex,  whence  Eng.  broil,  Fr. 
brouillard.  mist,  fog.  In  English,  the  pre- 
fix or  first  letter  is  lost.J 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  dregs 
or  sediment ;  as,  to  roil  wine,  cider  or  other 
liquor  in  casks  or  bottles. 

2.  To  excite  some  degree  of  anger;  to  dis- 
turb ihe  passion  of  resentment.  [Th^ese 
senses  are  in  common  use  in  New  England, 
and  locally  in  England.] 

.3.  To  perplex.     {Local  in  England.] 

ROIL'ED,  pp.  Rendered  turbid  or  foul  by 
disturbing  the  lees  or  sediment;  angered 
slightly;  disturbed  in  mind  by  an  offense. 

ROlL'iNG,  ppr.  Rendering  turbid;  or  ex- 
citing the  passion  of  anger. 

[J\'ote.  This  word  is  as  legitimate  as  any  in  the 
language.] 

ROINT.  [See  jiroynt.] 

ROIST,  >  .  [Arm.  reustla,  to  em- 
KOIST'ER,  S  "■  *•  broil.  This  word  be- 
longs to  the  root  of  rustle,  brustle.  Sax. 
hrysan,  to  shake,  to  rush,  W.  rhysiaw,  to 
rush,  to  straiten,  to  entangle,  rhysu,  id.] 
To  bluster ;  to  swagger ;  to  bully  ;  to  be 
bold,  noisy,  vaunting  or  turbulent.  [Not 
in  use.]  Shall.     Swijl. 

ROISTER,        

ROIST'ERER, 
use.] 

a.    [See    Reek.]    Misty ;     foggy ; 

[Not  in  use.]  Ray- 

t.  [D.  G.  rollen  ;  Sw.  nUla  ;    Dan. 

W.   rholiaw ;    Fr.    router ;    Arm. 

and    roUa  ;  It.    rullare ;    Ir.    rolam. 


A  bold,  blustering,  tur- 
bulent fellow.     [Not  in 


RO'KY, 

cloudy. 
ROLL,  )>. 
ruller  ; 
riiilha 

It  is  usual  to  consider  this  word  as  formed 
by  contraction  from  the  Latin  rotula,  a  lit- 
tle wheel,  from  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel. 
But  it  is  against  all  probability  that  all  the 
nations  of  Europe  have  fallen  into  such  a 
contraction.  Roll  is  undoubtedly  a  primi- 
tive root,  on  which  have  been  formed  troll. 
and  stroll.] 

1.  To  move  by  turning  on  the  surface,  or 
with  a  circular  motion  in  which  all  parts 
ofthe  .surface  are  successively  applied  to 
a  plane ;  as,  to  roll  a  barrel  or  puncheon  ; 
to  roll  a  stone  or  hall.  Sisyphus  was  con- 
demned to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hill, 
which,  when  he  had  done  so,  rolled  down 
again,  and  thus  his  punishment  was  eter- 
nal. 

2.  To  revolve  ;  to  turn  on  its  axis  ;  as,  to 
roll  a  wheel  or  a  planet. 

3.  To  uiove  in  a  circular  direction. 
To  dress,  to  troll  the  tongue  and  roll  the  eye. 

Afilton. 

4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself;  to  form  into  a 
circular  or  cylindric.il  body  ;  as,  to  roll  a 
]>iece  of  cloth  ;  to  roll  a  sheet  of  paper  ;  to 
roll  parchment  ;  to  roll  tobacco. 

).  To  enwrap;  to  binder  involve  in  a  band- 
age or  the  like.  If'iseman. 
G.  To  form  by  rolling  into  round  masses. 

Peacham. 

7.  To  drive  or  impel  any  body  with  a  circu- 
lar motion,  or  to  drive  forward  with  vio- 
lence or  in  a  stream.  The  ocean  rolls  its 
billows  to  the  shore.  A  river  rolls  itE 
waters  to  the  ocean. 

8.  To  spread  with  a  roller  or  roiling  pin ;  as. 
to  roll  paste. 


R  O  L 


ROM 


ROM 


t>.  To  produce  a  periodical  revolution. 
Heav'n  shone  and  roll'd  her  niotions. 

Milton. 

10.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller ;  as,  to 
roll  a  field. 

To  roll  one's  self,  to  wallow.     Mic.  i. 

KOLL,  V.  i.  To  move  by  liiriiin^'  on  tlio  sur- 
face, or  with  the  successive  application  of 
all  parts  of  the  surface  to  a  plane  ;  as,  a 
ball  or  a  wheel  rolls  on  the  earth  ;  a  body 
rolls  on  an  inclined  plane. 

'1.  To  move,  turn  or  run  on  an  axis  ;  as  a 
wheel.  [In  this  sense,  revolve  is  more 
generally  used.] 

3.  To  run  on  wheels. 

And  to  ll)c  rolling  chair  is  bound.      Dryden. 

4.  To  revolve  ;  to  perform  a  periodical  rev- 
olution ;  as  the  rolling  year.  Ages  roll 
away. 

5.  To  turn  ;  to  move  circularly. 

And  his  red  eyeballs  roll  with  living  fire. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  float  in  rough  water  ;  to  be  tossed 
about. 

Twice  ten  tempestuous  nights  I  roll'd — 

POJK. 

7.  To  move,  as  waves  or  billows,  with  al- 
ternate swells  and  depressions.  Waves 
roll  on  waves. 

8.  To  fluctuate ;  to  move  tumultuously. 

AVhat  difl'rent  sorrows  did  within  thee  roll. 

Prior. 

9.  To  be  moved  with  violence  ;  to  be  hurl- 
ed. 

Down  they  fell 
By  thousands,  angel  on  archangel  roll'd. 

Milton. 

10.  To  be  formed  into  a  cylinder  or  ball ;  as, 
the  cloth  rolls  well. 

11.  To  spread  under  a  roller  or  rolling  pin. 
The  paste  rolls  well. 

12.  To  wallow  ;  to  tumble  ;  as,  a  horse  rolls. 

13.  To  rock  or  move  from  side ;  as,  a  ship 
rolls  in  a  calm. 

14.  To  heat  a  drum  with  strokes  so  rapid 
that  they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by 
the  ear. 

ROLL,  n.  The  act  of  rolling,  or  state  of  be- 
ing rolled  ;  as  the  roll  of  a  ball. 

2.  The  thing  rcilling.  Thomson. 

3.  A  mass  made  roimd  ;  something  like  a 
bailor   cylinder;  as   a  roll  of  fat;  a   roll 

•»  of  wool.  Mdison.     Mortimer. 

4.  A  roller  ;  a  cylinder  of  wood,  iron  or 
stcine  ;  as  a  roll  to  break  clods.     Mortimer. 

5.  A  i]iiantity  ofchith  wound  into  a  cylindri- 
cal i'orin  ;  as  a  roll  of  wiioleu  or  satin  ;  a 
roll  of  hico. 

0.  A  cyliiidiical  twist  of  tnbacco. 

7.  An  official  writing ;  a  list  :  a  register  ;  a 
catalogue;  as  a  muster-ro// ;  a  court-ro//. 

8.  The  beating  of  a  drum  with  strokes  so 
rapid  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  by 
the  ear. 

9.  Rolls  of  court,  of  parliament,  or  of  any 
public  body,  lue  the  parchments  on  which 
are  engrossed,  by  the  proper  officer,  the 
acts  and  proceedings  of  that  body,  and 
which  being  kept  in  rolls,  constitute  the 
records  of  such  public  body. 

10.  In  antiquily.  a  volume  ;  a  book  consist- 
ing of  leaf,  bark,  paper,  skin  or  other  ma- 
terial on  which  the  ancients   wrote,   and 


ih  being  kept  rolled  or  foldc 


wascall- 


wliK- 

ed    in   l^atin   volumen,  from  volvo,  to  roll. 

Hence, 

Vol.  II. 


11.  A  chronicle;  historj'  ;  annals.  jj 
Nor  nanjcs  more   noble  graced   the   rolls  of 

fame.  Ji.  Trumtnill.'] 

12.  Part ;  oflice  ;  that  is,  round  of  duty,  like 
turn.     Obs, 

ROLLRI),  /)/).  Moved  by  turning  ;  formed 
into  a  roun<l  or  cylindrical  body  ;  leveled 
with  a  roller,  as  land. 

ROLLER,  n.  That  which  rolls;  that  which 
turns  on  its  own  axis  ;  particularly,  a 
cylinder  of  wood,  stone  or  metal,  used  in 
husbandry  and  the  arts.  Rollers  are  of 
various  kinds  aiul  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. 

A  bandage;  a  fillet ;  jiroperly,  a  long  and 
broad  bandage  used  in  surgery. 
A  bird  of  the  niagl)ye  kind,  about  the  size 
of  a  jay.  Diet.  M  Hist. 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Coracias,  found  in 
Europe  ;  called  also  the  German  parrot. 

Ed.  Encyc. 

ROLLING,  ppr.  Turning  over;  revoMiig; 
forming  into  a  cylinder  or  round  mass; 
leveling,  as  land. 

ROLLING,  »!.  The  motion  of  a  ship  from 
side  to  side. 

ROLLING-PIN,  »i.  A  round  piece  of  wood, 
tapering  at  each  end,  with  which  paste  is 
molded  and  reduced  to  a  proper  thickness. 

If'iseman. 

ROLLING-PRESS,  n.  An  engine  consist- 
ing of  two  cylinders,  by  which  cloth  is 
calendered,  waved  and  tabbied  ;  also,  an 
engine  for  taking  impressions  from  copper 
plates  ;  also,  a  like  engine  for  drawing 
plates  of  metal,  &c. 

UOLLY  POOLY,  n.  [said  to  bo  roll  and 
pool,  or  roll,  ball  and  pool.] 

A  game  in  which  a  ball,  rolling  into  a  certain 
place,  wins.  Arbulhnot. 

ROMAGE,  n.  Bustle  ;  tumultuous  search. 
(See  Rummage.]  Shak. 

ROMAL,  n.  romavV.  A  species  of  silk 
handkerchief 

RO'M.'VN,  a.  [L.  Romanus,  froin  Roma,  the 
principal  city  of  the  Romans  in  Italy 
Rome  is  the  oriental  name  Rarnah,  eleva- 
ted, that  is,  a  hill ;  for  fortresses  and  towns 
were  often  placed  on  hills  for  security; 
Ileh.  (."h.  an  to  be  high,  to  raise.  Class 
Rill.  No.  a] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Roman 
people. 

2.  Romish  ;  popish  ;  professing  the  religion 
of  the  |)o]ie. 

Roman  ratlwlir,  as  an  adjective,  denoting  the 
religion  professed  by  the  people  of  Rome 
and  of  Italy,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the 
pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  ;  as  a  noun,  one 
who  adheres  to  the  jiapal  religion. 

RO'MAN,  n.  A  native  of  Rome. 

2.  A  citizen  of  Rome  ;  one  enjoying  the 
privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen. 

3.  One  of  the   christian  church   at  Rome  to 
which  Paul  addressed  an  epistle,  consist 
ing  of  converts  from  Judaism  or  pagan- 
ism. 

ROMANCE,  n.  roman.t',  ro'mans.  [Fr.  ro 
man  :  It.  romanzo  ;  Sp.  romance,  the  com 
mon  vulgar  language  of  Spain,  and  ro 
mance  ;  Port.  id.  any  vulgar  tongue,  and  a 
species  of  poetry  :  W.  rham,  a  rising  over  : 
rliamnnt,n  rising  over,  a  vaulting orspring- 
ing,  an  omen,  a  figurative  expression,  ro- 
mance, as  an  adjective,  rising  boldly,  ro- 
mantic ;  rliamuntu,  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to 

60 


reach  to  a  distance,  to  divine,  to  romance, 
to  allegorize  ;  rhamanltt,  to  use  figurative 
or  high  flown  language,  &c.  The  Welsh 
retains  the  signification  of  the  oriental 
word  from  which  Rome  is  derived,  and  in- 
deed the  sense  of  romance  is  evidently 
from  the  ]irlniiiive  sen^e  of  the  root,  rath- 
er than  from  the  use  of  the  Ronmn  lan- 
guage. The  Welsh  use  of  the  word 
proves  also  the  correctness  of  the  forego- 
ing derivation  of  Roma,  and  overthrows 
the  fabulous  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
word  Ihinri  Ronuilus  or  Kcniiis.  It  is 
jirobahle  that  this  word  is  allied  to  7o;n6/e.] 

1.  A  fabulous  relation  or  story  ol'aiUentures 
and  incidents,  designed  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  readers ;  a  l.ile  of  extraordinary 
adventures,  fictitious  and  often  extrava- 
gant, usually  a  tale  of  love  or  war,  sub- 
jects interesting  the  sensibilities  of  the 
heart,  or  the  pa.ssions  of  wonder  and  cu- 
riosity. Romance  difi'ers  from  the  novel, 
as  it  treats  of  great  actions  and  extraordi- 
nary adventures  ;  that  is,  according  to  ihe 
Welsh  signification,  it  vaults  or  soars  be- 
yond the  limits  of  fact  and  real  life,  and 
often  of  probability. 

The  first  romances  were  a  monstrous  assem- 
blage of  hlf^tories,  ill   which  Initli  and  fiction 
wore  blended  without  probaljility  ;  a  composi- 
tion   of  amorous  adventures    and  the  e.xlrava- 
I      gaiit  ideas  of  chivalry.  Kncyc. 

2.  A  fiction.  Prior. 
ROMANCE,  V.  i.romans', ro'mans.  To  forge 
I  and  tell  fictitious  stories;  to  deal  in  e.x- 
1  travagant  stories.  Richardson. 
ROMAN'CER,  }  One  who  invents  ficti- 
iRO'MANCER,  i  "■  tious  stories. 
'  L'Estrange. 
2.  A  writer  of  romance.  Aubrey. 
ROMAN'CING,  )  Inventing  and  telling 
iRO'MANCING,  <,  Pf^'  fictitious  tales  ;build- 
1     ing  castles  in  the  air. 

[ROMANTY,  a.  Romantic.  [Xot  proper.] 
.RO'MANISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  chiircli 
'      of  Rome.  Brtvint. 

RO  MANIST,  71.  An  adherent  to  the  papal 
1     religion  ;  a  Roman  catholic.  Encyc. 

ROMANIZE,  f.  /.  To  latinize;  to  fill  with 
i     Latin  words  or  modes  of  speech. 
\  Dryden . 

|2.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  catholic  reli- 
I     gion,  or  to  papistical  opinions. 
ROMANIZE,  V.  i.    To  conform  to  Romish 
j     opinions,  customs  or  modes  of  speech. 
RO'MANIZED,  pp.  Latinized. 
ROMANSir,  n.  Tho  language  of  the   Gri- 
j     sons  in  Switzerland,  a  corruption   of  the 
I     Latin. 

RO!\IAN'Tl€,  a.  Pertaining  to  romance,  or 
1     resembling   it;  wild;    fimciful ;    extrava- 
gant; as   a  romantic   taste;  romantic   no- 
tions ;    romantic    expectations  ;    romantic 
zeal. 

2.  Improbable  or  chimerical  ;  fictitious  ;  as 
a  romantic  tale. 

3.  Fanciful;  wild  ;  full  of  wild  or  fantastic 
scenery  ;  as  a  rnmonlic  prospect  or  land- 
scape :  a  romantic  situation. 

ROMANTICALLY,  adv.   Wildly;  extrav- 


at'antlv 

ROMAN'TICNESS,  n.  Wildness 
I     agancc  ;  fancifiilness. 
2.  \V  ildness  of  scenery. 
ROMAN'ZOVITE,    n. 
!     ered   mineral   of  the 


Pope. 
extrav  - 


A  recently  discov- 
garuet   kind,   of  a 


R  O  O 


11  O  0 


R  O  O 


brown  or  brownish  yellow  color;  name<l! 
from  roimt  Roinanzoff.  Ckaveland. 

ROVIKPENNY.  ^       [ftome,  and    Sax.  pen - 

ROMESeOT,  ^  "•  Kt>.irscea(.]  A  tax  of 
a  penny  on  a  honse,  formerly  paid  by  the 
people  of  Euf^lnnd  to  the  chinch  of  Rome. 

RO'MISH,  a.  [from  Rome.\  Belonging  or 
relating  to  R  pme,  or  to  the  religion  pro- 
fessed by  the  people  of  Rome  and  of  the 
westfrn  empire,  of  which  Rome  was  the 
metropolis;  catholic;  popish  ;  as  the  Ro- 
mish church  ;  the  Romish  religion,  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

RO'MIST,  ;i.  A  papist.  South. 

ROMP,  n.  [a  difTcreiit  spelling  of  ramp  ; 
VV.  rham,  a  rising  over;  rhamu,  to  reach 
over,  to  soar,  to  vault.  See  Ramp  and 
Romance.] 

1.  A  rude  girl  who  indulges  in  boisterous 
play.  Addison. 

2.  Rude  play  or  frolick. 

Honip  lovinj;  miss 
Is  haul'd  about  in  gallantly  robust. 

Thonuon. 

ROMP,  V.  i.  To  play  rudely  ynd  boister- 
ously ;  to  leap  and  frisk  about  in  play. 

Richardson . 
ROMP' ING,  ppr.  Playing  rudely  ;  as  a  noun, 

rude  boisterous  play. 
ROMP'ISU,  a.  Given  to  rude  play;  inclin- 
ed to  romp.  Ash. 
ROMP'ISHNESS,  n.    Disposition    to  rude 
boisterous  play  ;  or  the  practice  of  romp- 
ing.                                                         Steele. 
ROM'PU,      )        [L.  nimpo,   to  break.]     In 
ROMPEE',  S  "■  heraldri/,   an  ordinary  that 
is  broken,  or  a   chevron,   a    bend  or  the 
like,  whose  upper  points  are  cut  off. 

Encyc. 

RONDEAU,  I        [Fr.   rondeau,   from  rond, 

RON'DO,       ^"-  round.]     A  kind  of  poetry, 

'    commonly  consisting   of  thirteen    verses, 

of  which  eight  have  one  rhyme,   and  five 

another.     It  is  divided  into  three  couplets, 

and  at  the  end   of  the  second  and  third, 

the  beginning  of  the  rondeau  is  repeated 

in  an  equivocal  sense,  if  possible. 

IVarton.     Trevoui. 

3.  In  music,  the  rondo,  vocal  or  instrumental, 
generally  consists  of  three  strains,  the  first^ 
of  which  closes  in  the  original  key,  whilei 
each  of  the  others  is  so  constructed  in 
modulation  as  to  reconduct  the  ear  in  an 
easy  and  natural  manner  to  the  first  strain. 

Busby. 
n.  A  kind  of  jig  or  lively  tune  that  ends  with! 

the  first  strain  repeated.  Todd.l 

UON'DLE,  ?i.   [{'rom  round.]  A  round  mass. 

f.iVo(  in  u.ie.]  Peacham.i 

IION'DURE,  )i.  [Vr.rondeur.]    Around;  a' 

circle.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak.' 

RONG,  the  old  pret.  and  pp.  of  rt'n^,  now 

rung.  Chaucer. 

ROXION,  n.  run'yon.  [Fr.  rog'non,  kidney.] 

A  fat  bulky  woman.     [.Yotinuse.]     Shak. 
RONT,  n.  An  animal  stinted  in  its  growth. 

[Now  written  and  ))ronounced  runt.] 

Spenser. 
ROOD,  n.  [a  different  orthography  of  rod, 

which  see.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  an  acre,  or  forty  square 
rods.     [See  Acre.] 

2.  A  pole  ;  a  measure  of  five  yards  ;  a  rod 
or  [lercdi.  [J\i',t  u.ml  in  America,  and  prob- 
ably local  in  England.] 


ROOD,  Ji.  [Sax.  rode  or  rod.]  The  cross  ;| 
or  an  image  of  Christ,  of  the  virgin  Mary 
and  a  saiut  or  St.  John,  on  each  side  of  it. 

Shak. 

ROOD'LOFT,  n.  A  loft  or  gallery  in  aj 
church  on  which  relics  and  images  werei 
set  to  view.  Jvhnson.l 

ROOF,  n.  [Sax.  rof,hrof;  Gr.  opo^j;,  ojjoijicj, 
from  t))f(}>u,  to  cover.  Qu.  Russ.  krov^ 
Slav,  strop.  See  the  Ar.  Class  Rb.  No. 
12.  and  Syr.  No.  40.] 

1.  The  cover  or  upper  part  of  a  house  or 
other  building,  consisting  of  rafters  cover- 
ed with  boards,  shingles  or  tiles,  with  a 
side  or  sides  sloping  from  the  ridge,  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  oft' the  water  that 
falls  in  rain  or  snow.  In  Asia,  the  roofs 
of  houses  are  flat  or  horizontal.  The 
same  name,  roof,  is  given  to  the  sloping 
covers  of  huts,  cabins  and  ricks  ;  to  the 
arches  of  ovens,  furnaces,  &c. 

2.  A  vault ;  an  arch ;  or  the  interior  of  a 
vault;  as  the  roq/"  of  heaven. 

3.  The  vault  of  the  mouth  ;  the  upper  pan 
of  the  mouth;  the  palate. 

If  I  do  not  icmember  thee,  let  my  tongue 
cleave  to  the  ri^o/* of  ray  mouth.     Ps.  cxxxvii. 

ROOF,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  roof. 

I  have  not  seen  the  remains  of  any  Roman 
buildings,  that  have  not  been  roofed  willi  vaults 
or  arches.  Addison. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  house  ;  to  shelter. 

Here  had  we  now  our  country's  lionor  roo/V. 

Shak. 

ROOF'ED,  pp.  Furnished  or  covered  with 
a  roof  or  arch. 

ROOF'ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  rnof 

ROOF'ING,  n.  The  materials  of  which  a 
roof  is  composed  ;  or  materials  for  a  roof. 

Encyc. 

ROOF'LESS.  a.  [Sax.  »o/tasf.]  Having  no 
roof;  as  a  roof  ess  house. 

2.  Having  no  house  or  home;  unsheltered. 

ROOF'Y,  a.  Having  roofs.  Dryden. 

ROQK,  n.  [Sax.  Aroc  ;  G.  roche  ;  Dan.  roge, 
raage,  a  rook,  and  krage,  a  crow.  This 
w-ord  belongs  to  the  root  of  crow,  or  is 
rather  the  same  word  dialectically  vari- 
ed ;  Dan.  krage  ;  Sw.  kraka  :  G.  krdhe  ; 
D.  krnai  ;  li-graculus;  probably  from  its 
voice ;  Ir.  grag,  gragam.  See  Crow  and 
Croak.] 

1.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Curvus,  the  fowl 
mentioned  by  Virgil  under  this  name. 
This  fowl  resendjjes  the  crow,  but  difiers 
from  it  in  not  feeding  on  carrion,  but  on 
insects  and  grain.  Iji  crows  also  the  nos- 
trils and  root  of  the  bill  are  clullicd  with 
fethers,  but  in  rooks  the  same  parts  are! 
naked,  or  have  only  a  few  bristly  hairs. 
The  rook  is  gregarious.  Encyc. 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  trickish,  rapacious  fillow. 

iy'/li-hcrtey.i 
ROQK,  71.   [It.  rocco,  a  bishop's  slatT.  a  cro-i 

sier,  a  rook  at  chess.]     A  connnon  m.in  ;ii 

chess.  Encyc. \ 

RQOK,  V.  i.  To  cheat  ;  to  defraud.     Locke.\ 
RQf.)K,  V.  I.  To  cheat;  to  defraud  by  cheat-j 

ing.  Aubrey. 

ROQK,  V.  i.  To  squat.     [See  Ruck.] 
ROOK'ERY,   n.    A  nursery  of  rooks. 

Pope. 
2.  In  loio  language,  a  brothel. 
ROOK'Y,   a.   Inliabited  by  rooks  ;   as   the 

rooky  wood.  Shak. 


ROOM,  n.  [Sax.  Dan.  Sw.  rum;  D.  ruim i 
G.  raum ;  Goth,  runiis,  room,  place  ;  Ir. 
)-unt,  a  floor  or  room ;  G.  riiumen.  Sax. 
rmnian,  ryman,  to  give  place,  to  amplify, 
to  enlarge ;  Sax.  rum-gifa,  liberal.  It 
niav  be  allied  to  roam,  ramble.     Class  Rm. 

N(>:  4.  y.] 

1.  Space  ;  compass  ;  extent  of  jdace,  great 
or  small.  Let  the  words  occupy  as  Utile 
room  as  possible. 

2.  Sjiace  or  place  unoccupied. 

Lord,  it  is  (lone  as  thou  hast  commanded,  and 
yet  ihcie  is  room.     Luke  xiv. 

'^^.  Place  for  rece|)tion  or  admission  of  any 
thing.  Ill  I  his  case,  there  is  no  room  for 
doubt  or  for  argument. 
Place  of  amtlier;  stead;  as  in  succession 
or  substitution.  One  magistrate  or  king 
conies  ill  ilie  room  of  a  former  one.  We 
often  plai  e  one  thing  iti  the  room  of  an- 
other.    I  Kings  XX. 

Unoccupied  opportunity.  The  eager  pur- 
suit of  wealth  leaves  little  room  for  serious 
reflecliou. 

0.  All  jipartiiient  in  a  house  ;  any  division 
separated  from  the  rest  by  a  partition;  as 
a  parlor,  ilrawing  room  or  bed-room  ;  also, 
an  apartment  in  a  ship,  as  the  cook-roo(n, 
bread-room,  gun-room,  &c. 

7.  A  seat.     Luke  xiv. 

To  make  room,  to  open  a  way  or  passage;  to 
free  iiom  obstructions. 

To  make  room,  to  open  a  space  or  [tiace  for 
any  thing. 

To  give  room,  to  withdraw  ;  to  leave  space 
unoccupied  for  others  to  pass  or  to  be  seat- 
ed. 

ROOM,  t'.  i.  To  occupy  an  apartment ;  to 
lodge  ;  an  academic  use  of  the  uord.  A  B 
rooms  at  iNo.  /. 

ROOM'AtiE,  ».  [from  room.]  Space  ;  place. 
[A^otused.]  If'otton. 

ROOM'FUL,  n.  Abounding  with  rooms. 

Donne. 

ROOMINESS,  )!.  Space;  spaciousness; 
large  extent  of  .space. 

Roomth,  sjiace,  and  roomthy,  spacious,  are  ill 
tiirmed  words  and  not  used  in  the  United 
Slates. 

ROOM'Y,  a.  Spacious;  wide;  large;  hav- 
ing ample  room;  as  a  roomy  mansion  ;  a 
roomy  deck.  Dryden. 

ROOST,  n.  [Sax.  hrost ;  D.  roest,  roo.st  : 
roesten,  to  roost.] 

The  pule  or  other  support  on  which  fowls 
re.st  at  night. 

He  cl.rpp'd  his  wini^s  upon  his  roost. 

Ihyden. 

At  roost,  in  a  .state  for  rest  and  .sleep. 

ROOST,  V.  i.  To  sit,  rest  or  sleep,  as  fowls 
on  a  pole,  tree  or  other  thing  at  night. 

2.  T"  lodge,  in  burlesipie. 
UOOST'I.N'G,  })pr.  Sitting  for  rest  and  sleep 

I     al  night. 

iROOT.^  H.  [Dan.  ro(/ ;  Sw.  rot ;  L.  radix  ;  It. 
radicc ;  Sp.  riiiz  ;  Ir.  raidis;  W.  rhaiz,  a. 
ray  or  spear,  whence  gwraiz,  a  root.  A 
root  is  a  shoot,  and  only  a  difl'erent  appli- 
cation of  rod,  L.  radius.) 

1.  That  part  of  a  plant  which  enters  and  fix- 
es il.self  in  the  earth,  and  serves  to  support 
the  plant  in  an  erect  position,  while  by 
means  of  iis  filirils  it  imbihes  nutriment 
for  the  stem,  branches  and  liuil. 

3.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  resembles  the 


R  O  O 


R  O  P 


R  O  S 


roots  of  a  plant  in  manner  of  growth  ;  ai 
the  roots  of  a  cancer,  of  teeth,  6ic. 

3.  The  hottoin  or  lower  part  of  any  thing. 

Deep  to  the  rootx  of  hell —  Afilton 

Burnet  uses  root  of  a  mountain,  but  we 

now  say,  base,  foot  or  bottom.     See   Job 

xxviii.  9. 

4.  A  plant  whose  root  is  esculent  or  the 
innst  useful  jiart  ;  as  beets,  carrots,  &c. 

5.  The  orifjiual  or  cause  of  any  thing. 

The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil. 
Tim.  vi. 
G.  The  first  ancestor. 

Tliey  were  the  roots  out  of  which  spiunj;  two 
distinct  people —  Locke. 

7.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  root  of  any 
quantity  is  such  a  (juanlity  as,  when  mul- 
tiplied into  itself  a  certain  luuuber  of 
times,  will  exactly  [jroduce  that  quantity. 
Thus  2  is  a  root  of  4,  because  when  multi- 
plied into  itself,  it  exactly  produces  4. 

8.  Means  of  growth,  "lie  hath  no  root  in 
himself;"  that  is,  no  soil  in  which  grace  can 
grow  and  tlourish.     Matt.  xiii. 

9.  h\  music,  the  fundaujental  note  of  any 
(^I'o'il-  Busbi/. 

Root  of  bitterness,  in  Scripture,  any  error, 
sin  or  evil  that  produces  discord  or  im- 
morality. 

To  take  mot,  to  become  planted  or  fixed  ;  or 
to  he  establishe<l ;  to  increase  and  spread. 

To  take  deep  root,  to  be  firmly  planted  or  es- 
tablished ;  to  he  deeply  impressed. 

D       m        •  Dryden 

ROOT,  v.i.  To  fix  the   root;  to  enter  tlit 
earth,  as  roots. 
In  deep  grounds,  the  weeds  rout  deeper. 

Mortimer. 
4.  lobe  firmly  fixed;  to  be  establisheil. 

The  luulliplyinf;  brood  of  the  ungodly  shall 
not  (alee  deep  rooting.  Wisdom. 

3.  To  sink  deep. 

If  any  en  or  chanced— to  cause  misapprehen- 
sions, he  gave  theui  not  leave  to  root  and  fasten! 
by  concealment.  Felli 

IlOtJT,  v.t.  To  plant  and  fix  deep  in  the! 
earth;  used  clindly  in  the  ])artioiple;  as 
rooted  trees  or  fincsts.  Dn/den. 

2.  To  plant  deeply  ;  to  impre.ss  deeply  and! 
durably.  Let  the  leading  truths  of  the! 
gospel  be  deepli/  rooted  in  the  mind  ;  letlj 
holy  .lilectious  be  well  rooted  in  the  heart.! 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  be  rooted  and  grounded  in 
Christ,  is  to  be  firmly  uniteil  to  him  by 
faith  and  love,  and  well  established  in 
the  belief  of  his  character  and  doctriues. 
Eph.  iii. 

RQQT,  I',  j".  or  t.  [Sax.  ivrot,  a  snout  or  pro- 
boscis ;  wrotan,  lo  dig  or  root;  D.  wrneten, 
G.  reuten,  Uaii.  roder,  Sw.  rota,  to  root!, 
This  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  the' 
former  word  and  rod,  from  the  use  of  the' 
snout.]  I 

To  turn  up  the  earth  with  the  snout,  as' 
swnie.  Swine  root  to  find  worms  ;  they' 
root  the  ground  wherever  they  come. 

To  root  up  or  out.  to  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate ; 
to  remove  or  d<vstrov  root  and  branch  ;  to 
exterminate.      Ueiit.  xxix.     Job  \x.vi 

ROyT'-BOUND,  a.  Fixed  to  the  eart'h  by 
roots.  Milton 

ROOT'-BUFLT,  a.  Built  of  roots. 

«       _  Shenstone.] 

ROOTED,  pp.  Having  its  roots  planted  or 

fixed   in  the  earth  ;"hence,   fi.xed  ;  deep;l 


radical ;  as  rooted  sorrow  ;  rooted  aversion ; 
rooted  prejudices. 

RtpOT'EULY,  adv.  Deeply ;  from  the  heart. 

Shot. 

RQOT'ER,  71.  One  that  roots  ;  or  one  that 
tears  up  by  the  roots. 

ROOT'-llOUriE,  n.  A  house  made  of  roots. 

Dodsley. 

KOQT'INti,  ppr.  Striking  or  taking  root 
tuniin|;  up  with  the  snout. 

RQoT'-LEAF,  n.  A  leaf  growing  immedi 
ately  from  the  root.  Martyn. 

R0(,1T'LET,  n.  A  radicle;  the  fibrous  part 
of  a  root.  Martyn 

KQQT'Y,  a.  Full  of  roots;  as  rooty  grounil, 

Matns. 

ROPAL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  porta>io..,  a  club.]  Club- 
formed  ;  increasing  or  swelling  towards 
the  end. 

ROPE,  ?i.  [Sax.  rap;  Sw.  rep;  Dan.  reeb; 
W.  rkaf;  Ir.  ropa,  roihin.] 

I.  A  large  string  or  line  comjiosed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  It  differs  from 
cord,  line  and  siring,  only  in  its  size ;  be- 
ing the  name  given  to  all  sorts  of  cord- 
age above  an  inch  in  circumference.  In- 
deed the  smaller  ropes,  when  used  for 
certain  purposes,  are  called  tines. 

Ropes  are  by  seamen  ranked  under  two 
descriptions,  cable-laid,  ami  hawser  laid  ; 
the  former  composed  of  nine  strands,  or 
three  great  strands,  each  consisting  of 
three  small  ones;  the  latter  made  with 
three  strands,  each  composed  of  a  certain 
number  of  rope-yarns.  Mar.  Diet. 

'i.  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number  of 
things  united  ;  as  a  rope  of  onions. 

3.  Ropes,  [Sax.  roppas,]  the  intestines  of 
birds.  l,ye 

Rope  of  sand,  proverbially,  feeble  union  oi 
tie  ;  a  band  easily  broken.  Locke. 

ROPE,  V.  i.  To  draw  out  or  extend   into  i 
filament  or  thread,  by  means  of  any  glut 
inous  or  adhesive  quality.     Any  glutinous 
substance  will  rope  considerably  before  it 
will  part. 

ROPE-BAND.     [See  Robbin.] 

ROPE-DANCER,    n.     [rope   and  dancer.] 
lOne  that  walks  on  a  rope  suspended. 

Addison. 

ROPE-LADDER,    n.     A  ladder  made   of| 
1     ropes. 

ROPE-MAKER,  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  make  ropes  or  cordage.  [1  do 
not  know  that  roper  i.s  ever  used.] 

RO'PE-M.AKINt;,  ,1.  The  art  or  business 
of  manufacturing  ropes  or  cordage. 

RO'PERY,  ».  A  place  where  ropes  are 
made.     [JVot  used  in  the  United  Stales.] 

i.    \  trick  thai  deserves  the  halter.        Sliak.l 

ROPE-TRICK,  n.  A  trick  that  deserves! 
the  halter.  ghak 

RO  PE-WALK,  n.  A  long  covered  walk, 
or  a  long  building  over  smooth  ground 
where  ropes  are  manufactured. 

RO'PE  V.ARN,  (I.  Yarn  for  ropes,  consist- 
ing of  a  single  thread.  The  threads  arc 
twisted  into  strands,  and  the  strands  into 
rof)es. 

UO'PINESS,  n.  [from  rnpy.]  Stringiness,  or 
aptness  to  draw  out  in  a  string  or  thread 
without  breaking,  as  of  glutinous  substan- 
ces; viscosity;  adlnsiveness. 

ROPY,  a.  I  from  rope.]  ."-tringy  ;  adhesive; 
that  may  be   drawn  into  a  thread ;  as  a 


dew.     [.Vol  used^ 
RO'RID,    a.    [L.  roridus.]     D 


glutinous  substance  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious : 
glutinous ;  as  ropy  wine  ;  ro;>;i/  lees. 

Dryden.  Philips. 
ROQ'UELAUR,  n.  [from  Fr.  ;  Dan.  rofc- 
kelor ;  G.  rock,  a  coat,  D.  rok.  Sax.  rocc, 
whence  frork,  Sp.  roclo.  Qu.  the  last 
syllable,  or  is  the  word  derived  from  a 
duke  of  this  name  ?]     A  cloke  for  men. 

Gay. 

RO  RAL,  a.    [L.   roralis,   from   ros,   dew.] 

I  ertainmg  to   dew   or  eoiijisting   of  dew  ; 

•'«^^y-  Green. 

RORA'TION,  „.  TL.  roratio.]    A  falling  of 

Diet. 
ewy. 

Granger. 

RORIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  fero, 

to  produce.]      Generating   or   producing 

dew.  oicl 

RORIF'LUENT,  a.  [L.  ros,  .lew,  an.l  Jtuo, 
to  flow.]     Flowing  with  dew.     [.Vol  used.] 

Did. 

ROSA'CEOUS,  a.  s  as  :.  [L.  rosacea.  See 
Rose.] 

Rose-like ;  composed  of  several  petals,  ar- 
ranged in  a  circular  form:  as  a  rosaceous 
corol.  Martyn.     Encyc. 

ROSARY,  n.  s  as  :.  [L.  rosarium.  See 
Rose.  ] 

1.  A  bed  of  roses,  or  place  where  roses 
grow. 

2.  A  chaplet.  Taylor, 
i.  A  string  of  beads  used  by  Roman  catho- 
lics, on  which  they  count  "their  prayers. 

ROSAS'l€,  a.  The  rosasic  acid  is  obtained 
from  the  urine  of  persons  affected  with 
intermitting  and  nervous  fevers.  Ure. 

ROS'CID,  a.   [L.  roscidus,   from  ros,  dew.]' 

Dewy ;  containing  dew,  or  consisting  of 
dew.     [jVot  used.]  Bacon. 

ROSE,  n.  s  as  :.  [Fr.  rose  ;  L.  It.  Sp.  rosa; 
G.    Dan.   rose ;  D.    roos,   rooze ;  Sv 
Arm.  rosen  ;   Ir 


rooze ;  Hw.   ros 
ros  or  rosa  ;  VV.  rhos  ;  Gr 
fioiov  ;  from    the    root   of  red,    ruddy,    VV 
rhux.     SeeiJerf.]  " 

1.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Rosa,  of 
many  species  and  varieties,  a,s  the  wild 
canine  or  dog-rose,  the  white  rose,  the  red' 
rose,  the  cinnamon  rose,  the  eglantine  or 
sweet  briar,  &c.  There  are  five  petals- 
the  calyx  is  urceolate,  quimpiefid,  and' 
corneous  ;  the  seeds  are  numerous,  his- 
pid, and  fixed  to  the  inside  of  the  calyx. 

2.  A  knot  of  ribin  in  the  form  of  a  rose 
used  as  an  ornamental  tie  of  a  shoe.  ' 

Under  the   rose,   in   secret  ;  privately  ;  in  a 
t     manner  that  forbids  disclosure. 
\Rose  of  Jericho,  a  plant  growing  on  the  plain 

of  Jericho,  the  .Inastatica  hierochuntica. 
ROSE,  pret.  ofrise. 

RO'SE.'VL,  a.  [L.  roseus.]  Like  a  rose  in 
smell  or  color.  £;;^g, 

RO'SEATE.  a.  [Fr.  rosat.]     Rosy  ;  full  of 
i     roses  ;  as  roseate  bowers.  Pope 

;2.  Blooming  ;  of  a  rose  color  ;  as  roseate 
^'■''"'y-  Boyle. 

RO'SER-^Y,  n.  A  plant,  the  .Verium  olean- 
der. The.  dioarf  rosebay  is  the  Rhododen- 
'^'■°"-  Lee 

nn'fp  o  C;  F'''"'S°n'=''  5  An^hed.         Shak. 
KU  hh,-tr.VLL,  n.   An  excrescence  on  the 
dog-rose.  fl,,r. 


R  O  S 


ROT 


ROT 


JIOSE-MALLOW,  »i.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Alcea,  larger  than  the  common  mallow. 

Milter. 

RO'SEMARY,  re.  [L.  rosmarinus,  sea-rose  ; 
rosa  anil  mariiuis.  So  in  W.  rhoa-mari, 
and  in  Ir.  balh-ros,  sea-rose.] 

A  verticillate  plant  of  the  genus  Rosmarinus, 
growing  naturally  in  the  southern  part  of 
France,  Spain  and  Italy.  It  has  a  fragrant 
smell  and  a  warm  pungent  bitterish  taste. 

JSnci/c. 

nO'SE-NOBLE,  71.  A  ancient  English  gold 
coin,  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  rose, 
first  struck  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
and  current  at  6s.  8d.  or  according  to 
Johnson,  at  10  shillings. 

ROSE-QUARTZ,  n.  A  subspecies  ol^ 
quartz,  rose  red  or  milk  white.  ' 

RO'SE-RQOT,  )!.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Rhodiola. 

RO'SET,  li.  [Fr.  rosetle;  from  rose.]  A  red 
color  used  by  painters.  Pediham. 

RO'SE-VVATER,  n.  Water  tinctured  with 
rcses  by  distillation.  Enci/c. 

KO'SE-VVOQD,  n.  A  plant  or  tree  of  the 
genus  Aspalathus,  growing  in  warm  cli- 
mates, from  which  is  obtained  the  oleum 
rhodii,  an  agreeable  perfume,  used  in 
scenting  pomatum  and  liniments. 

Encyc. 

ROSICRU'CIAN,  n.  [L.  ros,  dew,  and  crur, 
cross;  deiv,  the  most  powerful  dissolvent 
of  gold,  according  to  these  fanatics,  and 
cross,  the  emblem  of  light.] 

The  Rosicrucians  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of 
hermetical  philosophers,  or  rather  fanatics, 
who  sprung  up  in  Germany  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  and  made  great  preten- 
sions to  science  ;  and  among  other  things, 
pretended  to  be  masters  of  the  secret  of 
the  philosopher's  stone.  Encyc. 

ROSICRU'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Rosicrucians,  or  their  arts.  Hudibras. 

ROSIER,  n.  ro'zhur.  [Fr.]  A  rose  bush.  [Xol 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

ROS'IN,  n.  s  as  z.  [This  is  only  a  different 
orthography  of  resin  :  Ir.  roisin  ;  Fr.  re- 
sine  ;  L.  resina.     See  Resin.] 

1.  Inspissated  turpentine,  a  juice  of  tlie 
pine.  Garth. 

2.  Any  inspissated  matter  of  vegetables  that 
dissolves  inspirit  of  wine.  Arhulhnot. 

ROS'IN,  V.  t.  To  rub  with  rosin.  Gay 

RO'SINESS,  n.  s  as  z.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing rosy,  or  of  resembling  the  color  of  the 
rose.  Davenanl.} 

ROS'INY,  a.  Like  rosin,  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities.  Temple. 

ROS'L.AND,  n.  [W.  rhos,  peat,  or  a  moor.] 
Heathy  land;  land  full  of  ling;  moorish  or 

watery  land. 
ROS'PO,    n.    A   fish  of  Mexico,   perfectly 
round,  without  scales,  and  good  for  food. 

Ctavigero. 

ROSS,  71.  [Qu.  G.  graus,  rubbish.]  The 
ro\igli  scaly  matter  ou  the  surface  of  the 
bark  of  certain  trees.  J^/ew  England. 

ROSS' EL,  n.  Light  land.  [M'ot  used  in 
.Imericn.]  Mortimer. 

ROSS'ELLY,  a.  Loose ;  light.  [.Vol  in 
use.]  Mortimer. 

ROS'SET,  71.  The  large  ternate  bat. 

ROS'SIGNOL,  71.  [Fr.  id.,-  It.  rosignuolo.] 
The  niglitingale.  Asiat.  Res. 


ROS'TEL,  n.     [L.  rostellum,  dim.  of  ros-\S.  Dry  rot,  in  timber,  the  decay  of  the  wood 
Iruin,  a  beak.]  ■      without  the  access  of  water. 

In  botany,  the  descending  plane  part  of  thej  RO'l'A,  n.  [L.  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel ;  alli- 
corcle  or  heart,  in  the  first  vegetution  of  a^      ed  to  rhedu,  to  run.     See  Rotary.] 
seed.  Martijn.  1.  An  ecclesiastical  court  of  Rome,  compos- 

ROS'TER,  71.  In   military  affairs,  a  plan 


table  by  which  tlie  duty  of  officers  is  reg- 
ulated. Bril.  Mil.  Journal 

In  Massachusetts,  a  list  of  the  officers  of 
a  division,  briga<le,  regiment  or  battalion 
containing  under  several  heads  their 
names,  rank,  the  corps  to  which  they  be- 
long, date  of  coatmission  and  place  of 
abode.  These  are  called  ilivision  rosters, 
brigade  rosters,  regimental  or  battalion 
rosters. 

The  word  is  also  used  frequently  instead 


ed  of  twelve  prelates,  of  whom  one  must 
be  a  German,  another  a  Frenchman,  and 
two  .Spaniards ;  the  other  eight  are  Ital- 
ians. This  is  one  of  the  most  august  tri- 
biuials  in  Rome,  taking  cognizance  of  all 
suit.*  in  the  territory  ot  the  church  by  ap- 
))cal,  and  of  all  matters  beneficiary  and 
patriMiiiiiial.  Encyc. 

Ill  English  history,  a  club  of  politicians, 
who,  In  the  lime  of  Charles  I.  contempla- 
ted an  equal  government  by  rotation. 

Hudibras. 


of  register,  which  conqirehends  a  gener.ilj  RO'TALITE,  77.  A  genus  of  fossil  shells, 
list  of  all  the  officers  of  the  state,  from  the;  RC'l'ARY,  u.  [L.  rofd,  a   wheel,  W.  rhod, 
commander  in  chief  to  the  lowest  ill  com-,      fip_     rueda,    Port,    roda,    .Arm.     rod,    Fr. 
mission,    under     the    same     appropriaieij     roue,  G.  D.   riul  ;  Malayan,  rata,  a  chari- 


heads,  with  an  additional  column  for  not- 
ing the  alterations  which  take  place. 

fy.  H.  Sumner. 


ROS'TRAL,    a.    [from    L.   rostrum,    beak.] 

1.  Resembling  the  beak  of  a  ship.         Taller. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  beak. 
ROS'TllATE,     I       [L.  rostratus.]     In  bot- 
ROS'TRATEI),  S  "'  any,    beaked  ;   having 

a  process  resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

Martyn. 
2.  Furnished   or   adorned   with    beaks  ;  as 

rostrated  cralleys. 
ROS'TRUM,  77.  [L. ;  VV.  rhetgyr,  a  snout, 

or  rhethren,  a  pike.] 

1.  The  beak  or  bill  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  beak  or  head  of  a  ship. 

3.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  scaffold  or  elevated 
place  in  the  forum,  where  orations,  plead 
ings,  funeral  harangues,  &c.,  were  deliv- 
ered. 

4.  The  pipe  which  conveys  the  distilling 
liquor  into  its  receiver,  in  the  common  al- 
embic. 

5.  A  crooked  pair  of  scissors,  used  by  sur- 
geons for  dilating  wounds. 

Coxe.     Quincy. 
RO'SY,  a.   [from  rose.]    Resembling  a  rose 
in    color    or    qualities ;   blooming  ;   red  ; 
blushing ;  charming. 
While  blooming  youth  and  gay  delight 
Sit  on  thy  rosy  cheeks  confest. 

Prior. 

The  rosy  morn  resigns  her  light.  Waller. 

2.   Made  in  the  form  of  a  rose.       B.  Jonson. 

iROT.  i>. t.   [Sax.  rotiati ;  D. rotten;  Sw.rota; 

Dan.  raadner.] 
To  lose  the  natural  cohesion  and  organiza- 
tion of  parts,  as  animal  and  vegetable 
substances  ;  to  be  decomposed  and  resolv- 
ed into  its  original  component  parts  by 
the  natural  process,  or  the  gradual  opera- 
tion of  heat  and  air;  to  puticfv. 
ROT,  1).  t.  To  make  putrid  ;  to  cause  to  be 
decomposed  by  the  natural  opeialion  of 
air  and  heat;  to  bring  to  corniptiou. 
ROT,  71.  A  fatal  distemper  imidinit  to 
sheep,  usually  supposed  to  be  owing  to 
wet  seasons  and  moist  pastures.  The  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  mortality  of  sheep, 
in  this  disease,  is  found  to  he  a  great 
number  of  small  animals,  called  flukes. 
(Fasciola,)  found  in  the  liver,  and  supposed 
to  be  produced  from  eggs  swallowed  with 
their  food.  Enryr. 

Putrefaction  ;  putrid  decay.  Philips. 


ot ;  allied  to  W.  rhedu,  to  run.     So  car  is 

allied  to  L.  CU7T0.] 
Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  its  axis  ;  as  rotary 

motion. 
RO'T.\TE,    a.     In   botany,   wheel-shaped  ; 

monopetalous,  spreading  flat,  without  any 

tube,  or  expanding  into  a  flat  border,  with 

scarcely  any  tube  ;  as  a  rotate  corol. 

Martyn.     Smith. 
RO'TATED,  a.  [L.  rotalus.]  Turned  round, 

as  a  wheel. 
ROT.V'TION,  71.   [L.  i-olatio,  from  roto,  to 

turn  ;  rota,  a  wheel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  as  a  wheel  or  solid 
body  on  its  axis,  as  distinguished  from 
the  progressive  motion  of  a  body  revolv- 
ing round  another  body  or  a  distant  |>oint. 
Thus  the  daily  turning  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  a  rotation  ;  its  annual  motion 
round  the  sun  is  a  revolution. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession ;  the  course  by 
which  officers  or  others  leave  their  places 
at  certain  times  and  are  succeeded  by 
others  ;  applied  also  to  a  change  of  crops. 

ROTATIVE,  a.  Turning,  as  a  wheel;  ro- 
tary.    [Little  used.] 

ROTA'TO  PLANE,  o.  In  botany,  wheel- 
shaped  and  flat,  without  a  tube  ;  as  a  ro- 
tfito-plane  corol.  Lee. 

ROTA'Tt)R,  71.  [L.]  That  which  gives  a 
circular  or  rolling  motion  ;  a  muscle  pro- 
ducing a  rolling  motion.  Coxe. 

RO'TATORY,  a.  [from  rotator.]  Turning  on 
an  axis,  as  a  wheel  ;  rotary. 

,'i.  Going  in   a  circle;  following   in   succes- 

I     sioii  :  as  rotatory  assemhlles.  Burke. 

[This  word  is  ot'len  used,  probably  by  mis- 
take, for  rotary.  It  may  be  regularly 
formed  trom  rotator,  but  not  with  the  ex- 
act sense  in  which  it  is  used.  With  rota- 
tor for  its  original,  it  would  signify  cau.ting 
rather  than  being  in  a  circular  motion. 
The  true  word  is  rotary.] 


f-i 


contraction   of   crowd,   W. 
cruit.]     A  kind  of  violin  or  harp. 

[L.  rola,  a  wheel,  whence  Fr. 


ROTE, 

I     cru'lh,  Ir 

I    ms. 

[rote,  n. 

I     routine.] 

Properly,  a  round  of  words;  frequent  rcpe- 
1  tition  of  words  or  sounds,  without  aticnd- 
I  ing  to  the  signification,  or  to  principles 
j     aiid     rules  ;    n     practice    that     impres.ses 

I  words  in  the  memory  without  an  ctfort  of 

II  the  understanding,  and  without  the  aid  of 


R  O  U 


R  O  U 


R  O  U 


rules.  Tlius  children  learn  to  speak  by 
role;  they  ofleii  rfpt-at  what  lliuy  hear, 
till  it  bocciines  familiar  to  theiii.  So  we 
leuni  to  .sing  by  rutt,  as  wc  hear  notes  re- 
peateil,  and  soon  learn  to  repeat  tbeni 
ourselves. 

ROI'K,  II.  t.  To  fix  ill  the  memory  by 
iDeaus  of  frequent  reprtitioii  ourselves,  or 
by  hearing  the  repetition  of  others,  with- 
out an  eftiirt  of  the  uudeistuiidinj:  to  coiii- 
prcliend  what  is  repeated,  and  without 
the  aid  of  rules  or  principles.  [Liltle  us-\ 
ed.)  Shak.\ 

UOTE,  V.  i.  To  go  out  by  rotation  or  suc-j 
oessiou.     [Little  used.]  Grey.l 

ROTll'KK-BKASTS,  n.  [Sax.  hrylher,  a! 
quadruped.] 

Cattle  of  tlie  bovine  genus;  called  in  Eng- 
land black  cattle.     [JVbt  iised  in  Jlmeiica.]  j 

Golding,' 

ROTH'ERNAILS,  n.  [corrupted  from! 
rudder-nails.]  ! 

Among  shii)wrights.  nails  with  very  full 
heads,  used  for  fastening  the  ruilder  irons 
of  ships.  liailiij. 

ROTH'OFFITE,  n.  A  variety  of  grenut'e,) 
brown  or  black,  found  in  S\ve<len.  It  has 
a  re.sembluiice  to  melaiiite,  another  varie-j 
ty,  but  differs  from  it  in  having  a  small 
portion  of  aluniin.  Cyc. 

UO'TOCO,  n.  An  eastern  weight  of  51bs. 

Entick. 

UOTTCN,  a.  rot'n.  [Sw.  rntteii.]  I'utritl  ;l 
carious;  decomposed  by  the  natural  pro- 
cess of  decay  ;  as  a  rotten  plank. 

2.  Not  firm  or  trusty  ;  unsound  ;  defective 
in  principle;  treacherous  ;  deceiiliil. 

3.  Defective  in  substance  ;  not  soimil  or 
hard.  Knotlcs. 

4.  Fetid  ;  ill  smelling.  .S'/i«/ir. 

ROT'TENNESS,  n.  State  of  being  decay- 
ed or  putrid  ;  caiiousness ;  putrefaction  ; 
imsnundness. 

ROTTEN-STONE,  n.  A  soft  stone  or  min- 
eral, called  alsoTripoli,  terra  Tripoliiana, 
from  the  country  troni  which  it  w.is  for- 
merly brought.  It  is  used  in  all  sorts  of 
finer  grinding  aiul  polishing  in  the  arts, 
and  for  cle.iiiing  (urnitiire  ofinelullic  sub-i 
stances.  The  rotten-stone  of  Derbyshire,' 
in  England,  is  a  Tripoli  niLxed  w  ilh  calca-j 
rioiis  earth.  jYicholsoi).     Encyc' 

ROTUND',  a.  [L.  rotundus.  probably  formed, 
on  rota,  a  wheel,  as  jocitndus  on  jonts.]       \ 

1.  Round  ;  circular  ;  spherical.         Addison., 

M.  Ill  botany,  circumscribed  by  one  nnhrokeni 
curve,  or  without  angles ;  as  a  rotund  leaf.i 

Li  line. 

ROTUNDIFO'LIOnS,  a.  [L.  rotundas, 
round,  aiuiyb/iuHi,  a  leaf.]  Having  round 
leaves.  I 

ROTUND'ITY,  n.  Roundness  ;  sphericity  ; 
circularity  ;  as  the  rolundily  of  a  globe."    ' 

Bentley. 

ROTl'NDO,  n.  [h.rotondo,  round.]  A  round 
building;  any  liiiilding  that  is  round  both 
on  the  outside  and  inside.  The  most  cel- 
cbrateil  edifice  of  this  kind  is  the  Pantheon 
at  Rome.  Encyc. 

ROUCOU,  n.  roo'coo.  A  substance  used  in 
dyeing  ;  the  same  as  anotta. 

ROUGE,  ri.  rooih.  [Fr.]  Red.  Davies. 

ROUGE,  )i.  roozh.  Red  paint;  a  substance, 
used  for  painting  the  cheeks. 

ROUGE,  v.i.  [supra.]  To  paint  the  face,  or 
rather  the  cheeks.  1 


ROUGE,  V.  t.  [supra.]  To  paint,  or  tinge, 
with  red  paint.  I 

ROUGH,  a.  ruf.  [Sax.  hreog,  hreoh,  hrug,\ 
reoh,  rug,  ruk,  href,  hreof;  D.  ruig,  rough, j 
shaggy,  whence  our  rug, rugged;  G.  rank,' 
rough,  and  rauch,  hoarse,  U.  raucus,  It. 
rauco  ;  Sw.  ru^g-,  entangled  hair  .  ruggig, 
rugged,  shaggy  ;  Dan.  rog,  rug,  rye";  W.j 
crec  and  cryg,  rough,  rugged,  hoarse,  curl- 
ing, and  crecian,  to  creak,  to  scream,  Eng. 
shriek ;  creg,  hoarse,  from  cryg,  or  the 
same  wont  varied.  Cryg  is  from  rhyg, 
Eng.  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  [crwca,  crooked, 
is  jirohably  from  the  same  source  ;]  Sax. 
racn,  hraca,  a  cough  ;  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle  ; 
W.  rhofi,  to  grunt  or  growl  ;  rhwc,  what 
is  rougli,  irregular,  a  grunt;  rhiccinw,  to 
grunt ;  rituwc,  a  rug,  a  rough  garment,  an 
exterior  coat ;  rhuc,  a  coat,  husk  or  .shell  ; 
rhwnc,  a  snoring,  snorting,  or  rattling 
noise.  The  latter  is  probably  from  the 
.same  root,  from  roughness,  and  this  is  the 
Gr.  fiiyx'^,  to  snore ;  Arm.  rochat  or  di- 
rochut,  to  snore ;  diroch,  snoring.  The 
Welsh  unites  rough  witli  creak  shriek;  and 
shrug  is  fijrmed  on  l\w  root  of  L.  ruga,  a 
wrinkle,  a  nV/g-c.  See  Ridge.  The  primary 
sense  is  to  stretch  or  strain  ;  but  applied  to 
roughness  or  wrinkling,  it  is  to  draw  or 
contract,  a  straining  together.] 

I.  Having  inequalities,  small  ridges  or  points 
on  the  surface  ;  not  smooth  or   plane  ;  as 

j     a  rough  boai  il ;  a  rough  stone  ;  rough  cloth 
'i.    Stony  ;     abounding     with    stones     and 

stumps;  as  rough  land;   or   simply  with 

stones  !  as  a  rough  road. 

3.  Not  wrought  or  [lolished  ;  as  a  roug^/i  dia- 
I     niond. 

4.  Thrown  into  huge  waves;  violently  agit- 
ated ;  as  a  rough  sea. 

5.  Teinpestuous  ;    stormy  ;    boisterous  ;   as 
j     rough  weather. 
G.  Au..^lerc  to    the   taste ;  harsh  ;    as   rough 

v/ine. 

7.  Harsh  to  the  ear;  grating;  jarring ;  un- 
hartuonious ;  as  rough  sounds ;  rough  num- 

j     bers.  Pope. 

8.  Rugged  of  temper;  severe;  austere; 
rude ;    not  mild   or   courteous. 

A  tiuiitl,a  fury,  pitiless  ,inil  rough.         Shak. 
!).  Coarse  in  manners  ;  rude. 

.\  surly  boatman,  rough  as  seas  and  wind. 

Prior. 

10.  Harsh;    violent;   not  easy;  as  a  rough 

reineily.  Clarendon. 

II.  Harsh;  severe;  uncivil ;  as  rou£f/i  usage. 

Locke 

12.  Hard  featured  ;  not  delicate  ;  as  a  rough 
visage.  Drydcn. 

ly.  Terrible ;  dreadful. 

tin  the  rough  edge  of  battle,  ere  il  join'd, 
Satan  advane'd.  Jifilton. 

14.  Rugged  ;  disordered  in  appearance  ; 
coarse. 

Rough  from  the  tossing  surge  Ulysses  moves. 

Pope. 

15.  Hairy  ;  shaggy  ;  covered  with  hairs, 
bristles  and  the  like. 

ROUGH-€AST,  v.  t.  ruf -cast,  [rough  and 
cast.] 

1.  To  form  in  its  first  rudiments,  without  re-; 
vision,  correction  and  polish.  Dryden.^ 

2.  To  molil  without  nicety  or  elegance,  or 
to  form  with  asperities.  Cleaveland\ 

3.  To  cover  with  a  mixture  of  plaster  andi 


shells  or  pebbles  ;  as,  to  rough-cast  a  build- 
'     iiiK- 

RUUGH-CAST,  n.  ruf -cast.  A  rude  model ; 
I  the  form  of  u  thing  in  its  first  rudiments, 
1     unfinished.  Digby. 

2.  A  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  shells  or  ])eb- 

liles,  u.sed  for  covering  buildings. 

ROUGH-DRAUGHT,      n.      ruf-drajl.     A 

draught  in  its  rudiments;  a  draught  not 

perfected  ;  a  sketch.  Dryden. 

ROUGH-DRAW,    v.  t.  ruf -draw.  To  draw 

or  delineate  coarsely.  Dri/den. 

ROUGH-DRAWN,  pp.  ruf-draum.  Coarsely 

drawn. 

ROUGHEN,  v.t.  rufn.    [from   rough.]  To 

make  rough.  Swift. 

ROUGHEN,  I',  i.  rufn.  To  grow  or  become 

rough.  Thomson. 

ROUGH-FQOTED,   a.  ruf -footed.  Fetlier- 

footed  ;  as  a  rough-footed  dove. 

Sherwood. 
ROUGH-HEW,  V.  t.  ruf-hm:    [rough  and 

hew.] 
il.  To  liew  coarsely  without  smoothing;  as. 

to  rough-hew  timber. 
2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shaf)e  to  a  thing. 
There's  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 
Rough-hew  ilieiii  how  «  e  will.  Shuk. 

ROUGH-HEWN, /y.  or  a.  ruf-keum.  Hewn 
I     coarsely  w  ithout  smoothing. 
2.  Rugged  ;  unpolished  ;  of  coarse  manners  : 
j     rude. 

I  A  rough-hewn  seaman.  Bacon. 

].'{.  Unpolished;  not  nicely  finished.  Howell. 
ROUGlHNG.'i,  11.  rufiiigs.  Grass  after  mow- 
I  ing  or  reaping.  [Local.] 
iROUGHLY,  adv.  rufly.  With  uneven  sur- 
face ;  with  asperities  on  the  surface. 
2.  Harshly;  uncivilly;  rudely;  as,  to  be 
I     treated  roughly. 

j3.    Severely  ;    without   tenderness  ;    as,    to 
blame   too  roughly.  Drydcn. 

4.  Austerely  to  tiie  taste. 

5.  Boisterously ;  tempestuously. 
i6.  Harshly  to  the  ear. 
'7.   Violently  :  not  gently. 
ROU(iliNESS,  n.  rufness.  Unevenncss  of 

surfai-e,  occasioned  by  small  prominences; 
asperity  of  surface;  as  the  roughness  of  a 
boartl,  of  a  floor,  or  of  a  rock. 

2.  .'Vustereness  to   the  taste;  as  the  rough- 
ness of  sloes.  Brown. 

;3.  Taste  of  astringency.  Spectator. 

4.  Harshness  to  the  ear  ;  as  the  roughness  of 
sounds.  Steifl. 

.5.  Ruggedness  of  temper;  harshness;  aus- 
terity. Addison. 

().  Coarseness  of  manners  or  behavior ;  rude- 
ness. 

Severity  brecdeth  fear;  but  roughness  brced- 
clh  hate.  Bacon 

7.  Want  of  delicacy  or  rcfincnicnt ;  as  mili- 
tary roughness. 

8.  Severity  ;  harshness  or  violence  of  disci- 
pline. 

9.  \iolence  of  operation  in  medicines. 

10.  Un|K)lished  or  unfinished  state;  as  the 
i     roughness  of  a  gem  or  a  draught. 

11.  Ini'legance  of  dress  or  appearance. 
:I2.  Tempestuoiisncss ;  boisterousness;  asof 
'     winds  of-  weather. 

1.3.  Violent  .agitation  by  wind;  astheroiig'/i- 

ncss  of  the  sea  in  a  slorni. 
14.  Coarseness  of  features. 
,ROUGH-SIK)D.    a.  ruf -shod.   Shod   with 
!    shoes  armed  with  points;  as  a  roughshod 


R  O  U 


R  O  L 


R  O  U 


lioi-ff.     [This  word  is  not  generally  used 

in  America.     In  New-England,  instead  of 

roiijfli-sliod,  calked  is  used.] 
ROIIGHT,  for  raug-W  ;  itrel.  of  reach.   Ohs. 

Shak 
ROUGH-WORK,  v.  t.  ruf-work.  [mig-^and 

li'ork.] 
To  work  over  coarsely,  without    regard  to 

nicetv,  smoothness  or  finish.  Moxon. 

ROUG"H-\VROL'GHT,a.ru/-rau<.  Wrought 

or  done  coarsely. 
ROULEAU,   n.   roolo'.  [Fr.]  A  little  roll ;  a 

roll  of  guineas  in  paper.  Pope. 

ROUN,  r.  i.  [G.  raunen  ;  Sax.  runian,  from 

run,  runa,  mystery  ;  whence  runic.] 
To  whisper.     Obs.  Gower. 

ROUN,   V.  t.  To  address  in  a  whisper.  Obs. 

Bret. 
ROUNCE,  n.  roims'.  The  handle  of  a  print- 
ing press. 
ROUN'CEVAL,n.  [from  Sp.  Roncesvalles,  a 

town  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees.] 
A  %ariety  of  pea,  so  called.  Tusser. 

ROUND,  a.  [Fr.  7-ond ;  It.  Sp.  Port.  ro7ir/«, 

a  round  ;  Arm.  roundt ;  G.  Dan.  Sw.  riind  ; 

D.  rond.    Q.U.    W.   crwn,  It:  cruin,  Arm. 

cren.] 

1.  Cylindrical;  circular;  spherical  or  glob- 
ular. Round  is  applicable  to  a  cylinder 
as  well  as  to  a  globe  or  sphere.  VVe  say,! 
the  barrel  of  a  musket  is  round;  a  ball  is 
round;  a  circle  is  round. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as  a  round  sum  or  price 

Mdison. 

3.  Full ;  smooth  ;  flowing  ;  not  defective  or 
abrupt. 

In  his  satires,  Horace  is  quick,  round  and 
pleasant.  Peachmn. 

His  style,  though  round  and  comprehens-l 
ive —  Fell. 

4.  Plain;  open;  candid;  fair. 

Round  dealing  is  the  honor  ot  man's  nature. 

Bacon. 
Let  her  be  round  with  him.  Shak. 

;j.  Full;  quick;  brisk;  as  a  »0Mn(/ trot. 

Addison, 
(i.  Full;  plump;  bold;  positive;  as  sl  round 

assertion. 
.1  round  number,  is  a  number  that  ends  with 
a  cypher,  and  may  be  divided  by  10  with- 
out a  remainder;  a  con]plete  or  lull  mun- 
ber.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  W.  cant,  a 
hundred,  the  L.  centum,  and  Sax.  hund,' 
signify  properly  a  circle,  and  this  use  of 
round  may  have  originated  in  a  like  idea. 
HOUND,  n.  A  circle  ;  a  circular  thing,  or  a 
circle  in  motion. 

With  rounds  of  waxen  tapers  on  their  heads 

Shak 
Knit  your  hands,  and  beat  the  ground 
In  a  light  fantastic  round.  Milton 

2.  Action  or  performance  in  a  circle,  or  pass- 
ing tlimugli  a  series  of  hands  or  things, 
and  coming  to  the  point  of  beginning;  or 
the  time  of  such  action. 

Wonjen  to  cards  may  be  compared ;  we  play 
\  ioH/«/or  two ;  when  used,  we  throw  away. 

Granville. 

The  feast  wasserv'd;  the  bowl  was  crown'd  ; 

To    Ihc  king's  pleasure    went    the    mirthful 

rouiul.  Prior. 

So  we  say,  a  round  of  labors  or  duties. 

VVe  run  the  daily  rou«f/.  Mdison. 

3.  R'tution  in  office;  succession  in  vicissi 
»"*'e.  Holyday. 


A  rundle  ;  the  step  of  a  ladder. 
All  the  rounds  like  Jacob's  ladder  rise. 

Dryden. 
A  walk  performed  by  a  guard  or  an  offi- 
cer round  the  rampart  of  a  garrison,  or 
among  sentinels,  to  see  that  tiie  sentinels 
are  faithfid  and  all  things  safe.  Hence  the! 
officer  and  men  who  perform  this  duty: 
arc  called  the  rounds.  Enci/c.\ 

A  dance  ;  a  song ;  a  roundelay,  or  a  spe-' 
cies  of  fugue.  Davies. 

A  general  discharge  of  fire-arms  by  a 
body  of  troops,  in  which  each  soldier  fires 
once.  In  volleys,  it  is  usmd  for  a  compa-j 
ny  or  regiment  to  fire  three  rounds.  1 

Jl  round  of  cartridges  and  bads,   one  cart-] 
ridge  to  each  man ;  as,  to  supply  a  regi-' 
inent  with  a  single  round  or  with  twelve 
roitnds  of  cartridges. 
ROUND,  adv.  On  all  sides.  ' 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee, 
and  compass  thee  round.    Luke  xix. 

2.  Circularly  ;  in  a  circular  form  ;  as,  a  wheel! 
turns  round.  I 

.3.  From  one  side  or  party  to  another ;  as,! 
to  come  or  turn  round.  Hence  these  ex-l 
pressions  signify  to  change  sides  or  opin-\ 
ions, 

4.  Not  in  a  direct  line  ;  by  a  course  longer 
than  the  direct  course.  The  shortest 
course  is  not  the  best ;  let  us  go  round. 

Ml  round,  in  common  speech,  denotes  over 
the  whole  place,  or  in  every  direction.        j 

Round  about  is  tautological.  I 

ROUND,  prep.  On  every  side  of;  as,  the 
people  stood  round  him ;  the  sun  sheds 
light  round  the  earth.  In  thissense,  around 
is  much  used,  and  all  is  often  userl  to  mod- 
ify the  word.  They  stood  all  round  or 
around  him. 

2.  About ;  in  a  circular  course,  or  in  all 
parts ;  as,  to  go  round  the  city.  He  led 
his  guest  round  his  fields  and  garden.  He 
wanders  round  the  world. 

f>.  Circularly;  about;  as,  to  wind  a  cable 
round  the  windlass. 

To  come  or  get  round  one,  in  popidar  lan- 
guage, is  to  gain  advantage  over  one  by 
flattery  or  deception  ;  to  circumvent. 

ROUND,  V.  t.  To  make  circular,  spherical  orl 
cylindrical ;  as,  to  round  a  silver  coin  ;  to 
round  the  edges  of  any  thing.  | 

Worms  with  many  feet,  that  round  them-! 
selves  into  balls,  are  bred  chiefly  under  logs  of 
timber.  Bacoti. 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  encircle  ;  to  encompass.' 
Th'  inchisive  verge  j 

Of  golden  metal  that  must  round  my  brow. 

Shak. 
Our  litllf  life  is  rounded  witJi  a  sleep. 

Shak.' 

3.  To  form  to  the  arch  or  figure  of  the  sec- 
tion of  a  circle. 

The  figures  on  our  modern  medals  are  raised 
and  rounded  to  very  great  perfection. 

Jldili.'Mn 

4.  To  move  about  any  thing  ;  as,  the  snn,  in 
polar  regions,  rounds  the   horizon. 

Milton. 

5.  To  make  full,  smooth  and  flowing;  as,  m 
lonnd  periixis  in  vvi  iting.  Swi/I. 

To  round  in,  among  scuinen,  to  pull  upon  a, 
slack  rope,  which  passes  tlnotigh  one  or 
more  blocks  in  a  direction  nearly  horizon- 
tal. Mar.  DicU 


ROUND,  V.  i.  To  grower  become  round. 
The  queen,  your  mother,  rounds  apace. 

2.  lo  go  round,  as  a  guard. 

— They  nightly  rounding  walk.  Milton. 

To  round  to,  in  sailing,  is  to  turn  the  head  of 

the  ship  towards  the  wind. 
ROUND,  I',  i.   [a  corruption  of  roun;  Sax. 

runian ;  G.  raunen.] 
To  whisper ;  as,  to  round  in  the  ear.     Obs. 

Bacon. 
ROUND-ABOUT,  a.  [round  and  about.]  In- 
direct ;  going  round  ;  loose. 

Paraphrase  is  a  roundabout  way  of  translat- 
ing- Felton. 
5    Ample  ;  extensive  ;  as  roundabout  sense. 
.  Locke. 

3.  Encircling;  encompassing.  Taller. 
[In  any  sense,  this  word  is  inelegant.] 
ROUNDABOUT,  n.  A  large  strait  coat. 
ROUNDEL,         )         rr-             j  ,        .. 
ROUND' ELAY,  V  n.    t^'"-    ''""delet     from 
ROUND'O,           ^        '■"""'  ""ound.] 

L  Asort  of  ancient  poem,  consisting  of  thir- 
teen verses,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind 
of  rhyme,  and  five  in  another.  It  is  di- 
vided into  couplets;  at  the  end  of  the  .sec- 
ond and  third  of  which,  the  begiiming  of 
the  poem  is  repeated,  and  that,  if  possible, 
in  an  equivocal  or  punning  sense. 

Trevoux.     Encyc. 

2.  [Fr.  rondtlle,  a  little  shield.]  A  round  form 
or  figure.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

ROUND'ER,  n.  [See  Rondure.]  Circumfer- 
ence; inclosure.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

ROUND'HEAD,  n.  [round  and  head.]  A 
name  formerly  given  to  a  puritan,  from 
the  piacti<'e  which  prevailed  among  the 
puritans  of  cropping  the  hair  round. 

Spectator. 

ROUND'HEADED,  a.  Having  a  round 
head  or  top.  Lowth. 

ROUNDHOUSE,  n.  A  constable's  prison  ; 
the  prison  to  secure  persons  taken  up  bv 
the  night-watch,  till  they  can  be  examined 
by  a  magistrate.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  ship  of  war,  a  certain  necessary  near 
the  head,  for  the  use  of  particular  officers. 

3.  In  large  merchantmca  and  ships  of  tear,  a 
cabin  or  apartniPut  in  the  after  part  of  the 
quarter-deck,  having  the  poop  for  its  roof; 
sometimes  called  the  coach.  It  is  the 
master's  lodging  room. 

Mar.  Did.     Encyc. 
ROU'ND'ING,  ppr.  Making  round  or  circti- 

ar. 
2.  Making  full,  flowing  and  smooth. 

ROU.ND'ING,  a.  Round  or  roundish  ;  near- 
ly round. 

ROUNDING,  )!.  .\rnong  seamen,  old  ropes 
wiimid  about  the  part  of  ihe  cable  which 
lies  in  the  hawse,  or  athwart  the  stem,  to 
prevent  its  chafing. 

Rounding  in,  u  pulling  upon  a  slack  rope, 
which  p:i,s.ses  throiigli  one  or  more  blocks 
in  a  direction  nearly  horizontal.  Round- 
ing uj)  is  a  pulhng  in  like  manner,  when  a 
tackle  hangs  in  a  perpendicular  direction. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

ROUND'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  round  ;  ne.uly 
niund  ;  as  a  roundish  seed  ;  a  roundiih  fig- 
me.  lioyie. 

ROUND'ISHNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

rounilish. 
ROUND'LET,  n.  A  little  circle.      Gregory. 


R  O  U 


In  a  round  form  or  man-l 


ROUNDLY,  adt< 
n<!r. 

2.  Openly  ;  boldly  ;  without  rei^erve  ;  per- 
emptorily. 

He  aiririiiH  every  thing  roundly.       Mdison. 

3.  Plainly;  fully.  He  gives  them  roundly'^ 
to  understand  that  their  duly  is  submis- 
sion. 

i.  Briskly  ;  with  speed. 

W  hen  the  mind  has  brought  itself  to  atten- 
tion, it  will  be  able  to  cope  with  difficulties  and 
master  them,  and  dien  it  may  go  on  roundly. 

Ldckc. 
5.  Completely  ;  to  the  purpose  ;  vigorously  ; 
in  earnest.  Shak.     Dnincs. 

ROUNU'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
round,  circular,  spherical,  globular  or  cy- 
lindrical ;  circularity  ;  sphericity ;  cylin- 
drical form ;  rotundity  ;  as  the  roundness 
of  the  globe,  of  the  orb  of  the  sun,  of  a 
ball,  of  a  bowl,  &c.  M'uils. 

2.  Fullness;  smoothness  of  flow;  as  the 
7-oundness  of  a  period. 

3.  Openness ;  plainness ;  boldness  ;  posi 
tiveness;  as  the  roundness  of  an  asser 
tion. 

ROU.\l)'RlD(iE,  V.  t.    [round  and   ridge. 
In  tillage,  to  form  round  ridges  by  plow- 
ing. Kdiriinh,  H'.  Ind. 

ROt'ND'KOBIN,  n.  [Fr.  rond  and  niban. 
Todd.] 

A  written  petition,  memorial  or  remon- 
strance signed  by  names  in  a  ring  or  I'ir 
cle.  "  Forbes. 

ROUNDS,  »i.  plu.  [See  Round,  n.   No.  3.] 

2.   Konnd-top.  [See  Top.] 

ROUSE,  V.  t.  rout.  [This  word,  written 
also  arouse,  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  raise  or  ru.^h.  See  Raise.  In  Sa.\. 
hrysan,  to  shake  and  to  rush  ;  Goth.  Art's- 
yan,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  wake  from  sleep  or  repose.  GiMi.  xlix. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  liom  a 
state  of  idleness,  languor,  stupidity  or  in- 
attention. Jlddison.     Jilltrburtj. 

'i.  To  put  into  action  ;  to  agitate. 

Blusi'iiiig  winds  that  rous'd  the  sea. 

Milton. 

4.  To  drive  a  beast  from  his  den  or  place  of 
rest.  Denham.     Pope. 

ROUSE,  t'.  t.  To  awake  from  sleep  or  re- 

po.-ip. 

Moijiheus  roust:s  from  his  bed.  Pope, 

'i.  To  be  excited  to  ihouglit  or  action  from 
a  .state  of  indolence,  sluggishness,  languor 
or  inattention. 

ROUSE,  V.  i.  In  seamen''s  language,  to  pull 
together  upon  a  cable,  &c.  without  the 
assistance  of  tackles  or  other  mechanical 
power.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROUSE,  71.  rout.  [D.  roes,  a  bumper ;  G. 
raiiseh,  drunkenness  ;  rausehen,  to  rush,  to 
nisile.] 

A  full  glass  of  liquor;  a  bumper  in  honor  of 
a  health.     Obs.  Skak. 

ROI'S'HI),  p]).  Awakened  from  sleep;  ex- 
cited to  thought  or  action. 

ROUS'ER,  71.  One  that  rouses  or  excites. 

ROrS'ING,  ppr.  Awaking  from  sleep;  ex- 
citing ;  calling  into  action. 

2.  o.  Having  power  to  awaken  or  excite. 

ri.  Great;  violent;  m  a  rousing  fire.  [Vul- 
gar] 

~  ,  D.  rol,  Dan.  rode,  a  set, 


K  O  V 

senible,  and  to  rot;  W.  rhawter,  a  crowd jjl 
Fr.  ruta,  a  herd.  tin.  from  the  root  ofj 
crowd,  or  from  breaking,  bursting,  noise.] 

1.  A  rabble;  a  clamorous  multitude;  a  tu- 
multuous crowd  ;  as  a  rout  of  people  as- 
sembled. 

The  endless  routs  of  » retched  thralls. 

Spenser. 

2.  In  law,  a  rout  is  where  three  persons  or 
more  meet  to  do  an  unlawful  act  upon  a 
common  quarrel,  as  forcibly  to  break  down 
fences  on  a  right  claimed  of  common  or  of 
way,  and  make  some  advances  towards  it. 

Blackstone 

3.  A  select  company  ;  a  party  for  gaming. 

ROUT,  71.  [Fr.  derouie;  It.  rotta,  a  break- 
ing, a  defeat,  a  rout ;  rollo,  broken,  defeat- 
ed ;  rollura,  a  rupture ;  Sp.  rota,  roto. 
This  is  a  corruption  of  the  L.  ruplus,  from 
rumpo,  to  break.  Class  Rb.] 

The  breaking  or  defeat  of  an  army  or  band 
of  troops,  or  the  disorder  and  confusion  of 
troops  thus  defeated  and  put  to  flight. 

Milton 

ROUT,  V.  t.  To  break  the  ranks  of  troops 
and  put  them  to  flight  in  disorder;  to  de- 
feat ami  throw  into  confusion. 

The  king's  horse — routed  and  defeated  the 
whole  army.  Clarendon.^ 

ROUT,  I'.  {.  To  assemble  in  a  clamorous 
and  tumultuous  crowd.     [.Vo/  in  use.] 

Bacon. 

ROUT,  »?.  [Fr.  route;  Sp.  rauta ;  Arin.| 
roii(/,-  VV.  rhatvd,  a  rout  or  way  ;  rhodiaw,, 
to  w  alk  about  ;  Eng.  road.  See  Roadl 
It  belongs  to  the  family  of  ride  and  L. 
gradinr  ;  pro]ierly  a  going  or  passing.] 

The  course  or  w  ay  which  is  traveled  or  pass- 
ed, or  to  be  passe<l ;  a  passing;  a  course  ; 
a  march. 

Wide  through  the  furzy  Celd  their   rout  they 
take.  Gay. 

Rout  and  road  are  not  synonymous. 
We  say,  to  mend  or  repair  a  road,  but  noi 
to  mend  a  row?.  We  use  rout  for  a  course  of 
passing,  and  not  without  reference  to  the 
passing  of  some  person  or  body  of  men  ; 
but  rout  is  not  the  road  itself. 

ROUT,  v.i.  [Sax.  Anifnn.]  To  snore.     Obs. 

Chaucer. 

ROUT,  V.  t.  [for  root.]  To  turn  up  the 
ground  with  the  snout ;  to  search.  [.Vo( 
7(1  use.] 

ROUTINE,  n.  rootee'n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rota,  a 
wheel.] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  amusements  or  pleas- 
lire,  daily  or  frequently  pursued  ;  particu- 
larly, a  course  of  business  or  ofKcial  du- 
ties, regularly  or  frequently  returning. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  jiractice  not  accom- 
modated to  circumstances. 

ROVE,  V.  i.  [Dan.  rover,  to  rob  :  Sw.  r'ofra. 
This  corresponds  with  the  Sax.  reajian 
and  L.  rapio,  Fr.  raxnr.  In  Sw.  strofva,  to 
rove  or  wander,  appears  to  be  formed  on 
this  root.  In  D.  rooi'fn,  G.  rauben,  signify 
to  rob.] 

To  wander  ;  to  ramble  ;  to  range  ;  to  go, 
move  or  pass  without  certain  direction  in 
any  manner,  by  walking,  riding,  flying  or 
otherwise. 

For  who  has  power   to  walk,  has  power  to 
rove.  Arbuthnot 


ROUT,  71.  [G.  rolte 

gang,   rabble;   Dan.  rotlir.    G.   rotten,   to'ROVE,  v.  t.  To  wander  over;   as  7-oiii7i/g|- a 
combine  together,  to  plot ;  D.  roWeii,  to  as-|l    field  ;  roving  the  town.    This  is  an  ellip- 


ROW 

tical  form  of  expression,  lor  roving  oetr, 
through  or  about  the  town. 

RO\E,  I'.  (.  [Ciu.  rfei'f.]  To  draw  a  thread, 
string  or  cord  through  an  eye  or  aper- 
ture. 

RO'VER,  n.  A  wanderer;   one   who  ratn- 

I     bles  about. 

■2.  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

3.  A  robber  or  pirate ;   a  freebooter.     [So 

,     corsair  is  from  L.  cursus,  curro,  to  run.) 

!  Bacon. 

JU  rovers,  without  any  particular  aim  ;  at 

I     random  ;  as  shooting  at  rovers. 

]  South.     Mdison. 

[I  never  heard  tliis  expression  in  the  U. 
States.] 

RO'VING,  ppr.  Rambling;  wandering; 
passing  a  cord  through  an  eye. 

ROW^,  71.  [Sax.  7"aM'n  ;  O.reihe;  D.  rfi.  The 
Welsh  has  rhes.  It  is  a  contracted  word, 
and  probably  the  elements  are  Rg ;  the 
same  as  of  rank.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  stretch,  to  reach.     K  the  ele- 

I     ments  are  Rd,  it  coincides  with  rod  ;  Sw. 

rad,  a  row.] 
A  scries  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in  a 

I  continued  line ;  a  line  ;  a  rank  ;  a  file  ;  as 
a  roiD  of  trees  ;  a  roiv  of  gems  or  jicarls  ; 
a  roic  of  houses  or  columns. 

[  Where  the  bright  Seraphim  in  burning  rojf. 

I  Milton. 

ROW,  I',  t.  [Sax.   rouan,   reotcan  ;  Sw.   ro ; 

\  Dan.  roer;  D.  roeijtn  ;  the  latter  signifies 
to  roic  and  to  guagc;  G.  ruder,  an  oar; 
rudern,  to  row  ;  Sax.  rolher,  an  oar ;  (Jr. 
tpirru,  fpEuou,  to  row;  fp<rf<05,  an  oar.  If 
the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  ruder  and 
rather,  an  nar,  may  be  from  the  root  of 
rod,  L.  radius,  or  fioiii  the  root  of  r<idu,  to 
rub,  grate,  sweeji.  If  the  vi'tb  is  the  pri- 
mary word,  the  sensi;  is  to  sweep,  to  urge, 
drive,  impel.  Class  Rd.     See  Rudder.] 

1.  To  impel,  as  a  boat  or  vessel  along  the 
surface  of  water  by  oars;  as,  to  roto  a 
boat. 

2.  To  transport  by  rowing;  as,  to  row  the 
captain  ashore  in  his  barge. 

RU\V.  V.  i.  To  labor  wiih  the  nar:  as,  to 
row  will:   to  roic  with  oars  inutlled. 

ROWAIiLE,  «.  Capable  of  being  rowed  or 
rowed  upon.     [jYot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

ROWED,  pp.  Driven  by  oars. 

ROW' EL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  roudte ;  G.  radd; 
Sp.  rodiija,  a  small  wheel,  a  row  el ;  rueda, 
a  wheel,  L.  rota,  W.  rhod.  The  French 
rouelle  is  a  tliminutive  of  roue,  contracted 
from  ro^a.] 

1.  The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with 
sharp  points. 

2.  Anioiig/«rn>r.9,  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk,  used 
as  an  issue  on  horses,  answering  to  a  se- 
toii  in  surgery.  Encyc. 

3.  A  little  Hat  ring  or  wheel  of  plate  or  iron 
on  horses'  bits.  Spenser. 

ROW'EL,  V.  I.  To  insert  a  rowel  in:  to 
jiierce  the  skin  and  keep  open  the  w;  iind 
by  a  rowel.  Mortimer. 

ROW 'EN,  n.  [Qu.  Heb.  pn,  to  be  green,  to 
thrive.] 

Rowen  is  a  field  kept  np  till  after  Michael- 
mas, that  the  corn  left  on  the  ground  may  -prout 
into  green.  jVotes  on  Tusser. 

Turn  your  cows  that  give  milk  in'o  you  row- 
ens,  'ill  snow  comes.  .\l.iii-mer. 

2.  In  .Vew  England,   the  second  grow  th  of 


grass  in  a  season.    We  never  apply  the 


RUB 


RUB 


RUB 


word  to  a  field,  nor  to  a  growth  of  corn, 
after  liarvest,  nor  is  the  word  ever  used  in 
the  phu-al.  The  first  growth  of  grass  for 
mowing  is  called  the  first  crop,  and  the 
second  rowen. 

ROWER,  n.  One  that  rows  or  manages  an 
oar  in   rowing. 

ROWING,  ppr.  Impelling,  as  a  boat  by 
oars. 

ROWLEY-R.\GG.  [See  Ragfr.] 

ROW-LOCK,  n.  That  part  of  a  boat's  gun-j 
wale  on  which  the  oar  rests  in  rowing. 

Mar.  Did: 

llOW-PORT,  n.  A  little  square  h(de  in  the 
side  of  small  vessels  of  war,  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  for  the  use  of  an  oar  fori 
rowing  in  a  calm.  Mar.  Dict.\ 

ROY'AL,  a.  [Fr.roijal;  U.  rente  ;  Sp.  l'oit.| 
real ;  contracted  from  L.  rtgalis,  from  re.T,; 
king.     See  Reck  and  Right.]  I 

J.  Kingly;  pertaining  to  a  king;  regal;  as^ 
royal  power  or  prerogative  ;  a  royal  gar- 
den i  royal  donmins;  the  royal  family. 

2.  Becoming  a  king  ;  magnificent ;  as  royal 
state. 

3.  Noble;  illustrious. 

How  doth  that  royal  merchant,  good  Anto- 
nio ?  -SAaA-- 
ROY'AL,  n.  A  large  kind  of  paper.     It  is 
used  as  a  noun  or  an  adjective. 

2.  Among  seameyi,  a  small  sail  spread  imme- 
diately above  the  top-gallant-sail ;  some- 
times "termed  the  top-gallant-royal. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  One  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head.  | 

Bailey. 

4.  In  artillenj,  a  small  mortar.  j 

5.  In  England,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  tliej 
first  regiment  of  foot,  called  the  royals, 
and  supposed  to  be  the  oldest  regnlari 
corps  in  Europe.  James.' 

IIOY'ALISM,  n.  Attachment  to  the  princi- 
ples or  cause  of  royalty,  or  to  a  royal  gov- 
ernment. Madison. 
ROY'ALIST,  n.  An  adherent  to  a  king,  or 
one  attached  to  a  kingly  government. 
Where   Candish  fought,   the   r<p»/a/is(.s   pre- 
vail'd.  IValler. 
IIOY'ALIZE,  V.  t.  To  make  royal.      Slmk. 
ROY'ALLY,  adv-  In  a  kingly  manner  ;  like 
a  king  ;  as  becomes  a  king. 

His  body  shall  be  royally  inlerr'd.     Dryiien. 
ROY'ALTY,  n.    [Fr.  roynute ;    It.   realta.] 

1.  Kingship;  the  character,  state  or  officej 
of  a  king.  j 

Royalty  by  birth  was    the  sweetest    way    of| 
majesty.  Holyday.^ 

2.  Royalties,  plu.  emblems  of  royalty  ;  rega-; 
lia."  Milton.l 

3.  Rights  of  a  king;  prerogatives.       Encyc. 
ROYNE,    V.  t.   [Fr.    rogner.]    To   bite;    to 

gnaw.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

ROYN'ISII,  a.  [Fr.  rogneux,  mangy;  Sp. 
roiioso ;  It.  rognoso.] 


the  word   in   scrape,   scrub,  L.  scribo,  Gr.l 
ypoijiu.     Class  Rb.  No.  30.]  | 

\.  To  move  somethiug  along  the  surface  of; 
a  body  with  pressure ;  as,  to  rxib  the  face 
or  arms  with  the  hand  ;  to  rub  the  body 
with  flannel.  Vessels  are  scoured  or 
cleaned  by  rubbiyig  them. 

2.  To  wipe;  to  clean;  to  scour;  but  rub  is 
a  generic  term,  applicable  to  friction  for 
every  purpose. 

3.  To  touch  so  as  to  leave  behind  something 
which  touches;  to  spread  over;  as  to  n(i 
any  thing  with  oil. 

4.  To  polish  ;  to  retouch  ;  with  over. 

The  whole  business  of  our  redemption  is  to 
rnb  uetr  the  defaced  copy  of  the  creation. 

South. 

5.  To  obstruct  by  collision.     \Umisual.'\ 

Shak.. 
In  popular  language,  ruh  is  used  for  teasing, 

fretting,  upbraiding,  reproaching- or  vexing! 

with  gibes  or  sarcasms. 
Tu  rub  down,  to  clean  by  rubbing  ;  to  comb 

or  curry,  as  a  horse.  Dryden. 

To  rub  off,  to  clean  any  thing  by  rubbing  ;  to 

separate  by  friction  ;  as,  to  nib  off  run. 
To  rub  out,  to  erase  ;  to  obliterate  ;  as,  to  rub 

out  marks  or  letters. 
2.  To  remove  or  separate  by  friction ;  as,  to 

rub  out  a  stain. 
To  rub  upon,  to  touch  hard.  Sidney. 

To  rub  up,  to  burnish  ;  to  polish  ;  to  clean. 
2.  To  excite ;   to  awaken  ;  to  rouse  to   ac- 
tion ;  as,  to  rub  up  the  memory. 
RUB,  V.  i.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  a 

bo<ly    with    pressure  ;    as,    a    wheel   rubs 

against  the  gate-]>ost 


India  rubber,  elastic  resin,  or  caoutchouc,  a 
substance  produced  from  the  syringe  tree 
of  South  America;  a  substance  remarka- 
bly pliable  and  elastic.  Encyc. 

RUB'BISH,  n.  [from  rub  ;  properly,  that 
which  is  rubbed  off;  but  not  now  used  in 
this  limited  sense.] 

1.  Fragments  of  buildings;  broken  or  im- 
perfect pieces  of  any  structure  ;  ruins. 

He  saw  the  towns  one  half  in  rubbish  lie. 

Dry  den 

2.  AVasto  or  rejected  matter  ;  any  tiling 
worthless. 

3.  Mingled  mass;  confusion.  Arhuthnot. 
RUB'BLE-STONE,  n.    A  stone,  so  called 

from  its  being  rubbed  and  worn  by  water  ; 
gravwacke.  H'oodward. 

RU'BEFACIENT,  a.  [L.  rubefaeio,  infra.] 
Mnking  red. 

RU'BEFACIENT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  sub- 
stance or  external  application  which  ex- 
cites redness  of  the  skin. 

RU'BELLITE,  n.  [from  L.  ruheus,  red.]  A 
silicions  mineral  of  a  red  color  of  various 
shades;  the  red  sliorl  ;  siberite.  It  oc- 
curs in  uccunmlated  groups  of  a  middle 
or  large  size,  with  straight  tubular-like 
stria.  In  a  red  heat,  it  becomes  snow- 
white  and  seems  to  phosphoresce. 

Kirwan. 
Rubellite  is  red  tourmalin.      Vre.     Cyc. 

RUBES't.'ENT,  a.  [L.  ruhescens,  rubesco, 
from  rnbeo,  to  redden  or  to  he  red.] 

Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tending  to  a  red 

color. 
jjRU'BICAN,  a.  [Fr.    from   L.   rubeo,   to  be 


2.  To  fret ;  to  chafe  ;  as,  to  rut  upon  a  sore.'l     •■e|'-J 

Dryden.  Rubn  an  color  of  a  horse,  is  a  bay,  sorrel  or 

3.  To  move  or  jjass  with  difficulty  ;  as,  to 
rub  through  woods,  as  huntsmen;  to  rub 
through  the  world. 

Chapman.     VEstrange. 
RUB,  n.  The  act  of  rubbing;  friction. 
3.  That  which  renders  motion   or  progress 

difficult;  collision;  hinderance  ; 

tion. 


black,  with  a  light  gray  or  white  upon  the 
flanks,  but  the  gray  or  white  not  predom- 
inant there.  Far.  Diet. 
RU'BICI:L,  n.     [L.   rubeo,  to  be   red.]     A 
gem  or   mineral,   a   variety  of  ruby  of  a 
reddish  color,  from  Brazil.          JVicholson. 
obstruc-l  RU'l$I€lJNl),    a.    [L.  rubicundus.]    Inclin- 
!      ing  to  redness. 


Now  every  ri(&  is  smoothed  irj  our  way.         j;RL''15Ht.L),  a.  Red 

ShoU.'. 

Upon   this    rub    the    English    embassadors! 

thought  fit  to  dennir.  Hayward.\ 

All  sort  of  rubs  w  ill  be  laid  in  the  way.  | 

Davenant., 


a   ruby  ;  as  a  rubied 

lip  ;  rubied  nectar.  Milton. 

RUBIF'IC.  a.  [L.  r«6er  and /acio.]  Making 

red  ;  as  rubific  rays. 

RUBIFICA'TION,  n.  The   act  of  making 

red.  Chimistry. 

Inequality  of    ground  that  iiinders  the' RU'BIFORM,  a.  [L.  niifr,  red,  and  form.] 

motion  of  a  bowl.  Shak.       Having  the  form  of  red  ;  as,  the  rubiform 

4.  Uitficulty  ;  cause  of  uneasiness;  pinch.  rays  of  the  sun  are  least  refrangible. 

To  sleep,  perchance    to   dream ;  ay,    there's  _  A'ewton. 

the  rub.  Shak.  RU'BIFY,  v.  t.  [L.  iiiber,  red,  and  facio,  to 

&.  Sarcasm  ;  joke ;  something  grating  to  the      make.]     To  make  red.     [Little  used.] 

feelings.  Brown. 

RUB,  ?       [ntiands/oHf.]  Astone,  RTI'BIOUS,    a.    [L.   rubeus.]     Red ;  ruddy. 

RUB'-STONE,  i"'  usually    some    kind    of|     LYotinusc]  Sfui'k. 

sandstone,  used  to  sharpen   instruments ;'  RU'BLE,  n.    roo'bl.   [Russ.  from  rublyu,  to 


a  whetstone. 
RIBBAtiE, 


Mean  ;  paltry  ;  as  the  roynish  clown.     [jVo'  jRUBBIDgE, 
in  use.l  '  Shak.  RUBBLE 

ROV'TELET,  n.  [Fr.  roitelvt,  from  roi„ 
king.]     A  little  king.     [JVo(  in  use  ] 

Hey  I  in. 

ROY'TISH,  a.  Wild  ;  irregular.  [jVot  in 
use.]  Bcaum. 

RUB,  V.  t.  [W.  rlnvbiaw  ;  D.  wryven  ;  G.  rei- 
ben,  to  rnh,  to  grate,  also  tn  uplnaid  ;  reibe, 
a  grater,  (in.  L.  probrum,  cxprobro  :  Gr. 
rpifiu,  to  rub.     We  have  the   elements  of 


for  rubbish,  vulgar  and  not 
used. 


RUB'BER,  n.  One  that  rubs. 
3.  The  instrument  or  thing  used  In  riibbing| 
or  cleaning.  Sivift. 

3.  A  coarse  file,  or  the  rough  part  of  it. 

Moxon.' 

4.  A  whetstone  ;  a  rubstone.  i 

5.  In  gaming,  two  games  out  of  three  ;  or 
the  game  that  decides  the  contest ;  or  a 
contest  consisting  of  three  games. 


cut.] 

•\  silver  coin  of  Russia,  of  the  value  of  about 
fifty  seven  cent.s.  or  two  shillings  and 
seven  pence  sterling;  in  Russia,  a  him- 
dred  kopecks ;  originally,  the  fourth  part 
of  a  grivna  or  pound,  which  wus  rut  into 
four  I'lpial  ])arts.  Russ.  Diet.     Tookc. 


V- 


RU'BRI€;  n.   |Fr    nibrif/ue  ;  L.   It.  S: 
hrica  :  from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red. 

1.  In  the  rnuon  law,  a  title  or  article  in  cer- 
tain ancient  law  books;  so  called  because 
written  in  red  letters.  Encyc. 

2.  Directions  printed  in  prayer  books. 


R  U  D 


R  U  D 


R  U  D 


Red. 


Ill))' 


'I  lie  rubric  and  the  rules  relating  to  the  lituf' 
gy  :hi'  usialilislied  by  royal  authority,  as  well 
as  the  lltiiisy  itself.  JVeUon. 

RUBRIC,  V.  t.  To  adorn  with  red. 

RUBRIC,        {  , 

RUBRICAL,  5  "■ 

RU'BRICAL,  a.  Placed  in  rubrics. 

RU'BRICATK,  V.  t.  [L.  rubricatus.]  To 
njiirk  or  .listinguisli  with  red.         Herbert. 

RU'BRICATi;,  a.  Marked  with  red. 

Spelman. 

RU'BV,  n.  [Vr.rubis;  Sp.  rult ;  Port,  rwfci, 
rubim;  It.  ntbhw  ;  D.robyn;  G.  Dan.  Svv. 
rubin  ;  Ir.  id. ;  Iroin  I.,  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  precious  stone  ;  a  mineral  of  a  carmine 
red  color,  sometimes  verging  to  violet,  or 
intermediate  between  carmine  and  hya- 
cinth red  ;  but  its  parts  vary  in  color,  and 
hence  it  is  called  sapphire  ruby  or  orange 
red,  and  by  some  vermeille  or  rubicel. 

Kirumn. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  ruby,  the  orien- 
tal or  corundum,  and  the  s|)inelle.  The 
latter  is  distinguishable  from  the  formiM 
by  its  color  and  crystalization.       Phillips. 

The  ruby  is  ne.\t  in  hardness  and  valii 
to  the   diamond,   and  highly  esteemed  in 
jewelry. 

2.  Redness  ;  red  color.  Shnk. 

3.  Any  thing  red.  Millun 

4.  A  blain  ;  a   blotch  ;    a  carbuncle.     (Tin 
ruby  is  said  to  be  the  stone  called  by  P 
a  carbuncle.^ 

Ruby  of  arsenic  or  sulphur,  is  the  realgar,  or 
red  combination  of  arsenic  and  sidj)bur. 

Encyc.     JVicholsoii. 

Rubyofzink,  is  the  red  blend. 

Rork  niby,  the  amethystizontcs  of  the  an- 
cients, is  the  most  valued  species  of  gar- 
net. Enci/c. 

RU'BY,  V.  t.  To  make  red.  Pope. 

RUBY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  ruby  ;  reil ; 
as  ruby  lips. 

RUCK,  I'.  (.  [L.  rwg'o,  to  wrinkle,  to  fold; 
rug;a,  a  fold.] 

1.  To  cower  J  to  bend  and  set  close.  [Ao( 
in  use.]  Gotcer. 

'3.  To  wrinkle  ;  as,  to  ruck  up  cloth  or  u  gar- 
ment. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  still  used  by 
the  common  people  of  New  England.] 

RI'CK,  n.  A  wrinkle;  a  fold;  a  plait. 

RUCTA'TION,  n.  [L.  n(c(o,  to  belch.]  The 
act  of  belching  wind  from  the  stomach. 

RUD,  to  make  red,  used  by  Spenser,  is  i 
difierent  spelling  of  red.  Obs.  [See  Rud 
dy.] 

RUD,  n.  [Sax.  rude.    See  Red  and  Ruddy.] 

1.  Redness;  blush  ;  also,  red  ocher. 

2.  The  fish  rndd. 
RUDD,  n.  [probably   froin  red,   ruddy.]    A 

fish  of  the  geiuis  Cyprinus,  with  a  dee| 
body  like  the  bream,  but  thicker,  a  promi- 
nent back,  and  small  head.  The  bark  i; 
of  an  olive  color  ;  the  sides  and  belly  yel 
low,  marked  with  red  ;  the  ventral  and 
anal  fins  and  tail  of  a  deep  red  color. 

Diet.  j\:  Hist 

RUD'DER,  n.  [G.  ruder,  an  oar  and  a  rud- 
der ;  Sax.  rother,  an  oar  ;  D.  roer,  for 
roeder ;  Sw.  roder  ;  Dan.  roer.  See  Row 
The  oar  was  the  first  rudder  used  by  man, 
and  is  still  the  instrument  of  steering  cer 
tain  boats.] 

I.  In  navigation,  the  instrument  by  which  a 
ship   is  steered  ;    that   part  of  tlie  helm 

Vol.  11. 


which  consists  of  a  piece  of  timber,  broadljS.  Artless;  inelegant;  not  polished  ;    as 


at  the  bottom,  which  enters  the  water  and 
is  attached  to  the  stern-post  by  hinges,  on 
which  it  turns.  This  timber  is  managed 
by  means  of  the  tiller  or  wheel. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  That  which  guides  or  governs  the  course. 
For  rhyme  the  rudder  is  of  verses. 

Httdibras. 

3.  A  sieve.     [Ijocal.     See  Riddle.] 
Rudder  perch,   a   small  fish    with   the  upper 

part  of  the  body  brown,  varied  with  large 
round  spots  of  yellow,  the  belly  and  sides 
streaked  with  lines  of  while  ami  yellow. 
This  fish  is  said  to  follow  the  rudders  of 
ships  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 

Catesby.     Pennant. 

RUD'DINESS,  )i.  [from  ruddy.]  The  state 
of  being  ruddy  ;  redness,  or  rather  a  live- 
ly flesh  ei'lor  ;  that  degree  of  redness 
which  characterizes  high  liealth  ;  applied 
chiefly  to  the  complexion  or  color  of  the 
human  skin  ;  as  the  ruddiness  of  the 
cheeks  or  lips. 

RUD'DLE,  n.  [yV.rhuzell;  from  the  root  of| 
red,  ruddy.] 

The  name  of  a  species  of  chalk  or  red  earth, 
colored  bv  iron.  Woodward. 

RUO'DLE-'MAN,  n.  One  who  digs  ruddle. 

'RUD'DOC,  71.  [Sax.  ri((/(/uc ;  from  the  root 

1     ofred,  ruddy.] 

.A  bird  ;  otherwise  called  red-breast. 

Careu'. 

RUD'DY,  ft.  [Sax.  rude,  rudii,  read;  D. 
rood  ;  G.  roth  ;  W.  rhuz  ;  Or.  tpvApoj ; 
Sans,  rudhira,  blood.  This  seems  to  be 
a  dialectical  orthography  of  red,  which 
see.] 

1.  Of  a  red  color;  of  a  lively  flesh  color,  or 
the  color  of  the  human  skin  in  high  health. 
Thus  we  say,  ruddy  cheeks,  ruddy  lips,  a 
ruddy  face  or  skin,  a  ruddy  youth  ;  and  in 
poetic  language,  ruddy  fruit.  But  the 
word  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  human  skin. 

Dryden.     Otway. 

2.  Of  a  bright  yellow  color;  as  ruddy  gold. 
Unusual.]  Dryden. 

RUDE,  fl.  [Fr.  riirfc  ;  It  rude  and  rozzo  ;  Sp 
rudo  ;  L.  rudis  ;  D.  ruw  ;  G.  roh,  raw, 
crude  ;  Arm.  rust.  The  sense  is  probably 
rough,  broken,  and  this  word  may  be  alli- 
ed to  raw  and  crude.  See  Class  Rd.  No. 
3,').  38.. 

1.  Riiugh  ;  uneven  ;  rugged  ;  unformed  by 
art ;  as  mde  workmanship,  that  is,  rough 
ly  finished  ;  rude  and  unpolished  stones. 

Stiltingfcet. 

2.  Rough;  of  coarse  manners;  unpolished; 
uncivil ;  clownish  ;  rustic  ;  as  a  rude  coun 
trynian ;  rude   behavior;  rude  treatment; 
a  rude  attack. 

RiiHian,  let  go  that  rude  uncivil  touch. 

Shak 

3.  Violent;  tumultuous;  boisterous:  turbu- 
lent ;  as  rnde  winds;  the  rude  agitation  of 
the  sea.  Boyle. 

4.  Violent ;  fierce  ;  impetuous  ;  as  the  rude 
shock  of  armies. 

5.  Harsh  ;  inclement ;  as  the  rude  winter. 

fVaUer. 

6.  Ignorant;  untaught;  savage ;  barbarous; 
as  the  rude  natives  of  .-\merica  or  of  New 
Holland  ;  the  ntrfeancestorsof  the  Greeks. 

Ruw  ;  mitaught ;  ignorant ;  not  skilled  or 
practiced  ;  as  rude  in  speech  ;  rude  in 
arms.  fVotton. 

61 


rude  translation  of  Virgil. 


Dryden. 


Tlie 
to  be 
coarsely  ; 


as, 


RU'DELY,    adv.    With   roughness  ; 
mountain  rudely  formed. 

2.  Violently  ;  fiercely  ;   tumultuously. 
door  was  rudely  as.saulted. 

3.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil  manner ; 
rudely  accosted. 

4.  Without  exactness  or   nicety  ; 
as  work  rudely  executed. 

I  that  am  rudely  stanip'd,   and  want  love's 

majesty 
To  strut  before  a  wanton  ambling  nymph. 

alujk. 

5.  UnskillfuUy. 
My  muse,  though  rudely,  lias  reslgn'd 
Some  faiut  resemblance  of  his  godlike  mind. 

Ihyden. 
(>.  Without  elegance. 

RU'DENESS,   n.   A   rough   broken   state; 
unevenness  ;  wildness  ;  as  the  rudeness  of 
a  mountain,  country  or  landscape. 
Coarseness  td'  manners  ;  incivility  ;  rus- 
ticity ;  vulgarity. 

And  kings   the   rudeness  of  their  joy  must 
bear.  Dryden. 

3.  Ignorance;  unskillfulness. 
What  he  did  amiss  was  rather  through  rude- 
ness and  want  of  judgment —  Hayward. 

4.  Artlessncss  ;  coarseness  ;  inelegance  ;  as 
the  rudeness  of  a  painting  or  piece  of 
sculpture. 

5.  Violence  ;  impetuosity  ;  as  the  rudeness 
of  an  attack  or  shock. 

6.  Violence  ;  storminess  ;  as  the  rudeness  of 
winds  or  of  the  season. 

RU'DENTURE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  rudens,  a 
rope.] 

In  architecture,  the  figure  of  a  rope  or  staft", 
plain  or  carved,  with  which  theflutings  of 
colunms  are  sometimes  filled.  liaitey. 

RU'DERARY,  a.  [Low  L.  ruderarius ;  from 
the  root  of  rudts,  and  indicating  the  pri- 
mary sense  oi' rude  to  be  broken.]  Belong- 
ing to  rubbish.     [J^ot  used.]  Diet. 

RUDERA'TION,  n.  [L.  ruderatio,  from  ru- 
dero,  to  pave  with  broken  stones.] 

The  act  of  paving  with  pebbles  or  little 
stones.     US/ot  used.]  Bailer/. 

RU'DESBY,  n.  An  uncivil  turbulent  fel- 
low.    [JVot  in  use.]  Skak. 

RU'DIMENT,  71.  [Fr.  froniL.  rudimenlum. 
If  connected  with  erudio,  it  denotes  what 
is  taught,  and  erudio  may  be  connected 
with  the  Goth,  rodyan,  to  speak.  Sax. 
radan,  to  read.  But  the  real  origin  is  not 
obvious.  It  may  have  been  formed  from 
some  word  in  Rd,  signifying  to  shoot  or 
sfiriiig.] 

A  first  principle  or  element;  that  which 
is  to  be  fust  leurnt ;  as  the  rudiments  of 
learning  or  science.  Articulate  sounds 
are  the  rudiments  of  language  ;  letters  or 
characters  are  the  rudiments  of  written 
language;  the  primary  rules  of  any  art  or 
science  are  its  rudimeytts.  Hence  instruc- 
tion in  the  rudiments  of  any  art  or  science, 
constitutes  the  beginning  of  education  in 
that  art  or  science. 

The  original  of  any  thing  in  its  first  form. 
Thus  in  botany,  the  germen,  ovary  or 
seed-bud,  is  the  rudiment  of  the  fruit  yet 
in  endiryo  ;  and  the  seed  is  the  rudiment 
of  a  new  plant.  Martyn. 

Rudiment,  in  natural  history,  is  also  an 
imperfect  organ  ;  one  which  is  never  fully 


1. 


R  U  F 


R  U  F 


RUG 


Sw.  rofva,  Uaii.  rover.  _ 

is  a  worthless  fellow.     In  It.  rujjiuno  is  aljRUF'FING, 


formed.  Thus  the  flowers  in  the  genus 
Pentstemon,  have  four  stamens  anil  a  ru- 
diment of  a  fifth,  (a  simple  filament  with- 
out an  anther.) 

God  beholds  the  first  imperfect  rudiments  of 
virtue  in  the  soul.  Spectator 

RU'DIMENT,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  first 
principles  or  rules ;  to  ground  ;  to  settle  in 
first  principles.  Gnylon 

RUDIMENT'AL,  a.    Initial ;  perlainiuf;  to 

rudiments,   or   consisting   in   first  prinoi-j      ous;  a»  ri(/^a?t  riiire.  Pope.'^ 

pies;  as  ritrfimenfaf  essays.  Spectator.  KVF'FIA.N,  v.  i.    To   play   the  ruffian  ;  to 

RUE,  V.  t.  ru.  [Sax.  reoivian,  hreowian  ;  VV.j      rage  ;  to  rai^e  tumult.  Shak. 

rhuaw,  rhuadu  ;  D.  rouwen,   G.   reuen,   to  RUF'FIAN-LIKE,  a.  Like  a  ruffian;  hold 
repent ;  Dan.  Sw.  ruelse,  contrition.    This!      j,,  crimes  ;  violent ;  licentious.  Fulkt. 

is  the  L.  rudo,   to   roar,  to   bray.     Cla.ss  RUF'FLE,  v.  t.  [Belgic,   rmiffden,Xo  vvrin 


RUF'FIAN,  11.  [If  this  word  signifies  pri-,|RUF'FLING,  ?  Beating  a  roll  of 'the 

inarily  a  robber,  it  is  from  the  root  of  ro6,l  RUF'FING,     i"^  '   drum. 

In   Scottish,  ru^'e.jKUF'FLING,  \  ^    A  particular  beat  or  roll 


])imp,  Sp.  nifian,  Port,  ruftam ;  U.  roffuian, 

id.] 

A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow;  a  fellow  ready 
fi)r  any  desperate  crime  ;  a  robber  ;  a  cut- 
throat;  a  murderer.  Addison. 

RUF'FIAN.  a.    Brutal 
ous ;  a»  rujjian  rage. 

'     ■""       ■        the 


1- 


of  the  drunj,  usedoncer- 


To  lament ;  to  regret  ;  to  grieve  for  ;  as,  to 
rue  the  commission  of  a  crime  ;  to  me  the 
day. 

Thy  will 
Chose  freely  what  it  now  so  justly  rues. 

Milton. 

RUE,  V.  i.   To   have   compassion.     [JVot  in 

use.]  Ckaucer 

RUE,  71.  Sorrow;  repentance.   [Mitinuse.] 


Shak. 
ru.  [Sax.  rude  ;  D.  mil ;  G.  raute  ; 


3. 


5. 


RUE,  n. 

Dan.  rude ;  Gr.  fvrrj ;  L.  It.  rata  ;  Sp.  ru- 
da;  Fr.  rue;  Arm.  ry ;  Ir.  ruith,  raith; 
Corn.  ryle.  Rue  is  a  contracted  word. 
Qu.  from  its  bitter  taste,  grating,  rough- 
ness.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ruta,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  garden  rue  is  medici- 
nal, as  a  stimulant  and  detergent. 

Encyc. 

RUEFUL,  a.  ru'ful.  [rue  and  full.]  VVoful  ; 
mournful  ;  sorrowful ;  to  be  lamented. 
Spur  them  to  rueful  work.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  sorrow. 

He  sigh'd  and  cast  a  rueful  eye.        Dryden 

RU'EFULLY,  adv.  Mournfully  ;  sorrowful- 
ly. More 

RU'EFULNESS,  n.  Sorrowfulness;  mourn- 
fulness. 

RU'EING,  n.  Lamentation.  Smith 

RUELLE,  n.  ruel'.  [Fr.  a  narrow  street, 
from  rue,  a  street.] 

A  circle ;  a  private  circle  or  assembly  at  a 
private  house.     [JVof  in  tise.]  Drydi 

RUFES'CENT,  a.  [L.n(/csco,togrow  red.] 
Reddish  ;  tinged  with  red.         Ed.  Encyc. 

RUFF,  n.  [.\nt\.  rouffenn,  a  wrinkle  ;  VV. 
rhevu,  to  thicken.] 

I.  A  piece  of  plaited  linen  worn  by  females! 
around  the  neck.  Mdi.ion. 

'2.  Something  puckered  or  plaited.         Pope. 

a 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Tringa,  with  a  tufi  of|  RUFF, 


kle.  t'haucer  has  lireling,  wriiiUhng,  and 
Spclmaii  cites  nfflura  or  rufflura  from 
Bracton,  as  signifying  in  law  a  breach  or 
laceration  of  the  skin,  made  by  the  stroke 
of  a  stick.] 

1.  Properly,  to  wrinkle;  to  draw  or  contract 
into  wrinkles,  open  plans  or  folds 

Addison. 

2.  To  disorder  by  disturbing  a  smooth  sur- 
face :  to  make  uneven  by  agitation;  as, 
to  ruffie  the  sea  or  a  lake. 

She  .smooth'd  the  rvffl'd  seas.  Dryden. 

To  discompose  by  disturbitig  a  ealm>tate 
of;  to  agitate  ;  to  disturb;  as,  to  ruffle  the 
mind  ;  to  ruffle  the  passions  or  the  temper. 
It  expresses  less  than/rcf  and  vex. 
To  throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 
— Where  best 
He  might  the  ruffl'd  foe  invest.      Hiulibras 

To  throw  together  in   a   disorderly  man 
ner. 

I  ruffl'd  up  fall'n  leaves  in  heap.     [  Unusual] 

Chapman 


6.  To  furnish    with  rufHes  ;    as,  to  ruffle 

shirt. 
RUF'FLE,  r.  i.  To  grow  rough  or   turbu- 
lent; as,  the  winds  ni^e.  Shak. 
To  play  loosely  ;  to  flutter. 

On  bis  right  shoulder  his  thick  mane  reclin'd, 
Ruffles  at  speed  and  dances  in  (he  wind. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  be  rough  ;   to  jar  ;  to  be  in   conten- 
I     tion. 

They  would  ruffle  with  jurors.  Obs. 

I  Bacon . 

RUF'FLE,  II.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric  or 

I     other  fine  cloth  attached  to  some  border 

of   a    garment,   as    to  the  wristband   or 

bosom.      That   at    the    bosom    is   some- 

j     times  called  by  the  English,  a  frill. 

3.  Disturbance;  agitation  ;  commotion;  as, 

to  put  the  mind  or  temper  in  a  ruffle. 

A  small  fish,  a  species  of  Perca.     Jf'attun.\  RUFJ^'LE,  ^  „    A  particular  beat  or  roll  of 

■ ^     ■   the  drum,  u.sed   on    certain 


fethers   arotmd    the    neck    of  the   mal 
whence  the  name.     The  female  is   called 
reeve.  Ed.  Encyc. 

5.  A  state  of  roughness.    [Sax.  hreof]     Obs. 

Chapman. 

t).  Pride;  elevation;  as  princes  in  the  )w//'of 
all  their  glory.  U Estrange. 

7.  A  particular  species  of  pigeon. 

8.  At  cards,  the  act  of  wiiming  the  trick  by 
tnunping  the  cards  of  another  suit.  [D. 
trorf,  (roej'cn.] 

[lUFF,  t'.  t.    To  ruffle  ;  to  disorder. 

Spenser. 
■i.  To  trump  any  othcrsuit  of  cards  at  whist 
[D.  lroeve7i.] 


occasions  ui  military  affairs,  as  a  mark  of 
respect.  Lieutenant  Generals  have  thrcr 
ruffles,  as  they  pass  by  the  regiment, 
guard,  &c.  Major  generals  have  two, 
brigadiers  one,  &c.  Encyc. 

RUF'FLE,  I  To  heat  the  rufT  or  roll  of 

liUFF,         S"'       '''c  ilium. 

RUFFLED,  pp.  Disturbed;  agitated;  fur- 
ni-ilu'd  with  ruffles. 

RUF'FLER,  n.  A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer.  [j\bt 

I     1/1  use.] 

RUF'FLING,  ppr.  Disturbing;  agitating; 
liirnishing  with  ruffles. 

iRl'l'^'FLING,  ji.  Coramotiuii ;  disturbance  ; 
agitation. 


tain  occasions  as  a  mark  of  respect. 

RUFOUS,  a.    [h.  rufus ;    Sp.   rufo  ;    Port. 
ruivo  ;  prohalily  from  the  root  of  L.  rubeo.] 

Reddish  ;  of  a  reddish  color,  or  rather  of  a 

yellowish  red. 

savagely   boistcr-j  RUF'TER-IIOQD,  n.  In  falconry,  a.  hoot\  to 

be  worn  by   a   hawk    when   she   is  first 

drawn.  Bailey. 

RUG,  n.  [D.  ruig,  G.  ranch,  rough,  hairy, 
shaggy;  Hn.  rugg,  entangled  hair:  riig.- 
gig,  rugged,  shaggy.  This  coincides  with 
Dan.  rug,  W.  rhyg,  rye,  that  is,  rough; 
W.  rhug,  something  abounding  with 
points,  in  W.  brycan  is  a  rug-,  a  clog,  a 
brogue  for  the  feet,  a  covering.  This  be- 
longs to  the  great  family  uf  rough,  L.  ruga, 
raucus.] 
1.  A  coarse  nappy  woolen  cloth  used  for  a 
be<l  cover,  and  in  modern  times  particu- 
larly, for  covering  the  carpet  before  a 
fire-place.  This  name  was  formerly  giv- 
en to  a  coarse  kind  of  frieze  used  t"or  win- 
ter garments,  and  it  may  be  that  the  poor 
in  some  countries  still  wear  it.  But  in 
America,  I  believe  the  name  is  applied 
only  to  a  bed  cover  for  ordinary  beds,  and 

I  to  a  covering  before  a  fire-place. 
'2.  A  rough,  woolly  or  shaggy  dog. 
RUG'GF.D,  a.  [from  the  root  of  rug-,  rough, 

which  see.] 

1.  Rough  ;  full  of  asperities  on  the  surface; 
broken  into  sharp  or  irregular  points  or 
crags,  or  otherwise  uneven ;  as  a  rugged 
mountain  ;  a  rugged  road. 

2.  Uneven  ;  not  neat  or  regular. 
His  well  proportion'd  beard  made  rough  and 

rus^ged.  Shak. 

3.  Rough  in  temper ;  harsh ;  hard ;  crab- 
lied  ;  austere.  South. 

4.  Stormy ;  turbulent ;  tempestuous ;  as 
rugged  weather  ;  a  rugged  season. 

Rou;rh  to  the  ear;  harsh;  grating;  as  a 
rugged  verse  in  poetry  ;  ntgged  pro.se. 

Dryden. 
C.    Sour;   surly;    frowning;    wrinkled;    as 
rugged  looks. 
Violent;  rude;  boisterous.  Hudibras. 

8.  Rough  ;  shaggy  ;  as  a  rugged  bear. 

Fairfax. 

9.  In  botany,  scabrous;  rough  with  tuber- 
cles or  stiff"  points  ;  as  a  leaf  or  stem. 

.Martyn. 

RUG'GEDLY,  adv.  In  a  rough  or  rugged 
manner. 

RUG'CIEDNESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  rugged;  roughness;  asperity  of 
surface  ;  as  the  ruggedness  of  land  or  of 
roads. 

'I.  Roughness  of  temper;  harshness;  surli- 
ness. 

;!.  Coarseness;  rudeness  of  manners. 

4.  Storminess;  boisterousness ;  as  of  a  sea- 
sun. 

RUG'GOWNED,  a.  Wearing  a  coarse 
gown  or  rug.  Beaum. 

iRUG'IN,  n.  A  nappy  cloth.      [.Vol  used.] 

fyiseinan. 

RU'GlNE,  Ji.  [Fr.]  .\  surgeon's  rasp. 

Sharp. 

RU'GOSE,  I       [L.  rugosus,   from   rucca,  a 

IrU'GOUS,  ^  "•  wrinkle.]     Wrinkled;     full 

II  of  wrinkles.  fiiseman. 


R  U  I 


R  U  L 


RUM 


'i.  In  botany,  a  rugose  leaf  is  when  tlio  veins 
are  more  contracted  than  the<hsk,  so  that 
the  latter  rises  into  little  inequalities,  as 
in  sage,  priiinosu,  cowslip,  &.c. 

Marli/n.     Smith. 

RUGOS'lTY,  n.  A  state  of  being  wrinkleil. 
[Little  used.]  Smith. 

nU'lN,  n.  [Fr.  ruinc,  from  L.  Sp.  ruina;  It. 
ruirw,  and  rovina  ;  from  L.  ruo,  to  full,  to 
rush  down  ;  VV.  rhewin,  a  sudden  glide, 
slip  or  fall,  ruin  ;  rhew,  soinethnigslijjpery 
or  smooth,  ice,  frost;  rheu,  to  move  or  be 
active ;  rheb,  a  rmming  off;  rhehyz,  a  de- 
stroyer. Perhaps  tlie  latter  words  are  of 
another  family.] 

1.  Destruction  ;  fall  ;  overthrow  ;  defeat ; 
that  change  of  any  thing  which  destroys 
it,  or  entirely  defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it 
for  use;  as  the  ruin  of  u  house  ;  the  ruin 
of  a  ship  or  an  army  ;  the  ruin  of  a  con- 
stitution of  governn:ent ;  the  ruin  of 
health ;  the  ruin  of  commerce  ;  the  ruin 
of  public  or  private  happiness  ;  the  rum  of 
a  project. 

2.  Mischief;  bane  ;  that  which  destroys. 

The  errors  of  young  men  arc  the  ruin  of  bu- 
siness. Bacon. 

3.  Ruin,  more  generally  ruin.i,  the  remains 
of  a  decayed  or  demolished  city,  house, 
fortress,  or  any  work  of  art  or  other  thing; 
as  the  ruins  of  Balbec,  I'almyraor  Perse- 
polis;  the  ruins  of  a  wall ;  a  castle  in  ru-\ 
ins. 

The  labor  of  a  day  will  not  build  up  a  virtu- 
ous habit  on  the  ruins  of  an  old  and  vicious 
character.  Buchninstcr. 

4.  The  decayed  or  enfeebled  remains  of  a 
natural  object ;  as,  the  venerable  old  man 
presents  a  great  mind  in  ruins. 

5.  The  cause  of  destruction. 

They  were  t)ie  ruin  of  hiui  and  of  all  Israel. 
2  Chron.  xxviii. 
RU'IN,  V.  t.  [iPr.  ruiner.]    To  demolish;  to 
pull  down,   burn,  or   otherwise  destroy; 
as,  to  ruin  a  city  or  an  nlitice. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ruin  a 
stale  or  government. 

3.  To  destroy ;  to  bring  to  an  end ;  as,  to 
ruin  commerce  or  manufactures. 

4.  To  de.stroy  in  any  manner :  as,  to  cum 
health  or  happiness  ;  to  riiiii.  reputation. 

5.  To  counteract ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  ruin  a 
plan  or  project. 

6.  To  deprive  of  felicity  or  fortune. 

By  thee  rais'd  I  ruin  all  my  foes.         Milton. 
Grace  with  a  nod,  and  ruin  with  a  frown. 

Dri/tlen. 

7.  To  impoverish ;  as,  to  be  ruined  by  spec- 
ulation. 

The  eyes  of  other  people  are  the  eyes  that 
""■«  us.  Franklin. 

8.  To  bring  to  everlasting  misery;  as,  to 
ruin  the  soul. 

RU'IN,  V.  i.  To  fall  into  ruins.  Milton. 

2.  To  run  to  ruin ;  to  fall  into  decay  or  be 
dilapidated. 

Though  he   liis  house   of   polish'd    marble 

build. 
Yet  shall  it  ruin  like  the  moth's  frail  cell. 

Sandys. 

3.  To  be  reduced ;  to  be  brought  to  poverty 
or  misery. 

If  we  are  idle,  and  disturb  (he  industrious  in 
tlieir  business,  we  shall  ruin  the  faster. 

Locke. 
[JVote.  Tliis  intransitive  use  of  the  verb  is  now  im 
usual.] 


RU'INATE,  v.t.  To  demolish;  to  subvert;: 
to  destroy  ;  to  reduce  to  poverty.  [This 
word  is  ill  formed  and  happily  is  become  ob- 
solete.] 

RUINATION,  n.  Subversion;  overthrow; 
demolition.     [Inelefrant  and  obsolete.] 

RU'INEU,  pp.  Demolished;  destroyed; 
subverted  ;  reduced  to  poverty  ;  undone. 

RU'INER,  n.  One  that  ruins  or  destroys. 

Chapman. 

RU'INIFORM,  a.  [L.  ruina  and  form.] 
Having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  or  tlie 
ruins  of  houses.  Certain  minerals  are 
said  to  he  ruiniform. 

RUINING,  ppr    " 

destroying  ;  reducing  to   poverty  ;  bring 
ing  t<i  endless  miser)'. 

RII'INOUS,  a.  [h.  ruinosus  ;   Fr.  ruineux.] 

1.  Faliefi  to  ruin  ;  entirely  decayed  ;  demol 
ishcd  ;  dilapidated  ;  as  an   edifice,  bridge 
or  wall  in  a  ruinous  state. 

2.  Destructive  ;  banefid  ;  pernicious  ;  bring- 
ing or  tending  to  bring  certain  ruin.  Who 
can  describe  the   ruinous  practice  of  in 
temperance  .-' 

3.  Composed  of  ruins;  consisting  in  ruins; 
as  a  ruinous  heap.     Is.  xvii. 

RU'INOUSLY,  adv.  In  a  ruinous  manner; 
destructively. 

RU'INOUSNESS,  n.  A  ruinous  state  or 
quality. 

RULE,  n.  [W.rheol:  Arm.reol;  Sax.regol, 
reof;ol ;  Sw.  Dan.  (J.  D.  refuel ;  Fr.  resale  ; 
Sp.  res^la  ;  Port,  revolt,  regra  ;  It.  repola  ; 
L.  regula,  from  rego,  to  govern,  that  is,  to 
stretch,  strain  or  make  straight.  1  sup- 
pose the  Welsh  rheol  to  be  a  contracted 
word.]  I 

1.  Government;  sway;  empire;  control; 
sujjreme  command  or  authority. 

A  wise  servant  siiall   have  rule  over   a  son 
that  causeth  shame.      Prov.  xvii. 

And  his  stern  rule  the  groaning  land  obey'd. 

Pope. 
That  which  is  established  as  a  principle, 
statnhird  or  directory;  tliat  by  which  any 
thing  is  to  be  adjusted  or  regulated,  or  to 
which  it  is  to  be  conformed  ;  that  which 
is  .settled  by  authority  or  custom  for  guid- 
ance and  direction.  Thus  a  statute  or 
law  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct ;  a  canon  is 
a  rule  of  ecclesiastical  govermnent;  the 
precept  or  comtnand  of  a  father  is  a  rule 
of  action  or  obedience  to  children;  prece- 
dents in  law  are  rules  of  decision  to 
judges  ;  maxims  and  customs  furnish 
rules  for  regulating  our  social  opinions  and 
manners.  The  laws  of  God  are  rtiles  for 
directing  us  in  life,  paramount  to  all  oth- 
ers. 

A  rule  which  you  do  not  apply,  is  no  rule  at 
all.  /.  M.  Mason. 

3.  An  instrument  by  which  lines  are  drawn. 
A  judicious  artist   will   use   his   eye,   but   lie 

will  trust  only  to  his  rule.  South. 

4.  Established  mode  or  course  of  proceed- 
ing prescribed  in  private  life.  livery  man 
should  have  some  fixed  rules  for  manag- 
ing his  own  affairs. 

5.  In  literature,  a  maxim,  canon  or  precept 
to  be  observed  in  any  art  or  science. 

Encyc. 

6.  In  monasteries,  corporations  or  societies,  a 
law  or  regulation  to  he  observed  by  the 
society  and  its  particular  members. 

7.  In  courts,  rules  are   the  determinations 


and  orders  of  court,  to  be  observed  by  its 
officers  in  conducting  the  business  of  tlie 

court. 

S.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  determinate 
mode  prescribed  for  iierforming  any  ope- 
ration and  producing  a  certain  result. 

0.  In  grammar,  an  established  form  of  con- 
struction in  a  particular  class  of  words: 
or  the  expression  of  that  form  in  words: 
Thus  it  is  a  rule  in  English,  that  s  or  e.i, 
adrhid  to  a  noun  in  the  singular  luiinber, 
forms  the  plural  of  that  noun ;  but  man 
forms  its  plural  men,  and  is  an  exception 
to  the  rule. 

Rule  of  three,  is  that  rule  of  arithmetic  whicli 
directs,  when  three  terms  are  given,  how 
to  find  a  fourth,  which  shall  have  the  same 
ratio  to  the  third  term,  as  the  second  has 
to  the  first. 

RULE,  V.  t.  To  govern;  to  control  the 
will  and  actions  of  others,  either  by  arbi- 
trary power  and  authority,  or  by  establish- 
ed laws.  The  emperors  of  the  east  rule 
their  subjects  without  the  restraints  of  a 
constitution.  In  limited  governments, 
men  are  ruled  by  known  laws. 

If  a  man  know  not  liow  to  rule  his  own 
house,  how  shall  he  take  care  of  the  church  of 
God  ?    1  Tim.  iii. 

2.  To  govern  the  movements  of  things ;  to 
conduct;  to  manage;  to  control.  That 
God  rules  the  world  he  has  created,  is  a 
fundamental  article  of  belief. 

.3.  To  manage ;  to  conduct,  in  almost  any 
manner. 

4.  To  settle  as  by  a  rule. 
Tfiat's  aruied cAsc  with  the  schoolmen. 

.^Iterbury. 

5.  To  mark  with  lines  by  a  ruler;  as,  to  rtile 
a  blank  book. 

0.  To   establish  by  decree  or  decision  ;  to 

determine  ;  as  a  court. 
RULE,  V.  i.  To  have  power  or  command ; 
to  exercise  supremo  authority. 
By  ine  princes  rule.     Prov.  viii. 
It  is  often  followed  by  over. 
They  shall  ruJe   over  their   oppressors.     Is. 

XIV. 

We  subdue  and  rule  over  all  other  creatures. 

Ray. 
RU'LED,  pp.  Governed ;  controlled ;  con- 
ilucted  ;  managed  ;  established  by  decis- 
ion. 
RU'LER,  n.  One  that  governs,  whether 
emperor,  king,  pope  or  governor;  anyone 
that  exercises  supreme  power  over  others. 

2.  One  that  makes  or  executes  laws  in  a 
limited  or  free  government.  Thus  legis- 
lators and  magistrates  are  called  rulers. 

3.  -X  rule  ;  an  instrument  of  wood  or  metal 
with  straight  edges  or  sides,  by  which 
lines  are  drawn  on  paper,  parchment  or 
other  substance.  W^hen  a  ruler  has  the 
lines  of  chords,  tangents,  sines,  &c.  it  is 
called  a  plane  scale.  Encyc. 

RU'LING,  ppr.  Governing;  controlling  the 
will  and  actions  of  intelligent  beings,  or 
tlie  Miovcineiits  of  other  pliysical  bodies. 

2.  iMarkingby  a  ruler. 

3.  Deciding;  determining. 

4.  a.  Predominant;  chief;  controlling;  as  a 
ruling  passion. 

RU'LY,  a.  [from  ru?c.]  Orderly;  easily  re- 
strained.    [.Vol  in  use.]     (See  Unruiy.] 

RUM,  71.  Spirit  distilled  from  cane  juice  ;  or 
the  scuraniings  of  the  juice  from  the  boil- 


RUM 


RUM 


RUN 


ihg  house,  or  from  the  treacle  or  melasses; 
■wUic'.i  drains  from  sugar,  or  from  dunder, 
tiie  lees  of  former  distillations. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 
In  the  United  States,   rum  is  distilled 
from  melasses  only. 
2.  A  low  cant  word  for  a  country  parson 

Swift. 
RUM,  a.  Old   fashioned  ;    queer.     [M'ol   in 

itse.] 
RUM'BLE,  V.   i.    [D.   rommelen ;    G.    nim-'^ 
meln ;  Dan.  ruinler ;  It.   rombare.     If  Riif 
are  the   radical  letters,  this  word  may  liej 
referred  to  the   Oli.   Syr.  Heb.   Etii.  D])^^ 
raam,  Class  Km.  No.  U.     With  a  prefix,, 
grumble,  Gr.  fipffiu,   L.  fremo,    Ir.   cru,im. 
thunder,  G.  brununen.  D.   brommen,  brem- 
men,  &c. ;  Sw.  rliinn,  to  bellow.] 
To  make   a  low.   heavy,  continued  so\ind ; 
as  thunder  rumbles  at  a  distance,  but  when 
near,  its  sound  is  sharp  and  rattling.     A 
heavy  carriage  rumbles  on  the  pavement. 
RUM'BLER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 

rumbles. 
RUM'BLING,  ;)pr.    Making   a  low,    heavy 
continued   sound ;    as    rumbling  thunder 
A  rumbling  noise  is  a  low,  heavy,  continu 
ed  noise. 
RU.M'BLING,  n.  A  low,  heavy,  continued 

sound.  Jer.  xlvii. 
RUM'BUD,  n.  A  grog  blossom ;  the  popu- 
lar name  of  a  redness  occasioned  by  the! 
detestable  practice  of  excessive  drinking.j 
Rumburts  usually  appear  first  on  the  nose, 
and  gradually  extend  over  the  face. 

Rush. 
RU'MINANT,    a.    [Fr.  from    L.    rumino.]\ 
Chewing  the  cud  ;  having  the  property  of 
chewing  again  what  has  been  swallowed 
as  ruminant  animals.  Ray. 

RU'MINANT,  11.  An  animal  that  chews  the 
cud.  Ruminants  are  four  footed,  hairy 
and  viviparous.  Encyc.  Ray.  Derham. 
RU'MINATE,  v.i.  [Fr.  ruminer;  h.  rumi- 
no,  from  rumen,  the  cud  ;  W.  rhum,  that 
swells  out.] 
T.  To  chew  the  cud  :  to  chew  again  what 
has  been  slightly  chewed  and  swallowed 
Oxen,  sheep,  deer,  goats,  camels,  hares 
and  squirrels  ruminate  in  fact ;  other  ani- 
mals, as  mnles,  bees,  crickets,  beetles, 
crabs,  &c.  only  appear  to  ruminate. 

Peyer.  Encyc. 
The  only  animals  endowed  with  the 
senuine  faculty  of  rumination,  are  the 
Ruminantia,  or  cloven-hoofed  quadrupeds 
(Peccra,  Linne  ;)  hut  the  hare,  although  its 
stomach  is  diflTerently  organized,  is  an  oc- 
casional and  partial  ruminant. 

Ed.  Ency: 
•2.  To  muse;  to  ineditate  ;    to  think   again 
and  again  ;  to  ponder.     It  is  natural  to  ru 
minate  on  misfortunes. 

He  practices  a   slow  meditation,  and   rumi- 
jjofcs  on  ihe  subject.  Watts. 

•RII'MIN.VTE,  V.  i.  To  chew  over  again. 
'i.  To  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  over  and  over 


■2.  The  power  or  property   of  chewing  thellRUMP'LESS,   «.    Destitute  of  a  tail;  as  u 
,    I    r  I      I  rumpless  lowl.  Lawrence. 

Rumination  is  given  to   animals,  to  enable  jRUMP'LlNG,  ppr.  Making  uneven, 
them  at  once  to  lay  u|)  a  great  store  of  lood,  JRUN,  «.  i.  [itel.  ran  or  run  ;  pp.   run.     [Sax. 
and  afterwards  to  chew  it.  Arbulhmt  ' 


3.  A  musing  or  continued  thinking  on  a 
subject ;  deliberate  meditation  or  reflec- 
tion. 

Retiring  full  o(  rumination  sad.      Thomson.^ 

RU'MINATOR,  n.  One  that  ruminates  or 
muses  on  any  subject ;  one  that  pauses  to 
deliberate  and  consider.  Cotgrave. 

RUM  MAtiE,  n.  A  searching  carefully  by 
lookin^r  into  every  corner  and  by  tumbling 
over  tilings. 

aUM'MAGE,  V.  I.  [Qu.  L.  rim,or,  or  Fr.  re 
muer.] 

To  search  narrowly  by  looking  into  every 
corner  and  turning  over  or  removing 
goods  or  other  things. 

Our  greedy  seamen  rummage  every  hold 


again. 

Mad  with  desire, 


,  she  ruminates  her  .-in. 

Dryden 
RU'MINATED,  ;>;).  Chewed  again;  mused 

on. 
RU'MINATING,  ppr.   Chewing   the   cud  ; 

musing. 
RUMINA'TION,  n.  [I,,   ruminatio.]      Th 
act  of  chewing  the  cud. 


Dryden 
RUM'MA<iE,  v.i.  To  search  a  place  nar- 
rowly by  looking  among  things. 

I  have  often  rummaged  for  old  books  in  Lit- 
tIe-Brit.iiii  and  Duck-Lane.  Swift. 

RUMMAGED,  pp.  Searched  in  every  cor- 
ner. 
RUM'MAGING,    ppr.    Searching  in  every 

corner. 
RUM'MER,   n.    [D.  roemer,   a  wine   glass, 

from  roemen,  to  vaunt,  brag  or  praise.] 
A  glass  or  drinking  cup.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Philips. 
RU'MOR,  n.    [L.]    Flying   or   popular   re- 
port: a  current   story  passing  from 
person   to  another,  without   any    known 
authority  for  the  truth  of  it. 
Rumor  next  and  cliance 
And  tumult  and  confusion  all  imbroil'd. 

.Milton. 
When  yc  .shall  hear  of  wars  and   rumors  of 
wars,  be  "ye  not  troubled.     Mark  xiii. 

2.  Report  of  a  fact ;  a  story  well  authorized 
This  rumor  of  him  went  forth  throughout  all 

Judea.     Luke  vii. 

3.  Fame  ;  reported  celebrity. 
Great  is  the  rumor  of  this  dreadful  knight. 

.Shak. 

RU'MOR,  v.t.  To  report;  to  toll  or  circu- 
late a  report. 

^'I'vvas  rwnor'd 
My  father  'scap'd  from  out  the  citadel. 

Dryden, 

RU'MORED,  pp.  Told  among  the  people; 
reported.  | 

RU'MORER,  n.  A  reporter;  a  teller  of 
news.  Shak. 

RU'MORING,  ppr.  Reporting ;  telling  news. 

RUMP,  n.  [G.  rumpf;  Sw.  rumpa  ;  Dan. 
rumpe  or  ronipe.] 

1.  The  end  of  the  back  bone  of  an  animal 
with  the  parts  adjacent.  Among  the 
Jew.s,  the  rump  was  esteemed  the  most 
delicate  part  of  the  animal.  Encyc. 

•2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibras. 

RUM'PLE,  V.  t.  [D.  rompekn,  to  rumple: 
Sax.  hrympclle,  a  fold  ;  probably  connect- 
ed with  crumple,  W.  crwm,  crom,  crookeil, 
crymu,  to  beuil.) 

To  wrinkle;  to  make  uneven;  to  form  into 
irregular   inequalities;   as,   to  rumpli^ 
apron  or  a  cravat.  Swift. 

RUM'PLE,  n.  A  fold  or  plait.  Dryden 

RUM'PLED,  pp.  Formed  into  irregular 
wrinkles  or  folds. 


rennan  ;  and  with  a  transposition  of  let- 
ters, icrnan,  arnian,  yrnan  ;  Goth,  rinnan ; 
D.  renntn  ;  G.  renaen,  rinnen  ;  Dan.  rin- 
dtr  ;  Sw.  ranna.  The  Welsh  has  rhin,  a 
running,  a  channel,  hence  the  Rldne.\ 
1.  To  move  or  puss  in  almost  any  manner, 
as  on  the  feet  or  on  wheels.  Men  and  other 
animals  run  on  their  feet ;  carriages  run 
on  wheels,  and  wheels  run  on  their  axle- 
trees. 

To  move  or  pass  on  the  feet  with  celeri- 
ty or  rapidity,  by  leaps  or  long  quick 
steps  ;  as,  men  and  quadrupeds  run  when 
in  haste. 

3.  To  use  the  legs  in   moving;  to  step;  as, 
children  run  alone  or  run  about.       Locke. 

4.  To  move  in  a  hurry. 
The  priest  and  people  run  about.     B.Jonson. 

To  proceed  along  the  surface  ;  to  extend; 
to  spread  ;  as,  the  fire  runs  over  a  field  or 
forest. 

The  fire  ran  along  upon  the  ground.  Ex.  ix. 
To  rush  with  violence;  as,  a  ship  runs 
against  a  rock;  or  one  ship  runs  against 
another. 

7.  To  move  or  pass  on  the  water  ;  to  sail ; 
as,  ships  run  regularly  between  New 
York  and  Liverpool.  Before  a  storm, 
run  into  a  harbor,  or  under  the  lee  of 
the  land.  The  ship  has  ran  ten  knots  an 
hour. 

B.  To  contend  in  a  race;  as,  men  or  horsee 
run  for  a  prize. 

[t.  To  fiee  for  escape.  When  Gen.  Wolfe 
was  dying,  an  officer  standing  by  hiin 
exclaimed,  see  how  they  run.  Who  run  ? 
said  the  (lying  hero.  The  enemy,  said 
the  officer.  Then  I  die  happy,  said  the 
general. 

10.  To  depart  privately;  to  steal  away. 
My  conscience    will  serve   me    to  run  from 

this  Jew,  my  master.  Shak. 

11.  To  flow  in  any  manner,  slowly  or  rapid- 
ly ;  to  move  or  pass ;  as  a  fluid.  Rivers 
run  to  the  ocean  or  to  lakes.  The  Con- 
necticut runs  on  sand,  and  its  water  is 
remarkably  pure.  The  tide  runs  two  or 
three  miles  an  hour.  Tears  run  down 
the  cheeks. 

12.  To  emit  ;  to  let  flow. 
1  command  that  the  conduit  run  nothing  but 

claret.  Shak. 

Rivers  run  potable  gold.  .Milton. 

But  this  form  of  expression  is  elliptical, 
with  being  omitted ;  •'  rivers  run  with  po- 
table gold." 

13.  To  be  liquid  or  fluid. 
As  wax  dissolves,  as  ice  begins  to  run — 

Addison. 

14.  To  be  fusible  ;  to  melt. 
Sussex  iron  ores  run  freely  in  the  fire. 

Wbodicard. 

to  melt. 

Voiir  iron  must  not  burn  in  the  fire,  that  is, 

run  or  melt,  for  then  it  will  be  brittle.     Mo.von. 

as,  a  wheel  runs  on  an  axis  or 


15.  To  fuse  ; 


IG.  To  turn 
on  a  pivot. 

17.  To  pass  ;  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  run  through 
a  course  of  business;  to  run  through  life; 
to  rioi  in  a  circle  or  a  line;  to nui  through 
all  degrees  of  proiiiotiou. 

18.  To  flow,  as  words,  language  or  periods. 
1     The  hues  run  smoothly. 


R  U  M 


RUN 


RUN 


19.  To  pass,  as  time.  | 

As  last  as  our  time  runs,  we  should  be  glad! 

inmost  iiailof  our  lives  that  it  ran  much  Castei. 

Addison. 

90.  To  have  a  legal  course;  to  be  attachedi 
to  ;  to  have  h><;al  effect.  J 

Customs  run  only  upon  our  goods  imi>ortcU| 
or  exported,  and  that  hut  once  for  all ;  whereas, 
interest  runs  as  well  uj.on  our  ships  as  goods, 
and  mint  he  yearly  paid.  Lliiias. 

21.  To  have  a  course  or  direction. 

Where  the  generally  allowed   pracUce  rum 

counter  to  it.  .         ,     „■   ,/•""■'""■ 

Little  is  the  wisdom,  where  the  fhght 

So  runs  against  all  reason.  .SVi«/f . 

^.  To  pu,ss  ill  thoiif^ht,  speech  or  practice  ; 

as,  to  run  through  a  series  of  arguments  ; 

to  run  from  one  topic  to  another. 

Virgil,  in  his  lirst  Georgic,  has  run  into  a  set 
of  precepts  foreign  to  his  suhjcct.         Addison 

33.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily  or  in  few 
words. 

The  whole  runs  on  short,  like  articles  in  an 
account.  Arbuthnol 

34.  To  have  a  continued  tenor  or  course. 
The  conversation  ran  on  the  affairs  of  the 
Greeks. 

The  king'.s  ordinary  style  runneth, "  our  sove 
reign  lord  the  king."  Sanderson. 

25.  To  lie  in  nnition  ;  to  speak  incessantly. 
Her  tongue  runs  continually. 

26.  To  ho  busied  ;  to  dwell. 

When  we  desire  any  thing,  our  minds  run 
wholly  on  the  gooil  circumstances  of  it ;  when 
it  is  obtained,  our  minds  run  wholly  on  the  bad 
ones.  *'Wi'- 

27.  To  be  popularly  known. 

Men  gave  them  their  own  names,  by  which 
they  run  a  great  while  in  Rome.  Temple 

28.  To  be  received  ;  to  have  reception,  suc- 
cess or  continuance.  The  pamphlet  ru7is 
well  among  a  certain  class  of  people. 

29.  To  proceed  in  succession. 
She  saw  with  joy  the  line  immortal  j-mm. 
Each  sire  impress'd  and  glaring  in  his  son. 

Pojic 

30.  To  pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to 
another;  as,  to  run  into  confusion  or  er- 
ror ;  to  run  ilistracted.  Addison. 

31.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  conduct. 
You  should  nm  a  certain  course.  Shak. 

32.  To  be  in  force. 

1  he  owner  hath   incurred  the   forfeiture  of 

eight  years  profits  of  his  lands,  before  he  cometh 

to  the  knowledge  of  the  process  that  runneth 

against  him.  Bacon. 

•33.  To  be  generally  received. 

He  was  not  ignorant  what  report  run  of  him  • 
self.  Knolles 

34.  To  be  carried  ;  to  e.vtcnd  ;  to  rise ;  as, 
debates  run  high. 

In  popish  countries,  the  power  of  the  clergy 
runs  higher.  -^yliff^ 

35.  To  have  a  track  or  course. 

Searching  the  ulcer  with  my  probe,  the  sinus 
run  up  above  the  orifice.  Ifiseman 

36.  To  extend  ;  to  lie  in  continued  length. 
Veins  of  silver  run  in  differeiit  directions. 

.37.  To  have  a  certain  direction.  The  line 
runs  east  and  west. 

38.  To  pass  ill  an  orbit  of  any  figure.  The 
planets  riiii  their  periodical  courses.  The 
comets  do  not  run  lawless  through  the 
regions  of  space. 

39.  To  tend  in  growth  or  progress.  Pride 
is  apt  to  inn  into  a  contempt  of  others. 

40.  To  grow  exuberantly.  Young  persons 
of  10  or  12  years  old,  soon  run  up  to  men 
and  women. 


If  the  richness  of  the  ground  cause  turaeps  to  I  To  run  over,    to  overflow;  as,  a  eup  run* 
run  to  leaves,  treading  down  the  leaves   will  1     over;  or  the  liquor  runa  ODCr. 
help  their  looting.  .Wur<i/H<?r.j  y,,  ^itn  out,  to  come  to  an  end;  to  expire; 

41.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter;  us,K     ,,s_  ^  1^^^^  ^un*  out  at  Michaelmas, 
an  ulcer  runs.  2.  To  spread  exuberantly  ;  as,  insertile  ani- 

42.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  to  the  remembranceil     ,„.,[s  r„„  „^(  „„^,  ,y„^  Hammond. 

into  beauti- 


1.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  to  the  remembrance      ,„.,[g  ^^„  „^(  j^j^  |j.„j." 

of;  as  time  out  of  mind,  the  memory  of\\^_  Xo  e.xpatiate  ;  as,  to  run  out 


which  runneth  not  to  the  contrary 

43.  To  continue  in  time,  before  it  becomes 
due  and  payable;  as,  a  note  runs  thirty 
days ;  a  note  of  six  months  has  ninety 
days  to  run. 

44.  To  continue  in  eflect,  force  or  operation. 
The  statute  may  be  prevented  from  running 

— by  the  act  of  the  creditor. 

Ihipkinson.      M^heatun's  Rep 

45.  To  press  with  numerous  demands  of 
|)ayment;  as,  to  riui  upon  a  bank 

46.  To  pass  or  fall  into  fault,  vice  or  misfor- 
tune ;  as,  to  run  into  vice ;  to  run  into 
evil  practices  ;  to  run  into  debt  ;  to  run 
into  mistakes 

47.  To  fall  or  pass  by  gradual  changes ;  to 
make  a  transition ;  as,  colors  run  one  into 
another. 

48.  To  have  a  general  tendency, 
Temperate  climates  run  into  moderate  gov- 
ernments. Swift. 

49.  To  proceed  as  on  a  ground  or  principle. 
Obs. 

50.  To  pass  or  proceed  in  conduct  or  man. 
agcment. 

Tarquin,   running  into  all   the   methods  of 
tyranny,  after  a  cruel  reign  was  expelled. 

Stvifi 

51.  To  creep  ;  to  move  by  creeping  or 
crawling  ;  as,  serpents  run  on  the  ground. 

52.  To  slide;  as,  a  sled  or  sleigh  runs  on  the 
snow. 

53.  To  dart ;  to  shoot ;  as  a  meteor  in  the 
sky. 

.54.  To  fly  ;  to  inove  in  the  air;  as,  the 
clouds  rail  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W. 

55.  Ill  Scripture,  to  pursue  or  practice  the 
duties  of  religion. 

Ye  did  run  well ;  who  did  hinder  you  ?  Gal 

56.  In  elections,  to  have  interest  or  favor  ;  to; 
be  supported  by  voles.  The  candidatei 
will  not  run,  or  he  will  run  well. 

To  run  after,  to  pursue  or  follow. 

2.  To  search  for;  to  endeavor  to  find  orob-j 
tain  ;  as,  to  run  after  similes.  Locke.\ 

To  run  at,  to  attack  with  the  horns,  as  al 
hull.  ' 

To  run  auiuij,  to  flee  ;  to  escape. 

To  run  away  with,  to  hurry  without  delibe- 
ration. Locke. 

2.  To  convey  away  ;  or  to  assist  in  escape 
or  elopement. 

To  run  in,  to  enter  ;  to  step  in. 

To  run  into,  to  enter  ;  as,  to  ruti  into  danger. 


ful  digressions.  He  runs  out  in  praise  of 
Milton.  Mdison. 

To  be  wasted  or  exhausted;  as,  an  estate 
managed  without  ecouomv,  will  soon  run 
out. 

5.  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 
And  had  her  stock  been  less,  no  doubt 
She  must  have  long  ago  run  out.      Dryden. 

To  run  tip,  to  rise ;  to  swell ;  to  amount. 
Accounts  of  goods  credited  run  up  very 
fast. 

RUN,  V.  I.  To  drive  or  push  :  in  a  general 
sense.  Hence  to  ran  a  sword  through  the 
body,  is  to  stab  or  pierce  it. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force. 
.\  talkative  person  runs  himself  upon  great 

inconveniences,  by  blabbing  out  his  own  or 
others'  secrets.  ^".V. 

Others  accustomed  to  retired  speculations, 
run  natural  philosophy  into  metaphysical  no- 
tions. Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  driven. 
They  ran  the  ship  aground.     Acts  xxvii. 

4.  To  melt ;  to  fuse. 
The  purest  gold  must  be  ruti  and  washed. 

Felton. 

5.  To  incur;  to  encounter;  to  run  the  risk 
or  hazard  of  losing  one's  property.  To 
run  the  danger,  is  a  phrase  not  now  iti 
use. 

6.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard. 
He  would  himself  be  in  the  Highlands  to  re- 
ceive them,  and  run  his  fortune  with  them. 

Clarendon. 

7.  To  smuggle;  to  import  or  export  without 
paying  the  duties  required  by  law  ;  as,  to 
run  goods. 

3.  To  pursue  in  thought;  to  carry  in  con- 
templation ;  as,  to  run  the  world  back  to 
its  first  original.  South. 

1  would  gladly  understand  the   formation  of 
a  soul,  and  run  it  up  to  its ptmctu/n  saliena. 

Collier. 

D.  To  push ;  to  thrust ;  as,  to  run  the  hand 
into  the  pocket  or  the  bosom;  to  run  a 
nail  into  the  foot. 

10.  To  ascertain  and  mark  by  metes  and 
hounds;  as,  to  run  a  line  between  towns 
or  states. 

11.  To  cause  to  ply  ;  to  maintain  in  running 
or  passing  ;  as,  to  run  a  .stage  coach  from 
London  to  Bristol ;  to  run  a  line  of  pack- 
ets from  New  Haven  to  New  York. 

To  run  in  trust,  lo  run  in  debt ;  to  get  cred- ij2.  To  cause   to   pass;  as,   to  run   a  rope 

it.     [JVot  in  use.]  !      through  a  block. 

To  run   in   with,   to   close;  to  comply;  to  13.  Totbund;  to  shape,  form  or  make  in  a 


agree  with.     [Unusual.]  Baker. 

2.  To  make  towards ;  to  near ;  to  sail  close; 

to  ;  as,  to  ritn  in  tcith  the  lantl ;  a  scaman^s 

phrase. 
To  run  down  a  coast,  to  sail  along  it 
To  run  on,  to  be  continued.  Their  accounts 

had  ran  on  for  a  year  or  two   without  a 

settlement. 
2.  To  talk  incessantly. 
.3.  To  continue  a  course.  Draifton. 

4.  To  press  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ;  to  abuse 

with  sarcasms ;  to  bear  hard  on. 


mold  ;  to  cast ;  as,  to  run  buttons  or  balls. 
To  run  down,  in   hunting,  to  chase  to  weari- 
ness ;  us,  to  run  down  a  stag. 

2.  In  nungation,  to  ran  down  a  vessel,  is  to 
run  against  her,  end  ou,  and  sink  her. 

Afar.  Diet. 

3.  To  crush  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  overhear. 

Religion  is  run  down  by  the  license  of  tiiese 
limes.  Berkley. 

To  run  hard,  to  press  with  jokes,  sarcasm 
or  ridicule. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  importunately. 


RUN 


RUN 


R  U  S 


To  run  over,  to  recount  in  a  cursory  man-] 
iier ;  to  narrate  liaslily  ;  as,  to  run  over 
the  particulars  of  a  story. 

•2.  To  consider  cursorily. 

3.  To  pass  the  eye  over  hastily. 

To  run  out,  to  thrust  or  push  out;  to  ex- 
tend. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  exhaust ;  as,  to  run  oxU  an 
estate. 

To  run  through,  to  expend  ;  to  waste ;  as,  to 
run  through  an  estate. 

To  run  up,  to  increase  ;  to  eiilar^'e  by  addi- 
tions. A  man  who  takes  goods  on  credit, 
is  apt  to  lun  up  his  account  to  a  large 
sum  before  he  is  aware  of  it. 

2.  To  thrust  up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slen 
der. 

RUN,  n.  The  act  of  running. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  as  the  run  of  humor. 

Bacon. 

3.  Flow  ;  as  a  run  of  verses  to  please  the 
ear.  Broome 

4.  Course  ;  process  ;  continued  series ;  as 
the  run  of  events. 

5.  Way;  will;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  family  must  have  tlieii-  run.      JJrbulhnot 

6.  General  reception  ;  continued  success. 

It  is  hnpossible  for  detached  papers  to  have 
a  general  run  or  long  continuance,  if  not  diver- 
sifieil  with  humor.  Addison 

7.  Modish  or  popular  clamor ;  as  a  violent 
run  against  university  education. 

Swift 

8.  A  general  or  uncommon  pressure  on  a 
bank  or  treasury  for  payment  of  its  notes 

9.  The  aftinost  part  of  a  ship's  bottom. 

Mar.  Did 

10.  The  distance  sailed  by  a  ship ;  as,  we 
liad  a  good  run. 

11.  A  voyage;  also,  an  agreement  among 
sailors  to  work  a  passage  from  one  place 
to  another.  J\Iar.  Did 

12.  A  pair  of  rnill-stones.  A  mill  has  two 
four  or  six  runs  of  stones. 

13.  Prevalence  ;  as,  a  disease,  opinion  or 
fashion  has  its  run. 

14.  In  the  middle  and  southern  states  of 
America,  a  small  stream  ;  a  brook. 

In  the  long  run,   \al  the  long  run,  not  so  gen 
erally  used,]  signifies  the  whole  process 
or  course  of  things  taken  together  ;  in  the 
final  result ;  in  the  conclusion  or  end. 

The  run  of  mankind,  the  generality  of  people. 

RUN' AGATE,  n.  [Fr.ninagal.]  A  fugitive 
an  apostate  ;  a  rebel ;  a  vagabond. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

RUN' AWAY,  Ji.  [run  and  a«)oi/.]  One  that 
flies  from  danger  or  restraint ;  one  that 
deserts  lawful  service  ;  a  fugitive.      Shak. 

RUNCA'TION,  n.  [l^.runcalio.]  A  weed 
ing.     [JVol  in  ttse.]  Evelyn. 

RUN'CINATE,  a.  [L.  runcina,  a  saw.]  In 
botany,  a  runcinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinna- 
tilul  leaf,  with  the  lobes  convex  before  and 
straight  behind,  like  the  teeth  of  a  double 
saw,  as  in  the  dandelion.  Martyn 

Lion  toothed  ;  cut  into  several  transver.se 
acute  segments,  pointing  backwards. 

Smith. 

RUND'LE,  71.  [from  round,  G.  ru7id.]  A 
round;  a  step  of  a  ladder.  Diippa. 

2.  Something  put  romul  an  axis  ;  a  perifro- 
chium;  as  a  cylinder  with  a  rundle  about 
it.  inikins. 

RUND'LET,  r     [from    round.]     A     small 
RUN'LET,     j  "•  barrel  of   no   certain   di- 


inensions.    It  may  contain   from  3  to  20; 

gallons.  Encyc 

RUNE,  H.  [See  Runic.]    The  runic  letter  or! 

character.  Temple.] 

RU'NER,  n.  A  bard  or  learned  man  among 

the  ancient  Goths.     [See  Runic.] 

Temple. 

RU'NES,  n.  plu.  Gothic  poetry  or  rliyiries.J 

Temple. 

RUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  ring.  \ 

RUNG,  n.  A  floor  timber  in  a  ship,  whence 
the  end  is  called  a  rung-head ;  more  prop- 
erly afloor-head.  Mar.  Did. 

RU'NI€,  a.  [W.  rhin,  Ir.  run,  Goth.  runa,\ 
Sax.  run,  a  secret  or  mystery,  a  letter.]      I 

An  epithet  applied  to  the  language  and  let- 
ters of  the  ancient  Goths.  [In  Russ. 
chronoyu  is  to  conceal.]  I 

RUN'NEL,  Ji.  [from  run.]  A  rivulet  or^ 
small  brook.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Fairfax.. 

RUN'NER,  ?i.  [{rom  run.]  One  that  runs  ;; 
that  which  runs. 

2.  A  racer.  Dryden.] 

3.  A  messenger.  Swifl.\ 

4.  A  shooting  sprig. 

In  every  root  there  will  be  one  runner,  with 
liltle  buds  on  it.  Alortimer.', 

5.  One  of  the  stones  of  a  mill.  Ih., 

6.  A  bird.  .iin.tworlh. 

7.  A  thick  rope  used  to  increase  the  me- 
chanical power  of  a  tackle.         Mar.  Did. 

RUNNET,  n.  [D.  rutizel,  from  run)ien,ron- 
ntn,  to  curdle  ;  G.  rinncn,  to  curdle,  and  tO| 
run  or  flow  ;  Sax.  gerunnen,  coagulated- 
It  is  sometimes  written  rennet.] 

The  concreted  milk  found  in  the  stom-j 
achs  of  calves  or  other  sucking  quailru- 
peds.  The  same  name  is  given  to  a  liq-, 
uor  prepared  by  steeping  the  inner  Euem-j 
brane  of  a  calf's  .stomach  in  water,  and  to 
the  membrane  itself.  This  is  use<l  for  co- 
agtilating  milk,  or  converting  it  into  curd 
in  the  making  of  cheese.  Encyc.^ 

RUN'NING,  ppr.  Moving  or  going  with 
rapidity  ;  flowing. 

2.  a.  Kept  for  the  race  ;  as  a  running  horse. 

haw. 

3.  In  succession  ;  without  any  intervening 
lay,  year,  &-c. ;  as,  to  visit  two  days  run- 
ling  ;  to  sow  land  two  years  running. 

4.  Discharging  pus  or  other  matter;  as  a 
running  sore. 

RUN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  running,  or  pass- 
ing with  speed. 

2.  That  which  runs  or  flows ;  as  the  first 
running  of  a  still  or  of  cider  at  the  mill. 

3.  The  discharge  of  an  ulcer  or  other  sore. 
RUN'NING-FIGHT,  n.  A  battle   in  whirh 

one  party  flees  and  the  other  pursues,  but 
the  party  fleeing  keeps  up  the  contest. 

RUNNING-RIGGING,  n.  That  part  of  a 
ship's  rigging  or  ropes  which  passes 
through  blocks,  &c. ;  in  distinction  from 
Stan  ding  -  rigging. 

RUNNING-TITLE,  n.  inprinling,  the  title 
of  a  book  that  is  continued  from  page  to 
page  (in  the  upper  margin. 

KUN'NION,  n.  [Fr.  rogner,  to  cut,  pare  orj 
shred.]     A  paltry  sciuvy  wretch.       Shak.^ 

RUNT,  »!.  [In  I),  rund  is  a  bull  or  cow  ;  in 
Sent,  runt  is  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a  hardmi- 
ed  stem  or  stalk  of  a  plant,  an  old  wither- 
ed woman  It  may  be  from  D.  runnen, 
to  contract.     See  Runnel.]  I 


Any  animal  small  below  the  natural  or  usual 
size  of  the  species. 

Of  tame  pigeons,  are  croppers,  carriers  and 
rujits.  Walton. 

RUPEE',  n.    [Pers.     *^  ropah,  silver, 

and  ropiah  is  a  thick  round  piece  of  money 

in  the  Mogul's  dominions,  value  24  stivers. 

Castle.] 
A  silver  coin  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  value 

of  2s.  4d.  or  2s.  (id.  sterling;  about  52  or 

5(j  cents. 
RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  ruptio,  rumpo,  to  break.] 

Breach  ;  a  break  or  bursting  open. 

ff^iseman. 
RUP'TURE,  n.   [Fr.  from  L.  ruptus,  rumpo, 

to  break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  ;  the  state 
of  being  broken  or  violently  parted  ;  as  the 
rupture  <t'  the  skin  ;  the  rupture  of  a  ves- 
sel or  fiber.  ,.'lrbuthnot. 

2.  Hernia;  a  preternatural  protrusion  of  the 
contents  of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Breach  of  peace  or  concord,  either  be- 
tween individuals  or  nations  ;  between  na- 
tions, open  hostility  or  war.  We  say,  the 
parties  or  nations  have  come  to  an  open 
rupture. 

He  knew  that  policy  would  disincline  Napo- 
leon from  a  rupture  with  his  family. 

E.  Everett. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  t.  To  break  ;  to  burst  ;  to 
part  by  violence ;  as,  to  rupture  a  blood 
vessel. 

RUP'TURE,  V.  i.  To  suflTer  a  breach  or  dis- 
ruption. 

RUP'TURED./H).  Broken;  burst. 

RUP'TURE- WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Ilerniaria,  and  another  of  the  genus 
Lirnun.  Fatn.  of  Plants. 

RUi"TURING,;)pr.  Breaking;  bursting. 

RU'RAL,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.  ruralis,  from  rus, 
rlie  coimtry.] 

Pcriaiuing  to  the  country,  as  distinguished 

ti-iim  a  city  or  town  ;  suiting  the  country, 

or  resembling  it ;  as  rural  scenes;  a  rural 

prospect ;  a  rural  situation  ;  rural  nmsic. 

Sidney.     Thomson. 

RU'RALIST,  )i.  One  that  leads  a  rural  life. 

Coventry. 

RU'RALLY,  adv.  As  in  the  country. 

H^akefield. 

RU'RALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
rural.  Did. 

RURl€'OLIST,  )i.  [L.  ruricola ;  rus,  the 
country,  and  colo,  to  inhabit.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  country.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Did. 

RURIO'ENOUS,  a.  [L.  rus,  the  country, 
and  gignor,  to  be  born.] 

Born  in  the  country.     [.\'ot  in  use.]        Diet. 

RUSE,  n.  [Fr.]  .\rtifice  ;  trick  ;  stratagem  ; 
wile  ;  fraud  ;  deceit.     [J\'ot  English.] 

Ray. 

RUSH,  n.  [Sax.  rics  or  rise;  probalily  L. 
rusnis.  The  Swedish  corresponding  word 
is  saf.  the  Hebrew  =]1D,  usually  rendered 
sea-weed,  and  applied  to  the  Arabic  gulf. 
Dent.  i.  I.  Numb.  xxi.  14.  This  corres- 
])ondence  deserves  notice,  as  illustrating 
ccM-min  passages  in  the  Scriptures.) 

I.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Juncus,  of  many 
species.     The  pith  of  the  rush  is  uscil   in 
.some  places  for  wicks  to  lamps  and  rush 
lights.  Encyc. 


R  U  S 


R  U  S 


RUT 


•i.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless  or  of 
trivial  value. 

Jolm  Uull's  friendship  is  not  worth  a  rush. 

Arbuthnot. 

RUSH,  V.  i.  [Sax.  reoaan,  hreosan  or  riLsan  ; 
Sw.rusa;  O.rauschen;  U.  ruischen ;  Or. 
poSfu.  The  G.  lias  also  brausin,  the  Dutch 
biuissckeii,  to  rush  or  roar  ;  Dan.  brustn, 
to  rush.  The  Welsh  has  bn/siaw  and  cnjs- 
iatv,  to  hurry,  to  hasten  ;  l.oth  (rom  rkys, 
a  rushing;  rlujsiaw,  to  rush.  We  have 
rustle  and  brukle  prohahly  from  the  same 
source.  The  Welsh  brysiaio  seems  to  be 
the  l^ujj'lish  press.  See  Class  Rd.  No.  5. 
9.  &c.] 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  v\ith  impetu 
osity,  violence  and  tumultuous  rapidity; 
as,  armies  rush  to  battle  ;  waters  rush  down 
a  precipice;  winds  rus/t  through  the  for- 
est. We  ought  never  to  rush  into  conipa 
ny,  much  less  into  a  religious  assembly. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  with- 
out due  deliberation  and  preparation  ;  as, 
to  rush  into  business  or  speculation  ;  to 
rush  into  the  ministry.  Sprat. 

RUSH,  V.  t.  To  push  forward  with  violence. 

\J\fot  used.] 
RUSH,  n.  A  driving  forward   with  eager 
nessand  haste  ;  a  violent  inolion  or  course 
as  a  rush  of  troops  ;  a  rush  of  winds. 
RUSH-CANDLi:,  n.    A  small   blinking  ta- 
per made  by  stripping  a  rush,  except  one 
small   strip  of  the  bark   which    holds  the 
pith  together,  and  dipping  it  in  tallow. 

Johnson.     Milton. 
RUSH'ED,  a.  Abounding  with  rushes. 

li'arton. 
RUSH'ER,  11.  One  who  rushes  forward. 

fndtlock. 

2.  One  who  formerly  strewed  rushes  on  the 

floor  at  dances.  H-  Jonson. 

RUSH'INESS,   n.    [from  rushy.]  The  state 

of  abounding  with  rushes.  Scoll. 

RUSH'ING,  ppr.  Moving  forward  with 

petuosity. 

A   violent   driving  of 
or   tumultuous   course 


any 
L 


RUSH'ING,  n. 

thing ;    rapid 

xvii. 
RUSH  LIGHT. 

candle  ;  a  small  feeble  light 
2.  A  rush-candle. 
RUSH'-LIKE,rt.  Resembling  a  rush  ;  weak. 

RUSH'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  rushes. 

Mortimer. 
Ticket. 


n.    The   light   of  a  rush- 
Encyc. 


2.  Made  of  rushes. 

My  rusby  couch  and  frugal  fare 


Goldsmith 


RUSK,  n.  A  kind  of  light  cake. 

a.  Hard  bread  for  stores.  Raleigh 

RUS  MA,  n.  A   brown  and   light  iron  sub 
stance,     with    half   as   much     quicklime 
steeped  in   water,  of  which   the  Turkish 
women  make  their  psilothron  to  take  ofT 
their  hair.  Grew. 

RUSS,  n.  roos.  [Sw.  ryss.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Russ  or  Russians.  [The  native  word  is 
Russ.  We  have  Russia  from  the  south  of] 
Europe.] 

RUSS,  n.  roos.  The  language  of  the  Russ  or 
Russians. 

RUS'SET,  a.  [Fr.  rouz,  rousse,  red  ;  It.  rosso  ; 
Sp.  roso,  roxo  ;  L.  russus.  See  Red  and 
Ruddy.] 

I.  Of  a  reddish  brown  color ;  as  a  russet 
mantle. 


Our  summer  such  a  russet  livery  wears. 

Dry  dun. 

2.  Coarse  ;  homespun  ;  rustic.  tihak. 

RUS'SET,  n.  A  country  dress.  Dryden. 

RUS'SET,  /        A   kind  of  apple  of  a 

RUS'SETING,  I  "■  russet  color  and  rough 
skin.  [1  have  never  known  a  pear  so  call- 
ed in  America,  though  it  seems  that  in 
England  pears  have  this  name.] 

RUSSIAN,  a.  roo'.'(/i«n.  Pertaining  to  Russia. 

RU.-5SIAN,  n.  rou'sban.  A  native  of  Russia. 

KUST,  n.  [Sax.  ru.ft ;  i).  rotst ;  G.  Sw.  rost ; 
Dmi.  rust ;  W.  rhwd  ;  Gr.  ifivaiSrj ;  proba- 
bly from  its  color,  and  allied  to  ruddy,  red, 
as  L.  rubigo  is  from  rubeo.     See  Ruddy." 

1.  The  oxjd  ol'  a  metal;  a  substance  com- 
posed of  oxygen  combined  with  a  metal, 
and  forming  a  rough  coat  on  its  surliice 
All  metals  exceiit  gold   are  liable  to  rust. 

2.  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity,  as  metals  lose 
their  brightness  and  smoothness  when  not 
used. 

3.  Any  foul  matter  contracted ;  as  rust  on 
corn  or  salted  meat. 

Foul  extraneous  matter  ;  as  sacred  truths 
cleared  from  the  rust  of  human  mixtures. 
A  disease  in  grain,  a  kind  of  dust  whicli 
gatiiers  on  the  stalks  and  leaves. 

Ed.  Encyc. 
RUST,  ii.  J.  [Sax.  ruslian;    W.  rhydu.]  To 
contract  rust ;   to   be  oxydized  and  con- 
tract a  roughness  on  the  surface. 

Our  armors  now  may  rust.  Dryden. 

2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness  ;  to  become 
dull  by  inaction. 

Must  1  rusl  in  Egypt  ?  Dryden. 

3.  To  gather  dust  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUST,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  contract  rust. 

Keep  up  your  bright  swords,  for  the  dew  will 
rusl  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  impair  by  time  and  inactivity. 
RUST'ED,  pp.  Aflected  with  rust. 
KUST'le,        /      [L.  rusticMS,  from  ru*,  the 
RUST'I€AL,S"' country.] 

1.  I'ertaining  to  the  country  ;  rural ;  as  the 
ritsd'c  gods  of  antiquity.  Encyc 

2.  Rude  ;  unpolished  ;  rough  ;  awkward  ;  as 
rustic  manners  or  behavior. 

3.  Coarse  ;  plain ;  simple  ;  as  rustic  enter- 
tainment ;  rustic  dress. 

4.  Simple;  artless;  unadorned.  Pope. 
Rustic  work,  in  u  building,  is  when  the  stones, 

&c.  in  the  face  of  it,  are  hacked  or  pecked 

so  as  to  be  rough.  Encyc 

RUSTTC,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  country  ; 

a  clown. 
RUSTICALLY,    adv.    Rudely:   coarsely; 

without  refinement  or  elegance. 

Dryden. 
RUST'ICALNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

rustical;  rudeness  ;  coarseness;    want  of 

refinement. 
RUSTICATE,  V.  i.  [L.  nisd'cor,  from  rus.] 

To  dwell  or  reside  in  the  country.      Pope. 
RUST'ICATE,  V.  t.  To  compel  to  reside  in 

the  country  ;  to   banish  from   a   town  or 

college  for  a  time.  Spectator. 

RUST'ICATED,  pp.  Compelled   to   reside 

in  the  countrv. 
RUST'IeATING,  ppr.  Compelling  to  reside 

in  the  countrv- 
RUSTICA'TION,  n.  Residence  in  the  coun- 


try. 
2.  In   universities  and  colleges,  the  punish- 
ment of  a  student  for  some  oUensc,  by 


eoinpelling  him  to  leave  the  institution  and 
reside  for  a  time  in  the  country. 

RUSTICITY,  71.  [Uruslicitas;  Fr.nuttc- 
ile.] 

The  qualities  of  a  countryman  ;  rustic  man- 
ners ;  rudeness;  coarseness;  simplicity; 
artlessness.  Addison.     Uoodward. 

RUSTTLY,  adv.  In  a  rusty  state.       Sidney. 

RUSTTN  ESS,  n.  [from  rusty.]  The  state  of 
being  rusty. 

RUST'ING,  p/)r.  Contracting  rust ;  causing 

I     to  rust. 

JRUSTLE,  v.  1.  rus'l.  [Sax.  hrisllan;  G.  ras- 
seln;  Sw.  rossla,  to  rattle.] 

To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 

like  the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves  ; 

as  a  rustling  silk  ;  rustling  leaves  or  trees; 

rustling  wings.  Milton. 

He  is  coming ;  I  hear  the  straw  rustle. 

Shak. 

RUS'TLING,p;)r.  Making  the  sound  of  silk 
cloth  when  rubbed. 

RUS'TLING,  71.  A  quick  succession  of  small 
sounds,  as  a  brushing  among  dry  leaves 
or  straw. 

RUST'Y,  a.  Covered  or  aflected  with  rust ; 
as  a  rusty  knife  or  sword. 

2.  Hull  ;  impaired  by  inaction  or  neglect  of 
use.  Shak. 

.3.  Surly;  morose.  Guardian. 

4.  Covered  with  foul  or  extraneous  matter. 

RUT,  71.  [Fr.  rut ;  Arm.  nit,  the  verb,  rudal, 
rutein ;  probably  allied  to  G.  retzen,  to  ex- 
cite, or  Sw.  ryta,  to  bellow.]  The  copula- 
tion of  deer. 

RU"T,  V.  i.  To  lust,  as  deer. 

RUT,  71.  [It.  rotaia,  from  L.  rota,  a  wheel.] 
The  track  of  a  wheel. 

RUTA  BAGA,  ji.  The  Swedish  turnep. 

ROTH,  71.  [from  rue.]  Mercy  ;  pity  ;  teniler- 
ness ;  sorrow  for  the  misery  of  another. 
Obs.  Fairfax. 

2.  Misery ;  sorrow.     Obs.  Spenser. 
RUTHENUS,  71.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Acci- 

penser.  Encyc. 

ROTHFUL,  a.  Rueful  ;  woful ;  sorrowful. 

Obs.  Carew. 

3.  Merciful.     Obs. 
RCTHFULLY,  a(/t'.  Wofully  ;  sadly.     Obs. 

Knolles. 
2.  Sorrowfully  ;   mournfully.     Obs. 

Spenser. 
RCTHLESS,  a.  Cruel ;  pitiless  ;  barbarous ; 
insensible  to  the  miseries  of  other.*. 
Tlicir  rage  the  hostile  bamls  restrain, 
All  but  the  iiilhless  monarch  of  Uic  main. 

Pope. 

RUTHLESSLY,  adv.  Without  pity  ;  cru- 
elly ;  barbarously. 

RCTHLESSNESS,  71.  Want  of  compas- 
sion ;  insensibility  to  the  distresses  of  oth- 
ers. 

RU'TIL,     I      Sjjhene,  an  oxvd  of  titanium, 

RU'TILE,  (,  "'.Tf  a  dark  red'  color,  or  of  a 
light  orbiowiiisli  red.  It  occurs  massive, 
disseminuted,  membranous,  and  in  crys- 
tals. Cyc. 

RU'TILANT,  a.  [L.  rutilans,  ruiilo,  to  shine ; 
perhaps  from  the  root  of  red,  ruddy.] 

Shining.  Evelyn. 

RU'TILATE,  V.  i.  [I..  ru(i7o.]  To  shine  ;  to 
emit  rays  of  light.     [.Vo(  t<5e</.]  lire. 

RUT'TER,  71.  [G.  reiier,  D.  rm7fr,  a  rider. 
See  Ride.] 


SAB 


SAB 


SAB 


A  horseman  or  trooper.     [JVot  in  use.] 
RUT'TERKIN,  n.  A  word  of  Lonteiupt ;  an 
old  crafty  fox  or  beguiler.    [M'ot  in  use.] 

RUT'TIER,  n.  [Fr.  routier,  from  route.]  Di- 
rection of  tlie  road  or  course  at  sea ;  an 
old  traveler  acquainted  with  roads;  an  old 
soldif-r.     [Xot  in  use.]  Cotgrave. 

RUT'TISH,  (I.  [fromnit.]  Lustful;  Ubidin- 
ous.  Shak. 


RUT'TLE,  for  rattle,  not  much  used. 

Burnet. 
RY'AL,  n.  A  coin.     [See  Rial.] 
RY'DER,  n.  A  clause  added  to  a  bill  in  par- 
liament.    [See  Rider  and  Ride.] 

RYE,   n.    [Sax.  )-yge  ;  D.  rogge  ;  G.  rocken  ; 

Dan.  rog  or  rvg;  Sw.  rug  or  rog  ;  \V.  rhyg. 

This  word  is  the  English  rough.] 
1.  An  esculent  grain  of  the  genus  Secale,  of 


a  quality  inferior  lo  wheat,  but  a  species 
of  grain  easily  cultivated,  and  constituting 
a  large  portion  of  bread  stuff. 

9.  A  disease  in  a  hawk.  Ahiaivorth. 

RYE-GRASS,  n.  A  species  of  strong  grass, 
of  the  genus  Hordeum.  Encyc. 

RYOT,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  a  renter  of  land 
by  a  lease  which  is  considered  as  perpet- 
ual, and  at  a  rate  fixed  by  ancient  surveys 
ami  valuations.  Jlsiat.  Res.    Encyr. 


N. 


S,  the  nineteenth  letter  of  the  English  Al- 
phabet, is  a  sibilant  articulation,  and  num- 
bered among  the  semivowels.  It  repre- 
sents the  hissing  made  by  driving  the 
breath  between  the  end  of  the  tongue  and 
the  roof  of  the  mouth,  just  above  the  up- 
per teeth.  It  has  two  uses;  one  to  e.\- 
prehs  a  mere  hissing,  as  in  sabbath,  sack, 
sin,  this,  thus;  the  other  a  vocal  hissin 
precisely  like  that  of  z,  as  in  muse,  ivlse, 
pronounced  muze,  tvize.  It  generally  has 
its  hissing  sound  at  the  beginning  of  all 
proper  English  words,  but  in  the  middle 
and  end  of  words,  its  sound  is  to  be  known 
only  by  usage.  In  a  few  words  it  is  si 
lent,  as  in  isle  and  viscount. 

In  abbreviations,  S.  stands  for  socictas,  soci- 
ety, or  socius,  fellow  ;  as  F.  R.  S.  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.     In  medical  |)rescrip 
tions,  S.  A.  signifies  secimdem  artem,  ac 
cording  to  the  rules  of  art. 

In  the  notes  of  the  ancients,  S.  stands  for 
Sextus  ;  SP.  for  Spurius  ;  S.  C.  for  sena-\ 
tus  consuUum  ;  S.  I'.  Q.  R.  for  senatus 
popidusque  Romanus ;  S.  S.  S.  for  stratum 
super  stratum,  one  layer  above  another 
alternately  ;  S.  V.  B.  E.  E.  Q.  V.  for  si 
vales,  bene  est,  ego  quoque  valeo. 

As  a  numeral,  S.  denoted  sei-eri.  In  the  Ital- 
ian music,  S.  signifies  solo.  In  books  of 
navigation  and  in  common  usage,  S. 
stands  for  south  ;  S.  E.  for  south-east  ; 
S.  W.  for  south-west ;  S.  S.  E.  for  south 
south-east;  S.  S.  W.  for  south  south-west, 
&c. 

SAB'AOTH,  n.  [Heb.  niN3X  armies,  from 
S3X  to  assemble,  to  fight.  The  jirimary 
sense  is  to  drive,  to  urge  or  crowd.] 

Armies;  a  word  used,  Rom.  ix.  29.,  James 
v.  4,  "  the  Lord  of  Sabaoth." 

SABBATA'RIAN,  ?i.  [from  sabbath.]  One 
who  observes  the  seventh  day  of  the 
week  as  the  sabbath,  instead  of  the  first 
A  sect  of  baptists  are  called  Sabbatarians 
They  maintain  that  the  Jewish  sabbatli 
has  not  been  abrogated.  Encyc 

SABBATA'RIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  those 
who  keep  Saturday,  or  the  seventh  day  ofl 
the  week,  as  the  sabbath.  Mountagu.l 

SABB.VrA'RIANlSM,  n.  The  teiiets  ofl 
Sabbatarians.  Bp.  ffard.] 

SABBATH,  n.  [Heb.  nTwV  to  cease,  to  resl.| 
as  a  noun,  oessalion,  rest,  L.  subbatum ; 

Ar.    iI^A«,.l 
I.  The  day  which  God  appointed  to  be  ob- 


served by  the  Jews  as  a  day  of  rest  from 
all  secidar  labor  or  employments,  and  to 
be  kept  holy  and  cun>ecraled  to  his  ser- 
vice and  worship.  This  was  originally 
the  seventh  day  of  the  week,  the  day  on 
which  God  re.^ted  from  the  work  of  crea- 
tion ;  and  this  day  is  still  observed  by  the 
Jews  and  some  christians,  as  the  sabbatli. 
But  the  christian  church  very  early  begun 
and  still  continue  to  observe  the  first  day 
of  the  week,  in  commemoration  of  the 
resurrection  of  Christ  on  that  day,  by 
which  the  work  of  redemption  was  com- 
pleted. Hence  it  is  often  called  the  Lord's 
day.  The  heathen  nations  in  the  north  of 
Europe  dedicated  this  day  to  the  suii.and 
hence  their  christian  descendants  contin- 
ue to  call  the  day  Sunday.  But  in  the 
United  States,  christians  have  to  a  great 
extent  discarded  the  heathen  name,  and 
adiipted  the  Jewish  name  saljbath. 
Intermission  of  pain  or  sorrow  ;  time  of 
rest. 

Peaceful  sleep  out  the  sabbath  of  the  lorub. 

Pope 
3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites. 

Lev.  XXV. 
SAB'BATH-BREaKER,    n.    [sabbath   and 

break.] 
One  who  profanes  the  sabbath  by  violating 
the  laws  of  God  or  man  which  enjoin  the 
religious  observance  of  that  day. 
SABBATH-BREAKING,  n.  A  profanation 
of  the  sabbath  by  violating  the  injunction 
of  the  fourth  commandment,  or  tlie  mu- 
nicipal laws  of  a  state  which   require  the 
observance  of  that  day  as  holy  time.     All 
unnecessary  secular  labor,  visiting,  trav- 
eling, sports,  amusements  and  the  like  are 
considered  as  sabbath-breaking. 
SAB'BATHLESS,  a.  AVithout  intermission 
of  labor.  Bacon. 

SABBATT€,        ?      [Fr.sabbatique;  h.sab- 
SABhATlCAh,  I  °"  baticus.]    Pertaining  to 

the  sabbath. 
2.  Resembling    the    sabbath  ;    enjoying   or 
bringing  an  intermission  of  labor. 

Gregory. 
Sabbatical  year,  in  the  Jewi.sh  economy,  was 
every  seventh  year,  in  which  the  Israelites 
were  conmiamled  lo  sutler  their  fields  ami 
vineyards  to  rest,  or  lie  without  tillage, 
and  thi^  year  next  fiillowing  every  sevcTHh 
sabbatical  year  in  succession,  that  is,  every 
fiftieth  y(^ar,  was  the  jubilee,  which  was 
also  a  year  of  rest  to  the  lands,  and  a  year 
of  redemption  or  release.  Lev.  xxv. 


SAB'BATISM,  «.  Rest;  intermission  of  la 
bor. 

SABEAN.     [See  Sabian.] 

SA'BEISM,  n.  The  same  as  Sabianism. 

D'Anville. 

SABELLIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  heresy 
of  Sabellius. 

SABEL'LIAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Sabellius,  a 
philosopher  of  Egypt  in  the  third  centu- 
ry, who  openly  taught  that  there  is  one 
person  only  in  the  Godhead,  and  that  the 
Word  anil  Holy  Spirit  are  only  virtues, 
emanations  or  functions  of  the  Deity. 

Encyc. 

SABEL'LIANISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or 
tenets  (if  Sahelhus.  Barruu: 

SA'BER,  (      [Fr.  sabre  ;  Arm.  sabrenn,  sci- 

SA'bRE,l"-abla;  Sp.  sable ;  D.  sabel;  G. 

I    sdbel.     Qu.  Ar.  i^^  sabba,  to  cut. J 

A  sword  or  cimitar  with  a  broad  and  heavy 
j  blade,  thick  at  the  hai  k,  and  a  little  fal- 
I    cated  or  hooked  at  the  point;  a  faulchion. 

Encyc. 
SA'BER,  i:  t.  To  strike,  cut  or  kill  with  a 
j  saber.  A  small  party  was  surprised  at 
I  niglii  and  almost  every  man  sabered. 
SA'BIAN,  )  Pertaining  to  Saba,  in  Ara 
SABE'AN,  ^  "■  bia,  celebrated  for  producing 

aromatic  plants. 
SA'BIAN,  a.    [Heb.  N3S  an  army  or  host.] 
The  Sabian  worship  or  religion  consisted 
in  the  v\tirsliip  of  the  sun  and  other  heav- 
enly bodies.  Encyc. 
SA'BIAN,  n.  A  worshiper  of  the  sun. 
SA'BIANISM,  n.  That  species  of  idolatry 
which   consisted   in   worshiping  the  sun, 
moon  and  stars.     This  idolatry  existed  in 
Chaldea  or  Persia  at  an  early  period  of 
the  world,  and  was  propagated  by  the  in- 
habitants  who    migrated    westward    into 
Europe,  and  continued  among  our  ances- 
tors till  they  embraced  the  christian  reli- 
gion. 
SAB'INE,  71.  A  plant;  usually  written  «ai'- 

in,  which  see. 
SABLE,  n.  [Rus.s.  sobol ;  G.  :o6f/,-  Sw. 
Dan.  D.  sabel;  Fr.  zibetine  ;  It.  zibellino ; 
Si),  ctbetlina ;  L.  zoboia  or  zobola,  an  er- 
mine. This  word  and  the  animal  were 
probably  not  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  till  a  late  period.  Jornandes 
mentions  the  sending  to  Rome,  in  the  Cth 
century,  saphilinas  pvlles,  sable  skins;  and 
Marco  Polo  calls  them  trWines  and  zovt- 
bolines.     Peimant,  1.  93.] 


SAC 


SAC 


SAC 


1.  A  smali  animal  of  the  weasel  kind,  the 

vmsUlit  zibeltina,  iuund  in  the  jiortlicin 
latiiiKies  ol  AiMTicii  aiut  Asia.  It  resein 
bles  the  inaitin,  bui  has  a  longer  head  and 
cars.  Its  Iiair  is  cincicoiis,  liiil  blfK  k  at 
the  tips.  'I'hit  animal  Ipuridws  in  the 
earth  or  under  tribes  ;  in  winici-  and  siini- 
inf-r  suhsiMini;  on  small  animals,  and  in 
awtumn  on  berries.  The  fur  is  very  valu- 
able. Encyc. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  sable. 
SA'BLE,  a.  [Fr.   Qii.  Gr.  ^0^05,  darkness. 

See  the  Noun.] 
Ulack  ;  dark ;  used  chiefly  in  poetry   or  in 

heraldry  ;  as  nifrht  with  her  sable  mantle; 

thi^  sable  throne  of  night. 
SAB'LIERE,  n.  [Fr.   (rom  sable,  sand,  L. 

sabulum.] 

1.  A  sand  pit.     [J\'ol  much  vsecL]         Bailey 

2.  In  carpenin/.  a  piece  of  timber  as  lonj:, 
but  not  so  thick  as  a  beam.  Bailey. 

SABOT,  n.  [Fr.  snbol ;  Sp.  zapnio.]  A 
wooden  shoe.     [JVot  English.]     Bramhalt. 

SABULOS'ITY,  n.  [from«aiii/ous.]  Sandi- 
ness  ;  j,'riltiness. 

SAB'ULOUS.  a.  [L.  sabulosvs,  from  sabu- 
lum, sand.]     Sandy  ;  gritty. 

SAC,  n.  [Sax.  sac,  saca,  sace  or  sacu,  con- 
tention. This  is  the  English  sake,  vvhicli 
see.] 

In  English  law,  the  privilege  enjoyed  by  the 
lord  of  a  njanor,  of  holding  courts,  trying 
causes  and  imposing  fines.  Cou-el. 

SAC€A'DE,  n.  [Fr.  a  jerU.]  A  sudden  vio- 
lent check  of  a  horse  by  drawing  or 
twitching  the  reins  on  a  siulden  and  with 
one  |)ull ;  a  correction  used  when  the 
hor.«e  bears  heavy  on  the  hand.  It  sljould 
be  used  discretely.  Encyc. 

SA€€HARIF'EROFS,  a.  [L.  saccharum, 
sugar,  andyero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sugar ;  as  saccharifcrous  canes. 
The  maple  is  a  sacchnriferovs  tree. 

SA€'€HAR1NE,  a.  [from  Ar.  Pers.  sakar, 
L.  saccharum,  sugar.] 

Pertaining  to  sugar ;  having  the  qualities  of 
sugar ;  as  a  saccharine  taste :  the  saccha- 
rine matter  of  the  cane  juice. 

SAC€HOLA€TlC,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  su- 
gar, and  lac,  niilk.l 

A  term  in  the  new  cliimistry,  denoting  an 
acid  obtained  from  the  sugar  of  milk  ;  now 
called  mucic  acid.  Fourcroy.     Vrc. 

SAC'CIIOLATE,  n.  In  chimistry,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  saccholactic 
acid  with  a  base.  Fourcroy. 

SACERDO'TAL,  a.  [L.  sacerdolalis,  froln 
sacerdos,  a  priest.     See  Sacred.] 

Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood  ; 
priestly  ;  as  sacerdotal  dignity  ;  sacerdotal 
functions  or  garments;  sacerrfo/a/ charac- 
ter. Stillingfeet. 

SACH'EL,  n.  [L.  snccitiu*,  dim.  of  saccus  ; 
W  safcll ;  Fr.  sachet] 

A  small  sack  or  bag ;  a  bag  in  which  law- 
yers and  children  carry  papers  and  books. 

SACHEM,  n.  In  America,  a  chief  among 
some  of  the  native  Indian  tribes.  [See 
Sagamore.] 

SACK,  n.  [Sax.  sa:c,  sacc  ;  D.  zak,  sek  ;  G. 
sack  ;  Dan.  sak  ;  Sw.  sack :  W.  saf  :  Ir. 
sac;  Corn.zah;  Arm.  sach  ;  Fr.  sac;  It. 
saccn  ;  Sp.  saco,  saca  ;  Port,  saco,  sacco  ; 
l..  saccus  ;  G.  aaxxo;;  Hungarian,  soak; 
Slav,  shakel;  Heb.  pw.  See  the  verb  to 
sack.]  '  1 

Vol.  II. 


1.  A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth  bag,  used  forl;SACK'€LOTH,  n.  [sack  and  clolh.]    Cloth 


holding  and  conveying  corn,  small  wares 
wool,  cotton,  hops,  and  the  like.  Gen  xlii. 
Sack  of  irool,  in  Eiigland,  is  22  stone  of 
141b.  ea(li,or308pouiuls.  li;  Scolhiiid,  it  is 
24  stone  of  l(i  |)ouiidscach,or;!W  pounds. 
^  suck  of  cotton,  contaii/s  iiMiully  about 
3001b.  but  it  iijay  be  Irom  ISO  to  400 
poimds. 

Sack  of  earth,  in  fortification,  is  a  canvas 
bag  filled  vijih  earth,  used  in  making  re- 
trenchtiients  in  haste.  Encyc. 

2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.     Johnson. 
SAC  K,  Ji.  [Fr.  sec,  seche,  dry.]    A  species  of 
sweet  wine,  brought  chiefly  tiom  the  Can- 
ary isles.  Encyc.     /V.  Diet. 
SACK,    n.    [L.  sagum,   whcni  e  Gr.   aayof. 
But  the  word  is  C-'eltic   or  Teutonic ;  W . 
segan,  a  covering,  a  cloke.] 
Among  our  lude  ancestors,  a  kind  of  cloke 
of  a  square  form,  worn  over  the  shoulilcrs 
and  body,  and  fastened  in  fiont  by  a  clasp 
or  thorn.     It  was  originally  made  of  skin 
afterwards  of  wool.     In    modern    times, 
this  name  has  been  given    to  a  woman's 
garmei  t,  a  gown  with  loose  plaits  on  the 
back  ;  but  no  garment  of  this  kind  is  now 
worn,  and   the    woni  is  in   disuse.     [See 
Varro,  Strabo,  Cluvcr,  Bochart.] 
SACK,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  sack  or  in  hags. 

Bctlerlon. 
SACK,  V.  t.  [Arm.  sacqa  ;    Ir.  sacham,   to' 
attack  ;  Sp.  Port,  snyuear,  to  plunder  or] 
pillage ;  Sp.  to  ransack  ;    Sp.  Port,  sacar, 
to  pull  out,  extort,  dispossess;  It.  saccheg- 
giare,  to  sack  ;   Fr.  saccager,   to  pillage ; 
saccadc,  a  jerk,  a  sudden  pull.     From  com-|l 
paring  this  word  and  sack,  a  bag,  in  sev-i|3 
era!   languages,  it   appears  that   they  are  * 
both  from  one  root,  and  that  the  primary! 
sense  is  to  strain,  pull,  draw  ;  hence  sack, 
a  bag,  is  a  tie,  that  wliith  is  tied  or  drawn 
together ;.  and  sac^,  to  pillage,  is  to  pull, 
to  strip,  that  is,  to  take  away  by  violence. 
See    Class  Sg.  No.  5.   15.   IG.  J8.  30.  74. 
77.  &c.] 
To  plunder  or  pillage,  as  a  town  or   city. 
Rome  was  twice  taken  and  sucked  in  the 
reign  of  one  pope.     This  word  is  never,  I 
believe,  applied  to  the  rohhing  of  persons, 
or  pillaging  of  single   houses,   but  to  the 
pillaging  of  towns  and  cities;  and  as  townsj 
are  usually  or  often  saeked,v,Uen  taken  by 
assault,  the  word  may  sometimes  include 
the  sense  of  taking  by  storm. 

The  Romans  lay  under  the   apprehension  of 
seeing  their  city  sacked  by  a  barbarous  cnoniy. 

.^ddisun. 

SACK,  n.  The  pillage  or  plunder  of  a  town 

or  city  ;  or  the  storm    and    plunder  of  a 

town  ;  as  the  sncA:  of  Troy.  Dryden. 

SACK'AgE,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm 

and  pillaging.  Roscoe. 

SACK'BUT,  n.  [Sp.  sacabuche,   the  lube  or 

pipe  of  a  pump,  and  a  sackbut ;  Port,  saca- 

biixa  or  saqvebuTo  ;    Fr.  saijutbntc.     The 

Dutch  call  tt  schuif -trumpet,  the  shove-trum-. 

pet,  the  trumpet  that  may  be  drawn  out  or. 


shortened.  Sack  then  is  of  the  same  fam 
ily  as  the  preceding  word,  signifying  to 
pull  or  draw.  The  last  syllable  is  the  L. 
buxus.] 
A  wind  instrument  of  music;  a  kind  of 
triimpft,  so  contrived  that  it  can  he  length- 
ened or  shortened  according  to  the  tone 
required.  Encyc. 

62 


•  '!   which   sacks  are  nade  ;  coarse   cloth. 

This  word  is  chiefly  used  in    Scrijiture  to 

denote  a  cloth  or  garment  h  orn  in  niourn- 
!     ing,  distress  or  mortification. 
I  Cird  you  with  suckcluth  and  nioum  before 

Abncr.     2  Sam.  iii.     Esth.  iv.     Job  xvi. 
,SACK'€L6TI1ED,    a.    Clothed    in    sack- 
I      cloth.  •  }JuU. 

SACKED,    pp.     Pillaged;    stormed    and 

I     plundered. 

SAC  K'ER,  n.  One  that  takes  a   town   or 

plunders  it. 
SAC  K'l  UL,  n.  A  full  sack  or  bag.    SiW/7. 
SACK'ING.   ppr.   Taking   by   assault   and 

plundering  or  pillaging. 
SACK'ING,  JI.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm 
I     and  (liil.'iging. 
SACK'IISG,    n.    [Sax.   scecciitg,  from   scec. 

sacc] 

1.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  or  bags  are  made. 

2.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a 
bedstead  lor  sujiporting  the  bed. 

SACK'LESS,  a.  [Sax.  sacleas,  from  sac. 
contention,  and  leas,  less.] 

Quiet ;  peaceable  ;  not  quarrelsome  ;  harm- 
less; innocent.     [Local.] 

SACK-POSSET,  n.  [sack  and  posset.]  A 
posset  made  of  sack,  milk  ami  some  other 
ingredients.  Swift. 

SACRAMENT,  n.  [Fr.  sacremenl :  It.  .Sp. 
Sacramento ;  from  L.  sacrumtntum,  an 
oath,  liom  sacer,  sacied.] 

1.  Among  ancient  christian  tcriiers,  a  myste- 
ry.    [Mt  in  use.] 

2.  An  oath ;  a  ceremony  producing  an  obli- 
gation ;  but  not  used  in  this  general  sense. 

In  present  usage,  an  outward  and  visible 
sign  of'  iiiw.ird  and  spiritual  grace ;  or 
more  particularly,  a  solemn  religious  cer- 
emony enjoined  by  Christ,  the  head  of 
the  christian  church,  to  he  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  which  their  special  relation 
to  him  is  created,  or  their  obligations  to 
him  renewed  and  ratified.  Thus  baptism 
is  called  a  sacrament,  for  by  it  persons  are 
separated  from  the  world,  brought  into 
Christ's  visible  church,  and  laid  under 
particular  obligations  to  obey  his  pre- 
cepts. The  eucharist  or  communion  of 
the  Lord's  supper,  is  also  a  sacrament,  for 
by  commemorating  the  death  and  dying 
love  of  Christ,  christians  avow  their  "spe- 
cial relation  to  him,  and  renew  their  obh- 
gations  to  be  faithful  to  their  divine  Mas- 
ter. When  we  use  sacrament  without 
any  qualifying  word,  we  mean  by  it, 

4.  The  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper. 

Mdison. 

SACRAMENT,  r.  t.  To  bind  by  an  oath. 
[.\'ot  used.]  Laud. 

SACRAMENTAL,  a.  Constituting  a  sac- 

i     rament  or  pertaining  to  it ;  as  sacramental 

I     rites  or  elements. 

SACRAMENTAL,  n.  That   which  relates 

I     to  a  sacrament.  Morion. 

SACRAMENT'ALI.Y,  adv.  Aflerthe  man- 
ner of  a  sacrament,  fjiill 

SACR.VMENTA'RIAX,  n.  One  that  dif- 
fers from  the  Ronii>h  chiinh  in  regard  to 
the  sacraments,  or  to  the  Lord's  supper  ; 
a  word  applied  by  the  catholics  to  protestants. 

Encyc. 

SACRAMENT'ARV,  n.  An  ancient  book 
of  the  Romish  church,  written  by  pope 
Gelasius,    and     revised,    corrected     and 


SAC 


SAC 


SAD 


abridged  by  St.  Gregory,  in  which  were 
contained  all  the  ])rayerfi  and  ceremonies 
practiced  in  the  celebration  of  the  sacra- 
ments. Encyc. 

2.  A  sacramentarian ;  a  term  of  reproach 
apphed  by  papists  to  protestauts. 

Staple.ton. 

SACRAMENT'ARY,       (       Pertaining    to 

SA€RAMENTA'RIAN,  ^  sacrainentari- 
ans  and  to  their  controversy  respecting 
the  eucharist. 

SA€RE.  [See  Saker.] 

SA'CRED,  a.  [¥r.  sacri ;  Sp.  It.  Port,  sa- 
cra ;  from  L.  sacer,  i^acrcd,  holy,  cursed, 
daiimable ;  W.  segyr,  tliat  keeps  apjirt, 
from  Sfg-,  that  is  witlunit  access  ;  segru,to 
secrete,  to  separate.  We  here  see  the 
connection  between  sacredness  and  secrecy. 
Tlie  sense  is  removed  or  se|uirated  fronj 
that  which  is  common,  vulgar,  polluted,  or 
open,  public  ;  and  accursed  is  separated 
from  society  or  the  privileges  of  citizejis. 
rejected,  banished.] 

1.  Holy;  pertaining  to  God  or  to  his  wor- 
ship; separated  from  common  secular 
uses  and  consecrated  to  God  and  his  ser- 
vice ;  as  a  sacred  place ;  a  sacred  day  ;  a 
sacred  feast ;  sacred  service ;  sacred  or 
ders. 

9.  Proceeding  from  God  and  containing  re 
ligious  precepts  ;  as  the  sacred  hooks  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

3.  Narrating  or  writing  facts  respecting  God 
and  holy  things  ;  as  a  sacred  historian. 

4.  Relating  to   religion   or  the   worship   of 
God  ;  used  for  religious  purposes ;  as  sa 
cred  songs  ;  sacred  nnisic  ;  sacred  history. 

5.  Consecrated  ;  dedicated  ;  devoted  ;  with 
to. 

A  temple  sacred  to  the  queen  of  love. 

Dry  den. 

6.  Entitled  to  reverence ;  venerable. 

Poet  and  saint  to  thee  alone  were  given, 
The   two   most   sacred  names  of  earth  and 
heav'n.  Coivley. 

7.  Inviolable,  as  if  appropriated  to  a  supe- 
rior being  ;  as  sacred  honor  or  promise. 

Secrets  of  marriage  still  are  sacred  held. 

Dryden. 

Sacred  majesty.  In  this  title,  sacred  has  no 
definite  meaning,  or  it  is  blasphemy. 

Sacredplace,  in  the  civil  law,  is  that  where  a 
deceased  person  is  buried. 

r^A'CREDLY,  adv.  Religiously  ;  with  due 
reverence  as  of  something  holy  or  conse- 
crated to  God  ;  as,  to  observe  the  sab- 
bath sacredly  ;  the  day  is  sacredly  kept. 

'i.  Inviolably  ;  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  one's 
word  sacredly;  a  secret  to  be  sacredly 
kept. 

SA'eREDNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sa- 
cred, or  consecrated  to  God,  to  his  wor- 
ship or  to  religious  uses  ;  holiness  ;  sanc- 
tity ;  as  the  sacredtiess  of  the  sanctuary  or 
its  worship;  the  sacredness  of  the  sab- 
bath ;  the  srirredness  of  the  clerical  office. 

'J.  Inviolableness;  as  the  sacredness  of  mar- 
riage vows  or  of  a  trust. 

SACRIKIe,        )        [h.  sacriftcus.  See  Sac- 

SAeRIF'ICAL,  S  ri^cf.]  Employed  in 
sacrific-e.  Johnson. 

SACRIF'ICABLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  of 
fered  in  sacrifice.  [Ill  formed,  harsh  and 
not  iLicil.]  Brown. 

SACR1F;ICANT,  «.  [L.  sacrificans.]     One 

Hallywell 


that  offers  a  sacrifice. 


lSA€RIFl€A'TOR,  n.  [Fr.  sacrijicateur.\ 
A  sacrificer ;  one  that  oflers  a  sacrifice. 
[N'ol  userf.]  Brown. 

SA€R1F'I€AT0RY,  a.  Offering  sacrific  e.i 
I  Sherwood. 

SA€'RIFICE,  V.  t.   sac'rifize.    [L.  sacrijko  ;l 
I     Fr.  sacnyier ;  f'p.  sacrificur  ;  It.  sacHJicare ;' 

L.  sate;-,  .-^acred,  ami  J'acio,  to  make.] 
il.  To  offer  to   God  in  homage  or  worship, 
I     by  killing  and  consuming,  as  victims  nn  an 
altar;  to   immolate,  either   as   an  atone-j 
ment  for  sin,  or  to  procure  favor,  or  to  e,\ 
press  thaiiktulness  ;  as,  to   sacrifice    an  ox 
or  a  lamb.     2  Sam.  vi. 
2.  To  destroy,  surrender  or  suffer  to  be  lost 
for  the  sake  of  obtaining  something;  as, 
to  sacrifice  the  peace  of  the   church   to  a 
little    \ain    curiosity.     We    should    never 
sacrifice  liealth  to  pleasure,  nor  mtegrity  to 
fame. 
:i.  To  devote  with  loss. 

Condemn'd  to  sacri^ce  his  childish  years 
'i'o  babbling  ignorance  and  to  empty  fears. 

Prior 

4.  To  destroy;  to  kill. 

SACRIFICE,  V.  i.  To  make  offerings  to 
God  by  the  slaughter  and  burning  of  vic- 
tims, or  of  some  part  ol'them.     Ex.  iii. 

S.'VC'RIFK'E,  n.  [Fr.  fi'om   L.  sacrificinm. 

1.  An  offering  miide  to  God  by  killuig  and 
burning  some  animal  upon  an  altar,  as  an 
acknowletlginent  of  his  power  and  provi- 
dence, or  to  make  atonenient  for  sin,  ap 
[lease  his  wrath  or  conciliate  his  favor,  or 
to  express  thankfulness  for  his  benefits. 
Sacrifices  have  been  nimiiioii  to  most  na- 
tions, and  have  been  offered  to  false  gods, 
as  well  as  liy  the  Israelites  to  Jehmah.  A 
sacrifice  differs  from  an  oblation  ;  the  latter 
being  an  oft'ering  of  a  thing  entire  or 
without  change,  as  tithes  or  first  fruits  ; 
whereas  sacrifice  implies  a  destruction  or 
killing,  as  of  a  beast.  Sacrifices  are  expi- 
atory, impetratory,  and  eucharistical ;  that 
is,  atoning  for  sin,  seeking  favor,  or  ex- 
pressing thanks. 

Human  sacrifices,  the  killing  and  offering 
of  human  beings  to  deities,  have  been 
practiced  by  some  barbarous  nations. 

2.  The  thing  offered  to  God,  or  immolated 
by  an  act  of  religion. 

My  life  if  thou  preserv'st,  my  life 

Thy  sacrifice  shall  be.  Jlddisun. 

3.  Destruction,  surrender  or  loss  made  or 
incurred  for  gaining  some  object,  or  for 
obliging  another  ;  as  tlie  sacrifice  of  inter- 
est to  pleasure,  or  of  pleasure  to  interest. 

Any  thing  destroyed. 

SACRIFICED,  pp.  Oflered  to  God  upon 
an  altar  ;  destroyed,  surrendered,  or  suf- 
fereil  to  be  lost. 

SA€'RIFICER,  n.  One  that  sacrifices  or 
immolates.  Dnidcn. 

SACR1FI"CIAL,  a.  Performing  sacrifice: 
included  in  sacrifice  ;  consisting  in  sacri- 
fice. Shak.     Taylor. 

SAC'RILEliE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.OTfn7<g(''»m  ; 
sacer,  sacred,  and  les^o,  to  take  or  steal.] 

The  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred 
tilings  ;  or  the  alienating  to  laymen  or  to 
common  purposes  what  has  been  appro- 
priated or  consecrated  to  religious  per- 
sons or  uses. 

And  the  hit!  treasures  in  her  sacred  tomb 
With  sacrilege  to  dig.  Spender. 


jSA€RILE'GlOUS,  a.  [L.  sacrilegus.]  Vio- 
lating  sacred    things;  polluted    with    the 

I     crime  of  sacrilege. 

I  Above  the  reach  of  sacrilegious  hands. 

1  Pope. 

2.  Containing  sacrilege;  as  a sacnVegiou*  at- 
tempt or  act. 

SA€RII.EulOUSLY,  adv.  With  sacri- 
lege; in  violation  of  sacred  things ;  as 
sacriltgiously  invading  the  property  of  a 
church. 

SA€RILE'(;10USNESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  sacrileuii.us. 

2.  Disposition  to  sacrilege.  Scotf. 

SACRlLECilST,  n.  One  who  is  guilty  of 
sacrile^^e.  Spelman. 

SA  €R1NG,  yjpr.  [from  Fr.  «acrcr.]  Conse- 
crating.    [jVot  in  use.]         Temple.     Shak. 

SA'€R1NG-BELL,  n.  A  bell  rung  before 
the  host.  Oict. 

SA'€RIST,  n.  A  sacristan ;  a  per.«on  re- 
tained in  a  cathedral  to  copy  out  mu>ic  for 
the  choir,  and  take  care  of  the  books. 

Busby. 

SA€'R1STAN,  n.  [Fr.  sacrwtain  ;  It.  sacris- 
tano ;  Sp.  sacristan ;  from  L.  sacer,  sa- 
cred.] 

An  officer  of  the  church  who  has  the  care  of 
the  utensils  or  movables  of  the  church. 
It  is  now  corrupted  into  sexton. 

SACRISTY,  n.  [F"r.  sacristie  ;  Sp. It. socris- 
lia  ;  from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

All  apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred 
utensils  are  kept;  now  calleil  the  vestry. 
Dryden.     Addison. 

SACROSANCT,  a.  [L.  sacrosanclus  ;  sacer 
and  sanctus,  holy.]  Sacred  ;  inviolable. 
[.Vot  in  use.]  More. 

SAD,  a.  [Ill  W.  sad  signifies  wise,  prudent, 
sober,  permanent.  It  is  probable  tliis  word 
is  from  the  root  of  set.  1  have  not  found 
the  word  in  the  English  sense,  in  any  oth- 
er language.] 

1.  Sorrowful  ;  affected  with  grief;  cast 
down  with  affliction. 

Th'  angelic  guards  ascended,  mute  and  sad. 

Milton. 
Sad  for  their  loss,  but  joyful  of  our  life. 

Pope. 

2.  Habitually  melancholy;  gloomy ;  not  gay 
or  cheerful. 

Sec  in  her  cell  sad  Eloisa  spread.  Pope. 

•3.  Downcast  ;  gloomy  ;  having  the  external 
appearance  of  sorrow ;  as  a  sad  counte- 
nance.   Matt.  vi. 

4.  Serious  ;  grave ;  not  gay,  light  or  vol- 
atile. 

Lady  Catherine,  a  sad  and  religious  woman. 

Bacon. 

5.  Afflictive  ;  calamitous  ;  causing  sorrow  ; 
as  a  sad  accident  ;  a  sad  misfortune. 

G.  Dark  colored. 

Wo.id  or  wade  is  used  by  the  dyers  to  lay  the 

fouiiiUilion  of  all  sad  colors.  Mortimer. 

[This  sense  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete.) 

7.  Bad;  vexatious;  as  a  «arf  husband.  [Col- 

Uxjuial.]  Addison. 

a.   Heavy  ;  weighty  ;  ponderous. 

\N  ilh  that  his  hand   more  sad  than  lump  of 
lead.     Ubs.  Sjienser. 

9.  Close  ;  firm  ;  cohesive  ;  opposed  to  light 
or  friable. 

t'hull<y  lands  are  naturally  colil  and  sad. 
Ohs.  .^[ortinier. 

[The  two  latter  senses  indicate  that  the 
primary  sense  is  set,  fixed  ;  W.  sadiaw,  to 
make  firm.] 


S  A  F 


S  A  F 


SAG 


SADDEN,  i;.  t.  sad'n.  To  make  sad  orsor 
rowl'ul ;  also,  to  make  iiielaiiclioly  or 
gloomy.  Pope 

2.  To  make  dark  colored.     Obs. 

3.  To  make  heavy,  lirii)  or  coliesivc. 

Mad  is  biiuliuK,  anil  mdilaunff  of  land  is  the 
great  pnyudice  it  dolli  to  clay  laiiils.      Obs. 

Mortimer 

SAD'DENED,  pp.  Made  sad  or  gloomy. 
SADDENING,  ppr.  Making  sad  or  gloomy 
Saddle,  n.  sml'l.  [Sa.\.  satlel,  sadl ;  D.  za-^ 

del ;  (Jr.  saltel ;  Dati.  Sw.  sadel ;  W.  sadelt  ; 

Iv.siidhall;  Rua^.  scdlo  or  siedlo  ;  from  tlie 

root  of  sit,  set,  L.  sedeo,  sedite.] 

1.  A  seat  to  be  placed  on  a  horse's  back  for 
the  rider  to  sit  on.     Saddles  are  variously 
made,    as    the  comtnon   saddle   and   the 
bunting  saddle,  and  for  females  the  .side 
saddle. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  cleat  or  block  of  wood 
nailed  on  the  lower  yard-arms  to  retain 
the  studding  sail-boonis  in  their  place. 
The  name  is  given  also  to  other  circular' 
pieces  of  wood  ;  as  the  saddle  of  the  bow- 
sprit. Mar.  Did. 

SAD'DLE,  ti.  t.  To  put  a  saddle  on. 

Abraham  roso  early  in  the  morning  and  sad- 
dled his  ass.  (icn.  xxii. 

8.  To  load  ;  to  fix  a  burden  on ;  as,  to  be 
saddled  with  the  expense  of  bridges  and 
highways. 

SADDLE-BACKED,  a.  Having  a  low  back 
and  an  elevated  neck  and  head,  as  a 
horse.  Far.  Diet. 

SAD'DLE-BOVV,  n.  [Sax.  sadl-boga.]  The 
bows  of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 
the  front. 

SAD'DLE-M.VKER,  )       One  whose  occu- 

SAD'DLEK,  ^  "■  pation  is  to  make 

s:»ldles. 

SADDUCE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sad- 
ducees,  a  sect  among  the  ancient  Jews, 
who  denied  the  resurrection,  a  future 
state,  and  the  existence  of  angels.  Acts 
xxiii. 

SAD'DUCISM,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sad- 
ducees.  More. 

SADLY,  arfr.  Sorrowfully;  niournfidly. 

He  sadly  suffers  in  ihcir  grief.  Drydm. 

2.  In  a  calamitous  or  miserable  manner. 
The  misfortunes  which  others  experience 
we  may  one  day  sadl;/  feel. 

3.  In  a  <lurk  color.     Ohs.  13.  Jon  son. 
SAD'NESS,   n.  Sorrowfulness;    inournful- 

ness  ;  dejection  of  mind;  as  grief  and  «arf- 
ness  at  the  memory  of  sin. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  A  melancholy  look ;  gloom  of  counte- 
nance. 

Dim  sadness  did  not  spare 
Celestial  visages.  Milton. 

S.  Seriousness ;  sedate  gravity.  Let  every 
thing  in  a  mournful  subject  have  an  air  of 
sadness. 

SAFE,  a.  [Fr.  «ait/,  ictuue,  contracted  from 
L.  salvus,  from  salus,  safety,  health.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  any  kind;  as  safe 
from  enemies ;  .safe  from  disease  ;  safe 
from  storms;  safe  Irom  the  malice  of  foes. 

8.  Free  from  hurt,  injury  or  damage  ;  as,  to 
walk  safe  over  red  hot  plowshares.  We 
brought  the  goods  safe  to  land. 

3.  Conferring  safety;  securing  from  harm; 
as  a  safe  guide ;  a  safe  harbor  ;  a  safe 
bridge. 

4.  Not  exposing  to  danger.  Phil.  iii. 


5.  No  longer  dangerous ;  placed  beyond  the 
power  of  doing  liarm  ;  a  ludicrous  meaning. 
Banquo*s  safe. 
— Aye,  my  goorl  lord,  safe  in  a  ditch.     Shak. 
SAFE,  n.  A  place  of  safety  ;  a  [ilace  for  se- 
curing provisions  from  noxious  aiiiiiials. 
SAFE,  V.  i.  To  render  safe.     [J^ol  in  use.] 

Skak. 
SAFE-€ON'DUCT,  n.   [safe  and  conduct; 

Ft.  sauf  conduit.] 
That  which  gives  a  safe  passage,  either  a 
convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  person  in  an 
enemy's  country  or  in  a  Ibreign  country, 
or  a  writing,  a  pass  or  warrant  of  securi- 
ty given  to  a  person  by  the  sovereign  of 
a  country  to  enable  him  to  travel  with 
safety. 
SA'FEGU'ARD,  n.  [safe  antlguard.]  He  or 
that  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defense  ; 
protection. 

The  sword,   the  safeguard  of  thy  brother's 
throne.  Granville. 

2.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  traveler. 

3.  A  passport ;  a  warrant  of  security  given 
by  a  sovereign  to  protect  a  stranger  with- 
in his  territories ;  formerly,  a  protection 
granted  to  a  stranger  in  prosecuting  his 
rights  in  due  course  of  law.  Encyc. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  to  save  women's 
clothes  on  horseback.  Mason, 

SA'FEGLIWRD,  !•.  t.  To  guard;  to  pro- 
tect.    [Little  used.]  Shak 

SAFE-KEE'PING,  n.  [safe  and  keep.]  The 
act  of  keeping  or  ]ire.serving  in  sall'ty  from 
injury  or  from  escape. 

SAFELY,  adv.  In  a  safe  manner  ;  without 
incurring  danger  or  hazard  of  evil  conse- 
quences. We  may  Sf{/e'^  proceed,  or  safely 
conclude. 

2.  Without  injury.  We  passed  the  river 
safely. 

3.  Without  escape  ;  in  close  custody  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  prisoner  safely. 

SA'FENESS,  n.  Freedom  from  danger;  as 

the  safeness  of  an  experiment. 
9    The  state  of  being  safe,  ur  of  conferring 

safiity  ;  as  the  safeness  of  a  bridge  or  of  a 

boat. 
SA'FETY, )!.  Freedom  from  danger  or  haz 

nnl;  as  the  safely  of  an  electrical  experi 

iiieiit;  the  sri/di/ of  a  voyage. 

1    '.as  not  in  safety,  nor  liad  1  rest.  Job  iii. 

2.  Exemption  from  hurt,  injury  or  loss.  We 
crossed  the  Atlantic  in  safety. 

3.  Preservation  from  escape  ;  close  custody  ; 
as,  to  keep  a  prisoner  in  safety. 

4    Preservation  from  hurt.  Shak. 

SA'FETY-VALVE,  n.  A  valve  by  means 
of  which  a  boiler  is  preserved  from  burst- 
ing by  the  force  of  steam. 

SAF'FLOW,        I      The  plant,  bastard  sat- 

SAF'FLOWER,  S  "■fron,  of  the  genus  Car- 
thamus.  Petty. 

SAF' FLOWER,  n.  A   deep  red  fecula  se| 
arated  from  orange-colored  flowers,  par- 
ticularly those  of  the  Carlhamus  linctorius  ; 
called  also  Spanish  red  and  China  lake. 

Encyc.     Ure 
The  dried  flovversof  the  Carlhamus  linc- 
torius. Thomson. 

SAF'FRON,  n.  [W.  safnon,  safyr  ;  Fr.  saf- 
ran  ;  Arm.  zafron  ;  It.  zafferano  :  Sp.  azaf- 
ran;  Povt.  acafram  ;  D.saffraan;  G.  Sw. 

Dan.  saffron;   Turk,  zafrani;  Ar.    »«.*£' 
to  be  yellow,  to  be  empty  ;  the  root  of  ci- 


pher.   The  radical  sense  then  is  to  fail,  or 
to  be  hollow,  or  to  be  exhausted.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Crocus.  The  bas- 
tard saffron  is  of  the  genus  Carthamus. 
and  the  meadow  saffron  of  the  genus  Col- 
chiciim. 

2.  In  the  materia  medica,  saflron  is  formed  of 
the  stigmata  of  the  Crocus  officinalis,  dried 
on  a  kiln  and  pressed  into  cakes.      Encyc. 

SAF'FRON,  a.  Having  the  color  of  saflron 
flowers  ;  yellow  ;  as  a  saffron  face  ;  ix  saf- 
fron streamer.  Shak.     Dri/den. 

SAF'FRON,  V.  t.  To  tinge  with  saflron: 
to  make  yellow;  to  gild.  Chaucer. 

SAG,  11.  i.  [a  different  spelling  of  swag, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  give  way ;  to  lean  or  incline 
from  an  upright  position,  or  to  bend  from 
a  horizontal  position.  Our  workmen  say, 
a  Imilding  sags  to  the  north  or  south  ;  or 
a  beam  sags  by  means  of  its  weight. 

2.  In  sailing,  to  incline  to  the  leeward ;  to 
make  lee  way.  Mar.  Diet. 

S.\(j,  V.  t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give  way : 
to  load  or  burden. 

SAG,\'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  sagax,  from  sagus, 
wise,  foreseeing ;  saga,  a  wise  woman  : 
sagio,  to  perceive  readily  ;  Fr.  sage,  sa- 
gesse  ;  S\t.  saga,  sagaz  ;  It.  saggio.  The 
latter  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sage,  and  an 
essay,  which  unites  this  word  with  seek, 
and  L.  Sf^uor.] 

1.  (iuick  of  scent ;  as  a  sagacious  hound  ; 
siricily  perhaps,  following  by  the  scent, 
which  sense  is  connected  with  L.  sequor; 
with  of;  as  sagacious  of  his  (pmrry. 

Milton. 

2.  Quick  of  thought ;  acute  in  discernment 
or  penetration  ;  as  a  sagacious  head  ;  a  sa- 
gacious mind.  Locke. 

1  would  give  more  for  the  criticisms  of  one 
sagacious  enemy,  than  for  those  of  a  score  of 
admirers  H.  Humphrey. 

SAG.^'CIOUSLY,  adv.  With  quick  scent. 

2.  With  quick  iliscernment  or  penetration. 

SAGA'CIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing sagacious  ;  quickness  of  scent. 

2.  Ciuickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 

SAGACITY,  n.  [Fr.  sagacile ;  L.  sagaci- 
tas.] 

1.  (Quickness  or  acuteness  of  scent ;  applied 
to  atiimab. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment  or 
penetration  ;  readiness  of  apprehension  ; 
the  faculty  of  readily  discerning  and  dis- 
tinguishing ideas,  and  of  separating  troth 
from  falsehood. 

Sagacity  linds  out  the  intermediate  ideas,  (o 
discover  what  connection  there  is  in  each  link 
ofthecliain.  Locke. 

SAG'.AMORE,  n.  Among  some  tribes  of 
American  Indians,  a  king  or  chief.  [In 
Sax.  sigora  is  a  concpieror.] 

S.'\G'.\PEN,  }       in  pharmacy,  a  gum- 

SAGAPE'NUM,  \  "'  resin,  brought  from 
Persia  and  the  East  in  granules  or  in 
masses.  It  is  a  compact  subsiance,  heavy, 
of  a  reddish  color,  with  small  whitish  or 
yellowish  specks.  It  is  an  attenuant,  ape- 
rient and  discuticnt.  Enci/c. 

SAG'ATHY,  71.  A  kind  of  serge  ;  a  sliL'ht 
woolen  stuff.  Tatler. 

S.\(iE,  n.  [Fr.  sauge  ;  Ar.  saoch.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Salvia,  of  several  species  ;  as 
the  officinalis,  or  common  large  sage,  of 
several    varieties ;  the   tomentosa  or  bal- 


S  A  I 


S  A  I 


S  A  1 


samic  sage  ;  the  aunculata,  or  sage  of  vir- 
tue ;  .111(1  the  pomifera.  Encyc. 
SAGK,  a.  [V\:  sage  ;  It.  saggio  ;  L.  saga,  sa- 

gu.i,  sagio.     See  Sagacious.] 
I. "Wise  r having  nice  cliscernment  and  povif- 
ers  of  judging  ;  prudent;  grave ;  as  a  sag-e 
counselor. 
2.  Wise ;  judicious ;  proceeding   from    wis- 
dom ;  well  judge<l ;  well   adapted  to  the 
purpose  ;  as  sage  counsels. 
SAGE,  n.  A    wise   man  ;  a  man  of  gravity 
and  wisdom ;  jiarticularly,  a  man  venera- 
ble for  years,  and  known  as   a  man  of 
sound  judgment   and   prudence;  a  grave 
philosopher. 

At  his  birth  a  star  proclaims  him  come. 
And  guides  the  eastern  sages.  Milton. 

Groves  where  immortal  sages  taught. 

Pope 
SA'GELY,  adu.  Wisely;  with  just  discern- 
ment and  prudence. 
SAgE'NE,  n.  A  Russian  measure  of  about 

seven  English  feet.     [See  Sajene.] 
SA'GENESS,   n.    Wisdom  ;  sagacity  ;  pru 
dence;  gravity.  J}scham. 

SAG'ENITE,  n.  Acicular  rutile.  Ure. 

SAG'ITTAL,  a.  [L.  sngitlalis,  from  sagitla, 
an  arrow  ;  that  wiiich  is  thrown^  or  driv- 
en, probably  from  the  root  of  say  and 
sing.] 
Pertaining  to  an  arrow  ;  resembling  an  ar- 
row ;  as  sagittal  bars  of  yellow. 

Pennant. 
In  anatomy,  the  sagittal  suture  is  the  suture 
which  unites  the    parietal   bones   of  the 
skull.  Coi-e. 

SAGITTA'RIUS,  n.  [L.  an  archer.]  One  ofj 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  Nov.  22. 
SAG'ITTARY,  n.  [supra.]  A  centaur,  an 
animalhalf  man,  half  horse,  armed  with  u 
bow  and  quiver.  Shak. 

SAti'ITTATE,  a.  In  botany,  shaped  like  the 
head  of  an  arrow  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at 
the  base,  with  angles  at  the  hinder  part ; 
or  with  the  hinder  angles  acute,  divided 
by  a  sinus  ;  applied  to  the  leaf,  stipula  or 
anther.  Martyn. 

SA'UO,  n.  A  dry  mealy  substance  or  gran- 
ulated paste,  imported  from  Java  and  the 
Philippine  and    Molucca  isles.     It  is  the 
pith  or  inarrow  of  a  species  of  palm  tree 
.aid  much  used  in  medicine  as  a  restora- 
tive diet.  Fourcroy.     Encyc. 
SAGOIN',  n.  The  Sagoins  form  a  division 
of  the  genus  Simla,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  hairy  tails, 
not  prehensile.  Encyc. 
.■^A'GY,  a.  [from  sage.]  Full  of  sage  ;  seas- 
oned with  sage. 
SAU'LITE,  71.  A  mineral  named  from  the 
mountain  Salda,  in   VVestermatiia,  where 
it  was  discovered.     It  is  of  a  light  green- 
ish jiray  color,  occurs  massive,  and  com- 
posed of  coarse  granular  concretions.     It 
13  called  also  inulacolite  ;  a  subspecies  or 
variety  of  augite.                 Thomson.     Ure. 
SAIC,     71.   A  Turkish  or    Grecian    vessel, 
very  common   in  the  Levant,   a  kind  of 
ketch  which   has  no  top-gallaiit-sail,  nor 
niizcn-lnp-sail.                                 .Mar.  Diet. 
SAID,  prel.  and  p;).  of  say ;  so  written   for 

sai/ed.     Di'clared  ;  uttered;  reported. 
3.   Al"oresai<l  ;  hi^fore  mentioned. 
HAIL,  71.  [Sax.  O.  Sw.  .■legel  ;  Dan.  sejl  ;  D. 
zeit ;  W.  hwyl,  a  sail,  a  course,  order,  stale 


journey  ;  hwyliaw,  to  set  in  a  course,  train 
or  order,  to  direct,  to  proceed,  to  sail,  to 
attack,  to  butt.  The  VVelsh  appears  to 
be  the  same  word.  So  hal  is  the  L.  sal,\ 
salt.]     _       _  ! 

1.  In  navigation,  a  spread  of  canvas,  or  an 
assemblage  of  several  breadths  of  canvas,; 
[or  some  substitute  for  it,]  sewed  together; 
with  a  double  seam  at  the  borders,  and 
edged  with  a  cord  called  the  bolt-rope, 
to  be  extended  on  the  masts  or  yards  for' 
receiving  the  impulse  of  wind  by  which  a 
ship  is  driven.  The  principal  sails  are  the 
courses  or  lower  sails,  the  lop-sails  ami 
top-gallant-sails.  .Mar.  Diet. 

2.  In  poetry,  wings.  Spenser. 

3.  A  ship  or  other  vessel  ;  used  in  the  singu- 
lar for  a  single  ship,  or  as  a  collective 
name  for  many.  We  saw  a  sail  at  the 
leeward.  We  saw  three  saU  on  our  star- 
board quarter.  The  fleet  consists  of 
twenty  sail. 

To  loose  sails,  to  unfurl  them. 

To  make  sail,  to  extend  an  additional  quan-! 

tityofsail. 
To  setsail,  toexpand  orspread  the  sails  ;  and 

hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 
To  shorten  sail,  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail, 

or  take  in  a  part. 
To  strike  sail,  to  lower  the  sails  suddenly,  as| 

in  saluting  or  in  sudden  gusts  of  wind.       j 

2.  To  abate  show  or  pomp.     [Colloiiitial.] 

Shak. 

SAIL,  1?.  i.  To  be  impelled  or  driven  for- 
ward by  the  action  of  wind  upon  sails,  as 
a  ship  on  water.  A  ship  sails  from  New- 
York  for  Liverpool.  She  sails  ten  knots 
an  hour.  She  sails  well  close-hauled. 
To  be  conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water  ;  to 
pass  by  water.  We  sailed  from  London 
to  Canton. 

3.  To  swim. 
— Little  dolphins,  when  they  sail 

In  the  vast  shadow  of  the  British  wliale. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  set  sail ;  to  begin  a  voyage.  W"e  sail- 
ed from  New  York  for  Havre,  June  15, 
18-J4.  We  .lailed  from  Cowes  for  New 
York,  May  10,  1825. 

D.  To  be  carried  in  the  air,  as  a  balloon. 
G.  To  pass  smoothly  along. 

.\s  is  a  wing'd  messenger  from  heaven,  ; 

When  he  bestrides  the  lazy  pacing  clouds,     ; 

And  sails  upon  fhe  bosom  of  the  air.      Shak. 

7.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  v/ings. 

S.AIL,   V.  t.  To  pass  or  move  upon  in  a  ship,! 

by  means  of  sails. 

A  thousand  ships  were  mann'd  to  ^ai/lhe  sea. 

Dryden . 
[This  use  is  elliptical,  oti  or  over  being 
omitted.] 

2.  To  fly  through. 

Sublime  she  sails 
Th'  aerial  space,   and   mounts   the   v.iagcd 
gales.  l^ope. 

SA'ILABLE,  a.  Navigable;  that  may  be 
passeil  bv  ships.  Cotgravc. 

SA'lL-BOilNE,  a.  Borne  or  conveycil  by 
sails.  J.  Barlow. 

SA'IL-BROAD,  a.  [See  Broad.]  Spreading 
like  a  sail.  .Ui7(oii. 

SA'ILED,  pp.  Passed  in  ships  or  other  wa- 
ter crat't. 

SA'ILER,  Ji.  One  that  sails;  a  seaman  ; 
usually  sailor. 

|2.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  with  reference  to 


her  manner   of  sailing.     Thus  we  say,  a 
heavy  sailer;  a  fast  sailer;  a  prime  «ai7er, 

S.4'ILING,  ppr.  Moving  on  water  or  in  air  ; 
passing  in  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

SA'ILLNG,  71.  The  act  of  moving  on  water ; 
or  the  movement  of  a  ship  or  vessel  im- 
[iclled  or  wafted  along  the  surface  of  wa- 
t(!r  hy  the  action  of  wind  on  her  .sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Movement  through  the  air,  as  in  a  bal- 
loon. 

3.  The  act  of  setting  sail  or  beginning  a 
voyage. 

SA'IL-LOFT,  71.  A  loft  or  apartment  where 
sails  are  cut  out  and  made. 

SA'IL-M.\KER,  71.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  sails. 

2.  An  officer  on  board  ships  of  war,  whose 
business  is  to  repair  or  alter  sails. 

Mar.  Did. 

SA'IL-MAKING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of 
making  sails. 

SA'ILOR,  71.  [a  more  common  spelling  than 
sailer.] 

A  mariner  ;  a  seaman  ;  one  who  follows  the 
business  of  navigating  ships  or  other  ves- 
sels, or  one  who  understands  the  manage- 
ment of  ships  in  navigation.  This  word 
however  does  not  by  itself  express  any 
particular  skill  in  navigation.  It  denotes 
any  person  who  follows  the  seas,  and  is 
chiefly  or  wholly  applied  to  the  common 
hands.     [See  Seaman.] 

SA'IL-YARD,  71.  [Sax.  segl-gyrd.]  The 
yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are  extended. 

Dryden. 

SAIM,  71.  [Sax.  seim ;  W.  saim ;  Fr.  sain- 
doux.  Qu.  L.  sebum,  contracted.]  Lard. 
[Local.] 

SAIN,  fiir  sayen,  pp.  of  say.     Obs.         Shak. 

SA'INFOIN,     I      [Fr.  sainfoin  ;  saint,  sa- 

SA'INTFOIN,  S  "■  cred,  and  Join,  hay.)  A 
plant  cultivated  for  fodder,  of  the  genus 
Hcdysarum. 

SAINT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  sanctus  ;  It.  Sp. 
santo.] 

1.  A  person  sanctified;  a  holy  or  godly  per- 
son ;  one  eminent  fiir  piety  and  virtue. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  apostles 
and  other  holy  persons  mentioned  in  Scrip- 

I  ture.  A  hypocrite  may  imitate  a  saint. 
Ps.  xvi.  ^Iddison. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.   Rev.  xviii. 

3.  The  holy  angels  are  called  saints,  Dcut. 
xxxiii,  Jucle  14. 

4.  One  canonized  by  the  church  of  Rome. 

Encyc. 

S.\INT,  V.  t.  To  nuniher  or  enroll  among 
saints  by  an  ofiicial  act  of  the  pope  ;  to 
canonize. 

Over  against  Uie  church  stands  a  large  hos- 
pital, erected  hy  a  shoemaker  who  has  been 
beatified,  tlioiigli  never  sainted.  .Iddison. 

SAINT,  V.  i.  To  act  with  a  show  of  piety. 

Pope. 

SA'INTED,  pp.  Canonized  ;  enrolled  among 
the  saints. 

2.  a.  Holy  ;  pious  ;  as,  thy  father  was  a 
most  sainted  king.  Shak. 

3.  Sacred  ;  as  the  gods  on  sainted  liills. 

Milton. 

SA'INTESS,  71.  A  female  saint.  Pi.iher. 
ISAINT  JOHN'S  BREAD,  n.  A  plant  of 
I     ilic  '.'cmis  Ccr.iIoMia. 

SAI.N'IMOilN'S  WORT,  ii.  A  plant  of  the 
I     genus  Hypericum.  ' 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


SA'INTLIKE,  a.  [saiHt  amllike.\  Uesoin- 
bling  a  suint ;  as  a  saintlike  prince. 

Bacon. 

3.  Suiting  a  suiiit  ;  beoDinInf;  a  saint. 

dloss'd  over  only  with  a  naitUHkc  show. 

Brydeu.l 

SA'INTLY,  a.  Like  a  saint  ;  hecoming  a 
holy  person ;  as  wrongs  with  saintly  pa- 
ticncc  DoriiG.  ktIiiiOiI' 

SAINT  I'ETbiirS  VVoRT,  n.  A  plant  ot" 
the  genus  AMi-yruin,  ami  unotlior  of  the  ge- 
nus HyperiiMiin. 
SA'INT'S  BELL,  n.  A  small  bell  rung  in 
churches  when  the  priest  repeats  the 
words  sande,  sonde,  snnde,  Dens  sabaotli, 
that  persons  absent  might  I'all  on  their 
knees  in  reverence  of  the  holy  office. 

Bp.  Hall. 
SA'INT-SEEMING,    a.     Having   the   ap- 
pearance of  a  .saint.  Mountagu. 
SA'INTSllIl",  n.   The  character  or  quali- 
ties of  a  saint. 
SA.IE'NE,  II.  [written  also  sagene.    Tooke 

writes  it  snjeiie.] 
A  Russian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  seven 

feet  English  measure. 
.SAKE,  n.  [Sa.\.  sac,  sacn,  sare,  sacu,  con- 
tention, discord,  a  suit  or  action  at  law, 
cause  in  (tourt,  hence  the  privilege  which 
a  lord  had  of  taking  cognizance  of  suits  in 
his  own  manor  ;  sncan,  to  contend,  to 
strive  ;  Goth,  sakan,  to  rebuke,  chide,  u))- 
braid  ;  D.  zank,  cause,  case,  thing,  busi- 
ness, aflair;  G.  sacAc,  matter,  thing  ;  dues 
sackc  fdhren,  to  plead  one's  cau^e  ;  ursnche, 
cause,  reason,  motive  ;  Sw.  sak  and  orsak, 
id.;  Dan.  ^ng^,  cause,  thing,  alfair,  matter, 
case,  suit,  action  ;  Ch.  poy  to  contend,  tn 
strive,  to  seek  ;  Heb.  ptyj'  to  press  or  op- 
press ;  Ch.  to  accuse,  to  criminate.  Class 
Sg.  No.  40.  0'2.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
strain,  urge,  press  or  drive  forward,  am 
this  is  from  the  same  root  as  seek,  essay 
,ind  I.,  sequor.  whence  we  have ^oiiraite  and 
prosecate.  We  have  analagous  words  in 
cause,  thing,  and  the  L.  res.  Its  Saxon 
sense  is  no  longer  in  use,  that  is,  cause, 
.action,  suit,  a  seeking  or  demand  in  court ; 
but  wc  use  it  in  a  sense  nearly  similar, 
though  differently  applied.] 
T.  Final  cause;  end:  purpose;  or  rather 
the  purpose  of  obtaining.  I  open  a  win- 
dow for  the  sake  of  air,  that  is,  to  obtain 
it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  air.  I 
read  for  the  sake  of  instruction,  that  is,  to 
obtain  it.  Sake  then  signifies  priniarily 
rfforl  to  obtain,  and  secondarily  purpose  o{ 
obtaining.  The  hero  fights  for  the  sake  ofi 
glory ;  men  labor  for  the  sake  of  subsist- 
ence or  wealth. 
•J.  Account  ;  reg-ird  to  any  person  or  thing. 
I  will  not  .-igain  curse  the  ground  any  more 
for  man's  sake.     Gen.  viii. 

Save  mo  for  (liy  mercies'  sake.     Ps.  vi. 
SA'KER,  n.  [Fr.  sacre.]    A   hawk;  a  spe- 
cies of  falcon. 
'2.  A  piece  of  artillery.  Hudibras. 

SAK'ERET,  n.   Tlie   male   of  the   saker- 
hawk.  Bailey. 

SAL,  n.    [See   Salt.]    Salt ;  a  word   much 

used  in  chiniistry  and  pharmacy. 
SA'LVBLE,  a.  [i'l-om  sale.]    Tliat   may  be 
sold  ;  that  finds  a  ready  market;  being  in 
good  demand. 
SA'L.\BLENESS,  n.   The  state  of  being 
salable. 


SA'LABLY,  adv.  In  a  salable  manner. 

SALA'C'IOUS,  a.  [L.  sala.r,  from  the  root 
of  «a/,  salt;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
shooting,  jienetrating,  pungent,  coinciding 
probably  with  L.  snlio,  to  leap.  Salacious 
then  is  highly  e.vcited,  or  prompt  to  leap.] 
Lustful  ;  lecherous.  Dryden. 

SALA'CIOU.SLY,  u</c.  Lustfully;  with  ea- 
ger animal  a|)petite. 

SALA'CIOIJSNESS,  )       Lu.st  ;  lecherous 

SALACITY,  (,"■  ness;  strong  pro- 

pensity to  venery.  Brown 

SAL'.\l),  7i.    [Kr.  salade ;    Arm.  aatadenn 
It.  insalata ;  Sp.  cnsalada,  that  is  literally, 
salted;  D.  salaad.e  ;  G.   Sw.   salat  ;  Dan.' 
salad.] 

Raw  herbs,  usually  dressed  with  salt,  vine- 
gar, oil  or  spices,  and  eaten  for  giving  a 
relish  tn  other  food. 

Leaves  eaten  raw,  are  termed  salad. 

IVatts. 

S.\L'ADING,  n.  Vegetables  for  salads. 

Cheyne. 

SAL-ALEMBROTH,  n.  A  compound  mu- 
riate of  mercury  and  atnmonia.  Ure.i 

SALAM',  )i.  [Oriental,  peace  or  safety.]  A 
salutation  or  compliment  of  ceremony  or 
respect.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Herbert. 

SAL'AMANDER,  n.  [L.  (Jr.  salamandra.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Lacerta  or  Liz- 
ard, one  of  the  smalhn-  .species  of  the  ge- 
nus, not  being  more  than  six  or  seven! 
inches  in  lengtli.  It  has  a  short  cylindrical 
tail,  four  toes  on  the  four  feet,  ami  a  na- 
ked body.  The  skin  is  furnished  with 
small  excrescences  like  teats,  which  are 
full  of  holes  from  which  oozes  a  milky 
liquor  that  spreads  over  the  skin,  forming 
a  kind  of  transparent  varnish.  The  eyes 
are  placed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  head. 
The  color  is  dark,  with  a  bluish  cast  on 
the  belly,  intermixed  with  iri-egular  yel- 
low spots.  This  animal  is  oviparous,  in- 
habits cold  damp  |)laces  among  trees  or 
hedges,  avoiiling  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The 
vulgar  story  of  its  being  able  to  endure 
fire,  is  a  mistake.  Encyc. 

Salamander^s  hair  or  icool,  a  name  given  to 
a  species  of  asbestos  or  mineral  flax ;  I 
believe  no  longer  used. 

SALAMAN'DRINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a   salamander;  enduring  fire. 

Spectator. 

Sal  ammoniac,   muriate  of  ammonia.     The 
native  sal  ammoniac  is  of  two  kinds,  vol 
canic  and  conclioidal.  lire 

SAL'ARIED,  a.  Enjoying  a  salary. 

SAL'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  salairc  ;  It.  Sp.  salario 
L.  salarium  ;    said    to  be   from  sal,   salt, 
which  was  part  of  the  pay  of  Roman  sol- 
diers.] 

The  recompense  or  consideration  stipti 
lated  to  he  paid  to  a  person  for  services, 
usually  a  fixed  sum  to  be  paid  by  the  year, 
as  to  governors,  magistrates,  settled  cler 
gymen,  instructors  of  seminaries,  or  oth- 
er officers,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  When 
wages  are  stated  or  stipulateil  by  the 
month,  week  or  day,  we  do  not  call  the 
compensation  salary,  but  pay  or  wages  : 
as  in  the  case  of  mditary  men  and  lahor- 
ers. 

SALE,  »!.  [W.  sal,  a  pass,  a  cast  or  throw, 
a  sate  ;  Sax.  saJ,  sale  ;  seltan,  sylan,  syllan, 
gesyllaa,  to  give,  yield,  grant,  impart,  de- 
liver, also  to  sell.  The  primary  sense  of  sell, 


is  simply  to  deliver  or  cause  to  pass  from 
one  person  to  another ;  Sw.  sbtja,  Dan. 
salger,  to  sell.] 

1.  The  act  of  selling  ;  the  exchange  of  a 
commodity  for  money  of  equivalent  value. 
The  exchange  of  one  commodity  for  an- 
other is  barter  or  permutation,  .and  sale 
differs  from  barter  only  in  the  nature  of 
the  equivalent  given. 

2.  Vent ;  power  of  selling  ;  market.  He 
went  to  market,  but  found  no  sale  for  his 
goods. 

3.  Auction  ;  public  sale  to  the  highest  bid- 
der, or  exposure  of  goods  in  market. 
[Little  used.]  Temple. 

■1.  State  of  being  venal,  or  of  being  offered 
to  bribery  ;  as,  to  set  the  liberty  of  a  state 
to  sale.  Mdison. 

.5.  A  wicker  basket.  [Qu.  Sax.  sa:lan,  to 
bind.]  Spenser. 

SALE,  a.  Sold  ;  bought  ;  as  opposed  to 
homemade.     [Colloquial.] 

SALEBROS'lTY,  n.  [See  Salcbrous.] 
Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  a  place  or 
road.  Feltham. 

SALT'^BROUS,  a.  [h.  salebrosus,  (nim  sale- 
bra,  a  rough  place  ;  probably  allied  to 
salio,  to  shoot  out.]  Rough  ;  rugged  ;  un- 
even.    [Little  used.] 

SAL'EP,  ti.  [said   to  be  a   Turkish  word; 
written  also  .wlop,  sntoop  iini\  saleb.] 
n  (Ac  materia  medica,  the   dried  root  of  a 
species  of  orchis ;  also,   a   preparation  of 
this  loot  to  be  used  as  food. 

Fourcroy.     Parr. 

SA'LESMAN,  n.  [sak  and  man.]  One  that 
sells  clothes  ready  made.  Swijl. 

SA'LEWORK,  n.  Work  or  things  made 
for  sale ;  hence,  work  carelessly  done. 
This  last  sense  is  a  satire  on  man.       Shak. 

S.\L'IC,  a.  [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not 
ascertained.] 

The  Salic  law  of  France  is  a  fundamental 
aw,  by  virtue  of  which  males  only  can 
nlicrit  the  throne. 

S.\'L1ENT,  a.  [L.  saliens,   salio,  to   leap.] 

L  Leaping;  an  epithet  in  heraldry  applied 
to  a  lion  or  other  beast,  representeil  in  a 
leaping  posture,  with  his  right  foot  in  the 
dexter  point,  and  his  hinder  left  foot  in 
the  sinister  base  of  the  escutcheon,  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  from  lampant. 

Harris. 

2.  In  fortification,  projecting  ;  as  a  salient 
angle.  A  salient  angle  points  outward, 
and  is  opposed  to  a  re-eiUering  angle, 
which  points  inward.  Encyc. 

SA'LIEiNT,  a.  [L.  saliens,  from  salio,  to  leap 
or  shoot  out.] 

L  Leaping;  moving  by  leaps;  as  frogs. 

Brown. 

2.  Beating;  tlnobbing;  as  the  heart. 

Blackmore. 

3.  Shooting  out  or  up;  springing;  darting; 
as  a  salient  sprout.  Pope. 

S.VLIF  EROUS,  a.  [L.  sal.  salt,  ami  fero, 
to  [iroduce.] 

Producing  or  bearing  salt  ;  as  '^saliferous 
rock.  Eaton. 

SAL'H'iABLE,  a.  [from  salify.]  Capable 
of  becoming  a  salt,  or  of  combinin;;  with 
an  acid  to  form  a  neutral  salt.  Salifuible 
bases  are  alkalies,  earliis  and  metallic 
oxvds.  Lavoi.iier. 

SALIFICA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sahfy- 
ing. 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL'IFiED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  neutral 
salt  by  coinbination  with  an  acid. 

SAL'IFV,  V.  t.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  facio,  to 
iiiuke.] 

To  form  into  a  neutral  salt,  by  combining 
an  acid  with  an  alkali,  earth  or  metal. 

SAL'IFYING,  ppr.  Forming  into  a  salt  by 
combination  with  an  acid. 

SAL'IGOT,  71.  [Fr.]  A  plant,  the  water 
thistle. 

SALINA'TION,  n.  [L.  sal,  salt;  salinalor, 
a  salt  maker;  Fr.  satin,  salt,  brinish.] 

The  act  of  washing  with  salt  water. 

Greenhill. 

SALI'NE,       I        [Fr.  satin,   from    L.   sal, 

SALI'NOUS,  I  "■  salt.]  Consisting  of  salt, 
or  constituting  salt  ;  as  saline  particles  ; 
saline  .substances. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt;  as  n  sa- 
line taste. 

SALI'NE,  n.  [Sp.  It.  salina  ;  Fr.  saline.] 
A  salt  spring,  or  a  place  where  salt  water 
is  collected  in  the  earth  ;  a  name  given  to 
the  salt  springs  in  the  U.  States. 

SALINIF'EROUS,  «.  [L.  sal,  sntinum,  am\ 
fero,  to  produce.]     Producing  salt. 

SALIN'IFORM,  a.  [L.  sat,  satinum,  and 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  salt. 

SALINO-TERRENE,  a.  [L.  sal,  salinum, 
and  terrenus,  from  terra,  earth.]  Denoting 
a  compound  of  salt  and  earth. 

SAL'ITE,  V.  t.  [L.  salio,  from  sal,  salt.]  To 
salt ;  to  impregnate  or  season  with  salt. 
[Little  used.] 

SALI'VA,  t      [L.  saliva;  Ir.  seile  ;  W.  ha- 

SAL'IVE,  ^  '/im,  as  if  connected  with  fcd/, 
salt.  The  Irish  has  sitim,  to  drop  or  dis- 
till, and  siteadli,  saliva.] 

The  fluid  which  is  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glands,  and  which  serves  to  moisten  the 
mouth  and  tongue.  It  moistens  our  food 
also,  and  by  being  mixed  with  it  in  masti- 
cation, promotes  digestion.  When  dis- 
charged from  the  mouth,  it  is  called  spit- 
tle. 

SAL'IVAL,      }      [from  saliva.]   Pertaining 

SAL'IVARY,  ^  "■  to  saliva  ;  secreting  or 
conveying  saliva  ;  as  sa/ii'ar^  glands  ;  sal- 
ivary ducts  or  canals. 

Enrt/c.     Arbuthnot. 

SAL'IVATE,  V.  t.  [from  saliva  ;  Fr.  sali-] 
ver.]  I 

To  e,\cite  an  unusual  secretion  and  dis-1 
charge  of  saliva  in  a  person,  usually  by 
mercury  ;  to  ])ro(luce  ptyalism  in  a  per-j 
son.  Physicians  s«Wt'a(e  their  patients  in 
diseases  of  the  glands,  of  the  liver,  in  the 
venereal  disease,  in  yellow  fever,  &c. 

SAL'IVATED,  pp.  Having  an  increased 
secntion  of  saliva  from  medicine. 

SAL'IVATING,  ppr.  Exciting  increased 
secretion  of  saliva. 

SALIVA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of, 
promoting  ptyalism,  or  of  producing  an 
increased  secretion  of  saliva,  for  the  cure 
of  disease. 

SAIiI'VOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  saliva;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  saliva.       IVisLinan. 

SAl.  LET,  n.  [Fr.  salade.]  A  head-piece  or 
helmet.  Chaucer. 

SAL'LF.T,  1       [corrupted   from  salad. 

SAL'LETING.  ^"^  .V«(  i«  use.] 

SAL'LIANCK,  n.  [from  «a//i/.]  An  issuing 
forih.     [.V«(  in  use]  '  Spenser. 

SAL'LOVV,  n.  [riax.  salh,  salig;  Ir.sail; 
Fr.saule;  It.  satcio  ;  Sp.  sake;  h.  satix ; 


W.  helig.  Qu.  from  its  color,  resembling 
brine.]  A  tree  of  the  willow  kind,  or  ge- 
mis  Salix. 

SAL'LOVV,  a.  [Sax.  salowig,  sealwe,  from 
salh,  L.  salix,  the  tree,  supra.]  | 

Having  a  yellowish  color;  of  a  pale  sickly, 
color,  tinged  with  a  dark  yellow  ;  as  a  sul-\ 
low  skin. 

SAL'LOVVNESS,  n.  A  yellowish  color  ;j 
paleness  tinged  with  a  dark  yellow ;  as 
sultowness  of  complexion. 

SAL'LY,  n.  [Ft:  saillie;  It.  salita  ;  Sp.sati- 
da ;  Port,  sahida.  See  the  Verb.]  In  a 
general  sense,  a  spring ;  a  darting  or  shoot- 
ing.    Hence, 

1.  An  issue  or  rushing  of  troops  from  a  be- 
sieged place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  spring  or  darting  of  intellect,  fancy  or 
imagination  ;  flight  ;  siiriglitly  exeriion. 
We  sny,  sallies  of  wit,  sallies  of  imagina- 
tion. 

3.  Excursion  from  the  usual  track ;  range. 

He  who  often  makes  sallies  into  a  country, 
and  tiaverses  it  up  and  down,  will  know  it  bet- 
ter than  one  that  goes  always  round  in  the  same 
track.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  levity  or  extravagance  ;  wild  gaye- 
ty  ;  frolick  ;  a  hnunding  or  darting  be- 
yond ordinary  rules  ;  as  a  snlli/  of  youth  ; 
a  saWi/ of  levity.  It'dtlon.     Swift. 

SALLY,  V.  i.  [Fr.  saillir  ;  Artu.  saillia  ; 
It.  satire  ;  Sp.  salir ;  Port,  sahir,  [t  lost,] 
L.  salio.     Q.U.  Gr.  aXKo/iai,  which  is  allied 

to  the  Ar.  J|  alia,   or  V^  halla,  both  of 

which  signify  to  impel,  to  shoot.  See  So- 
lar, from  L.  sol,  W.  haul,  Gr.  ijXio;.] 

1.  To  issue  or  rush  out,  as  a  body  of  tronjjs 
from  a  fintified  place  to  attack  besiegers. 

They  break  the  truce,  and  salty  out  by  night. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  issue  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden 
eru|)tion. 

SAL'LYING,  p;?/-.  Issuing  or  rushing  out. 

SAL'LY-PORT,  n.  In  fortification,  a  pos- 
tern gate,  or  a  passage  under  ground  from 
the  inner  to  the  outer  works,  such  as  from 
the  higher  flank  to  the  lower,  or  to  the 
tenaille.s,  or  to  the  comnuinication  from 
the  middle  of  the  curtain  to  the  ravelin. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  large  port  on  each  quarter  of  a  firc- 
shij)  for  the  escape  of  the  men  into  boats 
when  the  train  is  fired.  .Mar.  Diet. 

SALMAGUN'DI,  n.  [Sp.  salpicon,  corrupt- 
ed.    See  Salplcoji.] 

A  mixture  of  chopped  ineat  and  pickled  her- 
ring with  oil,  vinegar,  pepper  and  onions. 

Johnson. 

Saliniac,  a.  contraction  of  sal  ammoniac. 

SALMON,  n.  sam'mon.  [h.  salmo  ;  Fr.sau- 
mon.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Salmo,  found  in  all  the 
northern  climates  of  America,  Europe  and 
Asia,  ascending  the  rivers  for  spawning 
in  spring,  and  penetrating  to  their  head 
streams.  It  is  a  remarkably  strong  fish, 
and  will  even  leap  over  considerable  falls 
which  lie  in  the  way  of  its  progress.  It 
has  been  known  to  grow  to  the  weight  of 
75  poimds  ;  more  generally  it  is  from  1.5 
to  '2,5  poimds.  It  furnishes  a  delicious 
dish  for  the  table,  and  is  an  article  of 
commerce.  ' 


SALMON-TROUT,  n.  sam'mon-trout.  A 
species  ol' trout  resembliug  the  salmon  in 
color.  Ifalton. 

S.\LOON',  n.  [It.  salone,  from  sola,  hall  ; 
Sp.  Fr.  salon.     See  Hall.] 

In  architecture,  a  lofty  spacious  hall,  vaulted 
at  the  top,  and  usually  comprehending 
two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows. 
It  is  a  magnificent  room  in  the  middle  of  a 
building,  or  at  the  head  of  a  gallery,  &c. 
It  is  a  state  room  much  used  in  palaces  in 
Italy  for  the  reception  of  embassadors  and 
other  visitors.  Encyc. 

SALOOP,  (  ,^      ,.  ,     , 

SALOP.  '  ^  [f">e  ■&«'«'/'•] 

S.AL'PICON,  71.  [Sp.  from  salpicar,  to  be 
sprinkle  ;  Port,  to  corn,  to  powder,  to  spot ; 
from  sat,  salt.] 

Stufling  ;  farce  ;  chopped  meat  or  bread. 
&c.  used  to  stuff  legs  of  veal ;  called  also 
salmagujidi.     [I believe  not  used.]      liacon. 

SALSAMENTA'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  salsamen- 
tarius.]  Pertaining  to  salt  things.  [.\'ot 
in  use.]  Did. 

SAL'SIFY,  n.  [Fr.  salsifs.]  Goat's  beard, 
a  plant  of  the  genus  Tragopogon. 

Mortimer. 

SALSOAC'ID,  a.  [L.  salsus,  salt,  and  acid- 
us,  acid.] 

Having  a  taste  compounded  of  saltness  and 
aciilness.     [Lillte  used.]  Flayer. 

!ALSU'l;IN(-)US,  a.  [from  L.  salsugo, 
from  ia/,  salt.]     Saltish;  somewhat  salt. 

Boxjle. 

Salt,  n.  [Sax.  salt,  sealt  ;  Goth.  Sw.  Dan. 
suit;  G.salz;  D.sout;  Rims,  sol ;  It.  sale  ; 
Fr.  set;  L.  Sp.  Port,  sal;  Gr.  axj  ;  W. 
halen  ;  Corn.  Arm.  halinn,  from  W.  hul, 
salt,  a  pervading  sul>staiice.  The  radical 
sense  is  pioliahly  pungent,  and  if  s  is  rad- 
ical, the  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  L. 
salio  ;  but  this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  Common  salt  is  the  muriate  of  soda,  a 
substance  used  for  seasoning  certain 
kinds  of  food,  and  for  the  preservation  of 
meat,  &c.  It  is  found  native  in  the  earth, 
or  it  is  produced  by  evaporation  and  crys- 
talization  liom  water  impregnated  witli 
saline  particles. 

2.  In  chimistry,  a  body  compounded  of'an 
acid  united  to  some  base,  which  may  be 
either  an  alkali,  an  earth,  or  a  metallic 
oxyd.  .Accordingly,  salts  are  alkaline, 
earthy,  or  metallic.  Many  compounds  of 
this  kind,  of  which  common  salt,  (muriate 
of  soda,)  is  the  most  distinguished,  exist 
in  nature  ;  but  most  of  these,  together 
with  many  others  not  known  in  nature, 
have  been  formed  by  the  artificial  conihi- 
uatioii  of  their  elements.  Their  entire 
numlier  exceeds  2000.  When  the  acid 
and  base  mulually  saturate  each  other, 
so  that  the  individual  properties  of  each 
are  lost,  the  compound  is  a  neutral  salt; 
when  the  acid  predominates,  it  is  a  super 
salt;  and  when  the  base  predominates,  it 
is  a  sul/  salt-  Thus  we  have  a  subcarbo- 
iiate,  a  carbonate,  and  a  supercarhonatc 
of  potash.  D.  Olmsted. 

3.  Taste  ;  sapor  ;  smack. 

We  have  some  salt  of  our  youth  in  us. 

Shak. 

4.  Wit;  poignancy;  as  Attic  so//. 

SALT,  a.  Having"  the  taste  of  salt;  impreg- 
nated with  salt ;  as  salt  beef;  sali  water. 


SAL 


SAL 


SAL 


9.  Abounding  witli  salt;  aa  a  salt  land.  Jer. 

xvii. 
3.  Overflowed  witli  salt  water,  or  impreg- 

nateil  wiili  it ;  au  a  sail  iiiarsli. 

1.  Growiiifi  on  salt  luarsli  or  meadows  and 
liaving  llie  taste  of  salt;  as  salt  grass  or 
hay. 

5.  Producing  salt  water  ;  as  a  salt  spring. 

6.  Li'ilierous  ;  .salacious.  ishak. 
SALT,  n.  The  part  of  a  river  near  the  sea, 

where  the  water  is  salt.  Beverly. 

2.  A  vessel  for  holding  salt. 

SALT,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle,  inii)regiiate  or  sea- 
son with  salt ;  as,  to  salt  tish,  beef  or 
pork. 

2.  To  fill  with  salt  between  the  timbers  and 

plunks,  as  a  ship,  Jbr  the  preservation  of 

the  timber. 
SALT,  V.  I.  To  deposit   salt  from  a  saline 

substance  ;  as,   \\tc    brine  begins   to   salt^ 

[U-stU  by  nuinnficlurers.] 
SALT,  n.  I^Fr.  saul,   from  saillir,  to  leap.] 

A  leap;  the  act  of  jumping.    [jVol  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
S.\LT'ANT,  a.   [L.   saltans,  from  salto,  to 

leap.]     Leaping  ;  jumping  ;  dancing. 

Did. 
SALTA'TION,  n.  [L.  saltatio,  from  salto,  to 

leap.] 

1.  A  leaping  or  jumping.  Brown, 

2.  Beating  or  palpitation  ;  as  the  saltation 
of  the  great  artery.  Hiseman. 

SALT'€AT,  n.  A  lump  or  heap  of  salt 
made  at  the  salt-works,  which  attracts 
pigeons.  Mortimer 

S.\LT'-CELLAR,  n.  [salt  and  cellar.]  A 
small  vessel  used  for  holding  salt  on  tlir 
table.  Swift. 

SaLT'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled,  seasoned  or  im- 
pregnated with  salt. 

SaLT'ER,  n.  One  who  salts  ;  one  whd 
gives  or  applies  salt. 

2.  One  that  sells  salt.  Camden. 

■SALT'ERN.  )i.  a  salt-work;  a  building  in 
which  salt  is  maile  by  boiling  or  evapora- 
tion. Encyc. 

SALT'IER,  n.  [Kr.  sautoir,  from  sauter,  L. 
salto,  to  leap.] 

In  heraldry,  i>]H'  of  ilic  lionnralile  ordinaries, 
in  the  form  of  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

Encyc. 

SALT'INBANCO,  n.  [Fr.  saltimbanqiie ; 
It.  saltare  in  banco,  to  leap  on  the  bench,  to 
mount  on  tlu!  bench.]  A  mountebank  ; 
a  quack.     [wVo(  in  use.]  Brown. 

SALT'ING,  ppr.  Sprinkling,  seasoning  or 
impregnating  with  salt. 

SALT'ING,  »i.  The  act  of  sprinkling  or  im- 
pregnating with  salt. 

S.\LT'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  salt  ;  tinctured 
or  impregnated  moderately  with  salt. 

S.\LTTSHLY,  adv.  With  a  moderate  de 
gree  of  saltness. 

SALTTSIINESS,  n.  A  moderate  degree  of 
saltness 

S.\LT'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  salt  ;  insipid 

S.VLT'LY.  adv.  With  taste  of  salt;  inasalt 
maimer. 

SaLT'-MINE,  n.  A  mine  where  fossil  salt 
is  obtained. 

SaLT'NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  im 
pregnatcd    with  salt;    as  the   saltness  of] 
sea  water  or  of  provisions. 

2.  Taste  of  salt. 


SALT  -PAN,  i 


SALT'-PIT,   I" 


A  pan,  bason  or  pit  where 
salt  is  obtained  or  maile. 
Bacon.     H'ouUwurU. 

SALTPE'TER,  i        [salt  and  Gr.  ntr^oi,  a 

SaLTPE'TUE,  I  "■  stone.]  A  neutral  salt 
lormed  by  the  nitric  acid  in  cotnbination 
with  potash,  and  hence  denominated  ni- 
trate of  potash.  It  is  found  native  in  the 
East  Indies,  in  S|)am,  In  Naples  and  other 
places.  It  is  also  found  on  walls  shelter 
ed  from  rain,  and  it  is  extracted  by  lixivia 
tion  from  the  earths  uinler  cellars,  stables 
and  barns,  <Sic.  Hooper.     Eavoisier. 

SALTPE'TROUS,  a.  Perlamiiig  to  salt 
peter,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities;  im- 
pregnated with  saltpeter.  Med.  Repoa. 

SALTS,  n.  The  salt  water  of  rivers  enter 
ing  from  the  ocean.  S.  Carolina. 

SALT'-WATER,  n.  Water  impregnated 
with  salt ;  sea  water 

SALT-WORK,  n.  A  liouse  or  place  where 
salt  is  made. 

SALT'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Sali<-orma  ;  jointed  glasswort. 

SALUBRIOUS,  a.  [L.  saluber,  salubriS: 
trom  satus.     See  Safe.] 

Favorable  to  health  ;  healthful ;  promoting 
health;  as  salubrious  air  or  water ;  a  sa 
lubrious  climate. 

SALU'BRIOUSLY,  adi:  So  as  to  promote 
ealth.  Burke 

SALU'BRITY,  n.  [L.  salubritas.]  Whole- 
someness;  healthfulness  ;  favorableness  to 
the  preservation  of  health  ;  as  the  salubri- 
ty of  air,  of  a  country  or  climate. 

SAL'UTARINESS,     »i.       [See    Salutan/. 

1.  Wholesomeiiess ;  the  quality  of  contrib 
iiring  lo  health  or  safety. 

2.  The  quality  of  promoting  good  or  pros 
perity. 

.SAL'UT.^RY,  a.  [Vr.  salutaire ;  L.  saluta- 
ris,  from  saliis,  health.] 

1.  Wholesome;  healthful;  ])romotiug health 
Diet  and  exercise  arc  salutary  to  men  of 
sedentary  habits. 

2.  Promotive  of  public  safety  ;  contributing 
to  some  beneficial  purpose.  The  strict 
discipline  of  youth  has  a  salutary  effect  on 
society. 

SALUTA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  satutatio 
See  Salute.] 

The  act  of  saluting  ;  a  greeting;  the  act  of 
paying  respect  or  reverence  by  the  cus- 
tomary words  or  actions  ;  as  in  impiiring 
of  persons  their  welfare,  e.xpn^ssing  to 
them  kind  wishes,  bowing,  &c.  Luke  i. 
Mark  xii. 

In  all  public  meetings  and  private  addresses, 
use  the  forms  of  salutation,  reverence  and  de- 
cency usual  among  the  most  sober  people. 

Tayltn\' 

SALU'TE,  I'.  <.  [L.salulo;  It.  salutare ;  f^p. 
saludar ;  Fr.  saluer  ;  from  L.  salus  or  sal- 
vus.] 

1.  To  greet ;  to  hail ;  to  address  with  ex- 
pressions of  kind  wishes. 

If  ye  salute  yonr  brethren  only,  what  do 
ye  more  than  others  .'     Matt.  v. 

2.  To  please;  to  gratify.     [Unusual.]  I 

Shak. 

Is.  To  kiss. 

4.  In  military  and  naval  affairs,  to  honor 
some  person  or  nation   by  a  discharge  of: 


SALU'TE,  II.  The  act  of  expressing  kind 
wisiiea  or  respect ;  salutation;  greeting. 

South.     Mdison. 

2.  A  kiss.  Roscommon. 

'S.  In  military  affairs,  a  discharge  ol  raniioa 
or  small  arms  in  honor  ot  .■.ome  distin- 
guislied  personage.  A  salute  is  some- 
times performed  by  lowermg  the  colors  or 
beating  the  drums.  The  otiicers  also  sa- 
lute each  other  by  bowing  their  half  pikes. 

Encyc, 

4.  In  the  navy,  a  testimony  of  respect  or  def- 
erence rendered  by  the  ships  of  one  na- 
tion to  the  ships  of  another,  or  by  ships  of 
the  same  nation  to  a  superior  or  equal. 
This  is  performed  by  a  discharge  of  can- 
non, volleys  of  small  arms,  striking  the 
colors  or  top-sails,  or  by  shouts  of  the  sea- 
men mounted  on  the  masts  or  rigging. 
When  two  squadrons  meet,  the  two 
chiefs  only  are  to  exchange  salutes. 

Encyc. 

SALUTED,  pp.  Hailed  ;  greeted. 

SALU'TER,  n.  One  who  salutes. 

SALUTIF'EROUS,  a.  [L.  salutifer  ;  salus, 
health,  and  fero,  to  bring.]  Bringing 
health  ;  healthy  ;  as  saluliferous  air. 

Dennis. 

SALVABILTTY,  n.  [from  salvaUe.]  The 
possibility  of  being  saved  or  admitted  to 
everlasting  life.  Saunderson. 

S.\LV'ABLE,  a.  [h.  salvus,  safe;  salvo,  Xo 
save.] 

That  may  be  saved,  or  received  to  everlast- 
ing happiness. 

SALV'AgE,  ?i.  [Fr.  salvage,  sauvage,  from 
L.  salvus,  salvo.] 

In  commerce,  a  reward  or  recompense  allow- 
ed by  law  for  the  saving  of  a  ship  or  goods 
from  loss  at  sea,  either  by  shipwreck  or 
other  means,  or  by  euemies  or  pirates. 

Park. 

SALV'AtiE,  for  savage,  not  used.  [See 
iSnt'og-cJ 

S.\LVA'TION,  )i.  [It.  salvazione ;  Sp.  sal- 
vacion  ;  from  L.  salvo,  to  save.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  saving;  preservation  from  de- 
struction, danger  or  great  calamity. 

2.  Appropriately  in  theology,  the  redemp- 
tion of  man  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and 
liability  to  eternal  death,  and  the  confer- 
ring on  him  everlasting  happiness.  This 
is  the  greu(  salvation. 

Godly  sorrow  workcth  repentance  to  salvQ' 
tion.     2  for.  vii. 

3.  Deliverance  from  enemies;  victory.  Ex. 
xiv. 

4.  Remission  of  sins,  or  saving  graces.  Luko 
xix. 

>.  The  author  of  man's  salvaliiui.    Ps.  xxvii. 
Ci.  A  term  of  praise  or  benediction.     Rev. 

xix. 
SALV'ATORY,  n.  [Fr.  salvaloire.]  A  place 

where  things  are  preserved  ;  a  repository. 

HaU. 
S.\LVE,  n.  sao.  [Sax.  scal/'c  ;  from  L.  salvus.] 

1.  A  glutinous  conifiosilion  or  substance  to 
be  applied  to  vvoumls  or  sores  ;  when 
spread  on  lether  or  cloth,  it  is  called  a 
plaster. 

2.  Help;  remedy.  Hammond. 
S.\LVE,  v.  t.  sav.  To  heal  by  applications 

or  medicaments.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser.     Hooker. 


cannon  or  smal! 
by  shouts,  &c. 


arms,  by  striking  colors,  i2.  To  help  ;  to  remedy.     [Little  used.] 


Sidney. 


SAM 


SAN 


S  A  N 


3.  To  help  or  rcmetly  by  a  salvo,  excuse  oii  4 
reservation.     [Little  used.] 

Hooker.     Bacon. 

4.  To  salute.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
SAL'VER,  ?i.  A  piece  of  plate  with  a  loot  ; 

or  a  plate  on  which  any   thing  is  present- 
ed. Mdison.     Pope. 

SALVIF'le,  a.  [L.  salvus  ami /acio.]  Tend- 
ing to  save  or  secure  safety.  \A  bad  word 
and  not  used.]  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

SAL'VO,  7!.  [from  the  L.  salvo  jure,  an  ex- 
pression used  in  reserving  rights.]  An  e.x- 
ception  ;  a  reservation  ;  an  excuse. 

They  admit  many  salvos,  cautions  and  reser- 
vations. X.  Charles. 

SALVOR,  n.  One  who  saves  a  ship  or 
goods  at  sea.  H'h^aton's  Rep. 

SAMAR'ITAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Samaria, 
the  principal  city  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Is- 
rael, belonging  to  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  gjj\](j(j]vi 
and  after  the  captivity  of  those  trihe-s,  re- 
peopled  by  Cutliites  from  Assyria  or  Chal- 
dea. 

2.  Denoting  the  ancient  characters  and  al- 
phabet used  by  the  Hebrews. 

SAMAR'ITAN,  n.  .\n  inhabitant  of  Sama- 
ria, or  one  that  bel<ingcd  to  the  sect  which 
derived  their  appellation  from  that  city. 
The  Jews  had  no  dealings  with  the  Sa 
inaritans. 

2.  The  language  of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of 
the  Chaldean. 

S.\M'BO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a  black  per- 
son and  a  mulatto.  W.  Indies. 

SAME,  a.  [Sax.  same;  Goth,  soma,  samo ; 
Dan.  samtne,  same,  and  sammen,  together; 
Sw.  snr7ime,  same  ;  Dan.  snmler,  forsamler, 
to  collect,  to  assemble  ;  S w.  samla,forsmala. 
id.;  D.  zaam,  zamen,  together;  zameten 
to  assemble  ;  G.  sanuneln,  id. ;  Sax.  sa- 
mod,  L.  simul,  together;  Sax.  samnian, 
semnian,  to  nsseinble,  to  sum  ;  W.  sum, 
sum,  anjpiitude ;  swm,  the  state  of  being 
together  ;  swmer,  that  supports  or  keeps 
together,  a  beam,  Eng.  summer,  in  build- 
ing. We  observe  that  the  Greek  a^ia 
agrees  in  signification  with  the  L.  simul 
and  Sax.  samod.  Sans,  sam,  together. 
Shall  we  suppose  then  that  s  has  passed 
into  an  aspirate  in  this  word,  as  in  salt.  Gr. 
aXs,  or  has  the  Greek  word  lost  s  ?  The 
word  same  may  be  the  h.idem  or  dem,  dia 
lectically  varied.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  set,  to  place,  to  put  together.     See  Ar. 


Equal  ;  exactly  similar.  One  ship  will 
not  run  the  same  distance  as  another  in 
the  same  time,  and  with  the  same  wind. 
Two  balls  of  the  same  size  have  not  al- 
ways the  same  weight.  Two  instruments 
will  not  always  make  the  same  sound. 
SAME,  adv.  [Sax.  sam.]    Together.     Obs. 

Spenser. 

SA'MENESS,  n.  Identity;  the  state  of  be 

ing  not  different  or  other  ;  as  the  sameness 

of  an  unchangeable  being. 
2.   Near      resemblance  ;     correspondence 

similarity  ;  as  a  sameness   of  manner;   a 

sameness   of  sound ;  the  sameness  of  oh 

jects  in  a  landscape. 
Samian  earth.     [Gr.  Samos,  the   isle.]     The 

name  of  a  marl  of  two  species,  used  in 

medicine  as  an  astringent. 
SA'MIEL,  („    [Ar.    ,  ^^_    samom.  The 


•'.['■ 


f>*' 


Ar.     *.4.<w    signifies  to  be  thin,  or  to  be- 
come thin  or  pale,  and  to  suffer  the  heat 


of  the  simoom,  and 


signifies  to  poi 


^  ^    dhamma,  to  draw  together,  to  set 

together,  to  join,  to   collect.     Class   Sii 
No.  33.  and  see  No.  43.  44.] 
.  Identical ;  not  different  or  other. 

Thou  art  the  same,  and  thy  years  shall  have 
no  end.     Ps.  cii. 

The  Lord  Jesus,  the  same  night  in  which  he 
was  betrayed,  took  bread.  1  Cor.  xi. 
!.  Of  the  identical  kind  or  species,  though 
not  the  specific  thing.  VVe  say,  the  horse 
of  one  country  is  the  same  animal  as  the 
horse  of  another  country.  The  same 
plants  and  fruits  are  produced  in  the  some 
latitudes.  We  see  in  men  in  all  countries, 
the  same  passions  and  the  same  vices. 
Th'  etherial  vijior  is  in  all  the  same. 

Dryden. 
3.  That  was  mentioned  before. 

Do  Imt  Ibiiik  how  well  Uic  same  he  spends, 
Who  spends  his   blood  his  country  to  relievo. 

Daniel. 


son.     This   word   signifies   probably   that 
which  is  deleterious  or  destructive.] 

A  hot  and  destructive  wind  that  sometimes 
blows  in  Arabia. 

SAM'ITE,  7!.  [Old  Fr.]  A  species  of  silk 
stuff'.     Obs,  Chaucer. 

SAM'LET,  71.  A  little  saliuon.  Walton. 

SAMP,  71.  A  species  of  food  composed  of 
maiz  broken  or  bruised,  boiled  and  mixed 
with  milk ;  a  dish  borrowed  from  the  na- 
tives of  America,  but  not  much  used. 

J\"ew  England. 

SAMP'ANE,  n.  A  kind  of  vessel  used  by 
the  Chinese.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAM'PllIRp;,  7!.  [said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Saint  Pierre.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Crithmum.  The  g'oWfTi 
samphire  is  of  the  genus  Inula. 

Pam.  oj"  Plants. 

Samphire  grows  on  rocks  near  the  sea  shore, 
where  it  is  washed  by  the  salt  water.  It 
is  used  for  pickling.  Miller. 

SAMPLE,  71.  [L.  exemplum  ;  Sp.  Port,  tx 
emplo  ;  It.  esempio  ;  Fr.  eiemple  ;  Arm. 
egzempl  ;  Ir.  somplar,  samhtachas,  from 
samhail,  similar.] 

L  A  specimen  ;  a  part  of  any  thing  present 
ed  for  inspection  or  intended  to  be  shown 
as  evidence  of  the  quality  of  the  whole; 
as  a  sample  of  cloth  or  of  wheat.  Goods 
are  often  purchased  in  market  by  samples. 
I  design  this  as  a  sample  of  what  I  hope 
more  fully  to  discuss.  Ji'oodicard. 

2.  Example;  instance.  Mdison. 

SAM'PLE,  V.  t.  To  show  something  simi- 
lar. Ainsworth 

SAM'PLER,  71.  [L.  exemplar,  supra.]  A 
pattern  of  work;  a  specimen  ;  particular- 
ly, a  piece  of  needle  work  by  young  girls 
for  improvement.  Shak.     Pope. 

SAM'SON'S-POST,  n.  In  ships,  a  notched 
post  used    instead   of  a    ladder ;  al.'io, 
piece  of  titnber  that  forms  a  return  for  a 
tackle  fall.  Mar.  Dirt. 

SAN'ABLE,  a.   [L.  sanabiiis,  from  sano,  to 
leal;  sainis,  sound.     See  Sound.] 

That  may  be  healed  or  cured ;  susceptible 
of  remedy.  .More. 


SANA'TION,  71.  [L.  sanatio,  from  sa7io,  to 
heal.]  The  act  of  healing  or  curin". 
[J^ot  used.]  JVUemuri. 

SAN'ATiVE,  a.  [L.  .sojio,  to  heal.]  Havui-' 
the  |)owerto  cure  or  heal;  healing:  teud^ 
ing  to  heal.  "  Bacon. 

SAN'ATIVENESS,  ti.  The  power  of  heal- 
ing. 

SANc  TIFI€ATE,  v.  t.  To  sanctify.  [Mt 
in  use.]  Barrow. 

SAN€TIFI€A  TION,  ti.  [Fr.  from  Low  L. 
sanctificalio,  from  sanctijieo.  See  Sanctify.] 

1.  The  act  of  njaUing  holy.  In  an  evangel- 
ical sense,  the  act  ot  God's  grace  by  which 
the  affections  of  men  are  purified  or  al- 
ienated from  sin  and  the  world,  and  exalt- 
ed'to  a  supreme  love  to  God. 

God  hath  from  the  bei;irining  chosen  you  to 
salvation,  through  sunctification  of  the  Spiril 
and  beliel  of  the  Uutli.     2  Thess.  ii.     1   Pet.  i. 

2.  The  act  of  consecrating  or  of  setting 
apart  for  a  sacred  purpose  ;  consecration. 

Stillingjleet. 

SAN€'TIFIED,  pp.  Made  holy  ;  consecra- 
ted ;  set  apart  for  sacred  services. 

2.  Affectedly  holy.  Htime. 

SANC'TIFIER,  7i.  He  that  sanctifie.s  or 
makes  holy.  In  theology,  the  Holy  Spirit 
is,  by  way  of  eminence,  denominated  the 
Sanclifier. 

SANCTIFY,  v.t.  [Fr.  sanclifier;  It.  sn7i/t- 
ficare ;  Sp.  sanlificar ;  Low  L.  sanctifico  : 
from  sanctiis,  holy,  and/acio,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  cleanse,  purify  or 
make  holy.  Mdison. 

2.  To  separate,  set  apart  or  appoint  to  a  ho- 
ly, sacred  or  religious  use. 

God  blessed  the  seventh  day  and  sanctified 
it.     Gen.  ii. 

So  under  the  Jewish  dispensation,  to 
sanctify  the  altar,  the  temple,  the  priests, 
&c. 

3.  To  purify  ;  to  |)repare  for  divine  service, 
and  for  partaking  of  li'ly  things.    Ex.xix. 

4.  To  separate,  ordain  and  a|)point  to  the 
work  of  redemption  and  the  government 
of  the  church.     John  x. 

To  cleanse  from  corruption ;  to  purify 
from  sin  ;  to  make  holy  by  detaching  the 
afiectioiis  from  the  world  and  its  defile- 
ments, and  e.xahing  them  to  a  supreme 
love  to  God. 

Sanctify  Ihcm  through  thy  truth  ;  thy  word 
is  truth.     John  xvii.     Eph.  v. 
0.  To  make  the  means  of  holiness;  to  ren- 
der productive  of  holiness  or  piety. 

Those  judsmenis  of  God  are  the  more  wel- 
come, as  a  means  which  his  mercy  halh  sanc- 
tified so  to  me,  as  to  make  me  repent  of  that 
unjust  act.  A'.  Charles. 

7.  To  make  free  from  guilt. 
That  holy  man,  amaz'd  at  what  he  saw, 
Made  baste  to  sanctify  the  bliss  by  law. 

Dryden. 

8.  To  .secure  from  violation. 
Truth  guards  the  poet,  sanctifies  the  line. 

Pope. 

To  sanctify  God,  to  praise  and  celebrate  him 
as  a  holy  being:  to  acknowledge  and 
honor  his  holy  majesty,  and  to  reverence 
his  chanicter  and  laws.     Is.  viii. 

God  sanctifies  himself  ki  his  name,  by  vindi- 
cating his  honor  from  the  rcjiroaches  of 
the  wicked,  and  manifcsling  his  glory. 
Ezek.  xx.wi. 

SANCTIFYING,  /);)»■,  Making  holy;  pu- 
riljiug  from  the  defilements  of  sin:  sepa- 
ratinir  to  a  holv  use. 


SAN 

2.  a.  Tending  to  sanctify;  adapted  to  in- 
crease holiness. 

SANtTIMO'NIOUS,  a.  [L.  sanctimonia, 
from  sanctus,  holy.] 

Saintly;  having  the  appearance  of  sanctity; 
as  a  sanctimonious  pretense.     L'Estrange. 

SANCTIMONIOUSLY,  adv.  With  sancti- 

SANCTIMO'NIOUSNESS,  n.  State  of  be- 
ing sunctitnoiiious ;  sanctity,  or  the  ap- 
pearance of  it ;  dcvoutness. 

SANCTIMONY,  n.  [L.  sanctimonia.]  Ho- 
liness; devoutness;  scrnpulous  austerity  ; 
sanctity,  or  the  appearance  of  it.  [Liltle 
used.]  Shak.     Raleifch 

SANCTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sanctio,  from 
sanctus,  holy,  solemn,  established.] 

1.  Ratification  ;  an  official  act  of  a  superior 
by  which  he  ratifies  and  gives  validity  to 
the  act  of  some  other  person  or  body.  A 
treaty  is  not  valid  without  the  sanction  of 
the  president  and  senate. 

2.  Authority ;  confirmation  derived  from 
testimony,  character,  influence  or  custom. 

The  stiictcst  professors  of  reason  have  added 
the  sanction  of  their  testimony.  IValts. 

3.  A  law  or  decree.     [Improper.]       Denham. 
SANCTION,  V.  t.  To   ratify  ;  to  confirm  ; 

to  give  validity  or  authority  to.         Burke. 

SANCTIONED,  ;)p.  Ratified;  confirmed; 
authorized. 

SANCTIONING,  ppr.  Ratifying ;  author- 
izing. 

SANCTITUDE,  n.  [h.  sanctus,  sanctitudo.] 
Holiness;  sacredness.  Milton. 

SAN€'TITY,  n.  [L.  sanclitas.]  Holiness; 
state  of  being  sacred  or  holy.  Gnd  at- 
tributes no  sanctity  to  place.  Milton. 

2.  Goodness;  purity;  godliness;  as  the 
sanctity  of  love  ;  sanctity  of  manners. 

Shak.     Addison 

3.  Sacredness ;  solemnity ;  as  the  sanctity 
of  an  oath. 

4.  A  saint  or  holy  being. 

About  him  alltlie  sanctities  of  heav'n — 
{rniisval]  Milton 

SANC'TUARIZE,   i'.   t.    [from  sanctuary. 
To  shelter  by  means  of  a  sanctuary  or  sa- 
cred privileges.  \ji  bad  word  and  not  used.] 

Sliak. 
SANCTUARY,  n.  (Fr.  sancluaire  ;  It.  Sp. 
saritiKirio ;   L.  sanctuarium,  from  sanctus, 
sacred.] 

1.  A  sacred  place  ;  particularly  among  the 
Israelites,  the  most  retired  part  of  the 
temple  at  Jerusalem,  calleil  the  Holy  of 
Holies,  in  which  was  kept  the  ark  of  the 
covenant,  and  into  which  no  person  was 
permitted  to  enter  except  the  high  priest, 
and  tliat  only  once  a  year  to  intercede  for 
the  people.  The  same  name  was  given 
to  the  most  sacred  part  of  the  tabernacle. 
Lev.  iv.     Heb.  ix. 

2.  The  temple  at  .Jerusalem.     2  Chron.  xx. 

3.  A  house  consecrated   to  the  worship  of 
Gnd  ;  a  place  where  divine  service  is  per 
formed.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

Hence  sanctuary  is  used  for  a  church. 

4.  In  catholic  churches,  that  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed,  encompassed 
with  a  ballnstrade.  Encyc. 

5.  A  place  of  protection  ;  a  sacred  asylum, 
Hence  a  sanctuary-maji  is  one  that  resorts 
to  a  sanctuary  for  protection. 

Bacon.    Shak 

6.  Shelter;  protection. 

Vol.  11. 


SAN 

Some  relics  of  painting  took  sanctuary  under 
ground.  Dryden 

SAND,   n.    [Sax.   G.   Sw.   Dan.  sand;    D 
Zand.] 

1.  Any  mass  or  collection  of  fine  particles 
of  stone,  particularly  of  fine  particles  of 
silicious  stone,  but  not  strictly  reduced  to 
powder  or  dust. 

That  finer  matter  called  sarul,  is  no  other 
than  very  small  pebbles.  IVoodward. 

2.  Sands,  in  the  plural,  tracts  of  land  con- 
sisting of  sand,  like  the  ileserts  of  Arabia 
and  Africa  ;  as  tlie  Lybian  sands.     Milton. 

SAND,  V.  t.  To  sprinkle  willi  sand.  It  is 
customary  among  the  conjmon  people  in 
Aiiierica,'to  sand  their  floors  with  white 
sand. 

2.  To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 

SAN'DAL,  n.  [Fr.  sandale ;  It.  sandalo  , 
Sp.  sandalia  ;  L.  sandalium  ;  Gr.  cavba- 
%iov.  Qu.  Syr.  j.^]  san,  to  shoe.  Class 
Sn.  No.  9.]  '^ 

1.  A  kind  of" shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fas- 
tened to  the  foot.  The  Greek  and  Ro- 
man ladies  wore  sandals  made  of  a  ricli 
stuff,  ornamented  with  gold  or  silver. 

Pope.     Encyc. 

2.  A  shoe  or  slipper  worn  by  the  pope  and 
otiicr  Romish  prelates  when  they  offi- 
ciate. A  like  sandal  is  worn  by  several 
congregations  of  monks.  Encyc. 

SAN'ioAL,  )  5 

SAN'DAL-WQOD,    [    n.    [Ar.      ULa>^; 
SAN'DERS,  i  ^, 

O     J    O  J 

Pcrs.     J^.\;.=.    jondul.] 

A  kind  of  wood  which  grows  in  the  East  In- 
dies and  on  some  of  the  isles  of  the  Pa 
cific.  It  is  of  three  kinds,  the  white,  the 
yellow,  and  the  red.  The  tree  which 
(aodiices  the  two  former  is  of  the  genus 
Santalum.  It  grows  to  the  size  of  a  wal- 
nut tree.  Its  wood  has  a  bitter  taste  and 
an  aromatic  smell.  The  oriental  nations 
burn  it  in  tijcir  houses  for  the  sake  of  its 
tnigraiit  odor,  and  with  the  powder  of  it  a 
paste  is  prepared,  with  which  they  anoint 
their  biddies.  Tlii'  white  and  the  yellow 
sandal-wood  are  different  parts  of  the 
same  tree  ;  the  while  is  the  wood  next  to 
the  bark  ;  the  yellow  is  the  inner  part  of 
the  tree.  The  red  sandal-wood  isi>btaiii- 
ed  liiiiii  a  difleient  tree,  the  Ptemcarpu.t 
santolitius.  It  is  of  a  dull  red  color,  has 
little  taste  or  smell,  and  is  principally  used 
as  a  coloring  drug.  Encyc.     Parr. 

SAN'DARA€,     f        ,. 

SAN'DARA€H,  ^  "•    ^^' 

sandros.] 


sandaraca ;     Ar 


1  4^  A't 


U~5J 

A  resin  in  white  tears,  more  transparent 
than  those  of  mastic  ;  obtained  from  the 
juniper  tree,  in  which  it  occupies  the 
place  between  the  bark  and  the  unod.  It 
is  used  in  powder  to  prevent  ink  from 
.sinking  or  s|jieadiiig.  This  is  the  sub 
stance  denoted  by  the  Arabic  word,  and 
it  is  also  called  rarnish,  as  it  enters  into 
the  preparations  of  varnish.  For  distinc 
tion,  this  is  called  gum  sandarac  or  sanda- 
ric.  Fourcroy. 

The  sanilaiach  is  obtained  from  tli 
TIntya  artirvlnta.  (Thomson  ;)  from  the  Ju 
7iiperus  cedrus,  {Parr  ) 

63 


SAN 

2.  A  native  fossil ;  also,  a  combination  ol' 

arsenic  and  sulphur;  orpiineiit. 

J^lcholson.     Encyc. 
SAND'-BAG,  n.  A   bag   filled  with   sand; 

used  in  fortification. 
SAND'-BATH,  7i.  A  bath  made  by  warm 

sand,  with  wliicli  sometliing  is  enveloped. 
SAND'-BLIND,     a.    Having    a   defect    of 

sight,  by  means  of  which  small  particles 

appear  to  fly  before  the  eyes.  Shak. 

SAND'-BOXJ  n.  A  box  with  a  perforated 

top  or   cover,  for  sprinkling  paper  with 

sand. 
2.  A  tree  or  plant  of  the  genus  Hiira.     It  is 

said  that   the   pericarp  of  the  fruit   will 

I     burst  in  the  heat  of  the  day  with  a   h'ud 

I     report,  and  throw  the  seeds  to  a  distance. 

Fam.  of  Plants.     Miller. 

SAND'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as  a 

sanded  floor. 

2.  a.  Covered  with  sand  ;  barren. 

Mortimer. 

3.  Marked  with  small  spots ;  variegated 
with  spots  ;  speckled  ;  of  a  sandy  color, 
as  a  hound.  Shak. 

'A.  Short  sighted.  Shak. 

SAND'-EEL,  Ji.  Theammodyte,  a  fish  that 
resembles  an  eel.  It  seldom  exceeds  a 
foot  ill  length ;  its  head  is  compressed, 
the  upper  jaw  larger  than  the  under  one, 
the  body  cylindrical,  with  scales  hardly 
perceptible.  There  is  one  species  oulj,  a 
native  of  Europe.  It  cods  with  its  head 
in  the  center,  and  penetrates  into  the 
sand  ;  whence  its  name  in  Greek  and  Eng- 
lish.    It  is  delicate  food.  Encyc. 

SAND'ERLING,  n.  A  bird  of  the  plover 
kind.  Carew. 

SANDERS.  [See  Sandal.] 

SAN'DEVER,/        [Fr.   sain   de    verve,    ox 

iSAN'DIVER,  ^  "'  saint  de  rerre,  dross  or 
recrement  of  glass.] 

Glass-gall  ;  a  whitish  salt  which  is  cast  up 
from  the  materials  of  glass  in  fusion,  and 
floating  on  the  top,  is  skimmed  off.  A 
similar  substance  is  thrown  out  in  erup- 
tions of  volcanoes.  It  is  used  by  gilders 
of  iron,  and  in  the  fusion  of  certain  ores. 
It  is  said  to  be  good  for  cleansing  the 
skin,  and  taken  internally,  is  detergent. 

Encyc. 

SAND'-FLOOD,  n.  A  vast  body  of  sand 
moving  or  borne  along  the  deserts  of  .Ara- 
bia. Bruce. 

SAND -HEAT,  n.  The  heat  of  warm  sand 
in  chimical  operations. 

SAND'INESS,  n.  [(rom  sandy.]  The  state 
(if  being  sandy  ;  as  the  sandiness  of  a  road. 

2.  The  state  of  being  of  a  sandy  color. 

SAND'ISH,  a.  [from  sand.]  Approaching 
the  nature  of  sand  ;  loose;  not  compact. 

Evelyn. 

SAND'IX,  n.  A  kind  of  minium  or  red  had, 
made  of  ceruse,  but  inferior  to  the  true 
niiiiiuin.  Encyc. 

SAND  PIPER,  n.  A  bird  of  the  geiius 
Tringa. 

SAND'STONE,  n.  [sand  anA  stone.]  Sand- 
stone is,  in  most  cases,  composed  chiefly 
of  grains  of  quartz  united  by  a  cement, 
calcarious,  marly,  argillaceous,  or  even 
silicious.  The  texture  of  sonic  kintis  is 
loose,  of  (libel's  close ;  tlie  fracture  is 
granular  orcarthy.  Cleaveland. 

Sandstones  usually  consist  of  the  niate- 

1    rials  of  older  rocks,  as  granite,  broken  up 


SAN 


SAP 


SAP 


and  comminuted,  and  afterwards  deposit 
ed  aiiaiii.  D.  Olmsted. 

SAND-WORT,  n.  A  plant. 

SAND'V,  a.  [Sax.  sanUig.]  Abounding  with 
sand;  full  of  sand  ;  covered  or  sprinkled 
with  sand  ;  as  a  sandy  desert  or  plain ;  a 
sandy  mad  or  soil. 

2.  Consistinir  of  sand  ;  not  firm  or  solid  ;  as 
a  sandy  foundation. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand  ;  of  a  yellowish  red 
color;  as  sandy  hair. 

SANE,  a.  [L.  sanus,  Eng.  sound;  D.gtzond; 
G.  gesund.  This  is  the  Eiig.  sound,  Sax. 
sund.     See  Sound.] 

1.  Sound  ;  not  disordered  or  shattered ; 
healthy  ;  as  a  sane  body. 

9.  Sound;  not  disordered  ;  having  the  regu- 
larexercise  of  reason  and  other  facidtiesof 
the  mind  ;  as  a  sane  person  ;  a  person  of  a 
sane  mind. 

SANG,  pret.  of  sing. 

SANG  FROID,  n.  [Fr.  cold  blood.]  Cool- 
ness ;  freedom  from  agitation  or  excite- 
ment of  mind. 

2.  Indifference. 

SAN'(iIA€,  n.  A  Turkish  governor  of  a 
province. 

SANGUJF'EROUS,  a.  [h.  sangiiifer  ;  san- 
guis, blood,  and fero,  to  carry.] 

Conveying  blood.  The  sanguiferous  vesseks 
are  the  arteries  and  veins. 

SANGUIFI€A'T10N,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  san- 
guis, blood,  ami  facio,  to  make.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  the  production  of 
blood  ;  the  conversion  of  chyle  into  blood. 

Jlrbuthnot. 

SAN'GUIFIER,  n.  A  producer  of  blood. 

Ftoyer. 

SANGUIF'LUOUS,  a.  [L.  sanguis,  blooil, 
and  Jluo,  to  flow.]  Floating  or  running 
with  blood. 

SAN'GUIFY,  v.i.  To  produce  blood.  Hale. 

SAN'GUIFVING,  pjir.  Producing  blood. 

SAN'GUINARY,  a.  [Fr.  sntiguinaire ;  L. 
sanguinarius,  from  sanguis,  blood.] 

1.  Bloody ;  attended  with  much  bloodshed  ; 
murderous  ;  as  a  sanguinary  war,  contest 
or  battle. 

2.  Blood  thirsty  ;  cruel ;  eager  to  shed  blood. 

Passion — makes  us  brutal  and  sang^iinary. 

Broome 
SAN'GUINARY,  n.  A  plant.        Ainsworth 
SAN'GUINE,  ?        [Fr.   sanguin; 
SAN'GUIN,     \  "'  guineas,    from 
blood.] 

1.  Red;  having  the  color  of  blood  ;  as  a  san- 
guine color  or  countenance. 

Dryden.     Milton 

2.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric  ;  as  a 
sanguine  h.ibit  of  body. 

•3.  Warm  ;  ardent;  as  a  sanguine  temper. 

4.  Confident.  He  is  sanguine  in  his  expect- 
atiiins  of  success. 

SAN'GUINE,  n.  Blood  color.  [JVotinuse.] 

Spenser. 
SAN'GUINE,  t'.   t.    To   staia   with    bloo.l. 

[But  ensanguine  is  generally  uj^ed.] 
2.  To  stain  or  varnish  with  a  blood  color. 
SAN'GUINELES!^,  a.  Destitute  of  blood: 

pale.     [A  bad  word  and  tittle  used.] 
SAN'GUINELY,  adv.  Ardently;  with  con 

fiilence  of  success.  Chesterfield. 

PAN'GUINF.NESS,  n.  Redness;    color  of 

blood    III   tho   skin ;    as   sanguineness  of 

countenance. 


L.  sail- 
sanguis. 


2.  Fullness  of  blood;  plethory ;  assanguine- 

ness  of  habit. 
'■i.  Ardor;  heal  of  temper;  confidence. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
SANGUIN'EOUS,      a.      [L.    sanguineus.] 

1.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric. 

Arbulhnot. 

2.  Constituting  blood.  Brown. 
SANGUIN'ITY,  for  sanguineness,  is  nut  in 

use.  Swift. 

SAN'OUISUoE,  n.  [L.  sanguisuga;  san- 
liuis,  blood,  and  sugo,  to  suck.] 

The  blood-sucker  ;  a  leech,  or  horse  leech. 

Encyc. 

SAN'HEDRIM,  n.  [Low  L.  synedriu'm ; 
Gr.  rtmibfiiov;  aw,  with,  together,  and  cAjJa, 
seat.] 

The  great  council  of  seventy  elders  among 
the  Jews,  whose  jurisdiction  extended  to 
all  important  affairs.  They  received  ap- 
peals from  inferior  tribunals,  and  had 
power  of  life  and  death.  Encyc. 

SAN'IeLE,  n.  [from  L.  sano,  to  heal.] 
Self-heal,  a  plant  or  genus  of  plants,  the 
Sanicula  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Sax- 
ifraga.  The  American  bastard  sanicle  is 
of  tlie  genus  Mitella,  and  the  iear's  ear 
sanicle  of  the  genus  Cortusa. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

SANID'lUM,  n.  A  genus  of  fossils  of  the 
class  of  selenites,  composed  of  plain  flat 
plates  Encyc. 

SA'NIES,  n.  [L.]  A  thin  acrid  discharge 
from  wounds  or  sores ;  a  serous  matter, 
less  thick  and  white  than  pus. 

Coj-e.     Encyc. 

SA'NIOUS,  a.  [from  sanies.]  Pertaining 
to  sanies,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and 
appearance;  thin;  serous;  as  the  sanions 
matter  of  an  ulcer. 

2.  Running  a  thin  serous  matter;  iis  a  sani- 
ous  nicer.  ffiseman. 

SAN'ITY,  n.  [L.  sanilas.  See  Sane.] 
Soundness;  particularly,  a  sound  state  of 
mi"d  ;  the  state  of  a  mind  in  the  perfect 
exercise  of  reason.  Shuk. 

SANK,  pret.  oi'sink,  but  nearly  obsolete. 

SAN'NAH,  n.  The  name  of  certain  kinds 
of  India  muslins. 

SANS,  prep.   [Fr.]  Without.  Shak. 

SAN'SCRIT,  n.  [According  to  H.  T.  Cole- 
brooke,  Sanscrit  signifies  the  polished 
dialect.  It  is  sometimes  written  .Shanscrit, 
and  in  other  ways.     Asiat.  Res.  7,200.] 

The  ancient  language  of  llindoostan,  from 
which  are  formed  all  the  modern  lan- 
guages or  dialects  of  the  great  peninsula 
of  India.  It  is  the  language  of  the  Bra 
mills,  and  in  this  are  written  the  ancient 
books  of  the  country  ;  hut  it  is  now  obso- 
lete. It  is  from  the  same  stuck  as  the 
ancient  Persic,  Greek  and  Latin,  and  all 
the  present  languages  of  Europe. 

SANTER.  [See  Saunter.] 

SANT'ON,  n.  A  Turkish  i>riest  ;  a  kind  of 
ilervis,  regarded  by  the  vulgar  as  a  saint. 

Herbert. 

SAP,  n.  [Sax.  Sffi/>;  D.  zap;  G.  saft ;  Sw 
snft.safvc;  \)ai\.  saft, save;  Fr.  sere  ;  Arm 
sabr ;  probably  from  softness  or  flow- 
ing. Qu.  Pera.    ^j  \    zabah,  a  flowing. 

1.  The  juice  of  plants  of  any  kind,  which 
flows  chiefly  between  the  wood  and  the 


bark.  From  the  sap  of  a  species  of  ma- 
ple, is  made  sugar  of  a  good  quality  by 
evaporation. 

2.  The  alburnum  of  a  tree  ;  the  exterior 
part  of  the  wood,  next  to  the  bark.  [A 
sense  in  general  use  in  J^ew  England.] 

SAP,  V.  t.  [Fr.  saper ;  It.  zappare ;  Arm. 
sappa  ;  It.  zappa,  a  spade  ;  zappone,  a  mat- 
toe.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  dig 
or  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  undertnine  ;  to  subvert  by  digging  or 
wearing  away  ;  to  mine. 

Iheir  dwellings  were  sapp'd  by  floods. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  undermine  ;  to  subvert  by  removing 
the  foundation  of  Discontent  saps  the 
foundation  of  happiness.  Intrigue  and 
corruption  sap  the  constitution  of  a  free 
government. 

SA  P,  V.  i.  To  proceed  by  mining,  or  by  s«- 
cretly  undermining. 

Both  assaults  are  carried  on  by  sapping. 

Tatter 

SAP,  n.  In  sieges,  a  trench  for  undermin- 
ing ;  or  an  approach  made  to  a  fortified 
place  by  digging  or  under  cover.  The 
single  sap  has  only  a  single  parapet ;  the 
double  has  one  on  each  side,  and  the -fly- 
ing is  made  with  gabions,  &c.  In  all  saps, 
traverses  are  left  to  cover  the  men. 

Encyc. 

SAP'AJO,  n.  The  sapajos  form  a  division 
of  the  genus  Simla,  including  such  of  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  prehetisile 
tails.  Encyc. 

,SAP'-€OLOR,  n.  An  expressed  vegetable 
juice  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation,  for 

'     the  use  of  painters,  as  sap-green,  &c. 

1^  Parke. 

SAP'ID,  a.  [L.  sapidus,  from  sapio,  to 
taste.] 

Tasteful  ;  tastable  ;  having  the  power  of  af- 
fecting the  organs  of  taste  ;  as  sapid  wa- 
ter. Brawn.     Arbutknot. 

SAPID'ITY,      I       Taste  ;  tastefulness ;  sa- 

SAP'IDNESS,  ^  "•  vor;  the   quality   of  af- 

i  fecting  the  organs  of  taste  ;  as  the  sapid- 
ncss  of  water  or  fruit.  Boyle. 

SA'PIENCE,    n.    [Fr.   from     L.  sapientia, 

I     from  sapio.  to  taste,  to  know.] 

Wisdom,  sageness  ;  knowledge. 
—  Still  ha-:  ijratitiide  and  sapience 
To  spare  tlie  folks  tiiat  give  him  ha'  pence. 

Swift. 

S.\'PIENT,  a.  Wise  ;  sage  ;  discerning. 
There  the  sa2iient  king  held  dalliance. 

Milton. 

SAPIEN'TIAL.    a.    Affording  wisdom    or 

instructions  for  vvisdoiu.    |  Aci(  vnirh  used.] 

Bp.  Richardson. 

!SAP'LESS,  a.  [IVom  .sao.]  Destitute  of  sap; 
as  a  sapless  tree  or  branch. 

Swift.     Shak. 

2.  Dry;  old;  husky;  as  a  sapless  usurer. 

I  Dryden. 

SAP'LING,  n.  [from  sa;?.]  A  young  tree. 
Nurse  the  .'iaplin^s  tall.  Milton. 

SAPONA'CEOUS.  a.  [from  L.  sapo,  .soap.] 
Soa|>y  ;  rcsrmbling  soap;  having  the  qual- 
ities of  soap.  Saponaceous  bodies  are  of- 
ten foiiiied  by  oil  and  alkali. 

,SAP'ONARV,"n.  Saponaceous. 

jSAPONIFlCA'TION,    n.    Conversion  into 

1     soap. 

jSAPON'IFY,  V.  t.  [L.  sapo,  soap,  and  facia, 

I     to  make.] 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


To  convert  into  soap  by  combination  with 

nn  alkali.  Ure. 

SAP'ONULE,  n.  A  combination  of  volatile 

or  essential  oil  with  some  base. 
SA'POR,  n.  [L.]  Taste  ;  savor  ;  relish;  the 
power  of  affecting  the  organs  of  taste. 
'I'lieie  is  some  sap</r  in  all  alimeuW. 

Brown. 

SAPORIF'IC,  a.  [Fr.  saporifique ;  from  L. 
aapnr  and/acto,  to  make.] 

Having  the  power  to  produce  taste  ;  prortu- 
cin"  taste.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

SAPOROS'ITY,  n.  The  quality  of  a  body 
by  which  it  excites  the  sensation  of  taste. 

SA'POROUS,  a.  Having  taste;  yiel.ling 
some  kind  of  taste.  Bailey. 

SAPO'TA,  ».  In  botany,  a  tree  or  plant  of 
the  genus  Achras. 

SAPPADIL'LO  TREE,  >       A  tree  of  tlie 

SAPADIL'LO-TREK,     S      genus  Sloanea 
Fatn.  of  Plants.     Lee 

SAP'PARE,  n.  A  mineral  or  species  oil 
earth,  the  kyanite ;  called  by  HaOy,  dis- 
thene.  Ure. 

SAP'PED,  pp.  Undermined  ;  subverted. 

SAP' PER,  Ji.  One  wlio  sai)s.  In  an  army 
sappers  and  minors  are  employed  in  work- 
ing at  saps,  to  protect  soldiers  in  their  ap- 
proach to  a  besieged  place,  or  to  under- 
mine the  works. 

SAPPHIC,  o.  snfic.  Pertaining  to  Sappho, 
a  Grecian  poetess ;  as  Sapphic  odes  ;  Sap- 
phic verse.  The  Sapphic  verse  consists 
of  eleven  syllables  in  live  feet,  of  which 
the  first,  fourth  and  fifth  are  trochees,  the 
second  a  spondee,  and  the  third  a  dactyl 
in  the  first  three  lines  of  each  stanza,  with 
a  fourth  consisting  only  of  a  dactyl  and  a 
spondee. 

SAP'PHIRE,  n.  [L.  sapphirus  ;  Gr.  aartfet- 


scornfully  severe  ; 


pos ;  from  the  Ar. 


safara,  to  scrape. 


to  shine,  to  be  fair,  open,  beautiful  ;  Ch. 
Syr.  Sam.  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 
A  species  of  silicious  gems  or  minerals,  of 
several  varieties.  In  hardness  it  is  infcri 
or  to  the  diamond  only.  Its  colors  are 
blue,  red,  violet,  yellow,  green,  white,  or 
limpid,  and  one  variety  is  chatoyant,  and 
another  asteriated  or  radiated. 

C'leavdand. 
Sapphire  is  a  subspecies  of  rhomboidal 
corundum.  Ure.     Jameson. 

The  oriental   ruby  and  topaz  are  sap- 
phires. Ure.'i 
Sapphire   is   employed   in  jewelry  and 
the  arts.  I 
.SAP'PllIRINE,   a.    Resembling   sappliire;; 
made  of  sapphire;  Iraving  the  qualities  of 
sapphire.                                                Boyle. 
SAP'PINESS,  n.  [from  sappy.]    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  full  of  sap ;  succulence  ; 
juiciness. 
SAP'PY,  a.  [Sax.  S(i:pig.]    Abounding  with 
sap  ;  juicy  ;  succulent.                   Mortimer. 

2.  Young  ;  not  firm  ;  weak. 

Wlicn  he  had  passed  this  weak  and  sappy 
age —  Hayward. 

3.  Weak  in  intellect.  | 
SAP'PY,     a.    [Qu.   Gr.   arjnu,   to  putrefy.]: 

Mnstv  ;  iainted.     [.\'otin  use.] 
SAR'ABAND,  n.  [Sp.  znrahanda  ;  Port.  It. 

snrnbanda  ;  Fr.  sarabande.] 
A  dance  and  a  tune  used  in  Spain,  said  to 

be  derived  from  the  Sarai'ens. 

Sp.  Did.    Encyc. 


SARACEN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sara-iSARCOPH'AcY,  n.  [supra.]  The  practicL 

"      j     of  eating  flesh.  Broiim. 

SAR€OT'l€,  o.  [Gr.  aap?,   flesh.)    In  sur- 
j     l^ery,  producing  or  generating  tiesh. 
|SAR€OT'l€,  JI.  A  medicnie  or  application 
which  promotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an 
I     incarnative.  C'oie. 

S'ARI)A€HATE,  n.  The  clouded  and  spot- 
ted agate,  of  a  pale  flesh  color. 
S'ARDAN,  71.  A  fish  resembling  the   her- 
ring. Did.  .Vat.  Hist. 
S\\RDE,       ?  ^    A   mineral,    a    variety    of 
S'AKDOIN,^    ■  carnelian,    which  displays 
on  its  surface   a   rich  reddish   brown,  hut 
when  held  between  the  eye  and  the  light, 
appears  of  a  deep  blood  red.  Ure. 
SWRDEL,    i       [L.   sardius;    Gr.   aofBiop; 
S'ARUINE,  >  n.  from  Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor, 
iS'ARDIUS,  )       now    Sart.]       A    precious 
!     stone.     One  of  this  kind  wasset  in  Aaron's 
breastplate.     Ex.  xxviii. 

S.^RDO'NI.AN,  )       Sardonian   or  sardonic 
SARUON'l€,     S       laughter,  a   cnvni^ive 
involuntary  laughter,  so  called  from    the 
herba  sardonia,  a  species  of  ranunculus, 
which  is  said  to  produce  such  convulsive 
I     motions  in  the  cheeks  and  lips  as  are  ob- 
.served  during  a  fit  of  lauglilcr.         Encyc. 
SARDON'Ie,  a.  Denoting  a  kind  of  linen 
made  at  Colchis.  Bryant. 

S'ARDONYX,  Ji.  [\i.  sardonychts,  frmnGr. 
.     oa|)6o>v|,  from  Sardis,  a  city'of  Asia  Minor, 
and  oit|,  a  nail;  so  named,  according  to 
Pliny,  from  the  resemblance  of  its  color  to 
!     the  flesh  under  the  nail.     Plin.  Lib.  37.  6.] 
A  silicious  stone  or    gem,    nearly   allied  to 
1     carnelian.     Its  color  is  a  reddish  yellow, 
I     or  nearly  orange.     We  are  informed  that 
I     the  yellow  or  orange  colored  agate,  with 
I     an  undulating  surface,  is  now  olten  called 
sanlony.v.  Encyc.     Ckavtland. 

S' ARGUS,  n.  A  fish  of  ihcMcditpnancan, 
whose  bod}'  is  vaiiegated  with  brown 
transverse  rings,  resembling  the  variega- 
tions of  the  percli.  This  is  also  a  naiiip  of 
the  gardon.  Diet. 

S'ARK,  ?i.  [Sax.  si/rc]  In  Scotland, a  shirt. 
i2.  A  shark.     [Xol  used.] 
S'ARL.\C,  n.  The  grunting  ox  of  Tartary. 
iSARMA'TIAN,  /      Pertaininff  to  Sarmatia 
iSARMAT'Ie,     S      ""'I  its  inhabitants,  the 

ancestorsof  the  Russians  and  Poles. 
SARiMENT'OUS,  a.   [L.  sanncnlosus,  from 

sarmentum,  a  twig.] 

\  sarmentous  stem,  in  botany,  is  one  lliat  is 

filiform  and  almost  naked,  or  having  only 

leaves  in  bunches  at   the  joints  or  knots, 

«  here  it  strikes  root.  Marlyn. 

SARON'IC,  a.  Denoting  a  gulf  of  Greece 

between  Attica  and  Sparta.         D\'lnviUe. 

IS'ARPLAR,  71.  A  sarjilar  of  wool  is  a  sack 

j     containing  80  tod  ;    a  tod   contains  two 

I     stone  of  14  pounds  each.  Encyc. 

SARPLIER,    n.    [Fr.  serpillihe.]    Canvas, 

i     or  a  packing  cloth.  Bailey. 

SAR'ASIN,        t  ^^    A  plant,  a  kind  of  birth 

^    ■  wort. 


cens,   inhabitants   of    Arabia  ;    so   called 
from  sara,  a  desert. 

'i.  Denoting  the  architecture  of  the  Sara- 
cens, the  modern  Gothic.  Johnson. 

SAR'AGtJY,  n.  The  opossutn  of  the  Mo- 
lucca isles. 

S'.'VRCASM,  7!.  [L.  sarcasmus ;  Gr.  aapxat- 
jioi,  from  ffttpxa^'u,  to  deride  or  sneer  at, 
primarily  to  llay  or  phick  olf  the  skin.] 

A  keen  reproachful  expression  ;  a  satirical 
remark  or  expression,  uttered  with  some 
degree  of  scorn  or  contempt ;  a  taunt ;  a 
gibe.  Of  this  wo  have  an  example  in  the 
remark  of  the  Jews  respei-ting  Christ,  on 
the  cross,  '•  He  saved  others,  himself  he 
cannot  save 

SAR€AS'Tle,         X        Bitterly    satirical  ; 

SARCAS'TICAL,  S   "'  sci      " 
taunting 

What  a  fierce  anil  sarcastic  reprehension 
would  this  h'ive  drawn  from  the  friendship  ol 
the  world  !  South 

SARCAS'TICALLY,  adv.  In  a  sarcastic 
manner  ;  with  scornful  satire.  South 

S'ARCF^NET,  7i.  [(in.  saracenicum  or  Sar- 
acen, silk.]  A  species  of  fine  thin  woven 
silk.  Dryden. 

S>AR€OCELE,  n.  [Gr.  uap?,  flesh,  and  xtjXt;, 
tumor.] 

A  spurious  rupture  or  hernia,  in  which  the 
testicle  is  swelleil  or  indurated,  like  a 
scirrhus,  or  enlarged  by  a  fleshy  excres- 
cence much  beyond  its  natural  size. 

Encyc. 

S'ARCOCOL,         I      [Gr.   compounded  of 

S^ARCOeOL'LA,  ^  "'oapl,  flesh,  and  xowa, 
glue.] 

A  semi-transparent  solid  substance,  import- 
ed from  Arabia  and  Persia  in  grains  of  a 
light  yellow  or  red  color.  It  is  sometimes 
called  a  gum  rosin,  as  it  partakes  of  the 
qualitiesof  boih  gum  and  resin.  It  has  its 
name  from  its  use  in  healing  wounds  and 
ulcers.  Encyc. 

SAReOLITE,  71.  [flesh-stone.]  A  siib- 
stance  of  a  vilieons  nature,  and  of  a  rose 
flesh  color,  fonnd  near  Vesuvius.  The 
French  call  it  hydrolite,  water  stone. 

Did.  JVal.  Hist. 
Sarcolite  is  a  variety  of  analcime. 

Ure. 
a.    Pertaining  to  sar- 

[Gr.   (jopi,    flesh,  and 


SARCOLOG'ICAL 

oology. 
SARCOL'OtiY,    71 

xoyoj,  discourse.] 
Tliat  pait  of  anatomy   which  treats  of  the 

soft  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  muscles,  fat 

intestines,  vessels,  «tc.  Encyc 

SARCO'MA,  71.  [Gr.  from  sapl,  flesh.]  Any 

fleshy  excrescence  on  an  animal  boily. 

Encyc. 
SAR€OPH'AGOUS,  a.  [See  Sarcophagus.] 

Feeding  on  flesh;  flesh-eating.  Diet. 

SAR€OPH'AGUS.  ?j.  [L.  from  Gr.aopxo^a- 

yo;  ;  aap?,  flesh,  and  ^a-yu,  to  eat.] 
I.  .\  species  of  stone  used  among  the  Greek: 


vt 


Bailey. 
A  plant,  a  species 


f  Sniilax,  valued 


their  sculptures,   which   was  .so    called ^•'^•^^■'^''I'^E, 
because  it  consumed  the   flesh   of  liddiesj--  ^  Pcrtcullis  or  herse 
dejii'silod  in  it  within  a   few  weeks.     It  is  SWRSA, 
otherwise    callcrl   lapis  Assius,  and   saidi  S'.ARS.AP.^RIL'L.A 

to  be   found  at    Assos,   a  city   of  Lycia.ij     in  meilicine  for  its  mucilaginous  and  fari- 
Heiice,  I     naceous  or  demulcent  quahties.        Eneyc. 

.  A  stone  coflln  or  grave  in  which  the  an-  S'ARSE,  ti.  [Qn.  sarcenet,  or  Fr.  sas.]  A 
cients  ('eposited  bodies  which  they  choseij  fine  sieve  ;  usually  written  searce  or  iear«e, 
not  to  burn.  Encyc.n     [Lillle  used.] 


SAT 

SPARSE,   V.  t.    [from  the   noun.]    To   sift 

tlmiugli  a  sarse.     [Little  used.] 
S'ART,  n.  A  piece  of  woodland  turned  in- 
to arable.     [JVot  used  in  Jlmerica.] 

Bailey. 
SASH,    n.    [an   Arabic   word  signifying   a 

band/ 
I.  A  belt  worn  for  ornament.  Sashes  are 
worn  by  military  officers  as  badges  of 
distinction,  round  the  waist  or  over  the 
shoulders.  They  are  usually  of  silk,  va- 
riously made  and  ornamented. 
!J.  The  frame  of  a  window  in  which  the 
lights  or  panes  of  glass  are  set. 

She  ventures  now  to  lift  the  sash.         Swift. 
SASH'OON,  )i.  A  kind   of  lether  stuffing 
put  into  a  boot  for  the  wearer's  ease. 

Mnsworth 
SAS'SAFRAS,  n.  [L.  saxifraga  ;  saxum,  a 

stone,  andyj-ang'o,  to  break.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Laurus,  whose  bark  has 

an  aromatic  smell  and  taste. 

SASSE,  n.  [D.  sas.]  A  sluice,  canal  or  loci 

on  a  navigable  river;  a  word  found  in  old 

British  statutes.  Todd. 

SAS'SOLIN,      ?         Native    boracic    acid. 

SAS'SOLINE,  ^  "■    found  in  saline  incrus 

tations  on  the  borders  of  hot  springs  near 

Sasso,  in  the  territory  of  Florence. 

Klaproth.  Cyc. 
SAS'SOROL,  )  A  species  of  pigeon 
SASSOROL'LA,  <  "'  called  rock  pigeon. 

Diet.  ATat.  Hisl. 
SAS'TRA,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  sa- 
cred book  ;  a  book  containing  sacred  or 
dinances.  The  six  great  Sastras,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Hindoos,  contain  all  knowl-l 
edge,  human  and  divine.  These  are  the 
Veda,  Upavcda,  Vedanga,  Purana,  Dlier- 
ma,  and  Dersana.  Asial.  Res. 

SAT,  pret.  of  sit. 

SA'TAN,  n.  [Heb.  an  adversary.]  The 
grand  adversary  of  man  ;  the  devil  or 
prince  of  darkness;  the  chief  of  the  fallei 
angels. 
SATAN'I€,  \  Having  the  qualities  of 
SATAN'ICAL,  \  "'  Satan  ;  resembling  Sa 
tan  ;  extremely  malicious  or  wicked  ;  dev 
ilish  ;  infernal. 

Detest   the   slander   which  with   a  satanic 
smile,  exults  over  the  character  it  has  ruined. 

Du'ight 
>^  \TAN'I€ALLY,  adr.    With  the   wicked 
and  malicious  spirit  of  Satan  ;  diabolical- 
ly. Hammond. 
S.VTANISM,  n.    The   evil   and    malicious 

disposition  of  Satan  ;  a  diabolical  spirit. 
- A'TANIST,    n.    A   very   wicked   person 

[Link  used.] 
•SATCH'EL,  n.  [See  SocftcM    A  little  sack 

or  bag. 
SATE,  V.  t.    [L.  salio  ;   It.  saziare  ;    Port. 
Sp.   saciar ;  Fr.  rassasier  ;    allied   to   set. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  stuff,  to  till,  from 
crowding,  driving.] 
To  satiate ;  to  satisfy  appetite  ;  to  glut  ;  to 
feed  beyond  natural  desire. 
While  the  vultures  sale 
Their  inaws  with  full  repast.  Philijts 

SA'TED,  pp.  Filled;  glutted;  satiated. 
SA'TELESS,  a.  Insatiable  ;  not  capable  of 

being  satisfied. 
SAT'ELLITE,  n.  [Vv.  h. satellite;  L.satel 

les.     Qu.  its  alliance  to  sit  or  side.] 
I.  A  secondary   planet   or   moon  ;  a   small|i 


S  A  T 

solar  system,  eighteen  satellites  have  been' 
discovered.  The  earth  has  one,  called  the 
moon,  Jupiter  four,  Saturn  seven,  and 
Herschel  six.  Morse. 

2.  A  follower ;  an  obsequious  attendant  or 
dependant.  i 

SATELLP'TIOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  satel- 
lites. Cheyne. 

SATIATE,  V.  t.  sa'shate.  [L.  satiatus,  from 
satio.     See  Sate.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  satisfy  appetite  or  desire  ;  to 
feed  to  the  full,  or  to  furnish  enjoyment  to 
the  extent  of  desire  ;  as,  to  satiate  appe- 
tite or  sense. 

2.  To  fill  to  the  extent  of  want ;  as,  to  sa- 
tiate the  earth  or  plants  with  water. 

3.  To  glut ;  to  fill  beyond  natural  desire. 

He  mav  be  satiated,  but  not  satisfied. 

JVurris. 

4.  To  gratify  desire  to  the  utmost. 
1  may  yet  survive  the  malice  of  my  enemies 

althoui'h   they  should   be   satiated    with    my 
blood.  ^-  Charles 

5.  To  saturate.  [Now  unusual.  See  Satu- 
rate.] Newton. 

SATIATE,  a.    Filled  to  satiety;  glutted 

followed   by  ivith   or  of.     The  former  it 

most    common  ;    as  satiate    of  applause 

[Unusual.]  fope. 

SATIA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  filled. 

fVhitaker. 
SATI'ETY,  n.  [Fr.  satiele  ;  L.  satietas.  See 

Sate.] 
Properly,  fullness  of  gratififation,  either  of^ 
the  appetite  or  any  sensual  desire  :  but  it 
usually  implies  fullness  beyond  desire  ; 
an  excess  of  gratification  which  excites 
wearisomeness  or  lothing  ;  state  of  being 
glutted. 

In  all  pleasures  there  is  satiety.       Hakewill. 
— But  thy  words,  with  grace  divine 
InibuM,  bring  to  their  sweetness  no  satiety. 

Milton. 

SAT'IN,  n.  [Fr.  satin;  W.   sidan,  satin  or 

silk  ;  Sw.  siden  ;  Port.  Sp.  seda  ;  It.  seta  ; 


Gr.  L.aindon  ;  Ch.  Heb.pD  ;  Ar.  ^i^  j^^ 

of  a   thick, 


planet  revolving  round  another.     In  «he||     sa(i;is<  ofliis  time. 


A  species  of  glossy  silk   clotl 
close  texture. 

SATINET',  Ji.  A  thin  species  of  satin. 

2.  A  particular  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 

SAT'IN-FLOWER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge 
nus  Lunaria. 

SAT'IiN-SPAR,  71.  A  mineral,  fibrous  lime 
I     stone.  Ure. 

SATIRE,  ?i.  [Fr.  satire;  Sp.  L.  satira  ;  so 
named  from  sharpness,  pungency.  See 
Satyriasis.] 

A  discoui-se   or   poem  in  which   wicked- 
ness or  folly  is  exposed  with  severity.      It 
differs  liom  lampoon  and   pasquinade 
being  general  rather  than  personal. 

Johnson. 

2.  Severity  of  remark.  It  differs  from  sar- 
casm, in  not  expressing  contempt  or  scorn 

SATIR'IC,        /        [L.   satiiicus  ;  fr.  satir- 

SATIR'ICAL,  I  "•  ique.]  Belonging  to  sat- 
ire ;  conveying  satire  ;  as  a  satiric  style. 

2.  Censorious  ;  severe  in  language.     Jiacon 

SATIR'ICALLY,  adv.  With  severity  of  re- 
mark ;  with  invective  ;  with  intention  to 
censure. 

SATIRIST,  II.  One  who  writes  satire. 

Wycherly,    in   his   writings,   is  the  sharpi- 

tjranmlle. 


SAT 

SAT'IRIZE,  v.t.  [Fr.  satiriser.]  To  cen- 
sure with  keenness  or  severity. 

It  is  as  hard  to  satirize  well  a  man  of  distin- 
guished vices,  as  to  praise  well  a  man  of  distin- 
guished virtues.  Surifl. 

S.^T'IRIZED,  pp.  Severely  censured. 

S,\T'IRIZING,  ppr.  Censuring  with  sever- 

ty- 

SATISFACTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  satis- 
factio  ;  It.  soddisfazione.     See  Satisfy.] 

1.  That  state  of  the  mind  which  results  from 
the  full  gratification  of  desire  ;  repose  of 
mind  or  contentment  with  present  pos- 
session and  enjoyment.  Sensual  pleasure 
affords  no  permanent  satisfaction. 

2.  The  act  of  pleasing  or  gratifying. 
The  mind  having  a  power  to  suspend  the  exe- 
cution and  satisfaction  of  its  desires —     Locke. 

3.  Repose  of  the  mind  on  the  certainty  ot 
any  thing ;  that  state  which  results  from 
relief  from  suspense,  doubt  or  uncertain- 
ty ;  conviction. 

What  satisfaction  can  you  have  ?  Sha!;. 

4.  Gratification  ;  that  which  pleases. 
Exchanging  solid  quiet  to  obtain 
The  windy  satisfaction  of  the  braiu. 

Dryden . 

5.  That  which  satisfies;  amends  ;  recom- 
pense ;  compensation  ;  indemnification  ; 
atonement.  Satisfaction  for  damages,  must 
be  an  equivalent;  but  satisfaction  in  many 
cases,  may  consist  in  concession  or  apolo- 
gy- 

(J.  Payment ;  discharge ;  as,  to  receive  a 
sum  in  full  satisfaction  of  a  debt ;  to  enter 
satisfaction  on  record. 

SATISFACTIVE,  o.  Giving  satisfaction. 
[Little  used  or  not  at  all.]  Brown. 

SATlSFA€TOKILY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
give  satisfaction  or  content. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  impress  conviction  or  be- 
lief    The  crime  was  satisfactorily  proved. 

SATISFAC'TORINESS,  ,1.  The  power  of 
satisfying  or  giving  content ;  as  the  satis- 
facloriness  of  pleasure  or  enjoyment. 

BoyU. 

SATlSFA€'TORY,  a.  [Fr.  satisfactoire ; 
S|i.  satisfactiirio.] 

1.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction ;  yield- 
ing content ;  particularly,  relieving  the 
mind  from  doubt  or  uncertainty  and  en- 
abling it  to  rest  with  confidence  ;  as,  to 
give  a  satisfactory  account  of  any  remark- 
able transaction.  A  judge  seeks  for  satis- 
factory evidence  of  guilt  before  ho  con- 
demns. 
Making   amends,  indemnification  or  re- 


2. 

compense ;  causing  to  cease  from  claims 
and  to  rest  content :.  atoning;  as,  to  make 
satisfacto)^  compensation,  or  a  satisfactory 
apology  for  an  offense. 

— A  most  wise  and  sufficient  means  of  salva- 
tion by  the  satisfactory  and  meritorious  death 
and  obedience  of  the  incarnate  Son  of  God,  Je- 
sus (Jhrist.  Sanderson. 

SAT'ISFIED,  pp.  Having  the  desires  fully 
gratified;  made  content. 

SAT'ISl'IER,  n.  One  that  gives  satisfac- 
tion. 

S.VT'ISFY,  v.  t.  [h. satisfacio  ;  satis,  enough, 
and/«cio,  to  make  ;  b  r.  satisfaire  ;  It.  sod- 
disfare  ;  Sp.  satisfacer  ;  G.  salt,  U.  zat, 
Dan.  sat,  filled,  satisfied.] 

1.  To  gratily  wants,  wishes  or  desires  to  the 
full  extent ;  to  supjjly  pu.ssession  or  enjoy- 
ment till  no  more  is  desired.     The  de- 


SAT 

inands  of  hunger  may  be  easily  satisfied ; 
but  who  cat!  sidisfy  the  passion  for  money 
or  honor  ? 

2.  To  supply  fully  what  is  necessary  and 
deiiiaiiileil  hy  natural  laws  ;  as,  to  satisfy 
wilh  rain  the  desolate  and  waste  ground. 
Jol>  xxxviii. 

a  To  pay  to  content ;  to  recompense  or  in- 
demnify to  the  full  extent  of  clanns  ;  as, 
to  sa<u/V  demands.  ,    ,.   , 

He  is  well  paid,  that  is,  well  satisfied. ^^^^ 

4    To  appease  by  punishment ;  as,  to  satisfy 

riKor.  ■^^'"""• 

5.  To  free  from  doubt,  .suspense  or  unccr- 
tainty  ;  to  cause  the  mind  to  rest  in  confi- 
dence by  ascertainiuji  the  truth  ;  as,  to  «a<- 
ts/}/one'sself  by  inquiry.  .-.,<■ 

Q.  "To  convince.  A  jury  must  be  satisfied  of 
the  guilt  of  a  man,  before  they  can  justly 
condemn  him. 

The  stamling  evidences  of  the  tmtli  of  the 
gospel  are  in  themselves  most  firm,  solid  and 
satwfyiiig.  Mterburi/ 

7.  To  pay ;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  satisfy  an 
execution. 

Debts  due  to  the  United  States  are  to  be  hrst 
satisfied.  ^'r'- 

SATISFY,  V.  i.  To  give  content.  Earthly 
gooil  never  satisfies. 

2.  To  feed  or  su|iplv  to  the  full. 

3.  To  make  paytnunt.  [I5ut  the  uitransitive 
use  of  this  verb  is  generally  elliptical.] 

SAT'lSFVlNG, />/)r.  Giving  coiiKMit ;  fi'i-d- 
in"  or  supplying  to  the  full  extent  of  de- 
sire ;  convincing ;  paying. 

SA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  sativus,  from  sero,  .mtum. 
to  sow.]     Sown  in  gardens.  Evelyn. 

SAT'RAP,  n.  In  Persia,  an  admiral ;  more 
generally,  the  governor  of  a  province. 

Encyc. 

SAT'RAPAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  satrap  or 
a  sntnrpy.  Milford 

SAT'RAPESS,  n.  A  female  satrap. 

Mitford. 

SAT'RAPY,  n.  The  government  or  jnri.s 
diction  of  a  satrap.         DMnvilte.     Milton. 

SAT'IIR.\BLE,  a.  [See  Saturate.]  That 
niav  be  saturated  ;  capable  of  saturation. 

Greip. 

SAT'URANT,  a.  [L.  saturans.]  Saturating  ; 
iin|>rigii  iiing  to  thi^  full. 

SAT'URA.NT,  n.  In  medicine,  a  subs'tance 
which  neutralizes  the  acid  in  the  stom- 
ach ;  an  absorbent.  Coxe. 


S  A  U 


3. 


SAT'URATR,  v.  t.  [L.  saluro,  from  satur, 
filled  ;  satio,  to  feed  to  the  full.    SeeS«/c.] 

1.  To  impregnate  or  unite  with,  till  no  more 
can  be  received.  Thus  an  acid  saturates 
an  alkali,  and  an  alkali  saturates  an  acid, 
when  the  solvent  can  contain  no  more  ol 
the  dissolving  body. 

2.  To  supply  or  fill  to.fuUness.        Thomson. 
SAT'URATED.  pp.  Supplied  to  fullness. 
SAT'dR.VTlNG,  ppr.  Supplying  to  fullness 
SATURATION,  n.    In  a  general  .lense,  a 

filling  or  supply  to  fullness.  In  chimislry. 
the  union,  combination  or  impregnation 
of  one  body  with  another  by  natural  at- 
traction, affinity  or  mixture,  till  the  re- 
ceiving body  can  contain  no  more ;  or  so- 
lution contimied  till  the  solvent  can  con- 
tain no  more.  The  saturation  of  an  alkali 
by  an  acid,  is  by  affinity  ;  the  saturation 
of  water  by  salt,  is  by  solution. 


SAT'URDAY,  n.  [Sax.  Sakr-dceg;  D.  Satur- 

dag;  Saturn's  day.] 
The  last  (lay  of  the  week  ;  the  day  next  pre- 
ceding the  sabbath. 
SATIJ'RITY,  n.    [L.   saturitas.     See  Satu- 
rate. ] 
Fullness  of  supply  ;  the  state  of  being  satu- 
rated.    [Little  used.] 
SAT'URN,  n.  [L.  Saturnus.]   In  mythology, 
one  of  the  olitest  and  principal  deities,  the 
son    of  Co'lus   and   Terra,   (heaven  and 
earth,)  and  the  father  of  Jupiter.     He  an- 
swers to   the  Greek    Xpoioj,  Chronus   or 
Time. 

In  astronomy,  one  of  the  planets  of  the, 
solar  system,  less  in  magnitude  than  Ju- 
piter, but  more  remote  from  the  sini.  Its 
diameter  is  seventy  nine  thousand  miles, 
its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  sotnewhat 
more  than  nine  Inuidri'd  millions  of  miles, 
and  its  year,  or  perioilical  revolution  round 
the  suni  nearly  twenty  nine  years  and  a  half 
:3.  In  the  old  cinmistry,  an  appellation  given 

to  lead. 
4.  In  heraldry,  the  black  color  in  blazoning 

the  arms  of  sovereign  princes. 
SATURN  A' LI  AN,   a.   [from  L.  saturnalia, 

feasts  of  Saturn.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  festivals  celebrated  in 

honor   of  Saturn,  Dec   IC,   17  or    18,  in 

which  men   indulged  in  riot   without  re-| 

straint.     Hence,  1 

•>.   Loose  ;  dissolute  ;  sportive.  Burke.l 

SATURN'IAN,  a.  In  fabulous  history,  per-j 

taining    to   Saturn,    whose    age  or   reign, 

fnnn  the  miMness  and  wisdom  of  his  gov- 

einmerit,  is  called  the  g<dden  age;  hence, 

golden;  happy;  distinguished  for  purity, 

integrity  and  simplicity. 

Th'  Augustu.^,  born  to  bring  Saturnian  times. 

Pope. 
SAT'URNINE,  a.   [Fr.  saturnien,  from  L. 
S'lturnus.]  , 

1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of 
Saturn.     Hence,  | 

'2.  Didl;  heavy  ;  grave;  not  readily  suscep-i 
tilile  of  excitement ;  phlegmatic ;  as  a  s«<ur-j 
nine  person  or  temper.  .iddison. 

AT'URNIST,  n.  A  person  of  a  dull,  grave, 
irloomy  temperament.  Browne. 

SirUliNITE,  n.  A  metallic  substance  of 
recent  discovery,  separated  fjom  lead  in 
torrefaction,  resend)ling  lead  in  its  color, 
weight,  solubility  in  acids,  &c.  but  nu)re  ' 
fusible  and  brittle ;  easily  scorifieil  and 
volatilized.  Kirwun.  JVichoLion.  Encyc, 
SA'TYR,  n.  [L.  salyrus  ;  Gr.  aarupoj,  a  mon-l 
key,  a  fawn.]  | 

In  mythology,  a  sylvan  deity  or  dcmi-god, 
represented  as  a  monster,  half  man  and 
half  goat,  having  horns  on  his  head,  a, 
hairy  body,  with  the  feet  and  tail  of  a 
goat.  Satyrs  are  usually  foun<l  in  the 
train  of  Bacchus,  and  have  been  distin- 
guished for  lasciviousness  and  riot.  They 
have  bi.'en  represented  as  remarkable  for 
their  piercing  eyes  and  keen  raillery. 

Encyc. 
JSATYRI'ASIS,  n.  [Gr.  oarvviasij.  We  ob- 
j  serve  in  this  word  a  cotmection  ivith  sat- 
j  tVe,in  the  sense  of  excitement,  pungency.] 
I  Immoderate  venereal  appetite.  Coxe. 

SATYR'ION,  n.  A  plant.  Pope. 

iS.AUCE,  II.  [Fr.  sauce  or  sausse,  from  L.  sal- 
sus,  salt,  from  sal;  Arm.  sous;   It.  Sp. 
;      m/so.] 


S  A  U 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten 
with  food  for  improving  its  relish. 

Hifrli  sauces  and  rich  spices  are  brought  Ironi 
die  Indies.  Baker. 

2.  In  New  England,  culinary  vegetables  and 
roots  eaten  with  flesh.  This  application 
of  the  word  falls  in  nearly  with  the  defi- 
nition. 

Roots,  herbs,  vine-fruits,  and  sallad-flowers — 
they  dish  up  various  ways,  and  find  tliem  very 
delicious  sauce  to  their  meats,  both  roasted  and 
boiled,  fresh  and  salt. 

Beverly,  Hist.  Virginia. 

Sauce  consisting  of  stewed  apples,  is  a  great 

article  in  some  parts  of  New  England  ;  but 

cranberries  make  the  most  delicious  sauce. 

To  serve  one  the  same  sauce,  is  to  retaliate  one 

injury  with  another.     [Vulgar.] 
SAUC.'H,    V.  t.    To    accompany    meat  with 

sometliing  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
2.  To  gratify  with  rich  tastes ;  as,  to  sauce 
the  palate.  Shak. 

To  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing 
good,  or  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Then    fell  she  to    sauce  her    desires    with 
thrcatenings.  Sidney. 

Thou  say'st  his  meat  was  sauc'd  with  thy 
upbraidings.  Shak. 

4.  To  treat  with  bitter,   pert   or    tart    lan- 
guage.    [  Vulgar.] 
SAUCE-BOX,  n.   saus'-hoi.    [from  sauaj.] 
I     A  saucy  impudent  fellow.  Spectator. 

SAUCE-PAN,  n.  snus'-pan.  A  small  pan  for 
sauce,  or  a  small  skillet  with  a  long  han- 
I     die,   in  which  sauce  or  small  things  are 
!     boiled.  Siiift. 

'S.AU'CER,  n.  [Fr.  saudere  or  satissiere.]  A 
i     small  pan  in  which  sauce  is  set  on  a  table. 

Bacon. 
2.  A  piece  of  china  or  other  ware,  in  which 

a  tea  cup  or  coffee  cup  is  set. 
SAU'CILY,  adv.  [from  saucy.]    Impudently ; 
j      with  impertinent  boldness;  petulantly. 
I  Addison. 

SAU'CINESS,  n.  Impudence  ;  impertinent 
boldness;  petulance;  contempt  of  superi- 
ors. Bramhall.     Dryden. 
SAU  CISSE,     )       [Fr.  saitcisse,  a  sausage  ; 
SAU'CISSON,  S  "■  fiom  sauce.] 
In  mining  or  gunnery,  a  long  pipe  or  bag, 
made  of  cloth   well  pitched,  or  of  lether, 
filled  w  iih    powder,  and  extending  from 
the  chamber  of  the  mine  to  the  entrance 
of  the  gallery.     To  preserve  the  powder 
from  dampness,  it  is  generally  placed  in  a 
wooden  pipe.     It  serves  to  communicate 
fire  to  mines,  caissons,  bomb-chests,  &c. 

Encyc. 
S.VU'CY,  a.  [from  sauce ;  L.  sahus,  salt  or 
salted.  The  use  of  this  word  leads  to  the 
primary  sense  of  salt,  which  must  be 
shooting  forward,  penetrating,  pungent, 
fin-  boldness  is  a  shooting  forward.] 

1.  Impudent;  bold  to  excess  ;  rude;  trans- 
gressing the  rules  of  decorum  ;  treating 
superiors  with  contempt.  It  expresses 
more  than  perl ;  as  a  saucy  boy  ;  a  saucy 
fellow. 

2.  Expressive  of  impudence ;  as  a  saucy  eye ; 
saucy  looks. 

S.'VUL,  an  old  spelling  of  sou/. 
S.Al'NDERS.     [See''Sandal  and  Sanders.] 
SAUNTER,  r.  i.  s'anter.  To  wander  about 
idiv;  as  sauntering  from  place  to  jilace. 

Drydtn. 


S  A  V 


S  A  V 


S  A  V 


SJ.  To  loiter  ;  to  linger. 

This  must  not  run  it  into  a  lazy  sauntering 
alioui  onliciary  things.  Locke 

S'AUNTERER.n.  One  that  wanders  about 
idlv. 

SAUNTERING,  p/)r.  Wandering  about  la- 
zily or  idly  ;  loitering. 

SAU'RIAN,  a.  [Gr.  oaupoj,  a  lizard.]    Per 
taining  to  lizarils;  designating  an  order  of 
reptiles.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SAUS'.'VgE,  n.  [Fr.  saucisse;  from  sauce,  L. 
Sdtsus.] 

The  inte.stine  of  an  animal  stuffed  with 
minced  meat  seasoned. 

SAIJS'SURITE,  »i.  A  mineral  so  named 
from  Saussure,  the  discoverer,  of  a  white 
gray  or  green  color,  found  at  tlie  foot  of 
mount  Rosa.     It  approaches  andalusitc. 

KlnpTolh.     Jameson. 

SA'VABLE,  «.  [from  satie.J  Capable  of  be- 
ing saved.  Chiltingworth. 

SA'VABLENESS,  n.  Capability  of  being 
saved.  Jb 

SAV'AGE,  a.  [Fr.  saxtvage  ;  Arm.  saimich  : 
It.  selvaggio  ;  Sp.  salvage ;  from  L.  silva, 
a  wood,  or  silvicola,  an  inhabitant  of  a 
wood,  or  silvaticus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the   torest ;   wild  ;   remote 
from  human  residence  and  improvements 
uncultivated  ;  as  a  savage  wilderness. 

Cornels  and  savage  berries  of  the  wood. 

Dryden 

2.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  as  savage  beasts  of 
prey. 

3.  Uncivilized;  untaught;  unpolished  ;  rude; 
as  savage  life;  savage  manners.     Raleigh 

What  nation  since  the  commencement  of  the 
christian  era,  ever  rose  from  savage  to  civilized 
without  Christianity  ?  E.  V.  Griffin 

4.  Cruel;  barbarous;  fierce;  ferocious;  in- 
human ;  brutal  ;  as  a  savage  spirit. 

SAV'.'VgE,  n.  A  human  being  in  his  native 
state  of  rudeness;  one  who  is  untaught, 
uncivilized  or  without  cultivation  of  mind 
or  manners.  The  savages  of  America, 
when  uncorrupteil  by  the  vires  of  civilized 
men,  are  remarkable  for  their  hospitality 
to  strangers,  and  for  their  truth,  fidelity 
and  gratitude  to  their  friends,  but  impla- 
cably cruel  and  revengeful  towards  their 
enemies.  From  this  last  trait  of  the  sav 
age  character,  the  word  came  to  signify, 

2.  A  man  of  extreme,  unfeeling,  brutal  cru- 
elty ;  a  barbarian. 

3.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  fierce  %orarious 
flies.  Diet.  JVai.  Hist 

SAV'AgE,  v.  t.  To  make  wild,  barbarous 
or  cruel.  [JVot  well  authorized  and  little 
used.]  Tliomson. 

SAV'A(5ELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sav- 
age ;  cruelly;  inhumanly.  Shak. 
SAV'AGENESS,  n.  Wildness;  an  untamed, 
uncultivated  or  uncivilized  state ;  barba- 
rism.    Hence, 
2.  Cruelty ;  barbarousness. 

Wolves  and  hears,  they  say. 
Casting  their  savageness  aside,  have  done 
Like  offices  of  pity.  Shak. 

SAVAGERY,  n.  Wild  growth,  as  of  plants. 

Shak. 
2.  Cruelty  ;  barbarity.  Shak 

SAV'AGISM,  n.  The  state  of  rude  uncivil- 
ized men  :  the  sttiii;  (if  mcii  in  their  na- 
tive wilduess  and  rudeness. 

S.  S.  Smith.     Walsh 


The  greater  part  of  modern  philosophers  have 
declared  for  the  original  savagism  of  men. 

Kncyc. 

SAXAN'NA,  n.  [In  Spanish,  sahaiia  is  a 
sheet  for  a  bed,  or  a  large  plain  covered 
with  snow.] 

An  extensive  open  plain  or  meadow,  or  a 
plain  destitute  of  trees.  Locke. 

SAVE,  V.  I.  [Fr.  sauver,  from  L.  salvo,  It. 
salvare,  Sp.  salvar.  As  salve  is  used  in 
Latin  for  salutation  or  wishing  health,  as 
hail  is  in  English,  I  suspect  this  word  to 
be  from  the  root  of  heal  or  hail,  the  first 
letter  being  change<l,  as  in  Gr.  at.^,  W. 
halen,  salt.     See  Salt.] 

1.  To  preserve  from   injury,  destruction  or 
evil  of  any  kind  ;  to  rescue  from  danger; 
a.s,  to  save  a  house  from  the   Hanies ;  to 
save  a  man  from  drowning  ;  to  save  a  fam 
ily  from  ruin  ;  to  save  a  state  from  war. 

He  cried,  saying.  Lord,  suite  uie.    Matt,  .xiv 
I      Gen.  xlv. 

2.  To  preserve  from  final  and  everlasting 
destruction  ;  to  rescue  from  eternal  death. 

Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  save  sin- 
ners. 1   I'iin.  i. 

3.  To  deliver  ;  to  rescue  from  the  power  and 
pollution  of  sill. 

He  shall  save   his    people   from   their  sins. 
Matt.  i. 

4.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost  ;  as, 
to  save  the  expense  of  a  new  garment. 
Order  in  all  affairs  saves  time. 

5.  To  prevent.  Method  in  affairs  saves  much 
perple.fity. 

6.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  for  preservation. 
I  Now  save  a  nation,  and  now  save  a  groat. 
[  Pope. 

7.  To  spare;  to  prevent ;  to  hinder  from  oc- 
currence. 

Will  you  not  speak  to  save  a  lady's  blush  ? 

Dryden . 
Silent  and  unobserv'd,  to  save  his  tears. 

Dryden. 

8.  To  salve ;  as,  to  save  appearances. 
I  Milton. 

9.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  not  to| 
lose.     The  ship  sailed  in  time   to  save  the 

1     tide. 

10.  To  except ;  to  reserve  from  a  general 
admission  or  account. 

Israel  burned  none  of  them,  save  Hazor  only. 
Josh.  xi. 

Of  the  Jews  five  times  received  I  forty  stripes, 
save  one.     2  Cor.  xi.  j 

[Satie  is  here  a  verb  followed  by  an  ob- 
ject.    It  is  the  imperative  used  without  ai 
specific  nominative  ;  but  it  is  now  less  fre- 
quently used  than  except.] 
SAVE,  v.  i.  To  hinder  expense. 

Brass  ordnance  saveth  in  die  quantity  of  the 
material.  Bacon. 

SA'VEALL,  n.  [save  and  all.]  A  small  pan 
inserted  in  a  candlestick  to  save  the  ends 
of  candles.  Johnson. 

SA'VED,  pp.  Preserved  from  evil,  injury  or 
destruction  ;    kept  frugally  ;    prevented  ; 
spared  ;  taken  in  time. 
SA'VELIN,  n.  A  fish  of  the  trout  kind,  hav- 
ing very  small  scales  and  a  black  back. 

Did.  Xat.  Hist. 

SA'VER,  n.  One  that   saves,  preserves  or 

rescues  from  evil  or  destruction;  as  the 

jrtiJtrofthe  country.  Swift. 

2.  One  that  escapes  loss,  but  without  gain. 

Dryden. 


3.  One  that  is  frugal  in  expenses;  an  econ- 
onii.<t.  H'otton. 

SAV'IN,  n.  [Fr.  saviiiier;  L.  Sp.  sabina.'l 
A  tree  or  shnib  of  the  genus  Juniperus. 
The  savin  of  Europe  resembles  the  red 
cedar  of  America,  and  the  latter  is  some- 
times called  savin.  Bigelow. 

SA'W^G,  ppr.  Preserving  from  evil  or  de- 
struction ;  hindering  from  waste  or  loss; 
sparing  ;  taking  or  using  in  time. 

2.  Excepting. 

3.  a.  Frugal  ;  not  lavish  ;  avoiding  unne- 
cessary ex|>enses  ;  economical ;  parsimo- 
nious. But  it  implies  less  rigorous  econo- 
my than  parsimonious ;  as  a  saving  hus- 
bandman or  housekeeper. 

4.  That  saves  in  returns  or  receipts  the  prin- 
cipal or  sum  employed  or  expended  ;  that 
incurs  no  loss,  though  not  gainfiil ;  as  a 
saving  bargain.  The  ship  has  made  a 
saving  voyage. 

5.  That  .secures  everlasting  salvation  ;  as 
saving  grace. 

SA'VING,  n.  Something  kept  from  being 
expended  or  lost. 

By  reducing  the  interest  of  the  debt,  the  na- 
tion makes  a  saving. 

2.  Exception  ;  reservation. 

Contend  not  with  those  that  are  too  strong 
for  us,  but  still  with  a  saving  to  honesty. 

L'Estrange. 
SA'VINGLY,  adv.   With  frugality  or  parsi- 
mony. 
2.  So   as  to   be  finally  saved    from  eternal 

death  ;  as  .'iavingly  converted. 
SA'VINGNESS,  n.  Frugality;  parsimony, 
caution  not  to  expend  money  without  ne- 
cessity or  use. 
2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation. 

Johnson. 
SA'VINGS  BANK,  n.  A  bank  in  which  the 
savings  or  earnings  of  the  poor  are  depos- 
ited and  put  to  interest  for  their  benefit. 
S.WIOR,  n.  sdvyur.  [Fr.  sauveur.]  One  that 
saves  or  preserves  ;  but   properly  applied 
only  to  Jesus  Christ,  the  Redeemer,  who 
has  opened  the  way  to  everlasting  salva- 
tion by  his  obedience  and  death,  and  who 
is  therefore  called  the  Savior,  by  wav  of 
distinction,  the  Savior  of  men,  the  Savior 
of  the  world.     Gen.  Washington  may  be 
called   the  saver,  but  not  the  savior  of  his 
country. 
S.\'VOR,  11.  [Fr.  sniviir;  L.  sapor;  W.  sa- 
ivyr  ;  Ann.  saour  ;  from  h.sapio,  to  taste.] 
1.    Taste    or    odor  ;    .sometliiiig    that    per- 
ceptibly affects  the  organs  of  taste  and 
smell;  as  the  savor  of  an  orange  or  rose ; 
an  ill  savor  ;  a  sweet  savor. 

I  smell  sweet  savors —  Shak. 

In  Scripture,  it    usually  denotes   smell, 
scent,  odor.    Lev.  xxvi.    Eccles.  x. 
The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  valua- 
ble ;  the  quality  which  renders  other  bod- 
ies agreeable  to  the  taste. 

If  the  salt  hath  lost  its  sniior —  Matt.  v. 
.3.  In  Scripture,  character  ;  reputation.  Ex.  v. 
4.  Cause  ;  occasion.  2  Cor.  ii. 
Sweet  savor,  in  Scripture,  denotes  that  which 
renders  a  thing  accc]ital>le  to  God,  or  his 
acceptance.    Hence,  to  smell  a  sivcet  savor, 
is  to  accept  the  offering  or  service.    Gen. 
viii. 
S.-\'VOR,  V.  i.  To  have  a  particular  smell 
or  taste. 


SAW 

'I.  To  partake  of  the  quulitv  <>v  nature  of;  ori  SAW-WREST,  n.  An  instrument  used  to 
to  liavu  the  U|)|i.;ui<infe  of.  Tlie  iuiswersj  wrest  or  turn  the  teeth  of  .-aws  u  little 
sauor  of  a  liunibie  spirit;  or  they  «ai.'or  of  outwanls,  that  they  may  make  a  kerf 
piiily.  tVoltun.     Milton.  \     somewhat  wider  tlian  the  thickness  of  tlie 

1    have  rejected  every  tliiug   lliul  savurs  of  ]      l)la(l 


party.  Addiaon 

SA'VOR,  V.  I.  To   like  ;    to   taste  or  smell 

vi'ith  pleasure  Shak. 

2.  'J'o  like  ;  to  delight  in  ;  to  favor.  Matt.  xvi. 
SA'VORILV,  adv.  [from  savory.]  With  gust 

or  appetite.  Dnjden. 

2.  With  a  pleasing  relish.  Unjdtn. 

SA'VORINKSS,  n.  Pleasing  taste  or  smell; 

as   the   savoriness  of  a   pine  apple    or  a 

peach. 
SA'VORLESS,  a.    Destitute    of   smell  or 

tasie ;  insipid.  H(dl. 

SA'VORLY,   a.    Well   seasoned;    of  good 

taste. 
SA'VORLY,  adv.  With  a  pleasing  relish. 

Barroiv. 
SA'VORY,  a.   [from  savor.]   Pleasing  to  the 

organs  of  smell  or  taste  ;  as  a  savory  odor 

Milton. 
Make  me  savory  meat.    Gen.  xxvii. 
SA'VORY,  n.    [b'r.  savorie.]  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Satureia. 
SAVOY',  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  cab 

bage,  (Brassica  oleracea.)  much  cultivated 

for  winter  use.  Ed.  Encyc. 

SAW,  prtt.  of  sec. 
SAW,  n.  [Sax.  saga;  G.sd^e;  D.zaag;  Sw 

saga  ;  Dan.  saug  ;  Fr.  scie  ;  It.  sega.    See 

the  Verb.] 

1.  A  culling  instrument  consisting  of  a  blade 
or  thin  plate  of  iron  or  steel,  with  one  edge 
dentated  or  toothed. 

2.  A  saymg;  proverb ;  ma.xim;  decree.  Obs. 
[See  Hay.]  Shak. 

SAW,  v.  t.  pri't.  sawtd  ;  p\).  sawed  or  sawn. 
[G.  sagen  ;  D.  zaagen  ;  Sw.  sliga ;  Dan. 
sauger  ;  Norm,  seguar  ;  It.  sigarc,  ro  saw, 
cut,  reap ;  L.  seco ;  Fr.  scier  ;  allied  to 
sickle.] 

1.  To  cut  witli  a  saw  ;  to  separate  with  a 
saw  ;  as,  to  saw  timber  or  marble. 

'i.  To  form  by  cutting  with  a  saw  ;  as,  to  saw 
boards  or  planks,  that  is,  to  saw  timber 
into  boarils  or  planks. 

SAW,  v.  i.  To  use  a  saw  ;  to  |)ractice  saw- 
ing; as,  a  man  saws  well 

:}.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  mill  saws  fast 
or  well. 

.'}.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  timber 
saws  smooth. 

SAW'-DUST,  n.  Dust  or  small  fragments 
of  wood  or  stone  made  by  the  attrition  ol' 
a  saw.  Mortimer. 

SAW'ED,  pp.  Cut,  divided  or  formed  with 

a  s;iW. 

SAW'ER,  n.  One  that  saws;  corrupted  into 
sawyer. 

SAW'-FlSll,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Pristis, 
which  has  a  long  beak  or  snout,  with 
spines  growing  like  teeth  on  both  edges, 
and  four  or  iive  spiracles  or  breaihing 
holes  in  the  sides  of  the  neck.  Encyc. 

SAW'-FLY,  n.  A  genus  of  flies,  (Tenthred'o,) 
having  a  serrated  sting.  Enci/c. 

SAW'-PIT,  n.  A  pit  o\er  which  timber  is 
sawed  by  two  men,  one  standing  below 
the  timber  and  the  other  above. 

Mortimer. 

SAW'-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Serratula,  so  nanie(i  from  its  serrated 
leaves. 


SAY  S  C  A 

what  I  should  do  in  a  similar  case.  Say 
thus  precedes  a  sentence,  bul  it  is  per- 
haps impracticable  to  reduce  the  peculiar 
anil  ajipropnate  uses  oi' say,  speak  anil  leU, 
to  general  riili;s.  They  can  be  learnt  only 
by  observation. 

'2.  To  declare.     Gen.  x.YXvii. 

'.i.  To  utier;  to  pronounce. 

Say  now  Sliiliboledi.     Judg.  xii. 
To  utter,  as  a  command. 
(Joil  said,  let  Ihi're  be  light.     Gen.  i. 

5.  To  Utter,  as  a  promise.     Luke  xxiii. 

0.  To  utter,  as  a  question  or  auBwer.  Mark 
xi. 

7.  To  aflirm  ;  to  teach.     Matt.  xvii. 

H.  To  confess.     Luke  xvii. 

[).  To  testify.     Acts  xxiv. 

10.  To  argue  ;  to  alledge  by  way  of  argu- 
ment. 

Alter  all  that  can  be  said  against  a  thing — 

Tillutsou. 

11.  To  repeat;  to  rehearse;  to  recite;  as, 
to  say  a  lesson. 

12.  To  pronounce  ;  to  recite  without  sing- 
ing. Then  shall  be  said  or  sung  as  fol- 
lows. 

i;j.  To  report;  as  in  the  phrases,  it  is  said, 
tliey  say. 

M.  To  answer;  to  utter  by  way  of  reply; 
to  tell. 

Say,  Stella,  feel  you  no  content, 

Rellccting  on  a  life  well  spent  ?  Swift. 

[Note. — This  verb  is  not  properly  intransitive. 
In  the  phrase,  *' as  when  we  say,  Hlalo  is  no 
fool,"  the  last  clause  is  the  object  after  the 
verb  ;  that  is,  "  we  say  what  follows.'  If  this 
verb  is  properly  intransitive  in  any  case,  it  is  in 
the  plirase,  "  that  is  to  say,"  bul  in  such  cases, 
the  subsequent  clause  is  tlie  object  of  tlie  verb, 
being  that  which  is  said,  uttered  or  related.] 

SAY,  »i.  [Sax.  saga,  sagu.]  .\  speech  ; 
something  said.  [In  popular  use,  hut  not 
elegant.] 

SAY,  n.  [for  assay.]     A  sample.     Obs. 

Sidney. 

2.  Trial  by  sample.     Obs.  Boyle. 

SAY,  n.  [Fr.  «o!f.]  A  thin  silk.     Obs. 

S.'VY,     ?        Ill   commerce,   a   kind  of  serge 

SAVE,  ^"'  used  for  linings,  shirts,  aprons, 
&c.  Encyc. 

S.'V'YING,      ppr.      Uttering    in     articulate 
sounds   or  words;  speaking;  telling;  re- 
Goth,  sig'ca?!.     The  sense  of  the  root  is  to'     laliiig  ;  ri-cilitig. 
throw  (ir  thrust.     Class Sg.  No.  28.    Pers.:  S.V'YING,    n.    An   expression;  a  scntenee 


SAW'^'ER,  )i.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
saw  timber  into  plunks  or  boards,  or  toj 
saw  wood  for  fuel. 

2.  In  Amtrica,  a  tree  which,  being  under-i 
mined  by  a  cmreiit  of  w aier,  and  tallingi 
into  the  stream,  lies  with  its  branches 
above  water,  which  are  continually  raised 
and  depressed  by  the  tiirceof  the  current, 
from  which  circumstance  the  name  is  de- 
rived. The  sawyers  in  the  Mississippi 
render  the  navigation  dangerous,  and 
frequently  sink  boats  which  run  against 
them. 

SAX'IFRAfiE,  n.  [\j.  saxifraga  ;  composed 
of  saxum,  a  stone,  aui\  frango,  to  break.] 

A    medicine  that  has  the  property  of  hreak- 

I  iiig  or  dissohiiig  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 
Rut  ill  boluny,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many 
species.  The  burnet  saxifrage  is  of  the 
genus  Pimpinella  ;  the  golden  saxifrage  is 
of  the  genus  Chrysoplemiim  ;  the  miadow 
saxifrage  is  of  tlie  genus  Peucedaniim. 

Encyc.\ 

SAXIF'RAGOUS,  o.  Dissolving  the  stone. 

Brown. 

SAX'ON,  n.  [Sax.  seax,  a  knife,  sword  or 
dagger,  a  Saxon.] 

1.  One  of  the  nation  or  people  who  formerly: 
dwelt  in  the  northern  part  of  Germany, 
and  who  invaded  and  conquered  England 
in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  The 
Welsh  still  call  the  English  Sasons. 

2.  The  language  of  tlie  Saxons. 
SAX'ON,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons,  to 

their  country,  or  to  their  language. 
IS.VX'ONISM,  n.   An   idiom  of  the  Saxon 

language.  ff'arton. 

SAX'ONIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Sasonj 

language.  I 

SAY,   V.  t.    pret.  and  pp.   said,  contracted 

from  sayed.   [Sax.  S(rgan,  sacgan  ;  G.  sa- 

gen ;  D.  zcggen  ;  Sw.  S(:iga  ;  Dan.  sigcr  ; 

Ch.  niD  or  no  to  speak  or  say.     The  same 

verb   in    Arabic,   ^{.^  signifies  to  sink, 


sachaii,  a  word,  speech.] 
I.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  in  words;  as,  he  said] 
nothing;  he   said  many    things;  he   says' 
not  a  word.     Say  a  good  word  for  me.       ' 

It  is  observable  that  although  this  won! 
is  radically  synonymous  with  speak  and 
tell,  yet  the  uses  or  applications  of  tliesej 
words  are  different.  Thus  we  say,  to' 
speak  an  oration,  to  tell  a  story  ;  but  ini 
these  phrases,  say  cannot  be  used.  Yeti 
to  say  a  lesson  is  good  English,  though  not 
very  elegant.  We  never  use  the  phrases, 
to  say  a  sermon  or  discourse,  to  say  an  ai^ 
gument,  to  say  a  speech,  to  say  testuiiony. 

A  very  general  use  of  say  is  to  iiitro-,[o 
diice  a  relation,  narration  or  recital,  ei- 
ther of  the  speaker  himself  or  of  sonie-l 
thing  said  or  done  or  to  be  done  by  anoth-i 
er.  Thus  Adam  said,  this  is  bone  of  my 
bone ;  Noah  said,  blessed  be  the  Lord' 
God  of  Shein.  If  we  say  we  have  no  sin, 
we  deceive  ourselves.  Say  to  the  cities 
of  Judab,  behold  your  God.    I  cannot  say', 


uttered  ;  a  declaration. 
Moses  flcil  at  this  saying.     Acts  vii. 
Cicero  treasured  up  the  sayings  of  ScKvoIa. 

jWddleton . 
.•\  i>roverbial  expression.  Many  are  tho 
sayings  of  the  wise.  Milton. 

C.\H,  )i.  [Sax.  .scat,  seeb;  G.  schabe  ;  Sw. 
skabb  ;  Dan.  skab  ;  L.  scabies  ;  ll.  scabbia. 
It  seems  to  bo  connected  with  L.  scabo,  to 
ruh  or  scratch,  G.  schaben,  to  shave,  W. 
ysgubaw,  to  sweep,  L.  scaber,  rough,  D. 
srhob,  a  scale.] 

.•\ii  incrnsied   substance,  dry  and  rough, 
formed  over  a  sore  in  healing. 
The  itch  or  mange  in  horses ;  a  disease  of 
sheep. 
3.  A  mean,  dirty,  paltry  fellow.     [Low.] 

Shak. 
SCAB'BARD,  «.  The  sheath  of  a  sword. 

Drydcn. 
S€AB'BARD,  v.  (.  To  put  in  a  sheath. 
SCABBED,    a.     [from  scab.]    AboiiiHling 
with  scabs ;  diseased  with  scabs.     Bacon. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


2.  Mean  ;  paltry ;  vile  ;  worthless.     Dryden. 

SCAB'BEDNliriS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being 
scabbed. 

SCAB'BINESS,  >i.  [from  scabby.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  srabliy. 

SCAB' BY,  a.  [from  scab.]  Afiected  with 
pcabs;  full  of  scabs.  Dryden. 

2.  Diseased  with  the  scab  or  mange  ;  man- 
gy. S"ift- 

SCA'BIOUS,  a.  [L.  scabiosus,  from  scabies, 
scab.] 

Consisting  of  scabs  ;  rough  ;  itchy  ;  leprous  ; 
as  scabious  eruptions.  Arbutlmol. 

S€A'B10US,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sca- 
biosa. 

SCAKRED'ITY,  n.  [1,.  scabredo,scabTilies.] 
Roughness  ;  ruggeduess.     [.\o(  in  use.] 

Burton. 

SeA'BROUS,  a.  [L.  scabrosus,  scaber,  from 
scabies,  scab.] 

1.  Rough  ;  rugged  ;  having  sharp  points. 

^rbuthnot. 

2.  Harsh;  unmusical.  B.Junson. 
SCABROUSNESS,    n.    Roughness  ;  rug- 

gednes.s. 

SCAB'WORT,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Helenium. 

S€AD,  n.  A  fish,  the  shad,  which  see. 

Careu). 

2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Caranx,(Scom6cr /racA- 
urus.  Linne.)  Ed.  Encyc. 

SCAF'FOLD,  n.  [Fr.  echafaud;  Ami.  cha- 
fod;  Ir.  scafal  ;  It.  scaffale  ;  D.  schavot  ; 
G.  schafot ;  Dan.  skafot ;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  shape,  as  form  is  used  for  bench. 
The  last  syllable  is  the  L.  fala.  In  Cor- 
nish, skaval  is  a  bench  or  stool,  and  this 
word,  schavot,  in  Dutch,  signifies  a  tailor's 
bench,  as  well  as  a  scaffold.] 

1.  Among  builders,  an  assemblage  or  struc- 
ture of  limbers,  boards  or  planks,  erected 
by  the  wall  of  a  building  to  support  the 
workmen. 

2.  A  temporary  gallery  or  stage  raised  ei- 
ther for  shows  or  spectators.  Milton. 

3.  A  stage  or  elevated  platform  for  the  exe- 
cution of  a  criminal.  Sidney. 

SCAF'FOLD,  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  scaf- 
fold ;  to  sustain  ;  to  uphold. 

SCAF'FOLDAgE,  n.  A  gallery  ;  a  hollow 
floor.  Shak. 

S€  \F'F0LDING,  n.  A  frame  or  structure 
fur  support  in  an  elevated  place. 

2.  That  which  sustains;  a  frame;  as  the 
scaffolding  of  the  body.  Pope. 

3.  Temporary  structure  for  support.     Prior. 

4.  Materials  for  scaffolds. 
SeA'LABLE,  a.  That  may  be  scaled. 
SCALA'DE,  I       [Fr.  scalade  ;  Sp.  scalado 
SCALA'DO,  \  "■  from   L.  scala,  a   la<lder. 

See  Scale.] 
A  storm  or  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in 
which    the   soldiers    enter  the    place  by 
means  of  ladders.     It  is  written  also  esca- 
lade. 
SCA'LARY,  a.  Resembling  a  ladder  ;  form- 
ed with  steps.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 
SCALD,    V.  t.    [It.  scaldare;  Sp.   Tort,  es 
caldnr ;  Fr.  echaudtr,  for  eschalder ;    Sw. 
skolla  ;  Dan.  skaalder  ;  Ir.  sgnllnim  ;  from 
the  root  of  L.  caleo,  calda,  calidus.     I  sup 
pose  the  )irimury  sense  of  caleo  is  to   con 
trad,  to  draw,  to  make  hard.] 
1.  To  burn  or  painfully  affect  and  injure  by 
immersion  in  or  contact  with  a  liquor  of  a 


boiling  heat,  or  a  heat  approaching  it ;  as, 
to  scald  the  hand  or  foot.  We  scald  the 
part,  when  the  heat  of  the  liquor  ajipiied 
is  so  violent  as  to  injure  the  skin  and  flesh. 
Scald  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the 
eflect  of  the  heat  of  other  substances  than 
liquids. 
Here  the  blue  flames  of  scalding  biimstonpi 
fall.  CouUy 

To  expo.se  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heatj 
over  a  fire,  or  in  water  or  other  liquor ; 
as,  to  scald  meat  or  njilk. 

SCALD,  ?i.  [>upra.]  A  burn,  or  injury  to  the 
skin  and  flesh  by  hot  liquor. 

SCALD,  n.  [Qu.  Sax.  scy/,  a  shell.]  Scab; 
scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 

SCALD,  a.  Scurvy;  paltry;  poor;  as  «rnW 
rhymers.  Shak. 

SCALD,  n.  [Dan.  «HoW)fr,  to  make  verses, 
also  a  poet.  The  primary  sense  is  proba- 
bly to  make  or  to  sing.  If  the  latter,  we 
find  its  athnities  in  G.  schalkn,  D.  schellen, 
Sw.  skalla.] 

Among  the  ancient  Scandinavians,  a  poet 
one  wliose  occupation  was  to  compose 
poems  in  honor  of  distinguished  men  and 
their  achievirients,  and  to  recite  and  sing] 
them  on  public  occasions.  The  scalds  oft 
Denmark  and  Sweden  answered  to  tl 
bards  of  the  Britons  or  Celts.  Mallet. 

SCALD'ED,  pp.  Injured   by   a  hot  liquor 
exposed  to  boiling  heat. 

SCALD'ER,  n.  A  scald;  a  Scandinavian 
poet. 

SCALD'HEAD,  n.  [See  Scald.]    A   lothe 
some  art'ection  of  the  head,  in  which  it  is 
covered  with  a  continuous  scab.   Johnson. 

SCALD'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds  or 
poets  of  antiquity  ;  composed  by  scalds. 

K'arton. 

SCALD'ING,  ppr.  Burning  or  injuring  by 
hot  liquor. 

2.  Exposing  to  a  boiling  heat  in  liquor. 

SCALD'ING-HOT,  a.  So  hot  as  to  scald 
the  skin. 

SCALE,  n.  [Sax.  scale,  sceale  ;  D.  schaal,  a 
scale,  a  howl,  saucer  or  dish,  and  a  shell, 
uniting  the  Sax.  scale  and  scell;  G.  schale, 
a  scale  or  balance,  a  dish,  bowl,  shell,  peel 
or  paring;  Dan.  skal,  a  shell;  .^kaler,  tf>] 
shell,  peel  or  pare  ;  skiel,  a  fish  scale  ;' 
Sw.  skal.  a  shell ;  Fr.  ecaille  ;  ecailler,  to[ 
scale  or  peel ;  ecale,  a  .^hell ;  ecaler,  to  shell  ;\ 
echelle,  a  scale  or  ladder;  ll.  scaglia,  the 
scale  of  a  fish  ;  scala,  a  ladder  ;  L.  id.,  Sp. 
escala.  Scale,  a  shell  and  a  dish,  is  prob- 
ably from  peeling  or  paring,  that  is,  sepa- 
rating ;  but  whether  a  simple  or  com 
pound  word,  [es-cal,  ei-cal,]  I  do  not 
know.  If  the  sense  is  to  strip,  it  coincides 
with  the  Gr.  ax^yju^,  to  spoil.] 

1.  The  dish  of  a  balance;  and  hence,  the 
balance  itself,  or  whole  instrument;  as, to 
turn  the  scale. 

Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battle  hung.  Milton 

But  in  general,  we  use  the  plural,  scales. 
for  the  whole  instrument. 
The  scales  are  turn'd ;  her  kindness  weighs  no 

more 
Now  than  my  vows.  Waller. 

2.  The  sign  of  the  balance  or  Libra,  in  the 
zodiac.  Creech.' 

3.  The  small  shell  or  crust  which  composes 
a  part  of  the  covering  of  a  fish  ;  and 
hence,  any  thin  layer  or  leaf  exfoliated  or 


separated  ;  a  thin  lamin  ;  as  scales  of  iron 
or  olbone.  Sharp. 

Tl  e  scales  of  fish  consist  of  alternate 
layers  of  membrane  and  phosphate  of 
lime.  The  scales  of  serpents  are  Compos- 
ed of  a  horny  membrane,  without  the  cal- 
carious  jihosphate.  lire. 

A  ladder;  series  of  steps ;  means  of  as- 
cending. [L.  scala.]  Addison. 
,5.  The  act  of  storming  a  place  by  mounting 
the  wall  on  ladders ;  an  escalade,  or  sca- 
lade. Milton. 

6.  A  mathematical  instrument  of  wood  or 
metal,  on  which  are  marked  lines  and  fig- 
ures for  the  purpose  of  measuring  distan- 
ce.s,  extent  or  proportions  ;  as  a  plain 
scale  ;  a  diagimal  scale. 

Regular  gradation  ;  a  series  rising  by 
steps  or  degrees  like  those  of  a  ladder. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  scale  of  being,  in 
which  man  occupies  a  higher  rank  than 
brutes,  and  angels  a  higher  rank  than 
man. 

8.  Any  instrument,  figure  or  scheme,  gradu- 
ated for  the  purpose  of  measuring  extent 
or  proportions ;  as  a  map  drawn  by  a 
scale  of  half  an  inch  to  a  league. 

y.  In  music,  a  gamut;  a  diagram;  or  a  se- 
ries of  lines  and  spaces  rising  one  above 
another,  on  whicli  notes  are  placed  ;  or  a 
scale  consists  of  the  regular  gradations  of 
sounds.  A  scale  may  be  limited  to  an  oc- 
tave, called  by  the  Greeks  a  tetrachord,  or 
it  may  extenil  to  the  compass  of  any 
voice  or  instrument.  Encyc. 

10.  Any  thing  graduated  or  marked  with 
degrees  at  equal  distances. 

SCALE,  V.  t.  [It.  scalare,  from  scala,  a  lad- 
der.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladder;  to  ascend  by 
steps;  and  applied  to  the  walls  of  a  fudijied 
place,  to  mount  in  assault  or  storm. 

Of'  have  1  scaVd  the  craggy  oak.       Spenser. 

2.  [from  scale,  a  balance.]  To  measure ;  to 
coiripare  ;  to  weigh. 

Scaling  his  present  bearing  with  his  past. 

Shak. 

3.  [from  scale,  the  covering  of  a  fish.]  To 
strip  or  clear  of  scales ;  as,  to  scale  a  fish. 

4.  To  take  ofl'in  thin  lamins  or  scales. 
To  pare  off  a  surface. 

ft   all   the   mountains   were  scaled,   and    the 
earth  made  even —  Burnet. 

().  In  the  north  of  England,  to  spread,  as  ma- 
nure or  loose  substances;  also,  to  dis- 
per.se ;  to  waste. 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  can- 
non by  the  explosion  of  a  small  quantity 
of  powder.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCALE,  V.  i.  To  separate  and  come  off  in 
thin  layers  or  lamins. 
The  old  shells  of  the  lobster  scale  off. 

Bacon. 

SCA'LED.  pp.  Ascended  by  ladders  or 
steps  ;  cleared  of  scales  ;  pared  ;  scatter- 
ed. 

2.  a.  Having  scales  like  a  fish;  squamous; 
as  a  scaled  snake.  Shak. 

SC.'V'LELESS,  a.  Destitute  of  scales. 

5.  M.  MilchiU. 

SCALE'NE,        )        [Gr.   exaXr^vos,   oblique, 

SCALE'NOUS,  ^""  unequal,  allicil  proba- 
bly to  oxoXioj ;  G.  schil.  schiel,  V.  scheel, 
squinting  ;  Dan.  skicler,  to  squint.) 

.\  scalene  triangle,  is  one  whose  sides  and 
angles  are  unequal. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S€ALE'NE,  n.  A  scalene  triangle. 
S€A'1.INESS.   n.    [from  acaly.]     The  state 

cit'heiiijr  scaly  ;  roughness. 
SCALING,  ppr.  Ascending  by  ladders  or 

steps  ;  storming. 

2.  Stripping  of  scales. 

3.  Peeling  ;  paring. 
SCALING  LADDER,  n.    A  ladder  made 

for  enabling  troops  to  scale  a  wall. 
SCALL,    n.    [See    Scald    and    Scaldhead. 
Scab;  scabbiness;  leprosy. 

It  is  a  dry  scall,  even  a  leprosy  on  the  head 
Lev.  xiii. 
SCAL'LION,  n.  [It.  scalogno  ;  L.  ascalonia ; 

Ft.  echalole,  whence  our  shalot;  so  named 

probably  from  its  coats,  shell,  scale.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Allium  ;  a  variety  of 

the  common  onion,  which  never  forms  a 

bulb  at  the  root.  Encyc.     Ed.  Encyc. 

SCAL'LOP,  >!.    [This   is  from  the  root  of 

shell,  scale ;  coinciding  with  scalp,  D.  schulp, 

a  shell.] 

1.  A  shell  fish,  or  rather  a  genus  of  shell 
fish,  called  pecten.  The  shell  is  hivalvu- 
lar,  the  liinge  toothles.s,  having  a  sma 
ovated  hi)llr)w.  The  great  scallop  is  ruj 
gedaiid  imbricated  with  scales,  grows  to  a 
large  size,  and  in  some  countries  is  taken 
and  barreled  for  market.  Encyc. 

2.  A  recess  or  curving  of  the  edge  of  any 
thing,  like  the  segment  of  a  circle;  writ- 
ten also  scollop.  1 

SCAL'LOP,  V.  t.  To  mark  or  cut  the  edge| 
or  border  of  any  thing  into  segments  ofj 
circles.  Gra^.j 

SCALP,  n.  [D.  sckelp  or  schulp,  a  shell. 
The  Gerniiiii  has  hirnschnlt,  brain-shell. 
Sec  Scale.  But  qu.  the  Ch.  Syr.  Ar.  tjSp' 
to  peel,  to  bark,  and  L.  scalpo.]  1 

1.  The  skin  of  the  toi>  of  the  head  ;  as  a' 
hairless  scalp.  Shak. 

2.  The  skin  ot  the  top  of  the  head  cut  or 
torn  ivfF.  A  scalp  among  the  Indians  ofj 
America  is  a  trophy  of  victory.  ' 

SCALP,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  scalp  or  in- 
teguments of  the  head.  Sharp.' 

SCALP'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  skin  of  the 
head. 

SCALP'EL,  n.  [L.  scalpellutn,  from  scalpo,] 
to  scrape.] 

In  surgeiy,  a  knife  used  in  anatomical  dis- 
sections and  surgical  operations.      Encyr. 

SCALP'ER,  ?         An      in.strumcnt 

SCALP'ING-IRON,  S"'  of  surgery,  u.^cd 
in  scraping  foul  and  carious  bones ;  a 
raspatory.  Encyc.     Parr. 

SC.ALP'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  skin  of 
the  top  of  the  head.  j 

SCA'LY,  a.  [from  scale.]  Covered  or, 
abounding  with  scales  ;  rough  ;  as  a  scaly: 
fish  ;  the  scaly  crocodile.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  scales,  lamina  or  layers. 

3.  In  botany,  composed  of  scales  lying  over 
each  other,  as  a  scaly  bulb ;  having  scales 
scattered  over  it,  as  a  scaly  stem.  j 

MaiiynJ 
SC-AM'BLE,  V.  I.  [D.  schommelen,  to  stir,  to 
shake.] 

1.  To  stir  quick  ;  to  be  busy  ;  to  scramble  ;' 
to  be  bold  or  turbulent.  Shak.\ 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  More.] 
SCAM'BLE,  V.  t.  To  mangle  ;  to  maul.       | 

Mortimer.: 
SCAM'BLER,  n.  A  bold  intruder  upon  the: 
generosity  or  hospitality  of  others. 

Steevens.' 

Vol  II. 


ISCAM'BLING,  ppr.  Stirring;  scrambling; 
intruding. 

SCAM'BLINGLY,  adv.  With  turbulence! 
and  noise  :  with  bold  intrusiveness.  j 

SCAM'MEL,  n.  A  bird.  I 

SCAMMO'NIATE,  a.  [from  scammony.] 
Made  with  scammony.     [JVot  used.]  \ 

H'iseman.i 

SCAM'MONY,  71.  [L.  «cammonia,  liom  the 
Persian.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Convol- 
vulus. 

2.  A  gum  resin,  obtained  from  the  plant  of 
that  name,  of  a  blackish  gray  color,  a 
strong  nauseous  smell,  and  a  bitter  and 
very  acrid  taste.  The  best  scammony 
comes  from  Alepjio,  in  light  spungy 
masses,  easily  friable.  That  of  Smyrna 
is  black,  ponderous,  and  mixed  with  ex- 
traneous matter.  Fonrcroy.     Encyc. 

SCAMP'ER,  V.  i.  [D.  schampen,  to  slip 
aside;  Vr.  escamper ;  It.  scampare,  to  es 
cape,  to  save  one's  self;  «cawi/)o,  safety ; 
campare,  to  preserve,  to  fly,  to  escape  ;  Sp. 
tscumpar,  to  clear  out  a  place.) 

To  run  with  speed  ;  to  hasten  escape. 

Addison . 

SCAMP'ERING,  ppr.  Running  with  speed  ;' 
hastening  in  flight. 

,SC.'\N,  t'. /.  [Fr.  scnnder;  Sp.  escander ;  It. 
scandire,  scandere,  to  climb,  to  scan.  The| 
Italian  is  the  L.  ascendo.     See  Ascend.]      i 

1.  To  examine  with  critical  care  ;  to  scruti- 
nize. 

The  actions- of  men  in  high   stations  are   al! 
conspicuous,  and  liable  to  be  scanned  Aoti  sifted. 

.Ilterlniry.i 

2.  To  examine  a  verse  by  counting  the  feet ;! 
or  according  to  modern  usage,  to  recite 
or  measure  verse  by  distinguishing  the 
feet  in  pronunciation.  Thus  in  Latin  and 
Greek,  a  hexameter  verse  is  resolved  into 
six  feet  by  scanning,  and  the  true  quan-| 
tities  are  determined. 

SCAN'D.AL,  71.  [Fr.  scandale  ;  It.  scandalo  ; 
Sp.  e.fcandalo :  L.  scandalum  ;  Gr.  axai6a- 
?.oi' ;  Ir.  sconimiV,  slander.     In  Greek,  thisi 


I  do  fawn  on  men,  and  hug  them  hard. 
And  after  scandal  them.     iLiltle  used.] 

Shah. 
2.  To  scandalize  ;  to  offend.     [Ao<  used.] 

Bp.  Story. 
SCANDALIZE,  v.  t.    [Gr.   sxaviaxi^u ;   L. 
scandatizo;  Sp.   escandalizar ;  It.  scanda- 
lezzare  ;  Fr.  scajidaliicr.] 

1.  To  offend  by  some  action  supposed  crim- 
inal. 

I  demand  wlio  they  are  whom  we  scandalize 
by  using  liarndoss  things  >.  Hooker. 

2.  To  reproach;  to  disgrace;  to  defame; 
as  a  scandalizing  libeler.  Addison. 

SCANDALIZED,  pp.  Offended  ;  defamed; 

disgraced. 
SCAN'DALIZING,  ppr.  Giving  offense  to; 

disgracing. 
SCAN'D.'\LOUS,    a.    [It.   scandaloso ;    Sp. 
escandaloso;  Fr.  scandaleux ;  Sw.  skande- 
lig.]     Giving  offense. 

Nothing  scandalous  or  offensive  to  any. 

Hooker. 

2.  Opprobrious;  disgraceful  to  reputation; 
that  brings  shame  or  infamy ;  as  a  scan- 
dalous crime  or  vice.  How  pervencd 
must  be  the  mind  that  considers  seduction 
or  dueling  less  scandalous  than  larceny  ! 

3.  Defamatory. 
SCANDALOUSLY,   adv.   Shamefully;    in 

a  manner  to  give  offense. 

His  discourse  at  table  was   scandalousli/  un- 
becoming the  dignity  of  his  station.  Swift. 

2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find 
fault  ;  as  a  critic  scundalouslii  nice.     Pope. 

SCAN'DALOUSNESS,  ti.  The  quality  of 
being  scandalous  ;  the  quality  of  giving  of- 
fense, or  of  being  disgraceful. 

Scandalum  mugnatum,  in  law,  a  defamatory 
speech  or  writing  made  or  jiublished  to 
the  injury  of  a  person  of  dignity.      Encyc. 

SCAND'ENT,  a.  [L.  scandens,  scando,  to 
climb.] 

Climbing,  either  with  spiral  tendrils  for  its 
support,  or  by  adhesive  fibers,  as  a  stalk  ; 
climliing  :  performing  the  oflice  of  a  ten- 
dril, as  a  petiole.  Smith.     Bigelow. 


word  signifies  a  stumbling-block,   some-  js^.^]y,j^T£u_  Critically  sifted  or  exam- 

thmg  against  which  a  person  mq.inges,  or  J     i„g,|  .   resolved  into  feet  in  recital, 
which  causes  him  to  tall.     In  bax.  5c«7irf(,  g^  ^p^-^-j^r^j^  Critically   examining  ; 

sconde,    signifies^  shame,   contusion,    dis-l|     res(dvi.ig  into  feet,  as  verse. 

SCANSION,  11.  The  act  of  scanning. 

Percy. 
SCANT,  V.  t.  [Dan.  s*aane/,  from  skaaner,  to 

spare.] 
To  limit ;  to  straiten :    as,  to  scant  one  io 
provisions  ;  to  scant  ourselves  in  the  use  of 
necessaries;  to  scant  a  garment  in  cloth. 


honor,  infamy  ;  D.  schnnde,  id. ;  schandaal, 
reproacli,  scandal;  G.  schnnde,  shame: 
schiindcn,  to  mar,  disfigure,  spoil,  violate  ;j 
Dan.  skiendcr,  to  abuse,  defame,  &c. ; 
Sans,  schiande  or  ishiaiida,  scandal.  Iiii 
Arm.  scandal  is  a  cpiarrel.  The  primary! 
sense    of  the    root    must    be   to  drive,  to 


thrust,  or  to  strike  or  cast  down.] 

1.  Offense  given  by  the  faults  of  another. 

His  lustful  orgies  he  enlarg'd 
Even  to  the  hill  of  scaiidal.  Milton 

[In   this  sense,  we  now  generally  use 
offense.] 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ;  opprobrious  cen 
sure  ;  defamatory  speech  or  report :  some- 
thing uttered  which  is  false  and  injurious 
to  reputation. 

My  known  virtue  is  from  scandal  free. 

Dryden 

3.  Shame ;  reproach ;  disgrace.  Such  is 
the  perverted  state  of  the  human  mind 
that  some  of  the  most  hainous  crimes 
bring  little  scandal  upon  iheoffeniler.         i 

SCANDAL,  V.  t.  To  treat  oppmhriously  ; 
to  defame;  to  asperse;  to  traduce;  to| 
blacken  character.  I 

64 


I  am  scanted  in  the  pleaj*ure  of  dwelling  on 
your  actions.  Dryden. 

SCANT,  I'.  I.  To  fail  or  become  less  ;  as,  the 
wind  scants. 

SCANT,  a.  Not  full,  large  or  plentiful; 
scarcely  sufficient ;  rather  less  than  is 
wanted  for  the  purpose  ;  as  a  scant  allow- 
ance of  provisions  or  water;  a  scant  pat- 
tern of  cloth  fi'r  a  garment. 

2.  Sparing ;  parsimonious ;  cautiously  af- 
fording. 

Be  somewhat  scanier  of  your  maiden  pres- 
ence.    [jVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

3.  Not  fair,  free  or  favorable  for  a  ship's 
course  ;  as  a  scant  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCANT,  adv.  Scarcely  ;  hardly  ;  not  quite. 

I  he  people^ — received  of  the   bankers  scant 

twenty  shillings  for  thirty.     [Obsolete  or  eul- 

gar.]  Camden. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


-^CANT'ILY,  adv.  [from  scanty.]  Not  fully  ; 

'  uot  plpiitifiilly.  The  troops  were  scantily 
siipiilied  with  flour. 

o.  Sparingly;  niggardly;  as,  to  speak  5ca««- 
i;,/ of  one.     [Unusual.]  »'"'-*J 

SCANTINESS,  n.  Narrowness;  want  otj 
space  or  compass  ;  as  the  scantiness  of  om 
heroic  verse.  Drydm. 

2.  Want  of  amplitude,  greatness  or  abund 
ance;  limited  extent. 

Alexander  was  much  troubled  at  the  scanti- 
ness of  mlwe  itseU.  >"^'" 

a  Want  of  fullness;  want  of  sufficiency  ;  as 
the  sOTn(i"e*«  of  supplies. 

S€ANT'LE,  V.  t.  To  be  deficient ;  to  iail. 

Drayton., 

S€ANT'LE,  V.  i.  To  divide  into  thin  or 
smallpieces;  to  shiver.  Chesterfdd 

S€ANT'lET,  71.  [See  Scantling.]  A  small 
pattern  ;  a  small  quantity.     [J^ot  in  usej^ 

SCANTLING,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a  i>at- 
tern  •  Sp.  escantillon  ;  Port,  escantilham.] 

1.  A  pattern;  a  quantity  cut  fo";  "Pf ■'"""- 
lar  purpose.  V Estrange. 

2.  A  s^nall  quantity  ;  -  --^^^f  ."f^:',, 
3  A  certain  proportion  or  quantity.  Shak. 
i    In  the  United  States,  timber  sawed  or  cut 

into  pieces  of  a  small  size  as  for  studs 
rails  &c.  This  seems  to  be  allied  to  the 
L  scandula,  and  it  is  the  sense  m  which 
I  have  ever  heard  it  used  in  this  country 
5.  In  seamen's  language,  the  dimensions  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  with  regard  to  'J^^breadth 

ScrNTUNG!'  a.    Not    plentiful ;    small 

LVotinuse.]  ,        ,       .,  ^'^f^/' 

St^ANT'LY,  ad..  Scarcely;   hardl^^J6. 

2  Not  fully  or  sufficiently  ;  narrowly  ;  pen- 
uriously  ;  without  amplitude.  Dryden. 

SCANT'NESS,  n.  [from  scant.]     Narrow 

SCANT'Y,^ «.  [from  scant,  and  having  the 

same  signification.] 
1.  Narrow';  small:   wanting   amplitude  or 

''''hU  doroinious  were  very  narrow  and  scant^y^ 

Now  scantier  limits  the  proud  arch  <^onfine-^ 

->    Poor;  not  copious  or   full;   not   ample 
~'  hardly  sufficient ;  as  a  scanty   language  ; 

ri  scanty  supply  of  words  ;  a  scn«<i/ supply 

of  bread. 
•>   Si.arinff  ;  niggardly  ;  parsimonious. 
-  ^Cnlst'ratilg  a  point  oV  dilficuhy,  be  noM^oo 
scnnfu  of  words.  ,.  ," 

SCAP'AISM,  II.  [Gr.(jxartru,todigormakc 

Amonrihe  Persians,  a  barbarous  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  criminals  by  confining 
tliem  in  a  hollow  tree  till  ihey  died  ^ 

SCAPE,    V.   t.    To   escape;    a    contracted 
word,  not  now  used  except  in  poetry,  and 
with  a  mark  of  elision.     [See  Escape.^ 
SCAPE,  n.  An  escape.     [See  Escape^ 
■i.  Means  of  escape;  evasion.  t,','"f' 

;<.  Freak  ;  abcrraiion  ;  deviation.  Ma* 

4.  Loose  act  of  vice  or  lewdness.  Shak. 

[Obsolete  in  all  its  senses.] 
SCAPE,  71.  [L.  scapiis;  probably  allied  to 
'    scipio,  and  the  Gr.  uxijrtrpor,  scepter.] 


Iln  lo(a>,v,  a  stem  bearing  the  fructif.cationi:SCARCE,  a.   [It.  scarso  ;T).  schuarsch. 
"     "  ,  "^     , „_   i-^.u^   ..„,...=.„..   nu,\:      Arm.  icarr  IS  short,  and  perhaps  the  \ 


111 


SCAP'ULA,  71.  [L.]  The  shoulder 


without  leaves,  as  in  the   narcissus  and 
hyacinth.  Marlyn. 

SCA'PE-GOAT,  7!.  [escape  and  goat]  In 
the  Jewish  ritual,  a  goat  which  was 
brought  to  the  door  of  the  tabernacle, 
where  the  high  priest  laid  his  hands  upon 
him,  confessing  the  sins  of  the  people, 
and  putting  them  on  the  head  of  the  goat ; 
after  which  the  goat  was  sent  into  the 
wilderness,  bearing  the  iniquities  of  the 
people.     Lev.  xvi.  ,    ,     ,  , 

SCA'PELESS,  a.  [from  scape.]   In  botany, 

destitute  of  a  scape. 
SCA'PEMENT.  71.    The  method   of  com- 
municating the  inqiulse  of  the  wheels  to 
the  pendulum  of  a  clock.  Chambers. 

SCA'PIIITE,  71.  [L.scapha.]  Fossil  remains 

of  the  scapha. 
SCAP'OLITE,  71.  [Gr.  axanof,   a  rod,  and 

USos,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  which  occurs  massive,  or  more 
con.monly  in  four  or  eight  sided  prisms, 
terminated  by  four  sided  pyramids.  It 
takes  its  name  from  its  long  crystals,  often 
marked  with  deep  longitudinal  channels, 
and  collected  in  groups  or  masses  ot  par 
allel,  diverging  or  intermingled  prisms.  It 
is  the  radiated,  foliated  and  couqiact 
scapolite  of  Jameson,  and  the  parantliine 
and  Wernerite  of  HaUy  and  Brongmart. 

Cleaveland 

blade. 

Co.ve. 

SCAP'ULAR,  a.  [L.  scapularis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  shoulder,  or  to  the  scapula  ;  as: 
the  scapular  arteries.  i 

SCAP'ULAR,  71.  [supra.]  In  anatomy,  the 
name  of  two  pairs  of  arteries,  and  as  ina-i 
nv  veins.  ,     Encyc. 

2  in  ornithology,  a  fether  which  springs 
from  the  shoulder  of  the  wing,  and  lies 
along  the  side  of  the  back.  Encyc. 

SCAP'ULAR,  }„  A  part  of  the  habit  of 
SCAP'ULARY,  S  certain  religious  orders 
in  the  Romish  church,  consisting  ot  two 
narrow  slips  of  cloth  worn  over  the  gown, 
covering  the  back  and  breast,  and  extenil- 
ing  to  the  feet.  This  is  worn  as  a  badge 
of  peculiar  veneration  for  the  virgin  JMa 
ry.  Encyc. 

SCAR,  71.  [Fr.  escurre ;  Arm.  scarr  or 
yscar;  h.escura;  Gr.  ta;(rapa:  Dan.  skar; 
■probablv  from  the  root  of  shear,  share,  to 
cut.  Sax.  sciran,  scearan,  whence  Dan.' 
skaar,  a  notch.] 

A  mark  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  an  anima! 
made  by  a  wound  or  an  ulcer,  and  re 
maining  after  the  wound  or  ulcer  is  heal- 
ed.    The  soldier  is  proud  of  his  scars. 

2.  Any  mark  or  injury  ;  a  blemish. 
■|hc    earth   bad   the    beauty    of  youth— and 

not  a  wrinkle,  scar  or  fracture  ou  its  body. 

Burnet 

3.  [L.  scarus  ;  Gr.  oxapos.]    A  fish  of  ihe  La 
bruskiud.  Did.J^at.His. 

SC>  AR,  V.  t.  To  mark  with  a  scar.  khak. 
SCAR'AB,  ?  [L.  scarabaus,  from  (Jr. 
SCAR'ABEE,  S  "■  oxup,  Sax.«cfnnt,fimiis.] 
A  beetle;  an  insect  of  the  genus  Scarabteus, 

whose  wings  are  cased.     [See  Beetle.] 
IscAR'AMOUCH,  Ji.  [Fr.  escarmouchc  ;  ll. 
I     scaramuccio  ;  Sp.  fscaranitira,  a  sku^ush.] 
Ia  buffoon  in  motley  dress.  tolUcr. 


Arm.  scarz  is  short,  and  perhaps  the  word 
is  from  the  root  of  shear,  to  cut.  The 
Spanish  equivalent  word  is  escaso,  and  it 
is  observable  that  some  of  our  common 
people  pronounce  this  word  scase.] 

1.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  being  in  small 
quantity  in  proportion  to  the  demand. 
We  say,  water  is  scarce,  wheat,  rye,  bar- 
ley is  scarce,  money  is  scarce,  when  the 
quantity  is  not  fully  adequate  to  the  de- 
mand. 

2.  Being  few  in  number  and  scattered;  rare: 

uncommon.     Good  horses  are  scarce. 

The  scarcest  of  all  is  a  Pescennius  Niger  on 
a  medallion  well  preserved.  Addison 

ilciRCELY,  !«''"•    Hardly  ;  scantly. 
We  scarcely  think  our  miseries  our  toes. 

"  Shak 

2.  Hardly  ;  with  difficulty. 

Slowly  he  sails,  and  scarcely  stems  the  tides 

Dryden 
SCARCENESS,  }  Smallness  of  quantity, 
SC.\RCITY,  y  or  smallness  in  propor- 
tion to  the  wants  or  demands  ;  deficiency  ; 
defect  of  plenty  ;  penury  ;  as  a  scarcity  of 
grain ;  a  great  scarcity  of  beauties ;  a 
scarc7<!/ of  lovely  women.  Dryden. 

Praise,  like  gold  and  diamonds,  owes  its  val- 
ue to  its  scarcity.  Rambler. 
A  scarcity  of  snow  would   raise  a  mutiny  at 
Naples.  Addison. 
2.  Rareness ;  infrequency. 

The  value  of  an  advantage  is  enhanced  by 
its  scarceness.  Collier. 

Root  of  scarcity,  the  mangold-wurzel,  a  va- 
riety of  the  white  beet;  G.  mangold-wur- 
zel, beel  root,  corrupted  into  mangel-wur- 
zel ;  Fr.  racine  de  disette,  root  of  want  or 
scarcity.  Ed-  Encyc. 

SCARE,  r.t.   [In  W.  es^rnr  is  to  separate; 
ill   It.  scorare  is  to  dishearten,  from   L.  ex 
and  C07-,  heart ;  but  qu.] 
To   fright;  to   terrify   suddenly;    to   strike 
with  sudden  terror. 

The  noi-^e  of  tby  cross-bow 
Will  score  the  herd,  and  so  my  shot  is  lost. 

Shak. 
To  scare  aicoi/,  to  drive  away  by  frightening. 
SCARF.CRO'W,  71.  [scarf  and  crow.]  Any 
frightful  thing  set  up  to  frighten  crows 
or  other  tbvvls  from  corn  fields  ;  hence, 
any  thing  terrifying  without  danger;  a 
vain  terror. 

A  scarecrvu'  set  to  frighten  fools  away. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  fowl   of  the  sea    gull  kind  ;  the   black 

„„|1.  Diet.  A'at.  Hist.     Pennant. 

SCARED,  pp.  Frightened ;  suddenly  terri- 

1     fied. 

SCAREFIRE,  71.  A  fire  breaking  out  so  as 
to  frighten  people.  [.Yot  used.]  Holder. 
SCARF,  71.  phi.  scarfs.  [Fr.  echarpe  ;  It. 
ciarpa  :  Sax.  sccarf  a  fragment  or  piece  ; 
from  the  root  iii'shear.] 
Something  that  hangs  loose  upon  the  shoul- 
ders; as  a  piece  of  cloth. 

Put  on  your  booil  and  scarf.  Swift. 

SCARF,  V.  t.  To  throw  loosely  on.     Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a  loose  vesture.  Shak. 

SCARF,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skarfva  ;    Sp.  escarpar.] 

Toif]in;  to  piece  ;  to  unite  two  pieces  of 

timi)cr  at  the  ends,   by  letting    the  end  of 

one  into  the  end  of  the  other,  or  by  laying 

the  two   cikIs   together   and  fasiening  a 

third  piece  to  both.  .V«r.  Did. 


S  C  A 


S  C  A 


S  C  E 


Se>ARFSKIN,  »i.  [scarf  and  skin.]  The 
cuticle;  the  epidermis;  the  outer  thin  iri- 
tefTument  of  thcbody.  Cheynt. 

SCARIFICA'TION,  n.  [L.  scarijicatio.  See 
Scarify.] 

In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  several 
incisions  in  the  skin  with  a  laticet  or  other 
cutting  instrument,  particularly  the  cup- 
ping instrument.  Encyc. 

SCARIFICA  TOR,  n.  An  instrument  used 
in  scarification. 

S€AR'IFIER,  n.  [from  scarify.]  The  per- 
son who  scarifies. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  scarifying. 

SCARIFY,  V.  I.  [Fr.  scarifier  ;  L.  scarifico. 
Q,u.  scar,  Gr.  f9z»pai  and  L./acto,  to  make. 
But  the  Greek  is  axapwfiao^ai,  from  axapifot, 
a  pointed  instrument,  or  a  sharj)  pointed 
piece  of  wood.] 

To  scratch  or  cut  the  skin  of  an  animal,  or 
to  make  small  incisions  by  means  of  a  lan- 
cet or  cupping  instrument,  so  as  to  draw 
blood  from  the  smaller  vessels  without 
opening  a  large  vein.  Encyc. 

SCAR'IFi'ING,  ppr.  Making  stnall  incis- 
ions in  the  skin  with  an  instrument. 

S€A'RIOUS,  a.  [Low  L.  scarrosus,  rough.] 
In  botany,  tough,  thin  and  semi-transpa- 
rent, dry  and  sonorous  to  the  touch  ;  as 
a  perianth.  Martyii. 

SCARLATl'NA,  n.  The  scarlet  fever  ;  call- 
ed in  popular  language,  the  canker  rash. 

SCARLAT'INOUS,  a.  Of  a  scarlet  color; 
pertaining  to  the  scarlet  fever. 

SCARLET,  n.  [Fr.  ecarlate  ;  Arm.  scar- 
ladd;  \t.  scarlalto  ;  i^\i.  esrarlata  ;  Ir.scar- 
loid ;  W.  ysgarlad,  the  effusion  of  a 
wound,  scarlet,  from  ysgar,  to   separate, 

iSee  Shear;]  D.  scharlaken  ;  G.  scharlack  ; 
)an.  skarlagen.  Qu.  Ch.  "ipD,  to  color,  as 

a  derivative,  minium  ;  Ar.   »ji^  shakara, 

to  be  red.] 

1.  A  beautiful  bright  red  color,  brighter  than 
crimson.  Encyc. 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color. 

All  her  household  are  clothed   with  scarlet. 
Piov.  xxxi. 

SC>ARLET,  a.  Of  the  color  called  scarlet; 
of  a  bright  red  color;  as  a  scarlet  cloth  or 
thread  ;  a  scarlet  lip.  Shak. 

Se^ARLET-BEAN,  n.  A  plant ;  a  red  bean. 

Morlimer. 

S€'ARLET-FE'VER,  n.  [scarlatina.]  A  dis- 
ease in  which  the  body  is  covered  with  an 
efflorescence  or  red  color,  first  appearing 
about  the  neck  and  breast,  and  accom- 
panied with  a  sore  throat. 

SC'ARLET-O.'XK,  n.  A  species  of  oak,  the 
(^nercus  coccifera,  or  kermes  oak,  produc- 
ing small  glandular  excrescences,  called 
kermes  or  scarlet  grain.  Enci/c. 

SCARMAgE,  i   peculiar  modes  of  spelling 

SC'AR.MOUE,  i  skirmish.     [J\rot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SeWRN,  n.  [Sax.  scearn.]  Dung.  [.Not  in 
use  or  local!]  Roy- 

SC\-VRN-BEE,  n.  A  beetle.  [JSTot  in  use  or 
local.]  Ray 

S€~ARP,  n.  [Fr.  escarpe  ;  It.  Scarpa,  a  scarp, 
a  shoe,  a  slope;  Sp.  escarpn.] 

\x\  fortification,  llii>  interior  talus  or  slope  of 
the  ilitch  next  the  place,  at  the  foot  <if  the 
rampart.  Encyc. 


SCARP,  n.  In  heraldry,  the  scarf  which 
military  commanders  wear  for  ornament ; 
borne  somewhat  like  a  battoon  sinister, 
but  broailer,  and  continued  to  the  edges 
of  the  field.  Encyc. 

SCA'RUS,  n.  A  fish.     [See  .Scar.] 

SCA'RY,  n.  Barren  land  having  only  a  thin 
coat  of  grass  upon  it.     [Local.] 

SC.\TCH,  n.  [Fr.  escacheJ]  A  kind  of  horse- 
bit  for  bridles.  Bailey. 

SCATCII'ES,  n.  p/u.  [Fr.  cc^iasscs.]  Stilts 
to  put  the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty 
pla-es.  Bailey. 

SCATE,  71.  [D.  schaals;  Ice.  skid.  This 
word  tnay  belong  to  the  root  of  shoot,  and 
L.  scateo.] 

A  wooden  shoe  furnished  with  a  steel  plate 
for  sliding  on  ice. 

SCATE,  V.  i.  To  slide  or  move  on  scates. 

SCATE,  n.  [Sax.  sceadda  ;  L.  squalina, 
st/uatus.]     A  fish,  a  species  of  ray. 

SCA'TEBROUS,  a.  [L.  scatebra,  a  spring  ; 
scateo,  to  overflow.]  Abounding  with 
sjirings.  Diet. 

SCATH,  v.t.  [Sax.  scalhinn,  sceathian,  to 
injure,  to  damage,  to  steal ;  D.  schanden  ; 
G.  schaden  ;  Sw.  skada ;  Dan.  skader.] 
To  damage  ;  to  waste  ;  to  destroy.  [Little 
nsed.]  Milton. 

SCATH,  n.  Damage;  injury  ;  waste  ;  harm. 
[Little  used.]  Spenser. 

SC.VTH'FUL,  n.  Injurious;  harmful;  de- 
structive.    [Little  KSff/.]  Shak. 

SC.\TH'LESS,  a.  Without  waste  or  ilam- 
age.     [Little  used.]  Chancer. 

SCAT'TER,  t'.  t.  [Sax.  scaferan,  to  pour  out, 
to  disperse  ;  L.  scateo  ;  Gr.  axtSau,  to  scat- 
ter, to  discuss,  L.  discutio.  This  word 
may  be  formed  on  the  root  of  discutio. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  drive  or  throw.] 

1.  To  disperse;  to  dissi|)ate  ;  to  separate  er 
remove  things  to  a  distance  from  each 
other. 

Fiom  thence  did  the  Lord  scatter  them 
abroad  upon  the  face  of  all  the  earth.     Gen.  xi. 

I  will  scatter  you  ajnong  the  heathen.  Lev. 
xxvi. 

2.  To  throw  loosely  about ;  to  sprinkle  ;  as, 
to  scatter  seed  in  sowing. 

Teach  the  glad  lionrs  to  scatter,  as  they  fly, 
Soft  quiet,  gentle  love  aud  endless  joy. 

Prior. 

3.  To  spread  or  set  thinly. 

M'hy   should   my  muse   enlarge    on   Libyan 

swains. 
Their  scalter'd  cottages,  and  ample  plains. 

I)ri/den. 
SCAT'TER.  V.  i.    To  be   dispersed  or  dis- 
sipated.    The  clouds  scatter  after  a  storm. 
2.  To  he  liberal  to  the  poor;  to  be  charita- 
ble.    Prov.  xi. 
SCAT'TERED,  pp.  Dispersed  :  dissipated  ; 
thinly  spread  ;  sprinkled  or  thinly  spread 
over. 
2.  In   botany,    irregular    in    position ;  with- 
out any  apparent  regular  order  ;  as  scat- 
tered branches. 
SCAT'TEREDLY,     adv.     In    a   dispersed 
manner  ;  separately.     [ATot  much  used.] 

Clarke. 
SCAT'TERING,  ppr.  Dispersing  ;  spread- 
ing thinly;  sprinkling. 
2.  a.  Not  united  ;  divided  among  many  ;  as 

scattering  voles. 
SCAT'TERINGLY,    adv.     Loosely;   in    a 
dispersed  njanner  :  thinly  ;  as  habitations 
scatteringly  placed  over  the  country. 


SCAT'TERLING,  n.  A  vagabond  ;  one 
that  has  no  fixed  habitation  or  residence. 

[Little  u.«-rf.] 

SCA'I'U'RIENT,  o.  [L.  scaturiens.]  Spring- 
ing, as  the  water  of  a  liauntain.  [j\'ot  us- 
erf.f  Diet. 

SCATURKi'INOUS,  a.  [L.  scatiiHgo.] 
Abounding  with  springs.     [Abt  used.] 

Diet. 

SCAUP,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  duck  kind. 

Encyc. 

SCAV'.AgE,  n.  [Sax.   sccatrian,   to   show.] 

In  ancient  customs,  a  toll  or  duly  exacted  of 
merchant-strangers  by  mayors,  sherifs, 
&c.  for  goods  shown  or  oft'ered  for  sale 
within  their  precincts.  Cowel. 

SCAV'ENgER,  n.  [Sax.  scafan,  to  scrape, 
to  shave,  G.  schaben,  Sw.  skafca,  Dan. 
skaver,  L.  scabio.] 

A  person  who.se  employment  is  to  clean  the 
streets  of  a  city,  by  scraping  or  sweeping 
and  carrying  off  the  filth. 

SCEL'ERAT,  71.  [Fr.  from  L.  sceleralus.] 
A  villain  ;  a  criminal.     [.Vof  in  use.] 

Cheyne. 

SCENE,  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  L.  scena  ;  Gr.  oxijiij ; 
Ileb.  p'lO  to  dwell ;  Ch.  to  subside,  to  set- 


tle ;  Syr.  to  come  or  fall  on  ;  Ar. 


US- 


sakana,  to  be  firm,  stable,  quiet,  to  sei  or 
establish,  to  quiet  or  cause  to  rest.  Class 
Gn.  No.  4'!.  44.  The  Greek  word  signi- 
fies a  tent,  hut  or  cottage.  In  L.  it  is  an 
arbor  or  stage.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
set  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  stage  ;  the  theater  or  place  whore  dra- 
matic pieces  and  other  shows  are  exhibit- 
ed. It  does  not  appear  that  the  ancients 
changed  the  scenes  in  different  parts  of  the 
play.  Indeed  the  original  scene  ihr  act- 
ing was  an  open  plat  of  ground,  shaded  or 
slightly  covered.  Encyc. 

2.  The  whole  series  of  actions  and  events 
connected  and  exhibited  ;  or  the  whole 
as.semhiage  of  objects  displayed  at  one 
view.  Thus  we  say,  the  execution  of  a 
malefactor  is  a  melancholy  scene.  Tlie 
crucifixion  of  our  Saviour  was  the  most 
solcnm  scene  ever  presented  to  the  view  of 
man. 

\Ye  say  al.so,  a  scene  of  sorrow  or  of  re- 
joicing, a  noble  scene,  a  sylvan  scene. 
A  charming  scene  of  nature  is  display 'd. 

Dry  den. 

3.  A  part  of  a  play  ;  a  division  of  an  act.  A 
play  is  divided  into  acl.s,  and  acts  are  di- 
vided into  scenes. 

4.  So  much  of  an  act  of  a  play  as  represents 
what  passes  between  the  same  persons  in 
the  same  place.  Dryden. 

5.  The  place  represented  by  the  stage.  The 
scene  was  laid  in  the  king's  palace. 

G.  The  curtain  or  hanging  of  a  theater 
adapted  to  the  play. 

7.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  exhibited. 
The  world  is  a  vast  scene  of  strife. 

J.  M.  Mason. 

8.  Any  remarkable  exhibition. 
The  shepherds,  while  watching  their  flocks 

upon  the  plains  of  Bethlehem,  were  suddenly 
interrupted  by  one  of  the  most  sublime  and  sur- 
prising scenes  which  have  ever  been  exhiMted 
""  c.irth.  IV.  B.  Sprague 

SCE'NERY.  n.  The  appearance  of  a  place, 
or  of  the  various  objects  presented  to 
view :  or  the  various  objects  themselves 


Ji  C  E 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


as  seen  together.  Thus  we  may  say,  the 
scenert)  ol'  tlip  landscape  presented  to  the 
view  frciiii  nidunt  Hnlyoko,  in  Hampshire 
county,  Mussaohusetls,  is  highly  pictur- 
esque, and  exceeded  only  by  the  scenen/ 
of  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  as  seen  from 
the  State  house. 

Never  need  an  American  look  beyoml  his 
own  country  for  the  sublime  and  beautiful  of 
natural  scenery.  Irving 

2.  Tlie  representation  of  the  place  in  whrcl 
an  action  is  performed.  Pope 

3.  Tlie  disposition  and  consecution  of  tlif 
scenes  of  a  play.  Dryden. 

4.  Tlie  paintings  representing  the  scenery 
of  li  play. 

SCEN'I€,        \        [L.  scemcits.]    Pertaining 

SCENTCAL,  \  "■  to  scenery  ;  dramatic  ; 
theatrical. 

SCENOGRAPH'IC,        }        [See    Sceno^- 

SCENOGRAPH'ICAL.  p-  raphy.']  Per- 
taining to  scenography  ;  drawn  in  per 
spective. 

SCENOGRAPH'ICALLY,  adv.  In  perspec 
tive.  Mortimer. 

SCENOGRAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  oxiji'ij,  scene 
and  ypwjiu,  to  describe.] 

The  representation  of  a  body  on  a  perspec- 
tive plane  ;  or  a  description  of  it  in  all  its 
dimensions  as  it  ajjpears  to  the  eye. 

Encyc. 

SCENT,  n.  [Fr.  senteur,  from  sentir,  L.  sen- 
tio,  to  perceive.] 

1.  Odor;  smell;  that  substance  which  issu- 
ing from  a  body,  affects  the  olfactory  or- 
gans of  animals;  as  the  scent  of  an  or- 
ange or  an  apple  ;  the  scent  of  musk.  The 
word  is  applicable  to  any  odor,  agreeable 
or  offensive. 

2.  The  power  of  smelling;  the  smell;  as  a 
hound  of  nice  scent. 

•3.  Chase  followed  by  the  scent ;  course  of 
pursuit ;   track. 

He  travelled  upon  the  same  scent  into  Ethio- 
pia. Temple. 

SCENT,  V.  t.  To  smell;  to  perceive  by  the 
olfactory  orgatis ;  as,  to  scent  game,  as  a 
Iiound. 

2.  To  perfume ;  to  imbue  or  fill  with  odor, 
good  or  had.  Aromatic  plants  scent  the 
room.  Some  persons  scent  garments  with 
musk  ;  others  scent  their  snuff. 

.SC'ENT'FyL,  a.  Odorous;  yielding  much 
smell.  Drriyton.l 

'i.  Of  quick  smell.  Browne.', 

SCENT'LESS,  a.  Inodorous;  destitute  of 
sitiell. 

.SGEP'TER,  n.  [Fr.  sceptre;  L.  sccptrum  ; 
Gr.  axrjTtijiov,  I'nmi  axijitru,  to  send  or 
thrust ;  coinciding  with  L.  scipio,  that  is, 
a  shoot  nr  rod.] 

1.  A  staff  or  batoon  borne  by  kings  on  sol- 
emn otxasions,  as  a  badge  of  authority. 
Hence, 

'I.  The  appropriate  ensign  of  royalty  ;  an  en- 
sign of  higher  antiquity  than  the  crown. 
Hence, 

3.  Royal  power  or  authority  ;  as,  to  assume 
the  scepter. 

The  scepter  shall  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor 
a  lawgiver  from  between  his  feet,  till  Shiloh 
come.     Gen.  xlix. 

4.  A  constellation. 

SCEPTER,  V.  t.  To  invest  with  royal  au- 
thority, or  with  the  ensign  of  authority. 

Hall. 


SCEP'TERED,  a.  Bearing  a  scepter;  as  an     metal  of  a  grayish  white  color,  and  brilf-- 

sceptered  prince.  |l     iant.  £Ke/. 

To    Britain's   queen  the  scepter'd  suppliant  SCHE'MATISM.  n.   [Gr.  axrinaTiatioi   from 

bends.  Tickel.       oxni^-     ^ee  Scheme.]  '  ' 

Gold-sce/-«..<iJuno.  ■P«'-'""j  1.  Combination  of  the  aspects  of  heavenly 

bodies. 


SCEP'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  axinti-xoi;,  from  axcjtro- 


^m,  to  look  about,  to  consider,  to  specu-:  o  Particular  form  or  disposition  of  a  thinff 
late  :  Sax.  sceaman,  to  look  about,  to  see,i      y]  xvord  not  much  used.]  Creedi 

also  to  show,     isce  Show.]  I  oi-uir,iii  A-niu-r         a  . 

One  who  doubts  the  truth  and  reahty  of  ^*^"'^  *^^  ^'*'^,'  "•  A  projector;  one  given 
anv  principle  or  system  of  principles  or!  '"  t""'"'!?  schemes.  [Schtmer  is  more 
doctrines.     In    philosophy,    1    PyrrhonistI  _,  generally  used.] 

or  follower  of  Pyrrho,  "(lie  founder  of  al^^GHEME,  n.  [h.  schema  :  Gr.  nxyjiia,  from 
sect  of  sceptical  philosophers,  who  main-ji  'A:f",  a  contracted  word,  probably  from 
tained  that  no  certain   inferences  can  hell     '^X^Bu,,  to  have  or  hold.] 


drawn  from  the  reports  of  the  senses,  and 
who  therefore  doubted  of  every  thing. 

Enfield. 
.  In  theology,  a  person  who  doubts  the  ex- 
istence and  [)erfections  of  God,  or  the 
truth  of  revelation  ;  one  who  disbelieves 
the  divine  original  of  the  christian  reli 
gion. 

Suffer  not   your  faith   to  be   shaken   by   the 

sophistries  of  sceptics.  Clarice 

SCEP'TI€,        I       Doid>tiiig;  hesitating  to 

SCEP'TICAL,  \  "■  admit   the  certainty'  of| 

doctrines  or  principles;  doubting  of  every 

thing. 

Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revela 
tion. 


The  sceptical  system 
foundation  of  morals. 


subvert: 


the    whole 
Sob.   Hall. 

doubt 


m  a 


SCEPTICALLY,   adv.    With 
doubting  manner. 

SCEP'TICISM,  )!.  [Fr.  scepticismc.]  The 
doctrines  and  opinions  of  tlie  Pyrrhonists 
or  sceptical  philosophers  ;  utiiversal  doubt; 
the  scheme  of  philosophy  which  denies 
the  certainty  of  any  knowledge  respecting 
the  phenomena  of  nature. 

2.  In  theology,  a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  rev- 
elation, or  a  denial  of  the  divine  origin  of 
the  christian  religion,  or  of  the  being,  per- 
fections or  truth  of  God. 
Irreligious  scepticism  or  atheistic  profaneness 

.Milner. 

Let  no    despondency    or    timidity    or  secret 

scepticism  lead  any   one  to  doubt  whether  this 

blessed  prospect  will  be  realised.  S.  Miller. 

SCEP'TICIZE,  v.i.  To  doubt;  to  pielenil 
to  doubt  of  every  thing.     [Little  used.] 

Shii/lesbiirt/. 

SCHAALSTETN,   )       A  rare  mineral,  ci.fl 

SCA'LE-STONE,  I  "'  ed  also  tafeispath 
and  tabular  spar,  occurring  in  niass( 
composed  of  thin  lamins  collected  into 
large  prismatic  concretions  or  hexahedial 
prisms.  Its  color  is  grayish  or  pearly 
white,  tinged  with  green,  yellow  or  red. 

C/coi.'e/a/i(/. 

SeHED'ULE,  71.  [L.  schedida,  (ri>ni  schedn, 
a  sheet  or  leaf  of  paper:  Gr.  exi^i,  fmiii 
aX'^i'^i  to  cut  or  divide  ;  L.  scindo,  fur  set  Jo. 
The  pronunciation  ought  to  follow  the 
analogy  of  so/ieme,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  scroll  or  piece  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment, containing  some  writing. 

Honker. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  parchment  annexed 
to  ;i  larger  writing,  as  to  a  will,  a  deed, 
a  lease,  &c.  Eticyc. 

i.  A   piece  of  paper  or  parchment  contain 


ing  an  inventory  of  goods.  Encyc. 

SCHKE'lJN,   )        A    different     name    of 
SeHE'LlUM,  S  "■    tungsten,  a  hard  brittle 


I.  Apian;  a  combination  of  things  connect- 
ed and  adjusted  by  design  ;  a  system. 

We  shall  never  be  able  to  give  ourselves  a 
satisfactory  account  of  the  divine  conduct  with- 
out forming  such  a  scheme  of  things  as  shall 
take  in  lime  and  eternity.  Atterbury. 

3.  A  project ;  a  contrivance  ;  a  plan  of  .some- 
thing to  be  done  ;  a  design.  Thus  we  .say, 
to  form  a  scheme,  to  lay  a  scheme,  to  con- 
trive a  scheme. 

The  stoical  sclieme  of  supplying  our  wants  by 
lopping  off  our  desires,  is  like  cutting  off  out 
feet  when  we  want  shoes.  Swift. 

i.  A  representation  of  the  aspects  of  the  ce- 
lestial bodies  ;  any  lineal  or  mathematical 
diagram.  Brown.     Hudibras. 

SCHEME,  V.  t.  To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 
SCHEME,  V.  i.   To  form  a  plan  ;  to   con- 
trive. 
SCHE'MER,  n.  One  that  contrives ;  a  pro- 
jector;  a  contriver. 
SCHE'MING,  ppr.  Planning;  contriving. 
3.  a.  Given  to  forming  schemes;  artful. 
SCIIE'MIST,  n.  A  schemer;  a  projector. 

Coventry. 

SeHENE,  n.  [L.  schccnos  ;  Gr.  uxo'^oi.]  An 

Egyptian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  sixty 

stadia,  or  about  74  miles.  Herodotus. 

iSCHE'SIS,  n.   [Gr.  aj;tai;,  from  a;tfu,  fi;^t9u, 

to  have  or  hold.] 
Habitude  ;  general   state   or   disposition   of 
the  body  or  mind,  or  of  one  thing  with  re- 
gard to  other  things.  J^J'orris. 
SCHILLER-SPAR,  7i.  A  mineral  contain- 
ing two  subsjiecics,  bronzile  and  coriimon 
.scliiller-spar. 
SCHIS.Vl,   'I.  sizm.  [\j.  achisma  ;  Gr.  «;i;iff,ua, 
fniiii  '^x'-i'^-  '"  divide,  L.  scindo.  Sax.  s^ca- 
dnn,  D.  scheicn,  .icheiden,  G.   scheiden,  to 
Sep  iiate,  to  part.] 
I.   In  a  general  .sen.fe,  division  or  separation  ; 
but  appropriately,  a  division  or  separation 
in  a  church  or  diniomination  of  christians, 
occasioned     by     diversity     of    opinions  ; 
breach  of  unity  among  people  of  the  same 
religious  faith. 

— Set  bounds  to  our  passions  by  reason,  to  our 
errors  by  truth,  and  to  our  schisms  by  chaiity. 

A'.  Charles. 
In  Scripture,  the  word  seems  to  denote 
a  brcncli  of  charity,  rather   than  a  differ- 
ence of  doctrine. 
3.  Separation  ;   division 
classes  of  people. 

SCHISMATIC,        )        .-ii-.mat'i 

SCHISMAT  ICAL,  ^  "•  sizmat', 

ing  to  schism  ;  implying  schism  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  schism  ;  tending  to 
schism  ;  as  schismatical  opinions  or  propo- 
sals. A'.  Charles.     South. 


among    tribes    or 


t'ic,      I 
I'ical.   S 


Per- 
tain- 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


SCHISMAT'lC,    n.     One   who    separates! 

Iroiu   ail   ustalilislieil   cliuivli   or   religiousj 

fiutli,  on  account  of  a  (liversily  of  o|jinion-".j 

Blackslone.     Swift.) 

SCHISM/VT'ICALLY,  adv.  Jn  a  8clii.-i„at-| 
ical  manner  ;  Ijy  sc|>araUon  lioni  a  churcli 
on  account  of  a  ilivcrHity  of  opuiions. 

SCIHSiVlAT'lCAI.NKriS,  u.  Tlie  state  of 
licnig  M'liisiiiatical. 

SCUlri'MA'l'IZt;,  v.i.  To  connnit  or  prac- 
tice s(;lnsin ;  to  niuke  a  breach  of  com- 
munion in  the  ctmrch.  Johnson. 

SClllSM'Ll'^SS,  a.  Free  from  schism;  not 
affected  hy  scliism.     [Little  used]  Milton. 

SCill.ST      [See  SUist.] 

SeHOL'AK,  n.  [Low  L.  schotaris,  from 
schola,  a  school  ;  Hi:  txo'^l-,  leisure,  a 
school;  Vr.  ecolicr  ;  D.  schuoticr ;  O.  schii- 
ler ;  Dan.  skotelwid.  The  Danish  word 
signifies  school-learned.     8ee  t)chool.] 

1.  One  who  learns  of  a  teacher;  one  who  is 
under  the  tuition  of  a  preceptor ;  a   pupil 
a  disciple  ;  hence,  any   memlier  of  a  eol 
lege,   academy   or   school  ;  applicable   to 
the  learner  of  any  art,  science  or  branch 
of  literature. 

2.  A  man  of  letters.  Locke. 

3.  Umphaticalli)  used,  a  man  eminent  for  er- 
udition ;  a  person  of  high  attainments  in 
science  or  literature. 

4.  One  that  h-arns  any  thing  ;  as  an  apt 
scholar  in  the  school  of  vice. 

5.  A  pedant;  a  man  of  books.  Bacon. 

[But  the  word  scholar  seldom  conveys 
the  idea  of  a  pedant,  j 

S€HOLAR'ITy,  n.  Scholarship.  [jYot 
used.i  B.  Jonaon. 

S€UOL'AR-LlKE,  a.  Like  a  scholar ;  be- 
coming a  scholar.  Bacon. 

SCHOL'ARSIIII*,  n.  Learning;  attainments 
in  .science  or  literature  ;  as  a  man  of  great 
scholarship.  Pope. 

2.  Literary  education ;  as  any  other  house 
ol' scholarship.     [Unusual.]  Milton. 

3.  ExInhitiDii  (If  mainleiiance  fir  a  scholar; 
foundation  for  the  support  of  astuilent. 

^■liiisworth. 

SeHOLAS'Tle,        )         [L.     scholaslicus.] 

S€HOLAS'TICAL.  5"-  Pertaining  to  a 
scholar,  lo  a  school  or  to  schools;  as 
scholastic  manners  or  pride  ;  scholastic 
learning. 

■J.  Sciiolar-like  ;  boconhng  a  .scliolar  ;  suitOr 
ble  to  schools;  H!i scholastic  precision. 

3.   Pedantic  ;  foiinal. 

Sclto'iistic  divinity,  that  species  of  divinity 
taught  in  some  schools  or  colleges,  which 
consists  in  discussing  and  settling  points 
by  reason  and  argument.  It  has  now 
fallen  into  contempt,  except  in  some  uni- 
versities, where  the  charters  require  it  to 
ho  taught.  Encyc. 

SCHOLAS'TIe,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
nietliod  or  sulitillies  of  the  schools. 

Millon. 

SeHOLAS'TICALLY,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  schools  ;  according  to  the  niceties  or 
method  nf  the  schools. 

SCHOLA.S'TICIS.W,  n.  The  method  or 
siihtilties  of  the  schools.  ffarton. 

The  spirit  of  the  old  scholasticism,  which 
spumed  lahorious  investigation  and  slow  induc- 
tion— J.  P.  Smith 

SCHOLIAST,  »f.  [Gr.  axo-Kta;r;i.  See  Scho- 
liuiit.] 

A   commentator    or    annotator  :  one    who 


writes  notes  upon  the  works  of  another 
for  illustrating  his  writings.  Dryden. 

SCHO'LIAZE,  t).  t.  To  write  notes  on  an 
author's  works.     [jVot  used.]  Milton. 

SCHO'LICAL,  a.  Scholastic.    [ATot  in  use.] 

Hales. 

SCHOLIUiM,  n.  plu.  scholia  or  scholiums. 
[L.  scholion  ;  Gr.  axuXwv,  from  axil^r^,  leis- 
ure, lucubration.] 

In  mo(/iC)n.«<ic.«,  a  remark  or  observation  sub- 
joined to  a  demonstration. 

SCIIO'LY,  n.  A  scholium.     [J^olin  use.] 

Hooker. 

SCHO'LY,  v.i.  To  write  comments.  [JVol' 
in  use.]  Hooker.' 

SCHOOL,  n.  [L.  schola;  Gr.  axoXrj,  leisure,! 
vac^atiun  from  business,  lucubration  at! 
leisure,  a  place  where  leisure  is  enjoyed,! 
a  school.  The  adverb  signifies  at  ease,' 
leisurely,  slowly,  hardly,  witli  labor  or  dif- 
ficulty. In  Sa.x.  sceol  is  a  rrowil,  a  multi- 
tude, a  school  [shoal,]  as  of  fishes,  and  a 
school  for  instruction.  Soulsoico^  scolu,\ 
a  school  ;  hut  the  latter  sense,  I  think, 
must  have  been  derived  from  the  Latin. 
IJ.  school,  an  .-icademy  and  a  crowd  ; 
schooten,  to  flock  tog(!thcr ;  G.  schule,  a 
school  for  instruction;  I),  skole  :  Sw.  sko- 
la;  VV.  ysgitl ;  Arm.  scol ;  Vr.  ecole  ;  It. 
scuola ;  Sp.  escueta  ;  Port,  escola  ;  Sans.l 
schata.  This  word  seems  originally  to 
have  denoted  leisure,  freedom  from  busi- 
ne.«s,  a  time  given  to  sports,  games  or  ex- 
ercises, and  afterwards  time  given  to  lite- 
rary studies.  The  sense  of  a  crowd,  col- 
lection or  slwat,  seems  to  be  ilerivative.] 

1.  A  place  or  house  in  which  persons  are  in- 
structed in  arts,  science,  languages  or  any 
species  of  learning  ;  or  the  pupils  assem- 
bled for  instruction.  In  American  usage, 
school  more  generally  denotes  the  collec- 
tive body  id"  pupils  in  any  place  of  instruc- 
tion, and  under  the  direction  anil  disci- 
pline of  one  or  more  teachers.  Thus  we 
say,  a  school  consists  of  fifty  pupils.  The 
preceptor  has  a  large  school,  or  a  small 
school.  His  discipline  keeps  the  school 
well  regulated  and  ipiiet. 

2.  The  instruction  or  exercises  of  a  collec- 
tion of  pujiils  or  students,  or  the  collective 
body  of  pupils  while  engaged  in  their 
stiulics.  Tlius  we  say.  the  school  begins 
or  opens  at  eight  o'clock,  that  is,  the  pu- 
pils at  that  hour  begin  their  studies.  So 
we  say,  the  teacher  is  now  in  school,  the 
school  liours  are  from  nine  to  twelve,  and 
from  two  to  five. 

3.  The  stale  of  instruction. 

Set  liini  betimes  to  school.  Dryden. 

4.  A  plaic  of  education,  or  collection  of  pu- 
pils, of  any  kind;  as  tbe4r/ioo/.sof  the  proph- 
ets. Ill  modern  usage,  the  word  «cAoo/coin- 
preheiuls  every  place  of  education,  as  uni- 
versity, lollege,  academy,  common  or  pri- 
mary schools,  dancing  schools,  riding 
schools,  &.C.  ;  but  ordinarily  the  word  is 
applied  to  seminaries  inferior  to  universi- 
ties and  colleges. 

AVliat  is  the  great  community  of  christians, 
bu(  one  of  the  inuumeralde  schiiols  in  the  vast 
plan,  wliicli  God  has  instituted  for  the  educa- 
tion of  various  intelligences?         Buckmitister. 

5.  Separate  denomination  or  sect ;  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrine  taught  by  particular  te.icli- 
ers,  or  peculi.ir  to  any  denomination  of 
christians  or  philosophers. 


J.et  no  m.in  be  lens  confident  in  liis  t'aitb — 
hy  reason  of  .any  difference  in  the  several 
schools  ot'cliricitians —  Tat/tor. 

Thus  we  say,  the  Socratic  school,  the 
Platonic  school,  the  Peripatetic  or  Ionic 
school;  by  which  we  understand  all  those 
who  adopted  and  adhered  to  a  j)articular 
system  of  u|iinion.s. 

C.  The  seminaries  for  teaching  logic,  meta- 
physics and  theology,  which  were  formed 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  which  were  char- 
acterized by  academical  disputations  and 
subtilties  of  reasoning  ;  or  the  learned 
men  who  were  engaged  in  discussing  nice 
points  in  metaphysics  or  theology. 

The  supreme  authority   of  Aristotle    in  the 

schools  of  theology  as  well  as  of  philosophy 

Henry. 
Hence,  school  divinity   is    the   divinity 
which  discusses  nice   points,  and  proves 
every  thing  by  argument. 

7.  Any  place  of  improvement  or  learning. 
The  world  is  an  excellent  .school  to  wise 
men,  but  a  school  of  vice  to  fools. 

SCHOOL,  V.  t.  To  instruct ;  to  train  ;  to 
educate. 

He's  gentle,  never  school'd,  yet  leamM. 

Shah: 

2.  To  teach  with  superiority  ;  to  tutor ;  to 
chide  and  admonish  ;  to  reprove. 
School  your  child, 
And  ask  why  tioil's  anointed  he  revil'd. 

Dryden. 

SCHOOL'-BOY,  n.  [Sec  Boy.]  A  boy  be- 
longing to  a  school,  or  one  who  is  learning 
rudiment.s.  SiviO. 

SCHOOL-DAME,  n.  [See  Dame.]  The  fe- 
male teacher  of  a  school. 

SCHOOL'-UAY,  71.  [See  Day.]  The  age  in 
which  youth  are  sent  to  school.  [.Vol  now 
used.]  Shak. 

SCHOOL -DISTRICT,  n.  A  division  of  a 
town  or  city  for  establishing  and  conduct- 
ing schools.     [U.  Stales.] 

SCHOOL'ERY,  n.  Something  taught;  pre- 
cepts.    [.\o(  used.]  Spenser. 

SCHOOL'-FELLOW,  n.  [See  FeUow.]  One 
bred  at  the  same  school  ;  an  associate  in 
school.  Locke. 

SCHOOL'-HOUSE,  n.  [See  House.]  A 
house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  schools, 
or  for  instruction  ;  but  applied  only  to 
buildings  tor  subordinate  schools,  not  to 
colleges.  In  Coijiiecticiit  and  some  other 
states,  every  town  is  divided  into  .school- 
districts,  and  each  district  erects  its  own 
school-house  by  a  tax  on  the  inhabitants. 

SCHOOL'ING, p;w.  Instructing;  teaching; 
reproving. 

Schooling,  ?!.  instruction  in  school; 
tuition. 

2.  Compensation  for  instruction;  price  or 
reward  paid  to  an  instructor  for  teaching 
pupils. 

■i.  Reproof;  reprimand.  He  gave  his  son  a 
gO(3d  schooling. 

SCHOOL'MAID,  »i.  [See  Maid.]  A  girl  at 
school.  Shak. 

SCHOOLHIAN,  n.  [See  Man.]  A  man 
versed  in  the  niceties  of  academical  dispu- 
tation or  of  school  divinity. 

Unleam'd,  he  knew  no  schoolman's  subtil 
art.  Pope. 

•2.  A  writer  of  scholastic  divinity  or  philos- 
ophy. 
Let  subtil  schoolmen  teach  these  Ctiends  to 
fight.  Pope. 


.SCI 


SCI 


SLA 


SeHOOL'MASTER,  n.  [See  Master.]  The  5.  One   of  the  seven   liberal    branches    of  !SCIOP'TIC,  n.  A  r^phere  or  globe  with  a 


man  wlio  i>resiiles  over  and  teaches  u 
school  ;  a  teacher,  instructor  or  preceptor 
of  a  school.  [Applied  now  only  or  chiefly 
to  the  teachers  of  primary  schools.]  | 

Adrian   VI.  was   sometime   schoolmaster  to; 
Charles  V.  Knolles. 

2.  He  or  that  which  disciplines,  instructs  and 
leads. 

The  law  was  our  schoolmaster  to  bring  us  to 
Chri^it.     Gal.  ill. 

SCHOOLMISTRESS,  n.  [See  Mistress.] 
A  woman  who  governs  and  teaches  a 
school.  Gay. 

SCHOON'KR,  n.  [G.  schoner.]  A  vessel  with 
two  masts,  whose  main  sail  and  fore-sail 
are  suspended  by  gaffs,  like  a  sloop's  main- 
sail, and  stretched  below  by  booms. 

Mir.  Diet.     Eiicyc. 

SCHORL.     [See  Shori] 

SCIAGRAPH'ICAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  sci- 
agraphy. 

SCIAG'RAPHY,  n.  [Gr.  axvar^pa^ia ;  axca,  a 
shadow,  and  ypo^iu,  to  describe.]  The  art 
of  sketching  or  delineating. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  profile  or  section  of  a 
building  to  exhibit  its  interior  structure 

Bailey. 

•1.  In  astronomy,  the  art  of  finding  the  hour 
of  the  day  or  night  by  the  shadows  of  ob 
jects,  caused  by  the  sun,  moon  or  stars  ; 
the  art  of  dialing.  Jlsh.     Bailey 

SCIATHER'I€,        ?      [Gr.  wia,  a  shadow, 

SClATHER'IeAL,  S      and   9rif>a.,   a  catch 

ing-] 
Belonging  to  a  sun-dial.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
SCIATHER'leALLY,  adv.  After  the  man-! 

ner  of  a  sun-dial.  Gregory. 

SCIATIC,       )  [L.  sciatica,   from    Gr. 

SCIAT'ICA,    I      '   laxMbixo;,  from  icxm;,  a 

pain   in   the   hips,    from    lazi-or,  the  hip, 

from  tsxi'i,  the  loin.]     Rheumatism  in  the 

hip.  Coie. 

SCIAT'IC.        I      Pertaining  to  the  hip  ;  as 
SCIAT'ICAL,  ^  "•  the  sciatic  arlery. 
2.  Affecting  the  hip  ;  as  sciatic  pains. 
SCJ'ENCE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scientia,  from 

scio,  to   know;    Sp.  ciencia ;    It.   scienza. 

Scio  is  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  knowledge,  or  certain 
knowledge  ;  the  comprehension  or  under- 
standing of  truth  or  facts  by  the  mind. 
The  science  of  God  must  be  perfect. 

2.  In  philosophy,  a  collection  of  the  general 
pririciples  or  leading  truths  relating  to  any 
subject.  Pure  science,  as  the  mathemat- 
ics, is  built  on  self-evident  truths;  but  the 
term  science  is  also  applied  to  other  sub 
jects  founded  on  generally  acknowledged 
truths,  as  metaphysics  ;  or  on  e.xperiraent 
and  observation,  as  chimistry  and  natural 
philosophy  ;  or  even  to  an  assemblage  of 
the  general  principles  of  an  art,  as  the  sci- 
ence of  agriculture;  the  science  ofnamga 
tion.  Arts  relate  to  practice,  as  painting 
and  sculpture. 

A  principle  in  science  is  a  rule  in  art. 

Playfair 

3.  Art  derived  from   precepts  or  built  on 
principles. 

Science  perfects  genius.  Dryden 

4.  Any  art  or  species  of  knowledge. 

No  science  doth  mako  known  the  first  princi- 
ples on  which  it  buildelh.  Hooker. 


kiiHwIt'ilge,  viz.  grammar,  logic,  rhef'tic,  j     lens  made  to  tmii   like  the  eye;  used  in 
aritlimetic,  geometry,  astronomy  and  inu-  ]     experiments  with  the  camera  obscura. 
sic.  Bailey.     Johnson.  SCIOP'TICS,   n.    The   science  of  exhibit- 

l^JVote. — Authors  have  not  always  been  careful  to  i  ing  images  of  external  objects,  received 
use  the  terms  art  and  science  with  due  discrimi-:  throii^'li  a  double  convex  glass  into  a 
nation  and  precision.     Music  is  an  art  as  well  |     tlarkeiied  room. 

as  a  science.     In  general,  an  art  is  (hat  which  gCiRE  FA'CIAS,  n.  [L.]  In  law,  a  judicial 

writ  suiintjiiniiig  a  |ierson   to  show  cause 


depends  on  practice  or  performance,  and  science 
that  which  depends  on  abstract  or  speculative 
principles.  The  theory  of  music  is  a  science  ;' 
the^rac/iceof  it  an  ar^]  j 

SCI'ENT,  a.  [L.sciens.]  Skillful.  [.Yotused.] 

Cockeram.\ 
SCIEN'TI.\L,  a.  Producing  science. 

Milton. 
SCiENTIF'Ie,        )        [Fr.  scientijifpie  ;  h. 
SCIENTIF'ICAL,  ]  ""  scientifico  ;  Sp.  cien- 
tlfico;  h.  scientia  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  Producing  certain  knowledge  or  demon- 
stration ;  as  scientijic  evidence.  Sotith. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  ])rinciples  of 
science ;  as  a  scientific  arrangement  of 
fossils. 

3.  Well  versed  in  science  ;  as  a  scientific  pliy-j 
sician.  ■ 

SCI ENTIF'I CALL Y,  adv.  In  such  a  man-' 

ner  as  to  produce  knowledge.  i 

it  is  easier  to  believe,  than  to  be  scientifically 

instructed.  Locke., 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of 
science.  I 

SCIL'LITIN,n.  [See  S^in'H.]  A  white  trans-! 
puieut  acrid  substance,  extracted  fromi 
squills  by  Vogel.  Ure.\ 

SCIM'ITAR.     [See   Cimiter.]  1 

SCINK,  u.  A  cast  calf  [jVo<  in  use  orlocal.Y 

Ainsivorth. 

SCIN'TILLANT,  a.  [See  Scintillate.]  Emit-! 
ting    sparks    or    fine   igneous    particle: 
sparkling. 

SCIN'TILLATE,  v.  i.  [L.  scinlillo.  This 
word  seems  to  be  a  diminutive  formed  on 
the  Teutonic  scinan,  Eng.  to  shine.] 

1.  To  einit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles.! 
Marbles  do  not  scintillate  with  steel. 

Fourcroy.' 

2.  To  sparkle,  as  the  fixed  stars.  j 

SCIN'TILLATING,  ppr.  Emitting  sparks  ; 
sparkling. 

SCINTILLATION,  n.  The  act  of  emitting 
sparks  or  igneous  particles ;  the  act  of 
sparkling.  Broivn.     Glanville. 

SCI'OLISM,  n.  [See  Sciolist.]  Superficial 
knowledge.  Brit.  Critic. 

SCI'OLIST,  n.  [L.  sciolus,  a  diminutive 
formed  on  scio,  to  know.] 

One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows  many 
things  superficially  ;  a  smatterer. 

These   passages   in   that  book,   were  enough 

I  to  humble  the  presumption  of  our  modem  sci- 
olists,  if  their  pride  were  not  as  great  as  their  ig- 
norance. Temple. 

SCI'OLOUS,  rt.  Superficially  or  imperfectly 

knowing. 
SCIOM'ACHY,  n.  [Gr.  axux,  a  shadow,  and 

fiaxr;,  a  battle.] 
A  battle  with  a  shadow.     [Little   used.] 

Cowley. 
SCION.     [See  Cion.] 
SCIOI"TIC,   a.    [Gr.    nxm,    shadow,    and 

ortrojitai,   to  see.] 
Pertaining  to  the  camera  obscura,  or  to  the 

art  of  exhibiting  images  through  a  hnic  in 

u  darkcued  room.  Bailey., 


to  the  court  why  something  should  not 
be  done,  as  to  require  sureties  to  show 
cause  why  the  plaiutif  should  not  have 
execution  against  them  for  debt  and  dam- 
ages, or  to  require  a  third  person  to  show 
cause  why  goods  in  his  hands  by  replevin, 
should  not  be  delivered  to  satisfy  the  exe- 
cution, &c.  Blackstone. 

SCI'ROe,  }  [It.  scirocco.]  In   Italy. 

SCIROC'CO,    S  a   south-east  wind ;  a 

hot  suffocaling  wind,  blowing  from  the 
burning  deserts  of  Africa.  This  name  is 
given  also,  in  the  north-easi  of  Italy,  to  a 
cold  bleak  wind  from  the  Alps.        Encyc. 

SelRROS'ITY,  »!.  [See  Scirrus.]  An  indu- 
ration of  the  glands.  Arbuthnot. 

SClR'ROUS,  a.  Indurated  ;  hard  ;  knotty  ; 
as  a  gland. 

2.  Proceeding  from  scirrus ;  as  scirrous  af- 
fections ;  scirrous  disease. 

SCIR'RUS,  n.  [It.  scirro;  Sp.  escirro ;  L. 
scirrus ;  Gr.  oxrppoj.] 

In  surgery  and  medicine,  a  hard  tumor  on 
any  part  of  the  body,  usually  proceeding 
from  the  induration  of  a  gland,  and  often 
terminating  in  a  cancer.         Encyc.    Coze. 

SCISCITA'TION,  n.  [L.  sdscitor,  to  inquire 
or  demand.] 

The  act  of  inquiring  ;  inquiry  ;  demand. 
[Little  used.]  Hall. 

SCIS'SIBLE,  a.  [L.  sci.ssus,  scindo,  to  cut.] 
Capable  of  being  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp 
instrument;  as  scissible  matter  or  bodies. 

Bacon. 

SCIS'SILE,  a.  [L.  scissilis,  from  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

That  may  be  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  in- 
strument. Arbuthnot. 
CISSION,  n.  ^zh'on.  [Fr.  from  L.  scissio, 
scindo,  to  cut.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  edged 
instrument.  Wiseman. 

SCISSORS,  n.  siz'zors.  plu.  [L.  scissor,  from 
scindo,  to  cut,  Gr  <sx'^^,  Sax.  sceadan.] 

A  cutting  instrument  resembling  shears,  but 
siTialler,  consisting  of  two  cutting  blades 
movable  on  a  pin  in  the  center,  by  which 
they  are  fastened.  Hence  we  usually  say, 
a  pair  oC  scissors. 

SCIS'SURE,  )i.  [L.  scissura,  from  scindo,  to 
cut.] 

A  longitudinal  opening  in  a  body,  made  by 
cutting.  [This  cannot  legitimately  be  a 
crack,  rent  or  fissure.  In  this  use  it  may 
be  an  error  of  the  press  for  fissure.  Decay 
of  Piety.] 

SCITAiVllN'EOUS,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
ScitaminecB,  one  of  Liune's  natural  orders 
of  plants.  Asiat.  Res. 

SCLAVO'NIAN,  \      [from  Sclavi,  a  people 

SLAVON'IC,  S  "'  of  t'lc  "orth  of  Eu- 
rope.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Sclavi,  a  people  that  in- 
habited the  country  biuween  the  rivers 
Save  and  Drave,  or  lo  their  language. 
Hence  the  word  came  to  denote  the  Ian- 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


guage  which  is    now  spoken   in   Poland, 

Rupsia,  Hungary,  Boheniiii,  &c. 
S€LKROT'l€,  a.  [Gr.  axx^poj,  hard ;  axJ-r 

porijj,  hardness.] 
Hard  ;  firm  ;  as  ihc  sclerotic  coat  or  tunirle 

of  the  i-ve.  f^'"J- 

SCLEROT'le,    Ji.    The   firm  white  outer 


coat  of  the  eye. 


Coxe. 


2.  A  medicine  which  hardens  and  consoli- 
dates the  parts  to  which  it  is  applied. 

(^uincy.     Coxe. 

SeOAT.     [See  Scot] 

SeOB'IFORM,  a.  [L.  scobs,  saw  dust,  and 

fonn.] 
Hiivinj;  the  form  of  saw  dust  or  raspmgs. 
StOBS,  71.  (L.  from  scabo,  to  scrape.]  Rasp 
inps  of  ivory,  hartshurn  or  other  hard  sub- 
stance ;  dross  of  metals,  &c.        Chumbers. 
S€OFF,   V.  i.  [Gr.  nxunru.     The    primary 
sense  is  probalily  to  throw,  in  which  sense 
it  coincides  with  the  D.  schoppen,  G.schup 
pen,  to  push,  to  shove.     But  I  do  not  find 
the  word  in  the  F.nglish  and  Greek  sense 
in  any  modern  language  except  the  Eng- 
lish.] 
To  treat  with  insolent  ridicule,  mockery  or 
contumelious  lanj;na},'e  ;  to  manifest  con- 
tempt by  derision  ;  with  at.     To  scoff  at 
religion  and  sacred  things   is  evidence  of 
extreme  weakness  and  folly,  as  well  as  of 
wickedness. 

They  shall  scoff  at  the  kings.    Hab.  i. 
SeOFF,  V.  t.  To  treat  with  derision  or  scorn. 

Fotherby. 
SCOFF,  n.  Derision,   ridicule,  mockery  or 
reproach,  expressed  in  language  of  con- 
tempt ;  expression  of  scorn  or  cflintempt. 
With    scoffs   and   scorns    and    contumelious 
taunts.  Shak. 

SCOFF'ER,  n.  One  who  scoffs;  one  that 
nnicks,  derides  or  reproaches  in  the  lan- 
guage of  contempt;  a  scorner. 

There  shall  come  in  the  last  days  scoffers, 

walking    after    their    own    lusts,    and    saying, 

"■  Where  is  the  promise  of  his  coming  ?'*  2  Pet. 

iii. 

SCOFFING,  ppr.    Deriding  or   mocking ; 

treatuig  with  reproachful  language. 
SCOFF'INGLY,  adv.  In   mockery  or  con- 
tempt;  by  way  of  derision. 

Aristotle  applied  this  hemistich  scoffingly  to 
the  sycophants  at  Athens.  Broome. 

SCOLD,  V.  i.  [D.  schelden;  G.schetten  ;  Dan. 
skielder,  to  rail,  to  scold  ;  Sw.  skalla,  ti 
soutid  or  ring;  sktiltra,  to  snap  or  crack 
sktilta,  to  hark,  to  srold.  It  seems  to  he 
formed  on  the  root  of  G.  schdle,  a  bell, 
jingle,  a  box  on  the  car  ;  scheUetr,  sch'dleii, 
to  ring;  D.  schel,  schetlen.  It's  is  a  prefix, 
this  word  coincides  with  call,  and  Sax. 
galan,  to  »\itg,gyllan,  gielan,  to  yell.] 
To  fiu<l  fault  or  rail  witli  rude  clamor ;  to 
brawl ;  to  utter  railing  or  harsh,  rude, 
boisterous  rebuke  :  witli  al;  ns,  to  scold  at 
a  servant.  A  scolding  tongue,  a  scolding 
-.vile,  a  scolding  husband,  a  scolding  mas- 
ter, who  can  endure  ? 

Pardon  me,  'tis  (he  first  time  that  ever 

I'm  forc'd  to  srold.  Shak. 

SCOLD,   V.  I.  To  chide  with  rudeness  and 

boisterous  clamor  ;  to  rate.  Boswell. 

[The  transitive  use  of  this  word  is  of  recent 

origin,  at  least  within  my  knowledge.] 
SCOLD,  n.  A  rude,  clamorous,  foul-mouthed 
woman. 

Scolds  answer  foid-inouth'd  scolds.       Swifi. 
3.  A  scolding  ;  a  brawl. 


SCOLDER,  n.  One  that  scolds  or  rails. 

SCOLDING,  ppr.  Railing  with  chiMior;  ut- 
tering rebuke  in  rude  and  boisterous  lan- 
guage. 

2.  a.  Given  to  scolding. 

SCOLDING,  n.  The  uttering  of  rude,  clam- 
orous language  by  way  of  rebuke  or  rail- 
ing ;  railing  language. 

ISCOLDINGLY;  adv.  With  rude  clamor  or 
railing. 

SCOLLOP,  n.  A  pectinated  shell.  [See 
Scallop.  ] 

i2.  An  indenting  or  cut  like  those  of  a  shell. 

[SCOL'LOP,  I!,  t.  To  form  or  cut  with  scol 

I     lops. 

iSCOLOPEN'DRA,  n.  [Gr.  Txo?.ortf.«po.]  A 
venomous  serpent.  Johnson. 

2.  A  genus  of  insects  of  the  order  of  Apters, 
destitute  of  wings.  These  insects  have  as 
many  feet  on  each  side  as  there  are  seg- 
ments in  the  body.  There  are  severa 
species.  Diet.  .Yat.  Hist. 

3.  A  plant.  [L.  scolopendrium.]       Ainsworth 
SCOMM,  n.    [L.  scomma  ;  Gr.  axuitfia,  from 

(jxujtTu).     See  -Sco^'.] 

1.  A  buffoon.     [jYotinuse.]         L'Estrange. 

2.  A  flout ;  a  jeer.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SCONCE,  n.    [D.   schans;    G.  schanze;   D 

skands  ;  Sw.  ska7i$,  a  fort  or  castle,  a  for- 
tification.] 

1.  A  fort  or  bulwark  ;  a  work  for  defense, 
Obs.  Shak 

2.  A  hanging  or  projecting  candlestick,  gen 
erally  with  a  mirror  to  reflect  the  light. 

Uoldcn  sconces  hang  upon  the  walls. 

Dryden 

3.  The  circular  tube  with  a  brim  in   a  can 
dleslick,   into   which     the    candle   is    in 
scrted.  that  is,  the  support,  the  holder  ofj 
the  caiKlle;  and  from  this  sense  the  can- 
dlestick, in  the  preceding   definition,  has 
its  name. 

4.  A  fixed  scat  or  shelf     [Local. 


SCONCE,  n.  [Dan.  sktOnner,  to  judge,  to 
discern  ;  sA'io/iiOHi,  judicious.] 

1.  Sense  ;  judgment  ;    discretion  or  under 
standing.      This  sense  has  been  in  vulgar 
use  in  New  England  within  my  memory. 

2.  The  head  ;  a  low  word.  SItak. 
:i.   A  undct  or  fine.   [Qu.  poll-tax.] 
SCONCE,  I',  t.  To  mulct ;  to  fine.  [,'}  low 

u'ord  and  not  in  use.]  Warlon. 

SCOOP,  »i.  [D.  srhop,  a  .scoop,  and  a  shove 

G.  schitptpe  ;  schuiip,  a  shove;  schnpptn, lo 

push  or  shove  ;  bw.  sktiff]  a  shove  ;  Dan 
I     slutffe,  a  scoop,  a  shovel,  a  box  or  drawer 

I),   srhuif,  schuivcn,  to   shove;  Fr.   ecope 

.Arm.  csgop  or  scop.] 

1.  A  large  ladle;  a  vessel  with  a  long  ban 
die  fastened  to  a  dish,  used  for  dippingj 
li(luors  :  also,  a  little  hollow  piece  of  wood 
for  bailing  boats. 

2.  An  instrument  of  surgery.  Sharp. 

3.  .\  sweep ;  a  stroke  ;  a  swoop.  Shak.] 
SCOOP,  !'.  t.  To  lade  out ;  properly,  to  take 

out  willi  a  scoop  or  with  a  sweeping  mo- 
tion. 

He  scoop'd  the  water  from  the  crystal  flood. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  empty  by  lading  ;  as,  he  scooped  it  dry. 

Mdison. 

3.  To  make  hollow,  as  a  scoop  or  dish  ;  to 
excavate  ;  as,  the  Indians  scoop  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  into  a  canoe. 

Those  railmncles  the  Indians  will   scoop,  fc 
as  to  hold  above  a  pint.  .^rbxtthnot 


To  remove,  bo  as  to   leave  a  place  hol- 
low. 

A  spectator  would  think  this  circular  mount 
had  been  actually  scooped  out  of  that  hollow 
spare.  Spectator. 

SCOOPED,  pp.  Taken  out  as  with  a  scoop 
or  ladle ;  hollowed  ;  excavated  ;  removed 
so  as  to  leave  a  hollow. 

SCOOP' ER,  n.  One  that  scoops;  also,  a 
water  fowl. 

SCOOP'ING,  ppr.  Lading  out ;  making  hol- 
low ;  excavating  ;  removing  so  as  to  leave 
a  hollow. 

SCOOP'-NET,  n.  A  net  so  formed  as  to 
sweep  the  bottom  of  a  river. 

SCOPE,  n.  [L.  scojnts  ;  Gr.  uxojtoj,  from 
oxo«tu),  to  see  or  view  ;  Ileb.  HpE'  to  see, 
to  behold  ;  Ch.  to  drive  or  strike.  Class 
Gb.  No.  85.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stretch  or  extend,  to  reach  ;  properly,  the 
whole  extent,  space  or  reach,  hence  the 
whole  space  viewed,  and  hence  the  limit 
or  ultimate  end.] 

1.  Space  ;  room  ;  amplitude  of  intellectual 
view  ;  as  a  free  scope  for  inquiry ;  full  scope 
for  the  fancy  or  imagination  ;  ample  scope 
for  genius. 

2.  The  limit  of  intellectual  view;  the  end  or 
thing  to  which  the  mind  <lirects  its  view  ; 
that  which  is  purposed  to  be  reached  or 
accomplished  ;  hence,  idtimate  design, 
aim  or  purpose;  intention;  drift.  It  ex- 
presses both  the  purpose  and  thing  pur- 
posed. 

Your  scope  is  as  mine  own, 
So  to  enforce  and  qualify  the  laws. 
As  to  your  soul  seems  good.  ShaJc. 

The  scope  of  all  their  pleading  against  man's 
authority,  is  lo  overthrow  such  laws  and  con- 
stitutions of  the  church —  Hooker. 

3.  Liberty ;  freedom  from  restraint ;  room 
to  move  in.  Hooker. 

4.  Liberty  beyond  just  limits;  license. 
Give  him  line  and  scttpe.  Shak. 

5.  Act  of  riot ;  sally  ;  excess.     Obs.      Shak. 
(j.  Extended  quantity ;  as  a  scope  of  land. 

Obs.  Daines. 

7.   Length  ;  extent ;  sweep ;  as  scope  of  ca- 
ble. jMar.  Language. 
SCO'PIFORM,  a.  (L.  «co;>a,  a  broom,  and 
form.]     Having  the   form  of  a   broom  or 
besom. 

Zeolite,  stelliform  or  scopiform,         Kirwan. 
SCOP'PET,  V.  t.  To  lade  out.  [.Yotin  use.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

SCOP'TICAL,  a.  [Gr.  ffxurtrtxof.]  Scofting. 

[.Vo/  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SCOP'ULOUS,  «.  [L.  scopulosus.]    Full   of 

rocks ;  roitky.     [.\"ot  in  use]  Did. 


SCORBUTE,  n.  [L.  scorbulus.]  Scurvy. 
[Mot  in  use.]  Purchas. 

SCORBU'TIC,        I      [Fr.scorbutique,from 
SCORBU'TICAL,  S      L.«cor5it(nj,  the  scur- 
vy.    See  Scurf,  Scun-;/.] 

1.  Affected  or  diseased  with  scurvy;  as  a 
scorbutic  person. 

2.  Pertaining  to  scurvy,  or  partaking  of  its 
nature ;  as  scorbutic  complaints  or  symp- 
toms. 

3.  Subject  to  scurvy  ;  as  a  scorbutic  habit. 

SCORBL'TICALLY,  adv.  With  the  scur- 
vy, or  with  a  tendency  to  it  ;  as  a  woman 
scorbutically  affected.  Jfiseman. 

SCORCE.     [See  Scorse.] 
SCORCH,  V.  t.  [D.   schroeijen,  schrooken,  to 
scorch.     If  this  ia  the  same  word,   there 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


1. 


iias  been  a  transposition  of  the  vowelJ 
Tlie  Siixmi  lias  scorcned,  the  participle.; 
But  it  is  probable  the  Dutch  is  the  true: 
orthography,  and  the  word  is  to  be  refer- 
red to  the  Ch.  pn,  Ar.    c3j.=.    haraka  or, 

charaka,  to  burn,  singe  or  roast.  Class 
Rg  No.  3a34.] 

To  burn  siiperticially  ;  to  subject  to  a  de- 
gree of  heat  that  clianges  the  color  of  a 
thing,  or  both  the  color  and  texture  of  the 
surface.  Fire  will  scorch  linen  or  cottonj 
very  s|ieedily   in  extremely  cold  weather.! 

2.  To  burn;  to  afl'ect  painfully  with  heat. 
Scorched  with  the  burning  sini  or  burning! 
sands  of  Africa. 

SCORCH,  D.  I.  To  be  burnt  on  thesurface;; 
to  be  parched  ;  to  be  dried  up. 

Scatter  a  little  mungy  straw  and  fern  among! 
jour  seedlings,  to  prevent  the  roots  from  scorch- 
ing. Mortimer. 

SCORCH'ED,  pp.  Burnt  on  the  surface; 
pained  by  heat. 

S€ORCH'iNG,  ppr.  Burning  on  the  sur-1 
face  ;  paining  bv  heat.  I 

S€ORCH'ING-FENNEL,  n.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Thapsia  ;  deadly  carrot.      Lee. 

SCOR'DIIIM,  n.  [L.]  A  plant,  the  water- 
germander,  a  species  of  Teucriuni. 

Encyc. 

SCORE,  n.  [Ir.  scor,  a  notch  ;  sgoram,  to 
cut  in  [lieces ;  Sax.  s  or,  a  score,  twenty  ; 
Ice.  skora,  from  the  root  of  shear,  share, 
shire.] 

1.  A  notch  or  incision  ;  hence,  the  number; 
twenty.  Our  ancestors,  before  the  knowl-, 
edge  of  writing,  numbered  and  kept  ac- 
counts of  numbers  by  cutting  notches  on! 
a  stick  or  tally,  and  making  one  notch  the' 
representative  of  twenty.  A  simple  mark 
answered  the  same  purpose. 

2.  A  line  drawn. 

3.  An  account  or  reckoning  ;  as,  he  paid  his 
score.  Shafc. 

4.  An  account  kept  of  something  i)ast ;  an 
epoch  ;  an  era.  Tillolson. 

5.  Debt,  or  account  of  debt.  Shak. 
Account ;  reason  ;  motive. 

But  left  the  trade,  as  many  more 
Have  lately  done  on  the  same  score. 

Hvdibras.' 

7.  Account;  sake. 

You  act  your  kindness  on  Cydaria's  score. 

Drydeji. 

8.  In  music,  the  original  and  entire  draught 
of  any  coiuposition,  or  its  transcript. 

Busby.: 
To  quit  scores,  to   i)ay  fully  ;  to   make   eveni 

by  giving  an  equivalent.  | 

A  song  in  score,  tlie  words  with  tlie  musicalj 

notes  of  a  song  annexed.  Johnson. 

SCORE,  V.  t.  To  notch  ;  to  cut  and  chip  for 

the  pur|)ose  of  preparing  for  hewing ;  as, 

to  score  timber.  ! 

2.  To  cut ;  to  engrave.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mark  by  a  line.  Sandys. 

4.  To  set  down  as  a  debt. 

Madam,  I  know  when, 
Instead  of  five,  you  scored  me  ten.        Swift. 

5.  To  set  down  or  take  as  an  account  ;  to 
charge  ;  as,  to  score  follies.  Dn/den. 

C.  To  form  a  score  in  umsic.  Busby. 

SCO'RED,  pp.  Notched;  set  down ;  mark- 
ed ;  prepared  for  hewing. 

In  botany,  a  scored  stem  is  marked  with 
parallel  lines  or  grooves.  Martyn. 


6. 


SCO'RIA,  n.  [L.  from  the  Gr.  sxopta,  ost«p, 
rejected  matter,  that  which  is  tlirown  off. 
Class  Gr.] 

Dross;  the  recrement  of  metals  in  fusion,  or 
the  mass  produced  by  nielling  metals  and 
ores.  J^ewton.     Encyc. 

SCOKIA'CEOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  dross 
hke  dross  or  the  recrement  of  metals ;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  scoria. 

SCORIFICA'TION,  n.  In  metallurgy,  the 
act  or  operation  of  reducing  a  body,  ei- 
ther wholly  or  in  part,  into  scoria. 

Encyc. 

SCO'RIFIED,  pp.  Reduced  to  scoria. 

SCO'RIFORM,ri.  [h.  scoria  aw  A  form.]  Like 
scoria;  in  the  form  of  dross.  Kirwan. 

SCO'RIFY,  V.  t.  To  reduce  to  scoria  or 
drossy  matter. 

SCO'RlFYlNG,  ppr.    Reducing   to  scoria, 

SCO'RING,  ppr.  Notching  ;  marking  ;  set 
ting  down  as  an  account  or  debt;  form- 
ing a  score. 

SCO'RIOUS,  a.    Drossy  ;    recrementitious. 

Brown. 

SCORN,  )!.  [S[>.  escarnio,  scorn  ;  escarnecer, 
to  mock;  rort.  escarneo,  escaritecer ;  It. 
scherno,  schernire  ;  VV.  ysgorn,  ysgorniaiv.] 

1.  Extreme  contempt  ;  that  disdain  which 
springs  from  a  person's  opinion  of  the 
ineatmess  of  an  object,  and  a  conscious- 
ness or  belief  of  his  own  superiority  or 
worth. 

He  thought  scorti  to  lay  hands  on  Mordecai 
alone.     Esth.  iii. 

Every  sullen  frown  and  bitter  scorn 
But  fann'd  the  fuel  thai  too  fast  did  burn. 

Drydeti. 

2.  A  subject  of  extreme  contempt,  di.«dain 
or  derision  ;  that  which  is  treated  with 
contempt. 

Thou  niakest  us  a  reproach  to  our  neighbor.s, 
a  scorn  and  a  derision  to  them  that  are  around 
us.     Ps.  xliv. 
To  think  srorn,  to  disdain ;  to  despise.      Obs. 

Sidney. 

To  laugh  to  scorn,  to  deride  ;  to  make  a  mock 
of;  to  ridicule  as  contemptible, 
'lliey  laughed  us  to  scorn.     Neh.  ii. 
,SCORN,  V.  t.  To  liold  in  extreme  ciuitenjpt ; 
to  despise  :  to  contenm  ;  to  disdain.     Job 
xvi. 

Surely  he  scorneth  the  scorner ;  but  he  giv- 
etti  grace  to  the  lowly.     Prov.  iii. 

2.  To  think  unworthy  ;  to  disdain. 
Fame  that  delights  around  the  world  to  stray, 
Scorns  not  to  take  our  Argos  in  her  way 

Pope. 

3.  To  slight ;  to  disregard  ;  to  neglect. 
This   my  long    suff'rance   and   my   day    of 

grace. 
Those  who  neglect  and  scorn,   shall  never 
taste.  .Milton. 

SCORN,  r.  i.  To  scorn  at,  to  scoff  at  ;  to 
treat  with  contumely,  derision  or  reproach. 
Obs.  Shak. 

SCORN'ED,  pp.  Extremely  contemned  or 
despised  ;  disdained. 

SCORN'ER,  n.  One  that  scorns  ;  a  con- 
tenuier  ;  a  despiser. 

They  are  great  scorners  of  death.       Spenser. 

2.  A  scoffer ;  a  derider ;  in  Scriptinc,  one 
who  scoffs  at  religion,  its  ordinances  and 
teachers,  and  who  makes  a  mock  of  sin 
and  the  judgments  and  threatenings  of 
(jod  against  sinners.     Prov.  i.     xix. 

SCOP.N'FUL,  a.  Contemptuous;  disdain- 
ful ;  entertaining  scorn  ;  insolent. 


Th'  enamor'd  deity 
The  scornful  damsel  shuns.  Dryd^ii. 

2.  Acting  in  defiance  or  disregard. 
Scornful  of  winter's  frost  and  summer's  sun. 

Prior. 

3.  In  Scripture,  holding  religion  in  contempt; 
treating  with  disdain  religion  and  the  dis- 
pensations (.f  God. 

SCORNFULLY,  adv.  With  extreme  con- 
tempt; coniemptuoiisly ;  insolently. 

The  sacred  nghts  of  the  christian  church  are 
scornfully  trampled  on  in  print —      Atterbury. 

SCORNFULNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing scornful. 

SCORNING,  ppr.  Holding  in  great  con- 
tempt;  despising;  di.sdaining. 

SCORN'ING,  71.  The  act  of  contemning; 
a  treating  with  contempt,  slight  or  dis- 
dain. 

How  long  will  the  scorners  delight  in  their 
scorning?     Prov.  i.     Ps.  cxxiii. 

SCORPION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scorpio ;  Gr. 
oxoprtio;;  probably  altered  from  the  Orien- 
tal 3"ipi'.  The  Arabic  verb  to  which  this 
word  belongs,  signifies  to  wound,  to  strike, 
&c.] 

1.  In  zoology,  an  insect  of  the  genus  Scor- 
pio, or  rather  the  genus  itseli^  ccmtaining 
several  species,  natives  of  southern  or 
warm  climates.  This  animal  has  eight 
feet,  two  claws  in  front,  eight  eyes,  three 
on  each  side  of  the  thorax  and  two  on  the 
back,  and  a  long  jointed  tail  ending  in  a 
pointed  weapon  or  sting.  It  is  found  in 
the  south  of  Europe,  where  it  seldom  ex- 
ceeds four  inches  in  length.  In  tropical 
climates,  it  grows  to  a  foot  in  length,  and 
resembles  a  lobster.  The  .sting  of  this  an- 
imal is  sometimes  fatal  to  life.  Encyc. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  painful  scourge  ;  a  kind  of 
whip  armed  with  points  like  a  scorpion's 
tail.     1  Kings  xii. 

Malicious  and  crafty  men,  who  delight 
in  injuring  others,  are  compared  to  scor- 
pions,    Ezek.  ii. 

In  astronomy,  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodi- 
ac, which  the  sun  enters,  Oct.  2:3. 

4.  A  sea  fish.     [L.  scorpius.]  Ainsworth. 
Water  scorpion,  an  aquatic  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Nepa. 

SCOB'PION-FLY,  n.  An  insect  of  the  ge- 
nus Pannriui,  having  a  tail  which  resem- 
bles that  of  a  scorpion. 

SCOR'PION-GRASS,  ?        A   plant   of  the 

SCOR'PION'S  TAIL,  \  "■  genus  Scorpiu- 
rus,  with  trailing  herbaceous  stalks,  and 
producing  a  pod  resembling  a  caterpillar, 
whence  it  is  called  caterpillars.  Encyc. 

The  mouse-ear  scorpion-grass,  is  of  the 
genus  Myosotis. 

SCOR'PION-SENNA,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Coronilla. 

SCOR'PION'S-THORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Ulex. 

SCOR'PION-WORT,  n.  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nithovus  scorpioides.  Parr. 

SCORSE,  n.  [It.  scorsa,  a  course  ;  L.  ex 
and  cursus.]  A  course  or  dealing  ;  barter. 
Obs.  Spenser. 

SCORSE,  1'.  t.  To  chase.     Obs.       Spenser. 

2.  To  barter  or  exchange.     Obs.        Spenser. 

SCORSE,  V.  i.  To  deal  for  the  purchase  of 
a  horse.     Obs.  B.  Jonson. 

SCORT'ATORY,  a.  [L.  scorlator,  from 
scortor.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 
lewdness. 


SCO 


SCO 


SCO 


[Qu.  It.  scoria,  bark  ;  L.  ex 

In  mineralogy,  a  variety  "f 

Urt. 


)      ,   rArni.  scoat,  the  sliouliler, 


SCOR'ZA,  M 
and  carter.] 
epidote. 

S€OT 

SCOTCH,  \  "•  '•  Whence  scoazya,  to  shoul- 
der np,  to  prop,  to  support;  W.  ysguyz,  a 
sliouldnr ;  ysi^vyzatr,  to  slinulder,  vvhici; 
is  suit!  to  be  from  cimjz,  a  fall.] 

To  support,  as  a  wheel,  by  j)lacing  some  ob 
stacle  to  prevent  its  rolling.  Our  wagon- 
ers and  oartmen  scot  the  wheels  «i  thiur 
wat'ons and  carts,  when  in  ascending  a  hill 
they  .stop  to  give  their  team  rest,  or  for 
other  purpose.  In  Conneeticirt,  I  have 
"enerally  heard  this  word  pronounced 
scot,  in  Massacliu.setis,  scotch. 

SCOT,  n.  [Sax.  sceal,  a  part,  portion,  angle 
or  bay,  a  garment  or  vest,  a  towel,  cloth 
or  sheet ;  sceut,  sceata,  sceatt,  money,  tax, 
tribute,  toll,  price,  gift  ;  sceta,  scyta,  a 
sheet.  This  is  the  English  shot,  in  the 
phrase,  he  paid  his  shot ;  and  scot,  in  scot 
and  hi.  Ice.  skot,  D.  schot,  a  wainscot, 
shot,  scot;  school,  a  sheet,  a  shoot,  a  shot, 
a  sprig,  a  bolt,  the  lap,  the  womb ;  G. 
schoss,  scot,  a  shoot,  and  schooss,  lap, 
womb  ;  Sw.  skatt,  tax,  tribute,  rent,  Eng, 
scot;  Uan.  sAof,  skat,  id.;  skiod,  the  lap, 
the  bosom,  the  waist  of  a  coal  ;  Fr.  ecot, 
shot,  reckoning.  It.  scotlo  ;  Sp.  racotc,  shot, 
reckoning,  a  tucker,  or  small  piece  of  lin- 
en that  shades  a  woman's  breast,  also  the 
sloping  of  a  garment ;  escota,  a  sheet,  in 
seamen's  language  ;  I'orl.  escota  ;  escole, 
shot,  club.  This  word  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  shade,  scud,  shoot,  shed  and 
sheet,  all  of  wiiich  convey  the  sense  of 
driving,  or  of  separating,  cutting  off. 

In  law  anil  English  history,  a  portion  of 
money,  assessed  or  paid  ;  a  customary 
tax  or  contribution  laid  on  subjects  ac- 
cording to  their  ability;  also,  a  tax  or 
custom  paid  for  the  use  of  a  sherif  or  bai- 
lif  Hence  our  modern  shot ;  as,  to  pay 
one's  shot. 

Scot  and  lot,  parish  payments.  When  per- 
sons were  taxed  unequally,  they  were  said 
to  pay  scot  and  lot.  Encyc. 

SCOT,  ji.  [Sax.  scotta,  scotte  ;  W.  ysgniiad, 
a  woodsman,  a  Scut,  frtitx  ysgiiwd,  a  shade  ; 
ysgodi,  to  shade,  to  shelter,  Eng.  shade, 
which  see.  'I'his  word  signifies,  accord- 
ing to  the  Welsh,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods,  and  from  the  same  root  probably 
as  Scythian,  Scythia.]  A  native  of  Scot- 
land or  North  Britain. 

SCOT'AL,     )        [scot  and  ale.]    In  latv,  the 

SCOT'ALE,  ^  ■  keeping  of  an  alehouse  by 
the  officer  of  a  forest,  and  drawitig  peo- 
ple to  spend  their  money  for  liquor,  for 
fear  of  his  displeasure. 

SCOTCH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotland  or  its 
irdiabitants.     [See  Scotish.] 

SCOTCH.   [See  Scot,  the  verb.] 

SCOTCH,  V.  t.  [Uu.  Arm.  sqeigea,  or  Sax. 
sceadan.  This  cannot  be  from  Fr.  ecor- 
cher,  to  flay  or  peel ;  ecorce,  bark.] 

To  cut  with  shallow  incisions.     Obs. 

Sliak. 

SCOTCH,  Ji.  A  slight  cut  or  shallow  in- 
cision. Shak.     Ifalton. 

SCOTCH-COLLOPS,        )       Veal  cut  into 

SCOTCHED-COI.LOPS,  S 

SCOTCH-HOPPER,  n.  A 
boys  hop  over  scotches 
ground. 

Vol.  II. 


small  pieces. 

play    in   which 

or   lines   in  the 

Locke. 


SCO'TER,  n.  The  black  diver  or  duck,  a 
species  of  Anas. 

SCOT'FREE,  a.  Free  from  payment  or 
scot ;  untaxed. 

2.  Unhurt  ;  clear;  Safe. 

SCO'TIA,  71.  in  architecture,  a  semicircular 
cavity  or  chafuiel  between  the  tores  in 
the  bases  of  columns. 

SCOT'ISH.     I       Pertaining  to  the  inbabi- 

SCOT'TISH,  S  tanis  of  Scotland,  or  to 
their  country  or  language  ;  as  Scottish  in- 
dustry or  economy  j  a  Scottish  chief;  the 
Scotti.'ih  dialect. 

SCO'TIST,  71.  [from  Buns  Scotus,  a  Scot- 
ish cordelier.] 

One  of  the  followers  of  Scotus,  a  sect  of 
school  divines  who  maintained  the  im 
maculate  conception  of  the  virgin,  or  that 
she  was  born  without  original  sin ;  in  op- 
position to  the  Thomists,  or  followers  of 
Tlioirias  Aquinas. 

SCOT'OMY,  71.  [Gr.  axorw|ua,  vertigo,  from 
Bjiorow,  to  darken.] 

Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head,  with 
dinmcss  of  sifiht. 

SCOT'TERING,  ?i.  A  provincial  word  in 
Herefordshire,  England,  denoting  the 
burning  of  a  wad  of  pease  straw  at  the 
end  of  harvest.  Bailey.     Johnson 

SCOT'TICISM,  71.  An  idiom  or  peculiar 
expression  of  the  natives  of  Scotland. 

Beaitie, 

SCOTTISH.     [See  Scotish.] 

SCOIJN'DREL,  71.  [said  to  be  from  It 
scondartiote,  a  lurker,  one  that  sculks  liom 
the  roll  or  muster,  from  L.  abscondo.  The 
Italian  signifies  properly  the  play  hood 
niari-blind,  or  fox  in  the  hole.] 

A  mean,  worthless  fellow;  a  rascal;  a  low 
petty  villain  ;  a  man  without  honor  or  vir 
tne. 

Go,  if  your  ancient  hut  ignoble  blooil 
Has  crept  through  scoundrels  ever  since  the 
flood.  Pope. 

SCOUNDREL,  a.  Low;  base;  mean;  un- 
principled. 

SCOUN  DRELISM,  ti.  Baseness;  turpi- 
tiiile ;  rascality.  Cotgrave 

SCOUR,  V.  t.  [Goth.  .sAaiiroTt,  to  scour;  Sax 
scur,  a  scourin;; ;  I),  schuurcn  ;  G.  scheu- 
em  ;  Dan.  sktircr ;  Sw.  skura  ;  Arm.  scar- 
hein,  srurhdn  or  scurya  ;  Fr.  ecurer,  to 
scour  ;  Sp.  escurar.  See  the  roots  TU 
and  j?lj.     Class  Gr.  No.  5.  and  8.] 

1.  To  rub  hard  with  something  rough,  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning  ;  as,  to  scour  a 
kettle ;  to  scour  a  musket ;  to  scour  ar- 
mor. 

2.  To  clean  by  friction ;  to  make  clean  or 
bright. 

3.  To  purge  violently. 

4.  To  remove  by  scouring. 

Never  came  lefoiniation  in  a  flood 
With  such  a  heady  current, scouring  faults. 

Shak. 

5.  To  range  about  for  taking  all  that  can  be 
found  ;  as,  to  scour  the  sea  of  pirates. 

6.  To  pass  swiftly  over  ;  to  brush  along;  as, 
to  scour  the  coast.  Milton. 

Not  so  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain. 

Pope. 
SCOUR,  V.  I.  To  perform  the  business  of 
cleaning  vessels  by  rubbing.  Shak.' 

2.  To  clean. 

Warm  water  is  soflcr  than  cold,  for  it  seour- 
cth  better.  Bacon! 

65 


•3.  To  be  purged  to  excess. 

Bacon.    J)Iorliinei. 

4.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweeping  or  taking 
something. 

]3arbaro9sa,  thus  scouring  along  the  coast  of 
Italy —  KtiolUt. 

5.  To  mil  with  celerity  ;  to  scamper. 

.So  four  tierce  couiscrs,  starting  lo  the  race. 
Scour  through  the  plain,  and  lengthen  everj' 
pace.  Drydcn. 

SCOUR'ED,    }ip.  Rubbed    wilh  something 
rough,  or  made  clean  by  rubbing  ;  severe- 
ly purged ;  brushed  along. 
SCOUU'ER,  71.  One  tliat  scours  or  cleans 

by  rubbing. 
2.  A  drastic  cathartic. 
.3.  One  that  runs  with  speed. 
SCOURtiE,    n.    skurj.    [Fr.  escourgee  ;   It. 
scoreggia,  a  lether  thong  ;  from  L.  corrig- 
gia,  trom  corrigo,  to  straighten.] 

1.  A  whi|i;  a  lash  consisting  of  a  strap  or 
cord  ;  an  instrument  of  punishment  or 
discipline. 

A  scourge  of  small  cords.     .lohn  ii. 

2.  A  punishment ;  vindictive  affliction. 

Famine  and  plague  are  sent  as  scourges  for 
amendment.     2  Esdras. 

3.  He  or  that  which  greatly  afllicts,  harass- 
es or  destroys:  parlicidarly,  any  continu- 
ed evil  or  calamity.  Attila  was  called  the 
scourge  of  God,  for  the  miseries  he  in- 
flictecl  in  his  conquests.  Slavery  is  a  ter- 
rible scourge. 

4.  A  whip  for  a  top.  Locke. 
SCOURgE,  v.  t.  skurj.  [It.  scoreggiare.]  To 

whip  severely  ;  to  lash. 

Is  it  law  lul  for  you  to  scourge  a  man  that  Is  a 
Roman  .'     Acts  xxii. 

2.  To  punish  with  severity  ;  to  chastise;  lo 
afflict  for  sins  or  faults,  and  with  the  pur- 
pose of  correction. 

He  will  scourge  us  for  our  iniquities,  and  « ill 
have  mercy  again.  Tubit. 

Whom  the  Lord  loveth  he  chasteneth,  and 
aeourgeih  every  son  whom  he  receiveth.  Hcb. 
xii. 

3.  To  afflict  greatly  ;  to  harass,  torment  or 
injure. 

SCOURG'ED,  pp.  Whipped;  lashed;  pun- 
ished severely  ;  hara.ssed. 

SCOURG'ER,  7!.  One  that  scourges  or  pun- 
ishes ;  one  that  afflicts  severely. 

SCOURG'ING,  ppr.  Whipping  ;  lashing 
with  severity  ;  punishing  or  afflicting  se- 
verely. 

SCOUR'ING,  ppr.  Rid)bing  hard  with  some- 
thing rough  ;  cleaning  by  rubbing  ;  cleans- 
ing with  a  drastic  cathartic ;  ranging  over 
for  clearing. 

SCOUR'ING,  71.  A  rubbing  liard  for  clean- 
ing ;  a  cleansing  by  a  drastic  ])urge;  loose- 
ness ;  flux.  Bacon. 

SCOURSE.     [See  Sforse.] 

SCOUT,  71.  [Fr.  ecout ;  ecouler,  to  hear,  to 
listen  ;  Norm,  escoult,  a  hearing;  ll.scolta, 
a  watch  ;  scollare,  lo  listen  ;  L.  auscuUo; 
Gr.  oti,  the  ear,  and  L.  culto,  coto.] 

1.  In  military  affairs,  a  person  sent  before 
an  army,  or  to  a  distance,  for  the  purpose 
of  observing  the  motions  of  an  enemy  or 
discovering  any  danger,  and  giving  no- 
tice to  the  general.  Horsemen  are  gene- 
rally employed  as  scouts.  Encyc. 

2.  A  high  rock.     [.\'ot  in  use.] 

SCOUT,  V.  i.  To  go  on  the  business  of 
watching  the  motions  of  an  enemy  ;  to 
act  as  a  scout. 


SCR 


SCR 


SCR 


With  obscure  wing 
Scout  far  aud  wide  into  the  realm  of  night. 

Milton. 

SCOUT,  r.  I.  [perhaps  Svv.  skiuta,  to  shoot, 
to  thrust,  that  is,  to  reject.] 

To  sneer  at  ;  to  treat  witli  disdain  and  con- 
tempt. [This  word  is  in  good  use  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

SCO'VEL,  n.  [W  ysgubell,  from  ysgub,  a 
broom,  L.  scopa.] 

A  mop  for  sweeping  ovens ;  a  manikin. 

Ainsworth.     Bailey. 

Scow,  n.  [D.  schouw  ;  Dan.  skude  ;  Svv. 
skuta.] 

A  large  flat  bottomed  boat  ;  used  as  a  ferry 
boat,  or  for  loading  and  unloading  vessels. 
[A  word  in  good  use  in  JVew  England.] 

SCOW,  V.  t.  To  transport  in  a  scow. 

SCOWL,  V.  i.  [Sax.  scul,  in  scul-eaged, 
scowl-eyed  ;  probably  from  tlie  root  of  G. 
schel,  schiel,  D.  scheel,  distorted  ;  schielen, 
Dan.  skieler,  to  squint ;  Gr.  oxo7.cow,  to 
twist.     See  Class  Gl.  No.  59.] 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  iu  frowning  or 
displeasure  ;  to  put  on  a  frowning  look ; 
to  look  sour,  sullen,  severe  or  angry. 

She  scowl'd  and  frown'd  with  frowaid  coun- 
tenance. Spenser 

2.  To  look  gloomy,  frowning,  dark  or  tem- 
pestuous ;  as  the  scowling  heavens. 

Thomson 

SCOWL,  V.  t.  To  drive  with  a  scowl  or 
frowns.  Milton. 

SCOWL,  n.  The  wrinkling  of  the  brows  in 
frowning  ;  the  expression  of  disi)leasure, 
sulleimess  or  discontent  in  the  counte- 
nance. 

2.  Gloom;  dark  or  rude  aspect  ;  as  of  the 
heavens.  Crashaw. 

SeOWL'ING,  ppr.  Contracting  the  brows 
into  wrinkles;  frowning;  expressing  dis- 
pleasure or  sulleimess. 

SeOWL'INGLY,  adv.  With  a  wrinkled, 
frowning  aspect ;  with  a  sullen  look. 

SCIIAB'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  krabbelen,  to  scrape, 
to  scribble  ;  krabben,  to  scrape  ;  G.  krnb- 
beln,  graben.  This  word  belongs  to  the 
root  of  scrape,  L.  scribo,  Eng.  grave,  en- 
grave, &c.     See  Scrape.] 

1.  To  scrape,  paw  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ; 
to  move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees  by 
clawing  with  the  hands  ;  to  scramble  ;  as, 
to  scrabble  up  a  clifi'or  a  tree.  [Axoord  in 
common  popular  use  in  JVeio  England,  but 
not  elegant.] 

2.  To  make  irregular  or  crooked  marks  ;  as, 
children  scrabble  when  they  begin  to  write  ; 
hence,  to  make  irregular  and  unmeaning 
marks. 

David — scrabbled  on  the  doors  of  the  gate 
1  Sam.  xxi. 
SCRAB'BLE,  v.  t.  To  mark  with  irregidar 
lines  or  letters;  a^,  to  scrabble  pajjcr. 

SCRAB'BLING,  ppr.  Scraping;  scratch- 
ing ;  scrambling  ;  making  irregidar  njarks. 

SCKAG,  n.  [This  word  is  formed  from  the 
root  of  rng,  crag,  Gr.  pax^a,  po;!;i5,  rack. 
Class  Rg.] 

Something  thin  or  lean  with  roughness.  A 
raw  boned  person  is  called  a  scrag,  but 
the  word  is  vulgar. 

t^<;li'\t;'GED,  I  ^    [supra.]  Rough  with  ir- 

SCRAG'GY,  ^  •  regular  points  or  a  bro- 
ken surface  ;  as  a  scraggy  hill ;  a  scragged 


SCRAG'GEDNESS,  ?      Leanness,  or  lean- 

SCRAG'GINESS,  ^  "■"«*«  with  rough- 
ness ;  ruggedness ;  roughness  occasioned 
by  broken  irregular  points. 

SCRAG'GILY,  adv.  With  leanness  and 
roughness. 

SCR AM'BLE,  v.  i.  [D.  schrammen,  to  scratch. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  this  word  is  cor- 
rupted from  the  root  of  scrape,  scrabble.] 
To  move  or  climb  by  seizing  objects  with 
the  hand,  and  drawing  the  body  forward  ; 
as,  to  scramble  up  a  cliff. 

2.  To  seize  or  catch  eagerly  at  any  thing 
that  is  desired  ;  to  catch   with   haste  pre- 


The  chiming  clocks  to  dinner  call ; 
A  hundred  footsteps  scrape  the  marble  hall. 

Pope 
To  scrape   off,   to  remove   by  scraping ;  to 

clear  away  by  rubbing. 
To  scrape  together,  to  gather  by  close  indus- 
try or  small  gains  or  savings  ;  as,  to  scrape 
together  a  good  estate. 
SCRAPE,  V.  i.  To  make  a  harsh  noise. 

2.  To  plaj  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 

3.  To  make  an  awkward  bow. 

To  scrape  acquaintance,  to  make  one's  self 
acquainted  ;  to  nirry  favor.  [A  low  phrase 
introduced  from  the  practice  of  scraping 
in  bowing.] 

[Dan.  scrab  ;  Sw.   skrap.]     A 


ventive  of  another;  to  catch   at   without 
ceremony.     Man   originally    was  obliged  SCRAPE, 
to  scra7ii6<c  with  wild  beasts  for  nuts   and[|     rubbing. 

acorns.  |2.  The  sound  of  the  foot  drawn  over  the 

Of  other  care  they  little  rcck'ning  make, 


Thau  how  to  scramble  at  Uie  shearer's  feast. 

Milton. 

SCRAM'BLE,     n.    An   eager   contest   for 


floor. 

3.  A  bow. 

4.  Difficulty  ;     perplexity  ;     distress  ; 
which  harasses.     [A  low  zvord.] 


that 


something,  in  which  one  endeavors  to  getj'SCRA'PED,    pp.    Rubbed    on    the  surface 


back  bone. 


2.  Lean  with  roughness. 


the  thing  before  another. 

The  scaicity  of  money    enhances  the  price  | 
and  increases  the  scramble.  Locke.  > 

]2.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of  the 
hands. 

SCRAMBLER,  n.  One  who  scrambles ; 
one  who  climbs  by  the  help  of  the  hands. 

SCRAM'BLING,  ppr.  Climbing  by  the  help 
of  the  hands. 

2.  Catching  at  eagerly  and  without  ceremo- 
ny. 

SCRAM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  climbing  by 
the  helj)  of  the  hands. 

2.  The  act  of  seizing  or  catching  at  with  ea- 
ger haste  and  without  ceremony. 

SCR'ANCH,  V.  t.  [D.  schranssen  ;  from 
cranch,  craunch,  by  prefixing  s.] 

To  grind  with  the  teeth,  and  with   a  crack- 

1  ling  soimd  ;  to  craunch.  [This  is  in  rut- 
gar  use  in  America.] 

SCRAN'NEL,  a.  [Qu.  broken,  split;  from 
the  root  of  cr«H»,i/.]     Slight;  poor. 

Grate  on  their  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched 
straw.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Milton. 

SCRAP,  n.  [from  scrape.]  A  small  piece ; 
properly  something  scraped  off,  but  used 
for  any  thing  cut  off;  a  fragment ;  a 
cruiTi ;  as  jcrn/;s  of  meat.  Shak. 

2.  A  part  ;  a   detached    piece ;  as  scraps  of 
history  or  poetry  ;   scraps    of   antiquity 
scrap*  of  authors.  Locke.     Pope. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  paper.  Pope. 
Ilf  used  tor  script,  it  is  improper" 

SCRAPE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  screopun  ;  D.  schraapen, 
schrabben  ;  G.schrapeii ;  Sw.  skrapa  ;  Dan. 
skraber ;  Ir.  scriobam,  sgrabam  ;  Russ.sA; 
bu  and  ogrebayu  ;  L.  scribo,  Gr.  ypa4>u,  to 
write  ;  W.  ysgravu,  to  scrape,  frnm  cruvu 
to  scrape,  from  crai',  claws.  Owen.  But 
probably  from  the  general  root  of  grace 
In  Ch.  and  Syr.  2^^  signifies  to  plow ;  ir 
Ar.  to  strain,  distress,  gripe.     Sec  GraiY.]; 

1.  To  rub  the  surface  of  any  thing  with  ai 
sharp  or  rough  instrument,  or  wilb  some- 
thing hard;  as,  to  scrape  the  floor;  to 
scrape  a  vessel  for  cleaning  it  ;  to  scrape 
the  earth  ;  to  scrape  the  body.     Job  ii. 

2.  To  clean  by  scraping.     Lev.  xiv. 

3.  To  remove  or  take  nft'hy  rubbing. 
I  will  uUo  scra/ie  her  dust  from  licr,  and  make 

her  lik<^  the  top  of  a  rock.     Kzck.  xxvi. 

4.  To  act  upon  the  surface  with   a  grating 
Arbuthnot.^     noise. 


with  a  sharp  or  rough  instrument ;  clean- 
ed by  rubbing  ;  cleared  away  by  scraping. 
SCRA'PER,  n.  An  instruujent  with  which 
any  thing  is  scraped  ;  as  a  scraper  for 
shoes. 

2.  An  instrument  drawn  by  oxen  or  horses, 
and  used  for  scraping  earth  in  making  or 
repairing  roads,   digging   cellars,   canals, 

&.C. 

3.  An  instrument  having  two  or  three  sides 
or  edges,  for  cleaning  the  planks,  masts  or 
decks  of  a  ship.  Sec. 

4.  A  miser  ;  one  who  gathers  property  by 
peiuiiious  diligence  and  snjall  savings  ;  a 
scrape-penny. 

5.  An  awkward  fiddler. 
SCRA'PING,    ppr.     Rubbing   the   surface 

with  something  sharp  or  hard  ;  cleaning 
by  a  scraper  ;  removing  by  rubbing  ;  play- 
ing awkwardly  on  a  violin. 
SCRAT,    1'.  t.  [formed   on  the   root  of  L. 
rado.]     To  scratch.     [.Vot  in  use.] 


SCRAT,  V.  i.  To  rake ;  to  search. 


.  1 


Burton. 
[.Yot  in 


SCRAT,    n.    An   hermaphrodite.     [A'ot  in 

use.]  Skinner. 

SCRATCH,  V.  t.  [G.  krat:en,ritzen,kritzetn; 

D.   kratsen ;  Sw.  kratsa  ;    Dan.   kradser  ; 

probably  Iroin  the  root   of  grate,  and  L. 

rado.     See  Class  Rd.  No.  4(>.  49.  56.  58. 

50.] 

1.  To  rub  and  tear  the  surface  of  any  thing 
with  something  sharp  or  ragged  ;  as,  to 
scratch  the  cheeks  with  the  nails  ;  loscratch 
the  earth  with  a  rake  ;  to  scratch  the  hands 
or  face  by  riding  or  running  among  bri- 
ers. 

A  sort  of  small  sand-colored  stones,  so  hard 
as  to  scratch  glass.  Grew. 

2.  To  wound  slightly. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails. 

Ho  mindful,  when  invention  fails. 

To  scratch  your  head  and  bite  your  nails. 

Swijt. 

4.  To  write  or  draw  nwkw.irdly  ;  as,  to 
scratch  out  a  pamphlet.     [A'o<i»i  use.] 

Sioi/i. 

5.  To  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Some 
animals  scratch  holes  in  which  they  bur- 
row. 

To  scratch  out,  to  erase ;  to  rub  out  ;  to  ob- 
literate. 


SCR 


SCRATCH,  V.  i.  To  use  the  claws  in  tcar- 
iuf?  the  surface.  The  galhnaceous  hen 
scratches  lor  her  chickens. 

— Uull  tame  things  that  will  neither  bite  nor 
scratch.  ^o"- 

SCRATCH,  n.  A  rent ;  a  break  in  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing  made  by  scratching,  or  by 
rubbing  with  any  thing  pointed  or  rag- 
ged ;  as  a  scratch  on  timber  or  glass. 

The  coarse  hie— makes  deep  scratches  in  the 

work.  Moxon. 

These  nails  with  scratches  shall  deform  my 

breast.  •P""''- 

2,  A  slight  wound. 

Hcav'n  forbid  a  shallow  scratch  should  drive 
The  prince  of  Wales  from  such  a  field  as  this. 

Shak. 

3.  A  kind  of  wig  worn  for  covering  baldness 
or  gray  hairs,  or  for  other  purpo-se.  I 

SmoUet. 

SCRATCHED,  pp.  Torn  by  the  rubbing 
of  something  rough  or  pointed. 

SCRATCH' ER,;i.  He  or  that  which  scratch- 
es. 

SCRATCH' ES,  n.  plu.  Cracked  ulcers  on 
a  horse's  foot,  just  above  the  hoof. 

SCRATCH'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  with  some- 
thing pointed  or  rough  ;  rubbing  and  tear- 
ing the  surface. 

SCRATCH'IMGLY,  adv.  With  the  action 
of  scratching.  Sidiiei). 

SCRAVV,  n.  [Irish  and  Erse.]  Surface;  ciit 
turf.     [Not  ill  use.]  Sieifl. 

Scrawl,  v.  t.  [Qu.  from  cratvl,  or  its  root, 
or  from  the  D.  schravelen,  to  scratcli  or 
scrape.     Both  may  he  from  one  root.] 

1.  To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irregu- 
larly. Swijl. 

2.  To  write  awkwardly. 
SCRAWL,  V.  i.  To   write  unskillfully  and 

inelegantly. 

Though  with  a  golden  pen  you  scrawl. 

Swift. 
2.  To  creep ;  to  crawl.     [This  is  from  crawl, 

but  I  know  not  that  it  is  in  use.] 

AinswoHh. 
SCRAWL,  n.  Unskillful   or  inelegant  wri- 
ting; or  a  piece  of  hasty  bad  writing. 

Pope. 
2.  In  New  England,  a  ragged,  broken  branch 

of  a  tree,  or  other  brush  wood. 
SCR.^WL'ER,    n.    One    who   scrawls  ;    a 

hasty  or  awkward  writer. 
SCRAY,  n.  A  fowl  called  the  sea  swallow, 

\hirundo  marina,]  of  the  genus  Terna. 
SCRR'ABLE,  a.  [L.  screabitis,  from  srreo, 

to  spit  out.]     Tiiat  may  be  spir  out.    Ohs. 
SCRE.AK,  V.  i.  [Sw.  skrika  ;  hun.  skriger  ; 

W.  ysgregian,  from   crecian,   to  creak,  to 

shriek,  from  crec,  cryc,  rough,  roughness, 

or  its  root.     This  word  is  only  a  difierent 

orthograpliy  of  screech  and   shriek,  but  is 

not  elegant.] 
To  utter  suildenly  a   sharp   shrill   sound  or 

outcry  ;  to  scream  ;  as  in  a  sudden  fright ; 

also,  to  creak,  as  a  door  or  wheel.     [See 

Screech.^ 

[When  applied  to  things,  we  use  creak, 

and  when  to  persons,  s/irieA:,  both  of  which 

are  elegant.] 
Screak,  n.  a  creaking;  a  screech. 
SCREAM,  r.  i.    [Sax.  rcomian,  hrisman  or 

hreman  ;  W.  ysgarmu,  to  set  up  a  scream 


SCR 

from  schtrm,  a  fence  or  skrecn ;  srhermen, 
to  fence.  The  primary  sense  is  to  thrust, 
drive  or  force  out  or  away,  to  .separate. 
See  Class  Rni.  No.  11.] 
To  cry  out  with  a  shrill  voice  ;  to  utter  a 
sudden,  sharp  outcry,  as  in  a  fright  or  in 
extreme  pain  ;  to  shriek. 

The  fearful  matrons  raise  a  screaming  cry. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  utter  a  shrill  harsh  cry ;  as  the  jcreani- 
jng'  owl. 

SCREAM,  n.  A  shriek  or  sharp  shrill  cry 
uttered  suddenly,  as  in  terror  or  in  pain: 
or  the  shrill  cry  of  a  fowl ;  as  screatns  of] 
horror.  Pope. 

SCREAMER,  n.  A  fowl,  or  genus  of  fowls, 
of  the  grullic  order,  of  two  species,  na- 
tives of  America. 

SCRE'AMING,  ppr.  Uttering  suddenly  a 
sharp  shrill  cry  ;  crying  with  a  shrill 
voice. 

SCRE'AMING,  n.  The  act  of  crying  out 
with  a  shriek  of  terror  or  agony 

SCREECH,  v.i.  [Sw.  skrika;  Dan.  skri- 
ger ;  G.  schrcicn  ;  W.  ysgrcoian,  from 
crepnn,  to  creak  ;  Ir.  screachaim.  See 
Screak  and  Shriek,  and  Class  Rg.  No.  1.  4. 
4!).  50.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  sharp  shrill  voice;  to 
utter  a  sudden  shrill  cry,  as  in  terror  or 
acute  pain  ;  to  scream  ;  to  shriek. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  utter  a  sharp  cry,  as  an  owl  ;  thence 
called  screcch-otvl. 

SCREECH,  n.  A  sharp  shrill  cry  uttered 
in  acute  pain,  or  in  a  sudden  fright. 

2.  A  harsh  shrill  cry,  as  of  a  fowl.  Pope. 

SCREE'CIHNG,  ppr.  Uttering  a  shrill  or 
harsh  cry. 

SCREECH-OWL,  ji.  An  owl  that  utters 
a  harsh  disagreeable  cry  at  night,  no  more 
ominous  of  evil  than  the  notes  of  the 
nightingale. 

SCREED,  n.  With  plasterers,  the  floated 
work  behind  a  cornice.  Encyc. 

SCREEN,  JI.  [Fr.  ecran.  This  word  is  ev- 
idently from  the  root  of  L.  cerno,  crcerno, 
Gr.  xfiwu),  to  separate,  to  sift,  to  judge,  to 
fight,  coiiteiiil,  skirmish  ;  Sp.  harnero,  a 
sieve.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is 
to  separate,  to  drive  or  force  asunder, 
hence  to  sift,  to  discern,  to  judge,  to  sepa- 
rate or  cut  oil' danger.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  separates  or  cuts  off  in- 
convenience, injury  or  danger;  and  hence, 
that  which  shelters  or  protects  from  dan- 
ger, or  prevents  inconvenience.  Thus  a 
screen  is  used  to  intercept  the  sight,  to  in- 
tercept the  heat  of  tire  or  the  light  of  a 
candle. 

Some  ambitious  men  seem  as  screens  to  prin- 
ces in  matters  of  danger  and  envy.  Bacon. 
A  riddle  or  sieve. 

SCREEN,  V.  t.  To  separate  or  cut  off  from 
inconvenience,  injury  or  danger  ;  to  shel- 
ter; to  protect;  to  protect  by  hiding;  to 
conceal ;  as  fruits  screened  from  cold  winds 
by  a  forest  or  hill.  Our  houses  and  gar- 
ments screen  us  from  cold  ;  an  umbrella 
screens  us  from  rain  and  the  sun's  rays 
Neither  rank  nor  money  should  screen 
from  punishment  the  man  who  violates 
the  laws. 


or  shout.     It  appears  from  tlio  Welsh  that  2.  To  sift  or  riddle  ;  to  separate  the  coarse 


this  is  also  the  English  skirmish,   Sp.  es 
caramuzar,  which  in  D.  is  schermiUselen,\\ 


part  of  any  thing  from  the 
worthless  from  the  valuable. 


fine,  or  the 
Evelyn. 


SCR 

SCREE'NED,  pp.  Protected  or  sheltered 

from  injury  or  danger  ;  sifted. 

SCREE'NING,  ppr.  Protecting  from  injury 
or  danger. 

SCREW,  n.  [D.  schroef;  G.  schraube ;  Dan. 
skntve  or  skrue  ;  Sw.  skruf.  The  primary 
sen.se  is  probably  to  turn,  or  rather  t& 
strain.     Class  Rb.] 

L  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  grooved 
spirally  ;  or  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral  chan- 
nel or  thread  cut  in  such  a  mamicr  that  it 
is  equally  inclined  to  the  base  of  the  cylin- 
der throughout  the  whole  length.  A 
screw  is  male  or  female.  In  the  male 
screw,  the  thread  rises  from  the  surface  of 
the  cylinder  ;  in  the  female,  the  groove  or 
channel  is  sunk  below  the  surface  to  re- 
ceive the  thread  of  the  male  screw. 

2.  One  of  the  six  mechanical  powers. 

SCREW,  V.  t.  To  turn  or  apply  a  screw  to ; 
to  press,  fasten  or  make  tirni  by  a  screw ; 
as,  to  screw  a  lock  on  a  door ;  to  screw  a 
press. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  squeeze  ;  to  press. 

3.  To  oppress  by  exactions.  Landlords 
sometimes  scretv  and  rack  their  tenants 
without  mercy. 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ;  to  distort. 
He  screw'd  his  face  into  a  harden'd  smile. 

Dryden. 

To  screw  out,  to  press  out ;  to  extort. 

To  screw  up,  to  force  ;  to  bring  by  violent 
pressure  ;  as,  to  screw  up  the  pins  of  pow- 
er too  high.  Howell. 

To  screw  in,  to  force  in  by  turning  or  twist- 
ing. 

SCREWED,  pp.  Fastened  with  screws; 
pressed  with  screws  ;  forced. 

SCREW'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  screws. 

SCREWING,  ppr.  Turning  a  screw;  fas- 
tening or  pressing  with  a  screw. 

SCREW'-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Helicteres,  of  several  species,  natives  of 
warm  climates.  They  are  shrubby  plants, 
with  yellow  flowers,  and  capsules  intorted 
or  twisted  inwards.  Encyc. 

SCRIBBLE.  V.  t.  [L.  scribillo,  dim.  ofscribo, 
to  write,  W.  ysgrivaw.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  with  haste,  or  without  care  or 
regard  to  correctness  or  elegance  ;  as,  to 
scribble  a  letter  or  pamphlet. 

2.  To  fill  with  artless  or  worthless  writing. 

MUton. 

SCRIBBLE,  t'.  t".  To  write  without  care  or 
beauty. 

If  Ma^vius  scribble  in  Apollo's  spite.      Pope. 

SCRIB'BLE,  n.  Hasty  or  careless  writing  ; 
a  writing  of  little  value  ;  as  a  hasty  scrib- 
ble. Boyle. 

SCRIBBLED,  pp.  Written  hastily  and 
without  care. 

SCRIB  BLER,  n.  A  petty  author;  awriter 

of  no  reputation. 

The  scribbler  pinch'd  with  hunger,  writes  to 

dine.  Granville. 

•SCRIBE,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  scn'in,  from  scnio, 

to  write ;  formed  probably  on  the  root  of 

grave,     scrape,    scrub  ;    I),   schryven ;    G. 

schreiben  ;  Sw.  skrifva  ;  Dan.  skrivcr  ;  W. 

ysgrivaw,  ysgriienu,  whince  scrivener ;  It. 

scrivere  ;    Sp.  cscribir  ;  Port,  escrever  ;  I'r. 

ecrire,  ecrivant :  Arm.  scriva,  scrifan  :  Gr. 

ypa^u  ;  Ir.  grafadh,  to  write,  and  sgrioliam, 

sgrabam,  to   scrape,    engrave    or   w  rite ; 

Uuss.  skrebit,  sgrebayu,  to  scrape,  scrub. 


SCR 


SCR 


SCR 


lake.    Class  Rb.    Tlio  first  writing   was 
prohably  engraving  on  wood  or  stone.] 

1.  Ill  a  general  sense,  a  writer.     Hence, 

2.  A  notary  ;  a  publie  writer. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  meetings  and  associa- 
tions in  America,  a  secretary  or  clerk ; 
one  who  records  the  transactions  of  an 
ecclesiastical  body. 

4.  In  Scripture  and  the  Jewish  history,  a  clerk 
or  secretary  to  the  king.  Seraiah  was 
scribe  to  king  David.     '2  Sarn.  viii. 

5.  An  otiicer  who  enrolled  or  kept  the  rolls 
of  the  army,  and  called  over  the  names 
and  reviewed  them.    aCh.  .x.xvi.  :i  Kings 

XXV. 

0.  A  writer  and  a  doctor  of  the  law ;  a  man 
of  learning;  one  skilled  in  the  law;  one 
who  read  and  explained  the  law  to  the 
people.     Ezra  vii. 

SeRIBE,  V.  t.  To  mark  by  a  model  or  rule 
to  mark  so  as  to  fit  one  piece  to  another; 
a  term  used  by  carpenters  and  joiners. 

SCRI'MER,  n.  [Fr.  escrimeur.  See  Skir- 
mish.]   A  fencing-master.      Obs.         Shak. 

SCRIMP,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skrumpen,  shriveleil ; 
D.  krimpen,  to  shrink,  crimp,  shrivel  ;  G. 
schrumpfen  ;  W.  criinpiaw,  to  pinch.] 

To  contract ;  to  shorten  ;  to  make  too  small 
or  short ;  to  limit  or  straiten  ;  as,  to  scrimp 
the  pattern  of  a  coat.  JVew  England. 

SCRIMP,  a.  Short;  scanty. 

SCKIMP,  n.  A  pinching  raiser;  a  niggard  ; 
a  close  fisted  person.  .Yew  England. 

SCRINE,  n.  [L.  scrinium ;  Norm,  escrin  ; 
probably  Ironi  L.  cerno,  secerno.] 

A  shrine  ;  a  chest,  book-case  or  other  place 
where  writings  or  curiosities  are  deposi- 
ted. [See  Shrine,  which  is  generally 
used.] 

SCRINGE,  v.i.  To  cringe,  of  which  this 
word  is  a  corruption. 

SCRIP,  n.  [W .  ysgrab,  ysgrepan,  something 
puckered  or  drawn  together,  a  wallet,  a 
scrip ;  Sw.  skrtippa.  This  belongs  to  the 
root  of  gripe,  our  vulgar  grab,  that  is,  to 
seize  or  press.] 

.\  small  bag ;  a  wallet  ;  a  satchel.  David 
put  five  smooth  stones  in  a  scrip.  1  Sam. 
xvii.  Matt.  x. 

SCRIP,  n.  [L.  scriplum,  scriplio,  frotu  scribo, 
to  write.] 

A  small  writing,  certificate  or  schedule;  a 
piece  of  paper  containing  a  writing. 

Bills  of  exchange  cannot  pay  our  debts 
.ibroad,  till  scrips  of  paper  can  be  made  current 
coin.  Locke. 

A  certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to  a 
hank  or  other  company,  or  of  a  share  of 
other  joint  property,  is  called  in  America; 
a  scrip. 

SCRIP'PAtiE,  n.  That  which  is  contained 
in  a  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.]  Diet. 

SCRIPT,  )i.  A  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

SCRIP'TORY,     a.     [L.    scriplorius.      See 

Scribe.] 
Written  ;  expressed  in  writing  ;  not  verbal. 
{Link  used.]  Swift. 

SCUIP'TURAL,  a.  [from  scripture.]  Con- 
taineil  in  the  Scriptures,  so  called  by  way 
of  eminence,  that  is,  in  the  Bible  ;  as  a 
scriptural  word,  expression  or  phrase. 
•X  According  to  the  Scriptures  or  sacred  or- 
acles ;  as  a  scriptural  doctrine. 


SCRIP'TURALIST,  n.  One  who  adheres 
literally  to  the  Scriptures  and  makes  them! 
the  foundation  of  all  philosophy.  j 

SCRIP'TURE,  n.  [L.  scriptura,  from  scribo, 
to  write.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  a  writing ;  any  thing 
written.  Raleigh. 

2.  Jipproprialely,  and  by  way  of  distinction, 
the  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 
the  Rible.  The  word  is  used  either  in  the 
singular  or  plural  uinnber,  to  denote  the| 
sacred  writings  or  divine  oracles,  culled 
sacred  or  holy,  as  proceeding  from  God 
and  containing  sacred  doctrines  and  pre- 
cepts. 

There  is  not  any  actiou  that  a  man  ought  to 
do  or  forbear,  but  the  .'Scripture  will  give  him 
a  clear  precept  or  prohibition  for  it.  South. 

Compared  with  the  knowledge  which  the 
Scriptures  contain,  every  other  subject  of  hu- 
man inquiry  is  vanity  and  emptiness. 

Buckminster. 

SCRIP'TURIST,  n.  One  well  versed  in  the 

Scriptures.  JVewcombe. 

SCRIV'ENER,    n.    [VV.    ysgrivemor,   from 

ysgrivenu,  to  write ;  It.  scrivano  ;  Fr.  ecri- 

vain.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  A  writer;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
draw  contracts  or  other  writings.     Encyc. 

2.  One  whose  business  is  to  place  money  at 
interest.  Dryden. 

SCROF'ULA,  n.  [L.  In  G.  kropf  is  crop, 
craw,  and  scrofula.  In  D.  it  is  kropzeer, 
neck-sore.] 

A  disease,  called  vulgarly  the  king's  evil, 
characterized  by  hard,  scirrous,  and  often 
imlolent  tumors  in  the  glands  of  the  neck, 
under  the  chin,  in  the  arm-pits,  &c. 

Encyc. 

SCROF'ULOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  scrofula, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature ;  as  scrofulous 
tumors  ;  a  scrofulous  habit  of  body. 

2.  Diseased  or  affected  with  scrofula. 

Scrofulous  persons  can  never  be  duly  nour- 
ished. Arbulhnot. 

SCROLL,  n.  [probably  formed  from  roll,  or 
its  root  ;  Fr.  ecroue,  a  contracted  word, 
whence  escrow.] 

\  roll  of  paper  or  parchment;  or  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 
Here  is  the  scroll  of  every  man's  name.SAaA:. 
The   heavens  shall  be  rolled  together  as   a 
scroti.     Is.  xxxiv. 

SCRO'TUM,  n.  Thebag  which  contains  the 
testicles. 

SCROYLE,  n.  [In  Fr.  ecrouelles,  the  king's 
evil ;  or  D.  schranl,  thin,  lean,  meager.] 

A  mean  fellow  ;  a  wretch.     [A"o(  in  use] 

Shak. 

SCRUB,  V.  t.  [Sw.  skrubba,  to  scrub,  to  re- 
buke ;  Dan.  skrubber  ;  D.  schrobben ;  G. 
schrubben.  This  word  is  probably  funned 
on  rub,  or  its  root,  and  perhaps  scrape,  L. 
scribo,  may  be  from  the  same  radix ;  Ir. 
scriobam.] 

To  rub  hurd,  either  with  the  hand  or  with  a 
cloth  or  an  instruiiient ;  usually,  to  rub 
hard  with  a  brush,  or  wiih  something 
course  or  rough,  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing, scouring  or  making  bright ;  us,  to 
scrub  a  floor  ;  to  scrub  a  deck  ;  to  scrub  ves- 
sels of  brass  or  other  metal. 

SCRUB,  V.  i.  To  be  diligent  and  penurious  ; 
as,  to  scrub  hard  for  a  living. 

SCRUB,  n.  A  mean  fellow;  one  that  labors 
haril  and  liies  meanly. 

2.  Something  small  and  lueai). 


No  little  scrub  joint  shall  come  on  my  board. 

■i.  A  worn  out  brush.  AinswoHh. 

SCRUB'BED,  /        Small  and  mean  ;  stunt- 

SCRUB'BY,  i  "■  ed  in  growth  ;  as  a 
scrubbed  boy  ;  a  scrubby  cur ;  a  scrubby 
tree.  Shak.    Swifl. 

SCRUF,  for  scmf,  not  in  use. 

SCRU'PLE,  n.  [Fr.  scrupule,  from  L.  scru- 
pulus, -d  i\ouhl;  scrupulum,  the  third  jiart 
of  a  chain,  from  scrupus,  a  chess-man ; 
probably  a  piece,  a  small  thing,  from  scrap- 
ing, like  scrap.  Qii.  Gr.  axfuSij;.  Is  not 
the  sense  of  doubt  from  being  very  nice  ?] 

1.  Doubt;  hesitation  from  the  difficulty  of 
determining  what  is  right  or  expedient; 
backwardness  ;  reluctance  to  decide  or  to 
act.  A  man  of  fashionable  honor  makes 
no  scruple  to  take  another's  life,  or  expose 
his  own.  He  bus  no  scruples  ol' conscience, 
or  he  despLses  them. 

i.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains,  the  third  part 
of  a  dram  ;  among  goldsmiths,  the  weight 
of  24  grains. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  very  small  quantity. 

4.  In  Chaldean  chronology,  the  j  „-V  o  part  of 
an  hour;  a  division  ol  time  used  ii\  the 
Jew.s,  Arabs,  &c.  Encyc. 

Scruple  of  half  duration,  an  arch  of  the 
moon's  orbit,  which  the  moon's  center  de- 
scribes fruni  the  beginning  of  an  echpse 
to  the  midille. 

Scruples  of  immersion  or  incidence,  an  arcb  of 
the  moon's  orbit,  which  her  center  de- 
scribes from  the  beginning  of  the  eclipse 
to  the  time  when  its  center  falls  into  the 
shadow. 

Scruples  of  etnersion,  an  arch  of  the  moon's 
orbit,  which  her  tenter  describes  in  the 
time  from  the  first  cinersion  of  the  moon's 
limb  to  the  end  of  the  echpse.  Encyc. 

SCRU'PLE,  v.i.  To  doubt  ;  to  hesitate. 
He  scrupi'd  not  to  eat, 
Against  his  better  knowledge.  Milton. 

SCRU'PLE,  V.  t.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate  to 
believe ;  to  question  ;  as,  to  scruple  the 
truth  or  accuracy  of  an  account  or  calcu- 
lation. 

SCRU'PLED,  pp.  Doubted  ;  questioned. 

SCRU'PLER,  n.  A  doubter;  one  who  hes- 
itates. 

SCRU'PLING,  ppr.  Doubting;  hesitating; 
questioning. 

SCRUPULOS'ITY,  n.  [L.  scrupulosilas.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  s<rupulous; 
doubt ;  doubtfulni^ss  respecting  some  dif- 
ficult point,  or  proceeding  lioni  the  diffi- 
culty or  delicacy  of  determining  how  to 
act ;  hence,  the  caution  or  tenderness 
arising  from  the  fear  of  doing  wrong  or 
offending. 

I'he  first  sacrilege  is  looke<i  upon  with  some 
horror ;  but  when  tboy  have  once  made  the 
breach,  their  scrHpulo:nty  soon  retires. 

Vecny  of  Piety. 

2.  Nicety  of  doubt;  or  nice  regard  to  exact- 
ness and  propriety. 

.So  caiilul,  ivcn  to  scrupulosity,  were  they 
to  kicp  tlieii  sabliath.  '  South- 

;{.  Niceiiess  ;  preciseness.  Johnson. 

SCRUPULOUS,  a.  (L.  scrupulosus ;  Fr. 
scrupuUu.r.] 

1.  Nicely  doubtful ;  hesitating  to  determine 
or  to  act ;  cautions  in  decision  from  a 
fearof  (iflijiHling  or  doing  wrung.  Be  care- 
ful in  mural  cunduct,  nut  to  offend  scru- 
pulous brethren. 


S  C  L 

%  Given  to  making  objections ;  captious. 

Equality  of  two  domestic  pow'rs 
Breeds  scrupulous  fdctioii.  S}uik. 

3.  Nice  ;  (ioiilnlul. 

Tlic  justice  of  that  cause  ouglit  to  be  evi- 
dent ;  not  obscure,  not  scrupulous.  [JVo<  in 
use.]  Sacyn. 

4.  Careful  ;  cautious  ;  exact  in  regarding 
facta.  Woodward. 

5.  Nice  ;  exact ;  as  a  scrupulous  abstinence 
from  labor.  ''"''.V- 

SCHU'PULOUSLY,  adv.  With  a  nice  re- 
gard to  minute  particulars  or  to  exact 
propriety. 

Tlie  duty  consists  not  scrupulously  in  min- 
utes and  half  hours.  Taylor. 
Henry  was  scrupulously   carelul  not  to  as- 
cribe the  .success  to  himself.                  Ad<lison. 

SCRU'PULOUSNESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  scrupulous;  niceness,  ex- 
actness or  caution  in  dnlerinining  or  in 
acting,  from  a  regard  to  truth,  propriety 
or  expeiliciice. 

S€RII'TABLE,  a.  [See  Scrutiny.]  Discov 
crable  by  inquiry  or  critical  exainiiiatioti. 
Decay  of  Piety. 

SCRUTA'TION,  n.  Search ;  scrutiny.  [JVot 
used.  ] 

SCKUTA'TOK,  n.  [L.  from  scrutor.]  One 
that  scrutinizes  ;  a  close  examiner  or  in- 
(|uirer.     [  Utile  used.]  -Hyliffe 

SCKU'TINIZIC,  v.t.  [from  scrutiny.]  V< 
search  closely  ;  to  examine  or  inquire  into 
critically ;  as,  lo  scrutinize  the  measures 
of  ailminislnitioii  ;  to  scrutinize  the  private 
comhict  or  nnitives  of  individuals. 

SeRU'TINIZED,  pp.   Examined  closely. 

SCRUTINIZING,  ppr.  Inquiring  into  witl 
critical  miiuiteness  or  exactness. 

SCRU'TINIZER,  n.  One  who  examines 
with  critical  care. 

SGRU'TINOUS,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or 
exaiiiiiiiiig  :  captious.  Dcnhnm. 

SCRU'TINY,  n.  \Vr.  scrutin;  h.  scrulinio 
Sp.  escrutinio ;  Low  L.  scrutiniuin,  from 
scrutor,  to  search  closely,  to  pry  into  ;  Sax. 
scrudnian ;  Ir.  scrudam.] 

1.  Close  search  ;  minute  inquiry  ;  critical 
examination;  as  a  scruh'ii  i/ of  votes;  nar- 
rower scrutiny.  In  the  heat  of  debate, 
observations  may  escape  a  prudent  man 
which  will  not  bear  the  test  of  scrutiny. 

2.  Ill  the  primitive  church,  an  examination  of 
catechumens  in  the  last  week  of  Lent, 
who  were  to  receive  baptism  on  Easter- 
day.  This  was  performed  with  prayers, 
exorcisms  and  many  other  ceremonies. 

Encyc. 

3.  In  the  canon  tare,  a  ticket  or  little  pape 
billet  on  which  a  vote  is  written.      Encyc. 

SCRUTOIR,  n.  [Fr.  ecriloire,  from  ecrire, 
to  write.    See  Scribe.] 

A  kind  of  desk,  case  of  drawers  or  cabinet, 
witli  a  lid  opening  downward  for  the  con- 
venience of  writing  on  it.  Prior. 

SCROZK;,  v.  t.  To  crowd;  to  squeeze.  [A 
low  word  of  local  use.]  Spenser. 

S€UD,  1'.  J.  [This  is  shoot,  or  from  the  same 
root ;  Dan.  skyder,  to  shoot;  skud,  a  shot ; 
Sw.  skudda,  to  throw  or  poiir  out ;  Sax. 
sceotan,  to  shoot,  to  flee  or  haste  away  ;j 
W.  yss:wdu,  to  push  or  thrust ;  ysgudaw} 
ysguthaip,  to  whisk,  to  scud,  to  whir! 
ahoui.     See  Shoot.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  be  driven  or  to  flee 
or  fly  with  haste.    In  seamen's  language, 


s  c  u 


s  c  u 


to  be  driven  with  precipitation  before  a:j5.  A  shoal  or  multitude  of  fish.  [Hax.  sceoU.] 

tempest.     This  is  done  with  a  sail  extend-       [.\'ot  in  use.] 

ed  on    the  foremast  of  the  ship,  or  when  StL'LL,  i-.  t.  To  impel  a  boat  by  moving 


the  wind  is  too  violent,  without  any  sail 
set,  which  is  called  scudding  under  bare, 
pole.i.  Mar.  Dict.l 

To  run  with  precipitation  ;  to  fly. 

Dry  den. 

S€UD,  n.  A  low  thin  cloud,  or  thin  clouds 
driven  by  the  wind.  Mar.  Did. 

A  driving  along  ;  a  riisliing  witli  precip- 
itation, ('"y- 

SCUD'UING,  ppr.  Driving  or  being  driven 
belijre  a  tempest ;  running  with  fleetness. 

SeUD'DLE,  V.  i.  To  run  with  a  kind  of  af- 
fected haste;  commonly  pronounced  scut- 
tle.    [JI  low  word.] 

S€UF'FLE,  n.  [This  is  a  different  orthog-j 
raphy  of s/ut/^/c  ;  from  sAoi'c,  or  its  root;] 
Sw.  skuff.  a  push  ;  skujfa,  to  push,  thrust, 
shove  ;  Dan.  skuffe,  a  drawer,  a  scoop,  a 
shovel  ;  skuffer,  to  shujjlc,  to  cheat ;  D. 
schuiven,  to  shove,  push  or  draw  ;  G.  schie- 
hen.] 

1.  X  contention  or  trial  of  strength  between 
two  persons,  who  embrace  each  other's 
bodies  ;  a  struggle  with  close  embrace,  to 
decide  which  shall  throw  the  other  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  wrestling,  whicdi  is  a  trial  of 
strength  and  dexterity  at  arm's  length. 
Amiing  our  common  people,  it  is  not  unu- 
sual for  two  persons  to  commence  a  con- 
test by  wrestling,  and  at  last  close  in,  as  it  is 
called,  and  decide  the  contest  by  a  scuj/le. 

2.  A  confused  contest ;  a  tumultuous  strug- 
gle for  victory  or  sujieriority  ;  a  fight. 

The  dog  leaps  upon  the  serpent  and  tears  it 
lo  pieces  ;  but  in  the  scuffle,  the  cradle  happen- 
ed to  be  overturned.  V Estrange. 
SCUF'FLE,  V.  i.  To  strive  or  struggle  with 
close  embrace,  as  two  men  or  boys.  ! 
2.  To  strive  or  contend  tumultuously,  as 
small  parties. 

A  gallant  man  prefers  to  tight  to  j;reat  disad- 
vantages in  the  field,  in  an  orderly  way,  rather 
than  to  scuffle  with  an  undisciplined  rabble. 

A'.  Charles.] 
SCUF'FLER.  Ji.  One  who  scuffles.  j 

SCUF'FLING,  ppr.  Striving  for  superiority^ 
with  close   embrace ;  struggling  or  con- 
tending witliout  order. 
SCUG,  V.  I.  [Uan.  .iki/gger,  to   shade:  Sw. 
skugga,a  slijido.]  To  hide.  [Local.]   Grose 
Sel'LK,  V.  i.  [U-Jii.  skiuler ;  Sw.  skyla  ;  D. 
schuilen,  to  hide,  shelter,  sculk  ;  the  Eng. 
shelter.     It  is  also  written  skulk.] 
To  retire  into  a  close  or  covered   place  for 
concealment;  to   lurk;  to  lie    close  from 
shame,  fear  of  injury  or  detection. 
No  news  of  Phyl !  the  bridegroom  came, 
.\ud  tliought  his  bride  had  sculk'd  for  shame.: 

Swifi.] 
— And  sculk  behind  the  subterfuge  of  art.       ] 

Prior. 
SCULK'ER,  n.  A  lurker ;  one  that  lies  close 

fir  hiding. 
S€ULK'ING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  into  a  close 
or  covered  place   for  concealment;  lying 
close. 
SeULL,  n.  Tlie  brain  pan.     [See    Skull] 

2.  A  boat;  a  cock  boat.     [See  Sculler.] 

3.  One  who  sculls  a  boat.     But  properly, 

4.  A  short  oar,  whose  loom  is  only  equal  in 
length  to  half  the  breadth  of  tlie  boat  to 
be  rowed,  so  that  one  man  can  manage 
two,  one  un  each  side.  Mar.  Diet.' 


and  turning  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

Mar.  Did. 

SeULL'-CAP.     [See  Skull-cap.] 

S€ULL'ER,  n.  A  boat  rowed  by  one  man 
with  two  sculls  or  short  oars. 

2.  Om:  that  sculls,  or  rows  with  sculls  ;  one 
that  impels  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

SeULL'ERY,  71.  [probably  from  the  root  of 
shell,  scale,  Fr.  ecuelle  ;  Scot,  skul,  skoU,  a 
bowl ;  Dan.  skaal,  a  drinking  cup  ;  skat,  a 
shell,  skull ;  G.  schale,  a  scale,  n  shell,  a  dish 
or  cup;  I),  sehall,  schil.  Skulls  and  shells 
were  the  cups,  bowls  and  dishes  of  rude 
men.] 

A  place  where  dishes,  kettles  and  other  cu- 
linary utensils  are  kept. 

SeULL'lON,  n.  [Ir.  squille,  from  the  root 
of  the  preceding.] 

A  servant  that  cleans  pots  and  kettles,  and 
does  other  menial  services  in  the  kitchen. 

S€ULL'10NLY,  a.  Like  a  scullion  ;  base; 
low;  mean.     [JVot  used.] 

SCULP,  I',  t.    (L.   sculpo,   scalpo.     Qu.  Gr. 


yXvijiw  ;  root  tiSj,  f'lass  Lb.  No.  27  ;  or  gall, 
L.  catvus.  Class  Gl.  No.  8.] 

To  carve  ;  to  engrave.     [.Vol  in  use.] 

Sandy's. 

SCULP'TILE,  a.  [\...iculplilis.]  Formed  by 
carving  ;  as  sculptile  images.  Brown. 

SCULP  TOR,  n.  [L.  See  Sculp.]  One  whose- 
occupation  is  to  carve  wood  or  stone  into 
images  ;  a  carver.  Encyc. 

SeULP'TURE.  ji.  [Fr. ;  L.  scidptura.]  The 
art  of  carving,  cutting  or  hewing  wood  or 
stone  into  images  of  men,  beasts  or  other 
things.  Sculpture  is  a  generic  term,  in- 
cluding carving  or  statuary  and  engrav- 
ing. 

2.  Carved  work. 

'I'here  too,  in  living  sculpture,  might  be  seen 
The  mad  aliiiction  of  the  Cretan  queen. 

Di-i/den. 

:3.  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper. 

SCULP'TURE,"».  t.  To  carve  ;  to  engrave ; 
to  form  images  or  figures  with  the  chisel 
on  wood,  stone  or  metal. 

SCULPTURED,  pp.  Carveil ;  engraved; 
as  a  sculptured  va.se  ;  sculptured  marble. 

SCULP'TURING,7>pr.  Carving  ;  engraving. 

SCUM,  n.  [Fr.  ecume  ;  It.  schiuma  ;  Sw. 
Dan.  s/nuii ;  T).  schuim  ;  G.  schaum.] 

1.  The  extraneous  matter  or  impurities 
which  rise  to  the  surface  of  licjuors  in 
boiling  or  fermentation,  or  which  form  on 
the  surface  by  other  means.  The  word  is 
also  applied  to  the  scoria  of  metals. 

Encyc. 

2.  The  refuse  ;  the  recrement ;  that  which 
is  vile  or  worthless. 

The  great  and  the  innocent  are  insulted  by 
the  scum  and  refuse  of  the  people.       Jldilison. 
SeUM,  V.  t.  To   take   the   scum   from  :   to 
clear  off  the  impure  matter  from  the  sur- 
face ;  to  skim. 

You  that  scum  the  molten  lead.         Dnjden. 
SCUM'BER,  n.  The  dung  of  the  fox. 

Ainsivorth. 
pp.  Cleared  of  scum  ;  skim- 


SeUM'MED, 

med. 
SCUM  MER, 

inent    used 


liquors ;  a  skimmer. 


)i.    [Fr.  ecwmoirc]  .An  instru- 
for   taking  off  the  scuro  of 


s  c  u 


s  c  u 


SEA 


SCUM'MING,  ;>;))•.  Cleariugof  scum  ;  skim-l 

Mllllg. 

SCUM'MINGS,  n.plu.  The  matter  skimmed! 
from  boiling  liquors  ;  as  tlie  sciimmings  of 
the  boiling  house.         Edwards,  tV.  Indies. 

SCUPPER,  n.  [Sp.  escupir,  to  spit,  to  eject, 
to  discharge.] 

The  scuppers  or  scupper  holes  of  a  ship,  are 
channels  cut  through  the  water  ways  and 
sides  of  a  ship  at  proper  distances,  and 
lined  with  lead  for  carrying  off  the  water 
from  the  deck.  Mar.  Did. 

SCUP'PER-HOSE,  (1.  A  lethern  pipe  at- 
tached to  the  mouth  of  the  scuppers  of  the 
lower  deck  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  water 
from  entering.  Encyc. 

SeUP'PER-NAIL,  n.  A  nail  with  a  very 
broad  head  for  covering  a  large  surface  of 
the  hose.  Mar.  Did. 

SCUP'PER-PLUG,  n.  A  plug  to  stop  a 
scupper.  Mar.  Did. 

SCURF,  n.  [Sax.scurf;  G.schorf;  D.  schurjl ; 
Dan.  skurv  ;  Sw.  skorf;  li-e.  skaifa;  L. 
scorbutus.  In  D.  scheuren  is  to  rend  or 
crack,  and  scheurbmk  is  scurvy,  Dan.  ski- 
urbug,  from  skiiir,  brittle.  In  Ir.  gearbh  is 
rough.  It  is  uamed  from  breaking  or 
roughness.] 

1.  A  dry  miliary  scab  or  crust  formed  on  the 
skin  of  an  animal. 

2.  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  any  thing  ad- 
herent ;  as  the  scurf  o{  crimes.  [JVot  com- 
mon nor  degani.\  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  adhering  to  the  surface. 

There  stood  a  hill,  whose  grisly  lop 
Shoiie  with  a  glossy  scnrf.  Milton. 

SCURFF,   n.  Another  name  for   the   bull- 
trout. Diet.  J\rat.  Hist. 
SCURF'INESS,    n.    The    state    of   being 

scurfy. 
SCURF' V,  a.  Having  scurf;  covered  with 

scurf. 
2.  Resembling  scurf. 
SCUR'RIL,  a.    [L.  scurrilis,  from  scurra,  a 

buffoon;  G.  scheren,  D.  scheeren,  to  jeer.] 
Such  as  befits  a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester ; 
low  ;  mean  ;  grossly  opprobrious   in   lan- 
guage ;  scurrilous;  as  scumt  jests;  scur- 
ril  scoffing  ;  scurril  taunts. 

Shali.     Dryden. 
SCURRILITY,  n.  [L.  scurrititas  ;  Fr.  scur- 

riliti.] 
Such  low,  vulgar,  indecent  or  abusive  lan- 
guage as  is  used  by  mean  fellows,  buf- 
foons, jesters  and  the  like  ;  grossness  of 
reproach  or  invective;  obscene  jests,  &c. 
Banish  scurrility  and  profaneness.  j 

Dryden. 
SCURRILOUS,   a.  Using  the  low  and  in-i 
decent   language   of  the  meaner  sort  of 
people,  or  such  as  only  the  licence  of  buf- 
foons can  warrant;  as  a  scurrilous  fellow. 
2.  Containing    low    indecency    or    abuse  ; 
mean;  foul;   vile;  obscenely  jocular;  as 
scurrilous  language. 
r^CUR'RILOUSLY,   adu.    With    gross  re- 
proach ;  with  low  indecent  language. 

1 1  is  barI>arous  incivility,  scurrilously  to  sport 
with  what  others  count  religion.  Tillotson. 

riCUR'RILOUSNESS,  n.  Indecency  of  lan- 
guage ;  vulgarity  ;  baseness  of  manners. 

SeUllVILY,  adv.  [from  scurvi;.]  Basely; 
nieardy  ;  with  coarse  and  vulgar  incivil- 
ity. 

The  clergy  were  never  more  learned,  or  so 
scurvily  treated.  Swift. 


SCUR'VINESS,  n.  [from  scui-vy.]  The  state 
of  being  scurvy. 

SCUR'VOGEL,  n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the 
stork  kind,  thejabiru  guacu. 

Diet.  ATat.  Hist. 

SCUR'VY,  n.  [from scurf ;  scurvy  for  scurfy; 
Low  L.  scorbutus.] 

A  disease  characterized  by  great  debility,  a 
pale  bloated  face,  bleeding  spongy  gums, 
large  livid  tumors  on  the  body,  offensive 
breath,  aversion  to  exercise,  oppression 
at  the  breast  or  difficult  resi)iration,  a 
smooth,  dry,  shining  skin,  &c. ;  a  disease 
most  incident  to  persons  who  live  confin- 
ed, or  on  salted  meats  without  fresh  vege- 
tables in  cold  climates.  Coxe.     Encyc. 

SCUR'VY,  o.  Scurfy  ;  covered  or  affected 
by  scurf  or  scabs;  scabby  ;  diseased  with 
scurvy.  Leviticus. 

2.  Vile;    mean;    low;    vulgar;    worthless 
contemptible  ;  as  a  scurvy  fellow. 
He  spoke  scitrvy  and  provoking  terms. 

Shalt. 
That  scurvy  custom  of  taking  tobacco. 

Swi/^. 

SCUR'VY-GRASS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cochlearia ;  spoonwort.  It  grows  on  rocks 
near  the  sea,  has  an  acrid,  bitter  taste,  and 
is  remarkable  as  a  remedy  for  the  scurvy. 
It  is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad.  Encyc. 

'SCCSES,  for  excuses.  Shak. 

SCUT,  n.  [Ice.  skott  ;  W.  cwl,  a  tail  or 
rump;  cuito,  short.] 

The  tail  of  a  hare  or  other  animal  whose 
tail  is  short.  Brown.     Swift. 

SCU'TA6E,  n.  [Law  L.  scutagium,  from 
scutttm,  a  shield.] 

In  English  history,  a  tax  or  contribution  lev- 
ied upon  those  who  held  lands  by  knight 
service  ;  originally,  a  composition  for 
personal  service  which  the  tenant  owed 
to  his  lord,  but  afterward  levied  as  an  as- 
sessment. Blackstone. 

SCUTCHEON,  a  contraction  of  escutcheon, 
which  see. 

SCUTE,  n.  [L.  scutum,  a  buckler.]  A  French 
gold  coin  of  .3*.  id.  sterling.  Encyc. 

SCU'TELLATED,  a.  [L.  scutella,  a  dish. 
See  Scuttle.] 

Formed  like  a  pan  ;  divided  into  small  sur- 
faces ;  as  the  scutellated  bone  of  a  sturgeon. 

li'oodward. 

SCU'TIFORM,a.  [L.  scutum,  a.  buckler,  and 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  buckler  or 
shield. 

SCUT'TLE,  n.  [L.  scutella,  a  pan  or  sau- 
cer ;  W.  ysgudell ;  Sax.  scutel,  scuttel,  a 
dish.) 

A  broad  shallow  basket ;  so  called  from  its 
resemblance  to  a  dish. 

SCUT'TLE,  )i.  [Fr.  ecoutiUe  ;  Arm.  scoulilh  ; 
Sp.  escotilla;  Sax.  scyttel,  a  bcdt  or  bar ; 
scjfttan,  to  bolt,  to  shut.     See  S/iuf.] 

1.  In  ships,  a  small  hatchway  or  opening  in 
the  deck,  large  enough  to  admit  a  man, 
and  with  a  lid  for  covering  it ;  also,  a  like 
hole  in  the  side  of  a  ship,  anil  through  the 
coverings  of  her  hatchways,  &c. 

2.  A  sfpiare  hole  in  the  roof  of  a  house,  with 
a  liil. 

3.  [from  scud,  and  properly  scuddle.]  A  quick 
pace  ;  a  short  run.  Spectator. 

SCUT'TLE,  V.  i.  To  run  with  affcct.^l  pre- 
cipitation. Arbuthnot. 


SCUT'TLE,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  cut 
large  holes  through  the  bottom  or  sides  of 
a  ship  for  any  purpose. 

2.  To  sink  by  making  holes  through  the 
bottom  ;  as,  to  scuttle  a  ship. 

SCUT'TLE-BUTT,  /  ^^  A  butt  or  cask  hav- 

SCUT'TLE-CASK,  ^  "ing  a  square  piece 
sawn  out  of  its  bilge,  and  lashed  upon 
•  leek.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCUTTLED,  pp.  Having  holes  made  in 
the  bottom  or  sides ;  sunk  by  means  of 
cutting  holes  in  the  bottom  or  side. 

SCUT'TLE-FISH,  n.  The  cuttle-fish,  so 
called.     [See  Cuttle-Jish.] 

SCUT'TLING,  ppr.  Cutting  holes  in  the 
bottom  or  sides;  sinking  by  such  boles. 

SCYT'ALE,  n.  A  species  of  serpent. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SCYTHE,  a  wrong  spelling.  [See  Sythe.] 

SCYTH'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scytbia,  a 
name  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Asia, 
and  Europe  adjoining  to  Asia. 

SCYTH'IAN,  n.  [See  Scot.]  A  native  of 
Scythia. 

SDAIN,  for  disdain.  [It.  sdegnare.]  [jy/ot  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

SDEINFUL,  for  disdainful.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SEA,  n.  see.  [Sax.  see,  secge  ;  G.  see ;  D.  zee  ; 
Sw.  siS,  the  sea,  a  lake  or  pool ;  Basque, 
sah ;  contracted  from  sag,  sieg.  Hence 
Sax.  garsege,  garsecge,  garsegg,  the  ocean. 
This  word,  like  lake,  signifies  primarily  a 
seat,  set  or  lay,  a  repository,  a  bason.] 

1.  A  large  bason,  cistern  or  laver  which  Sol- 
omon made  in  the  temple,  so  large  as  to 
contain  more  than  six  thousand  gallons. 
This  was  called  the  brazen  sea,  and  used 
to  hold  water  for  the  priests  to  wash 
themselves.  1  Kings  vii.  2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  A  large  body  of  water,  nearly  inclosed  by 
land,  as  the  Baltic  or  the  Mediterranean ;  as 
the  sea  of  Azof.  Seas  are  properly  branch- 
es of  the  ocean,  and  upon  the  same  level. 
Large  bodies  of  water  inland,  and  situ- 
ated above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are 
lakes.  The  appellation  of  sea,  given  to 
the  Caspian  lake,  is  an  exception,  and  not 
very  correct.  So  the  lake  of  Galilee  is 
called  a  sea,  from  the  Greek. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  a.s,  to  go  to  sea.  The  fleet 
is  at  sea,  or  on  the  high  seas. 

4.  A  wave  ;  a  billow  ;  a  surge.  The  vessel 
shipped  a  sea. 

5.  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest,  or 
the  direction  of  the  waves ;  as,  we  head 
the  sea. 

C.  Proverbially,  a  large  quantity  of  liquor ; 

as  a  sea  of  blood. 
7.  A  rouglhor  agitated  place  or  element. 

In  a  troubled  sea  of  passion  tost.        Miltttn. 
Half  seas  over,  half  drunk.  [A  low  phrase.] 

Spectator. 
On  the  high  seas,  in  the  open  sea,  the  com- 

iiion  highway  of  nations. 
SEAANElM'ONY,   n.  The  animal  flower, 
j     which  see. 
iSE'A-APE,  n.    [sea  and  ape.]    The   name 

given  to  a   marine    animal   which  plays 

tricks  like  an  ape.  Encyc. 

SE'A-BANK,  n.  [sea  and  bank.]  The  sea 
j     shore.  Shak. 

2.  A  b:ink  or  mole  to  defend  against  the  sea. 
SE  A  BAR,  H.  [sea  and  bar.]  The  sea-swal- 
i     low,  [Hirundo  piscis.]  Johnson, 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


SE'A-COB,  n.  [sea  and  cob.]  A  i'o«l,  called. 

also  sea-gull.  I 

SE'A-€OLE\\0RT,  n.  Sea-cale,  which  seeJ 
SE'A-COMPASS,  n.  [sea  ani\  comjinss.]  The; 

mariner's  card   and   needle  ;  the  compass: 

constructed  for  use  at  sea.  Camden. 

SE'A-COOT,  71.  [sea  and  coot.]  A  sea  fowl, 

[Fulica  marina.]  i 

SEA-tOll'MORANT,  n.   [sea  and 

rant.] 

The  sea-crow  or  sea-drake,  [Corvua  mari- 

nus.] 
SE'A-€OW,  71.  [sea  and  cow.]  The  Triche- 

chus  manatus,  or  manali.   [See  Manati. 
SE'A-€KOW,  7!.   [sea -MMi  croiu.]  A   fowl' of 

the  gull  kind  ;  the  niire-crow  or  pewct. 

Enctjc. 
SE'A-DEVIL,  n.  [sea  and  devil]  The  fi.sh- 

ing  frog  or  toad-fish,  of  the  genus  Lophi- 


tjE'A-BAT,  n.  [sea  and  bat.]  A  sort  of  flying 
fish.  Colgrave. 

SEA-IJA'THED,  a.  [sea  and  bathe.]  Bathed, 
dipped  or  washed  in  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SE'A-BEAR,  71.  [*(u  and  bear.]  An  animal; 
of  the  hear  kind  that  frequents  the  sea  : 
the  white  or  jiolar  hear ;  also,  the  ursine 
seal. 

SE'A-BEARD,  n.  [sea  and  beard.]  A  marine 
plant,  Conferva  rtipestris.  Lee. 

SE'A-BEA.ST,  71.  [sea  and  beast.]  A  beast 
or  monstrous  animal  of  the  sea.       Milton. 

SE'A-BEAT,        )      [sea  and  beat.]  Beaten 

SE'A-BEATEN,  S  °"^y  the  sea;  lashed  by 
the  waves. 

Along  the  sea-beat  shore.  Pope. 

SE'ABOARD,  71.  [sea  and  Fr.  bord,  side.] 
The  sea  shore. 

SE'ABOARD,  adv.  Towards  the  sea. 

SE'A-BOAT,  n.  [sea  and  boat.]  A  vessel 
that  bears  the  sea  firmly,  without  labor- 
ing or  straining  her  masts  and  rigging. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SE'A-BORD,  I      [sea  and  Fr.  iorrf, 

SEA- BORD' BRING,  ^  "'  border.]  Border- 
ing on  the  sea  or  ocean. 

SE'A  BORN,  a.  [sea  and  fcorn.]  Born  of  the 
sea ;  produced  by  the  sea ;  as  Neptune 
and  his  sea-born  niece.  hatter. 

2.  Born  at  sea. 

SE'A-BODNU,  I         [sea  and  bound.] 

SE'ABOUNDED,  ]  "'  Bounded  by  the 
sea. 

SE'A-BOY,  71.  [sea  and  boy.]  A  boy  em- 
ployed on  shipboard. 

SE'A-BREACH,  n.  [sea  and  breach.]  Irrup- 
tion of  the  sea  by  breaking  the  banks. 

L'Estrange. 

SE'A-BREAM,  7i.    [sea  and  bream.]  A  fish 

of  the  Sparus  kind.  />id.  .Vai.  //is<.|:SEA-ENClR'€LED,  a.   [sea  anA  encircled.] 

SE'A-BREEZE,  n.  [sea  and  breeze.]  A  windij     Encompas.sed  by  the  sea.  Thomson. 


SE'A-Gll'ASS,  n.  [sea  and  grass.]  A  plaui 
growing  on  the  sea  shore  ;  an  aquatic 
plant  of  the  genus  Ruppia.  Liee. 

SK'A-GREEN,  a.  [sea  and  g-ree7i.]  Having 
the  color  of  sea  water ;  being  of  a  faint 
green  color.  Locke.     Pope. 

SL'A-GREEN,  n.  The  color  of  sea  water. 

2.  A  plant,  the  sa.xifrage. 

SE'A-GULL,  71.  [sea  and  gu//.]  A  fowl  of 
the  genus  Larus;  a  species  of  gull ;  called 
also  sea-crow. 

SE'A-HARE,  71.  [sea  and  hare.]  A  marine 
animal  of  the  genus  Lajilysia,  whose  body 
is  covered  with  membranes  reflected  ;  it 
has  a  lateral  pore  on  the  right  side,  and 
four  feelers  resembling  ears.  The  body 
is  nearly  oval,  soft,  gelatinous  and  punc- 
tated. Its  juice  is  poisonous,  and  it  is  so 
fetid  as  to  cause  nausea.  Encyc. 


us;  a  fish  of  a  deformed  shape,  resem-|  SEA-IIEDGEHOG,  n.  A  sea  shell,  a  spe- 
bling  a  tadpole,  growing  to  a  large  size,'  cies  of  Echinus,  so  called  from  its  prickles, 
with  a  head  larger  than  the  whole  body.  Ii     which   reseml)le  in  some  measure    those 

E7ic^c.  I     of  the  hedgehog  or  urchin.  Carew. 

SE'A-DOG,   77.  [sea  and  rfog-.]  A  fish,  per-  SE'A-IIEN,  7i.  [sfa  and /icTi.]  Another  name 


haps  the  shark.  Pope.     Roscommon 

|2.  The  sea-calf  or  common  seal. 

iSE'ADRAGON,  71.  [sen  and  rfrag-07i.]  Ania- 
rine  monster  caught  in  England  in  1749, 
resembling  in  some  degree  an  alligator,! 
but  having  two  largo  fins  which  served 
for  swimming  or  flying.  It  had  two  legs 
terminating  in  hoofs,  like  those  of  an  ass. 
Its  body  was  covered  with  impenetrable 
scales,  and  it  had  five  rows  of  teeth,  (iu. 
(ient.  Magazine. 

SE'A-EAR,  71.  [sea  and  ear.]  A  sea  plant, 
[Auris  marina,  j  Johnson. 


of  the  guilleriKit. 
SE'A-HOG,  n.  [sea  and  hog.]  Theporpess, 

which  see. 
SE'A-IIOLLY,  n.  [sea  and  holly.]    A  plant 

of  the  genus  Eiyngium.  Lee. 

SE'A-IIOLM,  71.    [sea  and   Dan.   holm,  an 

isle.]     A  small  uninhabited  isle. 
2.  Sea-holly.  Carew. 

SE'A-HORSE,  71.  [sea  and  horse.]    In  icA- 

thyology,  the  morse,  a  species  of  Triche- 

chus  or  walrus.  Woodward. 

2.  The  hiiipopotamus,  or  river-horse. 

Dry  den. 


SE'A-EEL,  71.  [sea  and  eel.]  An  eel  caught,  3.  A  fish  of  the  needle-fish  kind,  four  or  live 
n  salt  water  ;  the  conger.  |i     inches  in  length,  and  half  an  inch  in  diam- 

eter. Hill. 

A  fish   of  the  genus  Syngnathus.     (S. 
SE'A-FARER,  71.   [sea  ami /are.]  One  thath     hippocampns,  Linne.) 

follows  the  seas  ;  a  mariner.  /'o/je.' SE'A-LE<;S,  ?i.  [sea  and /eff.]     The  ability 

SE'A-FARING,   a.   [sujira.]  Following  the  '     to  walk  on  a  ship's  deck  when  pitching  or 

business   of  a   seaman  ;  customarily  em-jl     rolling.  Mar.  Did. 

ployed  in  navigation.  Arbulhnoti  SE'A-I.E.MON,  71.  \sea  and  lemon.]    A  ma- 

SE'A-FENNEL,   71.    [sea  and /c7i7ic^]  Thei     rine  animal  of  the  genus  Doris,  having  an 

.]"'     same  as  .samphire.  l|     oval  body,   convex,    marked   with  nuniei- 

a  SE'A-FIGHT,  71.    [sea  a.x^<\  Jight.]    An  en- 1     ous  punclures,  and  of  a  lemon  color. 

gagement  between  ships  at  sea ;  a  naval;[  Eneyc. 

action.^  fiacon.)  SE'A-LIKE,  a.  [sea  and  We.]  Rcspmbling 

SE'.\-F1SII,  7!.    [sea  anAJish.]  Any  niarinei      the  sea.  Thomson. 

fish;  any  fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  wa-  SE'A-LION,  71.  [sea  and  Hon.]     .An  animal 
tf".  ji     of  the  genus  I'hoca  or  seal,   which  has  .1 

71.   [sea  and  fowl.]  A  marine       mane  like  a  lion,  the  Phoca  jubnta. 
fowl  ;  any  fowl  that  lives  by  the  sea,  and  >  Encyc.     Ed.  Eneyc. 

procures  its  food  from  salt  water.      Pope.  SE'A-MAID,  71.   [sea  and  maid.]   The  mer- 
SE'A-FOX,  7(.  A  species  of  squalus,  having!,     maid.     [See  .VtrmaiV.]  Shak. 

a  tail  longer  than  the  bodv.  |  2.  A  sea  nvmph. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist.  SE'A-AIALL,  (       A  fowl,  a  species  of  gull 
SE'A-GAgE,  71.  [sea  and  g-ng-e.]  The  depth  SEA-MEW,   ^  "•  or  Earns, 
change  wrought  by  the  sea.  |j     that  a  vessel  sinks  in  the  water.       £"»ici/c.;  SE'.-\MAN,  n.  [sea  and  man.]    A' sailor;  a 

SE'.A-Cir.XRT,  71.  [sen  and  c/iar(.] /V  chart  or  jSE'A-G'ARLAND,   71.    [sea   and  g-a)-/a7i<i.]j!     mariner;  a  man   whose  occupation  is  to 


or  current  of  air  blowing  from  the  sea 
upon  land  ;  for  the  most  part  blowing  dur- 
ing the  ilav  only,  and  subsiding  at  night. 

SE'A-BUILT,   o.    [sea  and  built.]  Built  for 
the  sea;  as  sea-4ut'W  forts,  [ships.] 

Dri/den. 

SEA-CAB'BA(iE,  )  [sea  and   cabbage' 

SE'A-€ALE,  S    "'     Sea-colewort, 

plant  of  the  genus  Crambe. 

Encyc.     Miller. 

SE'A-C'ALF,  71.    [sea  and  calf]    The  com- 
mon seal,  a  species  of  Phoca. 

SE'A-CAP,  71.  [sea  and  cap.]  A  cap  made  to  \ 

be  worn  at  sea.  .S/iot.;  SE'A-FOWL, 

SE'A-C'ARD,  71.  [sea  and  card.]  The  mari-: 
tier's  card  or  compass. 

SE'.A-C'ARP,   71.  [seo  and  carp.]  A  spotted 
fisli  living  among  rocks  and  stones. 

Johnson. 

SE'A-ClIANuE,    n.   [sea  and  change.]     A 


map  on  which  the  line  of  the  shore,  isles, 

shoals,  harbors,  &c.  are  delineated. 
[J\^ote.  This  word  has  become  useless,  as  we  now 

use  chart  for  a  representation  of  the  sea  coast, 

anil  map  for  a  representation  of  the  land  ] 
SE'A-CIRCLED,   a.   [sea  and  circle]  Sur- 

roimded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SE'A-CO.\L,  71.  [sea  and  coai.]  Coal  brought 

by  sea  ;  a  vulgar  name  for  fossil  coal,  in 

distinction  from  charcoal. 
SE'A-COAST,  n.  [sea  and  coast.]  The  shore 

or  border  of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  sea 

or  ocean. 


SE'A-GIUDLES,  71.  [sea  anil  girdle.]  A  sort'  2.  By  way  of  distinction,  a  skillful  mariner 
of  sea  mushroom. 


A  plant. 


assist  in  the  management  of  slii|)s  at  sea. 


Fungus  phasganoides. 
Johnson.'l 
SE'A-GIRT,  a.  [sea  and  ^>/.]    Surrouiided;| 

by  the  water  of  the   sea  or  ocean  ;  as  a'! 

sea-girt  isle.  Milton.'i',] 

SE'A-GOD,  )i.  [sea  and  god.]  A  marine  de-j 

ity  ;  a  fabulous  being  supposed  to  preside  SE'.'\M.\NSHIP 

over  the  ocean  or  sea  :  as  Neptune. 
SE'A-GOWN,  n.  [sea  and  g-oicii.]    A  gown 

or  garment  with  short  sleeves,   worn  by 

mariners.  Shak. 


also,  a  man  who  is  well  versed  in  the  art 
of  navigating  ships.  In  this  sense,  it  is 
applied  both  to  ofiiccrs  and  common  mar- 
iners. 

Merman,  the  male  of  the  mermaid.  [Lit- 
tle ti.icd.]  Locke, 
n.  The  skill  of  a  good 
seaman;  an  acquaintance  with  the  an  of 
managing  and  navigating  a  ship:  applica- 
ble both  to  officers  and  to  men.  A'aval  skiO, 
is  the  art  of  managing  a  fleet,  particularly 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


in  an  engagement ;  a  very  different  thing 
from  seamanship. 

SE'A-lVrARK,  n.  [sea  am]  mark.]  Any  ele- 
vated object  on  land  wliicb  serves  for  a 
direction  to  mariners  in  entering  a  har- 
bor, or  in  sailing  along  or  approaching  a 
coast ;  a  beacon  ;  as  a  hgbt-house,  a 
mountain,  &c.  Encyc. 

SE'A-MEVV,  n.  A  fowl,  a  species  of  gull  or 
Larus. 

SE'A-MONSTER,  n.  [sea  and  momter.]  A 
huge  marine  animal.     Lan;.  iv. 

SE'A-MOfcJS,  71.  [sea  and  moM.]  A  name 
given  to  coral.     [See  Coral.] 

SE'A-MOIISE,  n.  [sea  and  mouse.]  A  ma- 
rine animal  of  the  genus  Ajjhrodita. 

Encyc. 

SEA-NAVELWORT,  n.  [sea,  navel  and 
woii.] 

A  plant  growing  in  Syria,  which  is  said  to 
effect  great  cures.     [L.  androsaces.] 

Johnson. 

SE'A-NEEDLE,  n.  [sea  and  ■needle.]  A 
name  of  the  gar  or  garfish,  of  the  genus 
Esox.  This  fish  has  a  slender  body,  with 
long  pointed  jaws  and  a  forked  tail.  Its 
back  is  of  a  fine  green  color,  and  when  in 
the  water,  its  colors  are  extremely  beau- 
tiful. 

SE'A-NET'1'LE,  n.  [sea  and  nettle.]  An- 
other name  of  the  animal  flower,  or  sea- 
anemoiiy.  Encyc. 

SE'A-NURSED,  a.  [sta and  nursed.]  Nurs- 
ed by  the  sea.  J.  Barloti'. 

SE'A-NYMl'H,  n.  [sea  and  nymph.]  A 
nymph  or  goddess  of  the  sea.         Broome. 

SE'A-ONION,  n.  [sea  and  onion.]    A  plant. 

Jlinsicorth. 

SE'A-OOZE,  n.  [sea  and  ooze.]  The  soft 
mud  on  or  near  the  sea  shore.     Mortimer. 

SE'A-OTTER,  n.  [sea  and  otter.]  A  spe- 
cies of  otter  that  has  hind  feet  like  those 
of  a  seal.     It  feeds  on  shell  fish. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-OWL,  n.  [sea  and  owl.]  Another  name 
of  the  lump-fish.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-PAD,  n.  The  star-fish.  [Stella  marina.] 

Johnson. 

SE'A-PANTHER,  n.  [sea  and  panther.]  A 
fish  like  a  lam|)rey.  Johnson. 

SE'A-PHEASANT,  n.  [sea  and  pheasant.] 
The  pin-tailed  duck.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-PIE,   I        [sea  and  pie,  pii'a.]    A  fowl 

SE'A-PYE,  I  "■  of  the  genus  Ha;malopus, 
and  grallic  order;  called  also  the  oyster- 
catcher,  from  its  thrusting  its  beak  into 
oysters  when  open,  and  taking  out  the  an- 
imal. 

SE'A-PIE,  n.  [sea  and  pie.]  A  dish  of  food 
consisting  of  paste  and  meat  boiled  to- 
gether: so  named  because  connnon  at  sea. 

SE'A-PIECE,  n.  [sea  and  piece.]  A  picture 
representing  a  scene  at  sea.  Addison. 

SE'A-PLANT,  n.  [sea  and  plant.]  A  plant 
that  grows  in  salt  water,  as  tlie/ucux,  con- 
ferva, &c. 

SE'A-POOL,  n.  [sea  and  7^00/.]  A  lake  of 
salt  water.  Spenser. 

SE'APORT,  »i.  [sea  and  port.]  A  harbor 
near  the  sea,  formed  by  an  arm  of  the  sea 
or  by  a  l)ay. 

2.  A  city  or  town  situated  on  a  harbor,  on  or 
near  the  sea.  We  call  a  town  a  seaport, 
instead  of  a  seaport  loion. 

SEA-RESEM'BLINC,  «.  Like  the  sea; 
sea-liUc.  Sandys. 


SE'A-RISK,  n.  [sea  and  risk.]  Hazard  or 
risk  at  sea  ;  danger  of  injury  or  destruc-] 
tion  by  the  sea. 

SE'A-R015BER,  n.  [sea  and  robber.]  A  pi- 
rate ;  one  that  robs  on  the  high  seas. 

SE'A-ROCKET,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Buiiias.  Lee.    Miller. 

SE'A-ROOM,  )!.  [sea  and  room.]  Anijile 
space  or  distance  from  land,  shoals  or 
rocks,  suflicient  for  a  ship  to  drive  or  scud 
without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

Mar.  Diet 

SE'A-ROVER,  n.  [«ea  and  roi'er.]  A  pirate 
one  that  cruizes  for  plunder. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  that  is  employed  in  cruiz- 
ing for  plunder. 

SE'A-RUFF,  n.  A  kind  of  sea  fish.  [L. 
orphus.]  Johnson. 

SEA-SCOR'PION,  n.  [sea  and  scorpion.] 
Another  name  for  the  I'atherlasher. 

Did.  JVat.  Hist. 

SE'A-SERPENT,  n.  [sea  and  serpent.]  A 
huge  animal  like  a  serpent  inhabiting  the 
sea.  Guthrie. 

SE'A-SERVICE,  n.  [sea  and  service.]  Na 
val  service;  service  in  the  navy  or  in 
ships  of  war. 

SE'A-SH'ARK,  ji.  [sea  and  shark.]  A  rav 
enous  sea  fish.  Shak. 

SE'A-SHELL,  n.  [sea  and  shell.]  A  marine 
shell ;  a  shell  that  grows  in  the  sea. 

Mortimer. 

SEA-SHO'RE,  n.  [sea  and  shore.]  The 
coast  of  the  sea  ;  the  land  that  lies  adja- 
cent to  the  sea  or  ocean.  Locke. 

SE'A-SICK,  a.  [sea  and  sick.]  Aflin-ted 
with  sickness  or  nausea  by  means  of  the 
pitching  or  rolling  of  a  vessel. 

Dryden.     Strijl. 

SE'A-SICKNESS,  n.  The  sickness  or  nau- 
sea occasioned  by  the  pitching  and  rolling 
of  a  ship  in  an  agitated  sea. 

SE'A-SIDE,  n.  [sea  and  side.]  The  land 
bordering  on  the  sea  ;  the  country  adja- 
cent to  the  sea,  or  near  it. 

Scripture.     Pope. 

SE'A-ST'AR,  n.  [sea  and  star.]  The  star- 
fish, a  genus  of  marine  animals,  called 
technically  A.'^terias. 

SEA-SUR'GEON,  n.  [sea  and  surgeon.]  A 
surgeon  employed  on  shipboard. 

fViseman. 

SEA-SURROUND'ED,  (I.  [sea  and  sur- 
round.]    Encompassed  by  the  sea. 

SE'A-TERM,  J!,  [sea  and  term.]  A  word  or 
term  used  appropriately  by  seamen,  or 
peculiar  to  the  art  of  navisjation. 

SE'A-THIEF,  n.  [sea  and'thief.]    A  pirate. 
Up.  of  Chichester. 

SE'A-TOAD,  »i.  [sea  and  toad.]  An  ugly 
fish,  so  called.  Colgravc. 

SE'A-TORN,  a.  [sea  and  torn.]  Torn  by  or 
at  sea.  Browne. 

SEA-TOSSED,  a.  [sea  and  tossed.]  Txs^vd 
by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SE'A-URCHIN,  n.  [sea  and  urchin.]  A  ge- 
nus of  marine  animals,  the  Echinus,  of 
many  species.  The  body  is  roundish, 
covered  with  a  bony  crust,  and  often  set 
with  movable  prickles.  Enn/c. 

SE'A-VVALLEI>,  a.  [sea  and  u-alled.]  Sur- 
rounded or  defended  by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SE'AVVARI),  a.  [sea  and  tcard.]  Uirenril 
lowaiils  the  sea.  Donne. 

SE'AWARD,  adv.  Towards  the  sea. 

Drayton. 


SE'A-'WATER,  n.  [sea  and  water.]  Water 
of  the  sea  or  ocean,  which  is  salt.     Bacon. 

SE'A-WEED,  71.  [*ea  and  uiecrf.]  A  marine 
plant  of  the  genus  F"ucus,  used  as  manure, 
and  for  making  glass  and  soap.  A  com- 
mon name  for  the  marine  algse,  and  some 
other  plants  growing  in  salt  water. 

'SE'A-WITHWIND,  n.  Bindweed. 

SE  A-AVOLF,  n.  [sea  and  uotf.  See  Ji'olf.] 
A  fish  of  tlie  genus  Anarrbicas,  found  in 
northern  latitudes,  about  Greenland,  Ice- 
land, Norway,  Scotland,  England,  &c. 
This  fish  is  so  named  from  its  fierceness 
and  ravenousness.  It  grows  sometimes 
to  the  length  of  four  and  even  seven  feet, 
and  feeds  on  crustaceous  animals  and  shell 
fish.  Encyc. 

SEA-WORM'WQQD,  n.  A  sort  of  worm- 
wood growing  in  the  sea,  the  Artemisia 
maritima.  Johnson.     Lee. 

SE'AWORTHY,  a.  [sea  and  worthy.]  Fit 
for  a  voyage  ;  worthy  of  being  trusted  to 
transport  a  cargo  with  safety ;  as  a  sea- 
worthy  ship. 

SEA1>,  n.  [Sax.  seol,  sele,  gyle;  Sw.  sibl.] 
The  common  name  for  the  species  of  the 
genus  Phoca.  These  animals  are  am- 
phibious, most  of  them  iidiabiting  the  sea 
coasts,  particularly  in  the  higher  latitudes. 
They  have  six  cutting  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw,  and  four  in  the  lower.  Their  hind 
feet  are  placed  at  the  extremity  of  the 
body,  in  the  same  direction  with  it,  and 
serve  the  purpose  of  a  caudal -fin;  the 
fore  feet  are  also  adapted  for  swimming, 
and  furnished  each  with  five  claws;  the 
external  ears  are  either  very  small  or 
wanting.  There  are  numerous  species; 
as  the  leonina,  sometimes  18  feet  in  length, 
and  the  jvhain,  sometimes  25  feet  iu 
length,  with  a  mane  like  a  liiMi.  both  call- 
ed sea-lion,  and  found  in  the  southern 
seas,  and  also  in  the  N.  Pacific  ;  the  ursi- 
na,  or  sea  bear,  8  or  9  feet  in  length,  and 
covered  with  long,  thick  and  bristly  hair, 
foimd  in  the  N.  Pacific  ;  and  the  common 
seal  (P.  ritulinu.)  from  4  to  6  feet  iw 
length,  found  generally  throughout  the 
Atlantic  and  the  seas  and  hays  conununi- 
cating  with  it,  covered  with  short,  stifi^ 
glossy  hair,  with  a  smooth  head  without 
external  ears,  and  with  the  fore  legs 
deeply  innnerscd  in  the  skin.  Seals  are 
much  sought  after  for  their  skins  and  fur. 
Ed.  Encyc.     Encyc. 

SEAL,  JI.  [Sax.  sigel,  sigle ;  G.  siegel ;  D. 
zeget ;  Dan.  seigl,  .icgl ;  Fr.  sceau ;  Arm. 
syetl ;  L.  sigillum  ;  It.  sigillo ;  Sp.  sigilo. 
It  is  uncertain  what  was  the  original  sig- 
nification of  seal,  whether  an  iniage,  or 
some  ornai7ient.  In  Saxon,  the  word  sig- 
nifies a  necklace,  or  ornament  for  the 
neck,  a  stud  or  boss,  a  clasp,  and  a  seal.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal  or  other  hanl  substance, 
usually  round  or  oval,  on  which  is  en- 
graved some  image  or  device,  and  some- 
times a  legend  or  inscription.  This  is 
used  by  individuals,  corporate  bodies  and 
states,  for  making  imjiressions  on  wax 
upon  instruments  of  writing,  as  an  evi- 
dence of  their  authenticity.  Tlic  king  of 
England  has  his  great  seal  and  his  privy 
seat.     Seals  are  sometimes  worn  in  rings. 

2.  The  wax  set  to  an  instruniint,  and  im- 
pressed or  stamped  with  a  seal.  Thus  we 
give  a  deed  under  hand  and  seal.     Wax  is 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


generally  used  in  sealing  instruiur  nts,  but 
otiior  substances  may  be  used. 

'J.  Tlie  wax  or  wafer  that  makes  fast  a  let- 
ter or  other  paper. 

4.  Any  act  of  eontirmation.  Milton. 

T).  That  which  confirms,  ratifies  or  makes 
stable  ;  assmance.     2  Tjni.  ii. 

C.  That  which  cfiectually  shuts,  confines  or 
secures  ;  that  which  makes  fast.     Rev.  xx. 

SEAL,  V.  t.  [Sw.  besegla,  forsegla  ;  Dan. 
hcseglcr,  forsegkr  ;  G.siegetn;  D.  zcgckn. 
The  root  signifies  [irobably  to  set,  to  (i\, 
to  impress,  or  to  cut  or  engrave.]  I 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  seal ;  to  attach  togetlii-r 
with  a  wafer  or  vvitii  wax ;  as,  to  seal  a 
letter. 

2.  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  as  a  mark  of  au- 
thenticity ;  as,  to  seal  a  deed.     Hence, 

3.  To  confirm  ;  to  ratify  ;  to  establish. 

Ami  Willi  my  hand  1  seal  our  true  hearts' 
love.  Shak. 

When  therefore  I  have  performed  this,  and 
have  sealed  to  tlicin  this  fruit,  I  will  conic  by 
you  into  Spain.      Hoiii.  xv. 

4.  To  sliut  or  keep  close ;  sometimes  with 
i(n.     Seal  your  lips;  seal  up  vour  lips. 

Shak. 

Open  your  cars,  and   seal  your  bosom  upon 

the  secret  concerns  of  a  friend.  Dwighl. 

5.  To  make  fast. 

So  tlicy  went  and  made  the  scpulcher  sure, 
scaling  the  stone  and  setting  a  watch.  Matt. 
xxvii. 

6.  To  mark  with  a  stamp,  as  an  evidence  ofl 
standard  exactness,  legal  size,  or  incr-; 
chantable  quality.  By  our  laws,  weights 
and  measures  arc  to  be  scaled  by  an  offi-' 
cer  appointed  and  sworn  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  lether  is  to  be  scaled  by  a  like  otiicer, 
as  evidence  that  it  has  been  inspected  and 
found  to  be  of  good  quality. 

Laws  of  Conn. 

7.  To  keep  secret. 

Shut  up  the  words,  and  seal  the  book.  Dan 
xii.     Is.  viii. 

8.  To  mark  as  one's  property,  and  secure 
from  danger.     Cant.  iv. 

9.  To  close ;  to  fulfill ;  to  complete ;  with 
up.     Dan.  ix. 

10.  To  imprint  on  the  mind  ;  as,  to  seal  in- 
struction.    Job  xxxiii. 

H.  To  inclose  I  to  hide;  to  conceal.  Job 
xiv. 

12.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.     Job  xxxvii. 

13.  In  architecture,  to  fix  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  in  a  wall  with  cement.  Encyc. 

SEAL,  V.  i.  To  fix  a  seal. 

1  will  seal  unto  this  bond.     [  Unusual.] 

Shak. 

SE'ALED,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  seal  ;  fas- 
tened with  a  seal ;  confirmed  ;  closed. 

SE'ALER,  »i.  One  who  seals  ;  an  oflicer  in 
chancery  who  seals  writs  and  instru- 
ments. 

3.  In  JVew  England,  an  ofiicer  appointed  by 
the  town  or  other  proper  authority,  to  ex- 
amine and  try  weights  and  measures,  and! 
set  a  stamp  on  such  as  are  according  to  the 
.standards  established  by  the  state  ;  also, 
an  officer  who  inspects  lether  and  stamps 
such  as  is  good.  These  are  called  sealers 
of  weights  and  measures,  and  sealers  of 
lether. 

SE'ALING,  ppr.  Fixing  a  seal;  fastening 
with  a  seal;  confirming  ;  closing;  keeping 
secret ;  fixing  a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in 
a  wall  with  cement. 

Vol.  II. 


SE'ALING,  n.  [from  .sea/,  the  animal.]  The;  I 
operation  of  taking  seals  and  cuiing  their 
.<.kins. 

SK'ALIXG-VOYAgE,  n.  A  voyage  for  the 
purpo.se  of  killing  seals  and  obtaining  their 
skins. 

SE'ALING-WAX,  n.  [seal  and  wax.]  A 
compound  of  gum  lac  and  the  red  oxyd  of 
mercury  ;  used  for  fastening  a  foliled  hot- 
ter and  thus  concealing  the  writing,  and 
for  receiving  impressions  of  seals  set  to 
instruments,  dealing  wax  is  hard  or  soft, 
and  may  be  of  any  color. 

SEAM,  n.  [Sax.  «eum  ;  D.  room  ;  G.  sauin; 
Dan.  sijm ;  Sw.  som,  a  seam,  ii  suture; 
soma,  to  sew.  The  G.  saum  signifies  a 
hem  or  border.  The  word  probably  sig- 
nifies the  uniting  by  sewing.  In  Danish, 
sommcr  signifies  to  hern,  and  to  beseem,  to 
be  seemly,  to  become,  to  be  suitable.  We 
see  then  that  seam  and  seem,  are  from  one 
root.  The  primary  sense  is  to  meet,  to 
come  or  put  together.  See  Same  and  ^s- 
semble.  Class  Sm.  No.  33.  40.] 
The  suture  or  uniting  of  two  edges  of 
cloth  by  the  needle.  Dryden. 

The  coal  was  without  seam,  woven  from  the 
top  throughout.  .John  xix. 
The  joint  or  juncture  of  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  or  deck  ;  or  rather  the  intervals  be 
twecn  the  edges  of  boards  or  planks  in  a 
floor,  &c.  The  seams  of  ships  are  filled 
with  oakum,  and  covered  vvitli  pitch. 

3.  In  mines,  a  vein  or  stratum  of  metal,  ore, 
coal  and  the  like.  Encyc.     Kirwan. 

4.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 

5.  A  measure  of  eight  bushels  of  corn  ;  or 
the  vessel  that  contains  it.  [JVot  used  in 
.^Imcnca.] 

A  seam  of  glass,  the  quantity  of  120  pounds, 
or24  stone  of  five  pounds  each.  [Ao(  used 
in  America.]  " 

seim ;  Vf.saim.] 
[JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 


SEAM,  n.  [Sax. 
grease  ;  lard. 


Encyc. 
TalloW  ; 


form 


Dryden. 


a  seam ;  to  sew   or 


SEAM,  V.  t.  To 

otherwise  unite. 

2.  To  mark  with  a  cicatri.x  ;  to  scar  ;  as 
seamed  with  wound.s.  Pope. 

SEAMAN.   [See  under  Sea.] 

SE'AMED,  pp.  Marked  with  scams;  hav- 
ing seams  or  scars. 

SE'AMING,  ppr.  Marking  with  scars ; 
making  seams. 

SE'AMLESS,  a.  Having  no  seam ;  as  the 
seamless  garment  of  Christ. 

SEAM-RENT,  n.  [seam  and  rent.]  The 
rent  of  a  seam ;  the  separation  of  a  su- 
ture. 

iSE'AMSTER,  n.  One  that  sews  well,  or 
whose  occupation  is  to  sew. 

SEAMSTRESS,  ?!.  [that  is,  seamstcress; 
Sax.  seamcstre.]  A  woman  whose  occu- 
pation is  sewing. 

SE'AMY,  a.  Having  a  seam;  containing 
seams  or  showing  them.  Sluik. 

SE.AN,  n.  A  net.     [See  Seine.] 

SE'.^POY,  (        [Vera,  sipahi ;  Hindoo,  sep- 

SE'POY,      \"-  ahai.]     A  native  of  India 

in   the  military  service   of  an  EuropeanjiSEARCHABLE,    a.    serch'able. 

power,  and  disciphned afterthe  Europeans      be  searched  or  explored. 

manner.  iSEARClIED,    pp.    serch'ed.    Looked 

SEAR,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ifrtran;  Gr.a^rpfu),  todry;  I     carefidly  :  explored;  examined. 

Ii^paiju,  to  dry,  to  parch  ;  |j;po;,  dry;  attp,!  SEARCHER,  n.  serch'er.  One  who  search- 
es, explores  or  examines  for   the  purpose 


To  burn  to  dryness  and  hardness  the 
surface  of  any  thing;  to  cauterize  ;  to  ex- 
])ose  10  a  degree  of  heat  that  changes  the 
color  of  the  surface,  or  makes  it  hard  ;  as, 
lo  sear  the  skin  or  flesh. 

I'm  fiear'il  willi  buniiug  ."ilecl.  Bince. 

Sear  is  allied  to  scorch  in  signification  ; 
but  it  is  applied  primarily  to  animal  flesh, 
and  has  special  relerence  to  the  efl^ect  of 
heat  in  making  the  surface  hard.  Scorch 
is  applied  to  ficsh,  cloth  or  any  other  sub- 
stance, and  has  no  reference  "to  the  effect 
of  hardness. 

2.  To  wither;  to  dry.  Sliak. 

3.  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 
Having  Ibcir  conscience  seareii   with  a   hot 

iron.     1  Tim.  iv. 
To  sear  up,  lo  close  by   searing  or  cauteri- 
zing ;  to  stop. 

Cherish  veins  of  good    humor,  and  sear  ttp 

those  of  ill.  Temple. 

SEAR,  a.  Dry  ;  withered.       Milton.     Itay. 

SEARCE,  11.  t.  scrs.    To  sift  ;   to  bolt  ;   to 

separate  the  fine  part   of  meal  from  the 

coarse.     [Little  tised.]  Mortimer. 

SEARCE,  n.  sers.  A  sieve  ;  abolter.    [Lit 

tie  used.] 
SE.'VRCER,    n.    sers'er.    One  that  sifts  or 

bolts.     [Little  used.] 
SEARCH,  11.  t.  serch.  [Fr.  chercher  ;  It.  ccr- 

care  ;  Arm.  kerchat,  to  seek,  to  ramble.] 
L  To  look  over  or  through  for  the  purpose 
of  finding  something;  to  explore  ;  to  ex- 
amine by  inspection  ;  as,  to  search  the 
bouse  for  a  hook ;  to  search  the  wood  for 
a  thief 

Send  thou  men,  that  they  may  search  tin- 
land  of  Canaan.     Num.  xiii. 

2.  To  inquire  ;  to  seek  for. 
Enough  is  left  besides  to  search  and  know. 

JMtmi. 

3.  To  probe  ;  to  seek  the  knowledge  of  by 
feeling  with  an  instrument ;  as,  to  search 
a  wound.  Shak. 

4.  To  examine  ;  to  try.     Ps.  cxxxix. 
To  search  out,  to   seek  till  found,  or  to  find 

by  seeking  ;   as,  to  search  out  truth. 

If'atis. 
SEARCH,  v.i.  serch.  To  seek;  to  look  for; 
to  make  search. 

Once  more  search  witli  me.  Shak. 

To  make  inquiry  ;  to  inquire. 

It  suliiees  that  ibcy  have  once  with  care  sift- 
ed the  matter,  and  searched  Into  all  the  partic- 
ulars. Locke. 
To  search  for,  to  look  for ;  to  seek  ;  to  try  to 
find  ;  as,  to  search  for  a  gentleman  now  in 
the  house.  Shak. 
SEARCH,  71.  serch.  A  seeking  or  looking 
for  something  that  is  lost,  or  the  place  of 
which  is  unknown ;  with  for  or  after  ;  as 
a  search  for  lost  money  ;  a  search  for  mines 
of  gold  and  silver;  a  searcA  q/Jer  happi- 
ness or  knowledge. 

Inquiry;  a  seeking.     He  spent  bis  life  in 
search  of  truth. 
Quest ;  pursuit  for  finding. 

Nor  did  my  searoh  of  liberty  begin. 

Till  my  black  hairs  were  chang'd   upon  my 

chin.  Dryden. 

That  may 

Co^g-ratie. 


the  sun  ;  sftpfu,  to  diy.  Qu.  L.  torreo,  in  a 
different  dialect.] 


of  finding  something. 


SEA 


SEA 


SEA 


'2.  Aspeker:  :iii  iiKjuirer.  fFatts.\ 

H.  An  examiner:  a  trier  ;  as  the  Searcher  o{ 
hearts. 

4.  An  ofticor  in   J.oiulon,  apiiointed  to  ex 
nriiiiio  tlie  liudii-s  of  tlie  dead,  and  report 
the  cause  of  i heir  deatli.  Craunt. 

5.  An  officer  of  the  customs,  vvliose  busi- 
ness is  to  search  and  examine  ships  out- 
ward bounil,  to  ascertain  whether  they 
have  prohibited  goods  on  board,  also 
baggage,  goods,  &c. 

G.  An  inspector  of  lether.     [Local.] 

7.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  for  ex- 
amining ordnance,  to  ascertain  whether 
guns  have  any  cavities  in  them.        Eneyc. 

8.  An  instrument  used  in  the  inspection  of 
butter,  &c.  to  ascertain  the  quality  of  that 
which  is  contained  in  firkins.     [Local.] 

Mass. 
SEARCHING,  ppr.  scrch'ing.  Looking  into 
or  over  ;  exploring  ;    examining  ;  inquir- 
ing ;  seeking ;  investigating. 

2.  a.  Penetrating  ;  trying  ;  close  ;  as  asearch- 
ing;  discour.<e. 

SEARCHING,  n.  serch'iiig.  Examination; 
severe  inquisition.     Juilges  v. 

SEARCHLE.'^S,  a.  scrch'less.  Inscrutable  ; 
eluding  sciuch  or  investigation. 

SE'AK-€LOTH,  n.  [Sas.  sar-claUi,  sore- 
cloth.] 

A  cloth  to  cover  a  sore  ;  a  plaster. 

Mortimer. 

SE'ARED,  pp.  [from  sear.]  Burnt  on  the 
surface  ;  cauterized  ;  hardened. 

SE'AREIJNESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
seared,  cauterized  or  hardened  ;  hard- 
ness ;  hence,  insensibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

SE'ASON,  n.  se'zn.  [Fr.  saison  :  Arm. 
sasonn,  saczun  ;  Port,  sazam,  sezam,  sea- 
son, proper  time,  state  of  being  seasoned  ; 
sazuaar,  to  season,  ripen,  temper,  sweeten, 
bring  to  maturity  ;  Sp.  sazon,  season,  ma- 
turitv,  taste,  relish  ;  sazonar,  to  season. 
The  primary  sense,  like  that  of  time  and 
opportunity,  is  to  fall,  to  come,  to  arrive, 
and  this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  seize 
and  assess;  to  fall  on,  to  set  on.] 

Season  literally  signiiies  that  which  comes 
or  arrives  ;  and  in  this  general  sense,  is 
synonymous  with  time.     Hence, 

1.  A  fit  or  suitable  tinje  ;  the  convenient 
time  ;  the  usual  or  appointed  time  ;  as, 
the  messenger  arrived  in  season  ;  in  gooi 
season.     This  fruit  is  out  of  season. 

Q.  Any  time,  as  distinguished  fVom  others. 
The   season   prime  for  sweetest   scents  and 
aiis.  Milton. 

3.  A  time  of  some  continuance,  but  not 
long. 

Thou  shall  be  blind,  not  seeing  the  sun  for  a 
season.     Actsxiii. 
1.  One  of  the   four  divisions   of  the   year, 
spring,   summer,  autumn,   winter.      The 
season  is  mild  ;  it  is  cold  for  the  season. 

We  saw,  in   six  days"   traveling,  the  several 

seasons  of  ihe  year  in  tiieir  beauty.      Addison 

We  distinguish  the  season  by  prefixing 

its  appropriate  nam»,  as  the  spring-season 

summer  season,  &c. 

To  bt  in  season,  to  be  in  good  time,  or 
sufficiently  early  for  the  pur|)Ose. 

To  he  on(  i>f  season,  to  be  too  late,  be 
yonil  the  pr(i|ier  lime,  or  beyond  the  usu 
ul  oi  nppoiiiieil  time. 

From  ihe  sense  of  convenience,  is  deri- 
ved the  following. 


5.  That  which  matures  or  prepares  for  the: 
taste  ;  that  which  gives  a  relisli. 

Vou  lack  the  season  of  all  nature,  sleep. 


But  in  this  sense,  we 


Shak. 
now  use  stason- 


ing. 
SE'ASON,  v.t.  [¥r.  assaisonner ;  Sp.  Port. 
sazonar.] 

1.  To  render  palatable,  or  to  give  a  higher 
relish  to,   by    the  aildition  or    mixture  of 
another  substance  more  pungent  or  picas 
ant;  as,  to  season  meat  with  salt;  to  seo 
son  any  thing  with  spices.     Lev.  ii. 

"2.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant  or 
delightful  ;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to  by 
something  that  excites,  animates  or  ex- 
hilarates. 

you   season  still   with    sports    your  serious 
hours.  Dryden. 

The  proper  use  of  wit  is  to  season  con\  trsa- 
tjon  Tillotson. 

:?.  To  render  more  agreeable,  or  less  rigor- 
ous and  severe  ;  to  temper  ;  to  moderate  ; 
to  qualify  by  admixture. 

\Vben  luercy  seasons  justice.  Shak. 

4.  To  imbue  ;  to  tinge  or  taint. 
Season  their  younger  years  with  pmdent  and 

pious  principles.  Taylor. 

5.  To  fit  for  any  use  by  time  or  habit;  to 
mature;  to  prepare. 

Who  in  want  a  hollow  friend  doth  try, 
Directly  seasons  him  an  enemy.  Shak. 

C).  To  prepare  for  use  by  drying  or  harden- 
ing; to  lake  out  or  suffer  to  escape  the 
natural  juices  ;  as,  to  season  timber. 
To  ])repare  or  mature  for  a  climate  ;  to 
accustom  to  and  enable  to  endure  ;  as,  to 
season  the  body  to  a  particidar  climate. 
Long  residence  in  the  West  Indies,  or  a 
fever,  may  season  strangers. 

SE'ASON,  V.  i.  To  become  mature  ;  to 
grow  fit  for  use  ;  to  become  adajited  to  a 
climate,  as  the  human  body. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  hard  by  the  escape  of 
the  natural  juices,  or  by  being  penetrated 
with  other  substance.  Timber  seasons 
well  under  cover  in  the  air,  and  ship  tim- 
ber seasons  in  salt  water. 

To  betoken  ;  to  savor.     Obs.  Beaum. 

SE'ASONABLE, a.  Opportune;  that  comes, 
happens  or  is  done  in  good  time,  in  due 
season  or  in  iin))ier  time  for  the  jiurpose; 
as  a  seasonable  supply  of  rain. 

Mercy  is  seasonable  in  the  time  of  affliction. 

Ecclus. 

SE'ASONABLENESS,  n.  Opportune- 
ness of  time  ;  the  state  of  being  in  good 
time,  or  in  time  convenient  for  the  pur- 
pose or  suilirientiv  earlv.  Jlddison. 

SE'ASONABLY,  'ailv.  In  due  lime  ;  in 
time  convenient;  siifhcieiitly  early  ;  as,  to 
sow  or  plant  seasonabhi. 

SE'ASONAGE,  n.  Seasoning;  sauce.  [.Vo/ 
used.]  South. 

SE'ASONED,  pp.  Mixed  or  sprinkled  with 
something  that  gives  a  relish  ;  tempered  ; 
moderated  ;  qualified  ;  mature<l  ;  dried 
and  hardened. 

SE'.'\SONER,  n.  He  that  seasons;  that 
which  seasons,  matures  or  gives  a  relish. 

SE'ASON  ING,  ppr.  Giving  a  relish  by 
somelhiiig  addod  ;  modeniting  ;  (pialily-i 
ing:  maturing;  drying  and  hardening; 
fittiiiL'  by  h.-ibit. 

'SE'ASO.\'lNG,  71.  That  wiiicli  is  added  to 

I     imj  specii'S  of  food  lo  give  it  a  liigli<-rrcl- 


I     ish  ;  usually,   something  pungent  or  aro 


matic  ;  as  salt,  spices  or  other  aromatic 
herbs,  acids,  sugar,  or  a  mixture  of  seve- 
ral things.  .'Irbnthnot. 

2.  Something  added  or  mixed  to  enhance  the 
pleasure  of  enjoyment;  as,  wit  or  humor 
may  serve  as  a  seasoning  to  eloquence. 

Political  speculations  are  of  so  dry  and  aus- 
tere a  naluie,  that  they  will  not  go  down  with 
the  public  without  frequent  seasonings. 

Addison. 

SEAT,  Ji.  [It.  scdia  ;  Sp.  sede,  silio,  from  L. 
sedes,  situs  ;  Sw.  side  ;  Dan.  seede  ;  G. 
sitz;  D.zetel,zilplaats  ;  "W .  sez  ;  ir.saidh; 
W.  with  a  prefix,  gosod,  vvlience  gosodi,  to 
set.  See  Set  and  Sit.  The  Engli^li  seat 
retains  the  R(unan  pronunciation  of  situs, 
that  is,  scf<»s.] 

1.  That  on  which  one  sits:  a  chair,  bench, 
stool  or  any  other  thiug  on  which  a  per- 
son sits. 

Christ — overthrew  the  tables  of  the  money 
changers  and  the  seats  of  them  that  sold  doves. 
Malt.  xxi. 

2.  The  place  of  sitting  ;  throne;  chair  of 
state  ;  tribunal ;  post  of  authority  ;  as  the 
seal  of  justice;  judgnieiit-sfa/. 

3.  Mansion  ;  residence  ;  dwelling  ;  abode  ; 
as  Italy  the  seat  of  empire.  The  Greeks 
sent  colonies  to  seek  a   new  seal  in  Gaul. 

In  Alba  he  shall  fix  his  royal  seat. 

Dryden. 

4.  Site  ;  situation.  The  scat  of  Eden  has 
never  been   incontrovertibly   ascertained. 

5.  That  part  of  a  saddle  on  which  a  person 
sits. 

6.  In  horsenwn.ihip,  the  posture  or  situation 
of  a  person  on  horseback.  Encyc. 

7.  A  pew  or  slip  in  a  church  ;  a  place  to 
sit  in. 

8.  The  place  where  a  thing  is  settled  or  es- 
tablisiied.  London  is  the  seat  of  business 
and  opulence.  So  we  say,  the  seat  of  the 
muses,  the  seat  of  arts,  the  seat  of  com- 
merce. 

SE.\T,  V.  t.  To  place  on  a  seat ;  to  cause  to 
sit  down.  We  seal  ourselves;  we  scat 
our  guests. 

The  guests  were  no  sooner  sealed  but  Ihey 
entered  into  a  waim  debate.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  place  in  a  post  of  authority,  in  office 
or  a  place  of  ilistinction.  He  seated  his 
son  in  the  professor's  chair. 

Then  high  was  king  Richard  sealed.      Shak. 

.3.  To  settle ;  to  fix  in  a  (larticidar  place  or 
country.  A  colony  of  Greeks  scnterf  them- 
selves ill  the  .south  of  Italy  ;  another  at 
Massilia  in  Gaul. 

4.  To  fix  ;  to  set  firm. 
From  their  foundations,  loosening  to  and  fro. 
They  pluck'd  the  scaled  hills.  Milton. 

5.  To  place  in  a  church  ;  to  assign  seats  to. 
In  New  England,  where  the  pews  in 
churches  are  not  private  jiroperty,  it  is 
customary  to  seat  families  for  a  year  or 
longer  time  ;  that  is,  assign  and  appropri- 
ate seats  to  their  use. 

().  To  appropriate  the  pews  in,  to  particular 
families  ;  as,  lo  scat  a  chinch. 

7.  To  re]iair  by  making  the  seat  new;  as, 
lo  seat  !\  garment. 

8.  To  settle  ;  to  plant  with  inhabitants;  as, 
to  seal  a  country.     [.Vol  much  ii.-ied.] 

Stith,  Virg. 

SE.\T,  V.  i.  To  rest  ;  to  lie  down.     [Xot  in 

■use.]  Spenser. 


SEC 


8  E  C 


SEC 


SE'ATED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  cliair  or  on  aj 
beiicli,  &.C.  ;  set ;  lixed  ;  settled  ;  estal)-| 
lislied;  Ciiniislied  witli  u  scat.  j 

SIi'ATli\(j',  jipr.  Placing  on  a  seat;  set- 
ting; settling;  luriiisliing  with  a  seat; 
liaviiig  its  siNils  assigned  tu  individuals,  as 
a  cluirch.  ! 

SEAVE.-!,  71.  pill,  [iriw.s&f;  Dan.  sty ;  Ileb. 
«]1D  suf.]     Rushes.     [Local.]  j 

SE'AVY,  a.  Overgrown  with  rushes.  [Lo-i 
cat.] 

SEUA'CEOUS,  a.  [J.ow  L.  schaceus,  from, 
stbum,  sevum,  tallow,  \V.  saim.  iln.  Etii.' 
scbndi,  tat.]  Made  of  tallow  or  fat  ;  per-j 
tnining  to  fat.  I 

Sebaceous  liuiiwr,  n  suet-like  or  glutinous 
matter  secreted  by  the  sebaceous  glands, 
which  serves  to  defend  the  skin  and  keep 
it  soft.  Cure.     Parr.' 

Sebaceous  glands,  small  glands  seated  in  the 
cellular  membrane  under  the  skin,  which 
secrete  the  sebaceous  humor.  Purr. 

SEIJAC'IC,  a.  [supra.]  In  cldmistry,  per-; 
tainiug  to  fat;  obtained  from  fat  ;  as  the 
Sfiacu- acid.  Lavoisier. 

SE'BATE,  n.  [supra.]  In  cMmislry,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  sebacic  acid  and  a  "base. 

Hooper.     Lavoisier. 

SERES'TEX,  n.  The  Assyrian  plmn,  a 
]ilant  of  the  genus  Cordia,  a  species  of 
jujidie.  Lee.     Coxe. 

SE'CANT,  a.  [L.  secajis,  seco,  to  cut  or 
cut  otr,  coinciding  with  Eng.  .saw.]  Out- 
ting  ;  dividing  into  two  parts. 

SE'CANT,  n.  [It.   Fr.   Sp.   sccaute,  suj)ra.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  line  that  cuts  another,  or 
divides  it  into  parts.  The  secant  of  a  cir- 
cle is  a  line  drawn  from  the  circumfer- 
ence on  one  side,  to  a  point  without  the 
circumference  on  the  other.  In  Irigoyiom- 
etry,  a  secant  is  a  right  line  drawn  from 
the  center  of  a  circle,  which,  cutting  the 
circuinference,  proceeds  till  it  meets  with 
a  tangent  to  the  same  circle.  Encyc. 

2.  In  trigonometry,  the  secant  of  an  arc  is  a 
right  line  drawn  from  the  center  through 
one  end  of  the  arc,  and  terminated  by  a 
tangent  drawn  through  the  other  end. 

SECfi'DE,  V.  i.  [L.  secedo  ;  se,  from,  and 
cedo,  to  move.  Se  is  an  inseparable  pre- 
position or  prefix  in  Latin,  but  denoting' 
departure  or  separation.]  | 

To  withdraw  from  fellowship,  communion 
or  association  ;  to  separate  one's  self;  as, 
certain  ministers  seceded  from  the  church 
of  Scotland  about  the  year  1733. 

fc^ECE'DER,  n.  One  who  secedes.  In  Scot- 
land, the  seccders  are  a  numerous  body  of 
inesbyterians  who  seceded  from  the  com- 
munion of  the  established  church,  about 
the  year  1733. 

SECE'DING,  ppr.  Withdrawing  from  fel- 
lowship or  communion. 

SECERN',  V.  t.  [L.  secerno  ;  se  and  cerno, 
to  separate.]  In  the  animal  economy,  to 
secrete. 

The  mucus  secerned  in  the  nose — is  a  laiula- 
ble  humor.  Arbuthnot. 

SECERN'ED,  pp.  Separated  ;  secreted. 

SECERN'ENT,  n.  Tliat  which  i)romotes 
secretion;  that  which  increases  the  irrita- 
tive motions,   which  constitute  secretion. 

D'irwin. 

SECERN'ING,  ppr.  Separating;  secreting;! 
as  secerning  vessels.  I 


SECES'SION,  n.  [L.secessio.    Heo  Secede.]\ 
1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  particularly  from| 

fellowship  and  communion.  Encyc.\ 

'2.  The  act  of  departing  ;  departure. 

Brown. 
SE'CLE,   n.    [Vr.  siecle ;    L.  seculum.]     .\ 

century.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SE€LU'I)E,  V.  t.  [I,,   secludo ;  se  and  clau- 

do,  cludo,  to  shut.] 

1.  To  separate,  as  from  company  or  society,' 
and  usually  to  keep  apart  tor  some  length 
of  time,  or  to  confine  in  a  separate  state; 
as,  persons  in  low  spirits  seclude  them- 
selves from  society. 

Let  eastern  tyrants  from  the  light  of  heav'n 
Seclude  their  bosoin  slaves.  Thomson. 

2.  To  shut  out ;  to  prevent  from  entering ; 
to  preclude. 

Inclose  your  tender  plants  in  your  conserva- 
tory, secluding  all  entrance  of  cold.       JSi'eh/n. 

SEc.l,IJ'l)l'',l),  pp.  Separated  from  others; 
living  in  retirt^nieiit ;  shut  out. 

SECLli'UINli,  ppr.  Sejjarating  from  oth- 
ers ;  confming  in  solitude  or  in  a  separate 
state;  preventing  entrance. 

SECLUSION,  )i.  s  as  :.  The  act  of  sepa- 
rating from  society  or  connection  ;  the 
state  of  being  separate  or  apart ;  separa- 
tion ;  a  shutting  out ;  as,  to  hve  in  seclu- 
sion. 

SECLU'SIVE,  a.  That  secludes  or  seques- 
ters ;  that  keeps  separate  or  in  retire- 
ment. 

SECOND,  a.  [Fr.  from  L.secundus;  It.  se- 
condo  ;  Sp.  Port,  scgundo  ;  from  h.se(juor, 
to  follow.     See  SeeA.] 

1.  That  immediately  follows  the  first ;  the 
next  following  the  first  in  order  of  placi 
or  time  ;  the  ordinal  of  two.  Take  the 
second  book  from  the  shelf.  Enter  the 
second  house. 

AnJ  he  slept  and  dreamed  the  second  time 
Gen  xli. 

2.  Next  in  value,  power,  excellence,  dignity 
or  rank;  interior.  The  silks  of  China  are 
second  to  none  in  quality.  Lord  Chatham 
was  second  to  none  in  eloquence.  Dr. 
Johnson  was  second  to  none  in  intellcctu 
al  powers,  but  second  to  many  in  research 
and  erudition. 

Second  knns,  in  algebra,  those  where  the  un 
known  (piantity  has  a   degree   of  power 
le.ss  than    it  has  in    the  term  where  it  is 
raised  to  the  highest.  Encyc. 

It  second-hand,  in  the  second  place  of  or- 
der; not  in  the  first  place,  or  by  or  from 
the  first ;  by  transmission  ;  not  primarily  ; 
not  originally  ;  as  a  report  received  at 
second-hand. 

In  imitation  of  preacliers  at  second-hand,  I 
shall  transcribe  from  Bruycrc  a  piece  of  raillery. 

Taller. 

SECOND,  n.  One  who  attends  another  in 
a  iluel,  to  aiil  him,  mark  out  the  ground  or 
distance,  ami  see  that  all  proceedings  be- 
tween the  parties  are  fair. 

Jfatts.     Addison. 

2.  One  that  supports  or  maintains  another: 
that  which  supports. 

Being  sure  enough  of  seconds  after  the  first 
onset.  Wutton. 

.3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  or 
of  a  degree,  that  is,  the  second  miniite  or, 
small  division  next  to  the  hour.  Sound 
moves  above  li40  English  feet  in  a  «ec- 
ond. 

4.  In  miwic,  an  interval  of  a  conjoint  degree, 


being  the  difference  between  any  sound 
and  the  next  nearest  sound  abo\eorbe- 
lo\v  it.  Bushy.     Encyc. 

SECOND,  V.  t.  [L.  secundo  ;  I'v.  seconder; 
It.  secondare.] 

1.  To  folliiw  ill  the  next  place. 

I  Sin  is  seconded  with  sin.    [Little  used.] 

I  South. 

2.  To  support;  to  lend  aid  to  the  attempt  of 
another ;  to  assist ;  to  forward  ;  to  pro- 
mote ;  to  encourage  ;  to  act  as  the  muiii- 

i     tainer. 

Wc  have  supplies  to  second  our  attempt. 

Sha.'i. 

The  attempts  of  Austria   to  circumscribe  the 

confjuests   of   Buonaparte,  were   seconded  by 

Russia.  Jlnon. 

.In  Cod's,  one  single  can  its  ends  produce. 

Yet  serves  to  second  too  some  other  use. 

Pope. 

3.  In  legislation,  to  support,  as  a  motion  or 
the  mover.  VVe  say,  to  second  a  motion 
or  proposition,  or  to  second  the  mover. 

SECONDARILY,  adv.  [from  secondary.] 
Ill  the  second  degree  or  second  order  ;  not 
primarily  or  originally  ;  not  in  the  first  in- 
tention. Duties  on  imports  serve  prima- 
rily to  raise  a  revemie,  and  secondarily  to 
encourage  domestic  manufactures  and  in- 
dustry. 

SEC'OlVDARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
secondary.  J\lorris. 

SECOND.VRY,  o.  [L.  secundarius,  from«f- 
cundus.] 

1.  Su<-ceeding  next  in  order  to  the  first;  sub- 
ordinate. 

Where  there  is  moral  right  on  the  one  hand, 
not  secondary  right  can  discharge  it. 

L'Eslrange. 

2.  Not  primary  ;  not  of  the  first  intention. 

Two  are  the  radical  differences  ;  the  second- 
ary differences  are  as  four.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  of  the  first  order  or  rate  ;  revolving 
about  a  primary  planet.  Primary  planets 
revolve  about  the  sun  ;  secondary  planets 
revolve  about  the  primary. 

4.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  au- 
thority ;  as  the  work  of  secondary  hands. 

Milton. 

5.  Acting  in  subordination,  or  as  second  to 
another  ;  as  a  secondary  officer.        Encyc. 

Secondary  rocks,  in  geology,  are  those  which 
were  formed  after  the  primary.  They  are 
always  situated  over  or  above  the  primi- 
tive and  transition  rocks ;  they  abound 
with  organic  remains  or  petrifactions,  and 
are  supposed  to  be  mechanical  deposits 
from  water.  Cleaveland. 

A  secondary  fever,  is  that  which  arises  after 
a  crisis,  or  the  disoharge  of  some  morbid 
matter,  as  after  the  declension  of  the  small 
))ox  or  measles.  Qia'ncy. 

Seiondary  circles,,  or  secondaries,  in  astrono- 
my, circles  passing  through  the  poles  of 
any  of  the  great  circles  of  the  sphere,  per- 
pendicular to  the  planes  of  those  circles. 

Secondary  qualities,  are  the  qualities  of  bodies 
which  are  not  inseparable  from  them,  but 
which  proceed  from  casual  circumstances, 
such  as  color,  taste,  odor,  &c. 

Seconda ry  formations,  in  geology,  formations 
of  substances,  subsequent  to  the  primitive. 

SECONDARY,  n.  A  delegate  or  deputy ; 
one  who  acts  in  subordination  to  another; 
as  the  secondaries  of  the  court  of  king's 
bench  and  of  comtnon  pleas.  Encyc. 


SEC 

2.  A  fether  growing  on  the  second  bone  of  a 

fowl's  wing. 
SECONDED,  pp.  Supported  ;  aided. 
SE€'ONDER,   n.  One  that  supports  what 
another  attempts,  or  what  he  affirms,  or 
what  he  moves  or  proposes ;  as  the  sec- 
onder of  an  enterprise  or  of  a  motion. 
SECOND-HAND,  n.   Possession    received 
from  the  first  possessor.  Johnson. 

SECOND-HAND,  a.  Not   original  or  pri- 
mary; received  from  anotlier. 

They   have    but   a  second-hand   or  implicit 

knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  Not  new  ;  that  has  been  used  by  another ; 

as  a  seco7id-hand  book. 
SECONDLY,  adv.  In  tlie  second  place. 

Bacon. 
SECOND-RATE,  n.  [second  and  rate.]  The 
second  order  in  size,  dijiniiy  or  value 
They  call  it  thunder  of  the  second-rate 

jlddison. 
So  we  say,  a  ship  of  the  second-rate. 
SECOND-RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  size, 
rank,   quality  or    value;  as   a   second-rate 
ship ;    a  second-rate   cloth  ;   a  second-rate 
champion.  Dryden. 

SE€ONDSiGHT,  n.  The  power  of  seeing 
things  future  or  distant  :  a  power  clauried 
by  some  of  the  highlanders  in  Scotland. 
^  Addison. 

Nor  less  avail'd  his  optic  sleight, 
And  Scottish  gifi  of  second-sight. 

Trumbull's  M'Fingal. 

SECOND-SIGHTED,  a.  Having  the  i)ow 
er  of  second-sight.  Addison. 

SE'CRECY,   71.   [from  secret.]    Properly,  a 
hence,  concealment 


SEC 

There  secret  in  her  sapphire  cell,  j 

,  He  with  the  Nais  wont  to  dwell.        Fenton. 

3.  Removed  from  sight;  iirivale;  unknown. 
Abide  in    a    secret  place,  and  hide  thyself 

1  Sam.  xix.  | 

4.  Keeping  secrets ;  faithful  to  secrets  en- 
trusted ;  as  secret  Romans.  Shak. 

[Unusual.] 

5.  Private  ;  aflbrding  privacy.  Milton. 
C>.  Occult;  not  seen;  not   apparent;  us  the 

secret  operations  of  physical  causes. 
Known  to  God  only. 

Secret  things  belong  to   the  Lord  our   God. 
Oeiit.  x.vix. 

Not  proper  to  he  seen ;  kept  or  such  as 
ought  to  be  kept  from  observation. 
'SE'CRET,  )i.  [Fr.  from  h.  seen  turn.]  Some- 
thing studioiislv  concealed.  A  man  who 
cannot  keep  his  own  secrets,  will  hardly 
keep  the  secrets  of  others. 

To  tell  our  own  secrets  is  often  folly  ;  to  com- 
municate those  of  others  is  treachery. 

Hammer 
A  talebearer  revealeth  secrets.  Prov.  xi. 
2.  A  thing  not  discovered  and  therefore  un-j 
I     known. 

i  All  secrets  of  the  deep,  all  nature's  works. 

1  Milton.' 

1  Hast  thou  heard  the  secret  of  God  .'  Job  xv. 

b.  Secrets,  pin.,  the  parts  which  modesty  and 
1     propriety  require  to  be  concealed. 
In  secret,  in  a  private  place  ;  in  privacy  or  se- 
crecy ;  in  a  state  or  place  not  seen  ;  pri- 
vately. 

Bread  eaten  in  secret  is  pleasant.  Prov.  ix. 

SECRET,  II.  t.  To  keep  private.  [JVo<  used.] 

Bacon. 
SE€'RETARISHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  sec- 
retary. Swift. 


state   of  separation  ,  

from  the  observation   of  others,  or  fron 

the  notice  of  any  persons  not  concerned  Jj  gg^-'RETARY.   n.   [Fr.  secretaire  ;  Sp.  It 
privacy;  a  state  of  being  hid  from  view.'  .     •       i-.  .„  i    .,.„  ....„..<>#.  r.r;nr;„ 


VVhen^  used  of  an  individual,  secrecy  im- 
plies concealment  from  all  others ;  when 
used  of  two  or  more,  it  implies  conceal- 
ment from  all  persons  except  those  con- 
cerned. Thus  a  company  of  counterfeit- 
ers carry  on  their  villainy  in  secrecy. 
The  lady  Anne, 
Whom  the  king  hath  in  secrecy  ]on^  married. 

2.  Solitude;  retirement;  seclusion  from  the 
view  of  others.  Milton. 

3.  Forbearance  of  disclosure  or  discovery. 

It  is  not  with  public  as  with  private  prayer; 
in  this,  rather  secrecy  is  commanded  than  out- 
ward show.  Hooker. 

4.  Fidelity  to  a  secret;  tlie   act  or  habit  of 
keeping  sei^ets. 

For  secrecy  no  lady  closer.  Sliak. 

SE'CRET,  a.  [Fr.  secret ;  It.  Sp.  Port,  secreto  ; 
h.secretus.  This  is  given  as  the  participle 
of  secerno,  but  it  is  radically  a  different 
word  ;  VV.  segyr,  that  is  apart,  inclosed  or 
sacred ;  segru,  to  secrete  or  put  apart  ;  scg, 
thai  is  without  access.  The  radical  sense 
of  sfg  is  to  separate,  as  in  L.  seco,  to  cut 
off;  and  not  improbably  this  word  is  con- 
tracted into  the  Latin  se,  a  prefix  in  se- 
gri'go,  separo,  &c.] 

1.  Priipcrly,  separate  ;  hence,  hid;  conceal- 
ed from  ihe  notice  or  knowledge  of  all 
persons  except  ihe  individual  or  individu- 
als concerned. 

1    have    a    secret   errand   to  thee,    O    king. 
Judges  iii. 

2.  Unseen  ;  private  ;  secluded ;  being  in  re- 
tirement. 


secretario  ;  from  L.  secretus,  secret ;  origin 
ally  a  confident,  one  entrusted  with  se 
crets.] 

1.  A  person  employed  by  a  public  body,  by 
a  company  or  by  an  individual,  to  write 
orders,  letters,  dispatches,  public  or  pri-j 
vate  papers,  records  and  the  like.  Thus' 
legislative  bodies  have  secretaries,  whose 
business  is  to  record  all  their  laws  and  re- 
solves.    Embassadors  have  secretaries. 

2.  An  officer  whose  business  is  to  superin- 
tend and  manage  the  affairs  of  a  particu- 
lar department  of  government ;  as  the  sec- 
relari/  of  state,  who  conducts  the  corres- 
poiuience  of  a  state  with  foreign  courts  : 
the  scccdnriyof  the  treasury,  who  manages 
the  department  of  finance  ;  the  «ecic(ar^ of 
war,  of  the  navy,  &c. 

SECRE'Tt^,  V.  t.  To   hide  ;  to  conceal  ;  to 
remove  from   observation    or  the  know! 
edge  of  others;  as,  to  secrete  stolen  goods 

2.  To  secreto  one's  self;  to  retire  from  no- 
tice into  a  private  place;  to  abscond. 

3.  Ill  the  animal  economy,  to  secern  ;  to  pro- 
duce from  the  blood  substances  different 
from  the  blood  itself,  or  from  any  of  it- 
constituents  ;  as  the  glands.  The  liver 
secretes  bile  ;  the  salivary  glands  secrete  sa- 
liva. ^"''-  Encyc. 

SECRE'TED,  pp.  Concealed  ;  secerned. 

SECRE'TING, /)/jr.  Hiding;  soccrning. 

SEeRE'TION,)!.  The  act  of  secerning;  the 
act  of  producing  from  the  blood  substan- 
ces different  from  the  blood  itself,  or  from 
any  of  its  constituents,  as  bilo,  saliva,  mu- 
cus, urine,  &c.     This  ^vas  considered  by 


SEC 

the  older  physiologists  as  merely  a  sepa- 
ration from  the  blood  of  certain  substan- 
ces previously  contained  in  it;  the  literal 
meaning  of  secrcd'on.  But  this  opinion  is 
now  generally  exploded.  The  organs  of 
secretion  are  of  very  various  form  and 
structure,  but  the  most  general  are  those 
called  glands.  Ed.  Eacyc. 

The  matter  secreted,  as  mucus,  perspira- 
ble matter,  &c. 
SE'CRETIST,  ?i.  A  dealer  in  secrets.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Boyle. 

SECRETP'TIOUS,  a.  Parted  by  animal  se- 
cretion. Floyer. 
ISE'CRETLY,  a(/i'.  Privately;  privily;  not 
openly;  withmit  tlie  knowledge  of  others; 
as.  to  dispatch  a  messenger  secretly. 
2.  Inwardly  ;  not  aiiiiarently  or  visibly  ;  la- 
tently. 

Now  secretly  with  inward  grief  she  pin'd. 

..Iddison. 
SE'CRETNESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hid 

ur  concealed. 

2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a  secret.      Donne. 

SE'CRETORY,  a.  Performing  the  office  of 

secretion  ;  as  secretory  vessels.  Roy. 

SECT,  n.  {Fr.secte;  h.  sella  ;  L.  Sp.  secta : 

from  L.  seco,  to  cut  off,  to  separate.] 

1.  A  body  or  number  of  persons  united  in 
tenets,  chiefly  in  philosophy  or  religion, 
but  constituting  a  distinct  jiarty  by  hold- 
ing sentiments  different  from  those  of  otli- 
er  men.  Most  sects  have  originated  in  a 
particular  person,  who  taught  and  propa- 
gated some  peculiar  notions  in  philosophy 
or  religion,  and  who  is  considered  to  have 
been  its  founder,  .\mong  the  Jews,  the 
principal  sects  were  the  Pharisees,  Saddu- 
cees,  and  Essenes.  In  Greece  were  the 
Cynic  sect,  founded  by  Aiitisthenes ;  and 
the  Academic  sect,  by  Plato.  The  Acad- 
emic sect  gave  birth  to  the  Peripatetic,  and 
the  Cynic  to  the  Stoic.  Etifeld. 

2.  A  cutting  or  cion.     [J^ot  used.]  Shak. 
SECTA'RIAN,  a.  [L.  sectanus.]  Pertaining 

to  a  sect  or  to  sects  ;  as   sectanan  princi- 
ples or  prejudices. 

SECTA'RIAN,  II.  One  of  a  sect;  one  of  a 
party  in  religion  which  has  separated  it- 
self from  the  established  church,  or  which 
holds  tenets  different  from  those  of  the 
prevailing  denomination  in  a  kingdom  or 
state. 

SECT.V'RIANISM,  n.  The  disposition  to 
dissent  from  the  established  church  or  pre- 
dominant religion,  and  to  form  new  sects. 

SECT'ARISM,  n.  Sectarianism.  [Lillle 
used.] 

SF^CT'ARIST,  n.  A  sectary.  [M'ot  much 
used.]  n'arton. 

SECT'ARY,  n.  [Fr.  s(claire.]A  person  who 
separates  from  an  established  church,  or 
from  the  ]>revailiiig  denomination  of  chris- 
tians ;  one  that  belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  dis- 
senter. 
A  follower ;  a  ])upil.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

SECTA'TOR,  >i.  [Fr.  sectatcur.]  A  follower; 
a  disciple ;  an  adherent  to  a  sect.  [.Vb< 
now  used.]  Baleigh. 

SECT'lLE,  a.  [L.  sectilis.  from  .leco,  to  cut.] 
A  seclile  mim-ral  is  one  that  is  midway 
between  the  brittle  and  the  malleable,   as 


soapstone  and  i 


iluiiibago. 


Phillips. 


SEC 


SEC 


S  E  D 


SECTION,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.aeclio;  seco,  to 
cut  oir.J 

1.  TIjc  act  of  ciittiii),'  or  of  separating  by 
cutting;   as  tli(!  si:dio7i  of  Ijodies. 

/(■'ottoii. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  tho  rest;  a  divis- 
ion. 

3.  In  hooks  and  wrUings,  a  distinct  part  or 
portion;  llic  subdivision  of  a  cliapter  ;  tlie 
division  of  a  law  or  otiior  writing  or  in- 
strument. Jn  laws,  a  seclion  is  sonielinies 
called  a  paragraph  or  article. 

Boyle.     Locke. 

4.  A  distinct  part  of  a  city,  town,  country  or 
people;  a  part  <if  territory  separated  Ij\ 
geographical  lines,  or  of  a  [leople  consiil-j 
ered  as  distinct.  Thus  we  say,  the  north- 
ern or  eastern  section  of  the  United  States, 
the  miil,dle aeciion,  the  southern  or  western 
section. 

5.  Ing'comdcj/,  a  j^ide  or  surface  of  a  body  or 
figure  cut  olT  by  another ;  or  the  place 
where  lines,  planes,  &c.  cut  each  other. 

Encyc. 
SE€'TIONAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  section  or 
distinct  part  id'  a  hH-;;cr  body  or  territory. 
SE€T  OR,  )i.  |^l''r.sc'Ye«r,  from  L.  ,9<'ro,  to  cut. 

1.  In  geomi-lry,   a  part   of  a  circle  compre 
liended  between   two  radii   and  the  arch 
or  a  mixed  triangle,  formed  by  two  radii 
and  the  arch  of  a  circle.  Encyc. 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument  so  marked 
with  lines  of  sines,  tangents,  secants, 
chords,  &c.  as  to  lit  all  radii  and  scales, 
and  useful  in  finding  the  proportion  be 
tween  quantities  of  the  same  kind.  The 
sector  is  founded  on  the  fourth  proposition 
of  the  sixth  book  of  Euclid,  where  it  is 
proved  that  similar  triangles  have  their 
homologous  sides  proportional.         Encyc. 

SEe'ULAR,  a.  [Fr.  seculairc ;  It.  secolare ; 
Sp.  secular ;  L.  sccularis,  from  seculum,  the 
world  or  an  age.] 

1.  Pertaining  to   this  present  world,  or  to 
things  not  spiritual  or  holy  ;   relating  to 
things  not  immediately  or  primarily  re- 
specting the  soul,  but  the  body  ;  worldly 
The  stcular  concerns  of  life  res|)ect  mak- 
ing provision  for  the  .support  of  life,  the 
preservation  of  health,  thi^  temporal  pros 
j)erity  of  mo'i,  of  stales,  &c.    StcuUir  povv 
er  is  that  which  superintends  and  governs 
the  temporal  afiairs  of  men,  the  civil  or; 
political  power;  and  iscorilrailistinguished 
i'roin  spiritual  <>i-  ecctesiaMical  power. 

2.  Among  culholics,  not  regular;  not  bound 
by  monastic  vows  or  rules;  not  confmeil 
to  a  monastery  or  subject  to  the  rules  of  a 
religious  community.  Thus  we  say,  the 
secular  clergy,  and  the  regular  clergy. 

Temple. 

:i.  Coming  once  in  a  century  ;  as  a  secular 
year. 

.'Secular  games,  \n  Rome,  were  gaines  cele- 
brated once  in  an  age  or  century,  whicli| 
lasted  three  days  and  nights,  witli  sacri- 
fices, theatrical  shows,  combats,  sports, 
&-C.  Valerius  Maximus. 

Secular  music,  any  music  or  songs  not  adapt- 
ed to  sacred  uses. 

Secular  song  or  poem,  a  song  or  poem  com- 
posed for  the  secular  games,  or  sung  or 
reliearse<l  at  those  games. 

SEC'ULAK,  )!.  A  church  ofiicer  or  officiate 
whose  functions  are  confined  to  the  vocal 
department  of  the  choir.  Busby. 


SECULAR'ITY,  7i.  VVorldliness ;  siiprcmei2.  To  make  certain  ;  to  put  beyond  hazard. 


attention  to  the  things  of  the  ])rcsent  life 

Buchanan. 
.SECIJLAKIZA'TION,  n.  [from  secularize.] 
The  act  of  converting  a  regular  person, 
place  or  benefice  into  a  secular  one.  Most 
cathedral  churches  were  formerly  regular, 
that  is,  the  canons  were  of  religious  or 
monastic  orders  ;  but  they  have  since  been 
secularized.  For  the  secularization  of  a|i 
regular  church,  there  is  wanted  the  au-| 
tliorily  of  the  pope,  lliat  of  the  prince,  thel 
bishop  of  the  place,  the  patron,  and  eveiilj4 
the  consent  of  the  people.  Encyc. 

SECULARIZE,  v.l.  [Vi:  scculariscr;  from 
secular.] 

1.  To  make  secular;  to  convert  from  spirit- 
ual appropriation  to  secular  or  common 
use  ;  or  to  convert  that  which  is  regular 
or  monastic  into  secular;  as,  the  ancient 
regular  cathedral  churches  were  secular- 
ized. 

At  the  reformaliou,  the  abbey  was  secular- 
ized. Coxe,  Switz. 

2.  To  make  worldly. 

SECULARIZED,/)/).  Converted  from  reg- 
ular to  secular. 

SECULARIZlNix,  ppr.  Converting  from 
regular  or  monastic  to  secidar. 

SEC'UL.ARL^',  adv.  In  a  worldly   manner 

SECULARNESS,  n.  A  se<-ular  disposition  ; 
worldliness;  worldly  mindcdness 

SECUNDINE,  II.  [Fr.  secondines  ;  from 
secotid,  L.  secundus,  from  sequor,  to  fol- 
low." 

Secundines,  in  the  plural,  as  generally  used, 
are  the  several  coats  or  iriembranes  in 
which  the  fetus  is  wrapped  in  the  womb; 
the  after-birth.  Coxe.     Encyc. 

SECU'RE,  «.  [L.  securus;  It.  sicuro  ;  Sp, 
seguro.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  the 
oriental  "MO  and  -\:>D  to  shut  or  inclose,  to 
make  fast. 

1.  Free  fiom  danger  of  being  taken  by  an 
enemy  ;  that  may  resist  .assault  or  attack. 
The  place  is  wiiil  fortified  and  very  se- 
cure. Gibraltar  is  a  secure  fortress.  In 
this  sense,  secure  is  followed  by  sgainst  or 

from  ;  as  secure  against  attack,  oyfrom  an 
enemy. 

2.  Free  from  danger  ;  safe  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons; with  from. 

Free  from  fear  or  a[iprehension  of  dan- 
ger ;  not  alarmed  ;  not  disturbed  by  fear  ; 
coiifiilent  of  safety  ;  hence,  careless  of  the 
means  ol"defcnse.  IMen  are  often  most  in 
danger  when  they  feel  most  secure. 
Confulcnce  then  bore  thee  on,  secui'C 
To  meet  uo  danger.  Afillon. 

4.  Confident ;  not  distrustful ;  with  of. 

I!ut  thou,  secure  «/"soul,  unbent  with  woes. 

Vrydcn. 

It  concei-as  the   most  secure  of  his  strono;tli, 

to  pray  to  God  not  to  expose  him  to  an  enemy. 

Rogers. 
la.  Careless  ;  wanting  caution.  [See  No.  .3.] 
6.  0;rtain  ;  very  confident.  lie  is  secure  ofi 
I     a  welcome  reception. 

SE€lJ'RE,  V.  I.  To  guard  etlectually  from 
danger;  to  make  safe.  Fortifications  may 
secure  a  city ;  ships  of  war  may  secure  a; 
harbor. 

I  spread  a  cloud  before  the  victor's  sight,       I 
Sustained   the   vanqulsh'd,  and    sceur'd  his 


Liberty  and  fi.veil  laws  secure  to  every  cit- 
izen due  protection  of  person  and  prop- 
erty. The  first  duty  and  the  highest  in- 
terest of  men  is  to  secure  the  favor  of  God 
by  repentance  and  faith,  and  thus  to  se- 
cure to  themselves  future  felicity. 
To  inclose  or  confine  cllectually ;  to  guard 
cfi'ectually  from  escape ;  sometimes,  to 
seize  and  confine;  as,  to  secure  a  pris- 
oner. The  sherif  pursued  the  thief  with 
a  warrant,  and  secured  him. 
To  in.ike  certain  of  p;iyment ;  as,  to  se- 
cure a  debt  by  mortgage. 

5.  To  make  lertain  of  receiving  a  precarious 
debt  by  giving  bond,  bail,  surety  or  othcr- 
wi.-ie  ;  a.s,  to  secure  a  creditor. 

fl.  To  insure,  as  property. 

7.  To  make  fast ;  as,  to  secure  a  door  ;  to  se- 
cure a  rafter  to  a  plute ;  to  secure  the 
hatches  of  a  ship. 

iSEcU'REU,  pp.  Effectually  guarded  or 
[jrotected  ;  made  certain  ;  put  beyond  haz- 

I     ard  ;  effectually  confined  ;  made  fast. 

SECU'RELV,  u'dr.  Without  danger;  safe- 
ly ;  as,  to  pass  a  river  on  ice  securely.  Rut 
safely  is  generally  used. 

2.  Without  fear  or  apprehension  ;  careless- 
ly ;  in  an  unguared  state  ;  in  confidence 
of  safety. 

His  diiring  foe  securely  him  defy'd.     Milton. 
Devise  not  evil  against  thy  neighbor,  seeing 
he  dwellcth  securely  l)y  thee.     Prov.  iii. 

SECU'REMENT,  n.  Security;  protection. 
[./Vo/  u.ied.]  Brown. 

SECU'RENESS,  n.  Confidence  of  safety ; 
exemption  from  fear;  hence,  want  of  vig- 
ilance or  caution.  Bacon. 

SECURER,  n.  He  or  that  which  secures 
or  protects. 

SECURIFORM,  a.  [L.  securis,  an  ax  or 
hatchet,  and  form.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  an  ax  or 
hatchet.  Lee. 

SECU'RITY,  n.  [Fr.  sccuriti  ;  L.  secvritas.] 

1.  Protection ;  effectual  defense  or  safety 
from  danger  of  any  kind ;  as  a  chain  of 
forts  erected  for  the  security  of  the  frontiers. 

2.  That  which  protects  or  guards  from  dan- 
ger. .\  navy  constitutes  the  security  of 
Great  Britain  from  invasion. 

3.  Freedom  iVoni  fear  or  apprehension ; 
confidence  of  safety  ;  whence,  negligence 
in  providing  means  of  defense.  Security 
is  dangerous,  for  it  exposes  men  to  attack 
when  unprepared.  Security  in  sin  is  the 
wcnst  condition  of  the  sinner. 

1.  Safety  ;  certainty.  We  have  no  security 
for  peace  with  .Vlgicrs,  but  the  dread  of 
our  navy. 

J.  Any  thing  given  or  deposited  to  secure 
the  payment  of  a  debt,  or  the  performance 
of  a  contract;  as  a  bonil  with  siu'ety,  a 
mortgage,  the  indorsement  of  a  responsi- 
ble man,  a  pledge,  &c.  Blackstone. 

0.  Something  given  or  done  to  secure  ])cace 
or  good  behavior.  Violent  and  danger- 
ous men  arc  obliged  to  give  security  for 
their  good  behavior,  or  for  keeping  the 
peace.  This  security  consists  in  being 
bound  with  one  or  more  sureties  in  a  re- 
cognizance to  the  king  or  state. 

Blackstone. 

SEDAN',  n.  [Fr.  from  llie  L.  sedeo ;  like  L. 
esseda.] 


fiighl. 


Dryden.'  A  portable  chair  or  covered  vehicle  for  car- 


S  E  D 


S  E  D 


SEE 


yy'ms  a  single  person.  It  is  borne  on  poles 
by  two  men.  Dryden.     E:icyc.[ 

SEDA'TE,  «.  [L.  siditlus,  iioni  sedo,  to| 
calm  or  appease,  that  is,  to  set,  localise  to; 
subside.] 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm ;  quiet ;  tran- 
quil ;  still;  serene;  unruffled  by  passion; 
undisturbed;  as  a  sedate  soul,  mind  or 
temper.  So  we  say,  a.  sedate  look  orcoun- 
tenance.  Dryden.     Watts, 

SEDA'TELY,  adv.  Calmly;  without asita- 
tionofmind.  Locke. 

SEDA'TENESS,  n.  Calmness  of  mind, 
manner  or  countenance ;  freedom  from 
agitation  ;  a  s<'ttled  state  ;  composure  ; 
serenity  ;  tranquillity  ;  as  seduteness  of  tem 
per  or  soul;  seduteness  of  countenance; 
sedateness  of  conversation.  Addison 

SEDA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  calming.  [Xot 
in  use.}  Coles. 

SED'ATIVE,  a.  [Fi:  sedatif,  from  h.  sedo, 
to  calm.] 

In  medicine,  moderating  muscular  action  or 
animal  energy.  Quinry.     Core 

SED'ATIVE,  n.    A    medicine   that   mode- 
rates muscular  action  or  animal  energy. 
Qtiincy.     Coxe. 

Se  defendendo,  in  defending  himself ;  the  plea 
of  a  person  charged  with  murder,  who  al- 
ledges  that  he  committed  the  act  in  his 
own  defense. 

SED'ENTARILY,  adv.  [from  sedentary.] 
The  state  of  being  sedentary,  or  living 
without  much  action. 

SED'ENTARINESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sedentary. 

SED'ENTAEY,  a.  [Fr.  sedentaire ;  It.  Sp. 
sedentario;  L.  sedentarius,  from  sedens, 
sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  most 
of  the  time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as  a  sed- 
entary man.  Students,  taylors  and  women 
are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting;  as  a  sedentary 
occupation  or  employment. 

:J.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting  ;  as  a 
sedentary  life.  Arhuthnol. 

4.  Inactive;  motionless;  sluggish;  as  the 
sedentary  earth.  Milton. 

The  soul,  considered  abstractly  from  its  pas- 
sions, is  of  a  remiss  sedentary  nature. 

Spectator. 

SEDgE,  n.  [Sa.\.  secg;  perhaps  from  the 
root  of  L.  seco,  to  cut ;  that  is,  sword  grass, 
like  L.  gladiolus.] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  growth  of  such  flags  ; 
called  in  the  north  of  England,  seg  or  sag. 

Johnson.     Barret. 

2.  In  A'ctc  England,  a  species  of  very  coarse 
grass  growing  in  swamps,  and  forming 
bogs  or  clumps. 

SEDG'ED,  a.  Composed  of  flags  or  sedge. 

Shak. 

SEDti'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  gentle  Severn's  sedgy  bank.       Shak. 

SED'IMEIVT,  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  sedimentum, 
from  sedeo,  to  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of 
liquors;  settlings;  lees;  dregs.         Bacon. 

SEDI"TIO!V,  n.  [Fr.  from  h.  seditio.  The 
sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  thai 
■which  is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo,  or 
sedeo,  denoting  a  rising  or  raging,  rather 
than  an  appeasing.  liut  to  set  is  really  to 
throvv  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition  may  be 
a  setting  or  rusliing  together.] 


\  factious  conniioiion  of  ilie  pcoj)le,  or  a 
tumultuous  assembly  of  men  rising  in  op- 
position to  law  or  the  administration  of 
justice,  and  in  disturbance  of  the  public 
peace.  Sedition  is  a  rising  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  in.virrection,  ami 
both  are  less  than  rebellion:  but  some 
kinds  of  sedition,  in  Great  Britain,  amount; 
to  high  treason.  In  general,  .sedition  is  ai 
local  or  limited  insurrection  in  opposition; 
10  civil  authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.'. 
Ezra  iv.     Luke  xxiii.     Acts  xxiv.     Encyc.] 

SEOI'TIONARY,  n.  An  inciter  or  pro-} 
muter  of  sedition.  Bp.  Hall.' 

SEDI'TIOUS,  a.  [Fi:  sedilietix ;  h.seditio- 

\     sns.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  sedition  ;  as  seditious  behavior; 
seditious  strife. 

2.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as  seditious^ 
words. 

3.  Disposed  to  excite  violent  or  irregulari 
opposition  to  law  or  lawful  authority  ;  tur-] 
bulent;  factious,  or  guilty  of  sedition  ;  asj 
scdiliou.')  I'ilizens. 

SEDP'TIOUSLY,  adv.  With  tumultuous 
oppnsiiion  to  law;  in  a  manner  to  violate 
the  public  peace.  | 

SEDI  "TIOUSNESS,  n.  The  disposition  to; 
excite  popular  commotion  in  opposition 
to  law ;  or  the  act  of  e.xciting  such  com- 
motion. 

SEDU'CE,  V.  t.  [L.  seducn  ;  se,  from,  and 
duco,  to  lead  ;  Fr.  seduire ;  It.  sedurre  ;  Sp. 
seducir.] 

1.  To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flat- 
tery, promises,  bribes  or  otherwise ;  to 
tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity ;  to  corrupt ; 
to  deprave. 

Me  the  gold  of  France  did  not  seduce.     Shak. 

In  the  latter  times,  some  sliall  depart  from 
the  faith,  giving  heed  to  seducing  spirits.  1 
Tim.  iv. 

2.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.  He 
that  can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough 
to  betray  her. 

SEDU'CED,  pp.  Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue;  corrupted;  depraved. 

SEDU'CEMENT,  n.  The  act  of  seducing; 
seduction. 

2.  The  means  employed  to  seduce  ;  the  arts 
of  flattery,  falsehood  and  deception. 

Pope. 

SEDUCER,  n.  One  that  seduces;  onethat 
by  temptation  or  arts,  entices  anotiier  to 
depart  from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  du- 
ty ;  pre-eminently,  one  that  by  flattery, 
promises  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  female 
to  surrender  her  chastity.  The  seducer  ol' 
a  female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the 
murderer. 

That  which  leads  astray ;  that  which  en- 
tices to  evil. 

He  whose  firm  faith  no  reason  could  remove. 
Will  melt  before  that  soft  seduce);  love. 

Ihydcn 

SEDU'CIBLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn 
aside  from  the  jiath  of  rectitude  ;  corrupt- 
ible. Brown. 

SEDU'CING,  ppr.  Enticing  from  the  path 
of  virtue  or  chastity. 

SEDrC'TlON,  n.  [Fr.   from   L.   scductio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  tiom 
the  path  of  duty  ;  in  a  general  sense. 

Hammond. 


2.  .Appropriately,  the  act  or  crime  of  persuad- 
ing a  leniale,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to 
surreiKler  her  chastity.  A  woman  who  is 
above  flattery,  is  least  liable  to  seduction  ; 
but  the  best  safeguard  is  principle,  the  love 
of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God  and 
reverence  for  hi.s  commands. 

SEDUCTIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lead  astray; 
apt  to  mislead  by  flattering  appearances. 

Stephens. 

SEDU'LITY,  n.  [L.  sedulitas ;  It.  sedulita. 
See  Sedulous.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  application  to  liusi- 
ness  ;  constant  attention  ;  unremitting  in- 
dii.stry  in  any  pursuit.  It  ilenotes  constan- 
cy tuui  perseverance  rather  than  intenseness 
of  application. 

Let  tliere  be  but  the  same  propensity  and 
bent  of  will  to  religion,  and  there  will  be  the 
same  sedulity  and  indefatigable  industry  in 
men's  inquiries  into  it.  South. 

SED'ULOUS,  a.  [L.  sedidus,  from  the  root 
of  sedeo,  to  sit ;  as  assiduous,  from  as- 
sideo.  ] 

Literally,  sitting  close  to  an  employment ; 
hence,  assiduous  ;  diligent  in  application 
or  pursuit ;  constant,  steady  and  perse- 
vering in  business  or  in  endeavors  to  ef- 
fect an  object ;  steadily  industrious  ;  as 
the  sedulous  bee.  Prior. 

Wbat  signifies  the  sotuid  of  words  in  prayer, 
without  the  affection  of  the  heart,  and  a  sedu- 
lous application  of  the  proper  means  that  may 
lead  to  such  an  end  ?  L' Estrange. 

SED'ULOUSLY,  adv.  A.ssiduously ;  indus- 
triously; diligently;  with  constant  or  con- 
tinued application. 

SED'ULOUSNESS,  n.  Assiduity;  assidu- 
ousness; steady  diligence  ;  continued  in- 
dustry or  effort. 

SEE,  n.  [Fr.  siege;  Scot,  sege  ;  Arm.  sicA.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power  ;  a  diocese  ; 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swi/l. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop  ;  a  province  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  ;  as  an  archi- 
episcopal  see.  Shak. 

.3.  The  seat,  |>lace  or  office  of  the  pope  or 
Roman  pontif ;  as  the  papal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of 
Rome  ;  as,  to  appeal  to  the  see  of  Rome. 

Mdison. 

SEE,  V.  t.  pret.  saiv ;  pp.  seen.  [Sax.  seoti, 
seogan,  geseon ;  G.  sehen ;  D.  zien,  pret. 
zag,  saw  ;  Dan.  seer  ;  Sw.  se.  Tiiis  verb 
is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the  Eng. 
sight,  Dan.  sigt,  G.  gesichf,  D.  zigt,  gezigt. 
<  'h.  NDO,  n3D  or  OD.  to  see.  Class  Sg.  No. 
;M.  In  O.  besuchen  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and 
this  is  from  suchcn,  which  is  the  Eng.  to 
seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for.  In  G.  ge- 
such  is  a  suit,  a  seeking,  demand,  petition  ; 
and  versuchen  is  to  try,  Eng.  essay.  We 
have  then  decisive  evidence  that  see,  seek, 
L.  sequor,  and  Eng.  essay,  are  all  from  the 
same  radix.  The  inimary  sense  of  the 
root  is  to  strain,  stretch,  extend ;  and  as 
applied  to  see.  the  sense  is  to  extend  to,  to 
reach,  to  strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye;  to  have  knowl- 
eilge  of  the  existence  and  apparent  quali- 
ties of  objects  by  the  organs  of  sight ;  to 
behold. 

1  will  now  turn  aside  and  see  this  great  sight. 
Ex.  iii. 

We  have  seen  the  land,  and  behold,  it  is  very 
good.     Judges  xviii. 


SEE 


SEE 


SEE 


2.  To  observe  ;  to  note  or  notice;  to  know; 
to  regard  or  lonk  to ;  to  tuke  care  ;  to  at 
tend,  as  to  tlic  execution  of  ponic  order,  or 
to  tlie  iKMi'orinancc  of  .soiiielliin};. 

Oivr.  tliL-iii  lirst  one  simple  iilea,  and  see  that 
ttu-y  fully  comprehend  before   you  go    any 

farlher.  Lvcke. 

.See  that  ye  fall  not  out  by  the  way.  Uen. 
xlv. 

3.  To  discover;  to  de?ery;  to  undcrstanil. 
Win.  so  dnil  as  not  to  see  the  device  or 
stratagem  ?  Very  noble  actions  often  lose 
nincli  of  tlieir  excellence  wlieii  the  mo- 
tives are  stcji. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with. 
We  im|)rove  by  seeing  men  of  dill'erent 
habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit ;  as,  to  cull  and  see  a  friend.  The 
physician  sees  his  p.itient  twice  a  day. 
1  Sam.  XV.     1  (,'or.  xvi. 

C.  To  attend  :  to  remark  or  notice. 

I  bad  a  mind  lo  see  liiin  out,  and  (bcrefore 
did  not  care  to  contradict  hiin.  Milisvn. 

7.  To  behold  with  |)atienco  or  snflerance ; 
lo  endure. 

It  was  not  meet  for  us  to  see  the  king's  dis- 
honor.    Ezra  iv. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  bear  or  attend  to. 

1  turned  to  see  the  voice  that  spoke  with  nic. 
Rev.  I. 
0.  To  feel  ;  to  sufTiM- ;  to  experience. 

Make  uh  ^lad  according  to  Ibe  days  wherein 
thou  hast  afflicted  us,  and  the  years  in  which 
we  have  seeii  evil.     Ps.  .\c. 

If  a  man  shall  keep  my  saying,  he  shall  never 
see  death.     John  \iii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  I  pray  thee,  see  whether  it  be  well  with 
thy  brethren.     Gen.  .\xxvii. 

11.  To  perceive;  to  understand;  to  com- 
prehend. 1  see  the  train  of  argument;  I 
see  bis  motives. 

12.  To  perceive;  to  understand  experimen- 
tally. 

I  see  another  law  in  my  members.     Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware. 

■See  thou  do  it  not.     Rev.  xix. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

The  word  that  Isaiah,  the  son  of  .\mo7.,  saw 
concerning  .ludali  and  Jerusalem.      Is.   ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  him  who  is  invisible.     Meb.  xi. 

10.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of 

Blessed  are  the  pme  in  heart,  for  they  shall 
see  God.     Matt.  v. 
SEE,  II.  t.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving 

tb 


of  others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.     <S'ee,' 
I    see,  how  the  balloon  ascends.  I 

j  See  what  it  is  lo  have  a  poet  in  your  house. 

SEED,  ?7.  [Sax.  sird ;  G.  sanl;  D.  zaud ;' 
])im.s<td;  Sw.  siid ;  from  the  verb  sow.' 
Qu.   VV.  Iiihl,  Arm.  had.] 

I.    The    substance,    animal    or    vegetable, 

1  which  natiuc  prepares  for  the  reproduc- 
tion ami  conservation  of  the  species.  The 
seeds  of  plants  are  a  deciduous  part,  con- 
taining the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable. 

'  In  siirue  ca.ses,  the  seeds  couslitute  the 
fruit  or  valuable  part  of  plants,  as  in  ibe 
case  ol"  wheat  and  other  esculent  grain; 
sometimes  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in  the 
fruit,  as  in  apples  and  melons.  When  ap- 
|)lied  to  animal  mailer,  it  has  no  plural. 

'i.  That  from  which  any  thing  sjiririgs  ;  first 
]irinciple;  original;  as  the  Jjcei/s  of  \irlue 
or  vice.  Hooker.' 

3.  I'rinciple  of  production.  | 

I'raise  of  great  acts  he  scatters  as  a  seed.         | 

I  JVallcr. 

■I.  Progeny  ;  offspring  ;   children  ;    descend- 

j  ants;  as  the  wfrf  of  Abrahan) ;  l\ie  seed  at' 
David.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  applied 
to  one  person,  or  to  any  number  collect- 
ively, anil  admits  of  the  plural  form;  but 
rarely  used  in  the  plm-al.  , 

5.  Race;  generation;  birth. 

Of  mortal  seed  they  were  not  held.      Waller., 

jSEED,  V.  i.  To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to 

I     produce  seed.     Maiz  will  not  seerf  in  a  cool 

1     climate.  Stvifl. 

•i.  To  shed  the  seed.  Mortimer. 

SEED,  V.  t.  To  sow  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed, 
which  germinates  and  takes  root. 

Belli  nap^ 

SEE'D-BUD,  n.  [seed  and  bud.]  The  germ, 
germen  or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  em- 
bryo, j 

SEE'D-CAKE,  n.  [seed  txni  cake.]  .\  sweet 
cake  containing  aromatic  seeds.       Tussir.\ 

SEE'D-€OAT,  n.  In  botany,  the  aril  orj 
outer  coat  of  a  seed.  Martijn.' 

SEE'D-LE.VF,  n.  In  botany,  the  priin.iry 
leaf.  The  seed  leans  are  the  ccjtyledous 
or  lobes  of  a  seed  expanded  and  in  vegeta- 
tion. Marlyn: 

SEE'DMNG,  n.  A  young  plant  or  root 
just  s|irnng  from  the  seed.  Erdi/n. 

SEE'DI.II',    ?       A  vessel  in  which  a  sovv- 

SEE'D-LOP,  S  "■  cr  carries  the  seed  to  be 


icv  of  another;  lo  see  into  arti'ul  schemes]  ^i 


,  ,.      dispersed.     '  England. 

by  the  proper  organs,  or   the   power   of  gj-£!jj,(jBE,  n.   The  lobe  of  a  seed;  a! 
sight.     Son.e  aummis,  it  is  sai.l,  are  ublei;     co„,ie,|„„,  ,vbicb  see.  I 

to  «ec  best  111  the  night.  1  SEEDNESS,  h.  Seed-time.     [.Vo/ in  i/se.l' 

To  discern  ;  to  have  inte  lec.ua  sight  ;  to  gEE'D-PEARL,  n.   [seed  and  pearl.]    Small 
penetrate;  to   understand;    with  //,ro«-/,|     ^rainsof pearl.  Bo,/!,'. 

SEE'DPLOT,  ^    ■  ground  on  which  seeds 
are  son  11  to  produce  plants  for  transplant- 
ing ;  hence, 
2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing   is 
I     sown  or  planted  for  cultivation. 
I  Hammond. 

SEE'DSMAN,  n.  [seed  and  man.]     .\  per- 
I     son  who  deals  in  seeds ;  also,  a  sower. 
I  Did. 

SEE'D-TIME,  n.  [seed  aniMimc.]  The  sea- 
j     son  proper  lor  sowing. 


Tillotson. 
See  whether  tliei 


Shak. 


ing. 
thcicfore 


and  pretensions. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire, 
estimate  is  correct. 

4.  To  be  alleiilive. 
J.  To  have  full  understani: 

But  now  ye  say,  we  see, 
reinainelh.     John  xix. 

,Siee  to  it,  look  well  to  it;  atten 

take  care. 
Let  me  see,  let   us  see,   are  used   to  express 

consideration,  or  lo  introduce  the  particu 

lar  consideration  of  a   subject,   or  some 

scheme  or  calculation. 
See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention 


consider ; 


While  the  earth  remaineth,  seed-time  and 
harvest,  and  cold  and  heal,  and  summer  and 
winter,  and  day  and  niirht.  shall  not  cease.  Ccn. 
viii. 


SEE'D-VESSEL,  n.  In  toJany,  the  pericarp 

which  contains  the  seeds. 
SEE'DY,  a.    [from  seed.]    Abounding  with 

si!eds.  Diet. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  snp[iosed  to  be 

derived  from  the  weeds  growing  among 

the  vines  ;  applied  to  Frencli  brandy. 

Encyc. 

SEE'ING,  ppr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by 
the  eye  ;  knowing;  uiiderstauding  ;  ob- 
serving ;  beboliling. 

lA'ote.  'Ibis  pailiciplc  appears  to  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  wilhout  direct  reference  to  a  person  or 
persons.  "  Wherefore  come  ye  to  me,  seeing 
ye  hate  me :"  Gen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or 
the  fact  being  that  or  thus  ;  because  that.  In 
ibis  form  of  phraseology,  thai  is  underslood  orim- 
jilied  after  seeing  ;  why  come  ye  to  ine,  seeing 
that,  ye  bate  me  .'  The  resolution  of  the  phrase  or 
scnlince  is,  ye  bale  me  ;  that  fact  being  seen 
or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye  to  me  ?  or,  why 
come  ye  to  me,  ye  seeing  [knowing]  that  fact 
which  follows,  viz.  ye  hate  me.  In  diis  case, 
seeing  retains  its  participial  character,  although 
it.s  relation  to  the  pronoun  is  somewhat  obscur- 
ed. Originally,  seeini;,  in  this  use,  had  direct 
relation  lo  the  speaker  or  to  some  other  person. 
"Now  I  know  that  thou  fearest  God,  seeing 
thou  hast  not  withheld  thy  son."  Gen.  xxii. 
Here  seeing  refers  lo  /,  or  according  lo  the  lan- 
guage of  syntax,  agrees  or  accords  with  J.  I 
know  tbou  fearest  God,  for  I  see  thou  hast  not 
W'illibeld  thine  only  son;  I  know  thou  fearest 
God  by  seeing,  in  conse(pience  of  seeing  this 
fact,  Hum  hast  not  willdu  Id  Ibine  only  son.  But 
the  use  oi seeing  is  extended  to  cases  in  uhicli 
it  cannot  be  referred  to  a  speeihc  person  or  per- 
sons, in  which  cases  it  expresses  the  notoriety 
or  admission  of  a  fact  in  genera),  and  is  fcft, 
like  the  French  on,  in  the  phrases  on  dit,  on 
voit,  wiUiout  appUcation  to  any  particular  pc:- 
son.] 

SEEK,  V.  t.  pret.  and  pp.  sought,  pronoun- 
ced sawt.  [Sax.  secan,  sacan,  to  seek,  to 
come  to  ;  asecan,  to  rerpure  ;  gesecan,  to 
seek,  to  come  to  ;  forsaean,  forsacan,  to 
forsake  ;  G.  suchen,  to  .-ieek  ;  abi^ichen,  to 
picdv  otT:  bisurhen,  to  visit,  to  see  ;  gesuch, 
suit,  petition  ;  gesurhe,  a  continued  seek- 
in.i;  versuchen.  tii  try,  prove,  tempt,  essay, 
strive ;  rcrsHcft,  trial,  essay ;  D.  zocken,  to 
seek,  lo  look  for,  to  try  or  endeavor  ;  be- 
zoeken,  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek,  a  seeking ; 
opzoekcn,  to  seek  ;  verzoeken,  to  request, 
desire,  invite,  try,  tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan. 
Soger,  to  seek,  to  endeavor;  bcsijger,  to  vis- 
it ;  forsoger,  to  try,  to  essay,  lo  experiment, 
to  tempt ;  opsiiger,  lo  seek  or  search  after  ; 
Sw.  siikd,  to  seek,  lo  sue,  to  court ;  suka 
en  tagligen,  to  sue  one  at  law  ;  bcseka,  to 
visit ;  fiirsitka,  to  try.  to  essay,  to  tempt. 
These  words  .ill  accord  willi  L.  sequor, 
Ir.  seiehim,  to  follow  ;  I'or  to  seek  is  to  go 
alter,  tmd  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance, 
to  press,  to  drive  forwuni,  as  in  the  L. 
peto.  .See  Essay,  from  the  same  roof, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.  Now  in 
Sax./orswciji, /br.jfcrnn,  is  to  forsake  ;  .«a- 
f(/7i  is  to  strive,  conlend,  whence  English 
sake,  and  .^trcan,  scccn,  is  to  seek.  But  in 
Swedish,  yTirsntn,  to  forsake,  to  renounce, 
is  from  scrk.  thing,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  saea, 
r'nglish  sake  ;  in  Danish,  forsagir,  to  re- 
nounce, is  from  sigT,  to  say  ;  sag,  a  thing, 
cause,  matter,  ^uh;  sagd,  a  saying;  G. 
rersngen,  to  deny,  to  renotincc,  from  sagen, 
to  say,  to  tell ;  D.  verzaaken,  to  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  zaak,  thing,  cause. 


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